(2185,2,'2022-04-22 19:03:00','2022-04-22 19:03:00','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Flexible Workspaces\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What are Flexible Workspaces?</strong></h2>\n<p>Flexible workspaces are settings that support a variety of business arrangements tailored to the needs of the user.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Changes in technology, management approaches, and business models drive a need for spaces that can adapt quickly to change. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Disassembly, deconstruction, and demolition are essential considerations for managing resources and the waste stream when creating new building environments (see <em>Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction</em>). New construction should emphasize reusable parts and easy access to infrastructure, plumbing, and wiring as well as planning for recycling or reuse of leftover materials.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> In addition to a focus on flexible workspaces in a traditional office environment, there is also an increasing number of people using flexible work locations such as co-working spaces or fully equipped shared spaces (<em>see Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Design)</em>.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Flexible Workspaces </strong></h2>\n<p>Flexible workspaces should provide flexible infrastructure, adjustable workstations and support mobility within the office and outside of the office. Re-configurable furniture in meeting spaces as well as providing options for subdividing larger spaces help contribute to a more flexible work environment.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>To implement flexible workspaces, it is essential to:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Engage in an integrated design process (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>).</li>\n<li>Provide flexibility for delivering power, voice, data, and internet.</li>\n<li>Provide distributed, vertical cores, satellite closets, and generous horizontal plenum spaces with mobile, user-based services to accommodate changing technology.</li>\n<li>Provide systems that are controllable and adjustable by the users without depending on outside contractors (<em>see Individual Comfort Controls</em>).</li>\n<li>Incorporate sustainable design principles, which can help achieve flexible spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></li>\n<li>Use durable materials that are worth recovering for reuse or recycling (<em>see Durable and Adaptable Materials</em>).</li>\n<li>Plan for the movement and safety of occupants to allow for building adaptation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Table 1. Drivers, Solutions, and Issues for the Changing Workplace (Adapted from Whole Building Design Guide – The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work, and Workplace) <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>[caption id=\"attachment_262\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1430\"]<img class=\"wp-image-262 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Flexible-Spaces-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1. Drivers, Solutions, and Issues for the Changing Workplace (Adapted from Whole Building Design Guide – The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work, and Workplace) [7]\" width=\"1430\" height=\"1044\" /> Table 1. Drivers, Solutions, and Issues for the Changing Workplace (Adapted from Whole Building Design Guide – The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work, and Workplace) [7][/caption]<br />\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces the need to alter infrastructure</li>\n<li>Enables low-cost and less complicated reconfiguration</li>\n<li>Promotes productivity and efficiency and occupant satisfaction</li>\n<li>Reduces real estate costs (by de-linking physical space consumption from occupant headcount)</li>\n<li>Improves organizational flexibility and agility to respond to current and future workforce demands</li>\n<li>Increases options for disassembly and deconstruction<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Companies need to plan for flexibility and change to keep up with changing business models and technology. The GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool includes a case study for the renovation of the PBS Chicago Regional Office. Through incorporating flexible design strategies, the renovation reduced costs of reconfiguration of workstations from $900 per workstation and $1650 per office to $0. Plug and play data and telecom enabled GSA staff to make changes without the help of outside technicians, saving approximately $125 per change. Designing flexible workspaces can minimize costs associated with reconfigurations as technology and office environments evolve. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Flexibility and adaptability are elements that contribute to a resilient workplace. As described by Judith Heerwagen and Michael Bloom in the Resilient Workplace, workplaces need to promote the capacity of humans to be creative and adapt in the face of disruption and change.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/design_change.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/design/design_change.php</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Office Building. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/office-building\">https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/office-building</a>  (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design</a> (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool. Flexible Workplace Design.  (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Design for the Changing Workplace. (accessed January 20, 2019 ).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design</a> (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Adapted from Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/chngorgwork.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/chngorgwork.php</a> (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool. Flexible Workplace Design. <a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/243/flexible-workplace-design\">https://sftool.gov/learn/about/243/flexible-workplace-design</a> (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool. (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Heerwagen, Judith and Michael F. Bloom. The Resilient Workplace. <a href=\"http://workandplace.com/the-resilient-workplace/\">http://workandplace.com/the-resilient-workplace/</a> (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/\">Construction and Demolition(C&amp;D) Waste</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/243/flexible-workplace-design\">GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool – Flexible Workplace Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/benefits.htm\">UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design\">US EPA – Sustainable Materials Management. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials. Designing for Adaptability, Disassembly, and Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/design_change.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Design for the Changing Workplace</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/chngorgwork.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work and Workplace</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Flexible Workspaces','','inherit','closed','closed','','2181-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:03:00','2022-04-22 19:03:00','',2181,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2185',0,'revision','',0),(2186,2,'2022-04-22 19:05:09','2022-04-22 19:05:09','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Individual Comfort Controls\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Individual Comfort Controls?</strong></h2>\n<p>Individual comfort controls promote occupant comfort and well-being by enabling building occupants to control airflow and temperature in individual workspaces. Individual comfort controls support flexibility within the interior environment by supporting individual adjustment for localized conditions and user preference.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_95\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"535\"]<img class=\"wp-image-95 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Fig-1-NC-Individual-Comfort-Controls.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Underfloor air distribution systems can improve occupant comfort (Source: UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment).\" width=\"535\" height=\"308\" /> Figure 1 – Underfloor air distribution systems can improve occupant comfort (Source: UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment).[/caption]<p>Individual comfort levels vary due to differences in clothing, activity level (metabolic rate), and individual preferences.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> ASHRAE Standard 55, <em>Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy</em>, a widely used thermal comfort measure, aim to satisfy most of the people, most of the time and combines four of the traditional comfort factors (air temperature, air humidity, radiant temperature, and airspeed) to define comfort ranges for occupants. Satisfying the people who fall outside ASHRAE’s standardized comfort bands requires individualized comfort controls at each workstation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Individual Comfort Controls</strong></h2>\n<p>Design the building and systems with comfort controls to allow adjustments to suit individual needs or those of groups in shared spaces. ASHRAE Standard 55 identifies the factors of thermal comfort and a process for developing comfort criteria for building spaces that suit the needs of the occupants involved in their daily activities. Control strategies can expand beyond basic comfort criteria and allow adjustments to suit individual needs and preferences. For example, individual comfort controls can involve system designs incorporating operable windows, hybrid systems integrating operable windows and mechanical systems, or mechanical systems alone (<em>see Natural Ventilation, Energy-Efficient Windows, and Views and Operable Windows</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Individual adjustments may involve individual thermostat controls, local diffusers at the floor, desk or overhead levels, or control of individual radiant panels, or other means integrated into the overall building, thermal comfort systems, and energy systems design (<em>see Smart Sensors and Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, and Daylighting</em>). Also, designers should evaluate the closely tied interactions between thermal comfort (as required by ASHRAE Standard 55) and acceptable indoor air quality (as required by ASHRAE Standard 62.1, whether natural or mechanical ventilation).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Individual comfort controls can also refer to lighting controls and automatic daylighting systems and provide occupants with the ability to adjust lighting levels and reduce glare in their workspaces through task lighting or operable shading devices (<em>see Daylighting, and High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</em>). Green building certification programs such as LEEDv4<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> and the Well Building Standard<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> give credit for including individual comfort controls.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/empowering-energy-efficient-occupants/\">Building Users are the Key to Successful Energy Efficient Strategies</a></p>\n<p>Studies of individual control of ventilation and temperature suggest energy savings, improvements in satisfaction, and a decrease in discomfort complaints. Results of a research study by Dr. Clinton Andrews and the Consortium for Building Energy Innovation showed that personal environmental control improved environmental satisfaction. The objective of the study was to evaluate the benefits of personal controls over lighting and ventilation and temperature in offices regarding occupant satisfaction, mood and visual comfort, as well as energy efficiency.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Individual comfort controls: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Improve thermal comfort for individual occupants.</li>\n<li>Improve air movement and ventilation effectiveness; a cleaner environment.</li>\n<li>Improve task lighting and reduce glare and heat gain at individual workspaces.</li>\n<li>Reduce building energy use.</li>\n<li>Lower building operating costs.</li>\n<li>Improve occupant satisfaction and the potential to increase worker productivity.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing a system that allows for individual comfort controls vary by project but is usually most cost effective when incorporated through an integrated design process (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>). Higher first costs such as raised access flooring can be reduced or offset by reduced costs for ductwork, electrical services, and mechanical equipment.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> In addition to the increased potential for improved well-being and increased productivity, enhancing thermal comfort through individual comfort controls can reduce occupant complaints and associated time spent by facilities maintenance staff. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>If the power does not go out during emergency situations and severe weather events, occupants can maintain control of the temperature and ventilation of specific areas within a building with individual controls, thus improving comfort. Individual comfort controls can decrease overall energy use and improve occupant comfort, health, and well-being, all of which can contribute to resiliency through helping occupants and communities withstand and recover from disruptions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> UC Berkeley. <em>Thermal Comfort in UFAD Systems.</em> <a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/thermalcomfort.htm\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/thermalcomfort.htm</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ASHRAE Standard. <em>Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy.</em> <em><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-55-thermal-environmental-conditions-for-human-occupancy\">https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-55-thermal-environmental-conditions-for-human-occupancy</a></em> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Stanford University. <em>EQ Credit 6.2: Controllability of Systems: Thermal Comfort. </em><a href=\"https://web.stanford.edu/class/cee115/wiki/uploads/Main/StudentGroup2NewBuildingAnalyisBillingsMilleaVictorsson/BillingsEQcredit6_2.pdf\">https://web.stanford.edu/class/cee115/wiki/uploads/Main/StudentGroup2NewBuildingAnalyisBillingsMilleaVictorsson/BillingsEQcredit6_2.pdf</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Chris Mueller, ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer. <em>ASHRAE Standard 62.1 The IAQ Procedure and LEED</em>.  <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/ciaq-webinar-muller.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/ciaq-webinar-muller.pdf</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USGBC. LEED v4. Thermal Controls – Controllability. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Well Building Standard – Individual Thermal Control.  <a href=\"https://standard.wellcertified.com/comfort/individual-thermal-control?_ga=2.191711722.134009741.1547941804-560727732.1547313140\">https://standard.wellcertified.com/comfort/individual-thermal-control?_ga=2.191711722.134009741.1547941804-560727732.1547313140</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Andrews, C.J., Senick, J.A., Wener, R.W., and M. Sorensen Allacci. (2012) “Investigating Building Performance Through Simulation of Occupant Behavior,” GreenBuild 2012 Proceedings, San Francisco, CA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. <em>Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems. </em><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. <em>Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems. </em><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm</a>  (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a>  Well Building Standard. Thermal Comfort. <a href=\"https://v2.wellcertified.com/v2.1/en/thermal%20comfort\">https://v2.wellcertified.com/v2.1/en/thermal%20comfort</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Occupant Comfort. <a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort\">https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/\">Windows and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-high-efficiency-lighting-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/empowering-energy-efficient-occupants/\">Consortium for Building Energy Innovation – Empowering Energy Efficient Occupants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort\">GSA Sustainable Tools – Occupant Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/nj-smartstart-buildings\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/research_ieq.htm\">UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment – Research on Indoor Environmental Quality</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62\">USGBC – LEEDv4 Thermal Comfort – controllability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/provide-comfortable-environments\">Whole Building Design Guide – Provide Comfortable Environments</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Individual Comfort Controls','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-individual-comfort-controls','','','2022-04-22 19:10:10','2022-04-22 19:10:10','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2186',0,'post','',0),(2187,2,'2022-04-22 19:03:29','2022-04-22 19:03:29','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','2186-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:03:29','2022-04-22 19:03:29','',2186,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2187',0,'revision','',0),(2189,2,'2022-04-22 19:05:09','2022-04-22 19:05:09','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Individual Comfort Controls\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What are Individual Comfort Controls?</strong></h2>\n<p>Individual comfort controls promote occupant comfort and well-being by enabling building occupants to control airflow and temperature in individual workspaces. Individual comfort controls support flexibility within the interior environment by supporting individual adjustment for localized conditions and user preference.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_95\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"535\"]<img class=\"wp-image-95 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Fig-1-NC-Individual-Comfort-Controls.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Underfloor air distribution systems can improve occupant comfort (Source: UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment).\" width=\"535\" height=\"308\" /> Figure 1 – Underfloor air distribution systems can improve occupant comfort (Source: UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment).[/caption]<p>Individual comfort levels vary due to differences in clothing, activity level (metabolic rate), and individual preferences.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> ASHRAE Standard 55, <em>Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy</em>, a widely used thermal comfort measure, aim to satisfy most of the people, most of the time and combines four of the traditional comfort factors (air temperature, air humidity, radiant temperature, and airspeed) to define comfort ranges for occupants. Satisfying the people who fall outside ASHRAE’s standardized comfort bands requires individualized comfort controls at each workstation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Individual Comfort Controls</strong></h2>\n<p>Design the building and systems with comfort controls to allow adjustments to suit individual needs or those of groups in shared spaces. ASHRAE Standard 55 identifies the factors of thermal comfort and a process for developing comfort criteria for building spaces that suit the needs of the occupants involved in their daily activities. Control strategies can expand beyond basic comfort criteria and allow adjustments to suit individual needs and preferences. For example, individual comfort controls can involve system designs incorporating operable windows, hybrid systems integrating operable windows and mechanical systems, or mechanical systems alone (<em>see Natural Ventilation, Energy-Efficient Windows, and Views and Operable Windows</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Individual adjustments may involve individual thermostat controls, local diffusers at the floor, desk or overhead levels, or control of individual radiant panels, or other means integrated into the overall building, thermal comfort systems, and energy systems design (<em>see Smart Sensors and Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, and Daylighting</em>). Also, designers should evaluate the closely tied interactions between thermal comfort (as required by ASHRAE Standard 55) and acceptable indoor air quality (as required by ASHRAE Standard 62.1, whether natural or mechanical ventilation).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Individual comfort controls can also refer to lighting controls and automatic daylighting systems and provide occupants with the ability to adjust lighting levels and reduce glare in their workspaces through task lighting or operable shading devices (<em>see Daylighting, and High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</em>). Green building certification programs such as LEEDv4<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> and the Well Building Standard<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> give credit for including individual comfort controls.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/empowering-energy-efficient-occupants/\">Building Users are the Key to Successful Energy Efficient Strategies</a></p>\n<p>Studies of individual control of ventilation and temperature suggest energy savings, improvements in satisfaction, and a decrease in discomfort complaints. Results of a research study by Dr. Clinton Andrews and the Consortium for Building Energy Innovation showed that personal environmental control improved environmental satisfaction. The objective of the study was to evaluate the benefits of personal controls over lighting and ventilation and temperature in offices regarding occupant satisfaction, mood and visual comfort, as well as energy efficiency.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Individual comfort controls: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Improve thermal comfort for individual occupants.</li>\n<li>Improve air movement and ventilation effectiveness; a cleaner environment.</li>\n<li>Improve task lighting and reduce glare and heat gain at individual workspaces.</li>\n<li>Reduce building energy use.</li>\n<li>Lower building operating costs.</li>\n<li>Improve occupant satisfaction and the potential to increase worker productivity.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing a system that allows for individual comfort controls vary by project but is usually most cost effective when incorporated through an integrated design process (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>). Higher first costs such as raised access flooring can be reduced or offset by reduced costs for ductwork, electrical services, and mechanical equipment.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> In addition to the increased potential for improved well-being and increased productivity, enhancing thermal comfort through individual comfort controls can reduce occupant complaints and associated time spent by facilities maintenance staff. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>If the power does not go out during emergency situations and severe weather events, occupants can maintain control of the temperature and ventilation of specific areas within a building with individual controls, thus improving comfort. Individual comfort controls can decrease overall energy use and improve occupant comfort, health, and well-being, all of which can contribute to resiliency through helping occupants and communities withstand and recover from disruptions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> UC Berkeley. <em>Thermal Comfort in UFAD Systems.</em> <a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/thermalcomfort.htm\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/thermalcomfort.htm</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ASHRAE Standard. <em>Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy.</em> <em><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-55-thermal-environmental-conditions-for-human-occupancy\">https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-55-thermal-environmental-conditions-for-human-occupancy</a></em> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Stanford University. <em>EQ Credit 6.2: Controllability of Systems: Thermal Comfort. </em><a href=\"https://web.stanford.edu/class/cee115/wiki/uploads/Main/StudentGroup2NewBuildingAnalyisBillingsMilleaVictorsson/BillingsEQcredit6_2.pdf\">https://web.stanford.edu/class/cee115/wiki/uploads/Main/StudentGroup2NewBuildingAnalyisBillingsMilleaVictorsson/BillingsEQcredit6_2.pdf</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Chris Mueller, ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer. <em>ASHRAE Standard 62.1 The IAQ Procedure and LEED</em>.  <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/ciaq-webinar-muller.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/ciaq-webinar-muller.pdf</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USGBC. LEED v4. Thermal Controls – Controllability. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Well Building Standard – Individual Thermal Control.  <a href=\"https://standard.wellcertified.com/comfort/individual-thermal-control?_ga=2.191711722.134009741.1547941804-560727732.1547313140\">https://standard.wellcertified.com/comfort/individual-thermal-control?_ga=2.191711722.134009741.1547941804-560727732.1547313140</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Andrews, C.J., Senick, J.A., Wener, R.W., and M. Sorensen Allacci. (2012) “Investigating Building Performance Through Simulation of Occupant Behavior,” GreenBuild 2012 Proceedings, San Francisco, CA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. <em>Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems. </em><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. <em>Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems. </em><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm</a>  (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a>  Well Building Standard. Thermal Comfort. <a href=\"https://v2.wellcertified.com/v2.1/en/thermal%20comfort\">https://v2.wellcertified.com/v2.1/en/thermal%20comfort</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Occupant Comfort. <a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort\">https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/\">Windows and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-high-efficiency-lighting-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/empowering-energy-efficient-occupants/\">Consortium for Building Energy Innovation – Empowering Energy Efficient Occupants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort\">GSA Sustainable Tools – Occupant Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/nj-smartstart-buildings\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/research_ieq.htm\">UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment – Research on Indoor Environmental Quality</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62\">USGBC – LEEDv4 Thermal Comfort – controllability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/provide-comfortable-environments\">Whole Building Design Guide – Provide Comfortable Environments</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','2186-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:05:09','2022-04-22 19:05:09','',2186,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2189',0,'revision','',0),(2190,2,'2022-04-22 19:10:06','2022-04-22 19:10:06','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Individual Comfort Controls\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Individual Comfort Controls?</strong></h2>\n<p>Individual comfort controls promote occupant comfort and well-being by enabling building occupants to control airflow and temperature in individual workspaces. Individual comfort controls support flexibility within the interior environment by supporting individual adjustment for localized conditions and user preference.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_95\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"535\"]<img class=\"wp-image-95 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Fig-1-NC-Individual-Comfort-Controls.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Underfloor air distribution systems can improve occupant comfort (Source: UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment).\" width=\"535\" height=\"308\" /> Figure 1 – Underfloor air distribution systems can improve occupant comfort (Source: UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment).[/caption]<p>Individual comfort levels vary due to differences in clothing, activity level (metabolic rate), and individual preferences.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> ASHRAE Standard 55, <em>Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy</em>, a widely used thermal comfort measure, aim to satisfy most of the people, most of the time and combines four of the traditional comfort factors (air temperature, air humidity, radiant temperature, and airspeed) to define comfort ranges for occupants. Satisfying the people who fall outside ASHRAE’s standardized comfort bands requires individualized comfort controls at each workstation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Individual Comfort Controls</strong></h2>\n<p>Design the building and systems with comfort controls to allow adjustments to suit individual needs or those of groups in shared spaces. ASHRAE Standard 55 identifies the factors of thermal comfort and a process for developing comfort criteria for building spaces that suit the needs of the occupants involved in their daily activities. Control strategies can expand beyond basic comfort criteria and allow adjustments to suit individual needs and preferences. For example, individual comfort controls can involve system designs incorporating operable windows, hybrid systems integrating operable windows and mechanical systems, or mechanical systems alone (<em>see Natural Ventilation, Energy-Efficient Windows, and Views and Operable Windows</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Individual adjustments may involve individual thermostat controls, local diffusers at the floor, desk or overhead levels, or control of individual radiant panels, or other means integrated into the overall building, thermal comfort systems, and energy systems design (<em>see Smart Sensors and Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, and Daylighting</em>). Also, designers should evaluate the closely tied interactions between thermal comfort (as required by ASHRAE Standard 55) and acceptable indoor air quality (as required by ASHRAE Standard 62.1, whether natural or mechanical ventilation).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Individual comfort controls can also refer to lighting controls and automatic daylighting systems and provide occupants with the ability to adjust lighting levels and reduce glare in their workspaces through task lighting or operable shading devices (<em>see Daylighting, and High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</em>). Green building certification programs such as LEEDv4<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> and the Well Building Standard<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> give credit for including individual comfort controls.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/empowering-energy-efficient-occupants/\">Building Users are the Key to Successful Energy Efficient Strategies</a></p>\n<p>Studies of individual control of ventilation and temperature suggest energy savings, improvements in satisfaction, and a decrease in discomfort complaints. Results of a research study by Dr. Clinton Andrews and the Consortium for Building Energy Innovation showed that personal environmental control improved environmental satisfaction. The objective of the study was to evaluate the benefits of personal controls over lighting and ventilation and temperature in offices regarding occupant satisfaction, mood and visual comfort, as well as energy efficiency.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Individual comfort controls: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Improve thermal comfort for individual occupants.</li>\n<li>Improve air movement and ventilation effectiveness; a cleaner environment.</li>\n<li>Improve task lighting and reduce glare and heat gain at individual workspaces.</li>\n<li>Reduce building energy use.</li>\n<li>Lower building operating costs.</li>\n<li>Improve occupant satisfaction and the potential to increase worker productivity.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing a system that allows for individual comfort controls vary by project but is usually most cost effective when incorporated through an integrated design process (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>). Higher first costs such as raised access flooring can be reduced or offset by reduced costs for ductwork, electrical services, and mechanical equipment.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> In addition to the increased potential for improved well-being and increased productivity, enhancing thermal comfort through individual comfort controls can reduce occupant complaints and associated time spent by facilities maintenance staff. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>If the power does not go out during emergency situations and severe weather events, occupants can maintain control of the temperature and ventilation of specific areas within a building with individual controls, thus improving comfort. Individual comfort controls can decrease overall energy use and improve occupant comfort, health, and well-being, all of which can contribute to resiliency through helping occupants and communities withstand and recover from disruptions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> UC Berkeley. <em>Thermal Comfort in UFAD Systems.</em> <a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/thermalcomfort.htm\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/thermalcomfort.htm</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ASHRAE Standard. <em>Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy.</em> <em><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-55-thermal-environmental-conditions-for-human-occupancy\">https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-55-thermal-environmental-conditions-for-human-occupancy</a></em> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Stanford University. <em>EQ Credit 6.2: Controllability of Systems: Thermal Comfort. </em><a href=\"https://web.stanford.edu/class/cee115/wiki/uploads/Main/StudentGroup2NewBuildingAnalyisBillingsMilleaVictorsson/BillingsEQcredit6_2.pdf\">https://web.stanford.edu/class/cee115/wiki/uploads/Main/StudentGroup2NewBuildingAnalyisBillingsMilleaVictorsson/BillingsEQcredit6_2.pdf</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Chris Mueller, ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer. <em>ASHRAE Standard 62.1 The IAQ Procedure and LEED</em>.  <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/ciaq-webinar-muller.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/ciaq-webinar-muller.pdf</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USGBC. LEED v4. Thermal Controls – Controllability. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Well Building Standard – Individual Thermal Control.  <a href=\"https://standard.wellcertified.com/comfort/individual-thermal-control?_ga=2.191711722.134009741.1547941804-560727732.1547313140\">https://standard.wellcertified.com/comfort/individual-thermal-control?_ga=2.191711722.134009741.1547941804-560727732.1547313140</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Andrews, C.J., Senick, J.A., Wener, R.W., and M. Sorensen Allacci. (2012) “Investigating Building Performance Through Simulation of Occupant Behavior,” GreenBuild 2012 Proceedings, San Francisco, CA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. <em>Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems. </em><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. <em>Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems. </em><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm</a>  (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a>  Well Building Standard. Thermal Comfort. <a href=\"https://v2.wellcertified.com/v2.1/en/thermal%20comfort\">https://v2.wellcertified.com/v2.1/en/thermal%20comfort</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Occupant Comfort. <a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort\">https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/\">Windows and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-high-efficiency-lighting-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/empowering-energy-efficient-occupants/\">Consortium for Building Energy Innovation – Empowering Energy Efficient Occupants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort\">GSA Sustainable Tools – Occupant Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/nj-smartstart-buildings\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/research_ieq.htm\">UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment – Research on Indoor Environmental Quality</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62\">USGBC – LEEDv4 Thermal Comfort – controllability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/provide-comfortable-environments\">Whole Building Design Guide – Provide Comfortable Environments</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','2186-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:10:06','2022-04-22 19:10:06','',2186,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2190',0,'revision','',0),(2191,2,'2022-04-22 19:10:10','2022-04-22 19:10:10','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Individual Comfort Controls\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Individual Comfort Controls?</strong></h2>\n<p>Individual comfort controls promote occupant comfort and well-being by enabling building occupants to control airflow and temperature in individual workspaces. Individual comfort controls support flexibility within the interior environment by supporting individual adjustment for localized conditions and user preference.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_95\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"535\"]<img class=\"wp-image-95 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Fig-1-NC-Individual-Comfort-Controls.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Underfloor air distribution systems can improve occupant comfort (Source: UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment).\" width=\"535\" height=\"308\" /> Figure 1 – Underfloor air distribution systems can improve occupant comfort (Source: UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment).[/caption]<p>Individual comfort levels vary due to differences in clothing, activity level (metabolic rate), and individual preferences.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> ASHRAE Standard 55, <em>Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy</em>, a widely used thermal comfort measure, aim to satisfy most of the people, most of the time and combines four of the traditional comfort factors (air temperature, air humidity, radiant temperature, and airspeed) to define comfort ranges for occupants. Satisfying the people who fall outside ASHRAE’s standardized comfort bands requires individualized comfort controls at each workstation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Individual Comfort Controls</strong></h2>\n<p>Design the building and systems with comfort controls to allow adjustments to suit individual needs or those of groups in shared spaces. ASHRAE Standard 55 identifies the factors of thermal comfort and a process for developing comfort criteria for building spaces that suit the needs of the occupants involved in their daily activities. Control strategies can expand beyond basic comfort criteria and allow adjustments to suit individual needs and preferences. For example, individual comfort controls can involve system designs incorporating operable windows, hybrid systems integrating operable windows and mechanical systems, or mechanical systems alone (<em>see Natural Ventilation, Energy-Efficient Windows, and Views and Operable Windows</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Individual adjustments may involve individual thermostat controls, local diffusers at the floor, desk or overhead levels, or control of individual radiant panels, or other means integrated into the overall building, thermal comfort systems, and energy systems design (<em>see Smart Sensors and Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, and Daylighting</em>). Also, designers should evaluate the closely tied interactions between thermal comfort (as required by ASHRAE Standard 55) and acceptable indoor air quality (as required by ASHRAE Standard 62.1, whether natural or mechanical ventilation).