(1952,2,'2022-04-19 14:38:43','2022-04-19 14:38:43','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Chilled Beams\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What are Chilled Beams?</h2>\n<p>Chilled beams are room air recirculation systems integrated with acoustic ceilings or independently mounted that rely on radiant heat transfer from chilled or heated water coils to cool or heat a space.  Chilled beams use water as a heat transfer medium instead of air to cool or heat a room, taking advantage of water’s higher heat transfer capacity and lower transport energy and freeing up space and saving energy through reduced fan energy and equipment requirements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Chilled beams provide a flexible, easy to maintain, and energy-efficient alternative to variable air volume (VAV) systems and conventional air conditioning and heating systems, particularly for spaces that utilize individual zone control and experience moderate internal moisture loads.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>There are three types of chilled beam systems: passive, active, and multi-service. Passive chilled beams rely on the natural buoyancy of air to circulate through the heat exchanger, usually coils, to cool the air. In a passive system (most often used for cooling), hot air rises and becomes trapped in a space located above the chilled beams. Once the hot air interacts with the lower temperature beams, it naturally falls back into the room. Unlike active beams, passive beams are not directly connected to the ducted air supply and require a parallel ventilation system to handle dehumidification and latent loads and provide the primary air to drive the passive beam system.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Active systems direct air through the use of nozzles to the cooling or heating coils and allow for humidity control. Multi-purpose chilled beams can be used to supply other buildings services, such as lighting, speaker systems, IT systems, fire protection (sprinklers and detectors), acoustic insulation, Building Automation System sensors, and photocells.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_347\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1318\"]<img class=\"wp-image-347 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Fig-1-Chilled-Beams-2-images-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Active and Passive Chilled Beams (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"1318\" height=\"480\" /> Figure 1 – Active and Passive Chilled Beams (Source: US EPA).[/caption]\n<h2>How to Incorporate Chilled Beams</h2>\n<p>Chilled beams require specific applications but are often good candidates for retrofit projects and upgrades to HVAC systems in existing buildings due to their limited space requirements and ease of installation. However, chilled beams require specific applications and each chilled beam system design is unique, requiring project engineers to work closely with the manufacturer’s engineers in the design and selection of the chilled beam.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>According to best practice guidance from ASHRAE and REVHA chilled beams work best in applications with low air-side load fractions (or the percentage of the total air supply required by code for a zone) and in applications with high sensible heat ratios (or the percentage of the cooling load that is sensible compared to latent). For example, chilled beam systems can offer benefits over conventional systems if the sensible cooling load is substantially higher than the capacity of the air supplied to satisfy the latent loads.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>For comprehensive tools and guidance on designing, commissioning, and operating active and passive beam systems refer to the joint publication by ASHRAE and REVHA, “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.” Available for purchase at <a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org\">https://www.ashrae.org</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/standards/ashrae-200-2018?product_id=2030772\">ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 200-2018</a>, <em>Methods of Testing Chilled Beams</em>, establishes testing methods and procedures for determining the performance of chilled beams. Certification programs (<a href=\"http://www.eurovent-certification.com/index.php?lg=en\">Eurovent</a>, <a href=\"http://www.ahrinet.org/Home\">AHRI</a>) guarantee the accuracy of manufacturers’ technical data.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://ifnh.rutgers.edu/\">New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The IFNH building at Rutgers University, designed by Ballinger Architects finished in 2015 and built to LEED Gold standards is the first Rutgers University building to incorporate chilled beams as part of the building’s open laboratory design.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_403\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"702\"]<img class=\"wp-image-403 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Chilled-Beams-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Fig 2. New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health. (Source: Rutger University).\" width=\"702\" height=\"408\" /> Fig 2. New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health. (Source: Rutger University).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Chilled beams have the potential to save significant amounts of energy and operating costs compared to completely air-based systems because they move heat more efficiently by using water instead of air as the heat transfer fluid, reducing the reheat and fan energy required to operate the system.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Chilled beams also increase the usable floor space and ceiling height in a building by eliminating additional ductwork and equipment space requirements and allowing for modular configurations and flexible installations. Other advantages include enhanced thermal comfort (e.g., uniform air distribution), acoustic control (e.g., quiet operation) and indoor air quality (e.g., utilize 100% outside air and limit room to room air recirculation).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Finally, chilled beams offer lower maintenance and repair costs due to fewer mechanical components than conventional HVAC systems.</p>\n<h2>Cost</h2>\n<p>The cost of chilled beams varies depending on the design and application. Chilled beams often have higher materials costs than conventional VAV systems but lower installation, maintenance, and energy costs. For example, by requiring fewer air exchanges, chilled beams can result in the downsizing of ductwork, air-handling units, exhaust fans, chillers, and boilers, reducing first costa and helping to offset the cost of chilled beam infrastructure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> The growing number of certified manufacturers and installers and available incentives are also helping to make chilled beams more cost competitive with conventional technologies.</p>\n<p>See the NJ Clean Energy Program for current incentives and programs <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com</a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Chilled beams contribute to resiliency by decreasing energy consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Energy Design Resources. 2010. E-News #69: Chilled Beams. February 2010.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://energydesignresources.com/resources/e-news/e-news-69-chilled-beams.aspx\">https://energydesignresources.com/resources/e-news/e-news-69-chilled-beams.aspx</a> (accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> The American Society for Healthcare Engineering (ASHE), the Association for the Healthcare Environment (AHE), and the Association for Healthcare Resource &amp; Materials Management (AHRMM) of the American Hospital Association (AHA). 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” <a href=\"http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ\">http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ</a> Accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ASHE et al. 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” <a href=\"http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ\">http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ</a> Accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> ASHE et al. 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” <a href=\"http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ\">http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ</a> Accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/\">Re-Commissioning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ahrinet.org/Certification/AHRI-Certification-Programs/Active-Chilled-Beams\">Air-Conditioning, Heating &amp; Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Chilled Beams Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org\">ASHRAE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.rehva.eu\">REHVA – Federation of European Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Associations</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1945-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 14:38:43','2022-04-19 14:38:43','',1945,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1952',0,'revision','',0),(1954,2,'2022-04-19 14:38:47','2022-04-19 14:38:47','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Chilled Beams\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What are Chilled Beams?</h2>\n<p>Chilled beams are room air recirculation systems integrated with acoustic ceilings or independently mounted that rely on radiant heat transfer from chilled or heated water coils to cool or heat a space.  Chilled beams use water as a heat transfer medium instead of air to cool or heat a room, taking advantage of water’s higher heat transfer capacity and lower transport energy and freeing up space and saving energy through reduced fan energy and equipment requirements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Chilled beams provide a flexible, easy to maintain, and energy-efficient alternative to variable air volume (VAV) systems and conventional air conditioning and heating systems, particularly for spaces that utilize individual zone control and experience moderate internal moisture loads.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>There are three types of chilled beam systems: passive, active, and multi-service. Passive chilled beams rely on the natural buoyancy of air to circulate through the heat exchanger, usually coils, to cool the air. In a passive system (most often used for cooling), hot air rises and becomes trapped in a space located above the chilled beams. Once the hot air interacts with the lower temperature beams, it naturally falls back into the room. Unlike active beams, passive beams are not directly connected to the ducted air supply and require a parallel ventilation system to handle dehumidification and latent loads and provide the primary air to drive the passive beam system.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Active systems direct air through the use of nozzles to the cooling or heating coils and allow for humidity control. Multi-purpose chilled beams can be used to supply other buildings services, such as lighting, speaker systems, IT systems, fire protection (sprinklers and detectors), acoustic insulation, Building Automation System sensors, and photocells.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_347\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1318\"]<img class=\"wp-image-347 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Fig-1-Chilled-Beams-2-images-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Active and Passive Chilled Beams (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"1318\" height=\"480\" /> Figure 1 – Active and Passive Chilled Beams (Source: US EPA).[/caption]\n<h2>How to Incorporate Chilled Beams</h2>\n<p>Chilled beams require specific applications but are often good candidates for retrofit projects and upgrades to HVAC systems in existing buildings due to their limited space requirements and ease of installation. However, chilled beams require specific applications and each chilled beam system design is unique, requiring project engineers to work closely with the manufacturer’s engineers in the design and selection of the chilled beam.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>According to best practice guidance from ASHRAE and REVHA chilled beams work best in applications with low air-side load fractions (or the percentage of the total air supply required by code for a zone) and in applications with high sensible heat ratios (or the percentage of the cooling load that is sensible compared to latent). For example, chilled beam systems can offer benefits over conventional systems if the sensible cooling load is substantially higher than the capacity of the air supplied to satisfy the latent loads.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>For comprehensive tools and guidance on designing, commissioning, and operating active and passive beam systems refer to the joint publication by ASHRAE and REVHA, “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.” Available for purchase at <a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org\">https://www.ashrae.org</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/standards/ashrae-200-2018?product_id=2030772\">ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 200-2018</a>, <em>Methods of Testing Chilled Beams</em>, establishes testing methods and procedures for determining the performance of chilled beams. Certification programs (<a href=\"http://www.eurovent-certification.com/index.php?lg=en\">Eurovent</a>, <a href=\"http://www.ahrinet.org/Home\">AHRI</a>) guarantee the accuracy of manufacturers’ technical data.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://ifnh.rutgers.edu/\">New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The IFNH building at Rutgers University, designed by Ballinger Architects finished in 2015 and built to LEED Gold standards is the first Rutgers University building to incorporate chilled beams as part of the building’s open laboratory design.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_403\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"702\"]<img class=\"wp-image-403 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Chilled-Beams-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Fig 2. New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health. (Source: Rutger University).\" width=\"702\" height=\"408\" /> Fig 2. New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health. (Source: Rutger University).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Chilled beams have the potential to save significant amounts of energy and operating costs compared to completely air-based systems because they move heat more efficiently by using water instead of air as the heat transfer fluid, reducing the reheat and fan energy required to operate the system.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Chilled beams also increase the usable floor space and ceiling height in a building by eliminating additional ductwork and equipment space requirements and allowing for modular configurations and flexible installations. Other advantages include enhanced thermal comfort (e.g., uniform air distribution), acoustic control (e.g., quiet operation) and indoor air quality (e.g., utilize 100% outside air and limit room to room air recirculation).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Finally, chilled beams offer lower maintenance and repair costs due to fewer mechanical components than conventional HVAC systems.</p>\n<h2>Cost</h2>\n<p>The cost of chilled beams varies depending on the design and application. Chilled beams often have higher materials costs than conventional VAV systems but lower installation, maintenance, and energy costs. For example, by requiring fewer air exchanges, chilled beams can result in the downsizing of ductwork, air-handling units, exhaust fans, chillers, and boilers, reducing first costa and helping to offset the cost of chilled beam infrastructure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> The growing number of certified manufacturers and installers and available incentives are also helping to make chilled beams more cost competitive with conventional technologies.</p>\n<p>See the NJ Clean Energy Program for current incentives and programs <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com</a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Chilled beams contribute to resiliency by decreasing energy consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Energy Design Resources. 2010. E-News #69: Chilled Beams. February 2010.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://energydesignresources.com/resources/e-news/e-news-69-chilled-beams.aspx\">https://energydesignresources.com/resources/e-news/e-news-69-chilled-beams.aspx</a> (accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> The American Society for Healthcare Engineering (ASHE), the Association for the Healthcare Environment (AHE), and the Association for Healthcare Resource &amp; Materials Management (AHRMM) of the American Hospital Association (AHA). 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” <a href=\"http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ\">http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ</a> Accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ASHE et al. 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” <a href=\"http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ\">http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ</a> Accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> ASHE et al. 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” <a href=\"http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ\">http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ</a> Accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/\">Re-Commissioning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ahrinet.org/Certification/AHRI-Certification-Programs/Active-Chilled-Beams\">Air-Conditioning, Heating &amp; Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Chilled Beams Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org\">ASHRAE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.rehva.eu\">REHVA – Federation of European Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Associations</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Chilled Beams','','inherit','closed','closed','','1945-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 14:38:47','2022-04-19 14:38:47','',1945,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1954',0,'revision','',0),(1955,2,'2022-04-19 14:40:19','2022-04-19 14:40:19','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Chilled Beams\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What are Chilled Beams?</h2>\n<p>Chilled beams are room air recirculation systems integrated with acoustic ceilings or independently mounted that rely on radiant heat transfer from chilled or heated water coils to cool or heat a space.  Chilled beams use water as a heat transfer medium instead of air to cool or heat a room, taking advantage of water’s higher heat transfer capacity and lower transport energy and freeing up space and saving energy through reduced fan energy and equipment requirements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Chilled beams provide a flexible, easy to maintain, and energy-efficient alternative to variable air volume (VAV) systems and conventional air conditioning and heating systems, particularly for spaces that utilize individual zone control and experience moderate internal moisture loads.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>There are three types of chilled beam systems: passive, active, and multi-service. Passive chilled beams rely on the natural buoyancy of air to circulate through the heat exchanger, usually coils, to cool the air. In a passive system (most often used for cooling), hot air rises and becomes trapped in a space located above the chilled beams. Once the hot air interacts with the lower temperature beams, it naturally falls back into the room. Unlike active beams, passive beams are not directly connected to the ducted air supply and require a parallel ventilation system to handle dehumidification and latent loads and provide the primary air to drive the passive beam system.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Active systems direct air through the use of nozzles to the cooling or heating coils and allow for humidity control. Multi-purpose chilled beams can be used to supply other buildings services, such as lighting, speaker systems, IT systems, fire protection (sprinklers and detectors), acoustic insulation, Building Automation System sensors, and photocells.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_347\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1318\"]<img class=\"wp-image-347 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Fig-1-Chilled-Beams-2-images-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Active and Passive Chilled Beams (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"1318\" height=\"480\" /> Figure 1 – Active and Passive Chilled Beams (Source: US EPA).[/caption]\n<h2>How to Incorporate Chilled Beams</h2>\n<p>Chilled beams require specific applications but are often good candidates for retrofit projects and upgrades to HVAC systems in existing buildings due to their limited space requirements and ease of installation. However, chilled beams require specific applications and each chilled beam system design is unique, requiring project engineers to work closely with the manufacturer’s engineers in the design and selection of the chilled beam.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>According to best practice guidance from ASHRAE and REVHA chilled beams work best in applications with low air-side load fractions (or the percentage of the total air supply required by code for a zone) and in applications with high sensible heat ratios (or the percentage of the cooling load that is sensible compared to latent). For example, chilled beam systems can offer benefits over conventional systems if the sensible cooling load is substantially higher than the capacity of the air supplied to satisfy the latent loads.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>For comprehensive tools and guidance on designing, commissioning, and operating active and passive beam systems refer to the joint publication by ASHRAE and REVHA, “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.” Available for purchase at <a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org\">https://www.ashrae.org</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/standards/ashrae-200-2018?product_id=2030772\">ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 200-2018</a>, <em>Methods of Testing Chilled Beams</em>, establishes testing methods and procedures for determining the performance of chilled beams. Certification programs (<a href=\"http://www.eurovent-certification.com/index.php?lg=en\">Eurovent</a>, <a href=\"http://www.ahrinet.org/Home\">AHRI</a>) guarantee the accuracy of manufacturers’ technical data.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://ifnh.rutgers.edu/\">New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The IFNH building at Rutgers University, designed by Ballinger Architects finished in 2015 and built to LEED Gold standards is the first Rutgers University building to incorporate chilled beams as part of the building’s open laboratory design.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_403\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"702\"]<img class=\"wp-image-403 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Chilled-Beams-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Fig 2. New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health. (Source: Rutger University).\" width=\"702\" height=\"408\" /> Fig 2. New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health. (Source: Rutger University).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Chilled beams have the potential to save significant amounts of energy and operating costs compared to completely air-based systems because they move heat more efficiently by using water instead of air as the heat transfer fluid, reducing the reheat and fan energy required to operate the system.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Chilled beams also increase the usable floor space and ceiling height in a building by eliminating additional ductwork and equipment space requirements and allowing for modular configurations and flexible installations. Other advantages include enhanced thermal comfort (e.g., uniform air distribution), acoustic control (e.g., quiet operation) and indoor air quality (e.g., utilize 100% outside air and limit room to room air recirculation).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Finally, chilled beams offer lower maintenance and repair costs due to fewer mechanical components than conventional HVAC systems.</p>\n<h2>Cost</h2>\n<p>The cost of chilled beams varies depending on the design and application. Chilled beams often have higher materials costs than conventional VAV systems but lower installation, maintenance, and energy costs. For example, by requiring fewer air exchanges, chilled beams can result in the downsizing of ductwork, air-handling units, exhaust fans, chillers, and boilers, reducing first costa and helping to offset the cost of chilled beam infrastructure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> The growing number of certified manufacturers and installers and available incentives are also helping to make chilled beams more cost competitive with conventional technologies.</p>\n<p>See the NJ Clean Energy Program for current incentives and programs <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com</a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Chilled beams contribute to resiliency by decreasing energy consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Energy Design Resources. 2010. E-News #69: Chilled Beams. February 2010.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://energydesignresources.com/resources/e-news/e-news-69-chilled-beams.aspx\">https://energydesignresources.com/resources/e-news/e-news-69-chilled-beams.aspx</a> (accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> The American Society for Healthcare Engineering (ASHE), the Association for the Healthcare Environment (AHE), and the Association for Healthcare Resource &amp; Materials Management (AHRMM) of the American Hospital Association (AHA). 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” <a href=\"http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ\">http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ</a> Accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ASHE et al. 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” <a href=\"http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ\">http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ</a> Accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> ASHE et al. 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” <a href=\"http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ\">http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ</a> Accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/\">Re-Commissioning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ahrinet.org/Certification/AHRI-Certification-Programs/Active-Chilled-Beams\">Air-Conditioning, Heating &amp; Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Chilled Beams Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org\">ASHRAE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.rehva.eu\">REHVA – Federation of European Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Associations</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Chilled Beams','','inherit','closed','closed','','1945-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 14:40:19','2022-04-19 14:40:19','',1945,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1955',0,'revision','',0),(1956,2,'2022-04-19 14:45:33','2022-04-19 14:45:33','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Demand Control Ventilation\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Demand Control Ventilation?</h2>\n<p>Ventilation systems in commercial buildings, whether passive or active, help maintain the proper mix of gases in the air, control odors, and exhaust contaminants from occupied spaces (see <em>Natural Ventilation, Properly Sized, High-Performance HVAC and Controls</em>). Ventilation systems typically provide a constant flow of fresh air to occupants based on maximum building occupancy or full ventilation rates in contrast to a minimum or area ventilation rate based on reduced occupancy levels. Demand control ventilation (DCV) modulates between full and area ventilation rates based on actual or estimated occupancy levels, saving energy and improving indoor air quality. DCV systems can measure occupancy levels and adjust ventilation using one or more of the following methods:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-control-ventilation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors that adjust airflow based on CO2 levels or the number of occupants in a space.