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Individual comfort controls can also refer to lighting controls and automatic daylighting systems and provide occupants with the ability to adjust lighting levels and reduce glare in their workspaces through task lighting or operable shading devices (<em>see Daylighting, and High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</em>). Green building certification programs such as LEEDv4<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> and the Well Building Standard<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> give credit for including individual comfort controls.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/empowering-energy-efficient-occupants/\">Building Users are the Key to Successful Energy Efficient Strategies</a></p>\n<p>Studies of individual control of ventilation and temperature suggest energy savings, improvements in satisfaction, and a decrease in discomfort complaints. Results of a research study by Dr. Clinton Andrews and the Consortium for Building Energy Innovation showed that personal environmental control improved environmental satisfaction. The objective of the study was to evaluate the benefits of personal controls over lighting and ventilation and temperature in offices regarding occupant satisfaction, mood and visual comfort, as well as energy efficiency.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Individual comfort controls: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Improve thermal comfort for individual occupants.</li>\n<li>Improve air movement and ventilation effectiveness; a cleaner environment.</li>\n<li>Improve task lighting and reduce glare and heat gain at individual workspaces.</li>\n<li>Reduce building energy use.</li>\n<li>Lower building operating costs.</li>\n<li>Improve occupant satisfaction and the potential to increase worker productivity.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing a system that allows for individual comfort controls vary by project but is usually most cost effective when incorporated through an integrated design process (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>). Higher first costs such as raised access flooring can be reduced or offset by reduced costs for ductwork, electrical services, and mechanical equipment.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> In addition to the increased potential for improved well-being and increased productivity, enhancing thermal comfort through individual comfort controls can reduce occupant complaints and associated time spent by facilities maintenance staff. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>If the power does not go out during emergency situations and severe weather events, occupants can maintain control of the temperature and ventilation of specific areas within a building with individual controls, thus improving comfort. Individual comfort controls can decrease overall energy use and improve occupant comfort, health, and well-being, all of which can contribute to resiliency through helping occupants and communities withstand and recover from disruptions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> UC Berkeley. <em>Thermal Comfort in UFAD Systems.</em> <a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/thermalcomfort.htm\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/thermalcomfort.htm</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ASHRAE Standard. <em>Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy.</em> <em><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-55-thermal-environmental-conditions-for-human-occupancy\">https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-55-thermal-environmental-conditions-for-human-occupancy</a></em> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Stanford University. <em>EQ Credit 6.2: Controllability of Systems: Thermal Comfort. </em><a href=\"https://web.stanford.edu/class/cee115/wiki/uploads/Main/StudentGroup2NewBuildingAnalyisBillingsMilleaVictorsson/BillingsEQcredit6_2.pdf\">https://web.stanford.edu/class/cee115/wiki/uploads/Main/StudentGroup2NewBuildingAnalyisBillingsMilleaVictorsson/BillingsEQcredit6_2.pdf</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Chris Mueller, ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer. <em>ASHRAE Standard 62.1 The IAQ Procedure and LEED</em>.  <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/ciaq-webinar-muller.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/ciaq-webinar-muller.pdf</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USGBC. LEED v4. Thermal Controls – Controllability. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Well Building Standard – Individual Thermal Control.  <a href=\"https://standard.wellcertified.com/comfort/individual-thermal-control?_ga=2.191711722.134009741.1547941804-560727732.1547313140\">https://standard.wellcertified.com/comfort/individual-thermal-control?_ga=2.191711722.134009741.1547941804-560727732.1547313140</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Andrews, C.J., Senick, J.A., Wener, R.W., and M. Sorensen Allacci. (2012) “Investigating Building Performance Through Simulation of Occupant Behavior,” GreenBuild 2012 Proceedings, San Francisco, CA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. <em>Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems. </em><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. <em>Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems. </em><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm</a>  (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a>  Well Building Standard. Thermal Comfort. <a href=\"https://v2.wellcertified.com/v2.1/en/thermal%20comfort\">https://v2.wellcertified.com/v2.1/en/thermal%20comfort</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Occupant Comfort. <a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort\">https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/\">Windows and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-high-efficiency-lighting-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/empowering-energy-efficient-occupants/\">Consortium for Building Energy Innovation – Empowering Energy Efficient Occupants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort\">GSA Sustainable Tools – Occupant Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/nj-smartstart-buildings\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/research_ieq.htm\">UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment – Research on Indoor Environmental Quality</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62\">USGBC – LEEDv4 Thermal Comfort – controllability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/provide-comfortable-environments\">Whole Building Design Guide – Provide Comfortable Environments</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Individual Comfort Controls','','inherit','closed','closed','','2186-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:10:10','2022-04-22 19:10:10','',2186,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2191',0,'revision','',0),(2192,2,'2022-04-22 19:13:35','2022-04-22 19:13:35','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Views and Operable Windows\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Why Incorporate Views and Operable Windows?</h2>\n<p>Indoor environments impact occupant well-being and productivity. Aspects of the indoor environment such as access to views and natural light, connection to nature, and personal control over environmental conditions all play a role in occupant comfort (see <em>Individual Comfort Controls</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Access to views of the outside contributes to occupant well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Many studies have found that people value daylight and prefer to be near windows, and there is an increasing understanding that being near a window can be psychologically and physiologically beneficial, mainly if views contain natural features. Visual contact with nature through window views enhances mood, reduces stress, and promotes a higher quality of life (see <em>Biophilic Design</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> A study by Roger Ulrich compared postoperative recovery rates of patients experiencing similar surgical procedures but having different window views of trees and a lake, no window views, or a view of a brick wall. The study found that the window view patients recovered significantly faster, required less pharmaceutical assistance, and had fewer post-operative complications, supporting the idea that enhanced opportunities for emotionally bonding with nature promote feelings of calm, confidence, and personal well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Operable windows can increase occupant comfort and provide psychological benefits through natural ventilation, connection to natural elements and individual control over the indoor environment (see <em>Natural Ventilation</em>). Operable windows can also contribute to improved indoor air quality, depending on the quality of the outdoor air. Monitor outdoor air quality through resources such as the US EPA “Air Now” online tool (<a href=\"https://www.airnow.gov/flag.\">airnow.gov</a>) that lists air quality conditions by zip code.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>One study compared naturally ventilated buildings (i.e., occupant-controlled operable windows) with centrally controlled HVAC systems (in which occupants had no control over their environment) found that occupants in the naturally ventilated buildings accepted a full range of temperatures compared to occupants who did not have operable windows. One hypothesis for this finding is that occupants with greater control over the indoor environment have a higher tolerance of temperature range.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_525\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"544\"]<img class=\"wp-image-525 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Views-and-Operable-Windows-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Office with operable windows and view of trees (Source: Flickr drewsaunders http://www.flickr.com/photos/drewbsaunders/116533602/ ).\" width=\"544\" height=\"410\" /> Figure 1 – Office with operable windows and view of trees (Source: Flickr drewsaunders http://www.flickr.com/photos/drewbsaunders/116533602/ ).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Views and Operable Windows </strong></h2>\n<p>The factors that define indoor environmental quality connect directly to each other. For example, the decision about the placement or type of window can impact access to natural light, connection to the outdoors, acoustics, thermal comfort, occupant control, and air quality (see <em>Windows and Skylights</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> It is essential to consider all of these components in the design phase of a project. There are many resources available regarding design steps to consider for the placement of operable windows and to optimize views (see <strong>Resources </strong>section). Incorporating views and operable windows in existing buildings involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process. Renovations provide an opportunity to assess current views and window performance and to identify opportunities for improvement.</p>\n<p>Although there are many benefits associated with operable windows, they can also increase the threat of water and air leakage without careful window selection, design, and installation (see <em>Air Infiltration Reduction</em>). Operable windows can also increase noise and airborne pollutants in the interior space and make it harder to control thermal comfort with various types of HVAC systems (see <em>Acoustic Comfort</em>). Facilities staff and building occupants should be aware of the limitations and issues that can arise from operable window use and methods to mitigate these issues (see <strong>Resources</strong>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://architypereview.com/project/atlanticare-cancer-care-institute/\">AtlantiCare – The Cancer Institute, Egg Harbor Township, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>AtlantiCare designed and constructed its new Cancer Care Institute according to <a href=\"http://www.usgbc.org/\">US Green Building Council</a> LEED standards, achieving LEED Gold certification. The Cancer Institute was the first AtlantiCare building to achieve LEED certification.</p>\n<p>Highlights include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Natural lighting including an automatic light-monitoring system to reduce electricity usage.</li>\n<li>The facility features a natural theme, incorporating a healing arts program.</li>\n<li>Nature has been brought inside and trees are planted in several areas inside the facility.</li>\n<li>Three-quarters of the interior space provides natural daylight through the glass façade, skylights and large windows throughout the building.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.hermanmiller.com/About-Us/Environmental-Advocacy/Green-Buildings\">The Herman Miller Building, Holland, Michigan.</a></p>\n<p>Although people prefer being in windowed rather than windowless spaces, the view itself has consequences for well-being. Studies have found that views of nature are especially beneficial and reduce stress, provide mental relief, improve the perceived quality of life, and improve emotional functioning. A case study of the Herman Miller building in Holland, Michigan, shows improvements in social functioning and sense of belonging associated with including break areas; a centrally located cafeteria; an interior, daylit and tree-lined “street”; and high levels of internal glazing that offered views into the street and interior spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating views and operable windows:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Enhances occupant comfort and health</li>\n<li>Increases occupant satisfaction</li>\n<li>Increases productivity<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Offers natural ventilation<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></li>\n<li>Increases access to daylight and window views which can improve psychological functioning and well-being of occupants</li>\n<li>Reduces stress and promotes positive emotional states and may also influence cognitive functioning<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of incorporating operable windows and maximizing views from interior spaces vary by project, and these aspects should be considered early in the window upgrade phase to optimize cost efficiencies. Operable windows are generally more expensive than static windows. Expect to pay approximately 20-percent more for fully operable windows vs. fixed windows. Price also changes by type of operable window – sliders are cheaper than casements, for example. Many factors affect cost and designers need to think holistically about the project. Operable windows can be used to offset mechanical ventilation costs and can allow for downsizing fans (see <em>Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</em>). Installing a traditional mechanical HVAC unit on the roof and installing operable windows can lead to inefficiencies in running the system if occupants are not adequately aware of how the building systems function.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a fire or other emergency in the building, operable windows (depending on their size) can act as a point of egress for occupants and can also serve as an access point for firefighters and their lifesaving equipment, especially if any other exits are blocked off and inaccessible to the building’s occupants. Operable windows can also help provide natural ventilation and thermal comfort during a power outage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <em>Promote Health and Well Being</em> <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being</a>  (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Occupant Comfort. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being</a> (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Judith H. Heerwagen, Ph.D. <em>Green Buildings, Organizational Success, and Occupant Productivity. </em>Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Ulrich, Roger S. <em>View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery. </em>The Center for Health Design. <a href=\"https://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/article-pdfs/Ulrich-1984-CHD-KPS.pdf\">https://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/article-pdfs/Ulrich-1984-CHD-KPS.pdf</a>  (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA. AirNow. <a href=\"https://www.airnow.gov\">https://www.airnow.gov</a> (accessed December 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ASHRAE. <a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> California Sustainable Design Training. IEQ. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf</a>  (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Buildings.com “A Breath of Fresh Air.” <a href=\"http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx\">http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx</a> (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> The American Institute of Architects (AIA). <a href=\"http://www.aiatopten.org/node/169\">www.aiatopten.org/node/169</a> (accessed September 20, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> California Sustainable Design Training. IEQ. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf</a>  (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Buildings.com   “A Breath of Fresh Air.” <a href=\"http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx\">http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Judith H. Heerwagen, Ph.D. <em>Green Buildings, Organizational Success, and Occupant Productivity.</em> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Buildings. “A Breath of Fresh Air.” <a href=\"http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx\">http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx</a> (accessed January 12, 2019)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Building Green. Resilient Design: Natural Cooling. <a href=\"https://www.buildinggreen.com/blog/resilient-design-natural-cooling\">https://www.buildinggreen.com/blog/resilient-design-natural-cooling</a> (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-acoustic-comfort/\">Acoustic Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/\">Windows and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf\">ASHRAE. Operable Windows, Personal Control, and Occupant Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort\">GSA – Sustainable Toolkit – Occupant Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20211223204535/https://living-future.org/biophilic-design-overview/\">International Living Building Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/leed\">USGBC LEED for New Construction Version 4</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Views and Operable Windows','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-views-and-operable-windows','','','2022-06-23 19:07:10','2022-06-23 19:07:10','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2192',0,'post','',0),(2193,2,'2022-04-22 19:10:41','2022-04-22 19:10:41','','EC Incorporate Views and Operable Windows','','inherit','closed','closed','','2192-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:10:41','2022-04-22 19:10:41','',2192,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2193',0,'revision','',0),(2195,2,'2022-04-22 19:13:35','2022-04-22 19:13:35','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Views and Operable Windows\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Why Incorporate Views and Operable Windows?</h2>\n<p>Indoor environments impact occupant well-being and productivity. Aspects of the indoor environment such as access to views and natural light, connection to nature, and personal control over environmental conditions all play a role in occupant comfort (see <em>Individual Comfort Controls</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Access to views of the outside contributes to occupant well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Many studies have found that people value daylight and prefer to be near windows, and there is an increasing understanding that being near a window can be psychologically and physiologically beneficial, mainly if views contain natural features. Visual contact with nature through window views enhances mood, reduces stress, and promotes a higher quality of life (see <em>Biophilic Design</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> A study by Roger Ulrich compared postoperative recovery rates of patients experiencing similar surgical procedures but having different window views of trees and a lake, no window views, or a view of a brick wall. The study found that the window view patients recovered significantly faster, required less pharmaceutical assistance, and had fewer post-operative complications, supporting the idea that enhanced opportunities for emotionally bonding with nature promote feelings of calm, confidence, and personal well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Operable windows can increase occupant comfort and provide psychological benefits through natural ventilation, connection to natural elements and individual control over the indoor environment (see <em>Natural Ventilation</em>). Operable windows can also contribute to improved indoor air quality, depending on the quality of the outdoor air. Monitor outdoor air quality through resources such as the US EPA “Air Now” online tool (<a href=\"https://www.airnow.gov/flag.\">airnow.gov</a>) that lists air quality conditions by zip code.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>One study compared naturally ventilated buildings (i.e., occupant-controlled operable windows) with centrally controlled HVAC systems (in which occupants had no control over their environment) found that occupants in the naturally ventilated buildings accepted a full range of temperatures compared to occupants who did not have operable windows. One hypothesis for this finding is that occupants with greater control over the indoor environment have a higher tolerance of temperature range.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_525\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"544\"]<img class=\"wp-image-525 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Views-and-Operable-Windows-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Office with operable windows and view of trees (Source: Flickr drewsaunders http://www.flickr.com/photos/drewbsaunders/116533602/ ).\" width=\"544\" height=\"410\" /> Figure 1 – Office with operable windows and view of trees (Source: Flickr drewsaunders http://www.flickr.com/photos/drewbsaunders/116533602/ ).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Views and Operable Windows </strong></h2>\n<p>The factors that define indoor environmental quality connect directly to each other. For example, the decision about the placement or type of window can impact access to natural light, connection to the outdoors, acoustics, thermal comfort, occupant control, and air quality (see <em>Windows and Skylights</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> It is essential to consider all of these components in the design phase of a project. There are many resources available regarding design steps to consider for the placement of operable windows and to optimize views (see <strong>Resources </strong>section). Incorporating views and operable windows in existing buildings involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process. Renovations provide an opportunity to assess current views and window performance and to identify opportunities for improvement.</p>\n<p>Although there are many benefits associated with operable windows, they can also increase the threat of water and air leakage without careful window selection, design, and installation (see <em>Air Infiltration Reduction</em>). Operable windows can also increase noise and airborne pollutants in the interior space and make it harder to control thermal comfort with various types of HVAC systems (see <em>Acoustic Comfort</em>). Facilities staff and building occupants should be aware of the limitations and issues that can arise from operable window use and methods to mitigate these issues (see <strong>Resources</strong>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://architypereview.com/project/atlanticare-cancer-care-institute/\">AtlantiCare – The Cancer Institute, Egg Harbor Township, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>AtlantiCare designed and constructed its new Cancer Care Institute according to <a href=\"http://www.usgbc.org/\">US Green Building Council</a> LEED standards, achieving LEED Gold certification. The Cancer Institute was the first AtlantiCare building to achieve LEED certification.</p>\n<p>Highlights include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Natural lighting including an automatic light-monitoring system to reduce electricity usage.</li>\n<li>The facility features a natural theme, incorporating a healing arts program.</li>\n<li>Nature has been brought inside and trees are planted in several areas inside the facility.</li>\n<li>Three-quarters of the interior space provides natural daylight through the glass façade, skylights and large windows throughout the building.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.hermanmiller.com/About-Us/Environmental-Advocacy/Green-Buildings\">The Herman Miller Building, Holland, Michigan.</a></p>\n<p>Although people prefer being in windowed rather than windowless spaces, the view itself has consequences for well-being. Studies have found that views of nature are especially beneficial and reduce stress, provide mental relief, improve the perceived quality of life, and improve emotional functioning. A case study of the Herman Miller building in Holland, Michigan, shows improvements in social functioning and sense of belonging associated with including break areas; a centrally located cafeteria; an interior, daylit and tree-lined “street”; and high levels of internal glazing that offered views into the street and interior spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating views and operable windows:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Enhances occupant comfort and health</li>\n<li>Increases occupant satisfaction</li>\n<li>Increases productivity<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Offers natural ventilation<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></li>\n<li>Increases access to daylight and window views which can improve psychological functioning and well-being of occupants</li>\n<li>Reduces stress and promotes positive emotional states and may also influence cognitive functioning<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of incorporating operable windows and maximizing views from interior spaces vary by project, and these aspects should be considered early in the window upgrade phase to optimize cost efficiencies. Operable windows are generally more expensive than static windows. Expect to pay approximately 20-percent more for fully operable windows vs. fixed windows. Price also changes by type of operable window – sliders are cheaper than casements, for example. Many factors affect cost and designers need to think holistically about the project. Operable windows can be used to offset mechanical ventilation costs and can allow for downsizing fans (see <em>Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</em>). Installing a traditional mechanical HVAC unit on the roof and installing operable windows can lead to inefficiencies in running the system if occupants are not adequately aware of how the building systems function.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a fire or other emergency in the building, operable windows (depending on their size) can act as a point of egress for occupants and can also serve as an access point for firefighters and their lifesaving equipment, especially if any other exits are blocked off and inaccessible to the building’s occupants. Operable windows can also help provide natural ventilation and thermal comfort during a power outage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <em>Promote Health and Well Being</em> <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being</a>  (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Occupant Comfort. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being</a> (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Judith H. Heerwagen, Ph.D. <em>Green Buildings, Organizational Success, and Occupant Productivity. </em>Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Ulrich, Roger S. <em>View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery. </em>The Center for Health Design. <a href=\"https://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/article-pdfs/Ulrich-1984-CHD-KPS.pdf\">https://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/article-pdfs/Ulrich-1984-CHD-KPS.pdf</a>  (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA. AirNow. <a href=\"https://www.airnow.gov\">https://www.airnow.gov</a> (accessed December 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ASHRAE. <a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> California Sustainable Design Training. IEQ. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf</a>  (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Buildings.com “A Breath of Fresh Air.” <a href=\"http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx\">http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx</a> (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> The American Institute of Architects (AIA). <a href=\"http://www.aiatopten.org/node/169\">www.aiatopten.org/node/169</a> (accessed September 20, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> California Sustainable Design Training. IEQ. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf</a>  (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Buildings.com   “A Breath of Fresh Air.” <a href=\"http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx\">http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Judith H. Heerwagen, Ph.D. <em>Green Buildings, Organizational Success, and Occupant Productivity.</em> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Buildings. “A Breath of Fresh Air.” <a href=\"http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx\">http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx</a> (accessed January 12, 2019)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Building Green. Resilient Design: Natural Cooling. <a href=\"https://www.buildinggreen.com/blog/resilient-design-natural-cooling\">https://www.buildinggreen.com/blog/resilient-design-natural-cooling</a> (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-acoustic-comfort/\">Acoustic Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/\">Windows and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf\">ASHRAE. Operable Windows, Personal Control, and Occupant Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort\">GSA – Sustainable Toolkit – Occupant Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org/biophilic-design-overview/\">International Living Building Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/LEED%20v4%20BDC_07.2.18_current.pdf\">USGBC LEED for New Construction Version 4</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Views and Operable Windows','','inherit','closed','closed','','2192-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:13:35','2022-04-22 19:13:35','',2192,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2195',0,'revision','',0),(2196,2,'2022-04-22 19:13:35','2022-04-22 19:13:35','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Views and Operable Windows\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Why Incorporate Views and Operable Windows?</h2>\n<p>Indoor environments impact occupant well-being and productivity. Aspects of the indoor environment such as access to views and natural light, connection to nature, and personal control over environmental conditions all play a role in occupant comfort (see <em>Individual Comfort Controls</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Access to views of the outside contributes to occupant well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Many studies have found that people value daylight and prefer to be near windows, and there is an increasing understanding that being near a window can be psychologically and physiologically beneficial, mainly if views contain natural features. Visual contact with nature through window views enhances mood, reduces stress, and promotes a higher quality of life (see <em>Biophilic Design</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> A study by Roger Ulrich compared postoperative recovery rates of patients experiencing similar surgical procedures but having different window views of trees and a lake, no window views, or a view of a brick wall. The study found that the window view patients recovered significantly faster, required less pharmaceutical assistance, and had fewer post-operative complications, supporting the idea that enhanced opportunities for emotionally bonding with nature promote feelings of calm, confidence, and personal well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Operable windows can increase occupant comfort and provide psychological benefits through natural ventilation, connection to natural elements and individual control over the indoor environment (see <em>Natural Ventilation</em>). Operable windows can also contribute to improved indoor air quality, depending on the quality of the outdoor air. Monitor outdoor air quality through resources such as the US EPA “Air Now” online tool (<a href=\"https://www.airnow.gov/flag.\">airnow.gov</a>) that lists air quality conditions by zip code.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>One study compared naturally ventilated buildings (i.e., occupant-controlled operable windows) with centrally controlled HVAC systems (in which occupants had no control over their environment) found that occupants in the naturally ventilated buildings accepted a full range of temperatures compared to occupants who did not have operable windows. One hypothesis for this finding is that occupants with greater control over the indoor environment have a higher tolerance of temperature range.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_525\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"544\"]<img class=\"wp-image-525 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Views-and-Operable-Windows-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Office with operable windows and view of trees (Source: Flickr drewsaunders http://www.flickr.com/photos/drewbsaunders/116533602/ ).\" width=\"544\" height=\"410\" /> Figure 1 – Office with operable windows and view of trees (Source: Flickr drewsaunders http://www.flickr.com/photos/drewbsaunders/116533602/ ).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Views and Operable Windows </strong></h2>\n<p>The factors that define indoor environmental quality connect directly to each other. For example, the decision about the placement or type of window can impact access to natural light, connection to the outdoors, acoustics, thermal comfort, occupant control, and air quality (see <em>Windows and Skylights</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> It is essential to consider all of these components in the design phase of a project. There are many resources available regarding design steps to consider for the placement of operable windows and to optimize views (see <strong>Resources </strong>section). Incorporating views and operable windows in existing buildings involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process. Renovations provide an opportunity to assess current views and window performance and to identify opportunities for improvement.</p>\n<p>Although there are many benefits associated with operable windows, they can also increase the threat of water and air leakage without careful window selection, design, and installation (see <em>Air Infiltration Reduction</em>). Operable windows can also increase noise and airborne pollutants in the interior space and make it harder to control thermal comfort with various types of HVAC systems (see <em>Acoustic Comfort</em>). Facilities staff and building occupants should be aware of the limitations and issues that can arise from operable window use and methods to mitigate these issues (see <strong>Resources</strong>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://architypereview.com/project/atlanticare-cancer-care-institute/\">AtlantiCare – The Cancer Institute, Egg Harbor Township, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>AtlantiCare designed and constructed its new Cancer Care Institute according to <a href=\"http://www.usgbc.org/\">US Green Building Council</a> LEED standards, achieving LEED Gold certification. The Cancer Institute was the first AtlantiCare building to achieve LEED certification.</p>\n<p>Highlights include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Natural lighting including an automatic light-monitoring system to reduce electricity usage.</li>\n<li>The facility features a natural theme, incorporating a healing arts program.</li>\n<li>Nature has been brought inside and trees are planted in several areas inside the facility.</li>\n<li>Three-quarters of the interior space provides natural daylight through the glass façade, skylights and large windows throughout the building.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.hermanmiller.com/About-Us/Environmental-Advocacy/Green-Buildings\">The Herman Miller Building, Holland, Michigan.</a></p>\n<p>Although people prefer being in windowed rather than windowless spaces, the view itself has consequences for well-being. Studies have found that views of nature are especially beneficial and reduce stress, provide mental relief, improve the perceived quality of life, and improve emotional functioning. A case study of the Herman Miller building in Holland, Michigan, shows improvements in social functioning and sense of belonging associated with including break areas; a centrally located cafeteria; an interior, daylit and tree-lined “street”; and high levels of internal glazing that offered views into the street and interior spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating views and operable windows:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Enhances occupant comfort and health</li>\n<li>Increases occupant satisfaction</li>\n<li>Increases productivity<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Offers natural ventilation<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></li>\n<li>Increases access to daylight and window views which can improve psychological functioning and well-being of occupants</li>\n<li>Reduces stress and promotes positive emotional states and may also influence cognitive functioning<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of incorporating operable windows and maximizing views from interior spaces vary by project, and these aspects should be considered early in the window upgrade phase to optimize cost efficiencies. Operable windows are generally more expensive than static windows. Expect to pay approximately 20-percent more for fully operable windows vs. fixed windows. Price also changes by type of operable window – sliders are cheaper than casements, for example. Many factors affect cost and designers need to think holistically about the project. Operable windows can be used to offset mechanical ventilation costs and can allow for downsizing fans (see <em>Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</em>). Installing a traditional mechanical HVAC unit on the roof and installing operable windows can lead to inefficiencies in running the system if occupants are not adequately aware of how the building systems function.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a fire or other emergency in the building, operable windows (depending on their size) can act as a point of egress for occupants and can also serve as an access point for firefighters and their lifesaving equipment, especially if any other exits are blocked off and inaccessible to the building’s occupants. Operable windows can also help provide natural ventilation and thermal comfort during a power outage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <em>Promote Health and Well Being</em> <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being</a>  (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Occupant Comfort. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being</a> (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Judith H. Heerwagen, Ph.D. <em>Green Buildings, Organizational Success, and Occupant Productivity. </em>Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Ulrich, Roger S. <em>View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery. </em>The Center for Health Design. <a href=\"https://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/article-pdfs/Ulrich-1984-CHD-KPS.pdf\">https://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/article-pdfs/Ulrich-1984-CHD-KPS.pdf</a>  (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA. AirNow. <a href=\"https://www.airnow.gov\">https://www.airnow.gov</a> (accessed December 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ASHRAE. <a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> California Sustainable Design Training. IEQ. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf</a>  (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Buildings.com “A Breath of Fresh Air.” <a href=\"http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx\">http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx</a> (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> The American Institute of Architects (AIA). <a href=\"http://www.aiatopten.org/node/169\">www.aiatopten.org/node/169</a> (accessed September 20, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> California Sustainable Design Training. IEQ. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf</a>  (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Buildings.com   “A Breath of Fresh Air.” <a href=\"http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx\">http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Judith H. Heerwagen, Ph.D. <em>Green Buildings, Organizational Success, and Occupant Productivity.</em> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Buildings. “A Breath of Fresh Air.” <a href=\"http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx\">http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx</a> (accessed January 12, 2019)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Building Green. Resilient Design: Natural Cooling. <a href=\"https://www.buildinggreen.com/blog/resilient-design-natural-cooling\">https://www.buildinggreen.com/blog/resilient-design-natural-cooling</a> (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-acoustic-comfort/\">Acoustic Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/\">Windows and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf\">ASHRAE. Operable Windows, Personal Control, and Occupant Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort\">GSA – Sustainable Toolkit – Occupant Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org/biophilic-design-overview/\">International Living Building Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/LEED%20v4%20BDC_07.2.18_current.pdf\">USGBC LEED for New Construction Version 4</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Incorporate Views and Operable Windows','','inherit','closed','closed','','2192-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:13:35','2022-04-22 19:13:35','',2192,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2196',0,'revision','',0),(2198,2,'2022-04-22 19:13:38','2022-04-22 19:13:38','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Views and Operable Windows\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Why Incorporate Views and Operable Windows?</h2>\n<p>Indoor environments impact occupant well-being and productivity. Aspects of the indoor environment such as access to views and natural light, connection to nature, and personal control over environmental conditions all play a role in occupant comfort (see <em>Individual Comfort Controls</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Access to views of the outside contributes to occupant well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Many studies have found that people value daylight and prefer to be near windows, and there is an increasing understanding that being near a window can be psychologically and physiologically beneficial, mainly if views contain natural features. Visual contact with nature through window views enhances mood, reduces stress, and promotes a higher quality of life (see <em>Biophilic Design</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> A study by Roger Ulrich compared postoperative recovery rates of patients experiencing similar surgical procedures but having different window views of trees and a lake, no window views, or a view of a brick wall. The study found that the window view patients recovered significantly faster, required less pharmaceutical assistance, and had fewer post-operative complications, supporting the idea that enhanced opportunities for emotionally bonding with nature promote feelings of calm, confidence, and personal well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Operable windows can increase occupant comfort and provide psychological benefits through natural ventilation, connection to natural elements and individual control over the indoor environment (see <em>Natural Ventilation</em>). Operable windows can also contribute to improved indoor air quality, depending on the quality of the outdoor air. Monitor outdoor air quality through resources such as the US EPA “Air Now” online tool (<a href=\"https://www.airnow.gov/flag.\">airnow.gov</a>) that lists air quality conditions by zip code.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>One study compared naturally ventilated buildings (i.e., occupant-controlled operable windows) with centrally controlled HVAC systems (in which occupants had no control over their environment) found that occupants in the naturally ventilated buildings accepted a full range of temperatures compared to occupants who did not have operable windows. One hypothesis for this finding is that occupants with greater control over the indoor environment have a higher tolerance of temperature range.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_525\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"544\"]<img class=\"wp-image-525 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Views-and-Operable-Windows-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Office with operable windows and view of trees (Source: Flickr drewsaunders http://www.flickr.com/photos/drewbsaunders/116533602/ ).\" width=\"544\" height=\"410\" /> Figure 1 – Office with operable windows and view of trees (Source: Flickr drewsaunders http://www.flickr.com/photos/drewbsaunders/116533602/ ).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Views and Operable Windows </strong></h2>\n<p>The factors that define indoor environmental quality connect directly to each other. For example, the decision about the placement or type of window can impact access to natural light, connection to the outdoors, acoustics, thermal comfort, occupant control, and air quality (see <em>Windows and Skylights</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> It is essential to consider all of these components in the design phase of a project. There are many resources available regarding design steps to consider for the placement of operable windows and to optimize views (see <strong>Resources </strong>section). Incorporating views and operable windows in existing buildings involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process. Renovations provide an opportunity to assess current views and window performance and to identify opportunities for improvement.</p>\n<p>Although there are many benefits associated with operable windows, they can also increase the threat of water and air leakage without careful window selection, design, and installation (see <em>Air Infiltration Reduction</em>). Operable windows can also increase noise and airborne pollutants in the interior space and make it harder to control thermal comfort with various types of HVAC systems (see <em>Acoustic Comfort</em>). Facilities staff and building occupants should be aware of the limitations and issues that can arise from operable window use and methods to mitigate these issues (see <strong>Resources</strong>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://architypereview.com/project/atlanticare-cancer-care-institute/\">AtlantiCare – The Cancer Institute, Egg Harbor Township, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>AtlantiCare designed and constructed its new Cancer Care Institute according to <a href=\"http://www.usgbc.org/\">US Green Building Council</a> LEED standards, achieving LEED Gold certification. The Cancer Institute was the first AtlantiCare building to achieve LEED certification.</p>\n<p>Highlights include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Natural lighting including an automatic light-monitoring system to reduce electricity usage.</li>\n<li>The facility features a natural theme, incorporating a healing arts program.</li>\n<li>Nature has been brought inside and trees are planted in several areas inside the facility.</li>\n<li>Three-quarters of the interior space provides natural daylight through the glass façade, skylights and large windows throughout the building.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.hermanmiller.com/About-Us/Environmental-Advocacy/Green-Buildings\">The Herman Miller Building, Holland, Michigan.</a></p>\n<p>Although people prefer being in windowed rather than windowless spaces, the view itself has consequences for well-being. Studies have found that views of nature are especially beneficial and reduce stress, provide mental relief, improve the perceived quality of life, and improve emotional functioning. A case study of the Herman Miller building in Holland, Michigan, shows improvements in social functioning and sense of belonging associated with including break areas; a centrally located cafeteria; an interior, daylit and tree-lined “street”; and high levels of internal glazing that offered views into the street and interior spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating views and operable windows:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Enhances occupant comfort and health</li>\n<li>Increases occupant satisfaction</li>\n<li>Increases productivity<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Offers natural ventilation<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></li>\n<li>Increases access to daylight and window views which can improve psychological functioning and well-being of occupants</li>\n<li>Reduces stress and promotes positive emotional states and may also influence cognitive functioning<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of incorporating operable windows and maximizing views from interior spaces vary by project, and these aspects should be considered early in the window upgrade phase to optimize cost efficiencies. Operable windows are generally more expensive than static windows. Expect to pay approximately 20-percent more for fully operable windows vs. fixed windows. Price also changes by type of operable window – sliders are cheaper than casements, for example. Many factors affect cost and designers need to think holistically about the project. Operable windows can be used to offset mechanical ventilation costs and can allow for downsizing fans (see <em>Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</em>). Installing a traditional mechanical HVAC unit on the roof and installing operable windows can lead to inefficiencies in running the system if occupants are not adequately aware of how the building systems function.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a fire or other emergency in the building, operable windows (depending on their size) can act as a point of egress for occupants and can also serve as an access point for firefighters and their lifesaving equipment, especially if any other exits are blocked off and inaccessible to the building’s occupants. Operable windows can also help provide natural ventilation and thermal comfort during a power outage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <em>Promote Health and Well Being</em> <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being</a>  (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Occupant Comfort. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being</a> (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Judith H. Heerwagen, Ph.D. <em>Green Buildings, Organizational Success, and Occupant Productivity. </em>Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Ulrich, Roger S. <em>View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery. </em>The Center for Health Design. <a href=\"https://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/article-pdfs/Ulrich-1984-CHD-KPS.pdf\">https://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/article-pdfs/Ulrich-1984-CHD-KPS.pdf</a>  (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA. AirNow. <a href=\"https://www.airnow.gov\">https://www.airnow.gov</a> (accessed December 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ASHRAE. <a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> California Sustainable Design Training. IEQ. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf</a>  (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Buildings.com “A Breath of Fresh Air.” <a href=\"http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx\">http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx</a> (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> The American Institute of Architects (AIA). <a href=\"http://www.aiatopten.org/node/169\">www.aiatopten.org/node/169</a> (accessed September 20, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> California Sustainable Design Training. IEQ. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf</a>  (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Buildings.com   “A Breath of Fresh Air.” <a href=\"http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx\">http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Judith H. Heerwagen, Ph.D. <em>Green Buildings, Organizational Success, and Occupant Productivity.</em> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Buildings. “A Breath of Fresh Air.” <a href=\"http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx\">http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx</a> (accessed January 12, 2019)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Building Green. Resilient Design: Natural Cooling. <a href=\"https://www.buildinggreen.com/blog/resilient-design-natural-cooling\">https://www.buildinggreen.com/blog/resilient-design-natural-cooling</a> (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-acoustic-comfort/\">Acoustic Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/\">Windows and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf\">ASHRAE. Operable Windows, Personal Control, and Occupant Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort\">GSA – Sustainable Toolkit – Occupant Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org/biophilic-design-overview/\">International Living Building Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/LEED%20v4%20BDC_07.2.18_current.pdf\">USGBC LEED for New Construction Version 4</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Views and Operable Windows','','inherit','closed','closed','','2192-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:13:38','2022-04-22 19:13:38','',2192,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2198',0,'revision','',0),(2199,2,'2022-04-22 19:14:06','2022-04-22 19:14:06','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Active Living\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Active Living?</h2>\n<p>Active living incorporates physical activity on a daily basis to promote physical and mental well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Many adults do not meet the Surgeon General’s recommendations for regular physical activity, mainly because driving replaces walking and biking as the primary mode of transportation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Some of this change is due to individual decisions. Another explanation is the built environment; many communities lack sidewalks and bike lanes and other amenities that would otherwise promote active living.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The settings where people spend their time – work, home, and school, for example – influence daily behaviors.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Active living incorporates physical activity into daily routines, such as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Playing in the park</li>\n<li>Taking the stairs</li>\n<li>Using recreation facilities</li>\n<li>Walking or bicycling for exercise, pleasure, or transportation</li>\n<li>Working in the yard</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Active design contributes to public health initiatives and also has positive environmental effects. Strategies that increase the physical activity – such as promoting walking over driving, stairs over elevator usage and recreation over stationary activities such as video games – all also tend to lower energy consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Active living design provides access by people of all ages and varying mobility.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_167\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"572\"]<img class=\"wp-image-167 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Active-Living-Fig-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Children walking to school (Source: Voorhees Transportation Center)\" width=\"572\" height=\"454\" /> Figure 1 – Children walking to school (Source: Voorhees Transportation Center)[/caption]\n<h2>How to Implement Active Living</h2>\n<p>Design strategies that contribute to active living should be considered early in project development and an integrated design process will optimize opportunities and help minimize costs.  Equitable planning is key as “healthy” communities are often limited to those who can afford them. Communities of color and immigrant populations are increasingly occupying suburbs that often have limited safe and accessible walking and biking options.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Racial and ethnic minorities in the United States face health disparities including higher rates of chronic disease.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a>  The NJ Department of Health’s State Health Assessment Data (<a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/health/shad\">NJSHAD</a>) provides searchable data about the health of the population in NJ that can help inform decision-making. Key recommended measures for implementing active living in developing a site include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Develop mixed land use in neighborhoods and maintain existing mixed conditions.</li>\n<li>Incorporate pedestrian-friendly design including traffic calming features, landscaping, lighting, benches, and water fountains.</li>\n<li>Create continuous bike networks and incorporate bicycle infrastructure including indoor and outdoor bike parking accommodations.</li>\n<li>Ensure a pleasant, safe and secure outdoor environment for pedestrians and cyclists by including, pedestrian-scale lighting, entrances that are easy to see and access from cross streets, ADA accessible sidewalks and ramps, and ground floor windows that provide “eyes on the street.”</li>\n<li>Provide easy access to open spaces, parks, plazas, public buildings, recreational facilities, schools, and trails.</li>\n<li>Design public spaces to accommodate a wide range of public uses.</li>\n<li>Improve access to public transit and multi-modal transit hubs.</li>\n<li>Improve the access and availability of healthy food by providing easy access to local grocery stores and farmer’s markets.</li>\n<li>De-emphasize motor vehicle parking, avoid expansive parking lots, and locate necessary parking in areas away from primary pedestrian traffic.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>There are also steps that can be taken to incorporate active living into building design. Steps that architects can take to promote physical activity within their structures incorporate some of the following:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Encouraging stair use by placing the main stairway in a convenient location for everyday use as well as signage encouraging the use of stairs over elevators. Stairs should also be designed to be visually pleasing and inviting with ample daylight or electrical lighting.</li>\n<li>Incorporating exercise facilities in easily visible locations as well as providing locker rooms, showers, drinking fountains, and bicycle storage.</li>\n<li>Designing the building exterior and envelope to contribute to a pedestrian-friendly atmosphere and including a variety of entries and canopies.</li>\n<li>Improving the access and availability of healthy food by providing on-site gardens on rooftops, in courtyards or on patio spaces.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gethealthycamden.com/\">Get Healthy Camden</a></p>\n<p>Get Healthy Camden is working to building a culture of health in the City of Camden. The organization implements programs related to healthy eating, healthy living, and active living. These programs grew from the blueprint developed by Get Healthy Camden to address community health with an action plan that includes adopting a “comprehensive citywide wellness policy that consists of policies and systems that create walking and biking paths, parks and open space, healthy and affordable food outlets, and that makes Camden an environment that supports daily physical activity and nutrition.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Active living can provide both short and long-term benefits to people of all ages and abilities. Short-term benefits include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>increased ease performing daily activities such as climbing stairs</li>\n<li>increased energy and the ability to cope with stress</li>\n<li>improved sleep</li>\n<li>decreased risk of depression</li>\n<li>improvements in student performance, including grades and standardized test scores<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Potential long-term benefits include reduced risk for specific health problems such as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>back pain</li>\n<li>high blood pressure</li>\n<li>obesity and obesity-related diseases</li>\n<li>anxiety and depression</li>\n<li>cancer <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Active living can also reduce reliance on automobiles and promote increased positive/personal interaction in the community.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost to implement active living strategies depends on a variety of factors. As with any community design process, some costs include collecting data from the neighborhood as well as the implementation costs of various programs such as walking clubs or bicycle recycle initiatives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a> These costs are dependent on the existing design of a community as well as the population within it and their willingness to volunteer their time and resources to active living.</p>\n<p>An integrated design process and considering active living design strategies from the start can minimize costs regardless of project scale. A study released in 2018 identified the total cost of chronic diseases related to individuals identified as obese or overweight was $1.72 trillion or 9.3% of the United States gross domestic product (GDP).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a> Active living can have long-term positive impacts on public health that reduce costs on a community scale.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Health is a key factor in community resilience, defined as the sustained ability of communities to withstand, adapt to, and recover from adversity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\"><sup>[18]</sup></a> Active living helps promote a healthier community of people who are better able to endure and recover from a disaster or emergency event. Accessible public spaces help develop community connections that are important sources of support during emergencies.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” <a href=\"https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128\">https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128</a> (accessed September 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” <a href=\"https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128\">https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128</a> (accessed September 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> CDC. Adult Obesity – Causes &amp; Consequences.  <a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html\">https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” <a href=\"https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128\">https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128</a> (accessed September 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> New York City Department of Design and Construction. “Active Design Guidelines.” <a href=\"https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf\">https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>Aces Connection. Resilient Communities are Healthy Communities. <a href=\"https://www.acesconnection.com/blog/resilient-communities-are-healthy-communities\">https://www.acesconnection.com/blog/resilient-communities-are-healthy-communities</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity.  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425844/\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425844/</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> New York City Department of Design and Construction. “Active Design Guidelines.” <a href=\"https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf\">https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> New Jersey Health Initiatives. 2016. Get Healthy Camden – A Partnership for Healthy Kids Program <a href=\"https://www.njhi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Get-Healthy-Camden_NJHI-Blueprint_v2_FULL.pdf\">https://www.njhi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Get-Healthy-Camden_NJHI-Blueprint_v2_FULL.pdf</a> (accessed January 7, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> US Dept. of Health and Human Services. Importance of Physical Activity <a href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/fitness/be-active/importance-of-physical-activity/index.html\">https://www.hhs.gov/fitness/be-active/importance-of-physical-activity/index.html</a> (accessed January 6. 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Leadership for Healthy Communities. <a href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/leadership-for-healthy-communities.aspx\">http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/leadership-for-healthy-communities.aspx</a> (accessed January 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> Warburton, D.E., Whitney Nicol, C., Bredin, S.S. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence Can. Med. Assoc. J., Mar 2006; 174: 801 – 809</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a>  US Dept. of Health and Human Services. Active Living. <a href=\"https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/priorities/prevention/strategy/active-living.html\">https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/priorities/prevention/strategy/active-living.html</a> (accessed January 5, 2019)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a> Active Living By Design. “5P Strategies and Tactics.” <a href=\"http://www.activelivingbydesign.org/our-approach/5p-strategies-tactics\">http://www.activelivingbydesign.org/our-approach/5p-strategies-tactics</a> (accessed March 18, 2011).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a> Waters, Hugh and Marlon Graf. America’s Obesity Crisis: The Health and Economic Costs of Excess Weight. <a href=\"https://www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/view/944\">https://www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/view/944</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\"><sup>[18]</sup></a> Public Health Emergency. Build and Sustain Healthy, Resilient Communities. <a href=\"https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/authority/nhss/Pages/communities.aspx\">https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/authority/nhss/Pages/communities.aspx</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-active-living/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-flexible-workspaces/\">Flexible Work Spaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.activelivingresearch.org/\">Active Living Research</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asla.org/sustainablelandscapes/Vid_ActiveLiving.html\">American Society of Landscape Architects – Designing for Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://centerforactivedesign.org\">Center for Active Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://chnj.njpn.org/focus-areas/active-living-and-healthy-eating/\">Coalition for a Healthy New Jersey – Active Living &amp; Healthy Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://46u0j30o449zq8181dfurbcj-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/FitCity10_Report_101615_SinglePg_Final_299.pdf\">FitCity10 – Promoting Physical Activity through Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://healthyplacesbydesign.org\">Healthy Places by Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bikewalk.org/pdfs/2010/IPA_full.pdf\">Increasing Physical Activity Through Community Design: A Guide for Public Health Practitioners and Livable Community Advocates</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.asla.org/contentdetail.aspx?id=23888\">Livable Communities Resource Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njbikeped.org/complete-streets-2/\">NJ Bicycle and Pedestrian Resource Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.njhcn.org\">NJ Healthy Community Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/about/active-design.page&lt;/a\">New York City Department of Design and Construction – Active Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/health/chs/hnj2020/\">State of NJ Department of Health – Healthy New Jersey 2020</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablejersey.com/actions-certification/actions/?type=1336777436&amp;tx_sjcert_action%5BactionObject%5D=37&amp;tx_sjcert_action%5Baction%5D=getPDF&amp;tx_sjcert_action%5Bcontroller%5D=Action&amp;cHash=7e527b7b529d8e87b7cae5ad2c9a5b74\">Sustainable Jersey – Building Healthier Communities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/priorities/prevention/strategy/active-living.html\">US Department of Health and Human Services – Active Living</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Active Living','','inherit','closed','closed','','2169-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:14:06','2022-04-22 19:14:06','',2169,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2199',0,'revision','',0),(2201,2,'2022-04-22 19:16:26','2022-04-22 19:16:26','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Loads\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Loads?</strong></h2>\n<p><img class=\"wp-image-527 alignright size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Star-Equipment-and-Plug-Load-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"494\" height=\"496\" />ENERGY STAR, a joint program of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the United States Department of Energy (US DOE), labels energy-efficient products and practices using third-party certified testing to guarantee quality and performance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>On average, computers and electronics account for 7% of energy use in commercial buildings, and other uses or miscellaneous electronic loads (MELs) or plug load accounting for 38%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Plug load refers to any device plugged into the building’s electrical system including computers and monitors, task lighting, televisions, vending machines, kitchen equipment, and cell phone chargers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Replacing conventional appliances and office equipment and other electronic devices at the end of their useful life with ENERGY STAR labeled products and managing plug loads can save money through reduced energy consumption and associated cost savings. ENERGY STAR products are 10-25% more efficient than required by the federal standard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Labeled products include commercial electronics such as computers as well as several types of appliances, lighting fixtures, HVAC equipment, and water heaters.</p>\n<p>Most appliance and electronic stores carry ENERGY STAR certified equipment. For a complete list, see <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products?s=mega\">ENERGY STAR certified products</a>.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Loads </strong></h2>\n<p>Require ENERGY STAR appliances and equipment as part of your procurement and purchasing policy and educate staff on the benefits of labeled equipment and energy-saving behaviors.</p>\n<ol>\n<li><u>Step 1 </u>– Create an inventory list of necessary equipment.</li>\n<li><u>Step 2</u> – Purchase the most energy-efficient devices for the job. Estimate potential energy and cost savings using <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/save-energy/purchase-energy-saving-products\">ENERGY STAR calculators</a>.</li>\n<li><u>Step 3</u> – Check for available incentives and rebates:<br /><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/rebate-finder\">Energy Star Rebate Finder</a><br /><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)</a><br /><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/tools-and-resources/equipment-incentives/equi\">NJ Clean Energy Program Commercial Building Incentives</a></li>\n<li><u>Step 4</u>  – Follow the manufacturer’s instructions or hire a professional installer as poor installation can affect the performance of equipment.</li>\n<li><u>Step 5</u> – Manage plug loads. Eliminate or unplug unnecessary devices. Turn off or power down devices when not in use and use power management settings, timers, and advanced power plugs. Engage staff and make sure they understand why, when, and how to power down.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/save-energy/purchase-energy-saving-products/purchasing-case-studies\">ENERGY STAR Purchasing and Procurement Case Studies</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings/energy-management/advanced-power-strips-for-plug-load-control\">GSA Green Proving Ground (GPG): Advanced Power Strips for Plug Load Control</a></p>\n<p>A study conducted by the GSA Green Proving Ground Program found that advanced power strips (APS) that use pre-programmed timers to turn off equipment can reduce energy consumption by an average of 26% at workstations and by 50% in printer rooms and kitchens.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>By avoiding the need to generate electricity in the first place, energy-efficiency reduces emissions and air pollution related to producing energy including greenhouse gases, acidifying substances, ozone precursors, and particulate matter or precursors.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> The installation of ENERGY STAR qualified equipment and properly managing plug loads can reduce energy usage and lower energy and utility bills.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Extends product life and decreases maintenance</li>\n<li>Increase leasing and resale value of an energy-efficient building</li>\n<li>Lower operating costs</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>ENERGY STAR cost savings calculators provided the following data which shows expected energy savings by switching from a conventional product to an ENERGY STAR product. The example includes common appliances and office equipment found in existing municipal buildings. Assumptions based on ENERGY STAR value assumptions for the various products listed.</p>\n<p><u>Table 1 – Scenario based on a 20,000 sq. ft. building<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></u></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_416\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1620\"]<img class=\"wp-image-416 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Star-Equipment-and-Plug-Load-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Scenario based on a 20,000 sq. ft. building\" width=\"1620\" height=\"512\" /> Table 1 – Scenario based on a 20,000 sq. ft. building[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Use of ENERGY STAR certified products and managing plug loads reduces energy usage, increasing grid reliability and reducing utility costs.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> ENERGY STAR. <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=about.ab_index\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=about.ab_index</a> (accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Lisa Schwartz et al. “Electricity end uses, energy-efficiency, and distributed energy resources baseline.” Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. January 2017. Page 24. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/Electricity%20End%20Uses,%20Energy%20Efficiency,%20and%20Distributed%20Energy%20Resources.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/Electricity%20End%20Uses,%20Energy%20Efficiency,%20and%20Distributed%20Energy%20Resources.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> New Buildings Institute. 2012. “Plug Load Best Practices Guide: Managing Your Office Equipment Plug Load.” <a href=\"https://newbuildings.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/PlugLoadBestPracticesGuide1.pdf\">https://newbuildings.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/PlugLoadBestPracticesGuide1.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Lighting, Appliances, Office Equipment.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=pt_reps_res_retail.pt_reps_res_retail\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=pt_reps_res_retail.pt_reps_res_retail</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Lisa Schwartz et al. “Electricity end uses, energy-efficiency, and distributed energy resources baseline.” Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. January 2017. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/Electricity%20End%20Uses,%20Energy%20Efficiency,%20and%20Distributed%20Energy%20Resources.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/Electricity%20End%20Uses,%20Energy%20Efficiency,%20and%20Distributed%20Energy%20Resources.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ENERGY STAR. ENERGY STAR Qualified Appliances. <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/building_recognition/building_certification/reasons_get_certified\">https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/building_recognition/building_certification/reasons_get_certified</a> (accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Table 1 – Expected energy savings by switching from a conventional product to an ENERGY STAR product. Annual Electric Savings (MWh) calculated per unit. All estimates based on the following per unit costs also used in New Jersey state energy plans and studies:14 $0.1316/kWh, $0.85/therm. Average Paybacks calculated with the following equation for each appliance:</p>\n<p>[average incremental cost] – [annual cost savings]*[years] = 0  Or: [average payback in years] = [average incremental cost] / [annual cost savings]</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cee1.org\">Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=products.pr_find_es_products\">ENERGY STAR Products</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenelectronicscouncil.org/epeat/epeat-overview/\">Green Electronics Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/tools-and-resources/equipment-incentives/equi\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program Commercial Equipment Incentives</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Loads','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads','','','2022-06-22 19:59:10','2022-06-22 19:59:10','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2201',0,'post','',0),(2202,2,'2022-04-22 19:14:37','2022-04-22 19:14:37','','EC ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Loads','','inherit','closed','closed','','2201-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:14:37','2022-04-22 19:14:37','',2201,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2202',0,'revision','',0),(2203,2,'2022-04-22 19:16:26','2022-04-22 19:16:26','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Loads\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Loads?</strong></h2>\n<p><img class=\"wp-image-527 alignright size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Star-Equipment-and-Plug-Load-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"494\" height=\"496\" />ENERGY STAR, a joint program of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the United States Department of Energy (US DOE), labels energy-efficient products and practices using third-party certified testing to guarantee quality and performance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>On average, computers and electronics account for 7% of energy use in commercial buildings, and other uses or miscellaneous electronic loads (MELs) or plug load accounting for 38%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Plug load refers to any device plugged into the building’s electrical system including computers and monitors, task lighting, televisions, vending machines, kitchen equipment, and cell phone chargers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Replacing conventional appliances and office equipment and other electronic devices at the end of their useful life with ENERGY STAR labeled products and managing plug loads can save money through reduced energy consumption and associated cost savings. ENERGY STAR products are 10-25% more efficient than required by the federal standard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Labeled products include commercial electronics such as computers as well as several types of appliances, lighting fixtures, HVAC equipment, and water heaters.</p>\n<p>Most appliance and electronic stores carry ENERGY STAR certified equipment. For a complete list, see <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products?s=mega\">ENERGY STAR certified products</a>.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Loads </strong></h2>\n<p>Require ENERGY STAR appliances and equipment as part of your procurement and purchasing policy and educate staff on the benefits of labeled equipment and energy-saving behaviors.