</li>\n<li>Occupant counting which counts actual or estimated occupants in a space using ticket sales, security swipes or video monitoring.</li>\n<li>Occupancy sensors that detect occupancy and switch between full or area ventilation rates.</li>\n<li>Scheduled ventilation based on estimated and scheduled occupancy.</li>\n<li>Set supply air CO2 concentrations based on design occupancy conditions in designated zones.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Figure 1 compares the different DCV methods and corresponding ventilation rates in response to changing occupancy levels.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_246\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1030\"]<img class=\"wp-image-246 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Demand-Control-Ventilation-Fig-1-1.png\" alt=\"Fig 1. Ventilation rates provided with fixed ventilation and DCV alternatives (Source: US DOE: Building Energy Codes)\" width=\"1030\" height=\"544\" /> Fig 1. Ventilation rates provided with fixed ventilation and DCV alternatives (Source: US DOE: Building Energy Codes)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Demand Control Ventilation</strong></h2>\n<p>Proper ventilation and good indoor air quality start with eliminating or reducing familiar sources of indoor air pollution such as off-gassing from building materials and furnishings.</p>\n<p>When incorporating a DCV system into an existing ventilation system, best practices include using zone occupancy sensors for small and less densely occupied zones, and CO2 sensors in large or densely occupied spaces, both with setpoints that follow the specific guidelines in Appendix A of the ASHRAE Standard 62.1 User’s Manual.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-control-ventilation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Well-designed and executed DCV systems take into account user requirements, operator training, and coordination among different building systems, such as occupancy sensors used for lighting and air flow. Commissioning and recommissioning provides an opportunity to check DCV set-points and offer potential energy and cost savings.</p>\n<h3>Examples</h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf\">Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation (DCV), Case Study, Minnesota.</a></p>\n<p>Information on a subset of six building systems collected from 32 buildings was taken across all seasons using building automation system data and instrumentation to document energy savings and indoor air quality before and after recommissioning of Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) systems. Building occupants also completed a comfort survey. System designers and operators provided lessons learned. Results showed that DCV implemented in large VAV systems can provide significant energy and cost savings in cold climates and recommissioning either provides additional energy savings or increased indoor air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-control-ventilation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/LGEA%20PDFs/Archives/Oradell%20Final%20LGEA%2012-03-12_Redacted.pdf\">Oradell Public School, Oradell, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The Oradell Public School conducted an energy audit as part of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities’ Local Government Energy Audit Program. The report recommended Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) as an Energy Conservation Measure (ECM) to reduce energy and utility costs and to improve indoor air quality. The following summarizes the estimated implementation costs and savings for Demand Control Ventilation (DCV):</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Electricity Savings: 18,400</li>\n<li>Natural Gas Savings: 2,700</li>\n<li>Estimated Savings: $5,200</li>\n<li>Estimated Installed Cost: $10,000</li>\n<li>Payback Period: 1.9</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>Ventilation requires energy to heat or cool outside air. Demand control ventilation (DCV) saves energy by reducing ventilation rates during times of vacancy and reduced peak occupancy. DCV improves indoor air quality, contributing to occupant health and productivity, by closely monitoring CO2 concentrations and occupancy levels that impact indoor air pollution and air quality.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>Compared to conventional ventilation systems, demand control ventilation adds up-front costs depending on the complexity and size of the system and number of sensors installed, ranging between $1 – $3 per cfm of outside air.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-control-ventilation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Demand control ventilation (DCV) offers an indirect resiliency benefit to buildings by reducing heating and cooling loads, thereby reducing stress on the grid, and the likelihood of brownouts.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-control-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> U.S. DOE. “Demand-Controlled Ventilation.” <a href=\"https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cn_demand_control_ventilation.pdf\">https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cn_demand_control_ventilation.pdf</a>  (accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-control-ventilation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources.<a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf\">https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-control-ventilation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources. <a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf\">https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-control-ventilation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources.<a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf\">https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly Sized, High-Performance HVAC and Controls</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/explore/green-building/section/30/ieq/system-overview\">General Service Administration (GSA) – Sustainable Facilities Tool</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/dcv\">Seventh Wave – Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cn_demand_control_ventilation.pdf\">US DOE: Building Energy Codes – Demand Control Ventilation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Demand Control Ventilation','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-demand-control-ventilation','','','2022-04-19 14:45:36','2022-04-19 14:45:36','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1956',0,'post','',0),(1957,2,'2022-04-19 14:43:05','2022-04-19 14:43:05','','EC Demand Control Ventilation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1956-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 14:43:05','2022-04-19 14:43:05','',1956,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1957',0,'revision','',0),(1959,2,'2022-04-19 14:45:33','2022-04-19 14:45:33','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Demand Control Ventilation\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Demand Control Ventilation?</h2>\n<p>Ventilation systems in commercial buildings, whether passive or active, help maintain the proper mix of gases in the air, control odors, and exhaust contaminants from occupied spaces (see <em>Natural Ventilation, Properly Sized, High-Performance HVAC and Controls</em>). Ventilation systems typically provide a constant flow of fresh air to occupants based on maximum building occupancy or full ventilation rates in contrast to a minimum or area ventilation rate based on reduced occupancy levels. Demand control ventilation (DCV) modulates between full and area ventilation rates based on actual or estimated occupancy levels, saving energy and improving indoor air quality. DCV systems can measure occupancy levels and adjust ventilation using one or more of the following methods:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-control-ventilation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors that adjust airflow based on CO2 levels or the number of occupants in a space.</li>\n<li>Occupant counting which counts actual or estimated occupants in a space using ticket sales, security swipes or video monitoring.</li>\n<li>Occupancy sensors that detect occupancy and switch between full or area ventilation rates.</li>\n<li>Scheduled ventilation based on estimated and scheduled occupancy.</li>\n<li>Set supply air CO2 concentrations based on design occupancy conditions in designated zones.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Figure 1 compares the different DCV methods and corresponding ventilation rates in response to changing occupancy levels.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_246\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1030\"]<img class=\"wp-image-246 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Demand-Control-Ventilation-Fig-1-1.png\" alt=\"Fig 1. Ventilation rates provided with fixed ventilation and DCV alternatives (Source: US DOE: Building Energy Codes)\" width=\"1030\" height=\"544\" /> Fig 1. Ventilation rates provided with fixed ventilation and DCV alternatives (Source: US DOE: Building Energy Codes)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Demand Control Ventilation</strong></h2>\n<p>Proper ventilation and good indoor air quality start with eliminating or reducing familiar sources of indoor air pollution such as off-gassing from building materials and furnishings.</p>\n<p>When incorporating a DCV system into an existing ventilation system, best practices include using zone occupancy sensors for small and less densely occupied zones, and CO2 sensors in large or densely occupied spaces, both with setpoints that follow the specific guidelines in Appendix A of the ASHRAE Standard 62.1 User’s Manual.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-control-ventilation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Well-designed and executed DCV systems take into account user requirements, operator training, and coordination among different building systems, such as occupancy sensors used for lighting and air flow. Commissioning and recommissioning provides an opportunity to check DCV set-points and offer potential energy and cost savings.</p>\n<h3>Examples</h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf\">Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation (DCV), Case Study, Minnesota.</a></p>\n<p>Information on a subset of six building systems collected from 32 buildings was taken across all seasons using building automation system data and instrumentation to document energy savings and indoor air quality before and after recommissioning of Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) systems. Building occupants also completed a comfort survey. System designers and operators provided lessons learned. Results showed that DCV implemented in large VAV systems can provide significant energy and cost savings in cold climates and recommissioning either provides additional energy savings or increased indoor air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-control-ventilation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/LGEA%20PDFs/Archives/Oradell%20Final%20LGEA%2012-03-12_Redacted.pdf\">Oradell Public School, Oradell, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The Oradell Public School conducted an energy audit as part of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities’ Local Government Energy Audit Program. The report recommended Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) as an Energy Conservation Measure (ECM) to reduce energy and utility costs and to improve indoor air quality. The following summarizes the estimated implementation costs and savings for Demand Control Ventilation (DCV):</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Electricity Savings: 18,400</li>\n<li>Natural Gas Savings: 2,700</li>\n<li>Estimated Savings: $5,200</li>\n<li>Estimated Installed Cost: $10,000</li>\n<li>Payback Period: 1.9</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>Ventilation requires energy to heat or cool outside air. Demand control ventilation (DCV) saves energy by reducing ventilation rates during times of vacancy and reduced peak occupancy. DCV improves indoor air quality, contributing to occupant health and productivity, by closely monitoring CO2 concentrations and occupancy levels that impact indoor air pollution and air quality.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>Compared to conventional ventilation systems, demand control ventilation adds up-front costs depending on the complexity and size of the system and number of sensors installed, ranging between $1 – $3 per cfm of outside air.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-control-ventilation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Demand control ventilation (DCV) offers an indirect resiliency benefit to buildings by reducing heating and cooling loads, thereby reducing stress on the grid, and the likelihood of brownouts.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-control-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> U.S. DOE. “Demand-Controlled Ventilation.” <a href=\"https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cn_demand_control_ventilation.pdf\">https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cn_demand_control_ventilation.pdf</a>  (accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-control-ventilation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources.<a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf\">https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-control-ventilation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources. <a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf\">https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-control-ventilation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources.<a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf\">https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly Sized, High-Performance HVAC and Controls</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/explore/green-building/section/30/ieq/system-overview\">General Service Administration (GSA) – Sustainable Facilities Tool</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/dcv\">Seventh Wave – Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cn_demand_control_ventilation.pdf\">US DOE: Building Energy Codes – Demand Control Ventilation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Demand Control Ventilation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1956-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 14:45:33','2022-04-19 14:45:33','',1956,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1959',0,'revision','',0),(1961,2,'2022-04-19 14:50:03','2022-04-19 14:50:03','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls? </strong></h2>\n<p>Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems consume 40% of the energy used in commercial buildings, providing opportunities for significant energy savings (10-40%), especially in existing buildings by replacing aging systems with properly-sized, high-performance HVAC systems and controls.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Each successive generation of HVAC equipment tends to be more efficient than the previous generation as a result of improved or new technology and design. In addition, as HVAC systems age and parts of the system experience decline in performance or failure due to wear and tear, the system becomes less efficient. Also, design engineers often oversize HVAC systems to comply with code or to meet the most extreme loads such as the coldest and hottest days of the year, and design systems with a built-in capacity for overloads which occur only 1% to 2.5% of the time.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Oversized equipment can result in higher installation and capital costs, reduced operating efficiency, and potential negative impacts on comfort. For example, short-cycling or excessive cycling of air conditioning equipment can lead to poor humidity control and moisture or mold issues and contributes to the wear and tear and longevity of equipment. Oversized systems use more fan power for blowers and can increase peak demand during the cooling season, leading to higher energy costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Oversizing can occur for a variety of reasons. Contractors may use standard rules of thumb based on experience rather than industry accepted practices and customers often request oversized units without understanding the calculations that go into sizing equipment or to accommodate planned expansions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Furthermore, many existing buildings are never commissioned to ensure that HVAC systems and HVAC controls, which regulate HVAC systems to maintain occupant comfort and save energy, are working correctly (see Re-Commissioning). Controls give operations and maintenance personnel the ability to monitor and adjust the HVAC system based upon real-time changes in the outdoor environment and indoor occupancy levels (<em>see Smart Sensors and Controls</em>). Controls include but are not limited to programmable thermostats to reduce heating and cooling loads (temperature), variable frequency drives (ventilation), occupancy sensors (lighting), and system integrated windows, all of which can have a significant impact upon the indoor environmental quality of a given space. Ongoing training for building operators and commissioning can ensure that HVAC systems and controls work effectively.</p>\n<p>Properly-sized, high-performance HVAC equipment, and controls consider the interaction among building systems, and the potential synergies and contradictions among these systems, taking into account the energy savings achieved through building envelope strategies, smart controls, and occupant behaviors when selecting equipment and designing air distribution systems (see <em>Integrated Design Process, Roof Replacement and Upgrades, Windows and Skylights, and Exterior Wall System Upgrades</em>).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_272\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"600\"]<img class=\"wp-image-272 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Properly-Sized-HVAC-and-Controls-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – A High-Efficiency Electric Chiller (Source: Association for Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education)\" width=\"600\" height=\"462\" /> Figure 1 – A High-Efficiency Electric Chiller (Source: Association for Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment</strong></h2>\n<p>First, commission the HVAC system or conduct commissioning on the whole building that includes a comprehensive energy audit to determine the costs and benefits of energy efficiency improvements, operation and maintenance changes, and HVAC equipment upgrades. The evaluation process should include an examination of all the components of the HVAC systems for wear and tear, from the most expensive components to the piping and insulation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Use the results of the energy audit and final commissioning report to incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Select appropriately sized, high-performance HVAC equipment and controls that reflect the impact of different energy-efficient design measures and building operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as how often the system runs on part load (<em>see Chilled Beams, Demand Control Ventilation, Natural Ventilation, Thermal Energy Storage, and Variable Frequency Drives)</em>. Consider part-load performance when selecting equipment as most heating, and cooling equipment fails to operate at peak efficiency unless fully loaded (see <em>Part-Load Efficiency</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> One approach to downsizing HVAC equipment uses a small, efficient system to manage normal loads, and designates a backup system or relies on energy storage for extreme conditions that demand additional load capacity and occur less frequently (see <em>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Thermal Energy Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> In general, properly sizing HVAC equipment avoids providing excess capacity and allocates extra physical space for additional equipment and designs modular distribution systems that can accept additional equipment for future expansion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https://www.acca.org/home\">Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)</a>, Manual N, “<em>Commercial Load Calculation</em>,” and provides industry-accepted standards for properly sizing HVAC systems, and the ACCA Manual Q, “<em>Commercial Duct Design</em>,” provides guidance and performance criteria for duct system design.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_567\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"536\"]<img class=\"wp-image-567 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Properly-Sized-HVAC-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Heating system composed of several gas-fired boilers controlled by variable frequency drives that optimize boiler operation (Source: Rutgers University)\" width=\"536\" height=\"750\" /> Figure 2 – Heating system composed of several gas-fired boilers controlled by variable frequency drives that optimize boiler operation (Source: Rutgers University)[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings\">GSA’s Emerging Building Technologies – HVAC Published Findings</a></p>\n<p>The General Service Administration’s Emerging Building Technologies program publishes case study findings, such as innovative and cost-effective HVAC technologies to inform decision making on federal buildings.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Properly-sized, high-performance HVAC equipment and controls reduce energy consumption, water use and emissions, provide cost savings, manage occupant comfort and maintain indoor air quality.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating a whole-building energy-saving approach including envelope strategies, high-performance lighting, and energy-efficient windows can reduce peak heating and cooling loads and result in smaller HVAC systems that cost less upfront than larger capacity models and save 30% on average on annual utility costs  (<em>see High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls, and Windows and Skylights</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Additional upfront costs for commissioning and energy audits often pay for themselves through realized energy and cost savings.</p>\n<p>For information on available HVAC equipment incentives, visit <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/application-forms/application-forms-0\">The New Jersey Clean Energy’s Smart Start Building Program</a>. State incentives tend to be in the form of low-interest loans, grants, and tax incentives for the greening of buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Properly-sized, high-performance HVAC equipment and controls increase resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption and peak loads which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid natural gas, water, and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. HVAC Interaction of the Building Envelope.  <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/env_hvac_integration.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/env_hvac_integration.php</a> (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a>  (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a>  (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> ENERGY STAR Building Manual. <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/buildings/tools/EPA_BUM_CH9_HVAC.pdf\">https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/buildings/tools/EPA_BUM_CH9_HVAC.pdf</a>  “Heating and Cooling System Upgrades” (accessed May 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Roth, Amir. 2017. “Building Energy Modeling 101: HVAC Design and Operation Use Case.” US DOE Building Technologies Program. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case</a> (accessed Nov 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> US DOE. “Tax Credits, Rebates, &amp; Savings” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/savings/search?keyword=HVAC&amp;f%5B0%5D=im_field_rebate_state%3A860091\">https://www.energy.gov/savings/search?keyword=HVAC&amp;f%5B0%5D=im_field_rebate_state%3A860091</a>  (accessed May 28, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/\">Chilled Beams</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-control-ventilation/\">Demand Control Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/\">Exterior Walls System Upgrades</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-high-efficiency-lighting-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/\">Roof Replacement and Upgrades</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/\">Windows and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/\">Variable Frequency Drives</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.acca.org/\">Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?fromSir=0&amp;state=NJ\">Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov\">Sustainable Facilities Tool</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>ENERGY STAR</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/buildings/tools/EPA_BUM_CH9_HVAC.pdf\">Building Program – Heating and Cooling System Upgrades</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=heat_cool.pr_maintenance\">Maintenance Checklist</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=hvac_install.hvac_install_index\">Verified HVAC Installations (ESVI)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">Building Technologies Program Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case\">Computer Program Listing for a range of HVAC measurements and calculations</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/energyanalysis.php?r=hvac\">Energy Analysis Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">High-Performance HVAC</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php#rcas\">Relevant codes</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls','','','2022-04-19 14:50:07','2022-04-19 14:50:07','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1961',0,'post','',0),(1962,2,'2022-04-19 14:46:30','2022-04-19 14:46:30','','EC Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls','','inherit','closed','closed','','1961-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 14:46:30','2022-04-19 14:46:30','',1961,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1962',0,'revision','',0),(1964,2,'2022-04-19 14:50:03','2022-04-19 14:50:03','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls? </strong></h2>\n<p>Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems consume 40% of the energy used in commercial buildings, providing opportunities for significant energy savings (10-40%), especially in existing buildings by replacing aging systems with properly-sized, high-performance HVAC systems and controls.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Each successive generation of HVAC equipment tends to be more efficient than the previous generation as a result of improved or new technology and design. In addition, as HVAC systems age and parts of the system experience decline in performance or failure due to wear and tear, the system becomes less efficient. Also, design engineers often oversize HVAC systems to comply with code or to meet the most extreme loads such as the coldest and hottest days of the year, and design systems with a built-in capacity for overloads which occur only 1% to 2.5% of the time.