</p>\n<ol>\n<li><u>Step 1 </u>– Create an inventory list of necessary equipment.</li>\n<li><u>Step 2</u> – Purchase the most energy-efficient devices for the job. Estimate potential energy and cost savings using <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/save-energy/purchase-energy-saving-products\">ENERGY STAR calculators</a>.</li>\n<li><u>Step 3</u> – Check for available incentives and rebates:<br /><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/rebate-finder\">Energy Star Rebate Finder</a><br /><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)</a><br /><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/tools-and-resources/equipment-incentives/equi\">NJ Clean Energy Program Commercial Building Incentives</a></li>\n<li><u>Step 4</u>  – Follow the manufacturer’s instructions or hire a professional installer as poor installation can affect the performance of equipment.</li>\n<li><u>Step 5</u> – Manage plug loads. Eliminate or unplug unnecessary devices. Turn off or power down devices when not in use and use power management settings, timers, and advanced power plugs. Engage staff and make sure they understand why, when, and how to power down.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/save-energy/purchase-energy-saving-products/purchasing-case-studies\">ENERGY STAR Purchasing and Procurement Case Studies</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings/energy-management/advanced-power-strips-for-plug-load-control\">GSA Green Proving Ground (GPG): Advanced Power Strips for Plug Load Control</a></p>\n<p>A study conducted by the GSA Green Proving Ground Program found that advanced power strips (APS) that use pre-programmed timers to turn off equipment can reduce energy consumption by an average of 26% at workstations and by 50% in printer rooms and kitchens.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>By avoiding the need to generate electricity in the first place, energy-efficiency reduces emissions and air pollution related to producing energy including greenhouse gases, acidifying substances, ozone precursors, and particulate matter or precursors.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> The installation of ENERGY STAR qualified equipment and properly managing plug loads can reduce energy usage and lower energy and utility bills.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Extends product life and decreases maintenance</li>\n<li>Increase leasing and resale value of an energy-efficient building</li>\n<li>Lower operating costs</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>ENERGY STAR cost savings calculators provided the following data which shows expected energy savings by switching from a conventional product to an ENERGY STAR product. The example includes common appliances and office equipment found in existing municipal buildings. Assumptions based on ENERGY STAR value assumptions for the various products listed.</p>\n<p><u>Table 1 – Scenario based on a 20,000 sq. ft. building<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></u></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_416\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1620\"]<img class=\"wp-image-416 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Star-Equipment-and-Plug-Load-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Scenario based on a 20,000 sq. ft. building\" width=\"1620\" height=\"512\" /> Table 1 – Scenario based on a 20,000 sq. ft. building[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Use of ENERGY STAR certified products and managing plug loads reduces energy usage, increasing grid reliability and reducing utility costs.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> ENERGY STAR. <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=about.ab_index\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=about.ab_index</a> (accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Lisa Schwartz et al. “Electricity end uses, energy-efficiency, and distributed energy resources baseline.” Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. January 2017. Page 24. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/Electricity%20End%20Uses,%20Energy%20Efficiency,%20and%20Distributed%20Energy%20Resources.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/Electricity%20End%20Uses,%20Energy%20Efficiency,%20and%20Distributed%20Energy%20Resources.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> New Buildings Institute. 2012. “Plug Load Best Practices Guide: Managing Your Office Equipment Plug Load.” <a href=\"https://newbuildings.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/PlugLoadBestPracticesGuide1.pdf\">https://newbuildings.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/PlugLoadBestPracticesGuide1.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Lighting, Appliances, Office Equipment.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=pt_reps_res_retail.pt_reps_res_retail\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=pt_reps_res_retail.pt_reps_res_retail</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Lisa Schwartz et al. “Electricity end uses, energy-efficiency, and distributed energy resources baseline.” Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. January 2017. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/Electricity%20End%20Uses,%20Energy%20Efficiency,%20and%20Distributed%20Energy%20Resources.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/Electricity%20End%20Uses,%20Energy%20Efficiency,%20and%20Distributed%20Energy%20Resources.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ENERGY STAR. ENERGY STAR Qualified Appliances. <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/learn-benefits/value-energy-star-certification\">https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/learn-benefits/value-energy-star-certification</a> (accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Table 1 – Expected energy savings by switching from a conventional product to an ENERGY STAR product. Annual Electric Savings (MWh) calculated per unit. All estimates based on the following per unit costs also used in New Jersey state energy plans and studies:14 $0.1316/kWh, $0.85/therm. Average Paybacks calculated with the following equation for each appliance:</p>\n<p>[average incremental cost] – [annual cost savings]*[years] = 0  Or: [average payback in years] = [average incremental cost] / [annual cost savings]</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cee1.org\">Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=products.pr_find_es_products\">ENERGY STAR Products</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenelectronicscouncil.org/epeat/epeat-overview/\">Green Electronics Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/tools-and-resources/equipment-incentives/equi\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program Commercial Equipment Incentives</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Loads','','inherit','closed','closed','','2201-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:16:26','2022-04-22 19:16:26','',2201,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2203',0,'revision','',0),(2205,2,'2022-04-22 19:18:30','2022-04-22 19:18:30','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Demand Response and Peak Load Management\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Demand Response and Peak Load Management? </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Demand response refers to strategies employed by utilities that use time-based financial incentives to modify consumer electricity consumption during periods of peak demand, power scarcity, grid congestion or an anticipated grid outage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> The cost of electricity from the consumer’s perspective usually reflects the average cost to generate electricity throughout the day or year. Reducing peak demand reduces the cost of electricity by reducing the need for additional generation capacity and avoiding the construction and maintenance costs associated with “peakers” or standby energy plants. Utility companies often charge flat rates for energy consumption. These flat rates do not factor in the different costs of supplying energy during different times or usage levels. Energy usage peaks from air conditioner use on hot days and when people come home from work between the hours of 2 pm and 7 pm. Figure 1 illustrates the results of shifting energy use away from peak hours.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_269\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1198\"]<img class=\"wp-image-269 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Demand-Response-and-Peak-Load-Management-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Shifting Demand (Source: MIT).\" width=\"1198\" height=\"760\" /> Figure 1 – Shifting Demand (Source: MIT).[/caption]<p>Increased peak demand strains the electric system, increases emissions, and adds to energy costs. In a demand response program, building operators manage the amount and timing of energy consumption to maximize energy efficiency and reduce energy costs by shedding loads or shifting activities to off-peak hours, which often coincide with lower energy prices or incentive payments. Demand response may include interrupting demand for a short period or adjusting demand levels by shedding or shifting loads or storing energy. For example, building operators can manually adjust or automatically set HVAC systems to cycle off during periods of peak demand and to cycle back on during off-peak hours, potentially lowering energy use and electricity bills. Advances in smart grid infrastructure including smart metering technologies has expanded the range of available demand response programs and dynamic price offerings.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></sup> Demand response programs often utilize dynamic pricing models such as time-of-use pricing, real-time pricing, variable peak pricing, critical peak pricing, critical time rebates or peak time rebates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Smart metering and energy management systems provide detailed consumption and cost information, allowing building managers to make informed decisions concerning overall energy usage and energy use patterns at various time intervals. Demand response enabled devices such as smart thermostats and smart water heaters can signal consumers to adjust electricity consumption manually or allow utilities or aggregators to automatically turn off air-conditioning units or water heaters to avoid peak load issues (see <em><i>Smart Sensors and Controls, and Smart Meters</i></em>). Demand response programs can also signal buildings with on-site distributed energy generation, such as Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems and islandable photovoltaics, and energy storage capabilities to use, store, or sell renewable energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand (see <em><i>Alternative Transportation, Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation, Combined Heat and Power (CHP), Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV, and Thermal Energy Storage</i></em>). Additionally, utilities can notify demand response participants of a potential grid failure, and incentivize participants to reduce energy use, switch to on-site generation, backup power or a combination of these load management strategies.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate a Demand Response Program or Peak Load Management? </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Check with your local utility or regional transmission organization such as PJM, to find out about available demand response programs, eligibility requirements, and offerings in your building’s service area. For example, PJM offers a list of Curtailment Service Providers (CSPs) that can assess available demand response offerings and customer eligibility. Smart energy management systems and smart metering technologies provide the data and two-way communication necessary for participation in many demand response programs (see <em><i>Smart Metering</i></em>). Other demand response enable devices may include lighting controls, thermostats, motors, pumps, and HVAC systems (see <em><i>Smart Sensors and Controls</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Peak load management strategies may include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Activating, or turning on equipment sequentially, rather than all at once.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><strong><sup><b>[5]</b></sup></strong></a></li>\n<li>“Coasting” the last hours of operation – turning down or off systems (such as temperature control, ventilation) while maintaining adequate levels of comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><strong><sup><b>[6]</b></sup></strong></a></li>\n<li>Load shedding or switching non-critical loads such as HVAC systems, non-sensitive machines, and some lighting off during periods of maximum peak demands.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></sup></li>\n<li>Load shifting or moving consumption to off-peak periods, such as pre-cooling refrigerators or temperature set-points to a lower temperature and then allowing the temperature to rise naturally during a load reduction.</li>\n<li>Load-displacement or offsetting peak demand with on-site generation such as renewable sources and energy storage (see <em><i>Battery Storage and Backup Power, and</i></em> <em><i>Thermal Energy Storage</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Demand flexibility or communication and control technologies that allow significant loads to continuously respond to changing renewable supply levels, particularly wind and solar, and other market signals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.libertygreenguide.com/\">Liberty Property Trust – Demand Response</a></p>\n<p>Liberty Property Trust implemented smart grid technology including smart metering into their existing building portfolio to optimize energy efficiency and enable participation in demand response programs. A study conducted by the Rutgers Center for Green Building found that tenants do not notice or are not negatively affected by load shedding associated with participation in a demand response event.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.pjm.com/\">The PJM Interconnection (PJM)</a></p>\n<p>The PJM Interconnection (PJM), a regional transmission organization (RTO), offers two programs to New Jersey customers, the Economic Load Response Program and Emergency Capacity Program. In both programs, participants provide load reductions either through curtailing electricity use or operating on-site generation in exchange for wholesale electricity prices.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Demand Response programs supported by smart grid and smart metering infrastructure provide multiple benefits to utilities, energy consumers, and the grid. By accounting for the real-time cost, availability, and source of electricity, and reducing peak consumption, demand response programs:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Encourage energy conservation and reduce overall energy consumption eliminating the need for building new or maintaining older, less-efficient standby energy plants, passing savings onto ratepayers in the form of reduced electrical bills or incentive payments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Reduce strain on the grid and increases grid reliability by reducing grid congestion, better balancing of supply and demand, and decreasing supply interruptions and losses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Facilitate the use and integration of cleaner energy sources by adjusting demand to match intermittent wind and solar supplies.</li>\n<li>Promote energy storage technologies, such as Vehicle-to-Grid (see <em><i>Battery Storage and Backup Power Generation and Thermal Energy Storage</i></em>) that can shift load consumption to optimal times or provide backup power to the grid like a generator and support distributed renewables generation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Establishing a demand response program and offering dynamic pricing to reduce peak demand may be cheaper and faster for a utility than building a peaker plant to meet increased demand. Demand response programs can encourage customers to modify their consumption behavior and reduce electric bills. Smart building and demand response enabling technologies, including smart energy management systems and smart metering are becoming more user-friendly, cost-competitive and widespread in the marketplace. As distributed energy resource capacity, including battery storage, grows so does the ability to shift loads and take advantage of potential cost savings and incentives offered by demand response and dynamic pricing programs.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Demand response reduces stress on the electricity grid during times of prolonged disaster or shifts in weather. Demand response programs enable utility programs to reduce electricity demand, especially at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by avoiding system outages. Demand response programs also increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Connected Devices Alliance. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. <a href=\"https://cda.iea-4e.org\">https://cda.iea-4e.org</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Applied Energy Journal  “Demand Side Management in a Day-Ahead Wholesale Market: A Comparison of Industrial &amp; Social Welfare Approaches” (MIT) <a href=\"https://amfarid.scripts.mit.edu/wpblog/tag/graph-theory/Flex\">https://amfarid.scripts.mit.edu/wpblog/tag/graph-theory/Flex</a> (accessed  April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Smart grids are electricity supply networks that use digital communications technology to detect and react to changes in energy supply and demand and manage the transport of electricity from generation sources to end users.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Smart Electric Power Alliance. 2017. “2017 Utility Demand Response Market Snapshot.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://sepapower.org/resource/2017-utility-demand-response-market-snapshot/thank-you/\">https://sepapower.org/resource/2017-utility-demand-response-market-snapshot/thank-you/</a> (accessed September 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> BOMA International. “30 Ways to Save Energy – for little or no cost.” <a href=\"http://www.boma.org/research/Documents/Find%20a%20Resource/BEEPChecklist_final.pdf\">http://www.boma.org/research/Documents/Find%20a%20Resource/BEEPChecklist_final.pdf</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Energy Exchange. Peak Shaving. <a href=\"https://www.eex.gov.au/opportunity/peak-shaving\">https://www.eex.gov.au/opportunity/peak-shaving</a> (accessed May 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI). “Demand Flexibility: The Key to Enabling a Low-Cost, Low-Carbon Grid.” Insight Brief. Feb 2018. <a href=\"https://www.rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Insight_Brief_Demand_Flexibility_2018.pdf\">https://www.rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Insight_Brief_Demand_Flexibility_2018.pdf</a> (accessed May 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Handi Chandra Putra, Clinton J. Andrews, Jennifer A. Senick (2017). An agent-based model of building occupant behavior during load shedding. Building Simulation. An International Journal. DOI 10.1007/s12273-017-0384-x</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> ACEEE. “Demand response programs can reduce utilities’ peak demand an average of 10%, complementing savings from energy efficiency programs” <a href=\"http://aceee.org/blog/2017/02/demand-response-programs-can-reduce\">http://aceee.org/blog/2017/02/demand-response-programs-can-reduce</a>  (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> US DOE. “Benefits of Demand Response in Electricity Markets and Recommendations for Achieving Them.” <a href=\"https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/report-lbnl-1252d.pdf\">https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/report-lbnl-1252d.pdf</a>  (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ieadsm.org\">The IEA Demand-Side Management Programme</a><em><i> - An international collaboration of 20 countries working together to develop and promote opportunities for demand-side management (DSM)</i></em></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://drrc.lbl.gov/tools/demand-response-quick-assessment-tool-drqat\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory – Demand Response Quick Assessment Tool</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/bpu/commercial/demandresponse.html\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities – Commercial Demand Response Filings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://rmi.org/insights/reports/economics-demand-flexibility/\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) – Economics of Demand Flexibility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sepapower.org/about/\">Smart Electric Power Alliance (SEPA)</a><em><i> - The trade association for companies that provide products and services in the areas of demand response, smart meters and smart grid technologies</i></em></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/oe/services/electricity-policy-coordination-and-implementation/state-and-regional-policy-assistanc-4\">US DOE Demand Response</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>PJM</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.pjm.com/markets-and-operations/demand-response.aspx\">Demand Response – Data and Reports</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://learn.pjm.com/three-priorities/buying-and-selling-energy/markets-faqs/what-is-demand-response.aspx\">Demand Response FAQs</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>NJ Utility Demand Response Information</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.pseg.com/home/save/manage_costs/cycling_events.jsp\">PSEG</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.firstenergycorp.com/csp.html\">JCPL</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energywiserewards.atlanticcityelectric.com/\">ACE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en/save-money/rebates-incentives-credits/rebates-incentives-tax-credits-for-commercial-and-industrial-customers/choose-smart-usage-rewards\">RECO</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Demand Response and Peak Load Management','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-demand-response-and-peak-load-management','','','2022-04-22 19:18:34','2022-04-22 19:18:34','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2205',0,'post','',0),(2206,2,'2022-04-22 19:16:55','2022-04-22 19:16:55','','EC Demand Response and Peak Load Management','','inherit','closed','closed','','2205-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:16:55','2022-04-22 19:16:55','',2205,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2206',0,'revision','',0),(2208,2,'2022-04-22 19:18:30','2022-04-22 19:18:30','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Demand Response and Peak Load Management\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Demand Response and Peak Load Management? </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Demand response refers to strategies employed by utilities that use time-based financial incentives to modify consumer electricity consumption during periods of peak demand, power scarcity, grid congestion or an anticipated grid outage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> The cost of electricity from the consumer’s perspective usually reflects the average cost to generate electricity throughout the day or year. Reducing peak demand reduces the cost of electricity by reducing the need for additional generation capacity and avoiding the construction and maintenance costs associated with “peakers” or standby energy plants. Utility companies often charge flat rates for energy consumption. These flat rates do not factor in the different costs of supplying energy during different times or usage levels. Energy usage peaks from air conditioner use on hot days and when people come home from work between the hours of 2 pm and 7 pm. Figure 1 illustrates the results of shifting energy use away from peak hours.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_269\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1198\"]<img class=\"wp-image-269 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Demand-Response-and-Peak-Load-Management-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Shifting Demand (Source: MIT).\" width=\"1198\" height=\"760\" /> Figure 1 – Shifting Demand (Source: MIT).[/caption]<p>Increased peak demand strains the electric system, increases emissions, and adds to energy costs. In a demand response program, building operators manage the amount and timing of energy consumption to maximize energy efficiency and reduce energy costs by shedding loads or shifting activities to off-peak hours, which often coincide with lower energy prices or incentive payments. Demand response may include interrupting demand for a short period or adjusting demand levels by shedding or shifting loads or storing energy. For example, building operators can manually adjust or automatically set HVAC systems to cycle off during periods of peak demand and to cycle back on during off-peak hours, potentially lowering energy use and electricity bills. Advances in smart grid infrastructure including smart metering technologies has expanded the range of available demand response programs and dynamic price offerings.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></sup> Demand response programs often utilize dynamic pricing models such as time-of-use pricing, real-time pricing, variable peak pricing, critical peak pricing, critical time rebates or peak time rebates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Smart metering and energy management systems provide detailed consumption and cost information, allowing building managers to make informed decisions concerning overall energy usage and energy use patterns at various time intervals. Demand response enabled devices such as smart thermostats and smart water heaters can signal consumers to adjust electricity consumption manually or allow utilities or aggregators to automatically turn off air-conditioning units or water heaters to avoid peak load issues (see <em><i>Smart Sensors and Controls, and Smart Meters</i></em>). Demand response programs can also signal buildings with on-site distributed energy generation, such as Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems and islandable photovoltaics, and energy storage capabilities to use, store, or sell renewable energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand (see <em><i>Alternative Transportation, Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation, Combined Heat and Power (CHP), Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV, and Thermal Energy Storage</i></em>). Additionally, utilities can notify demand response participants of a potential grid failure, and incentivize participants to reduce energy use, switch to on-site generation, backup power or a combination of these load management strategies.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate a Demand Response Program or Peak Load Management? </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Check with your local utility or regional transmission organization such as PJM, to find out about available demand response programs, eligibility requirements, and offerings in your building’s service area. For example, PJM offers a list of Curtailment Service Providers (CSPs) that can assess available demand response offerings and customer eligibility. Smart energy management systems and smart metering technologies provide the data and two-way communication necessary for participation in many demand response programs (see <em><i>Smart Metering</i></em>). Other demand response enable devices may include lighting controls, thermostats, motors, pumps, and HVAC systems (see <em><i>Smart Sensors and Controls</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Peak load management strategies may include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Activating, or turning on equipment sequentially, rather than all at once.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><strong><sup><b>[5]</b></sup></strong></a></li>\n<li>“Coasting” the last hours of operation – turning down or off systems (such as temperature control, ventilation) while maintaining adequate levels of comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><strong><sup><b>[6]</b></sup></strong></a></li>\n<li>Load shedding or switching non-critical loads such as HVAC systems, non-sensitive machines, and some lighting off during periods of maximum peak demands.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></sup></li>\n<li>Load shifting or moving consumption to off-peak periods, such as pre-cooling refrigerators or temperature set-points to a lower temperature and then allowing the temperature to rise naturally during a load reduction.</li>\n<li>Load-displacement or offsetting peak demand with on-site generation such as renewable sources and energy storage (see <em><i>Battery Storage and Backup Power, and</i></em> <em><i>Thermal Energy Storage</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Demand flexibility or communication and control technologies that allow significant loads to continuously respond to changing renewable supply levels, particularly wind and solar, and other market signals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.libertygreenguide.com/\">Liberty Property Trust – Demand Response</a></p>\n<p>Liberty Property Trust implemented smart grid technology including smart metering into their existing building portfolio to optimize energy efficiency and enable participation in demand response programs. A study conducted by the Rutgers Center for Green Building found that tenants do not notice or are not negatively affected by load shedding associated with participation in a demand response event.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.pjm.com/\">The PJM Interconnection (PJM)</a></p>\n<p>The PJM Interconnection (PJM), a regional transmission organization (RTO), offers two programs to New Jersey customers, the Economic Load Response Program and Emergency Capacity Program. In both programs, participants provide load reductions either through curtailing electricity use or operating on-site generation in exchange for wholesale electricity prices.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Demand Response programs supported by smart grid and smart metering infrastructure provide multiple benefits to utilities, energy consumers, and the grid. By accounting for the real-time cost, availability, and source of electricity, and reducing peak consumption, demand response programs:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Encourage energy conservation and reduce overall energy consumption eliminating the need for building new or maintaining older, less-efficient standby energy plants, passing savings onto ratepayers in the form of reduced electrical bills or incentive payments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Reduce strain on the grid and increases grid reliability by reducing grid congestion, better balancing of supply and demand, and decreasing supply interruptions and losses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Facilitate the use and integration of cleaner energy sources by adjusting demand to match intermittent wind and solar supplies.</li>\n<li>Promote energy storage technologies, such as Vehicle-to-Grid (see <em><i>Battery Storage and Backup Power Generation and Thermal Energy Storage</i></em>) that can shift load consumption to optimal times or provide backup power to the grid like a generator and support distributed renewables generation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Establishing a demand response program and offering dynamic pricing to reduce peak demand may be cheaper and faster for a utility than building a peaker plant to meet increased demand. Demand response programs can encourage customers to modify their consumption behavior and reduce electric bills. Smart building and demand response enabling technologies, including smart energy management systems and smart metering are becoming more user-friendly, cost-competitive and widespread in the marketplace. As distributed energy resource capacity, including battery storage, grows so does the ability to shift loads and take advantage of potential cost savings and incentives offered by demand response and dynamic pricing programs.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Demand response reduces stress on the electricity grid during times of prolonged disaster or shifts in weather. Demand response programs enable utility programs to reduce electricity demand, especially at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by avoiding system outages. Demand response programs also increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Connected Devices Alliance. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. <a href=\"https://cda.iea-4e.org\">https://cda.iea-4e.org</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Applied Energy Journal  “Demand Side Management in a Day-Ahead Wholesale Market: A Comparison of Industrial &amp; Social Welfare Approaches” (MIT) <a href=\"https://amfarid.scripts.mit.edu/wpblog/tag/graph-theory/Flex\">https://amfarid.scripts.mit.edu/wpblog/tag/graph-theory/Flex</a> (accessed  April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Smart grids are electricity supply networks that use digital communications technology to detect and react to changes in energy supply and demand and manage the transport of electricity from generation sources to end users.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Smart Electric Power Alliance. 2017. “2017 Utility Demand Response Market Snapshot.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://sepapower.org/resource/2017-utility-demand-response-market-snapshot/thank-you/\">https://sepapower.org/resource/2017-utility-demand-response-market-snapshot/thank-you/</a> (accessed September 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> BOMA International. “30 Ways to Save Energy – for little or no cost.” <a href=\"http://www.boma.org/research/Documents/Find%20a%20Resource/BEEPChecklist_final.pdf\">http://www.boma.org/research/Documents/Find%20a%20Resource/BEEPChecklist_final.pdf</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Energy Exchange. Peak Shaving. <a href=\"https://www.eex.gov.au/opportunity/peak-shaving\">https://www.eex.gov.au/opportunity/peak-shaving</a> (accessed May 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI). “Demand Flexibility: The Key to Enabling a Low-Cost, Low-Carbon Grid.” Insight Brief. Feb 2018. <a href=\"https://www.rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Insight_Brief_Demand_Flexibility_2018.pdf\">https://www.rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Insight_Brief_Demand_Flexibility_2018.pdf</a> (accessed May 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Handi Chandra Putra, Clinton J. Andrews, Jennifer A. Senick (2017). An agent-based model of building occupant behavior during load shedding. Building Simulation. An International Journal. DOI 10.1007/s12273-017-0384-x</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> ACEEE. “Demand response programs can reduce utilities’ peak demand an average of 10%, complementing savings from energy efficiency programs” <a href=\"http://aceee.org/blog/2017/02/demand-response-programs-can-reduce\">http://aceee.org/blog/2017/02/demand-response-programs-can-reduce</a>  (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> US DOE. “Benefits of Demand Response in Electricity Markets and Recommendations for Achieving Them.” <a href=\"https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/report-lbnl-1252d.pdf\">https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/report-lbnl-1252d.pdf</a>  (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ieadsm.org\">The IEA Demand-Side Management Programme</a><em><i> - An international collaboration of 20 countries working together to develop and promote opportunities for demand-side management (DSM)</i></em></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://drrc.lbl.gov/tools/demand-response-quick-assessment-tool-drqat\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory – Demand Response Quick Assessment Tool</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/bpu/commercial/demandresponse.html\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities – Commercial Demand Response Filings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://rmi.org/insights/reports/economics-demand-flexibility/\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) – Economics of Demand Flexibility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sepapower.org/about/\">Smart Electric Power Alliance (SEPA)</a><em><i> - The trade association for companies that provide products and services in the areas of demand response, smart meters and smart grid technologies</i></em></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/oe/services/electricity-policy-coordination-and-implementation/state-and-regional-policy-assistanc-4\">US DOE Demand Response</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>PJM</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.pjm.com/markets-and-operations/demand-response.aspx\">Demand Response – Data and Reports</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://learn.pjm.com/three-priorities/buying-and-selling-energy/markets-faqs/what-is-demand-response.aspx\">Demand Response FAQs</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>NJ Utility Demand Response Information</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.pseg.com/home/save/manage_costs/cycling_events.jsp\">PSEG</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.firstenergycorp.com/csp.html\">JCPL</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energywiserewards.atlanticcityelectric.com/\">ACE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en/save-money/rebates-incentives-credits/rebates-incentives-tax-credits-for-commercial-and-industrial-customers/choose-smart-usage-rewards\">RECO</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Demand Response and Peak Load Management','','inherit','closed','closed','','2205-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:18:30','2022-04-22 19:18:30','',2205,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2208',0,'revision','',0),(2210,2,'2022-04-22 19:20:29','2022-04-22 19:20:29','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Preventative Maintenance\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What is Preventative Maintenance?</strong></h2>\n<p>Preventative maintenance, as opposed to reactive maintenance, refers to actions taken to prevent building systems, equipment or components from failing and extend their useful life by performing regularly scheduled repairs and improvements before apparent problems occur. More specifically, preventative maintenance serves as an essential element of a Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) program that encompasses several types of maintenance applications including reactive, preventative, and predictive (see Table 1).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_412\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1808\"]<img class=\"wp-image-412 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Preventative-Maintenance-Table-1-.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Reliability Centered Maintenance Element Applications\" width=\"1808\" height=\"456\" /> Table 1 – Reliability Centered Maintenance Element Applications. (Source: FEMA’s O&amp;M Best Practices Guide: Chapter 5 – Types of Maintenance Programs)[/caption]<p><em>Reactive maintenance</em> (i.e., breakdown or run-to-failure maintenance) occurs after a building component fails. <em>Preventative maintenance</em> (i.e., time-based) performs repairs on a time-based or predetermined schedule. <em>Predictive maintenance</em> initiates repairs and upgrades only when necessary and as determined by periodically monitoring building components for damage or degradation. RCM programs integrate a mix of maintenance strategies and take advantage of their respective strengths to maximize reliability and safety while minimizing life-cycle costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-preventative-maintenance/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Preventative Maintenance</strong></h2>\n<p>The following list provides basic steps for implementing RCM that incorporates preventative maintenance principles.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Develop a list of equipment in your building.</li>\n<li>Prioritize the list based on importance to building operation (i.e., cost of system downtime, safety concerns).</li>\n<li>Group similar components together.</li>\n<li>Determine schedule and required maintenance tasks for each component using manufacturers technical manuals, historical maintenance records, failure analysis, and engineering expertise.</li>\n<li>Assess maintenance staff and identify appropriate tasks based on skill sets.</li>\n<li>Analyze equipment failure modes and impacts on components and systems.</li>\n<li>Develop maintenance guidelines with input from all stakeholders (e.g., government-legislated requirements, requirements of accreditation bodies, health and safety regulations; fire and building codes, recommendations of equipment manufacturers, quality standards and experiences of facilities personnel).