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Oversized equipment can result in higher installation and capital costs, reduced operating efficiency, and potential negative impacts on comfort. For example, short-cycling or excessive cycling of air conditioning equipment can lead to poor humidity control and moisture or mold issues and contributes to the wear and tear and longevity of equipment. Oversized systems use more fan power for blowers and can increase peak demand during the cooling season, leading to higher energy costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Oversizing can occur for a variety of reasons. Contractors may use standard rules of thumb based on experience rather than industry accepted practices and customers often request oversized units without understanding the calculations that go into sizing equipment or to accommodate planned expansions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Furthermore, many existing buildings are never commissioned to ensure that HVAC systems and HVAC controls, which regulate HVAC systems to maintain occupant comfort and save energy, are working correctly (see Re-Commissioning). Controls give operations and maintenance personnel the ability to monitor and adjust the HVAC system based upon real-time changes in the outdoor environment and indoor occupancy levels (<em>see Smart Sensors and Controls</em>). Controls include but are not limited to programmable thermostats to reduce heating and cooling loads (temperature), variable frequency drives (ventilation), occupancy sensors (lighting), and system integrated windows, all of which can have a significant impact upon the indoor environmental quality of a given space. Ongoing training for building operators and commissioning can ensure that HVAC systems and controls work effectively.</p>\n<p>Properly-sized, high-performance HVAC equipment, and controls consider the interaction among building systems, and the potential synergies and contradictions among these systems, taking into account the energy savings achieved through building envelope strategies, smart controls, and occupant behaviors when selecting equipment and designing air distribution systems (see <em>Integrated Design Process, Roof Replacement and Upgrades, Windows and Skylights, and Exterior Wall System Upgrades</em>).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_272\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"600\"]<img class=\"wp-image-272 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Properly-Sized-HVAC-and-Controls-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – A High-Efficiency Electric Chiller (Source: Association for Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education)\" width=\"600\" height=\"462\" /> Figure 1 – A High-Efficiency Electric Chiller (Source: Association for Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment</strong></h2>\n<p>First, commission the HVAC system or conduct commissioning on the whole building that includes a comprehensive energy audit to determine the costs and benefits of energy efficiency improvements, operation and maintenance changes, and HVAC equipment upgrades. The evaluation process should include an examination of all the components of the HVAC systems for wear and tear, from the most expensive components to the piping and insulation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Use the results of the energy audit and final commissioning report to incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Select appropriately sized, high-performance HVAC equipment and controls that reflect the impact of different energy-efficient design measures and building operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as how often the system runs on part load (<em>see Chilled Beams, Demand Control Ventilation, Natural Ventilation, Thermal Energy Storage, and Variable Frequency Drives)</em>. Consider part-load performance when selecting equipment as most heating, and cooling equipment fails to operate at peak efficiency unless fully loaded (see <em>Part-Load Efficiency</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> One approach to downsizing HVAC equipment uses a small, efficient system to manage normal loads, and designates a backup system or relies on energy storage for extreme conditions that demand additional load capacity and occur less frequently (see <em>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Thermal Energy Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> In general, properly sizing HVAC equipment avoids providing excess capacity and allocates extra physical space for additional equipment and designs modular distribution systems that can accept additional equipment for future expansion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https://www.acca.org/home\">Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)</a>, Manual N, “<em>Commercial Load Calculation</em>,” and provides industry-accepted standards for properly sizing HVAC systems, and the ACCA Manual Q, “<em>Commercial Duct Design</em>,” provides guidance and performance criteria for duct system design.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_567\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"536\"]<img class=\"wp-image-567 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Properly-Sized-HVAC-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Heating system composed of several gas-fired boilers controlled by variable frequency drives that optimize boiler operation (Source: Rutgers University)\" width=\"536\" height=\"750\" /> Figure 2 – Heating system composed of several gas-fired boilers controlled by variable frequency drives that optimize boiler operation (Source: Rutgers University)[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings\">GSA’s Emerging Building Technologies – HVAC Published Findings</a></p>\n<p>The General Service Administration’s Emerging Building Technologies program publishes case study findings, such as innovative and cost-effective HVAC technologies to inform decision making on federal buildings.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Properly-sized, high-performance HVAC equipment and controls reduce energy consumption, water use and emissions, provide cost savings, manage occupant comfort and maintain indoor air quality.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating a whole-building energy-saving approach including envelope strategies, high-performance lighting, and energy-efficient windows can reduce peak heating and cooling loads and result in smaller HVAC systems that cost less upfront than larger capacity models and save 30% on average on annual utility costs  (<em>see High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls, and Windows and Skylights</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Additional upfront costs for commissioning and energy audits often pay for themselves through realized energy and cost savings.</p>\n<p>For information on available HVAC equipment incentives, visit <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/application-forms/application-forms-0\">The New Jersey Clean Energy’s Smart Start Building Program</a>. State incentives tend to be in the form of low-interest loans, grants, and tax incentives for the greening of buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Properly-sized, high-performance HVAC equipment and controls increase resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption and peak loads which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid natural gas, water, and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. HVAC Interaction of the Building Envelope.  <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/env_hvac_integration.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/env_hvac_integration.php</a> (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a>  (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a>  (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> ENERGY STAR Building Manual. <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/buildings/tools/EPA_BUM_CH9_HVAC.pdf\">https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/buildings/tools/EPA_BUM_CH9_HVAC.pdf</a>  “Heating and Cooling System Upgrades” (accessed May 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Roth, Amir. 2017. “Building Energy Modeling 101: HVAC Design and Operation Use Case.” US DOE Building Technologies Program. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case</a> (accessed Nov 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> US DOE. “Tax Credits, Rebates, &amp; Savings” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/savings/search?keyword=HVAC&amp;f%5B0%5D=im_field_rebate_state%3A860091\">https://www.energy.gov/savings/search?keyword=HVAC&amp;f%5B0%5D=im_field_rebate_state%3A860091</a>  (accessed May 28, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/\">Chilled Beams</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-control-ventilation/\">Demand Control Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/\">Exterior Walls System Upgrades</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-high-efficiency-lighting-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/\">Roof Replacement and Upgrades</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/\">Windows and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/\">Variable Frequency Drives</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.acca.org/\">Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?fromSir=0&amp;state=NJ\">Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov\">Sustainable Facilities Tool</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>ENERGY STAR</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/buildings/tools/EPA_BUM_CH9_HVAC.pdf\">Building Program – Heating and Cooling System Upgrades</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=heat_cool.pr_maintenance\">Maintenance Checklist</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=hvac_install.hvac_install_index\">Verified HVAC Installations (ESVI)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">Building Technologies Program Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case\">Computer Program Listing for a range of HVAC measurements and calculations</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/energyanalysis.php?r=hvac\">Energy Analysis Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">High-Performance HVAC</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php#rcas\">Relevant codes</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls','','inherit','closed','closed','','1961-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 14:50:03','2022-04-19 14:50:03','',1961,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1964',0,'revision','',0),(1966,2,'2022-04-19 14:53:26','2022-04-19 14:53:26','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Variable Frequency Drives\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)? </strong></h2>\n<p>A variable frequency drive (VFD), also known as a variable-speed drive, adjustable-speed drive or inverter refers to a device that controls the voltage and frequency supplied to a motor, varying the speed of a motor or the flow in distribution systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Flow can refer to various systems such as water, air or energy. Many applications and existing commercial HVAC systems use fixed or single speed motors and regulate flow and pressure with dampers and valves, which can throttle and reduce efficiency.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>VFDs on fans (e.g., supply and return fans, exhaust fans, boiler fans, or condenser fans) save energy by allowing the volume of air moved to match the system demand. VFDs can control the speed of electric motors by applying a low frequency and a low voltage during motor startup, then ramping up to accelerate the load while limiting current. During a shutdown, VFDs can also allow motors to ramp down at a controlled rate. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> When applied to a HVAC system, more specifically the air handling units (AHU), VFDs can vary motor speed to precisely match the load, a critical energy-saving measure for frequently oversized HVAC systems that work inefficiently at part-load (see <em>Part-Load Efficiency and Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_168\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"416\"]<img class=\"wp-image-168 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-VFD-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Variable frequency drives, Atrium Building – Secaucus, NJ (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"416\" height=\"462\" /> Figure 1 – Variable frequency drives, Atrium Building – Secaucus, NJ (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Variable Frequency Drives </strong></h2>\n<p>Coordinate work between the mechanical engineer and contractor to determine opportunities to install VFDs and to size VFDs to match load requirements accurately. In general, existing systems with constant speed motors that already modulate flow with mechanical devices provide a better match for VFD retrofits than existing systems that require constant flow.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/success_stories/Rutgers%20Success%20Story%20-%20final.pdf\">Rutgers University Campuses, New Brunswick, Newark and Camden, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>University engineers at Rutgers conducted a comprehensive energy audit and identified the opportunity to save energy and costs by installing premium efficiency motors and variable frequency drives at multiple campus buildings spanning several university locations. The project expects to have a three-year payback and save an average of 2.8 million kilowatt hours of electricity and prevent the release of 1,500 tons of CO2 on an annual basis.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> VFDs can also contribute to demand reduction under the right operational scenario.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Minimizes mechanical and electrical stress on the motor system, lowering maintenance and repair costs and extending motor life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n<li>Reduces the horsepower (HP) required to run a system by the cube of its motor speed, providing significant energy, demand and costs savings when motor speeds can vary to match a load.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></li>\n<li>Enhances overall system performance by matching system capacity to the actual load.</li>\n<li>Allows for improvements in thermal comfort which can impact occupant satisfaction and productivity.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of incorporating VFDs into an existing HVAC system depends on the characteristics of the existing system and on the manufacturer and supplier. Equipment costs also vary depending on the horsepower (HP) rating, ranging from $1,000 for 5 HP VFD models to $15,000 for 200 HP VFD models.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Energy savings from reduced maintenance and longer equipment life and available incentives can reduce payback periods and increase long-term savings.</p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a> for available incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>VFDs increase resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, and peak loads which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid and natural gas and water and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Bernier, Michael A, and Bernard Bourret. 1999. Pumping energy and variable frequency drives. <em>ASHRAE Journal</em>. 37.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Centre for Energy Advancement through Technological Innovation (CEATI) International. 2009. Variable Frequency Drives: Energy Efficiency Reference Guide. <a href=\"https://www.ceati.com/freepublications/7025_guide_web.pdf\">https://www.ceati.com/freepublications/7025_guide_web.pdf</a> (accessed Dec 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a>Yaskawa. “Five Reasons for VFDs in HVAC Applications.” <a href=\"https://www.yaskawa.com/delegate/getAttachment?documentId=WP.HVAC.03&amp;cmd=documents&amp;documentName=WP.HVAC.03.pdf\">https://www.yaskawa.com/delegate/getAttachment?documentId=WP.HVAC.03&amp;cmd=documents&amp;documentName=WP.HVAC.03.pdf</a> (accessed June 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Edward Sullivan. 2014. “Analyze VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) Retrofit Applications To Ensure Savings.” FacilitiesNet <a href=\"https://www.facilitiesnet.com/hvac/article/Analyze-VFD-Variable-Frequency-Drive-Retrofit-Applications-To-Ensure-Savings--14674\">https://www.facilitiesnet.com/hvac/article/Analyze-VFD-Variable-Frequency-Drive-Retrofit-Applications-To-Ensure-Savings–14674</a> (accessed Dec 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Project information, savings and environmental benefits provided by Michael Kornitas, Energy Conservation Manager, Rutgers University.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> California Energy Commission. “Water/Wastewater Efficiency:  Variable frequency drives.” <a href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/process/pubs/vfds.pdf\">http://www.energy.ca.gov/process/pubs/vfds.pdf</a> (accessed June 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> American Society for Healthcare Engineering (ASHE). 2010. Sustainability Roadmap: Install Variable Frequency Drives on Pumps and Motors. <a href=\"http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/224#.XAgk9C3Mzq0\">http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/224#.XAgk9C3Mzq0</a> (accessed Dec 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Navigant. 2013. “Incremental Cost Study Phase Two Final Report – A Report on 12 Energy Efficiency Measures Incremental Costs in Six Northeast and Mid-Atlantic Markets. Prepared for the Evaluation, Measurement and Verification Forum. Chaired by the Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships. <a href=\"https://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/NEEP%20ICS2%20FINAL%20REPORT%202013Feb11-Website.pdf\">https://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/NEEP%20ICS2%20FINAL%20REPORT%202013Feb11-Website.pdf</a> (accessed Dec 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=hvac_install.hvac_install_index\">ENERGY STAR Verified HVAC Installations (ESVI)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/downloads/adjustable-speed-drive-part-load-efficiency\">US Department of Energy – Adjustable Speed Drive Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/application-forms/application-forms\">NJ Clean Energy SmartStart Buildings Program</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Variable Frequency Drives','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-variable-frequency-drives','','','2022-04-19 14:53:30','2022-04-19 14:53:30','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1966',0,'post','',0),(1967,2,'2022-04-19 14:51:32','2022-04-19 14:51:32','','EC Variable Frequency Drives','','inherit','closed','closed','','1966-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 14:51:32','2022-04-19 14:51:32','',1966,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1967',0,'revision','',0),(1969,2,'2022-04-19 14:53:26','2022-04-19 14:53:26','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Variable Frequency Drives\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)? </strong></h2>\n<p>A variable frequency drive (VFD), also known as a variable-speed drive, adjustable-speed drive or inverter refers to a device that controls the voltage and frequency supplied to a motor, varying the speed of a motor or the flow in distribution systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Flow can refer to various systems such as water, air or energy. Many applications and existing commercial HVAC systems use fixed or single speed motors and regulate flow and pressure with dampers and valves, which can throttle and reduce efficiency.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>VFDs on fans (e.g., supply and return fans, exhaust fans, boiler fans, or condenser fans) save energy by allowing the volume of air moved to match the system demand. VFDs can control the speed of electric motors by applying a low frequency and a low voltage during motor startup, then ramping up to accelerate the load while limiting current. During a shutdown, VFDs can also allow motors to ramp down at a controlled rate. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> When applied to a HVAC system, more specifically the air handling units (AHU), VFDs can vary motor speed to precisely match the load, a critical energy-saving measure for frequently oversized HVAC systems that work inefficiently at part-load (see <em>Part-Load Efficiency and Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_168\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"416\"]<img class=\"wp-image-168 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-VFD-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Variable frequency drives, Atrium Building – Secaucus, NJ (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"416\" height=\"462\" /> Figure 1 – Variable frequency drives, Atrium Building – Secaucus, NJ (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Variable Frequency Drives </strong></h2>\n<p>Coordinate work between the mechanical engineer and contractor to determine opportunities to install VFDs and to size VFDs to match load requirements accurately. In general, existing systems with constant speed motors that already modulate flow with mechanical devices provide a better match for VFD retrofits than existing systems that require constant flow.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/success_stories/Rutgers%20Success%20Story%20-%20final.pdf\">Rutgers University Campuses, New Brunswick, Newark and Camden, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>University engineers at Rutgers conducted a comprehensive energy audit and identified the opportunity to save energy and costs by installing premium efficiency motors and variable frequency drives at multiple campus buildings spanning several university locations. The project expects to have a three-year payback and save an average of 2.8 million kilowatt hours of electricity and prevent the release of 1,500 tons of CO2 on an annual basis.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> VFDs can also contribute to demand reduction under the right operational scenario.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Minimizes mechanical and electrical stress on the motor system, lowering maintenance and repair costs and extending motor life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n<li>Reduces the horsepower (HP) required to run a system by the cube of its motor speed, providing significant energy, demand and costs savings when motor speeds can vary to match a load.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></li>\n<li>Enhances overall system performance by matching system capacity to the actual load.</li>\n<li>Allows for improvements in thermal comfort which can impact occupant satisfaction and productivity.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of incorporating VFDs into an existing HVAC system depends on the characteristics of the existing system and on the manufacturer and supplier. Equipment costs also vary depending on the horsepower (HP) rating, ranging from $1,000 for 5 HP VFD models to $15,000 for 200 HP VFD models.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Energy savings from reduced maintenance and longer equipment life and available incentives can reduce payback periods and increase long-term savings.</p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a> for available incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>VFDs increase resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, and peak loads which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid and natural gas and water and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Bernier, Michael A, and Bernard Bourret. 1999. Pumping energy and variable frequency drives. <em>ASHRAE Journal</em>. 37.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Centre for Energy Advancement through Technological Innovation (CEATI) International. 2009. Variable Frequency Drives: Energy Efficiency Reference Guide. <a href=\"https://www.ceati.com/freepublications/7025_guide_web.pdf\">https://www.ceati.com/freepublications/7025_guide_web.pdf</a> (accessed Dec 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a>Yaskawa. “Five Reasons for VFDs in HVAC Applications.” <a href=\"https://www.yaskawa.com/delegate/getAttachment?documentId=WP.HVAC.03&amp;cmd=documents&amp;documentName=WP.HVAC.03.pdf\">https://www.yaskawa.com/delegate/getAttachment?documentId=WP.HVAC.03&amp;cmd=documents&amp;documentName=WP.HVAC.03.pdf</a> (accessed June 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Edward Sullivan. 2014. “Analyze VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) Retrofit Applications To Ensure Savings.” FacilitiesNet <a href=\"https://www.facilitiesnet.com/hvac/article/Analyze-VFD-Variable-Frequency-Drive-Retrofit-Applications-To-Ensure-Savings--14674\">https://www.facilitiesnet.com/hvac/article/Analyze-VFD-Variable-Frequency-Drive-Retrofit-Applications-To-Ensure-Savings–14674</a> (accessed Dec 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Project information, savings and environmental benefits provided by Michael Kornitas, Energy Conservation Manager, Rutgers University.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> California Energy Commission. “Water/Wastewater Efficiency:  Variable frequency drives.” <a href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/process/pubs/vfds.pdf\">http://www.energy.ca.gov/process/pubs/vfds.pdf</a> (accessed June 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> American Society for Healthcare Engineering (ASHE). 2010. Sustainability Roadmap: Install Variable Frequency Drives on Pumps and Motors. <a href=\"http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/224#.XAgk9C3Mzq0\">http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/224#.XAgk9C3Mzq0</a> (accessed Dec 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Navigant. 2013. “Incremental Cost Study Phase Two Final Report – A Report on 12 Energy Efficiency Measures Incremental Costs in Six Northeast and Mid-Atlantic Markets. Prepared for the Evaluation, Measurement and Verification Forum. Chaired by the Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships. <a href=\"https://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/NEEP%20ICS2%20FINAL%20REPORT%202013Feb11-Website.pdf\">https://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/NEEP%20ICS2%20FINAL%20REPORT%202013Feb11-Website.pdf</a> (accessed Dec 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=hvac_install.hvac_install_index\">ENERGY STAR Verified HVAC Installations (ESVI)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/downloads/adjustable-speed-drive-part-load-efficiency\">US Department of Energy – Adjustable Speed Drive Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/application-forms/application-forms\">NJ Clean Energy SmartStart Buildings Program</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Variable Frequency Drives','','inherit','closed','closed','','1966-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 14:53:26','2022-04-19 14:53:26','',1966,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1969',0,'revision','',0),(1970,2,'2022-04-19 14:55:19','2022-04-19 14:55:19','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Existing Commercial Buildings\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The Manual supports the greening of existing commercial buildings, which continue to represent untapped potential in common green building areas such as energy efficiency, environmental performance, indoor air quality, and occupant comfort.</p>\n<p>The Manual organizes existing commercial building upgrade strategies by focus areas such as “energy &amp; resilience” or “environment &amp; health.” Each strategy includes a short explanation or definition, implementation recommendations, New Jersey specific examples (when available), and sections on strategy benefits, costs, resiliency (if applicable), and additional resources.