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Scheduling of preventative service and maintenance extends the life of the equipment and building materials, reduces costs, and provides other potential benefits such as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-preventative-maintenance/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Conserving energy and water by optimizing the performance of building systems</li>\n<li>Improving equipment reliability and reduces costly equipment failure and system downtime</li>\n<li>Providing a high-quality indoor environment that improves occupant comfort and reduces occupant complaints</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>A preventative maintenance program reorganizes and reallocates existing resources and does not significantly impact operating costs. Implementing a best-practice O&amp;M program can reduce facility energy use by 5–20% without significant capital investment.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-preventative-maintenance/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Preventative maintenance helps reduce costs through extending the life of equipment and materials, optimizing the performance of systems, and maximizing the use of local resources.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>Preventative maintenance strengthens building performance and bolsters resiliency by regularly identifying and fixing vulnerable building systems and features, such as a leaking roof or windows, and helping to prevent additional damage and loss during extreme weather events.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-preventative-maintenance/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> The Federal Energy Management Program’s Operations and Maintenance (O&amp;M) Best Practices Guide: Chapter 5 – Types of Maintenance Programs <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/downloads/operations-and-maintenance-best-practices-guide\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/downloads/operations-and-maintenance-best-practices-guide</a> (accessed April 17, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-preventative-maintenance/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php</a> (accessed April 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-preventative-maintenance/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> PECI. “The 15 Best Operation and Maintenance Practices for Energy-Efficient Buildings.”</p>\n<p>Prepared with funding from the U.S. EPA and U.S. DOE, updated September 2016. <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/buildings/tools/Fifteen%20O%26M%20Best%20Practices.pdf\">https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/buildings/tools/Fifteen%20O%26M%20Best%20Practices.pdf</a>  (accessed April 17, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-building-evaluation/\">Building Evaluation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-building-commissioning/\">Commissioning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-cleaning/\">Green Cleaning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-pest-management/\">Integrated Pest Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-operator-and-occupant-training/\">Operator and Occupant Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-meters/\">Smart Meters</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-storm-preparation-and-emergency-planning/\">Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.boma.org\">Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/save-energy/comprehensive-approach/operations-and\">Energy Star O&amp;M Reports</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/downloads/operations-and-maintenance-best-practices-guide\">The Federal Energy Management Program’s Operations and Maintenance (O&amp;M) Best Practices Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/plan/268/building-operations-maintenance-services\">GSA – Sustainable Facilities Toolkit – Maintenance and Operations</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://disastersafety.org/ibhs-business-protection/commercial-maintenance/\">Insurance Institute for Business &amp; Home Safety Commercial Maintenance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41#om\">USGBC LEED v4.1 O&amp;M Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Sustainable O &amp; M practices</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Preventative Maintenance','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-preventative-maintenance','','','2022-04-22 19:20:32','2022-04-22 19:20:32','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2210',0,'post','',0),(2211,2,'2022-04-22 19:19:10','2022-04-22 19:19:10','','EC Preventative Maintenance','','inherit','closed','closed','','2210-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:19:10','2022-04-22 19:19:10','',2210,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2211',0,'revision','',0),(2212,2,'2022-04-22 19:20:29','2022-04-22 19:20:29','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Preventative Maintenance\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What is Preventative Maintenance?</strong></h2>\n<p>Preventative maintenance, as opposed to reactive maintenance, refers to actions taken to prevent building systems, equipment or components from failing and extend their useful life by performing regularly scheduled repairs and improvements before apparent problems occur. More specifically, preventative maintenance serves as an essential element of a Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) program that encompasses several types of maintenance applications including reactive, preventative, and predictive (see Table 1).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_412\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1808\"]<img class=\"wp-image-412 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Preventative-Maintenance-Table-1-.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Reliability Centered Maintenance Element Applications\" width=\"1808\" height=\"456\" /> Table 1 – Reliability Centered Maintenance Element Applications. (Source: FEMA’s O&amp;M Best Practices Guide: Chapter 5 – Types of Maintenance Programs)[/caption]<p><em>Reactive maintenance</em> (i.e., breakdown or run-to-failure maintenance) occurs after a building component fails. <em>Preventative maintenance</em> (i.e., time-based) performs repairs on a time-based or predetermined schedule. <em>Predictive maintenance</em> initiates repairs and upgrades only when necessary and as determined by periodically monitoring building components for damage or degradation. RCM programs integrate a mix of maintenance strategies and take advantage of their respective strengths to maximize reliability and safety while minimizing life-cycle costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-preventative-maintenance/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Preventative Maintenance</strong></h2>\n<p>The following list provides basic steps for implementing RCM that incorporates preventative maintenance principles.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Develop a list of equipment in your building.</li>\n<li>Prioritize the list based on importance to building operation (i.e., cost of system downtime, safety concerns).</li>\n<li>Group similar components together.</li>\n<li>Determine schedule and required maintenance tasks for each component using manufacturers technical manuals, historical maintenance records, failure analysis, and engineering expertise.</li>\n<li>Assess maintenance staff and identify appropriate tasks based on skill sets.</li>\n<li>Analyze equipment failure modes and impacts on components and systems.</li>\n<li>Develop maintenance guidelines with input from all stakeholders (e.g., government-legislated requirements, requirements of accreditation bodies, health and safety regulations; fire and building codes, recommendations of equipment manufacturers, quality standards and experiences of facilities personnel).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Scheduling of preventative service and maintenance extends the life of the equipment and building materials, reduces costs, and provides other potential benefits such as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-preventative-maintenance/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Conserving energy and water by optimizing the performance of building systems</li>\n<li>Improving equipment reliability and reduces costly equipment failure and system downtime</li>\n<li>Providing a high-quality indoor environment that improves occupant comfort and reduces occupant complaints</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>A preventative maintenance program reorganizes and reallocates existing resources and does not significantly impact operating costs. Implementing a best-practice O&amp;M program can reduce facility energy use by 5–20% without significant capital investment.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-preventative-maintenance/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Preventative maintenance helps reduce costs through extending the life of equipment and materials, optimizing the performance of systems, and maximizing the use of local resources.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>Preventative maintenance strengthens building performance and bolsters resiliency by regularly identifying and fixing vulnerable building systems and features, such as a leaking roof or windows, and helping to prevent additional damage and loss during extreme weather events.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-preventative-maintenance/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> The Federal Energy Management Program’s Operations and Maintenance (O&amp;M) Best Practices Guide: Chapter 5 – Types of Maintenance Programs <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/downloads/operations-and-maintenance-best-practices-guide\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/downloads/operations-and-maintenance-best-practices-guide</a> (accessed April 17, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-preventative-maintenance/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php</a> (accessed April 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-preventative-maintenance/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> PECI. “The 15 Best Operation and Maintenance Practices for Energy-Efficient Buildings.”</p>\n<p>Prepared with funding from the U.S. EPA and U.S. DOE, updated September 2016. <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/buildings/tools/Fifteen%20O%26M%20Best%20Practices.pdf\">https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/buildings/tools/Fifteen%20O%26M%20Best%20Practices.pdf</a>  (accessed April 17, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-building-evaluation/\">Building Evaluation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-building-commissioning/\">Commissioning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-cleaning/\">Green Cleaning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-pest-management/\">Integrated Pest Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-operator-and-occupant-training/\">Operator and Occupant Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-meters/\">Smart Meters</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-storm-preparation-and-emergency-planning/\">Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.boma.org\">Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/save-energy/comprehensive-approach/operations-and\">Energy Star O&amp;M Reports</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/downloads/operations-and-maintenance-best-practices-guide\">The Federal Energy Management Program’s Operations and Maintenance (O&amp;M) Best Practices Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/plan/268/building-operations-maintenance-services\">GSA – Sustainable Facilities Toolkit – Maintenance and Operations</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://disastersafety.org/ibhs-business-protection/commercial-maintenance/\">Insurance Institute for Business &amp; Home Safety Commercial Maintenance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41#om\">USGBC LEED v4.1 O&amp;M Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Sustainable O &amp; M practices</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Preventative Maintenance','','inherit','closed','closed','','2210-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:20:29','2022-04-22 19:20:29','',2210,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2212',0,'revision','',0),(2214,2,'2022-04-22 19:22:08','2022-04-22 19:22:08','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Operator and Occupant Training\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What is Operator and Occupant Training?</strong></h2>\n<p>Operator and occupant training provides those who occupy and maintain a building with the tools and strategies to optimize the efficiency of the building’s systems and protect the health and comfort for the building’s occupants. Green buildings require an ongoing commitment by the building owner, facilities operators and building occupants to implement the intended sustainable performance goals. Effective, sustainable operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) strategies are the key to achieving long-term goals of economy, energy efficiency, resource conservation, and pollution prevention while meeting the comfort, health, and safety requirements of a facility.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Operator and Occupant Training </strong></h2>\n<p>Effective O&amp;M strategies for high-performance buildings: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Integrate indoor environmental quality, energy efficiency, waste management, and water conservation into standard policies, procedures, and practices of the building’s property management and its contracts with maintenance companies and vendors</li>\n<li>Provide regular professional development and training for O&amp;M staff as often as necessary to account for personnel turnover</li>\n<li>Establish a facility-wide “green team” to evaluate and improve on O&amp;M practices and get feedback from O&amp;M staff and building occupants on their experiences with using green products and adjust products or practices as necessary</li>\n<li>Include the preparation and upkeep of procedures, manuals, charts, and checklists</li>\n<li>Ensure that occupants understand policy and procedures, including trash and recycling guidelines, and provide opportunities for communication about maintenance needs, repairs, and indoor air quality issues</li>\n</ul>\n<p>It is also important to have personnel trained in understanding product labels and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for information on product safety and toxicity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example </strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://sustain.princeton.edu/about/ambassadors\">Princeton Office of Sustainability – Staff Ambassadors, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Princeton Sustainability Ambassadors program works with staff from a variety of campus departments, who participate in a one-year training program and as serve as sustainability ambassadors engaging their co-workers, offices, and groups in informational campaigns and activities that support campus sustainability goals as well as sustainability practices at work and at home.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Training for building operators and occupants and implementing sound O&amp;M practices helps to meet sustainable performance targets over the life of the building such as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Scheduling of preventative service and maintenance that extend the life of equipment and building materials and reduce costs</li>\n<li>Conserving energy and water by optimizing the performance of building systems</li>\n<li>Reducing the use of toxics and minimizing solid and hazardous waste generation</li>\n<li>Providing a high-quality indoor environment</li>\n<li>Reducing absenteeism and worker’s compensation claims</li>\n<li>Reducing occupant complaints</li>\n<li>Maintaining landscaping and grounds with minimum use of water and chemicals (see <em>Native and Adapted Plants and Integrated Pest Management</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Providing training for building operators and occupants helps reduce costs through extending the life of equipment and materials, optimizing the performance of systems, and maximizing the use of local resources. The costs associated with training for building operators and occupants vary according to the type of training and type of facility. Coursework for Building Operator Certification, for example, costs between $500 and $1,500 for multi-day programs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Check training resources, such as the visit <a href=\"https://www.theboc.info/find-training/mid-atlantic/\">National Sustainable Structures Center (NSSC) at Pennsylvania College of Technology</a> or the <a href=\"https://www.njcelc.com/#home\">New Jersey Clean Energy Learning Center </a>to learn more about training in your area.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Operator and occupant training contributes to a building’s resiliency by ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Conducting emergency drills and training building staff and occupants for common emergencies and disasters helps to avoid or mitigate potential impacts and to support recovery efforts (<em>see Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning</em>). Prepared individuals and businesses can react quickly and safely to situations, reduce stress on local emergency responders and resources, and support local community outreach.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a>Whole Building Design Guide. Sustainable Operations and Maintenance. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php</a> (accessed April 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> MSDS Solutions Center.  <a href=\"http://www.msds.com/\">http://www.msds.com/</a> (accessed April 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> National Safety Compliance.  ANSI Material Safety Data Sheets.  <a href=\"http://www.osha-safety-training.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;catid=11:osha-training-videos&amp;id=96:ansi-material-safety-data-sheet-training-video\">http://www.osha-safety-training.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;catid=11:osha-training-videos&amp;id=96:ansi-material-safety-data-sheet-training-video</a> (accessed April 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php</a> (accessed April 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Building Operator Certification, National Sustainable Structures Center (NSSC) at the Pennsylvania College of Technology. Current Course Offerings and Pricing. <a href=\"https://www.pct.edu/business/national-sustainable-structures-center/building-operator-certification\">https://www.pct.edu/business/national-sustainable-structures-center/building-operator-certification</a> (accessed April 1, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-cleaning/\">Green Cleaning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-pest-management/\">Integrated Pest Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/\">Site and Stormwater Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-preventative-maintenance/\">Preventative Maintenance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-metering/\">Smart Meters</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-storm-preparation-and-emergency-planning/\">Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.theboc.info\">Building Operator Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.boma.org\">Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpi.org\">Building Performance Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers\">ENERGY STAR – Owners and Managers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://green.harvard.edu/programs/green-offices/green-office-resources\">Harvard Sustainability – Green Office Resources</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://isles.org/services/green-jobs/about#.XKHiGy2ZPjA\">Isles – Center for Energy and Environmental Training (CEET)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.osha-safety-training.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;catid=11:osha-training-videos&amp;id=96:ansi-material-safety-data-sheet-training-video\">National Safety Compliance.  ANSI Material Safety Data Sheets</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.njcelc.com\">NJ Clean Energy Learning Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sustain.princeton.edu\">Princeton Office of Sustainability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablejersey.com\">Sustainable Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablejerseyschools.com\">Sustainable Jersey for Schools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41#om\">USGBC LEED v4.1 O&amp;M Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Sustainable O &amp; M practices</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Operator and Occupant Training','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-operator-and-occupant-training','','','2022-04-22 19:22:11','2022-04-22 19:22:11','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2214',0,'post','',0),(2215,2,'2022-04-22 19:20:47','2022-04-22 19:20:47','','EC Operator and Occupant Training','','inherit','closed','closed','','2214-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:20:47','2022-04-22 19:20:47','',2214,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2215',0,'revision','',0),(2217,2,'2022-04-22 19:22:08','2022-04-22 19:22:08','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Operator and Occupant Training\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What is Operator and Occupant Training?</strong></h2>\n<p>Operator and occupant training provides those who occupy and maintain a building with the tools and strategies to optimize the efficiency of the building’s systems and protect the health and comfort for the building’s occupants. Green buildings require an ongoing commitment by the building owner, facilities operators and building occupants to implement the intended sustainable performance goals. Effective, sustainable operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) strategies are the key to achieving long-term goals of economy, energy efficiency, resource conservation, and pollution prevention while meeting the comfort, health, and safety requirements of a facility.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Operator and Occupant Training </strong></h2>\n<p>Effective O&amp;M strategies for high-performance buildings: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Integrate indoor environmental quality, energy efficiency, waste management, and water conservation into standard policies, procedures, and practices of the building’s property management and its contracts with maintenance companies and vendors</li>\n<li>Provide regular professional development and training for O&amp;M staff as often as necessary to account for personnel turnover</li>\n<li>Establish a facility-wide “green team” to evaluate and improve on O&amp;M practices and get feedback from O&amp;M staff and building occupants on their experiences with using green products and adjust products or practices as necessary</li>\n<li>Include the preparation and upkeep of procedures, manuals, charts, and checklists</li>\n<li>Ensure that occupants understand policy and procedures, including trash and recycling guidelines, and provide opportunities for communication about maintenance needs, repairs, and indoor air quality issues</li>\n</ul>\n<p>It is also important to have personnel trained in understanding product labels and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for information on product safety and toxicity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example </strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://sustain.princeton.edu/about/ambassadors\">Princeton Office of Sustainability – Staff Ambassadors, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Princeton Sustainability Ambassadors program works with staff from a variety of campus departments, who participate in a one-year training program and as serve as sustainability ambassadors engaging their co-workers, offices, and groups in informational campaigns and activities that support campus sustainability goals as well as sustainability practices at work and at home.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Training for building operators and occupants and implementing sound O&amp;M practices helps to meet sustainable performance targets over the life of the building such as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Scheduling of preventative service and maintenance that extend the life of equipment and building materials and reduce costs</li>\n<li>Conserving energy and water by optimizing the performance of building systems</li>\n<li>Reducing the use of toxics and minimizing solid and hazardous waste generation</li>\n<li>Providing a high-quality indoor environment</li>\n<li>Reducing absenteeism and worker’s compensation claims</li>\n<li>Reducing occupant complaints</li>\n<li>Maintaining landscaping and grounds with minimum use of water and chemicals (see <em>Native and Adapted Plants and Integrated Pest Management</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Providing training for building operators and occupants helps reduce costs through extending the life of equipment and materials, optimizing the performance of systems, and maximizing the use of local resources. The costs associated with training for building operators and occupants vary according to the type of training and type of facility. Coursework for Building Operator Certification, for example, costs between $500 and $1,500 for multi-day programs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Check training resources, such as the visit <a href=\"https://www.theboc.info/find-training/mid-atlantic/\">National Sustainable Structures Center (NSSC) at Pennsylvania College of Technology</a> or the <a href=\"https://www.njcelc.com/#home\">New Jersey Clean Energy Learning Center </a>to learn more about training in your area.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Operator and occupant training contributes to a building’s resiliency by ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Conducting emergency drills and training building staff and occupants for common emergencies and disasters helps to avoid or mitigate potential impacts and to support recovery efforts (<em>see Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning</em>). Prepared individuals and businesses can react quickly and safely to situations, reduce stress on local emergency responders and resources, and support local community outreach.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a>Whole Building Design Guide. Sustainable Operations and Maintenance. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php</a> (accessed April 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> MSDS Solutions Center.  <a href=\"http://www.msds.com/\">http://www.msds.com/</a> (accessed April 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> National Safety Compliance.  ANSI Material Safety Data Sheets.  <a href=\"http://www.osha-safety-training.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;catid=11:osha-training-videos&amp;id=96:ansi-material-safety-data-sheet-training-video\">http://www.osha-safety-training.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;catid=11:osha-training-videos&amp;id=96:ansi-material-safety-data-sheet-training-video</a> (accessed April 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php</a> (accessed April 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Building Operator Certification, National Sustainable Structures Center (NSSC) at the Pennsylvania College of Technology. Current Course Offerings and Pricing. <a href=\"https://www.pct.edu/business/national-sustainable-structures-center/building-operator-certification\">https://www.pct.edu/business/national-sustainable-structures-center/building-operator-certification</a> (accessed April 1, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-cleaning/\">Green Cleaning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-pest-management/\">Integrated Pest Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/\">Site and Stormwater Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-preventative-maintenance/\">Preventative Maintenance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-metering/\">Smart Meters</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-storm-preparation-and-emergency-planning/\">Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.theboc.info\">Building Operator Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.boma.org\">Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpi.org\">Building Performance Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers\">ENERGY STAR – Owners and Managers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://green.harvard.edu/programs/green-offices/green-office-resources\">Harvard Sustainability – Green Office Resources</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://isles.org/services/green-jobs/about#.XKHiGy2ZPjA\">Isles – Center for Energy and Environmental Training (CEET)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.osha-safety-training.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;catid=11:osha-training-videos&amp;id=96:ansi-material-safety-data-sheet-training-video\">National Safety Compliance.  ANSI Material Safety Data Sheets</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.njcelc.com\">NJ Clean Energy Learning Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sustain.princeton.edu\">Princeton Office of Sustainability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablejersey.com\">Sustainable Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablejerseyschools.com\">Sustainable Jersey for Schools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41#om\">USGBC LEED v4.1 O&amp;M Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Sustainable O &amp; M practices</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Operator and Occupant Training','','inherit','closed','closed','','2214-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:22:08','2022-04-22 19:22:08','',2214,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2217',0,'revision','',0),(2219,2,'2022-04-22 19:23:38','2022-04-22 19:23:38','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Recycling Centers\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What are Recycling Centers?</strong></h2>\n<p>Recycling Centers are designated areas in a building designed to facilitate recycling. Recycling converts materials that would otherwise become waste into valuable resources and generates financial, environmental, and social returns both locally and globally.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Recycling not only saves resources and but also reduces the need for landfills and resource recovery facilities.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Having a dedicated and organized recycling center in a building makes recycling easy and increases the likelihood that occupants adequately sort recyclables and trash.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_192\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"472\"]<img class=\"wp-image-192 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Recycling-Centers-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Separate trash and recycling bins (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"472\" height=\"362\" /> Figure 1 – Separate trash and recycling bins (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]<p>Recycling certain materials in New Jersey is mandatory. For more information about solid waste and recycling in NJ, visit the <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/\">NJ DEP Solid Hazardous Waste Management program website</a>.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Recycling Centers</strong></h2>\n<p>Design recycling programs to comply with local laws and regulations and to make recycling convenient for building occupants and facilities staff. Give careful consideration to the type of recycling containers, space allocations for containers and storage, and the movement of recyclables throughout the facility from inside to outside. At a minimum, recycling programs should provide for the collection of paper, corrugated cardboard, glass, plastics, and metals. Designing and allocating space for the storage and collection of recyclables is required in LEED v4.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>When designing a recycling program, important considerations include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Allocate sufficient interior and exterior space.</li>\n<li>Plan for how to transport the materials to the outside collection area.</li>\n<li>Consider where materials are generated within the building and locate convenient central collection containers.</li>\n<li>Give special consideration to spaces such as copy centers, kitchens, break rooms, receiving and shipping areas and loading docks.</li>\n<li>Place desktop or desk-side bins by employees’ desk for collection of office paper.</li>\n<li>Place collection containers for other recyclables such as newspapers and magazines in central locations.</li>\n<li>Label collection containers clearly to ensure proper sorting.</li>\n<li>Consider space needs and access and collection by vehicles for outdoor storage areas.</li>\n<li>Implement recycling policies and procedures.</li>\n<li>Conduct periodic training for building occupants and facilities staff.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Planning for a well-designed and well-run recycling program can lead to more efficient waste management and benefits for the facility occupants and the environment. There are many benefits related to recycling over disposal but taking steps towards source reduction and material reuse first, and then implementing recycling efforts provides the environmental benefit.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Some benefits noted by the Natural Resources Defense Council include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Conserves natural resources, such as timber, water, and mineral ores, from domestic and imported sources.</li>\n<li>Prevents pollution caused by manufacturing from virgin resources.</li>\n<li>Saves energy in the production of products from virgin materials that need to be harvested and manufactured.</li>\n<li>Reduces the need for landfills and incineration while also helping to reduce the pollution produced by these processes.</li>\n<li>Helps protect and expand manufacturing jobs in America.</li>\n<li>Engenders a sense of community involvement and responsibility in protecting the environment.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>For a list of economic and environmental benefits of recycling in New Jersey, go to <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep//dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Recycling costs vary, but a well-designed recycling program can improve a facility’s waste management practices and cost less than garbage disposal for an equivalent amount of material. Recycling can reduce the waste stream and may be able to reduce the frequency of trash pick-ups or the size of disposal containers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Recycling bins for recycling center and spaces throughout the facility can vary in price depending on style and material but are widely available from a variety of manufacturers.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Proactive strategies for waste-related issues associated with disasters is an integral part of resilience planning.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Reducing waste and reusing or recycling materials can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm</a> (accessed May 9, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ DEP. Recycling in New Jersey. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep//dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm</a> (accessed May 9, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> USGBC. LEED BD+C New Construction v4. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-commercial-interiors-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-healthcare-h-0?view=language\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-commercial-interiors-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-healthcare-h-0?view=language</a>  (accessed May 9, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. Recycling in New Jersey. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep//dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm</a> (accessed May 9, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Natural Resources Defense Council. Too Good to Throw Away. <a href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/cities/recycling/recyc/recyint.asp\">http://www.nrdc.org/cities/recycling/recyc/recyint.asp</a> (accessed May 9, 2010).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm</a> (accessed May 9, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US EPA. Waste Management Planning to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/homeland-security-waste/waste-management-planning-mitigate-impact-climate-change\">https://www.epa.gov/homeland-security-waste/waste-management-planning-mitigate-impact-climate-change</a> (accessed March 24, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep//dshw/recycling/index.html\">NJ DEP – Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/recycling\">Natural Resources Defense Council – Recycling: Beyond the Bin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm\">US EPA – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Recycling Centers','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-recycling-centers','','','2022-04-22 19:23:41','2022-04-22 19:23:41','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2219',0,'post','',0),(2220,2,'2022-04-22 19:22:24','2022-04-22 19:22:24','','EC Recycling Centers','','inherit','closed','closed','','2219-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:22:24','2022-04-22 19:22:24','',2219,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2220',0,'revision','',0),(2221,2,'2022-04-22 19:23:38','2022-04-22 19:23:38','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Recycling Centers\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What are Recycling Centers?</strong></h2>\n<p>Recycling Centers are designated areas in a building designed to facilitate recycling. Recycling converts materials that would otherwise become waste into valuable resources and generates financial, environmental, and social returns both locally and globally.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Recycling not only saves resources and but also reduces the need for landfills and resource recovery facilities.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Having a dedicated and organized recycling center in a building makes recycling easy and increases the likelihood that occupants adequately sort recyclables and trash.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_192\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"472\"]<img class=\"wp-image-192 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Recycling-Centers-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Separate trash and recycling bins (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"472\" height=\"362\" /> Figure 1 – Separate trash and recycling bins (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]<p>Recycling certain materials in New Jersey is mandatory. For more information about solid waste and recycling in NJ, visit the <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/\">NJ DEP Solid Hazardous Waste Management program website</a>.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Recycling Centers</strong></h2>\n<p>Design recycling programs to comply with local laws and regulations and to make recycling convenient for building occupants and facilities staff. Give careful consideration to the type of recycling containers, space allocations for containers and storage, and the movement of recyclables throughout the facility from inside to outside. At a minimum, recycling programs should provide for the collection of paper, corrugated cardboard, glass, plastics, and metals. Designing and allocating space for the storage and collection of recyclables is required in LEED v4.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>When designing a recycling program, important considerations include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Allocate sufficient interior and exterior space.</li>\n<li>Plan for how to transport the materials to the outside collection area.</li>\n<li>Consider where materials are generated within the building and locate convenient central collection containers.</li>\n<li>Give special consideration to spaces such as copy centers, kitchens, break rooms, receiving and shipping areas and loading docks.</li>\n<li>Place desktop or desk-side bins by employees’ desk for collection of office paper.</li>\n<li>Place collection containers for other recyclables such as newspapers and magazines in central locations.</li>\n<li>Label collection containers clearly to ensure proper sorting.</li>\n<li>Consider space needs and access and collection by vehicles for outdoor storage areas.</li>\n<li>Implement recycling policies and procedures.</li>\n<li>Conduct periodic training for building occupants and facilities staff.