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Planning & Site Design\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf568;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operational Tools\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe035;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/\">Life-Cycle-Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/\">Re-Commissioning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-composting/\">Composting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/\">Site and Stormwater Management</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Energy & Resilience\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf5ba;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Envelope\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf17a;||fa||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/\">Exterior Wall Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/\">Roof Replacement and Upgrades</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/\">Windows and Skylights</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Lighting\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0eb;||fa||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-high-efficiency-lighting-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-light-pollution-reduction/\">Light Pollution Reduction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"HVAC\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf3fd;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-chilled-beams/\">Chilled Beams</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-control-ventilation/\">Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-variable-frequency-drives/\">Variable Frequency Drives (VFD)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy Supply\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Back-up Systems\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf242;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Environment & Health\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf21e;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Water\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf043;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Waste & Materials\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Air Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Occupant Health and Productivity\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf406;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Building Performance\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf201;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operations & Maintenance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf274;||fa||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Evaluation\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf080;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Smart Infrastructure\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1eb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.03)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Case Studies</h2>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"30%\" module_alignment=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_divider][et_pb_portfolio fullwidth=\"off\" include_categories=\"4\" show_categories=\"off\" show_pagination=\"off\" hover_overlay_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_portfolio][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Existing Commercial','','inherit','closed','closed','','1013-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 14:55:19','2022-04-19 14:55:19','',1013,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1970',0,'revision','',0),(1971,3,'2022-04-19 15:09:42','2022-04-19 15:09:42','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"High-Efficiency Water Heaters\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What are High-Efficiency Water Heaters?</h2>\n<p>High-efficiency water heaters provide an energy-efficient method of supplying domestic hot water. Figure 1 shows several different types of water heaters, including storage, tankless, heat pump, solar, and tankless coil, and indirect water heaters.</p>\n<p>Conventional, storage water heaters hold hot water in a tank, while tankless water heaters only heat the water upon demand. Heat pump water heaters use electricity to transport heat from one source to another (e.g., air-source heat pumps, geothermal heat pumps) instead of providing heat for hot water directly (<em>see Geothermal Heat Pumps</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Solar water heaters utilize the sun’s heat and tankless coil, and indirect water heaters use a building’s heating system to provide domestic hot water (<em>see Solar Thermal Systems</em>).</p>\n<p>Typical energy sources for high-efficiency water heaters include natural gas, propane, electricity, and solar. The availability and cost of any of these sources or combinations of these sources can dictate equipment and system selection along with other selection criteria including the home’s hot water requirements such as usage times, amount of water use, temperature range, and flow rates.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_42\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1196\"]<img class=\"wp-image-42 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-High-Efficiency-Water-Heaters-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Types of water heaters. (Source: US DOE Energy Saver 101: Water Heaters)\" width=\"1196\" height=\"660\" /> Figure 1. Types of water heaters. (Source: US DOE Energy Saver 101: Water Heaters)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>How to Incorporate a High-Efficiency Water Heater</h2>\n<p>Selecting a high-efficiency water heater is part of a whole home water conservation strategy to reduce indoor water consumption by specifying water-efficient fixtures, equipment, and systems (see Indoor Water Conservation). Work with experienced and knowledgeable residential water heater professionals to navigate the marketplace of available high-efficiency water heaters to find the best water heater model to supply hot water reliably, while saving energy and costs.</p>\n<p>The NJ Office of Clean Energy offers the following recommendations for purchasing and installing a water heater for your home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Choose a properly-sized tank or equipment capacity to meet your household’s hot water needs.</li>\n<li>Install your new system in an easy to access and maintain location.</li>\n<li>Properly vent and insulate at least the first 15 feet of your hot water pipes.</li>\n<li>Understand the maintenance requirements of your water heater and have your installer show you how to perform basic maintenance tasks.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The US Department of Energy’s<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/new-infographic-and-projects-keep-your-energy-bills-out-hot-water\">Energy Saver 101: Water Heating infographic</a><span> </span>provides additional information about the different types of water heaters and advice on selecting the right model for your home. Before purchasing a water heater, consult Energy Star’s list of qualified products and check the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>for rebate requirements, including the minimum Uniform Energy Factor (UEF), which measures the energy efficiency of the water heater.</p>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>High-efficiency water heaters use less energy than a standard water heater, primarily by taking less time to heat water, which in turn translates to fewer carbon emissions and lower utility bills.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>High-efficiency water heaters have higher upfront costs than standard water heaters but provide long-term cost savings through reduced energy costs. If different fuel options are available in your area, contact your local utility to compare fuel costs and rates as average cost savings depend largely on energy costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>High-efficiency water heaters contribute to resiliency by decreasing energy consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on fuel sources and energy infrastructure.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US DOE. 2018. Heat Pump Water Heaters.<span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41#bdc\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41#bdc</a><span> </span>(accessed January 24, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>New Jersey’s Clean Energy Program. 2018. WARMAdvantage Rebates<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/warmadvantage\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/warmadvantage</a><span> </span>(accessed January 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>US DOE. 2018. Selecting a New Water Heater.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/selecting-new-water-heater\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/selecting-new-water-heater<span> </span></a>(accessed January 23, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-indoor-water-conservation/\">Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://nextgen.ahridirectory.org/Search/SearchHome?ReturnUrl=%2f\">Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Online Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/selecting-new-water-heater\">US DOE: Selecting a New Water Heater</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR High-Efficiency Water Heaters','','publish','closed','closed','','nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters','','','2022-04-19 15:09:47','2022-04-19 15:09:47','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1971',0,'post','',0),(1973,3,'2022-04-19 15:09:42','2022-04-19 15:09:42','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"High-Efficiency Water Heaters\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What are High-Efficiency Water Heaters?</h2>\n<p>High-efficiency water heaters provide an energy-efficient method of supplying domestic hot water. Figure 1 shows several different types of water heaters, including storage, tankless, heat pump, solar, and tankless coil, and indirect water heaters.</p>\n<p>Conventional, storage water heaters hold hot water in a tank, while tankless water heaters only heat the water upon demand. Heat pump water heaters use electricity to transport heat from one source to another (e.g., air-source heat pumps, geothermal heat pumps) instead of providing heat for hot water directly (<em>see Geothermal Heat Pumps</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Solar water heaters utilize the sun’s heat and tankless coil, and indirect water heaters use a building’s heating system to provide domestic hot water (<em>see Solar Thermal Systems</em>).</p>\n<p>Typical energy sources for high-efficiency water heaters include natural gas, propane, electricity, and solar. The availability and cost of any of these sources or combinations of these sources can dictate equipment and system selection along with other selection criteria including the home’s hot water requirements such as usage times, amount of water use, temperature range, and flow rates.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_42\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1196\"]<img class=\"wp-image-42 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-High-Efficiency-Water-Heaters-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Types of water heaters. (Source: US DOE Energy Saver 101: Water Heaters)\" width=\"1196\" height=\"660\" /> Figure 1. Types of water heaters. (Source: US DOE Energy Saver 101: Water Heaters)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>How to Incorporate a High-Efficiency Water Heater</h2>\n<p>Selecting a high-efficiency water heater is part of a whole home water conservation strategy to reduce indoor water consumption by specifying water-efficient fixtures, equipment, and systems (see Indoor Water Conservation). Work with experienced and knowledgeable residential water heater professionals to navigate the marketplace of available high-efficiency water heaters to find the best water heater model to supply hot water reliably, while saving energy and costs.</p>\n<p>The NJ Office of Clean Energy offers the following recommendations for purchasing and installing a water heater for your home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Choose a properly-sized tank or equipment capacity to meet your household’s hot water needs.</li>\n<li>Install your new system in an easy to access and maintain location.</li>\n<li>Properly vent and insulate at least the first 15 feet of your hot water pipes.</li>\n<li>Understand the maintenance requirements of your water heater and have your installer show you how to perform basic maintenance tasks.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The US Department of Energy’s<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/new-infographic-and-projects-keep-your-energy-bills-out-hot-water\">Energy Saver 101: Water Heating infographic</a><span> </span>provides additional information about the different types of water heaters and advice on selecting the right model for your home. Before purchasing a water heater, consult Energy Star’s list of qualified products and check the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>for rebate requirements, including the minimum Uniform Energy Factor (UEF), which measures the energy efficiency of the water heater.</p>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>High-efficiency water heaters use less energy than a standard water heater, primarily by taking less time to heat water, which in turn translates to fewer carbon emissions and lower utility bills.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>High-efficiency water heaters have higher upfront costs than standard water heaters but provide long-term cost savings through reduced energy costs. If different fuel options are available in your area, contact your local utility to compare fuel costs and rates as average cost savings depend largely on energy costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>High-efficiency water heaters contribute to resiliency by decreasing energy consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on fuel sources and energy infrastructure.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US DOE. 2018. Heat Pump Water Heaters.<span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41#bdc\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41#bdc</a><span> </span>(accessed January 24, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>New Jersey’s Clean Energy Program. 2018. WARMAdvantage Rebates<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/warmadvantage\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/warmadvantage</a><span> </span>(accessed January 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>US DOE. 2018. Selecting a New Water Heater.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/selecting-new-water-heater\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/selecting-new-water-heater<span> </span></a>(accessed January 23, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-indoor-water-conservation/\">Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://nextgen.ahridirectory.org/Search/SearchHome?ReturnUrl=%2f\">Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Online Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/selecting-new-water-heater\">US DOE: Selecting a New Water Heater</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR High-Efficiency Water Heaters','','inherit','closed','closed','','1971-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 15:09:42','2022-04-19 15:09:42','',1971,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1973',0,'revision','',0),(1974,3,'2022-04-19 15:09:43','2022-04-19 15:09:43','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"High-Efficiency Water Heaters\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What are High-Efficiency Water Heaters?</h2>\n<p>High-efficiency water heaters provide an energy-efficient method of supplying domestic hot water. Figure 1 shows several different types of water heaters, including storage, tankless, heat pump, solar, and tankless coil, and indirect water heaters.</p>\n<p>Conventional, storage water heaters hold hot water in a tank, while tankless water heaters only heat the water upon demand. Heat pump water heaters use electricity to transport heat from one source to another (e.g., air-source heat pumps, geothermal heat pumps) instead of providing heat for hot water directly (<em>see Geothermal Heat Pumps</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Solar water heaters utilize the sun’s heat and tankless coil, and indirect water heaters use a building’s heating system to provide domestic hot water (<em>see Solar Thermal Systems</em>).</p>\n<p>Typical energy sources for high-efficiency water heaters include natural gas, propane, electricity, and solar. The availability and cost of any of these sources or combinations of these sources can dictate equipment and system selection along with other selection criteria including the home’s hot water requirements such as usage times, amount of water use, temperature range, and flow rates.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_42\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1196\"]<img class=\"wp-image-42 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-High-Efficiency-Water-Heaters-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Types of water heaters. (Source: US DOE Energy Saver 101: Water Heaters)\" width=\"1196\" height=\"660\" /> Figure 1. Types of water heaters. (Source: US DOE Energy Saver 101: Water Heaters)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>How to Incorporate a High-Efficiency Water Heater</h2>\n<p>Selecting a high-efficiency water heater is part of a whole home water conservation strategy to reduce indoor water consumption by specifying water-efficient fixtures, equipment, and systems (see Indoor Water Conservation). Work with experienced and knowledgeable residential water heater professionals to navigate the marketplace of available high-efficiency water heaters to find the best water heater model to supply hot water reliably, while saving energy and costs.</p>\n<p>The NJ Office of Clean Energy offers the following recommendations for purchasing and installing a water heater for your home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Choose a properly-sized tank or equipment capacity to meet your household’s hot water needs.</li>\n<li>Install your new system in an easy to access and maintain location.</li>\n<li>Properly vent and insulate at least the first 15 feet of your hot water pipes.</li>\n<li>Understand the maintenance requirements of your water heater and have your installer show you how to perform basic maintenance tasks.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The US Department of Energy’s<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/new-infographic-and-projects-keep-your-energy-bills-out-hot-water\">Energy Saver 101: Water Heating infographic</a><span> </span>provides additional information about the different types of water heaters and advice on selecting the right model for your home. Before purchasing a water heater, consult Energy Star’s list of qualified products and check the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>for rebate requirements, including the minimum Uniform Energy Factor (UEF), which measures the energy efficiency of the water heater.</p>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>High-efficiency water heaters use less energy than a standard water heater, primarily by taking less time to heat water, which in turn translates to fewer carbon emissions and lower utility bills.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>High-efficiency water heaters have higher upfront costs than standard water heaters but provide long-term cost savings through reduced energy costs. If different fuel options are available in your area, contact your local utility to compare fuel costs and rates as average cost savings depend largely on energy costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>High-efficiency water heaters contribute to resiliency by decreasing energy consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on fuel sources and energy infrastructure.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US DOE. 2018. Heat Pump Water Heaters.<span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41#bdc\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41#bdc</a><span> </span>(accessed January 24, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>New Jersey’s Clean Energy Program. 2018. WARMAdvantage Rebates<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/warmadvantage\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/warmadvantage</a><span> </span>(accessed January 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>US DOE. 2018. Selecting a New Water Heater.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/selecting-new-water-heater\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/selecting-new-water-heater<span> </span></a>(accessed January 23, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-indoor-water-conservation/\">Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://nextgen.ahridirectory.org/Search/SearchHome?ReturnUrl=%2f\">Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Online Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/selecting-new-water-heater\">US DOE: Selecting a New Water Heater</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Insulation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1971-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 15:09:43','2022-04-19 15:09:43','',1971,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1974',0,'revision','',0),(1975,3,'2022-04-19 15:09:47','2022-04-19 15:09:47','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"High-Efficiency Water Heaters\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What are High-Efficiency Water Heaters?</h2>\n<p>High-efficiency water heaters provide an energy-efficient method of supplying domestic hot water. Figure 1 shows several different types of water heaters, including storage, tankless, heat pump, solar, and tankless coil, and indirect water heaters.</p>\n<p>Conventional, storage water heaters hold hot water in a tank, while tankless water heaters only heat the water upon demand. Heat pump water heaters use electricity to transport heat from one source to another (e.g., air-source heat pumps, geothermal heat pumps) instead of providing heat for hot water directly (<em>see Geothermal Heat Pumps</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Solar water heaters utilize the sun’s heat and tankless coil, and indirect water heaters use a building’s heating system to provide domestic hot water (<em>see Solar Thermal Systems</em>).</p>\n<p>Typical energy sources for high-efficiency water heaters include natural gas, propane, electricity, and solar. The availability and cost of any of these sources or combinations of these sources can dictate equipment and system selection along with other selection criteria including the home’s hot water requirements such as usage times, amount of water use, temperature range, and flow rates.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_42\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1196\"]<img class=\"wp-image-42 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-High-Efficiency-Water-Heaters-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Types of water heaters. (Source: US DOE Energy Saver 101: Water Heaters)\" width=\"1196\" height=\"660\" /> Figure 1. Types of water heaters. (Source: US DOE Energy Saver 101: Water Heaters)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>How to Incorporate a High-Efficiency Water Heater</h2>\n<p>Selecting a high-efficiency water heater is part of a whole home water conservation strategy to reduce indoor water consumption by specifying water-efficient fixtures, equipment, and systems (see Indoor Water Conservation). Work with experienced and knowledgeable residential water heater professionals to navigate the marketplace of available high-efficiency water heaters to find the best water heater model to supply hot water reliably, while saving energy and costs.</p>\n<p>The NJ Office of Clean Energy offers the following recommendations for purchasing and installing a water heater for your home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Choose a properly-sized tank or equipment capacity to meet your household’s hot water needs.</li>\n<li>Install your new system in an easy to access and maintain location.</li>\n<li>Properly vent and insulate at least the first 15 feet of your hot water pipes.</li>\n<li>Understand the maintenance requirements of your water heater and have your installer show you how to perform basic maintenance tasks.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The US Department of Energy’s<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/new-infographic-and-projects-keep-your-energy-bills-out-hot-water\">Energy Saver 101: Water Heating infographic</a><span> </span>provides additional information about the different types of water heaters and advice on selecting the right model for your home. Before purchasing a water heater, consult Energy Star’s list of qualified products and check the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>for rebate requirements, including the minimum Uniform Energy Factor (UEF), which measures the energy efficiency of the water heater.</p>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>High-efficiency water heaters use less energy than a standard water heater, primarily by taking less time to heat water, which in turn translates to fewer carbon emissions and lower utility bills.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>High-efficiency water heaters have higher upfront costs than standard water heaters but provide long-term cost savings through reduced energy costs. If different fuel options are available in your area, contact your local utility to compare fuel costs and rates as average cost savings depend largely on energy costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>High-efficiency water heaters contribute to resiliency by decreasing energy consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on fuel sources and energy infrastructure.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US DOE. 2018. Heat Pump Water Heaters.<span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41#bdc\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41#bdc</a><span> </span>(accessed January 24, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>New Jersey’s Clean Energy Program. 2018. WARMAdvantage Rebates<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/warmadvantage\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/warmadvantage</a><span> </span>(accessed January 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-water-heaters/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>US DOE. 2018. Selecting a New Water Heater.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/selecting-new-water-heater\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/selecting-new-water-heater<span> </span></a>(accessed January 23, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-indoor-water-conservation/\">Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://nextgen.ahridirectory.org/Search/SearchHome?ReturnUrl=%2f\">Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Online Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/selecting-new-water-heater\">US DOE: Selecting a New Water Heater</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR High-Efficiency Water Heaters','','inherit','closed','closed','','1971-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 15:09:47','2022-04-19 15:09:47','',1971,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1975',0,'revision','',0),(1976,3,'2022-04-19 15:44:15','2022-04-19 15:44:15','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Rain Barrels and Cisterns\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Rain Barrels?</strong></h2>\n<p>Rain barrels collect, store, and distribute water for later use, providing a cost-effective and environmentally beneficial way to conserve water and minimize problems associated with stormwater runoff. Use rainwater collected in barrels from catchment areas such as rooftops for irrigation, flushing toilets and other non-potable uses (see<span> </span><em>On-site Alternative Water Reuse</em>). Treat or filter the water depending on the intended use.</p>\n<p>Standard components of a rain harvesting system include<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Catchment area such as a roof</li>\n<li>Gutters and downspouts</li>\n<li>Leaf screens</li>\n<li>Rain barrel for storage</li>\n<li>Conveyance system to deliver stored water via gravity or pump</li>\n<li>Water treatment or filter system</li>\n</ul>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_170\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"636\"]<img class=\"wp-image-170 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Rain-Barrells-and-Cisterns-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1-Simple schematic design for rain barrels (Source: Low Impact Development Center)\" width=\"636\" height=\"598\" /> Figure 1-Simple schematic design for rain barrels (Source: Low Impact Development Center)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Rain Barrels</strong></h2>\n<p>Set aside sufficient space, either interior, above ground or underground, for the appropriately sized barrel. Residential rain barrels can range in size but typically hold 55-gallons. To calculate the volume of water available for capture, assume that every 1,000 square feet of catchment area generates 600 gallons of runoff during a one-inch rainfall event.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><img class=\"wp-image-578 aligncenter size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Rain-Barrels-and-Cisterns-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"NC-Rain-Barrels-and-Cisterns-Fig-2\" width=\"994\" height=\"200\" /></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Consider combining rain barrels with a drip irrigation system to direct overflow to a dry well, rain garden or bio-retention area.