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Planning for a well-designed and well-run recycling program can lead to more efficient waste management and benefits for the facility occupants and the environment. There are many benefits related to recycling over disposal but taking steps towards source reduction and material reuse first, and then implementing recycling efforts provides the environmental benefit.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Some benefits noted by the Natural Resources Defense Council include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Conserves natural resources, such as timber, water, and mineral ores, from domestic and imported sources.</li>\n<li>Prevents pollution caused by manufacturing from virgin resources.</li>\n<li>Saves energy in the production of products from virgin materials that need to be harvested and manufactured.</li>\n<li>Reduces the need for landfills and incineration while also helping to reduce the pollution produced by these processes.</li>\n<li>Helps protect and expand manufacturing jobs in America.</li>\n<li>Engenders a sense of community involvement and responsibility in protecting the environment.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>For a list of economic and environmental benefits of recycling in New Jersey, go to <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep//dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Recycling costs vary, but a well-designed recycling program can improve a facility’s waste management practices and cost less than garbage disposal for an equivalent amount of material. Recycling can reduce the waste stream and may be able to reduce the frequency of trash pick-ups or the size of disposal containers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Recycling bins for recycling center and spaces throughout the facility can vary in price depending on style and material but are widely available from a variety of manufacturers.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Proactive strategies for waste-related issues associated with disasters is an integral part of resilience planning.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Reducing waste and reusing or recycling materials can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm</a> (accessed May 9, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ DEP. Recycling in New Jersey. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep//dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm</a> (accessed May 9, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> USGBC. LEED BD+C New Construction v4. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-commercial-interiors-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-healthcare-h-0?view=language\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-commercial-interiors-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-healthcare-h-0?view=language</a>  (accessed May 9, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. Recycling in New Jersey. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep//dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm</a> (accessed May 9, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Natural Resources Defense Council. Too Good to Throw Away. <a href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/cities/recycling/recyc/recyint.asp\">http://www.nrdc.org/cities/recycling/recyc/recyint.asp</a> (accessed May 9, 2010).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm</a> (accessed May 9, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US EPA. Waste Management Planning to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/homeland-security-waste/waste-management-planning-mitigate-impact-climate-change\">https://www.epa.gov/homeland-security-waste/waste-management-planning-mitigate-impact-climate-change</a> (accessed March 24, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep//dshw/recycling/index.html\">NJ DEP – Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/recycling\">Natural Resources Defense Council – Recycling: Beyond the Bin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm\">US EPA – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Recycling Centers','','inherit','closed','closed','','2219-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:23:38','2022-04-22 19:23:38','',2219,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2221',0,'revision','',0),(2223,2,'2022-04-22 19:25:40','2022-04-22 19:25:40','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Evaluation\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Building Evaluation?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation is the ongoing process of assessing the actual performance of a building as compared to design or facility goals or a peer group of buildings or building types. Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) refers to a type of building evaluation that measures aspects of building performance such as resource consumption (i.e., energy, water). Other measures of a BPE may include accessibility, aesthetics, cost-effectiveness, productivity, safety and security, and sustainability.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Building evaluation may also include a systematic evaluation of the opinions of building users (i.e., occupants, visitors).  This additional aspect of building evaluation commonly falls under the rubric of Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  Both BPE and POE can improve the functionality and efficiency of the target building as well as inform future green building design strategies. These evaluation methods are valuable yet often overlooked aspects of commercial green building.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_90\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"910\"]<img class=\"wp-image-90 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Example of software that tracks building performance (Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).\" width=\"910\" height=\"722\" /> Figure 1 – Example of software that tracks building performance (Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).[/caption]<p>In a green building, the most significant areas for evaluation often include satisfaction of occupants, indoor environmental quality including air quality, lighting, acoustics, thermal comfort, and other areas such as occupant health, energy efficiency, and water conservation.  Other factors that may be important to evaluate, depending on the location, include the use of alternative transportation and site-specific choices like landscaping or other outdoor amenities.</p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building has conducted several green building evaluations of various building types available on the Center’s website and as case studies on the NJ Green Building Manual site. Common key findings across these building evaluations include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Building occupants rarely behave as designers expect</li>\n<li>Glare problems continue to plague successful implementation of daylighting strategies</li>\n<li>Building design and interior space design and management require further coordination</li>\n<li>Highly sophisticated equipment calls for a highly trained / knowledgeable   full-time facilities manager</li>\n<li>Green buildings generally outperform conventional buildings in energy consumption but underperform their design intent</li>\n<li>Energy models may be flawed</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Building Evaluation</b></strong></h2>\n<p>There are several ways to implement BPEs or POEs. An essential first step in the process is determining the criteria for evaluation as well as the methods. A green building evaluation may involve a combination of the following: interviews with occupants, space utilization surveys or floor plan analysis, analysis of utility data, deployment of monitoring or metering equipment and analysis of its results, indoor air quality tests, and other indicative, investigative or diagnostic tools (see <em><i>Smart Sensors and Controls, and Smart Metering</i></em>).</p>\n<p>For example, low-cost detection methods in combination with cost-effective thermal imaging can give property owners a complete assessment of building-related health and safety hazards. While property owners can pursue lower costs methods using consumer-grade technologies (e.g. ‘Foobot’ and ‘Air Visual’ products), they might want to work with a research center like the Center for Green Building (at Rutgers University) to utilize thermal imaging technologies (see Figure 2).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The cost of such technologies is decreasing, but data processing requires computing power and specialized software that is typically beyond the access and affordability of building managers. Such technologies enable owners to quickly identify and rectify problem spots in the building envelope and avoid the costs of more common but invasive and destructive trial-and-error processes.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-energy-data\">Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) Analysis Tools</a> developed by the US DOE Commercial Buildings Program are available for free download on their website.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_242\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"866\"]<img class=\"wp-image-242 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"866\" height=\"874\" /> Figure 2 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\">Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards, Bronx Borough, NYC.</a></p>\n<p>This HUD-funded study led by a multidisciplinary team of researchers from Rutgers University explored the integration of infrared thermography and laser scanning for building hazard detection. The integration allowed a quick and objective measurement of common building defects that are relevant to a healthy building. The team developed a systematic method that consisted of infrared and laser scan data collection, data fusion, and data analysis. The study included an evaluation of two large multi-family multi-story buildings in the Bronx Borough of NYC. A total of 30 apartments were surveyed and analyzed according to several quantitative metrics including <em><i>missing</i></em> <em><i>insulation, moisture issues, air infiltration, and thermal bridging.</i></em></p>\n<p>Poor or <em><i>missing insulation</i></em> can impair the thermal performance of the building components significantly (see Figure 3). <em><i>Moisture</i></em> is the most common form of deterioration for a building potentially causing reduced insulation value, mold growth, brick sprawling, and roof membrane fastener corrosion. Air leakage and <em><i>air infiltration</i></em> can lead to higher energy consumption and condensation in construction which in its turn can cause a poor indoor climate. <em><i>Thermal bridges</i></em> are the elements or areas that are characterized by higher thermal conductance and can lead to an increase of energy heating requirements during the winter season.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_377\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1262\"]<img class=\"wp-image-377 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-3-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Infrared imaging showing improperly installed or damaged insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"1262\" height=\"620\" /> Figure 3 – Infrared imaging showing improperly installed or damaged insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]<p>The results of the study showed varied conditions in the apartments, some of them having alarming concerns about thermal performance and hazardous conditions. The main finding deals with the relationship between missing insulation and particle penetration from outdoors to indoors. Investigators found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of airborne particles and the indoor/outdoor ratio of those particles, meaning that apartments with higher percentages of missing insulation also had higher (I/O) ratios. Additionally, in apartments where residents reported mold, higher amounts of insulation were missing – a finding that also matched residents’ asthma reports, leading investigators to conclude that building defects such as missing insulation have a direct effect on the residents’ well-being. This field study showed that low-cost detection of building hazards can generate precise measures to gauge the performance of the building and that integrating indoor air quality data and questionnaires with data from infrared thermography and laser scans can help create a complete picture of building performance and residents’ health.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation identifies both successes and failures in building performance, with an emphasis on human interaction with building systems. BPE and POE can contribute to more efficient system operations, greater occupant comfort, and cost savings. Understanding trends in performance also inform new developments in predictive software for building designers and highlight the need for new technologies and more accurate modeling of realistic occupants. Finally, building evaluation helps build a body of knowledge about the performance of buildings that can inform future projects, policies and programs.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Costs for a building evaluation vary based on the level of evaluation and time constraints.  Depending on the resources of the organization, in-house staff can perform some aspects of a building evaluation. In the experience of the Rutgers Center for Green Building, building evaluations range from $15,000 for a very basic one through upwards of $150,000 for a robust building evaluation including multiple data points over time (longitudinal study).</p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a> for available incentives, programs, and funding opportunities.</p>\n<p>The US EPA Building Performance with EnergyStar program also offers a free energy assessment and tracking tool called <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager\">Portfolio Manager</a> for commercial buildings.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation contributes to a building’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of critical building systems and notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Ongoing building evaluation can also evaluate how successfully a building is performing in response to increasing heat, more intense precipitation and storms, rising sea levels, and flooding, and increased frequency of power outages – all indicators of resiliency. Additionally, building evaluation can help prepare a building for these circumstances by evaluating whether a building has or has not implemented green building strategies with resiliency benefits. Examples include cooling and shading the building, improving the efficiency of the building envelope, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. Facility Performance Evaluation. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php</a> (accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Post Occupancy Evaluation. https://postoccupancyevaluation.com/ (accessed Jan 9, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017). Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards. <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf</a> (accessed Jan 10, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017).<a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\"> <em><i>Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards.</i></em> </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/projects/\">The Rutgers Center for Green Building – Building Evaluation Projects</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/research_ieq.htm\">University of California, Berkeley – Center for the Built Environment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php#ar\">Whole Building Design Guide – Facility Performance Evaluation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Building Evaluation','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-building-evaluation','','','2022-04-22 19:25:43','2022-04-22 19:25:43','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2223',0,'post','',0),(2224,2,'2022-04-22 19:24:19','2022-04-22 19:24:19','','EC Building Evaluation','','inherit','closed','closed','','2223-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:24:19','2022-04-22 19:24:19','',2223,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2224',0,'revision','',0),(2225,2,'2022-04-22 19:25:40','2022-04-22 19:25:40','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Evaluation\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Building Evaluation?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation is the ongoing process of assessing the actual performance of a building as compared to design or facility goals or a peer group of buildings or building types. Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) refers to a type of building evaluation that measures aspects of building performance such as resource consumption (i.e., energy, water). Other measures of a BPE may include accessibility, aesthetics, cost-effectiveness, productivity, safety and security, and sustainability.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Building evaluation may also include a systematic evaluation of the opinions of building users (i.e., occupants, visitors).  This additional aspect of building evaluation commonly falls under the rubric of Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  Both BPE and POE can improve the functionality and efficiency of the target building as well as inform future green building design strategies. These evaluation methods are valuable yet often overlooked aspects of commercial green building.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_90\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"910\"]<img class=\"wp-image-90 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Example of software that tracks building performance (Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).\" width=\"910\" height=\"722\" /> Figure 1 – Example of software that tracks building performance (Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).[/caption]<p>In a green building, the most significant areas for evaluation often include satisfaction of occupants, indoor environmental quality including air quality, lighting, acoustics, thermal comfort, and other areas such as occupant health, energy efficiency, and water conservation.  Other factors that may be important to evaluate, depending on the location, include the use of alternative transportation and site-specific choices like landscaping or other outdoor amenities.</p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building has conducted several green building evaluations of various building types available on the Center’s website and as case studies on the NJ Green Building Manual site. Common key findings across these building evaluations include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Building occupants rarely behave as designers expect</li>\n<li>Glare problems continue to plague successful implementation of daylighting strategies</li>\n<li>Building design and interior space design and management require further coordination</li>\n<li>Highly sophisticated equipment calls for a highly trained / knowledgeable   full-time facilities manager</li>\n<li>Green buildings generally outperform conventional buildings in energy consumption but underperform their design intent</li>\n<li>Energy models may be flawed</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Building Evaluation</b></strong></h2>\n<p>There are several ways to implement BPEs or POEs. An essential first step in the process is determining the criteria for evaluation as well as the methods. A green building evaluation may involve a combination of the following: interviews with occupants, space utilization surveys or floor plan analysis, analysis of utility data, deployment of monitoring or metering equipment and analysis of its results, indoor air quality tests, and other indicative, investigative or diagnostic tools (see <em><i>Smart Sensors and Controls, and Smart Metering</i></em>).</p>\n<p>For example, low-cost detection methods in combination with cost-effective thermal imaging can give property owners a complete assessment of building-related health and safety hazards. While property owners can pursue lower costs methods using consumer-grade technologies (e.g. ‘Foobot’ and ‘Air Visual’ products), they might want to work with a research center like the Center for Green Building (at Rutgers University) to utilize thermal imaging technologies (see Figure 2).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The cost of such technologies is decreasing, but data processing requires computing power and specialized software that is typically beyond the access and affordability of building managers. Such technologies enable owners to quickly identify and rectify problem spots in the building envelope and avoid the costs of more common but invasive and destructive trial-and-error processes.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-energy-data\">Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) Analysis Tools</a> developed by the US DOE Commercial Buildings Program are available for free download on their website.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_242\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"866\"]<img class=\"wp-image-242 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"866\" height=\"874\" /> Figure 2 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\">Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards, Bronx Borough, NYC.</a></p>\n<p>This HUD-funded study led by a multidisciplinary team of researchers from Rutgers University explored the integration of infrared thermography and laser scanning for building hazard detection. The integration allowed a quick and objective measurement of common building defects that are relevant to a healthy building. The team developed a systematic method that consisted of infrared and laser scan data collection, data fusion, and data analysis. The study included an evaluation of two large multi-family multi-story buildings in the Bronx Borough of NYC. A total of 30 apartments were surveyed and analyzed according to several quantitative metrics including <em><i>missing</i></em> <em><i>insulation, moisture issues, air infiltration, and thermal bridging.</i></em></p>\n<p>Poor or <em><i>missing insulation</i></em> can impair the thermal performance of the building components significantly (see Figure 3). <em><i>Moisture</i></em> is the most common form of deterioration for a building potentially causing reduced insulation value, mold growth, brick sprawling, and roof membrane fastener corrosion. Air leakage and <em><i>air infiltration</i></em> can lead to higher energy consumption and condensation in construction which in its turn can cause a poor indoor climate. <em><i>Thermal bridges</i></em> are the elements or areas that are characterized by higher thermal conductance and can lead to an increase of energy heating requirements during the winter season.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_377\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1262\"]<img class=\"wp-image-377 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-3-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Infrared imaging showing improperly installed or damaged insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"1262\" height=\"620\" /> Figure 3 – Infrared imaging showing improperly installed or damaged insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]<p>The results of the study showed varied conditions in the apartments, some of them having alarming concerns about thermal performance and hazardous conditions. The main finding deals with the relationship between missing insulation and particle penetration from outdoors to indoors. Investigators found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of airborne particles and the indoor/outdoor ratio of those particles, meaning that apartments with higher percentages of missing insulation also had higher (I/O) ratios. Additionally, in apartments where residents reported mold, higher amounts of insulation were missing – a finding that also matched residents’ asthma reports, leading investigators to conclude that building defects such as missing insulation have a direct effect on the residents’ well-being. This field study showed that low-cost detection of building hazards can generate precise measures to gauge the performance of the building and that integrating indoor air quality data and questionnaires with data from infrared thermography and laser scans can help create a complete picture of building performance and residents’ health.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation identifies both successes and failures in building performance, with an emphasis on human interaction with building systems. BPE and POE can contribute to more efficient system operations, greater occupant comfort, and cost savings. Understanding trends in performance also inform new developments in predictive software for building designers and highlight the need for new technologies and more accurate modeling of realistic occupants. Finally, building evaluation helps build a body of knowledge about the performance of buildings that can inform future projects, policies and programs.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Costs for a building evaluation vary based on the level of evaluation and time constraints.  Depending on the resources of the organization, in-house staff can perform some aspects of a building evaluation. In the experience of the Rutgers Center for Green Building, building evaluations range from $15,000 for a very basic one through upwards of $150,000 for a robust building evaluation including multiple data points over time (longitudinal study).</p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a> for available incentives, programs, and funding opportunities.</p>\n<p>The US EPA Building Performance with EnergyStar program also offers a free energy assessment and tracking tool called <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager\">Portfolio Manager</a> for commercial buildings.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation contributes to a building’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of critical building systems and notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Ongoing building evaluation can also evaluate how successfully a building is performing in response to increasing heat, more intense precipitation and storms, rising sea levels, and flooding, and increased frequency of power outages – all indicators of resiliency. Additionally, building evaluation can help prepare a building for these circumstances by evaluating whether a building has or has not implemented green building strategies with resiliency benefits. Examples include cooling and shading the building, improving the efficiency of the building envelope, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. Facility Performance Evaluation. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php</a> (accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Post Occupancy Evaluation. https://postoccupancyevaluation.com/ (accessed Jan 9, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017). Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards. <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf</a> (accessed Jan 10, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017).<a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\"> <em><i>Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards.</i></em> </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/projects/\">The Rutgers Center for Green Building – Building Evaluation Projects</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/research_ieq.htm\">University of California, Berkeley – Center for the Built Environment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php#ar\">Whole Building Design Guide – Facility Performance Evaluation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Building Evaluation','','inherit','closed','closed','','2223-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:25:40','2022-04-22 19:25:40','',2223,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2225',0,'revision','',0),(2227,2,'2022-04-22 19:28:52','2022-04-22 19:28:52','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB)\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What are Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings? </strong></h2>\n<p>A Grid-interactive Efficient Building (GEB) refers to an energy efficient building with smart technologies (e.g., smart meters, appliances, sensors and controls) designed to utilize multiple distributed energy resources (DERs) including solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, combined heat and power (CHP), energy storage, demand response (DR), electric vehicles (EVs), microgrids, and energy efficiency in an integrated way to optimize energy use for grid services (i.e., generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity from utility to consumer) and building occupants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Figure 1 shows several key features of GEBs. They are <em>energy-efficient</em> with high-performance features designed to reduce both net energy consumption and peak demand. Second, they are <em>connected</em>, with two-way communication capabilities that allow for response to grid conditions. Next, they are also <em>smart</em> with sensors and controls to optimize energy use for occupant patterns and preferences, utility price signals, weather forecasts, and available on-site generation and storage. Finally, they are <em>flexible </em>with the ability to reduce, shed, shift, modulate or generate electricity.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_51\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"830\"]<img class=\"wp-image-51 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Grid-Interactive-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Grid-interactive Efficient Building Key Characteristics (Source: U.S. DOE Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings 2019).\" width=\"830\" height=\"394\" /> Figure 1 – Grid-interactive Efficient Building Key Characteristics (Source: U.S. DOE Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings 2019).[/caption]<p>Traditional buildings do not interact with the grid or exchange energy data information. Smart buildings with advanced sensors and controls, and connected devices can utilize a variety of distribute energy resources (DERs) but often manage them separately. For example, smart metered buildings employ advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advanced monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply (see <em>Smart Meters</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Smart metered buildings with on-site renewable energy generation (see <em>Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems</em>) and energy storage (see<em> Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>) can signal consumers to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated on-site or from the grid when electricity demand is low (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB) move beyond the siloed smart building approach to integrate across DERs, managing interactions and benefiting from synergies. Table 1 illustrates the integrated approach of GEBs. In this example, GEB is the sum (i.e., integrated DER approach) of the energy-efficiency and demand response columns (i.e., single DER approaches) and the additional capabilities of the GEB column.</p>\n<p><strong>Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach</strong></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_334\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"826\"]<img class=\"wp-image-334 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NC-Grid-Interactive-Table-1-.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach\" width=\"826\" height=\"826\" /> Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach Source: US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: GEB Overview. 11 Note: GEB is meant to be additive of EE and DR columns- GEB is the sum of efficiency, demand response, and the additional capabilities listed in the GEB column.[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Implementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Building (GEB)</strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Building starts with optimizing energy efficiency, assessing DER opportunities and utilizing smart building technologies, which typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.</p>\n<p>The decision to install smart sensors and controls and the type of technologies selected depends on the size of the building and the building’s intended use. Smart system set-up and installation requires expert assistance. Look for devices with interoperability between smart building technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.</p>\n<p>While sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.</p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart building technologies that increase energy-efficiency.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.smartneighbor.com/pages/reynolds-landing\">Connected Neighborhoods Project</a></p>\n<p>The Connected Neighborhoods Project recognizes the opportunities for maximizing building-to-grid interaction across a set of buildings. The first Smart Neighborhood, located in Birmingham, Alabama, is a joint project between Alabama Power, Signature Homes, and researchers at Southern Company, U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge Laboratory and the Electric Power Research Institute. This project integrates 62 high-performance homes with energy efficient systems and smart technologies, and a community-scale microgrid with PV panels, battery storage, and a backup natural gas generator to optimize grid services, cost savings, and resiliency.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>GEBs provide benefits to the grid by shifting energy loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from renewable sources thus reducing the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and preventing supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> GEBs also help to balance new loads such as electric vehicles (EVs) and to support the electrification of transportation by hosting two-way EV charging locations. Also, GEBs can provide utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>GEBs add value to building owners by transforming traditional but flexible building energy demands like lighting and HVAC, along with DERs into energy assets.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> GEBs equipped with smart technologies can respond to electric grid conditions, which helps avert system stress, enhancing the reliability of the entire grid. For building owners and operators, the benefits include cost-savings and efficiency gains from a better understanding of energy consumption patterns, advanced load and asset control mechanisms, and increased demand response and DER opportunities.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The initial cost, energy savings, and payback of GEB varies depending on the building’s technological features, size, layout, and existing building capabilities. In general, whole building applications benefit from economies of scale and cost less to install per square foot in larger buildings than in smaller ones. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation and commissioning costs compared to wired devices. Savings from the reduced utility demand charges often help cover the costs of building automatic systems and smart sensors and controls.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>GEBs increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, GEBs help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently dispatching work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times, limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf</a>  (accessed April 29, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. <a href=\"https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes\">https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes</a> (accessed August 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. <a href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/\">https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/</a>  (accessed May 3, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> 2006 FERC Report, 18 <a href=\"http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf\">http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf</a>  (accessed April 29, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> EPRI. “Estimating the Cost and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf</a> (accessed May 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/\">Energy Star Equipment and Plug Load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-recovery-systems/\">Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak-Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://newbuildings.org/resource/gridoptimal/\">New Buildings Institute (NBI) GridOptimal Buildings Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/project-ev-grid-integration.html\">NREL Electric Vehicle Grid Integration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings\">US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB)','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-geb','','','2022-06-23 17:43:26','2022-06-23 17:43:26','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2227',0,'post','',0),(2228,2,'2022-04-22 19:26:30','2022-04-22 19:26:30','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','2227-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:26:30','2022-04-22 19:26:30','',2227,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2228',0,'revision','',0),(2230,2,'2022-04-22 19:28:52','2022-04-22 19:28:52','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB)\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What are Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings? </strong></h2>\n<p>A Grid-interactive Efficient Building (GEB) refers to an energy efficient building with smart technologies (e.g., smart meters, appliances, sensors and controls) designed to utilize multiple distributed energy resources (DERs) including solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, combined heat and power (CHP), energy storage, demand response (DR), electric vehicles (EVs), microgrids, and energy efficiency in an integrated way to optimize energy use for grid services (i.e., generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity from utility to consumer) and building occupants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Figure 1 shows several key features of GEBs. They are <em>energy-efficient</em> with high-performance features designed to reduce both net energy consumption and peak demand. Second, they are <em>connected</em>, with two-way communication capabilities that allow for response to grid conditions. Next, they are also <em>smart</em> with sensors and controls to optimize energy use for occupant patterns and preferences, utility price signals, weather forecasts, and available on-site generation and storage. Finally, they are <em>flexible </em>with the ability to reduce, shed, shift, modulate or generate electricity.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_51\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"830\"]<img class=\"wp-image-51 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Grid-Interactive-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Grid-interactive Efficient Building Key Characteristics (Source: U.S. DOE Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings 2019).\" width=\"830\" height=\"394\" /> Figure 1 – Grid-interactive Efficient Building Key Characteristics (Source: U.S. DOE Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings 2019).[/caption]<p>Traditional buildings do not interact with the grid or exchange energy data information. Smart buildings with advanced sensors and controls, and connected devices can utilize a variety of distribute energy resources (DERs) but often manage them separately. For example, smart metered buildings employ advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advanced monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply (see <em>Smart Meters</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Smart metered buildings with on-site renewable energy generation (see <em>Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems</em>) and energy storage (see<em> Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>) can signal consumers to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated on-site or from the grid when electricity demand is low (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB) move beyond the siloed smart building approach to integrate across DERs, managing interactions and benefiting from synergies. Table 1 illustrates the integrated approach of GEBs. In this example, GEB is the sum (i.e., integrated DER approach) of the energy-efficiency and demand response columns (i.e., single DER approaches) and the additional capabilities of the GEB column.</p>\n<p><strong>Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach</strong></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_334\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"826\"]<img class=\"wp-image-334 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NC-Grid-Interactive-Table-1-.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach\" width=\"826\" height=\"826\" /> Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach Source: US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: GEB Overview. 11 Note: GEB is meant to be additive of EE and DR columns- GEB is the sum of efficiency, demand response, and the additional capabilities listed in the GEB column.[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Implementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Building (GEB)</strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Building starts with optimizing energy efficiency, assessing DER opportunities and utilizing smart building technologies, which typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.</p>\n<p>The decision to install smart sensors and controls and the type of technologies selected depends on the size of the building and the building’s intended use. Smart system set-up and installation requires expert assistance. Look for devices with interoperability between smart building technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.</p>\n<p>While sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.</p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart building technologies that increase energy-efficiency.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.smartneighbor.com/pages/reynolds-landing\">Connected Neighborhoods Project</a></p>\n<p>The Connected Neighborhoods Project recognizes the opportunities for maximizing building-to-grid interaction across a set of buildings. The first Smart Neighborhood, located in Birmingham, Alabama, is a joint project between Alabama Power, Signature Homes, and researchers at Southern Company, U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge Laboratory and the Electric Power Research Institute. This project integrates 62 high-performance homes with energy efficient systems and smart technologies, and a community-scale microgrid with PV panels, battery storage, and a backup natural gas generator to optimize grid services, cost savings, and resiliency.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>GEBs provide benefits to the grid by shifting energy loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from renewable sources thus reducing the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and preventing supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> GEBs also help to balance new loads such as electric vehicles (EVs) and to support the electrification of transportation by hosting two-way EV charging locations. Also, GEBs can provide utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>GEBs add value to building owners by transforming traditional but flexible building energy demands like lighting and HVAC, along with DERs into energy assets.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> GEBs equipped with smart technologies can respond to electric grid conditions, which helps avert system stress, enhancing the reliability of the entire grid. For building owners and operators, the benefits include cost-savings and efficiency gains from a better understanding of energy consumption patterns, advanced load and asset control mechanisms, and increased demand response and DER opportunities.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The initial cost, energy savings, and payback of GEB varies depending on the building’s technological features, size, layout, and existing building capabilities. In general, whole building applications benefit from economies of scale and cost less to install per square foot in larger buildings than in smaller ones. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation and commissioning costs compared to wired devices. Savings from the reduced utility demand charges often help cover the costs of building automatic systems and smart sensors and controls.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>GEBs increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, GEBs help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently dispatching work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times, limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf</a>  (accessed April 29, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. <a href=\"https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes\">https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes</a> (accessed August 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. <a href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/\">https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/</a>  (accessed May 3, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> 2006 FERC Report, 18 <a href=\"http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf\">http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf</a>  (accessed April 29, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> EPRI. “Estimating the Cost and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf</a> (accessed May 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/\">Energy Star Equipment and Plug Load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-recovery-systems/\">Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak-Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://newbuildings.org/resource/gridoptimal/\">New Buildings Institute (NBI) GridOptimal Buildings Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/project-ev-grid-integration.html\">NREL Electric Vehicle Grid Integration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings\">US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB)','','inherit','closed','closed','','2227-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:28:52','2022-04-22 19:28:52','',2227,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2230',0,'revision','',0),(2231,2,'2022-04-22 19:28:53','2022-04-22 19:28:53','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB)\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What are Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings? </strong></h2>\n<p>A Grid-interactive Efficient Building (GEB) refers to an energy efficient building with smart technologies (e.g., smart meters, appliances, sensors and controls) designed to utilize multiple distributed energy resources (DERs) including solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, combined heat and power (CHP), energy storage, demand response (DR), electric vehicles (EVs), microgrids, and energy efficiency in an integrated way to optimize energy use for grid services (i.e., generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity from utility to consumer) and building occupants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Figure 1 shows several key features of GEBs. They are <em>energy-efficient</em> with high-performance features designed to reduce both net energy consumption and peak demand. Second, they are <em>connected</em>, with two-way communication capabilities that allow for response to grid conditions. Next, they are also <em>smart</em> with sensors and controls to optimize energy use for occupant patterns and preferences, utility price signals, weather forecasts, and available on-site generation and storage. Finally, they are <em>flexible </em>with the ability to reduce, shed, shift, modulate or generate electricity.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_51\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"830\"]<img class=\"wp-image-51 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Grid-Interactive-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Grid-interactive Efficient Building Key Characteristics (Source: U.S. DOE Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings 2019).\" width=\"830\" height=\"394\" /> Figure 1 – Grid-interactive Efficient Building Key Characteristics (Source: U.S. DOE Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings 2019).[/caption]<p>Traditional buildings do not interact with the grid or exchange energy data information. Smart buildings with advanced sensors and controls, and connected devices can utilize a variety of distribute energy resources (DERs) but often manage them separately. For example, smart metered buildings employ advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advanced monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply (see <em>Smart Meters</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Smart metered buildings with on-site renewable energy generation (see <em>Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems</em>) and energy storage (see<em> Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>) can signal consumers to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated on-site or from the grid when electricity demand is low (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB) move beyond the siloed smart building approach to integrate across DERs, managing interactions and benefiting from synergies. Table 1 illustrates the integrated approach of GEBs. In this example, GEB is the sum (i.e., integrated DER approach) of the energy-efficiency and demand response columns (i.e., single DER approaches) and the additional capabilities of the GEB column.</p>\n<p><strong>Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach</strong></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_334\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"826\"]<img class=\"wp-image-334 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NC-Grid-Interactive-Table-1-.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach\" width=\"826\" height=\"826\" /> Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach Source: US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: GEB Overview. 11 Note: GEB is meant to be additive of EE and DR columns- GEB is the sum of efficiency, demand response, and the additional capabilities listed in the GEB column.[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Implementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Building (GEB)</strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Building starts with optimizing energy efficiency, assessing DER opportunities and utilizing smart building technologies, which typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.</p>\n<p>The decision to install smart sensors and controls and the type of technologies selected depends on the size of the building and the building’s intended use. Smart system set-up and installation requires expert assistance. Look for devices with interoperability between smart building technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.</p>\n<p>While sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.</p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart building technologies that increase energy-efficiency.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.smartneighbor.com/pages/reynolds-landing\">Connected Neighborhoods Project</a></p>\n<p>The Connected Neighborhoods Project recognizes the opportunities for maximizing building-to-grid interaction across a set of buildings. The first Smart Neighborhood, located in Birmingham, Alabama, is a joint project between Alabama Power, Signature Homes, and researchers at Southern Company, U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge Laboratory and the Electric Power Research Institute. This project integrates 62 high-performance homes with energy efficient systems and smart technologies, and a community-scale microgrid with PV panels, battery storage, and a backup natural gas generator to optimize grid services, cost savings, and resiliency.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>GEBs provide benefits to the grid by shifting energy loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from renewable sources thus reducing the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and preventing supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> GEBs also help to balance new loads such as electric vehicles (EVs) and to support the electrification of transportation by hosting two-way EV charging locations. Also, GEBs can provide utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>GEBs add value to building owners by transforming traditional but flexible building energy demands like lighting and HVAC, along with DERs into energy assets.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> GEBs equipped with smart technologies can respond to electric grid conditions, which helps avert system stress, enhancing the reliability of the entire grid. For building owners and operators, the benefits include cost-savings and efficiency gains from a better understanding of energy consumption patterns, advanced load and asset control mechanisms, and increased demand response and DER opportunities.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The initial cost, energy savings, and payback of GEB varies depending on the building’s technological features, size, layout, and existing building capabilities. In general, whole building applications benefit from economies of scale and cost less to install per square foot in larger buildings than in smaller ones. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation and commissioning costs compared to wired devices. Savings from the reduced utility demand charges often help cover the costs of building automatic systems and smart sensors and controls.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>GEBs increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, GEBs help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently dispatching work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times, limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf</a>  (accessed April 29, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. <a href=\"https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes\">https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes</a> (accessed August 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. <a href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/\">https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/</a>  (accessed May 3, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> 2006 FERC Report, 18 <a href=\"http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf\">http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf</a>  (accessed April 29, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> EPRI. “Estimating the Cost and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf</a> (accessed May 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/\">Energy Star Equipment and Plug Load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-recovery-systems/\">Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak-Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://newbuildings.org/resource/gridoptimal/\">New Buildings Institute (NBI) GridOptimal Buildings Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/project-ev-grid-integration.html\">NREL Electric Vehicle Grid Integration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings\">US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','2227-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:28:53','2022-04-22 19:28:53','',2227,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2231',0,'revision','',0),(2233,2,'2022-04-22 19:28:56','2022-04-22 19:28:56','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB)\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What are Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings? </strong></h2>\n<p>A Grid-interactive Efficient Building (GEB) refers to an energy efficient building with smart technologies (e.g., smart meters, appliances, sensors and controls) designed to utilize multiple distributed energy resources (DERs) including solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, combined heat and power (CHP), energy storage, demand response (DR), electric vehicles (EVs), microgrids, and energy efficiency in an integrated way to optimize energy use for grid services (i.e., generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity from utility to consumer) and building occupants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Figure 1 shows several key features of GEBs. They are <em>energy-efficient</em> with high-performance features designed to reduce both net energy consumption and peak demand. Second, they are <em>connected</em>, with two-way communication capabilities that allow for response to grid conditions. Next, they are also <em>smart</em> with sensors and controls to optimize energy use for occupant patterns and preferences, utility price signals, weather forecasts, and available on-site generation and storage. Finally, they are <em>flexible </em>with the ability to reduce, shed, shift, modulate or generate electricity.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_51\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"830\"]<img class=\"wp-image-51 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Grid-Interactive-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Grid-interactive Efficient Building Key Characteristics (Source: U.S. DOE Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings 2019).\" width=\"830\" height=\"394\" /> Figure 1 – Grid-interactive Efficient Building Key Characteristics (Source: U.S. DOE Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings 2019).[/caption]<p>Traditional buildings do not interact with the grid or exchange energy data information. Smart buildings with advanced sensors and controls, and connected devices can utilize a variety of distribute energy resources (DERs) but often manage them separately. For example, smart metered buildings employ advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advanced monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply (see <em>Smart Meters</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Smart metered buildings with on-site renewable energy generation (see <em>Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems</em>) and energy storage (see<em> Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>) can signal consumers to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated on-site or from the grid when electricity demand is low (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB) move beyond the siloed smart building approach to integrate across DERs, managing interactions and benefiting from synergies. Table 1 illustrates the integrated approach of GEBs. In this example, GEB is the sum (i.e., integrated DER approach) of the energy-efficiency and demand response columns (i.e., single DER approaches) and the additional capabilities of the GEB column.</p>\n<p><strong>Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach</strong></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_334\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"826\"]<img class=\"wp-image-334 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NC-Grid-Interactive-Table-1-.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach\" width=\"826\" height=\"826\" /> Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach Source: US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: GEB Overview. 11 Note: GEB is meant to be additive of EE and DR columns- GEB is the sum of efficiency, demand response, and the additional capabilities listed in the GEB column.[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Implementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Building (GEB)</strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Building starts with optimizing energy efficiency, assessing DER opportunities and utilizing smart building technologies, which typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.</p>\n<p>The decision to install smart sensors and controls and the type of technologies selected depends on the size of the building and the building’s intended use. Smart system set-up and installation requires expert assistance. Look for devices with interoperability between smart building technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.</p>\n<p>While sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.</p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart building technologies that increase energy-efficiency.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.smartneighbor.com/pages/reynolds-landing\">Connected Neighborhoods Project</a></p>\n<p>The Connected Neighborhoods Project recognizes the opportunities for maximizing building-to-grid interaction across a set of buildings. The first Smart Neighborhood, located in Birmingham, Alabama, is a joint project between Alabama Power, Signature Homes, and researchers at Southern Company, U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge Laboratory and the Electric Power Research Institute. This project integrates 62 high-performance homes with energy efficient systems and smart technologies, and a community-scale microgrid with PV panels, battery storage, and a backup natural gas generator to optimize grid services, cost savings, and resiliency.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>GEBs provide benefits to the grid by shifting energy loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from renewable sources thus reducing the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and preventing supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> GEBs also help to balance new loads such as electric vehicles (EVs) and to support the electrification of transportation by hosting two-way EV charging locations. Also, GEBs can provide utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>GEBs add value to building owners by transforming traditional but flexible building energy demands like lighting and HVAC, along with DERs into energy assets.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> GEBs equipped with smart technologies can respond to electric grid conditions, which helps avert system stress, enhancing the reliability of the entire grid. For building owners and operators, the benefits include cost-savings and efficiency gains from a better understanding of energy consumption patterns, advanced load and asset control mechanisms, and increased demand response and DER opportunities.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The initial cost, energy savings, and payback of GEB varies depending on the building’s technological features, size, layout, and existing building capabilities. In general, whole building applications benefit from economies of scale and cost less to install per square foot in larger buildings than in smaller ones. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation and commissioning costs compared to wired devices. Savings from the reduced utility demand charges often help cover the costs of building automatic systems and smart sensors and controls.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>GEBs increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, GEBs help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently dispatching work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times, limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf</a>  (accessed April 29, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. <a href=\"https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes\">https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes</a> (accessed August 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. <a href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/\">https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/</a>  (accessed May 3, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> 2006 FERC Report, 18 <a href=\"http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf\">http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf</a>  (accessed April 29, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> EPRI. “Estimating the Cost and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf</a> (accessed May 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/\">Energy Star Equipment and Plug Load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-recovery-systems/\">Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak-Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://newbuildings.org/resource/gridoptimal/\">New Buildings Institute (NBI) GridOptimal Buildings Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/project-ev-grid-integration.html\">NREL Electric Vehicle Grid Integration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings\">US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB)','','inherit','closed','closed','','2227-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:28:56','2022-04-22 19:28:56','',2227,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2233',0,'revision','',0),(2234,2,'2022-04-22 19:30:33','2022-04-22 19:30:33','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Smart Meters\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>What are Smart Meters?</h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_405\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-405 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Smart-Metering-Fig-1-300x276.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Electric smart meter (Source: Rutgers University Facilities).\" width=\"300\" height=\"276\" /> Figure 1 – Electric smart meter (Source: Rutgers University Facilities).[/caption]<p>Smart meters or advanced meters, a component of the broader smart grid<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a>, use digital meters to record and transmit energy consumption and generation data, namely electricity, but also natural gas or water usage in intervals of an hour or less through a secure wireless network back to the utility and consumer at least daily.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> As opposed to traditional analog or automated meter readers, smart meter technology includes remote reading, two-way communication, support of dynamic pricing<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a>, and remote disablement and enablement of supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Energy companies can use data from smart meters to better monitor and manage energy supply and demand, power outages and the integration of clean energy sources into the electric grid. Smart meters provide documentation for participation in utility-sponsored demand response programs, which incentivize consumers to interrupt or adjust energy use by reducing or shifting loads or storing energy during peak demand and periods of higher energy costs or enable utilities to remotely switch electricity services on or off based on the cost or availability of energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> For example, consumption data from smart meters can signal a utility or consumer to remotely turn off air-conditioning units to avoid peak load issues or to run appliances during lower demand, lower-cost times of the day (see <em>Smart Sensors and Controls</em>).</p>\n<p>Data collected from smart meters connected to a smart grid supports the advancement and adoption of distributed energy generation and energy storage technologies, such as wind and solar, and plug-in electric vehicles (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> By measuring both electricity generated as well as delivered, smart meters can help utilities better manage and control the storage and transmission of renewable power from distributed energy sources and micro-grids to end-users. Smart meter data can also provide consumers with information on when to use, store, or sell on-site renewable energy generation back to the grid and encourage smart electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement a Smart Metering System </strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a smart metering system begins with identifying the intended use and goals of the system as this determines the system’s requirements and features. Smart meter systems typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.</p>\n<p>Non-sub-metered systems bill tenants based on a percentage of the total usage for the entire building. A smart sub-metered system makes billing tenants for their actual usage possible.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> In commercial buildings with multiple tenants or businesses, smart meters provide individual tenants and the utility company information on electricity, natural gas, and water usage, providing the opportunity to track progress on conservation strategies and participation in demand response programs and to identify opportunities to increase energy efficiency and cost savings.</p>\n<p>Contact local electricity, natural gas, and water service providers for information on smart metering opportunities and demand response programs. In the absence of a utility run program, smart meters can be implemented by business owners to provide building operators with instant energy and water data for making informed energy choices or to help identify potential equipment issues and leaks, saving energy and money.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en/our-energy-future/technology-innovation/smart-meters\">Orange &amp; Rockland Smart Meter Program</a></p>\n<p>The Orange &amp; Rockland Electric Utility plans to install 400,000 smart meters to residential and commercial customers by 2020. The smart metering program aims to utilize the data from smart meters to boost grid reliability and cut the length of power outages by automatically notifying the utility when outages occur leading to faster restoration. Potential benefits to customers include data on energy use habits to promote behavior change or to signal customers to run building equipment and devices at off-peak hours or when cleaner, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are available.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart meters provide benefits to both utility companies and consumers. Data gathered from smart meters provides utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Via demand response, smart meters support the shift of loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from cleaner or renewable sources, reduce the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and prevent supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Benefits to consumers include enhanced customer service, reduced theft due to the remote and real-time meter reading, and the establishment of time-based rates. Smart meters also inform consumers of their real-time energy usage, providing them with data to make informed energy use decisions and potentially change behavior. Smart metering water lines allow commercial facility managers to see consumption trends within the building and to target areas for improvement.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>One study estimated that the average commercial customer would pay $7,000 to $10,000 for smart meter technology, which includes transmission and distribution upgrades and various customer costs (primarily the costs of the in-building technologies).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> As an example, Rockland Electric predicts deployment costs of $16.5 million and estimates operational and management expenses over 20 years at $12 million. The utility projects to save $82 million over two decades in reduced labor and outage costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>For smart water meters, project costs range widely based on the number of customers, the specific metering, and communications technologies selected, the level of software integration, and the state of the metering system before smart metering system implementation.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>Smart meters increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, smart meters help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently sending work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times and limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Smart grids are electricity supply networks that use digital communications technology to detect and react to changes in energy supply and demand and manage the transport of electricity from generation sources to end users.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2017. Frequently Asked Questions: Smart Meters. Updated December 7, 2017. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1\">https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1</a> (accessed Sept 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Dynamic pricing includes time-of-use pricing, real-time pricing, variable peak pricing, critical peak pricing, and critical or peak time rebates.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative. “Do smart meters help the environment?” <a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment\">http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment</a> (accessed Sept 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> National Conference of State Legislatures “Utility Submetering” <a href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx\">http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> 2006 FERC Report, 18 <a href=\"http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf\">http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> EPRI, “Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Tom Johnson. 2017. NJ Spotlight. “Is New Jersey Finally Getting Smarter about Smart Meters?” <a href=\"http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/\">http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/</a> (accessed Sept 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Smart Meters','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-smart-meters','','','2022-06-23 17:43:26','2022-06-23 17:43:26','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2234',0,'post','',0),(2235,2,'2022-04-22 19:29:09','2022-04-22 19:29:09','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','2234-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:29:09','2022-04-22 19:29:09','',2234,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2235',0,'revision','',0),(2236,2,'2022-04-22 19:30:33','2022-04-22 19:30:33','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Smart Meters\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>What are Smart Meters?</h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_405\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-405 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Smart-Metering-Fig-1-300x276.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Electric smart meter (Source: Rutgers University Facilities).\" width=\"300\" height=\"276\" /> Figure 1 – Electric smart meter (Source: Rutgers University Facilities).[/caption]<p>Smart meters or advanced meters, a component of the broader smart grid<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a>, use digital meters to record and transmit energy consumption and generation data, namely electricity, but also natural gas or water usage in intervals of an hour or less through a secure wireless network back to the utility and consumer at least daily.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> As opposed to traditional analog or automated meter readers, smart meter technology includes remote reading, two-way communication, support of dynamic pricing<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a>, and remote disablement and enablement of supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Energy companies can use data from smart meters to better monitor and manage energy supply and demand, power outages and the integration of clean energy sources into the electric grid. Smart meters provide documentation for participation in utility-sponsored demand response programs, which incentivize consumers to interrupt or adjust energy use by reducing or shifting loads or storing energy during peak demand and periods of higher energy costs or enable utilities to remotely switch electricity services on or off based on the cost or availability of energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> For example, consumption data from smart meters can signal a utility or consumer to remotely turn off air-conditioning units to avoid peak load issues or to run appliances during lower demand, lower-cost times of the day (see <em>Smart Sensors and Controls</em>).</p>\n<p>Data collected from smart meters connected to a smart grid supports the advancement and adoption of distributed energy generation and energy storage technologies, such as wind and solar, and plug-in electric vehicles (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> By measuring both electricity generated as well as delivered, smart meters can help utilities better manage and control the storage and transmission of renewable power from distributed energy sources and micro-grids to end-users. Smart meter data can also provide consumers with information on when to use, store, or sell on-site renewable energy generation back to the grid and encourage smart electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement a Smart Metering System </strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a smart metering system begins with identifying the intended use and goals of the system as this determines the system’s requirements and features. Smart meter systems typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.</p>\n<p>Non-sub-metered systems bill tenants based on a percentage of the total usage for the entire building. A smart sub-metered system makes billing tenants for their actual usage possible.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> In commercial buildings with multiple tenants or businesses, smart meters provide individual tenants and the utility company information on electricity, natural gas, and water usage, providing the opportunity to track progress on conservation strategies and participation in demand response programs and to identify opportunities to increase energy efficiency and cost savings.</p>\n<p>Contact local electricity, natural gas, and water service providers for information on smart metering opportunities and demand response programs. In the absence of a utility run program, smart meters can be implemented by business owners to provide building operators with instant energy and water data for making informed energy choices or to help identify potential equipment issues and leaks, saving energy and money.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en/our-energy-future/technology-innovation/smart-meters\">Orange &amp; Rockland Smart Meter Program</a></p>\n<p>The Orange &amp; Rockland Electric Utility plans to install 400,000 smart meters to residential and commercial customers by 2020. The smart metering program aims to utilize the data from smart meters to boost grid reliability and cut the length of power outages by automatically notifying the utility when outages occur leading to faster restoration. Potential benefits to customers include data on energy use habits to promote behavior change or to signal customers to run building equipment and devices at off-peak hours or when cleaner, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are available.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart meters provide benefits to both utility companies and consumers. Data gathered from smart meters provides utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Via demand response, smart meters support the shift of loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from cleaner or renewable sources, reduce the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and prevent supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Benefits to consumers include enhanced customer service, reduced theft due to the remote and real-time meter reading, and the establishment of time-based rates. Smart meters also inform consumers of their real-time energy usage, providing them with data to make informed energy use decisions and potentially change behavior. Smart metering water lines allow commercial facility managers to see consumption trends within the building and to target areas for improvement.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>One study estimated that the average commercial customer would pay $7,000 to $10,000 for smart meter technology, which includes transmission and distribution upgrades and various customer costs (primarily the costs of the in-building technologies).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> As an example, Rockland Electric predicts deployment costs of $16.5 million and estimates operational and management expenses over 20 years at $12 million. The utility projects to save $82 million over two decades in reduced labor and outage costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>For smart water meters, project costs range widely based on the number of customers, the specific metering, and communications technologies selected, the level of software integration, and the state of the metering system before smart metering system implementation.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>Smart meters increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, smart meters help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently sending work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times and limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Smart grids are electricity supply networks that use digital communications technology to detect and react to changes in energy supply and demand and manage the transport of electricity from generation sources to end users.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2017. Frequently Asked Questions: Smart Meters. Updated December 7, 2017. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1\">https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1</a> (accessed Sept 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Dynamic pricing includes time-of-use pricing, real-time pricing, variable peak pricing, critical peak pricing, and critical or peak time rebates.