</p>\n<p>Rain barrels require maintenance. Use water within two weeks to prevent algae growth and clean barrels every few months. A screen with a cover prevents algae growth and mosquito breeding. Drain, disconnect and store rain barrels during the winter months.</p>\n<p>For more detailed information about the design and construction of rain barrels see the Rutgers Water Resources Program’s – <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">Green Infrastructure Manual for New Jersey</a>.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://ocean.njaes.rutgers.edu/ag/documents/sls_lakehurst.pdf\">Residential Rain Barrel, Lakehurst, NJ</a></p>\n<p>Part of the Rutgers Sustainable Landscape Demonstration Site Program, the Lakehurst residential renovation project included a 35-gallon rain-barrel or repurposed trash can to collect and redirect water to an adjacent ornamental flower bed, eliminating the need for on-site irrigation and municipal water use.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces demand for potable water for irrigation and other non-potable uses (see <em>Water-Efficient Landscape Design</em>).</li>\n<li>Lowers peak demand and peak discharge rate on public water systems.</li>\n<li>Reduces overall potable water use and saves money on water bills.</li>\n<li>Reduces stormwater runoff via storage (see <em>Emergency Water Supply and Storage</em>).</li>\n<li>Reduces runoff of contaminants into soils and waterways.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Costs vary depending on the size and type of rain barrel selected. Small-scale systems cost around $60 for a 55-gallon barrel.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Some watershed associations or municipalities offer rain barrels at a discount or provide rebates.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Water stored in rain barrel can provide an alternative water source for non-potable uses during storms, hurricanes and droughts or when municipal water sources are shut down or become polluted. Filter and purify before using the water to irrigate edible gardens, wash dishes, or provide water for drinking and showering. Rain barrels also help mitigate flooding by capturing water that would end up in the municipal water system.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US DOE | EERE. “Best Management Practices:  Alternate Water Sources.”  https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practice-14-alternative-water-sources (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Rutgers Water Resources Program. Green Infrastructure Manual for NJ. <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Massachusetts Metropolitan Area Planning Council.  “Low Impact Development Toolkit – Fact Sheet: Cisterns and Rain Barrels.” <a href=\"http://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/LID_toolkit_factsheets_7-9.pdf\">http://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/LID_toolkit_factsheets_7-9.pdf</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/\">Emergency Water Supply and Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/\">On-Site Alternative Water Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>NJ DEP\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://cfpub.epa.gov/npstbx/files/KSMO_buildarainbarrel.pdf\">Build Your Own Rain Barrel Brochure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Rutgers Cooperative Extension\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/\">Water Resources Group</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://green%20infrastructure%20manual%20for%20new%20jersey/\">Rutgers Water Resources Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=E329\">Rain Barrels Part I: How to Build a Rain Barrel</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS1118\">Rain Barrels Part II: Installation and Use</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS1127\">Rain Barrels Part III: Building a Rain Barrel from a Plastic Trash Can</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/27379/PDF/1/play/\">Fact Sheet, Where to Get Your Drinking Water Tested in New Jersey: A List of State Certified Water Testing Laboratories by County</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/environment/rain-barrel-trainer-program.php\">Rutgers Rain Barrel Train the Trainer Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20220226163801/https://landscapeforlife.org/water/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Rain Barrels and Cisterns','','publish','closed','closed','','nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns','','','2022-06-23 19:05:21','2022-06-23 19:05:21','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1976',0,'post','',0),(1978,2,'2022-04-19 15:19:37','2022-04-19 15:19:37','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Combined Heat and Power (CHP)\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Combined Heat and Power (CHP)?</strong></h2>\n<p>Combined Heat and Power (CHP), also known as cogeneration, is a type of distributed energy resource that produces both electricity and thermal energy onsite, using one primary fuel.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> CHP recovers heat usually wasted in conventional power generation as thermal energy for a building’s space heating and cooling, process heating and cooling, dehumidification, or the production of more electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> CHP system can use fossil or renewable fuels and typically utilize the following prime mover technologies to combust the fuel including reciprocating engines, gas turbines, microturbines, fuel cells, and boiler or steam turbines.</p>\n<p>For example, (see Figure 1) a prime mover, such as a reciprocating engine or gas turbine uses a fuel such as natural gas to power a generator that creates electricity and emits heat. Generated electricity supplies electrical loads in the building, feeds back to the grid, or utilizes energy storage for later use (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). A heat recovery unit captures the heat and processes it for use onsite, typically for building heating applications but also for absorption cooling, an application that utilizes heat energy to cool buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> CHP systems can utilize thermal energy storage to save excess heat energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, to increase energy efficiency, and to store low priced energy and use that energy during peak demand when prices climb (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_212\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"970\"]<img class=\"wp-image-212 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-CHP-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Reciprocating engine or gas turbine with heat recovery. (Source: US DOE CHP)\" width=\"970\" height=\"450\" /> Figure 1. Reciprocating engine or gas turbine with heat recovery. (Source: US DOE CHP)[/caption]<p>Microturbines use gaseous or liquid fuels, most commonly natural gas, to produce electricity and recover exhaust heat for direct use or use in a heat recovery boiler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Steam turbines do not consume fuel directly but use steam generated by natural gas, oil, coal or biomass driven boilers or heat recovery steam generators, to produce power and thermal energy (see <em>On-Site Renewable Energy Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Fuel cells used for CHP applications utilize an electrochemical process to reform natural gas or biogas into hydrogen and then react hydrogen to generate electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2>How to Integrate CHP</h2>\n<p>The practicality of integrating CHP into a project increases when considered early in the planning stages, including early engagement with the local utility to identify permitting issues and available incentives.</p>\n<p>Contact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current CHP programs, tools, and available funding. For example, the NJ Office of Clean Energy Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Program currently offers incentives for the following CHP technologies:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Powered by non-renewable (i.e., natural gas) or renewable fuel source (i.e., biomass).</li>\n<li>Gas internal combustion engine.</li>\n<li>Gas combustion turbine.</li>\n<li>Microturbine</li>\n<li>Fuel cells with heat recovery.</li>\n<li>Waste heat to power.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The use of Class 1 renewable fuel sources and installation of CHP with black-start and islanding capabilities at designated critical facilities may qualify projects for additional incentives.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example </strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/misc/success-story/westin\">Westin – Starwood Hotel, Jersey City, NJ </a></p>\n<p>The Westin Jersey City Newport qualified for the NJ Clean Energy Combined Heat &amp; Power Program by installing three Tecogen® Inc. 100-kW natural gas engine CHP units. The co-generation units are expected to produce 1,985 MWh of electricity and 132,962 therms of energy per year. The Westin Jersey City Newport qualified for $600,000 in NJCEP incentives, covering more than 27 percent of the $2,158,229 project cost, which includes ten years of maintenance service by the manufacturer. The co-generation units could potentially save the hotel, on average, 367,209 kWh of electricity and 91,198 therms of natural gas per year, resulting in annual savings ranging from $123,007 to $212,000. With the NJCEP incentives, the project expects to pay for itself within a decade when factoring in federal tax credits.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Inherently inefficient, conventional electricity generation converts only about a third of a fuel’s potential energy into usable energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> It is reasonable to expect CHP applications to operate at 65-75% efficiency, a large improvement over the national average of ~50% for these services when separately provided.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Since overgeneration of heat and electricity occurs frequently, CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> The significant increase in energy efficiency with CHP means lower fuel consumption and reduced greenhouse gas emissions for the same level of output when compared to the separate generation of heat and power. Biomass powered CHP systems have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently (see <em>On-Site Renewable Energy Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Other benefits include CHP’s proven track record and the versatility of CHP to work with existing and planned technologies for various industrial and commercial applications. CHP also localizes energy generation, avoiding congestion issues and improving grid transmission and distribution losses associated with centralized power stations, reducing the risk of electrical grid disruptions and enhancing energy reliability. As a distributed energy generator, CHP provides a reliable and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and grid outages and can help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>CHP makes the most economic sense when electricity prices are high, and natural gas prices are low. While the initial cost of CHP systems often exceed that of conventional heating or cooling systems, reduced energy and operating costs associated with cogeneration can often justify the investment.</p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>CHP can improve the resiliency of critical infrastructure, by acting as a self-sufficient microgrid keeping essential facilities and systems running without any interruption in electric or thermal service in the absence of utility sourced power due to storms or other events.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>For example, South Oaks Hospital in Amityville, New York remained open and operational during Superstorm Sandy while over 8.5 million Long Island Power Authority (LIPA) customers had no power for a week.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> South Oaks Hospital had five 250 kW units, which kept lights on and refrigeration units operational for 15 days, even allowing the hospital to admit new patients.</p>\n<p>A form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids with the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Combined with energy storage capabilities, CHP systems hold the potential to help diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of distributed energy resources and energy storage (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA and US DOE. Guide to Using Combined Heat and Power for Enhancing Reliability and Resiliency in Buildings. September 2013. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_for_reliability_guidance.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_for_reliability_guidance.pdf</a>  (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a>   (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Microturbines <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Microturbines_0.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Microturbines_0.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Steam Turbines. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Steam%20Turbine.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Steam%20Turbine.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Fuel Cells <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Fuel%20Cell.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Fuel%20Cell.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NJ Office of Clean Energy. 2018. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Program. <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power</a> (accessed Oct 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Electropaedia. <a href=\"http://www.mpoweruk.com/fossil_fuels.htm\">http://www.mpoweruk.com/fossil_fuels.htm</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> DOE. Combined Heat and Power Basics. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future.<a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> ICF International. 2013. “Combined Heat and Power: Enabling Resilient Energy Infrastructure for Critical Facilities.” Prepared for Oak Ridge National Laboratory. March 2013. Page 2. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_critical_facilities.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_critical_facilities.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> ACEEE. New and Improved Methods for Evaluating CHP Cost-Effectiveness. <a href=\"https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2016/data/papers/4_837.pdf\">https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2016/data/papers/4_837.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/\">On-Site Renewable Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://doe.icfwebservices.com/chpdb/state/NJ\">Combined Heat and Power Installations in New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org\">Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.iea.org\">International Energy Association (IEA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">New Jersey’s Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/chp\">US EPA Combined Power and Heat Partnership</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics\">US DOE Combined Heat and Power Basics</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Combined Heat and Power (CHP)','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp','','','2022-06-23 19:22:54','2022-06-23 19:22:54','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1978',0,'post','',0),(1979,2,'2022-04-19 15:17:04','2022-04-19 15:17:04','','EC Combined Heat and Power (CHP)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1978-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 15:17:04','2022-04-19 15:17:04','',1978,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1979',0,'revision','',0),(1981,2,'2022-04-19 15:19:37','2022-04-19 15:19:37','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Combined Heat and Power (CHP)\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Combined Heat and Power (CHP)?</strong></h2>\n<p>Combined Heat and Power (CHP), also known as cogeneration, is a type of distributed energy resource that produces both electricity and thermal energy onsite, using one primary fuel.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> CHP recovers heat usually wasted in conventional power generation as thermal energy for a building’s space heating and cooling, process heating and cooling, dehumidification, or the production of more electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> CHP system can use fossil or renewable fuels and typically utilize the following prime mover technologies to combust the fuel including reciprocating engines, gas turbines, microturbines, fuel cells, and boiler or steam turbines.</p>\n<p>For example, (see Figure 1) a prime mover, such as a reciprocating engine or gas turbine uses a fuel such as natural gas to power a generator that creates electricity and emits heat. Generated electricity supplies electrical loads in the building, feeds back to the grid, or utilizes energy storage for later use (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). A heat recovery unit captures the heat and processes it for use onsite, typically for building heating applications but also for absorption cooling, an application that utilizes heat energy to cool buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> CHP systems can utilize thermal energy storage to save excess heat energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, to increase energy efficiency, and to store low priced energy and use that energy during peak demand when prices climb (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_212\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"970\"]<img class=\"wp-image-212 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-CHP-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Reciprocating engine or gas turbine with heat recovery. (Source: US DOE CHP)\" width=\"970\" height=\"450\" /> Figure 1. Reciprocating engine or gas turbine with heat recovery. (Source: US DOE CHP)[/caption]<p>Microturbines use gaseous or liquid fuels, most commonly natural gas, to produce electricity and recover exhaust heat for direct use or use in a heat recovery boiler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Steam turbines do not consume fuel directly but use steam generated by natural gas, oil, coal or biomass driven boilers or heat recovery steam generators, to produce power and thermal energy (see <em>On-Site Renewable Energy Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Fuel cells used for CHP applications utilize an electrochemical process to reform natural gas or biogas into hydrogen and then react hydrogen to generate electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2>How to Integrate CHP</h2>\n<p>The practicality of integrating CHP into a project increases when considered early in the planning stages, including early engagement with the local utility to identify permitting issues and available incentives.</p>\n<p>Contact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current CHP programs, tools, and available funding. For example, the NJ Office of Clean Energy Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Program currently offers incentives for the following CHP technologies:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Powered by non-renewable (i.e., natural gas) or renewable fuel source (i.e., biomass).</li>\n<li>Gas internal combustion engine.</li>\n<li>Gas combustion turbine.</li>\n<li>Microturbine</li>\n<li>Fuel cells with heat recovery.</li>\n<li>Waste heat to power.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The use of Class 1 renewable fuel sources and installation of CHP with black-start and islanding capabilities at designated critical facilities may qualify projects for additional incentives.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example </strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/misc/success-story/westin\">Westin – Starwood Hotel, Jersey City, NJ </a></p>\n<p>The Westin Jersey City Newport qualified for the NJ Clean Energy Combined Heat &amp; Power Program by installing three Tecogen® Inc. 100-kW natural gas engine CHP units. The co-generation units are expected to produce 1,985 MWh of electricity and 132,962 therms of energy per year. The Westin Jersey City Newport qualified for $600,000 in NJCEP incentives, covering more than 27 percent of the $2,158,229 project cost, which includes ten years of maintenance service by the manufacturer. The co-generation units could potentially save the hotel, on average, 367,209 kWh of electricity and 91,198 therms of natural gas per year, resulting in annual savings ranging from $123,007 to $212,000. With the NJCEP incentives, the project expects to pay for itself within a decade when factoring in federal tax credits.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Inherently inefficient, conventional electricity generation converts only about a third of a fuel’s potential energy into usable energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> It is reasonable to expect CHP applications to operate at 65-75% efficiency, a large improvement over the national average of ~50% for these services when separately provided.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Since overgeneration of heat and electricity occurs frequently, CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> The significant increase in energy efficiency with CHP means lower fuel consumption and reduced greenhouse gas emissions for the same level of output when compared to the separate generation of heat and power. Biomass powered CHP systems have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently (see <em>On-Site Renewable Energy Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Other benefits include CHP’s proven track record and the versatility of CHP to work with existing and planned technologies for various industrial and commercial applications. CHP also localizes energy generation, avoiding congestion issues and improving grid transmission and distribution losses associated with centralized power stations, reducing the risk of electrical grid disruptions and enhancing energy reliability. As a distributed energy generator, CHP provides a reliable and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and grid outages and can help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>CHP makes the most economic sense when electricity prices are high, and natural gas prices are low. While the initial cost of CHP systems often exceed that of conventional heating or cooling systems, reduced energy and operating costs associated with cogeneration can often justify the investment.</p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>CHP can improve the resiliency of critical infrastructure, by acting as a self-sufficient microgrid keeping essential facilities and systems running without any interruption in electric or thermal service in the absence of utility sourced power due to storms or other events.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>For example, South Oaks Hospital in Amityville, New York remained open and operational during Superstorm Sandy while over 8.5 million Long Island Power Authority (LIPA) customers had no power for a week.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> South Oaks Hospital had five 250 kW units, which kept lights on and refrigeration units operational for 15 days, even allowing the hospital to admit new patients.</p>\n<p>A form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids with the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Combined with energy storage capabilities, CHP systems hold the potential to help diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of distributed energy resources and energy storage (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA and US DOE. Guide to Using Combined Heat and Power for Enhancing Reliability and Resiliency in Buildings. September 2013. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_for_reliability_guidance.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_for_reliability_guidance.pdf</a>  (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a>   (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Microturbines <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Microturbines_0.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Microturbines_0.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Steam Turbines. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Steam%20Turbine.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Steam%20Turbine.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Fuel Cells <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Fuel%20Cell.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Fuel%20Cell.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NJ Office of Clean Energy. 2018. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Program. <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power</a> (accessed Oct 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Electropaedia. <a href=\"http://www.mpoweruk.com/fossil_fuels.htm\">http://www.mpoweruk.com/fossil_fuels.htm</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> DOE. Combined Heat and Power Basics. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future.<a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> ICF International. 2013. “Combined Heat and Power: Enabling Resilient Energy Infrastructure for Critical Facilities.” Prepared for Oak Ridge National Laboratory. March 2013. Page 2. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_critical_facilities.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_critical_facilities.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> ACEEE. New and Improved Methods for Evaluating CHP Cost-Effectiveness. <a href=\"https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2016/data/papers/4_837.pdf\">https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2016/data/papers/4_837.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/\">On-Site Renewable Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://doe.icfwebservices.com/chpdb/state/NJ\">Combined Heat and Power Installations in New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org\">Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.iea.org\">International Energy Association (IEA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">New Jersey’s Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/chp\">US EPA Combined Power and Heat Partnership</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics\">US DOE Combined Heat and Power Basics</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Combined Heat and Power (CHP)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1978-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 15:19:37','2022-04-19 15:19:37','',1978,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1981',0,'revision','',0),(1982,2,'2022-04-19 15:23:29','2022-04-19 15:23:29','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Green Power\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Green Power?</strong></h2>\n<p>Green power refers to renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit including electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, some forms of biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources (i.e., do not impact land use and fisheries).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Buildings get their power from a mix of energy sources with varying levels of environmental impacts and benefits (see Figure 1). Electricity generated from coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas, wind, and solar all goes to the same grid (see Figure 2). Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) represent 1 MWh of renewable electricity generation and provide proof of the electricity generated by green power.</p>\n<p>Energy-efficient commercial buildings that are not ideally suited for on-site renewable energy generation can choose to switch to green energy or purchase RECs to help offset their environmental and carbon footprints on a voluntary basis or to meet corporate sustainability goals or other mandates.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_252\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1390\"]<img class=\"wp-image-252 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"1390\" height=\"848\" /> Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_207\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1388\"]<img class=\"wp-image-207 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).\" width=\"1388\" height=\"634\" /> Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Purchase Green Energy</strong></h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, the Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (EDECA) of 1999 (N.J.S.A. 48:3-49) separated the supply portion of the electric rate from the delivery portion, providing the consumer the opportunity to select among third-party electricity suppliers licensed by the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU). Consumers can make decisions on a variety of factors including cost or energy efficiency and sources of electricity generation (e.g., nuclear, natural gas, oil, solar).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Through the purchase of green power, a building does not necessarily receive renewable energy directly, but instead, the purchase of renewable energy increases the percentage that renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind) that contribute to power production within the region. Table 1 lists various ways to purchase green energy.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Commercial electricity consumers may choose to purchase RECs, contract with a green energy supplier or participate in a utility-sponsored green energy program. Green power products and programs often require customers to pay a premium over the standard electric price in return for green power (i.e., electricity bundled with RECs) but the utility continues to provide the electric transmission and distribution in the same way as a regular electric customer.</p>\n<p>Note that green power supply options depend on available renewable energy resources and projects, and state and utility policies and programs. Check with your utility provider for available programs and current incentives. Other options include Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that directly support specific renewable energy projects.</p>\n<p>The decision to purchase green power involves identifying and comparing green power options among verified, third-party certified green power providers that meet nationally-accepted standards for product quality. At this time, the <a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a> is the only organization that certifies and independently verifies green power products in the United States.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Conventional electricity relies on fossil fuels and produces significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Green power provides the following environmental and sustainable marketing benefits:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supports renewable energy resource and technology development either directly through PPAs and bundled green power products or indirectly through RECs.</li>\n<li>Reduces a business’s carbon footprint associated with electricity consumption.</li>\n<li>Serves as a marketing tool to demonstrate a business’s commitment to sustainability goals.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.communityenergyinc.com/projects/new-jersey-solar\">Jacobstown Solar Farm, Burlington County, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jacobstown Solar project, by Community Energy, Inc., provides green power to the Jersey Central Power &amp; Light (JCP&amp;L) regional electric grid and helps farmland preservation in the area by providing a source of local revenue. Landscaping on the site matches the rural surroundings and plantings of low mow turf grass reduce stormwater runoff and improve soil conditions for future agricultural uses. When NJ businesses choose to purchase green power, they support solar companies like Community Energy, Inc. and projects like the Jacobstown Solar Farm, that provide local sources of renewable energy.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While a switch to green power does not require any upfront capital costs, currently there exists a cost premium for green power of about 2 to 4 cents per kWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Prices for green power vary also depending on a variety of factors, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supply and demand variability</li>\n<li>Product type (e.g., RECs, PPAs, utility or competitive green power products)</li>\n<li>Purchase volume (e.g., total kilowatt-hours)</li>\n<li>Contract length (e.g., short- or long-term)</li>\n<li>Resource and technology type (e.g., solar, wind)</li>\n<li>Geography (e.g., local versus national)</li>\n<li>Certification and verification status</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>A switch to green power provides resiliency benefits by helping to diversify and strengthen the electric power grid through the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar and by supporting local renewable energy generators and distributed renewable energy (DER) projects.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. “What is Green Power?” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162855/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> State of New Jersey. NJ Power Switch. Know Your Rights. <a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/\">https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. Green Power Benefits. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162901/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Commercial Electric Rates for NJ based on 12-month contract for buildings with utility bills ranging from less than $1,000 to over $5000. <a href=\"https://www.electricrate.com\">https://www.electricrate.com</a> (accessed April 9, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/\">On-Site Renewable Energy Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bpu.state.nj.us/bpu/index.shtml\">NJ Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/\">NJ Power Switch</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210914170320/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/switch-green-power\">US EPA – Switch to Green Power</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>New Jersey Energy Delivery Companies (EDCs)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.atlanticcityelectric.com/Pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Atlantic City Electric Company</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/customer/jersey_central_power_light.html\">JCP&amp;L</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en\">Rockland Electric</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.pseg.com/\">PSE&amp;G</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Green Power','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-green-power','','','2022-06-23 18:04:19','2022-06-23 18:04:19','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1982',0,'post','',0),(1983,2,'2022-04-19 15:19:57','2022-04-19 15:19:57','','EC Green Power','','inherit','closed','closed','','1982-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 15:19:57','2022-04-19 15:19:57','',1982,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1983',0,'revision','',0),(1985,2,'2022-04-19 15:23:29','2022-04-19 15:23:29','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Green Power\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Green Power?</strong></h2>\n<p>Green power refers to renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit including electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, some forms of biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources (i.e., do not impact land use and fisheries).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Buildings get their power from a mix of energy sources with varying levels of environmental impacts and benefits (see Figure 1). Electricity generated from coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas, wind, and solar all goes to the same grid (see Figure 2). Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) represent 1 MWh of renewable electricity generation and provide proof of the electricity generated by green power.</p>\n<p>Energy-efficient commercial buildings that are not ideally suited for on-site renewable energy generation can choose to switch to green energy or purchase RECs to help offset their environmental and carbon footprints on a voluntary basis or to meet corporate sustainability goals or other mandates.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_252\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1390\"]<img class=\"wp-image-252 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"1390\" height=\"848\" /> Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_207\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1388\"]<img class=\"wp-image-207 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).\" width=\"1388\" height=\"634\" /> Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Purchase Green Energy</strong></h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, the Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (EDECA) of 1999 (N.J.S.A. 48:3-49) separated the supply portion of the electric rate from the delivery portion, providing the consumer the opportunity to select among third-party electricity suppliers licensed by the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU). Consumers can make decisions on a variety of factors including cost or energy efficiency and sources of electricity generation (e.g., nuclear, natural gas, oil, solar).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Through the purchase of green power, a building does not necessarily receive renewable energy directly, but instead, the purchase of renewable energy increases the percentage that renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind) that contribute to power production within the region. Table 1 lists various ways to purchase green energy.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Commercial electricity consumers may choose to purchase RECs, contract with a green energy supplier or participate in a utility-sponsored green energy program. Green power products and programs often require customers to pay a premium over the standard electric price in return for green power (i.e., electricity bundled with RECs) but the utility continues to provide the electric transmission and distribution in the same way as a regular electric customer.</p>\n<p>Note that green power supply options depend on available renewable energy resources and projects, and state and utility policies and programs. Check with your utility provider for available programs and current incentives. Other options include Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that directly support specific renewable energy projects.</p>\n<p>The decision to purchase green power involves identifying and comparing green power options among verified, third-party certified green power providers that meet nationally-accepted standards for product quality. At this time, the <a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a> is the only organization that certifies and independently verifies green power products in the United States.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Conventional electricity relies on fossil fuels and produces significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Green power provides the following environmental and sustainable marketing benefits:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supports renewable energy resource and technology development either directly through PPAs and bundled green power products or indirectly through RECs.</li>\n<li>Reduces a business’s carbon footprint associated with electricity consumption.</li>\n<li>Serves as a marketing tool to demonstrate a business’s commitment to sustainability goals.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.communityenergyinc.com/projects/new-jersey-solar\">Jacobstown Solar Farm, Burlington County, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jacobstown Solar project, by Community Energy, Inc., provides green power to the Jersey Central Power &amp; Light (JCP&amp;L) regional electric grid and helps farmland preservation in the area by providing a source of local revenue. Landscaping on the site matches the rural surroundings and plantings of low mow turf grass reduce stormwater runoff and improve soil conditions for future agricultural uses. When NJ businesses choose to purchase green power, they support solar companies like Community Energy, Inc. and projects like the Jacobstown Solar Farm, that provide local sources of renewable energy.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While a switch to green power does not require any upfront capital costs, currently there exists a cost premium for green power of about 2 to 4 cents per kWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Prices for green power vary also depending on a variety of factors, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supply and demand variability</li>\n<li>Product type (e.g., RECs, PPAs, utility or competitive green power products)</li>\n<li>Purchase volume (e.g., total kilowatt-hours)</li>\n<li>Contract length (e.g., short- or long-term)</li>\n<li>Resource and technology type (e.g., solar, wind)</li>\n<li>Geography (e.g., local versus national)</li>\n<li>Certification and verification status</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>A switch to green power provides resiliency benefits by helping to diversify and strengthen the electric power grid through the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar and by supporting local renewable energy generators and distributed renewable energy (DER) projects.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. “What is Green Power?” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> State of New Jersey. NJ Power Switch. Know Your Rights. <a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/\">https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. Green Power Benefits. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Commercial Electric Rates for NJ based on 12-month contract for buildings with utility bills ranging from less than $1,000 to over $5000. <a href=\"https://www.electricrate.com\">https://www.electricrate.com</a> (accessed April 9, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/\">On-Site Renewable Energy Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bpu.state.nj.us/bpu/index.shtml\">NJ Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/\">NJ Power Switch</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/switch-green-power\">US EPA – Switch to Green Power</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>New Jersey Energy Delivery Companies (EDCs)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.atlanticcityelectric.com/Pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Atlantic City Electric Company</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/customer/jersey_central_power_light.html\">JCP&amp;L</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en\">Rockland Electric</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.pseg.com/\">PSE&amp;G</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Green Power','','inherit','closed','closed','','1982-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 15:23:29','2022-04-19 15:23:29','',1982,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1985',0,'revision','',0),(1987,2,'2022-04-19 15:27:25','2022-04-19 15:27:25','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Thermal Energy Storage\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Thermal Energy Storage?</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal energy storage (TES) stockpiles thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium for later use in heating and cooling applications and power generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems can utilize thermal energy storage to manage energy loads and reduce peak demand or to provide backup power (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power, Combined Heat and Power (CHP), Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). In the building sector, TES systems supply thermal energy for domestic hot water, space heating, and air-conditioning. The solar industry utilizes TES to store energy for concentrating solar power (CSP) plants, which use mirrors to focus sunlight and produce and store high-temperature thermal energy for electricity production in the absence of sunlight.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_526\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"wp-image-526 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Thermal-Energy-Storage-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Stratified water thermal storage system at Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Source: US DOE).\" width=\"630\" height=\"406\" /> Figure 1 – Stratified water thermal storage system at Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Source: US DOE).[/caption]<p>There are three kinds of TES systems:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Sensible heat storage, which stores thermal energy by heating or cooling a liquid or solid storage medium (e.g., water, sand, molten salts, rocks).</li>\n<li>Latent heat storage, which uses phase change materials or PCMs (e.g., from a solid state into a liquid state).</li>\n<li>Thermo-chemical storage (TCS), which uses chemical reactions to store and release thermal energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></li>\n</ol>\n<p>Sensible heat storage and latent heat storage are the most widely used for commercial building applications. Currently more complicated and cost prohibitive, future advances in thermochemical heat storage (THS) systems hold the potential for high storage density, low volume requirements, low heat loss, longer storage periods and low charging temperature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>TES technologies for heating applications include electrical or solar thermal water heating systems that use hot water tanks to store water until it is needed. TES systems improve the energy efficiency of buildings and provide cost savings by storing waste heat or by-product heat when it is available and supplying it upon demand.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Typical independent parameters that characterize TES systems in use are shown in the below table.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><img class=\"wp-image-561 alignnone size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Thermal-Energy-Storage-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Typical independent parameters that characterize TES systems\" width=\"1352\" height=\"188\" /></p>\n<p>TES technologies for cool storage include:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Sensible heat storage systems, such as chilled water (CHW) TES, and low-temperature fluid (LTF) TES, which store thermal energy as a temperature change.</li>\n<li>Latent heat storage systems, such as ice TES, which store thermal energy as a change of phase material (e.g., water to ice).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong>How to Integrate a Thermal Energy Storage System</strong></h2>\n<p>First, assess whether the building meets one or more of the following conditions for integrating TES: high utility demand costs, high peak-use utility costs, high daily load variations, short durations of loads, infrequent cyclical loads, and available incentives or rebates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>Next, determine what type of TES system to install based on the building size and utility costs. Phase change TES system typically work for small buildings while larger buildings often utilize temperature change systems. For example, small commercial buildings with space constraints may want to consider ice storage systems designed with integrated roof-top mounted, direct-expansion cooling systems. For larger commercial buildings, think about a stand-alone water chiller system with high thermal storage capacity. TES technology also scales well to district energy systems that serve multiple buildings.</p>\n<p>Final steps include installation and monitoring performance to fine-tune the system and to calculate payback periods and cost-savings.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.hpbmagazine.org/attachments/article/12185/15S-Energy-Systems-Integration-Facility-Golden-CO.pdf\">NREL’s Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF), Golden, CO.</a></p>\n<p>The Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) at the US DOE’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) houses a state-of-the-art high-performance computing data center built to LEED Platinum. Hot water loops harvest waste heat from the data center and provide heating for the offices and labs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Data center waste heat also heats glycol loops located under the plaza and walkway, melting snow and improving walkway safety.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a>  Utility rebates supported building commissioning, performance verification, and system improvements.</p>\n<p><u>TIAA-CREF, New York City, NY </u></p>\n<p>The Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association (TIAA) replaced an aging chiller system with a new rooftop, chilled water system for ice production that runs during off-peak hours and includes a 30-tank thermal storage system.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.calmac.com/energy-storage-case-study-1155-ave-of-theamericas\">Durst Organization, New York City, NY</a></p>\n<p>The 41-story Durst Organization headquarters building uses off-peak, nigh-time electricity to make and store ice in 28 storage tanks located in the basement. Small pumps move ice-cooled fluid past fans that blow cold air into the building during daytime operations.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems facilitate participation in demand response programs, reducing peak demand, energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and costs by utilizing less expensive, off-peak electricity and by increasing the overall efficiency of energy systems (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). TES systems improve grid reliability by shifting peak heating and cooling loads from periods of high-demand to low-demand, eliminating the need for building new or maintaining older, less-efficient standby energy plants, and providing backup power to the grid like a generator and supporting distributed renewables generation.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>TES saves money on electricity and maintenance costs depending on the design of the system, the cooling, and heating requirements of the space, and the time of day during which the storage unit uses energy for its operation. Ideally, TES systems remove thermal energy from the medium during off-peak periods and circulate it during periods of high heating and cooling demand.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>TES systems increase in effectiveness when existing electricity demands vary during the day, as the heat capacity of the medium enables the spreading out of electricity demands more than would be possible with a traditional cooling system. As a result, TES systems work most effectively in buildings experiencing peaks in electricity demands throughout the day and in a location with high peak rates for electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Prices vary depending on the type of TES system selected, variations in site-specific conditions and individual vendor offerings, but annual energy savings can offset the system costs within ten years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Also, financing and incentives are sometimes available from utility companies to implement sizeable thermal energy storage systems. For example, the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) helped fund the TIAA-CREF building mentioned above.</p>\n<p>While the cost-savings of shifting load to off-peak hours drives adoption of most TES systems, designs that reduce chiller size and cost and improve building system efficiency make TES systems for customers with a flat electricity rate a viable option as well.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>Check with the New Jersey Clean Energy Program’s Combined Heat &amp; Power Program, Pay for Performance Program, and NJ SmartStart Buildings Programs for available incentives and rebates.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>TES systems offer a redundant building system for sustaining uninterrupted power in the event of a power outage. In the case of an emergency, TES systems provide a backup resource to supply heating or cooling to critical areas of a building. TES systems can complement traditional backup generation as part of an islandable microgrid and provide backup power during a grid outage or mechanical failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> By contributing to the downsizing of chillers and HVAC equipment, TES systems reduce the stress on the grid during severe winter weather and heat waves, contributing to grid reliability. By shifting energy loads to off-peak hours, TES systems encourage the use of clean and renewable energy sources.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> International Energy Agency Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (IEA-ETSAP) and International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). January 2013. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief. <a href=\"https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E17%20Thermal%20Energy%20Storage.pdf\">https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E17%20Thermal%20Energy%20Storage.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Mehos, Mark, et al. 2016. On the Path to SunShot: Advancing Concentrating Solar Power Technology, Performance, and Dispatchability. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65688.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65688.pdf</a> (accessed April 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief. <a href=\"https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E17%20Thermal%20Energy%20Storage.pdf\">https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E17%20Thermal%20Energy%20Storage.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Devrim Aydin et al. The latest advancements in thermochemical heat storage systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol 41. Jan 2015. Pages 356-357. <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114007308?via%3Dihub\">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114007308?via%3Dihub</a> (accessed April 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief. (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Sarbu, I.; Sebarchievici, C. A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage. <em>Sustainability</em> 2018, <em>10</em>, 191.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief.</p>\n<p>ntegration Facility (ESIF).” High-Performance Buildings. Spring 2015. <a href=\"http://www.hpbmagazine.org/attachments/article/12185/15S-Energy-Systems-Integration-Facility-Golden-CO.pdf\">http://www.hpbmagazine.org/attachments/article/12185/15S-Energy-Systems-Integration-Facility-Golden-CO.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Michael Sheppy et al. “Energy Integration – Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF).” High-Performance Buildings. Spring 2015.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> NJ Department of Environmental Protection. “Infrastructure Energy Efficiency” <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/opsc/docs/Infrastructure_Energy.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/opsc/docs/Infrastructure_Energy.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US DOE. Federal Energy Management Program. “Thermal Energy Storage for Space Cooling.” <a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996\">https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996</a> (accessed April 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US DOE. Federal Energy Management Program. “Thermal Energy Storage for Space Cooling.” <a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996\">https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996</a> (accessed April 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> NREL. Analysis Identifies Where Commercial Customers Might Benefit from Battery Energy Storage. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/where-commercial-customers-benefit-from-battery-energy-storage.