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative. “Do smart meters help the environment?” <a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment\">http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment</a> (accessed Sept 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> National Conference of State Legislatures “Utility Submetering” <a href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx\">http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> 2006 FERC Report, 18 <a href=\"http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf\">http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> EPRI, “Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Tom Johnson. 2017. NJ Spotlight. “Is New Jersey Finally Getting Smarter about Smart Meters?” <a href=\"http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/\">http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/</a> (accessed Sept 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Smart Meters','','inherit','closed','closed','','2234-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:30:33','2022-04-22 19:30:33','',2234,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2236',0,'revision','',0),(2237,2,'2022-04-22 19:30:34','2022-04-22 19:30:34','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Smart Meters\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>What are Smart Meters?</h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_405\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-405 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Smart-Metering-Fig-1-300x276.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Electric smart meter (Source: Rutgers University Facilities).\" width=\"300\" height=\"276\" /> Figure 1 – Electric smart meter (Source: Rutgers University Facilities).[/caption]<p>Smart meters or advanced meters, a component of the broader smart grid<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a>, use digital meters to record and transmit energy consumption and generation data, namely electricity, but also natural gas or water usage in intervals of an hour or less through a secure wireless network back to the utility and consumer at least daily.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> As opposed to traditional analog or automated meter readers, smart meter technology includes remote reading, two-way communication, support of dynamic pricing<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a>, and remote disablement and enablement of supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Energy companies can use data from smart meters to better monitor and manage energy supply and demand, power outages and the integration of clean energy sources into the electric grid. Smart meters provide documentation for participation in utility-sponsored demand response programs, which incentivize consumers to interrupt or adjust energy use by reducing or shifting loads or storing energy during peak demand and periods of higher energy costs or enable utilities to remotely switch electricity services on or off based on the cost or availability of energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> For example, consumption data from smart meters can signal a utility or consumer to remotely turn off air-conditioning units to avoid peak load issues or to run appliances during lower demand, lower-cost times of the day (see <em>Smart Sensors and Controls</em>).</p>\n<p>Data collected from smart meters connected to a smart grid supports the advancement and adoption of distributed energy generation and energy storage technologies, such as wind and solar, and plug-in electric vehicles (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> By measuring both electricity generated as well as delivered, smart meters can help utilities better manage and control the storage and transmission of renewable power from distributed energy sources and micro-grids to end-users. Smart meter data can also provide consumers with information on when to use, store, or sell on-site renewable energy generation back to the grid and encourage smart electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement a Smart Metering System </strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a smart metering system begins with identifying the intended use and goals of the system as this determines the system’s requirements and features. Smart meter systems typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.</p>\n<p>Non-sub-metered systems bill tenants based on a percentage of the total usage for the entire building. A smart sub-metered system makes billing tenants for their actual usage possible.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> In commercial buildings with multiple tenants or businesses, smart meters provide individual tenants and the utility company information on electricity, natural gas, and water usage, providing the opportunity to track progress on conservation strategies and participation in demand response programs and to identify opportunities to increase energy efficiency and cost savings.</p>\n<p>Contact local electricity, natural gas, and water service providers for information on smart metering opportunities and demand response programs. In the absence of a utility run program, smart meters can be implemented by business owners to provide building operators with instant energy and water data for making informed energy choices or to help identify potential equipment issues and leaks, saving energy and money.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en/our-energy-future/technology-innovation/smart-meters\">Orange &amp; Rockland Smart Meter Program</a></p>\n<p>The Orange &amp; Rockland Electric Utility plans to install 400,000 smart meters to residential and commercial customers by 2020. The smart metering program aims to utilize the data from smart meters to boost grid reliability and cut the length of power outages by automatically notifying the utility when outages occur leading to faster restoration. Potential benefits to customers include data on energy use habits to promote behavior change or to signal customers to run building equipment and devices at off-peak hours or when cleaner, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are available.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart meters provide benefits to both utility companies and consumers. Data gathered from smart meters provides utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Via demand response, smart meters support the shift of loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from cleaner or renewable sources, reduce the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and prevent supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Benefits to consumers include enhanced customer service, reduced theft due to the remote and real-time meter reading, and the establishment of time-based rates. Smart meters also inform consumers of their real-time energy usage, providing them with data to make informed energy use decisions and potentially change behavior. Smart metering water lines allow commercial facility managers to see consumption trends within the building and to target areas for improvement.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>One study estimated that the average commercial customer would pay $7,000 to $10,000 for smart meter technology, which includes transmission and distribution upgrades and various customer costs (primarily the costs of the in-building technologies).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> As an example, Rockland Electric predicts deployment costs of $16.5 million and estimates operational and management expenses over 20 years at $12 million. The utility projects to save $82 million over two decades in reduced labor and outage costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>For smart water meters, project costs range widely based on the number of customers, the specific metering, and communications technologies selected, the level of software integration, and the state of the metering system before smart metering system implementation.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>Smart meters increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, smart meters help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently sending work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times and limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Smart grids are electricity supply networks that use digital communications technology to detect and react to changes in energy supply and demand and manage the transport of electricity from generation sources to end users.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2017. Frequently Asked Questions: Smart Meters. Updated December 7, 2017. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1\">https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1</a> (accessed Sept 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Dynamic pricing includes time-of-use pricing, real-time pricing, variable peak pricing, critical peak pricing, and critical or peak time rebates.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative. “Do smart meters help the environment?” <a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment\">http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment</a> (accessed Sept 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> National Conference of State Legislatures “Utility Submetering” <a href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx\">http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> 2006 FERC Report, 18 <a href=\"http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf\">http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> EPRI, “Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Tom Johnson. 2017. NJ Spotlight. “Is New Jersey Finally Getting Smarter about Smart Meters?” <a href=\"http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/\">http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/</a> (accessed Sept 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','2234-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:30:34','2022-04-22 19:30:34','',2234,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2237',0,'revision','',0),(2239,2,'2022-04-22 19:30:37','2022-04-22 19:30:37','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Smart Meters\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>What are Smart Meters?</h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_405\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-405 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Smart-Metering-Fig-1-300x276.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Electric smart meter (Source: Rutgers University Facilities).\" width=\"300\" height=\"276\" /> Figure 1 – Electric smart meter (Source: Rutgers University Facilities).[/caption]<p>Smart meters or advanced meters, a component of the broader smart grid<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a>, use digital meters to record and transmit energy consumption and generation data, namely electricity, but also natural gas or water usage in intervals of an hour or less through a secure wireless network back to the utility and consumer at least daily.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> As opposed to traditional analog or automated meter readers, smart meter technology includes remote reading, two-way communication, support of dynamic pricing<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a>, and remote disablement and enablement of supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Energy companies can use data from smart meters to better monitor and manage energy supply and demand, power outages and the integration of clean energy sources into the electric grid. Smart meters provide documentation for participation in utility-sponsored demand response programs, which incentivize consumers to interrupt or adjust energy use by reducing or shifting loads or storing energy during peak demand and periods of higher energy costs or enable utilities to remotely switch electricity services on or off based on the cost or availability of energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> For example, consumption data from smart meters can signal a utility or consumer to remotely turn off air-conditioning units to avoid peak load issues or to run appliances during lower demand, lower-cost times of the day (see <em>Smart Sensors and Controls</em>).</p>\n<p>Data collected from smart meters connected to a smart grid supports the advancement and adoption of distributed energy generation and energy storage technologies, such as wind and solar, and plug-in electric vehicles (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> By measuring both electricity generated as well as delivered, smart meters can help utilities better manage and control the storage and transmission of renewable power from distributed energy sources and micro-grids to end-users. Smart meter data can also provide consumers with information on when to use, store, or sell on-site renewable energy generation back to the grid and encourage smart electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement a Smart Metering System </strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a smart metering system begins with identifying the intended use and goals of the system as this determines the system’s requirements and features. Smart meter systems typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.</p>\n<p>Non-sub-metered systems bill tenants based on a percentage of the total usage for the entire building. A smart sub-metered system makes billing tenants for their actual usage possible.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> In commercial buildings with multiple tenants or businesses, smart meters provide individual tenants and the utility company information on electricity, natural gas, and water usage, providing the opportunity to track progress on conservation strategies and participation in demand response programs and to identify opportunities to increase energy efficiency and cost savings.</p>\n<p>Contact local electricity, natural gas, and water service providers for information on smart metering opportunities and demand response programs. In the absence of a utility run program, smart meters can be implemented by business owners to provide building operators with instant energy and water data for making informed energy choices or to help identify potential equipment issues and leaks, saving energy and money.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en/our-energy-future/technology-innovation/smart-meters\">Orange &amp; Rockland Smart Meter Program</a></p>\n<p>The Orange &amp; Rockland Electric Utility plans to install 400,000 smart meters to residential and commercial customers by 2020. The smart metering program aims to utilize the data from smart meters to boost grid reliability and cut the length of power outages by automatically notifying the utility when outages occur leading to faster restoration. Potential benefits to customers include data on energy use habits to promote behavior change or to signal customers to run building equipment and devices at off-peak hours or when cleaner, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are available.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart meters provide benefits to both utility companies and consumers. Data gathered from smart meters provides utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Via demand response, smart meters support the shift of loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from cleaner or renewable sources, reduce the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and prevent supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Benefits to consumers include enhanced customer service, reduced theft due to the remote and real-time meter reading, and the establishment of time-based rates. Smart meters also inform consumers of their real-time energy usage, providing them with data to make informed energy use decisions and potentially change behavior. Smart metering water lines allow commercial facility managers to see consumption trends within the building and to target areas for improvement.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>One study estimated that the average commercial customer would pay $7,000 to $10,000 for smart meter technology, which includes transmission and distribution upgrades and various customer costs (primarily the costs of the in-building technologies).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> As an example, Rockland Electric predicts deployment costs of $16.5 million and estimates operational and management expenses over 20 years at $12 million. The utility projects to save $82 million over two decades in reduced labor and outage costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>For smart water meters, project costs range widely based on the number of customers, the specific metering, and communications technologies selected, the level of software integration, and the state of the metering system before smart metering system implementation.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>Smart meters increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, smart meters help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently sending work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times and limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Smart grids are electricity supply networks that use digital communications technology to detect and react to changes in energy supply and demand and manage the transport of electricity from generation sources to end users.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2017. Frequently Asked Questions: Smart Meters. Updated December 7, 2017. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1\">https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1</a> (accessed Sept 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Dynamic pricing includes time-of-use pricing, real-time pricing, variable peak pricing, critical peak pricing, and critical or peak time rebates.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative. “Do smart meters help the environment?” <a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment\">http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment</a> (accessed Sept 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> National Conference of State Legislatures “Utility Submetering” <a href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx\">http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> 2006 FERC Report, 18 <a href=\"http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf\">http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> EPRI, “Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Tom Johnson. 2017. NJ Spotlight. “Is New Jersey Finally Getting Smarter about Smart Meters?” <a href=\"http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/\">http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/</a> (accessed Sept 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Smart Meters','','inherit','closed','closed','','2234-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:30:37','2022-04-22 19:30:37','',2234,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2239',0,'revision','',0),(2240,2,'2022-04-22 19:32:36','2022-04-22 19:32:36','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Smart Sensors and Controls\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What are Smart Sensors and Controls?</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart sensors are devices that monitor conditions of the physical environment and building equipment such as temperature, air flow, moisture, humidity, lighting and daylighting levels, offer smoke and CO detection, and collect data about real-time building occupancy, and energy and water use (see <em>Daylighting</em>). Electronic actuators process these measurements, and smart controls utilize the data to adjust building conditions and optimize building performance in areas such as lighting and shading, HVAC systems, security, fire suppression, equipment plug loads, and landscape irrigation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Controls utilize software with standardized communication protocols on networked computing devices such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, PCs or through dedicated hardware interfaces such as wall-mounted controls. Smart buildings consist of an integrated network of advanced sensors and controls and use Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to connect building systems and enable automated building operations and control.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_239\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"658\"]<img class=\"wp-image-239 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Smart-Sensors-and-Controls-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Weather-Based Irrigation Control System (Source: Flickr user slworking2)\" width=\"658\" height=\"502\" /> Figure 1 – Weather-Based Irrigation Control System (Source: Flickr user slworking2)[/caption]<p>For example, smart thermostats coupled with smart HVAC systems use multiple sensors and controls to monitor and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings, control energy consumption in unoccupied areas, and detect and diagnose issues. Smart appliances such as refrigerators and freezers use sensors and controls to remotely track and manage variables such as temperature, humidity, and energy use. Demand response enabled devices, including smart thermostats and certain appliances, can be controlled remotely by an energy provider to reduce peak power demand (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Smart lighting consists of networked LED and linear fluorescent luminaires with advanced sensors that can detect lighting failure and advanced controls that utilize dual-technology infrared plus ultrasonic occupancy and vacancy sensing, daylight harvesting, dimming controls and task tuning (see <em>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Smart solar window films adjust window tints based on incoming daylight, and window shading systems use auto-controlled devices that open and close at specific times of the day to manage light levels and solar heat gain (see <em>Energy-Efficient Windows</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Smart plug load controls, including smart outlets and advanced power strips, use scheduling, motion sensing, or load detection to turn off equipment when not in use (see <em>ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load</em>). Smoke detectors enable automated sprinkler systems to function correctly, and CO sensors trigger alarms to protect building occupants before exposure to dangerous CO levels. Smart security systems automatically unlock doors for building employees using different types of sensors such as facial recognition or mobile phone GPS. Smart water metering and irrigation systems use sensors to monitor water use, detect leaks, and prevent irrigation systems from running when it is raining or when unnecessary.</p>\n<p>Smart building technologies can connect users to a smart grid (see <em>Smart Metering</em>). Smart metered buildings utilize advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advanced monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Smart metered buildings with on-site renewable energy generation (see <em>Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems</em>) and energy storage (see<em> Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>) can signal consumers to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated on-site or from the grid when electricity demand is low (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Smart Sensors and Controls</strong></h2>\n<p>The decision to install smart sensors and controls and the type of technologies selected depends on the size of the building and the building’s intended use. Smart system set-up and installation requires expert assistance. A building can incorporate multiple smart technologies or a single service such as a smart lighting system or a smart security system depending on the needs and desires of the building users. Look for devices with interoperability between smart building technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.</p>\n<p>While sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.</p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart building technologies that increase energy-efficiency.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings/energy-management/wireless-thermostats-for-pneumatic-systems\">GSA Green Proving Ground (GPG): Wireless Pneumatic Thermostats</a></p>\n<p>A study conducted by the GSA Green Proving Ground Program found that wireless pneumatic thermostats, which detect space temperature and can wirelessly control HVAC systems, can cost-effectively reduce energy use by implementing unoccupied/occupied energy-saving control strategies.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/misc/success-story/panasonic\">Panasonic Corporation of North America, Newark, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Through New Jersey’s Clean Energy Pay for Performance Program, Panasonic received guidance and financial incentives to implement lighting control strategies including daylight harvesting.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart building technologies provide tools to detect and manage building operations and maintenance, comfort, and energy performance issues, resulting in better equipment maintenance, higher occupant satisfaction, and reduced energy consumption and costs. Smart metered buildings can also track real-time energy consumption, allowing business owners to monitor and certify peak energy use reductions, and take advantage of lower electricity charges and peak demand incentive programs offered by utilities.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The initial cost, energy savings, and payback of smart technologies vary depending on the technology’s features and capabilities. In general, smart technologies that cover the whole building in one application benefit from economies of scale and cost less to install per square foot in larger buildings than in smaller ones. Individual technologies, such as smart thermostats typically cost less for smaller buildings. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation and commissioning costs compared to wired devices. Savings from the reduced utility demand charges often cover the costs of smart control projects.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart controls contribute to a building’s resiliency by providing real-time feedback on the status of critical building systems, notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, and providing remote access for turning systems on or off during potential power outages or other disruptive events. Smart sensors that do not rely on external power or wired networks can continue to provide feedback during power outages. Smart metering and smart devices and appliances with demand response ready equipment also benefit the energy system and promote resiliency by supporting grid stability, reducing peak energy demand, and increasing the use of renewable energy.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Marina Sofos. 2018. “Sensor and Control Technologies: R&amp;D Overview.” Building Technologies Office (BTO). U.S. Department of Energy: Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. BTO Peer Review. April 30, 2018. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/05/f52/Sofos-Peer-Review-S%26C-043018.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/05/f52/Sofos-Peer-Review-S%26C-043018.pdf</a> (accessed Aug 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   <a href=\"http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf\">http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf</a> (accessed August 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. <a href=\"https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes\">https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes</a> (accessed August 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   <a href=\"http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf\">http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf</a> (accessed August 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: A Deeper Dive into Market Segments.” December 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. <a href=\"http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf\">http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf</a> (accessed August 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. <a href=\"https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes\">https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes</a> (accessed August 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. <a href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/\">https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/</a>  (accessed May 3, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. <a href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/\">https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/</a>  (accessed May 3, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> EPRI. “Estimating the Cost and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf</a> (accessed May 5, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/\">ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-wind-energy-systems/\">On-Site Wind Energy Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-pv-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://aceee.org/\">American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://cda.iea-4e.org/\">The Connected Devices Alliance (CDA) Centre of Excellence</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/heating_cooling/smart_thermostats\">ENERGY STAR – Smart Thermostats</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartbuildingscenter.org/\">Smart Buildings Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/smart-controls\">Whole Building Design Guide – Smart Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Smart Sensors and Controls','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-smart-sensors-and-controls','','','2022-04-22 19:32:39','2022-04-22 19:32:39','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2240',0,'post','',0),(2241,2,'2022-04-22 19:30:52','2022-04-22 19:30:52','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','2240-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:30:52','2022-04-22 19:30:52','',2240,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2241',0,'revision','',0),(2243,2,'2022-04-22 19:32:36','2022-04-22 19:32:36','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Smart Sensors and Controls\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What are Smart Sensors and Controls?</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart sensors are devices that monitor conditions of the physical environment and building equipment such as temperature, air flow, moisture, humidity, lighting and daylighting levels, offer smoke and CO detection, and collect data about real-time building occupancy, and energy and water use (see <em>Daylighting</em>). Electronic actuators process these measurements, and smart controls utilize the data to adjust building conditions and optimize building performance in areas such as lighting and shading, HVAC systems, security, fire suppression, equipment plug loads, and landscape irrigation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Controls utilize software with standardized communication protocols on networked computing devices such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, PCs or through dedicated hardware interfaces such as wall-mounted controls. Smart buildings consist of an integrated network of advanced sensors and controls and use Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to connect building systems and enable automated building operations and control.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_239\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"658\"]<img class=\"wp-image-239 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Smart-Sensors-and-Controls-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Weather-Based Irrigation Control System (Source: Flickr user slworking2)\" width=\"658\" height=\"502\" /> Figure 1 – Weather-Based Irrigation Control System (Source: Flickr user slworking2)[/caption]<p>For example, smart thermostats coupled with smart HVAC systems use multiple sensors and controls to monitor and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings, control energy consumption in unoccupied areas, and detect and diagnose issues. Smart appliances such as refrigerators and freezers use sensors and controls to remotely track and manage variables such as temperature, humidity, and energy use. Demand response enabled devices, including smart thermostats and certain appliances, can be controlled remotely by an energy provider to reduce peak power demand (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Smart lighting consists of networked LED and linear fluorescent luminaires with advanced sensors that can detect lighting failure and advanced controls that utilize dual-technology infrared plus ultrasonic occupancy and vacancy sensing, daylight harvesting, dimming controls and task tuning (see <em>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Smart solar window films adjust window tints based on incoming daylight, and window shading systems use auto-controlled devices that open and close at specific times of the day to manage light levels and solar heat gain (see <em>Energy-Efficient Windows</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Smart plug load controls, including smart outlets and advanced power strips, use scheduling, motion sensing, or load detection to turn off equipment when not in use (see <em>ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load</em>). Smoke detectors enable automated sprinkler systems to function correctly, and CO sensors trigger alarms to protect building occupants before exposure to dangerous CO levels. Smart security systems automatically unlock doors for building employees using different types of sensors such as facial recognition or mobile phone GPS. Smart water metering and irrigation systems use sensors to monitor water use, detect leaks, and prevent irrigation systems from running when it is raining or when unnecessary.</p>\n<p>Smart building technologies can connect users to a smart grid (see <em>Smart Metering</em>). Smart metered buildings utilize advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advanced monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Smart metered buildings with on-site renewable energy generation (see <em>Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems</em>) and energy storage (see<em> Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>) can signal consumers to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated on-site or from the grid when electricity demand is low (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Smart Sensors and Controls</strong></h2>\n<p>The decision to install smart sensors and controls and the type of technologies selected depends on the size of the building and the building’s intended use. Smart system set-up and installation requires expert assistance. A building can incorporate multiple smart technologies or a single service such as a smart lighting system or a smart security system depending on the needs and desires of the building users. Look for devices with interoperability between smart building technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.</p>\n<p>While sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.</p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart building technologies that increase energy-efficiency.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings/energy-management/wireless-thermostats-for-pneumatic-systems\">GSA Green Proving Ground (GPG): Wireless Pneumatic Thermostats</a></p>\n<p>A study conducted by the GSA Green Proving Ground Program found that wireless pneumatic thermostats, which detect space temperature and can wirelessly control HVAC systems, can cost-effectively reduce energy use by implementing unoccupied/occupied energy-saving control strategies.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/misc/success-story/panasonic\">Panasonic Corporation of North America, Newark, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Through New Jersey’s Clean Energy Pay for Performance Program, Panasonic received guidance and financial incentives to implement lighting control strategies including daylight harvesting.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart building technologies provide tools to detect and manage building operations and maintenance, comfort, and energy performance issues, resulting in better equipment maintenance, higher occupant satisfaction, and reduced energy consumption and costs. Smart metered buildings can also track real-time energy consumption, allowing business owners to monitor and certify peak energy use reductions, and take advantage of lower electricity charges and peak demand incentive programs offered by utilities.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The initial cost, energy savings, and payback of smart technologies vary depending on the technology’s features and capabilities. In general, smart technologies that cover the whole building in one application benefit from economies of scale and cost less to install per square foot in larger buildings than in smaller ones. Individual technologies, such as smart thermostats typically cost less for smaller buildings. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation and commissioning costs compared to wired devices. Savings from the reduced utility demand charges often cover the costs of smart control projects.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart controls contribute to a building’s resiliency by providing real-time feedback on the status of critical building systems, notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, and providing remote access for turning systems on or off during potential power outages or other disruptive events. Smart sensors that do not rely on external power or wired networks can continue to provide feedback during power outages. Smart metering and smart devices and appliances with demand response ready equipment also benefit the energy system and promote resiliency by supporting grid stability, reducing peak energy demand, and increasing the use of renewable energy.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Marina Sofos. 2018. “Sensor and Control Technologies: R&amp;D Overview.” Building Technologies Office (BTO). U.S. Department of Energy: Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. BTO Peer Review. April 30, 2018. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/05/f52/Sofos-Peer-Review-S%26C-043018.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/05/f52/Sofos-Peer-Review-S%26C-043018.pdf</a> (accessed Aug 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   <a href=\"http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf\">http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf</a> (accessed August 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. <a href=\"https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes\">https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes</a> (accessed August 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   <a href=\"http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf\">http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf</a> (accessed August 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: A Deeper Dive into Market Segments.” December 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. <a href=\"http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf\">http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf</a> (accessed August 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. <a href=\"https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes\">https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes</a> (accessed August 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. <a href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/\">https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/</a>  (accessed May 3, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. <a href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/\">https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/</a>  (accessed May 3, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> EPRI. “Estimating the Cost and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf</a> (accessed May 5, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/\">ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-wind-energy-systems/\">On-Site Wind Energy Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-pv-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://aceee.org/\">American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://cda.iea-4e.org/\">The Connected Devices Alliance (CDA) Centre of Excellence</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/heating_cooling/smart_thermostats\">ENERGY STAR – Smart Thermostats</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartbuildingscenter.org/\">Smart Buildings Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/smart-controls\">Whole Building Design Guide – Smart Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Smart Sensors and Controls','','inherit','closed','closed','','2240-revision-v1','','','2022-04-22 19:32:36','2022-04-22 19:32:36','',2240,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2243',0,'revision','',0),