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/where-commercial-customers-benefit-from-battery-energy-storage.html</a> (accessed April 13, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://iea-eces.org\">Energy Conservation through Energy Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/battery-thermal-energy-storage.html\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Battery and Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/pay-performance/existing-buildings\">New Jersey’s Clean Energy Program – Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://eere.pnl.gov/femp/publications.stm\">Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/pnnl-19853.pdf\">The Role of Energy Storage in Commercial Buildings – Preliminary Report</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/thermal-storage-rd-csp-systems\">Thermal Storage R&amp;D for CSP systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996\">Thermal Energy Storage for Space Cooling</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Thermal Energy Storage','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-thermal-energy-storage','','','2022-04-19 15:27:28','2022-04-19 15:27:28','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1987',0,'post','',0),(1988,2,'2022-04-19 15:24:13','2022-04-19 15:24:13','','EC Thermal Energy Storage','','inherit','closed','closed','','1987-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 15:24:13','2022-04-19 15:24:13','',1987,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1988',0,'revision','',0),(1990,2,'2022-04-19 15:27:25','2022-04-19 15:27:25','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Thermal Energy Storage\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Thermal Energy Storage?</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal energy storage (TES) stockpiles thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium for later use in heating and cooling applications and power generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems can utilize thermal energy storage to manage energy loads and reduce peak demand or to provide backup power (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power, Combined Heat and Power (CHP), Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). In the building sector, TES systems supply thermal energy for domestic hot water, space heating, and air-conditioning. The solar industry utilizes TES to store energy for concentrating solar power (CSP) plants, which use mirrors to focus sunlight and produce and store high-temperature thermal energy for electricity production in the absence of sunlight.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_526\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"wp-image-526 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Thermal-Energy-Storage-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Stratified water thermal storage system at Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Source: US DOE).\" width=\"630\" height=\"406\" /> Figure 1 – Stratified water thermal storage system at Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Source: US DOE).[/caption]<p>There are three kinds of TES systems:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Sensible heat storage, which stores thermal energy by heating or cooling a liquid or solid storage medium (e.g., water, sand, molten salts, rocks).</li>\n<li>Latent heat storage, which uses phase change materials or PCMs (e.g., from a solid state into a liquid state).</li>\n<li>Thermo-chemical storage (TCS), which uses chemical reactions to store and release thermal energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></li>\n</ol>\n<p>Sensible heat storage and latent heat storage are the most widely used for commercial building applications. Currently more complicated and cost prohibitive, future advances in thermochemical heat storage (THS) systems hold the potential for high storage density, low volume requirements, low heat loss, longer storage periods and low charging temperature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>TES technologies for heating applications include electrical or solar thermal water heating systems that use hot water tanks to store water until it is needed. TES systems improve the energy efficiency of buildings and provide cost savings by storing waste heat or by-product heat when it is available and supplying it upon demand.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Typical independent parameters that characterize TES systems in use are shown in the below table.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><img class=\"wp-image-561 alignnone size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Thermal-Energy-Storage-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Typical independent parameters that characterize TES systems\" width=\"1352\" height=\"188\" /></p>\n<p>TES technologies for cool storage include:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Sensible heat storage systems, such as chilled water (CHW) TES, and low-temperature fluid (LTF) TES, which store thermal energy as a temperature change.</li>\n<li>Latent heat storage systems, such as ice TES, which store thermal energy as a change of phase material (e.g., water to ice).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong>How to Integrate a Thermal Energy Storage System</strong></h2>\n<p>First, assess whether the building meets one or more of the following conditions for integrating TES: high utility demand costs, high peak-use utility costs, high daily load variations, short durations of loads, infrequent cyclical loads, and available incentives or rebates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>Next, determine what type of TES system to install based on the building size and utility costs. Phase change TES system typically work for small buildings while larger buildings often utilize temperature change systems. For example, small commercial buildings with space constraints may want to consider ice storage systems designed with integrated roof-top mounted, direct-expansion cooling systems. For larger commercial buildings, think about a stand-alone water chiller system with high thermal storage capacity. TES technology also scales well to district energy systems that serve multiple buildings.</p>\n<p>Final steps include installation and monitoring performance to fine-tune the system and to calculate payback periods and cost-savings.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.hpbmagazine.org/attachments/article/12185/15S-Energy-Systems-Integration-Facility-Golden-CO.pdf\">NREL’s Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF), Golden, CO.</a></p>\n<p>The Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) at the US DOE’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) houses a state-of-the-art high-performance computing data center built to LEED Platinum. Hot water loops harvest waste heat from the data center and provide heating for the offices and labs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Data center waste heat also heats glycol loops located under the plaza and walkway, melting snow and improving walkway safety.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a>  Utility rebates supported building commissioning, performance verification, and system improvements.</p>\n<p><u>TIAA-CREF, New York City, NY </u></p>\n<p>The Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association (TIAA) replaced an aging chiller system with a new rooftop, chilled water system for ice production that runs during off-peak hours and includes a 30-tank thermal storage system.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.calmac.com/energy-storage-case-study-1155-ave-of-theamericas\">Durst Organization, New York City, NY</a></p>\n<p>The 41-story Durst Organization headquarters building uses off-peak, nigh-time electricity to make and store ice in 28 storage tanks located in the basement. Small pumps move ice-cooled fluid past fans that blow cold air into the building during daytime operations.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems facilitate participation in demand response programs, reducing peak demand, energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and costs by utilizing less expensive, off-peak electricity and by increasing the overall efficiency of energy systems (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). TES systems improve grid reliability by shifting peak heating and cooling loads from periods of high-demand to low-demand, eliminating the need for building new or maintaining older, less-efficient standby energy plants, and providing backup power to the grid like a generator and supporting distributed renewables generation.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>TES saves money on electricity and maintenance costs depending on the design of the system, the cooling, and heating requirements of the space, and the time of day during which the storage unit uses energy for its operation. Ideally, TES systems remove thermal energy from the medium during off-peak periods and circulate it during periods of high heating and cooling demand.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>TES systems increase in effectiveness when existing electricity demands vary during the day, as the heat capacity of the medium enables the spreading out of electricity demands more than would be possible with a traditional cooling system. As a result, TES systems work most effectively in buildings experiencing peaks in electricity demands throughout the day and in a location with high peak rates for electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Prices vary depending on the type of TES system selected, variations in site-specific conditions and individual vendor offerings, but annual energy savings can offset the system costs within ten years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Also, financing and incentives are sometimes available from utility companies to implement sizeable thermal energy storage systems. For example, the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) helped fund the TIAA-CREF building mentioned above.</p>\n<p>While the cost-savings of shifting load to off-peak hours drives adoption of most TES systems, designs that reduce chiller size and cost and improve building system efficiency make TES systems for customers with a flat electricity rate a viable option as well.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>Check with the New Jersey Clean Energy Program’s Combined Heat &amp; Power Program, Pay for Performance Program, and NJ SmartStart Buildings Programs for available incentives and rebates.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>TES systems offer a redundant building system for sustaining uninterrupted power in the event of a power outage. In the case of an emergency, TES systems provide a backup resource to supply heating or cooling to critical areas of a building. TES systems can complement traditional backup generation as part of an islandable microgrid and provide backup power during a grid outage or mechanical failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> By contributing to the downsizing of chillers and HVAC equipment, TES systems reduce the stress on the grid during severe winter weather and heat waves, contributing to grid reliability. By shifting energy loads to off-peak hours, TES systems encourage the use of clean and renewable energy sources.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> International Energy Agency Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (IEA-ETSAP) and International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). January 2013. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief. <a href=\"https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E17%20Thermal%20Energy%20Storage.pdf\">https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E17%20Thermal%20Energy%20Storage.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Mehos, Mark, et al. 2016. On the Path to SunShot: Advancing Concentrating Solar Power Technology, Performance, and Dispatchability. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65688.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65688.pdf</a> (accessed April 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief. <a href=\"https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E17%20Thermal%20Energy%20Storage.pdf\">https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E17%20Thermal%20Energy%20Storage.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Devrim Aydin et al. The latest advancements in thermochemical heat storage systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol 41. Jan 2015. Pages 356-357. <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114007308?via%3Dihub\">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114007308?via%3Dihub</a> (accessed April 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief. (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Sarbu, I.; Sebarchievici, C. A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage. <em>Sustainability</em> 2018, <em>10</em>, 191.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief.</p>\n<p>ntegration Facility (ESIF).” High-Performance Buildings. Spring 2015. <a href=\"http://www.hpbmagazine.org/attachments/article/12185/15S-Energy-Systems-Integration-Facility-Golden-CO.pdf\">http://www.hpbmagazine.org/attachments/article/12185/15S-Energy-Systems-Integration-Facility-Golden-CO.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Michael Sheppy et al. “Energy Integration – Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF).” High-Performance Buildings. Spring 2015.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> NJ Department of Environmental Protection. “Infrastructure Energy Efficiency” <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/opsc/docs/Infrastructure_Energy.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/opsc/docs/Infrastructure_Energy.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US DOE. Federal Energy Management Program. “Thermal Energy Storage for Space Cooling.” <a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996\">https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996</a> (accessed April 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US DOE. Federal Energy Management Program. “Thermal Energy Storage for Space Cooling.” <a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996\">https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996</a> (accessed April 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> NREL. Analysis Identifies Where Commercial Customers Might Benefit from Battery Energy Storage. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/where-commercial-customers-benefit-from-battery-energy-storage.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/where-commercial-customers-benefit-from-battery-energy-storage.html</a> (accessed April 13, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://iea-eces.org\">Energy Conservation through Energy Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/battery-thermal-energy-storage.html\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Battery and Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/pay-performance/existing-buildings\">New Jersey’s Clean Energy Program – Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://eere.pnl.gov/femp/publications.stm\">Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/pnnl-19853.pdf\">The Role of Energy Storage in Commercial Buildings – Preliminary Report</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/thermal-storage-rd-csp-systems\">Thermal Storage R&amp;D for CSP systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996\">Thermal Energy Storage for Space Cooling</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Thermal Energy Storage','','inherit','closed','closed','','1987-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 15:27:25','2022-04-19 15:27:25','',1987,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1990',0,'revision','',0),(1992,2,'2022-04-19 15:35:31','2022-04-19 15:35:31','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"On-Site Renewable Energy Systems\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are On-Site Renewable Energy Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Renewable energy refers to energy produced from a fuel that regenerates or does not deplete natural resources. On-site renewable energy systems for existing commercial buildings include solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass. Electricity, heating, cooling, and other applications, including multi-purpose components can utilize renewable technologies. For example, installing solar photovoltaic (PV) panels on parking structures provides shading to cars and comfort to their occupants, while providing clean electricity.</p>\n<p>Many locations – building and/or site — can use on-site renewable energy systems. The practicality of most renewable energy systems or combination of systems for a specific construction project increases when considered early in the planning stages of the site and building design, although retrofits also may be advantageous as illustrated in Figure 1.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_120\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"494\"]<img class=\"wp-image-120 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewable-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Fire Station Solar Array, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green) Building).\" width=\"494\" height=\"500\" /> Figure 1 – Fire Station Solar Array, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green) Building).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Implementation of Renewable Energy Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Renewable energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>On-Site Renewable Energy Systems and Geothermal Systems</strong></h2>\n<p><u>Photovoltaics (PV) </u></p>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems refer to the use of renewable solar energy to create electricity. PV cells placed together in a module are grouped together electrically to form an array. Arrays of PVs applied to surfaces, such as a roof, capture light energy from the sun and produce electricity. The flexibility of installing this on-site renewable energy system makes it a suitable option for existing buildings. A specific PV system known as <em>Building-Integrated Photovoltaic </em>(BIPV)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> uses PV technology and applies it to building materials, serving multifunctional purposes. For example, a BIPV skylight not only captures energy, generating electricity for a building, but also provides daylighting (see <em>Daylighting</em>). Another strategy incorporates PV technology into an exterior wall for decorative purposes as well as collecting energy.</p>\n<p>New Jersey has one of the fastest growing markets in PV technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The availability of PV combined with available incentives facilitates the design and installation of PV systems in New Jersey. While projects can tailor PV systems to meet the needs of a particular site and building, south facing surfaces not shaded by nearby trees, buildings, and structures provide the best results. If possible, orient collectors at the angle of the location’s latitude (in New Jersey, this is approximately 40°N).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_453\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"606\"]<img class=\"wp-image-453 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Borough Hall, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"606\" height=\"380\" /> Figure 2 – Borough Hall, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]<p><u>Geothermal</u></p>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), also known as ground source heat pumps or geo-exchange systems, take advantage of the Earth’s relatively constant temperature (45°F- 75°F),<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> cooling buildings in the summer and warming them in the winter. Some geothermal systems have wells drilled vertically deep underground, while others have horizontal loops a shorter distance below ground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> ENERGY STAR qualified geothermal heat pumps use about 45% less energy than a standard heat pump.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Underground piping carries warranties of 25–50 years, heat pumps often last 20 years or more.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_538\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"678\"]<img class=\"wp-image-538 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)\" width=\"678\" height=\"462\" /> Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)[/caption]<p><u>Wind Power<br /></u></p>\n<p>Wind systems provide renewable energy in areas with sufficient wind speed. Prime locations for harvesting wind energy in New Jersey are along the shore. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>The two main types of wind turbines include horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT), the most common, and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Initially designed to be mounted on high poles in open or rural areas, small wind turbines (SWTs) include systems that are 100 kilowatts (kW) or less. Built-environment wind turbines (BEWT) refer to projects constructed on, in, or near buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> The highly turbulent and variable wind directions often found in the built environment make VAWTs a viable option as VAWTs do not need to orient into the wind to generate power.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> VAWTs come in two different design types: the Savonius design, which generates power through drag, and the Darrieus, which generates power through an aerodynamic lift.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_257\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"657\"]<img class=\"wp-image-257 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-4-e1553682158787.png\" alt=\"Figure 4. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).\" width=\"657\" height=\"604\" /> Figure 4. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).[/caption]<p><u>Solar Thermal</u></p>\n<p>Solar thermal, whether passive or active, utilizes solar power to heat water for domestic or process uses. Solar thermal water heating systems use tanks and solar collectors. Active water systems also use pumps and controls.  Three common types of solar collectors include flat-plate collectors, integral collectors, and evacuated tube collectors. Flat-plate collectors consist of insulated and weatherproof boxes with a dark absorber plate under glass or plastic covers that heats water. Integral collectors use the same system as a flat-plate collector, but the water continues on to a traditional hot water tank, ensuring a consistent supply of hot water. Evacuated tube collectors consist of rows of transparent tubes that allow water to pass through and heat quickly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_122\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"612\"]<img class=\"wp-image-122 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-5.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)\" width=\"612\" height=\"554\" /> Figure 5 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)[/caption]<p><u>Biomass</u></p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems utilize biomass, a renewable resource, to power facility heating, electric power generation, or combined heat and power (CHP) systems (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Biomass sources include organic material such as plant matter, wood, waste wood, residue from agriculture or forestry and organic matter from municipal or industrial waste. Fumes from landfills such as methane, a natural gas, provide biomass for electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>In addition to purely biomass-powered electricity generation, consider biomass co-firing, applicable to commercial buildings that already have coal-fired boilers. Coal-fired boilers can handle a pre-mixed combination of coal and biomass. Alternatively, retrofit existing coal-fired boilers with a separate feed system for the biomass allowing biomass and coal to mix inside the boiler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_35\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"590\"]<img class=\"wp-image-35 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-6.png\" alt=\"Figure 6 – Rex Lumber Biomass Facility, Englishtown, NJ. (Source: NJ Office of Clean Energy).\" width=\"590\" height=\"522\" /> Figure 6 – Rex Lumber Biomass Facility, Englishtown, NJ. (Source: NJ Office of Clean Energy).[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p>Geothermal: <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/success_stories/ACUA%202006%20Project%20of%20Year%20Award.pdf\">Atlantic County Utilities Authority (ACUA), Atlantic City/Egg Harbor Twp., NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The ACUA’s clean energy initiatives include a geothermal heating and cooling system at its GeoBuilding. The system depends on heating well water through fifty closed-looped wells on a field adjacent to the building. The system extracts heat from the water in the winter and transfers heat to the ground in the summer.</p>\n<p>PV: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Solar Islanding Project, Highland Park, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This report analyzes the power demands and associated functions potentially sustained by three existing solar installations in Highland Park, NJ if converted into solar power islands. The report includes recommendations in language consistent with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) standard for adoption by other municipalities who may already have solar islands.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/MC%20Marketing/NJ%20Case%20study%20-VinelandCopy2%20(2).pdf\">Vineland Solar One, Vineland, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Located on 14 acres at the Landis Sewage Authority (LSA), the Vineland Solar One generation facility includes 13,456 monocrystalline silicon panels that produce up to 5,500 MWh of energy annually. The NJ Office of Clean Energy Solar Renewable Energy Credit (SREC) Program and a Power Purchase Agreement between the Vineland Municipal Electric Utility (VMEU) and Conectiv Energy helped finance this public/private partnership.</p>\n<p>Wind: <a href=\"http://www.acua.com/green-initiatives/renewable-energy/windfarm/\">Jersey Atlantic Wind Farm, Atlantic City, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jersey-Atlantic Wind Farm, a community-scale wind turbine installation, includes five, 380-foot turbines, producing a combined 7.5 megawatts of power. The wind turbines and on-site solar installation power the wastewater treatment plant, with surplus energy sent to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL.<em> “</em>Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices.”</a></p>\n<p>This study looks at several case studies of Built Environment Wind Turbines (BEWTs), documenting mixed-results in the BEWT industry. Main obstacles cited include, 1) insufficient and not well-defined project feasibility and planning processes, 2) high-cost projects related to additional expenses for installation and operations in the built environment, 3) a lack of certified manufacturers for ongoing service and parts, and 4) over-estimated project performance due to the complexity of conducting accurate resource and production assessments in the built environment. BEWT projects with the best outcomes had well developed and quantified project goals that included energy production as well as educational and sustainability marketing goals. These projects also conducted thorough feasibility investigations, used certified HAWTs with a proven track record, and were installed on tall buildings relative to surrounding obstacles.</p>\n<p>Solar Thermal: <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/06/f32/solar-water-heating-case.pdf\">Solar Water Heating in Multifamily Building, Greenfield, MA.</a></p>\n<p>The Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB), a US DOE Building America team, installed a solar domestic hot water (SDHW) system (372 ft2 evacuated tub, 330 gallons storage) as part a major renovation project that converted an old school building into 12 high-performance apartments.</p>\n<p>Biomass: <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180201005621/http://www.biomasscenter.org:80/resource-library/case-studies\">Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC)</a></p>\n<p>With funding from the US DOE, the Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC) developed a series of 55 case studies illustrating the design and operational experiences of various community-scale facilities, including businesses, campuses, community buildings, schools, housing and government facilities, that employ biomass systems in the US, Canada, Europe, and Scandinavia.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/casestudy07_rex_lumber.pdf\">The Rex Lumber Company, Englishtown, NJ. </a></p>\n<p>The Rex Lumber Company, with a rebate for nearly 50% from the NJ Clean Energy Program, replaced a natural gas system with a wood-waste boiler biomass system to heat its kilns.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating on-site renewable energy systems reduces greenhouse gas emissions, protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits as detailed below.</p>\n<p>B<em>iomass</em> energy systems turn waste into resources, provide a renewable source of electricity and reduce the use of and dependency on fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing fuel supply security. Biomass powered CHP systems have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> Biomass reduces waste management costs like tipping fees while promoting local business and farming. Replacing up to 20% of fossil fuel such as coal with bio-fuel also reduces nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide emissions. Capturing methane, a gas emitted by the decomposition of waste 28-36 times stronger than carbon dioxide, reduces emissions of a significant greenhouse gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p><em>Geothermal pumps</em> have a higher efficiency than air pumps and produce less noise pollution as most of the moving parts are underground. Depending on the cost and type of fuel, heating with geothermal pumps can cost 25-50% less than that of conventional heating.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> Compared to air-source heat pumps, geothermal pumps last longer, require less maintenance and do not depend on outside air temperatures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></p>\n<p>The modularity of <em>PV systems</em> allows great flexibility in applying this technology to buildings. Solar PV can help manage peak demand and lower utility rates, while also providing shade and urban heat island reduction benefits.</p>\n<p><em>Solar thermal systems</em> reduce water consumption as well as the consumption of consumable, non-renewable, and often non-domestic energy sources such as natural gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a></p>\n<p><em>Wind power</em> reduces dependence on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a> Generating power from wind reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promotes the renewable energy industry in New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p><em>Geothermal </em>– The capital cost of geothermal systems average $7, 000.00 per ton including the bore field.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn23\" name=\"_ednref23\">[23]</a> Highly site-specific, well field costs can quickly add tens of thousands of dollars to overall system cost. Life-cycle costs can deliver a relatively quick payback beginning at 5 years, based on significant heating cost savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn24\" name=\"_ednref24\">[24]</a> Annual energy savings can vary from 25% to 50%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn25\" name=\"_ednref25\">[25]</a> Also, maintenance and upkeep cost less than traditional types of heating and cooling equipment.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Incremental cost (e.g., the cost of the green technology minus the cost of conventional technology) is around $3,957/ton.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn26\" name=\"_ednref26\">[26]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>Annual cost savings (e.g., annual kWh saved * $0.14/kWh [the price of electricity])</li>\n<li>According to US DOE Energy Savers, using GHPs reduce electricity consumption by 25-50%.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Scenario:</u> Consider a 20,000 SF commercial building using 50,000<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn27\" name=\"_ednref27\">[27]</a> btu/SF over five years.</p>\n<p>In <em>one</em> year:     50,000btu/SF ÷ 5 years = 10,000 btu</p>\n<p>10,000 btu/SF * 20,000 SF = 200,000,000 btu</p>\n<p>200,000,000 btu * (2.93×10<sup>-4 </sup>kWh/1 btu) = <strong>58,614kWh consumed</strong>.</p>\n<p>A reduction in electricity consumption of 50% means a savings of <strong>29,307 kWh</strong>, or:</p>\n<p><strong>29,307 kWh</strong> * $0.14/kWh = <strong>$ 4,102.98</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Payback (Capital Costs or Incremental Costs / annual cost savings)<br />Incremental Cost = $3,957</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Annual Cost Saving =             $4,102.98</p>\n<p>$3,957/$4,102.98 =                 0.96</p>\n<p>It will take <strong>less than one year </strong>to achieve a return on the investment in a geothermal heat pump.</p>\n<p><em>Photovoltaic</em> – PV systems have medium to high first costs, but like geothermal systems, have a quick payback, facilitated by various incentives and renewable energy credits. The New Jersey Office of Clean Energy Solar Renewable Energy Certificate (SREC) program provides renewable energy credits (RECs) during the first 15 years of the system’s life. Credits accumulate whenever a solar installation generates 1000 kWh of electricity. Prices for SREC credits sold through the SREC tracking system vary due to supply and demand.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn28\" name=\"_ednref28\">[28]</a> System costs vary depending on type of panel used, roof type, and size of the system. In New Jersey, a commercial system typically cost between $3 and $5 a Watt, including installation. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn29\" name=\"_ednref29\">[29]</a> Recent SREC pricing information can be found here: <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/project-activity-reports/srec-pricing/srec-pricing\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/project-activity-reports/srec-pricing/srec-pricing</a></p>\n<p><em>Small Wind </em>– Small wind installations cost about $800 to $1100 per kilowatt of generating capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn30\" name=\"_ednref30\">[30]</a> The price of a system varies depending on the size and details of the service agreement. Depending on the strength of the wind resource and the cost of the system, the typical paybacks range from 6-15 years.</p>\n<p><em>Solar Thermal –</em> The average price of solar thermal collector equipment varies depending on the type (low, medium, high temperature) and ranges from $1.94-$25.32 per square foot, averaging $7.01 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn31\" name=\"_ednref31\">[31]</a> The cost table below compares the average cost of solar thermal to conventional energy sources for 2017.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>New Jersey</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>Electricity</strong></td>\n<td width=\"120\"><strong>Natural Gas</strong></td>\n<td width=\"114\"><strong>Solar thermal</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>Average Cost per kilowatt-hour in commercial and industrial sectors:</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\">10.16-12.31¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn32\" name=\"_ednref32\">[32]</a></td>\n<td width=\"120\">9.05¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn33\" name=\"_ednref33\">[33]</a></td>\n<td width=\"114\">9.2-12¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn34\" name=\"_ednref34\">[34]</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p><em>Biomass –</em> The economics of biomass power generation depends on the availability of a predictable, local, sustainably-sourced, low-cost and long-term feedstock supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn35\" name=\"_ednref35\">[35]</a> Differences in feedstock chemical composition impact the cost of the feedstock. For example, waste produced due to industrial processes can have a zero or even negative cost by avoiding waste disposal charges. Likewise, prices for dedicated energy crops can spike due to low productivity and high transportation costs. Lower cost options may include agricultural, and forestry residues collected and transported over short distances or available locally as a by-product.</p>\n<p>The wide range of bioenergy-fired power generation technologies translates into a broad range of installed costs. For example, installation costs for biomass heating plants average between $500 to $1500 per kW-thermal of installed heating rate capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn36\" name=\"_ednref36\">[36]</a> Installation for small-scale biomass electric plants typically cost between $3,000 to $4,000 per kW.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn37\" name=\"_ednref37\">[37]</a></p>\n<p>Fixed operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) costs, such as labor, scheduled maintenance, routine component or equipment replacement, and insurance for bioenergy power plants typically range from 2-6% of total installed costs per year, while variable O&amp;M costs average 0.005/KWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn38\" name=\"_ednref38\">[38]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_376\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"992\"]<img class=\"wp-image-376 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-7.png\" alt=\"Biomass Co-firing Capital Costs Source: NREL\" width=\"992\" height=\"506\" /> Source: NREL[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site renewable energy systems promote resiliency in many ways. They tend to rely on site-based “fuel” and may island or operate independently from the power grid (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV, Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>). For example, solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems with battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, while also providing a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs. By providing localized power generation, islandable PV systems increase energy efficiency by reducing transmission and distribution losses typical of centralized grid systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn39\" name=\"_ednref39\">[39]</a> Unlike diesel and fossil-fueled generators, typically used only during emergencies, islandable PV systems with battery storage provide value throughout the year, do not require regular maintenance or refueling, and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn40\" name=\"_ednref40\">[40]</a> Some systems provide additional protection from flooding events, based on elevated installations, such as PV roof or pole-mounted systems.</p>\n<p>For recommendations on how to incorporate solar islanding capabilities into existing facilities, see the <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a>.</p>\n<p><em>Biomass</em> offers several resiliency benefits including the ability to stockpile fuel for emergencies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn41\" name=\"_ednref41\">[41]</a> Plans to recover, segregate, and process biomass fuel locally makes downed biomass from fallen trees and vegetation caused by storms and natural disasters a cost-saving resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn42\" name=\"_ednref42\">[42]</a> Making use of downed biomass also frees up time and money for other recovery efforts, while at the same time providing short to long-term backup power for critical infrastructure and emergency services.</p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems with off-grid or islanding capabilities and thermal energy storage provide enhanced energy independence, security, and reliability in the event of natural disasters and security threats while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Battery Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn43\" name=\"_ednref43\">[43]</a> Biomass-fired CHP systems promote the renewable energy industry in New Jersey by utilizing renewable sources of fuel, providing backup power and balancing the supply and demand of electricity from variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn44\" name=\"_ednref44\">[44]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, biomass-fired CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids and the broader smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources and energy storage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Eiffert Ph. D, Patrina and Gregory J. Kiss. NREL. Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Designs for Commercial and Institutional Structures: A Sourcebook for Architects.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf\">www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf</a> (accessed  April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. Renewable Energy: Programs: <em>SREC Registration Program. </em><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US DOE  “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a>  US DOE. “Guide to Geothermal Heat Pumps” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Heat Pumps, Geothermal for Consumers.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE. “Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a>American Wind Energy Association.  “Wind 101: Wind Energy Basics.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180903090547/http://www.awea.org:80/wind-power-101\">https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Jason Fields, Frank Oteri, Robert Press, and Ian Baring-Gould (2016) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> J. Smith, T. Forsyth, K. Sinclair, and F. Oteri. (2015) NREL. 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Solar Water Heaters. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Biomass to Heat. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. “Biopower.” <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> US EIA “Biomass for Electricity Generation.” 2002. <a href=\"http://www2.et.byu.edu/~tom/classes/733/Biomass/Biomass%20for%20electricity%20generation.pdf\">http://www2.et.byu.edu/~tom/classes/733/Biomass/Biomass%20for%20electricity%20generation.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas\">https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> US DOE. 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Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump System. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref26\" name=\"_edn26\">[26]</a> NEEP. “Mid-Atlantic Technical Reference Manual Version 7.” <a href=\"http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf\">http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref27\" name=\"_edn27\">[27]</a> US DOE | EERE. Planning, Budget &amp; Analysis: Commercial Buildings Total Energy Consumption. April 2008. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/analysis/energy-intensity-indicators\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/analysis/energy-intensity-indicators</a><em> Assume an average of 50k btu for all sectors.</em> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref28\" name=\"_edn28\">[28]</a> NJ OCE. SREC Registration Program. <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref29\" name=\"_edn29\">[29]</a> NJ OCE. NJCEP Solar Project data</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref30\" name=\"_edn30\">[30]</a> US DOE. 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref31\" name=\"_edn31\">[31]</a> US DOE | EIA. Form EIA-63A, “Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey.” From table 2.12 at <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/\">https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref32\" name=\"_edn32\">[32]</a> US DOE | EIA.   “Electricity Data Browser.”   <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin\">https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref33\" name=\"_edn33\">[33]</a> US DOE | EIA. “Natural Gas Prices.” 2017 Available for Commercial only <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm\">https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref34\" name=\"_edn34\">[34]</a> NREL. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/68925.pdf\">The U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmark: Q1 2017</a>. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html</a>   (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref35\" name=\"_edn35\">[35]</a> International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref36\" name=\"_edn36\">[36]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref37\" name=\"_edn37\">[37]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Electricity. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref38\" name=\"_edn38\">[38]</a> IREA. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref39\" name=\"_edn39\">[39]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref40\" name=\"_edn40\">[40]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref41\" name=\"_edn41\">[41]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref42\" name=\"_edn42\">[42]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref43\" name=\"_edn43\">[43]</a> Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG). Benefits of Biomass.  <a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref44\" name=\"_edn44\">[44]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/\">Roof Replacements and Upgrades</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org\">Database of State Incentives for Renewables &amp; Efficiency (DSIRE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">ENERGY STAR Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org\">International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ Clean Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">Commercial, Industrial and Local Government Programs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/home/home\">Renewable Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/tools-and-resources/links/renewable\">Tools and Resources</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy\">Bioenergy Technologies Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-energy-us-department-energy\">Geothermal Technologies Office</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/solar-energy-technologies-office\">Solar Energy Technologies Office</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/wind-energy-technologies-office\">Wind Energy Technologies Office</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program (FEMA)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">Biomass for Heat</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/building-integrated-photovoltaics-bipv\">Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/solar-water-heating\">Solar Water Heating</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">Wind Technology</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Tools </strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wunderground.com/calculators/solar.html?MR=1\">Weather Underground Tool: calculates potential electricity generated from your system</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/files/docs/small_wind_economic_model.xls\">Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC On-Site Renewable Energy Systems','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems','','\nhttp://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/','2022-06-23 19:25:09','2022-06-23 19:25:09','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1992',0,'post','',0),(1993,2,'2022-04-19 15:28:00','2022-04-19 15:28:00','','EC On-Site Renewable Energy Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1992-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 15:28:00','2022-04-19 15:28:00','',1992,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1993',0,'revision','',0),(1995,2,'2022-04-19 15:35:31','2022-04-19 15:35:31','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"On-Site Renewable Energy Systems\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are On-Site Renewable Energy Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Renewable energy refers to energy produced from a fuel that regenerates or does not deplete natural resources. On-site renewable energy systems for existing commercial buildings include solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass. Electricity, heating, cooling, and other applications, including multi-purpose components can utilize renewable technologies. For example, installing solar photovoltaic (PV) panels on parking structures provides shading to cars and comfort to their occupants, while providing clean electricity.</p>\n<p>Many locations – building and/or site — can use on-site renewable energy systems. The practicality of most renewable energy systems or combination of systems for a specific construction project increases when considered early in the planning stages of the site and building design, although retrofits also may be advantageous as illustrated in Figure 1.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_120\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"494\"]<img class=\"wp-image-120 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewable-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Fire Station Solar Array, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green) Building).\" width=\"494\" height=\"500\" /> Figure 1 – Fire Station Solar Array, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green) Building).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Implementation of Renewable Energy Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Renewable energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>On-Site Renewable Energy Systems and Geothermal Systems</strong></h2>\n<p><u>Photovoltaics (PV) </u></p>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems refer to the use of renewable solar energy to create electricity. PV cells placed together in a module are grouped together electrically to form an array. Arrays of PVs applied to surfaces, such as a roof, capture light energy from the sun and produce electricity. The flexibility of installing this on-site renewable energy system makes it a suitable option for existing buildings. A specific PV system known as <em>Building-Integrated Photovoltaic </em>(BIPV)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> uses PV technology and applies it to building materials, serving multifunctional purposes. For example, a BIPV skylight not only captures energy, generating electricity for a building, but also provides daylighting (see <em>Daylighting</em>). Another strategy incorporates PV technology into an exterior wall for decorative purposes as well as collecting energy.</p>\n<p>New Jersey has one of the fastest growing markets in PV technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The availability of PV combined with available incentives facilitates the design and installation of PV systems in New Jersey. While projects can tailor PV systems to meet the needs of a particular site and building, south facing surfaces not shaded by nearby trees, buildings, and structures provide the best results. If possible, orient collectors at the angle of the location’s latitude (in New Jersey, this is approximately 40°N).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_453\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"606\"]<img class=\"wp-image-453 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Borough Hall, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"606\" height=\"380\" /> Figure 2 – Borough Hall, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]<p><u>Geothermal</u></p>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), also known as ground source heat pumps or geo-exchange systems, take advantage of the Earth’s relatively constant temperature (45°F- 75°F),<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> cooling buildings in the summer and warming them in the winter. Some geothermal systems have wells drilled vertically deep underground, while others have horizontal loops a shorter distance below ground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> ENERGY STAR qualified geothermal heat pumps use about 45% less energy than a standard heat pump.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Underground piping carries warranties of 25–50 years, heat pumps often last 20 years or more.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_538\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"678\"]<img class=\"wp-image-538 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)\" width=\"678\" height=\"462\" /> Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)[/caption]<p><u>Wind Power<br /></u></p>\n<p>Wind systems provide renewable energy in areas with sufficient wind speed. Prime locations for harvesting wind energy in New Jersey are along the shore. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>The two main types of wind turbines include horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT), the most common, and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Initially designed to be mounted on high poles in open or rural areas, small wind turbines (SWTs) include systems that are 100 kilowatts (kW) or less. Built-environment wind turbines (BEWT) refer to projects constructed on, in, or near buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> The highly turbulent and variable wind directions often found in the built environment make VAWTs a viable option as VAWTs do not need to orient into the wind to generate power.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> VAWTs come in two different design types: the Savonius design, which generates power through drag, and the Darrieus, which generates power through an aerodynamic lift.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_257\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"657\"]<img class=\"wp-image-257 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-4-e1553682158787.png\" alt=\"Figure 4. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).\" width=\"657\" height=\"604\" /> Figure 4. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).[/caption]<p><u>Solar Thermal</u></p>\n<p>Solar thermal, whether passive or active, utilizes solar power to heat water for domestic or process uses. Solar thermal water heating systems use tanks and solar collectors. Active water systems also use pumps and controls.  Three common types of solar collectors include flat-plate collectors, integral collectors, and evacuated tube collectors. Flat-plate collectors consist of insulated and weatherproof boxes with a dark absorber plate under glass or plastic covers that heats water. Integral collectors use the same system as a flat-plate collector, but the water continues on to a traditional hot water tank, ensuring a consistent supply of hot water. Evacuated tube collectors consist of rows of transparent tubes that allow water to pass through and heat quickly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_122\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"612\"]<img class=\"wp-image-122 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-5.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)\" width=\"612\" height=\"554\" /> Figure 5 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)[/caption]<p><u>Biomass</u></p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems utilize biomass, a renewable resource, to power facility heating, electric power generation, or combined heat and power (CHP) systems (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Biomass sources include organic material such as plant matter, wood, waste wood, residue from agriculture or forestry and organic matter from municipal or industrial waste. Fumes from landfills such as methane, a natural gas, provide biomass for electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>In addition to purely biomass-powered electricity generation, consider biomass co-firing, applicable to commercial buildings that already have coal-fired boilers. Coal-fired boilers can handle a pre-mixed combination of coal and biomass. Alternatively, retrofit existing coal-fired boilers with a separate feed system for the biomass allowing biomass and coal to mix inside the boiler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_35\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"590\"]<img class=\"wp-image-35 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-6.png\" alt=\"Figure 6 – Rex Lumber Biomass Facility, Englishtown, NJ. (Source: NJ Office of Clean Energy).\" width=\"590\" height=\"522\" /> Figure 6 – Rex Lumber Biomass Facility, Englishtown, NJ. (Source: NJ Office of Clean Energy).[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p>Geothermal: <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/success_stories/ACUA%202006%20Project%20of%20Year%20Award.pdf\">Atlantic County Utilities Authority (ACUA), Atlantic City/Egg Harbor Twp., NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The ACUA’s clean energy initiatives include a geothermal heating and cooling system at its GeoBuilding. The system depends on heating well water through fifty closed-looped wells on a field adjacent to the building. The system extracts heat from the water in the winter and transfers heat to the ground in the summer.</p>\n<p>PV: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Solar Islanding Project, Highland Park, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This report analyzes the power demands and associated functions potentially sustained by three existing solar installations in Highland Park, NJ if converted into solar power islands. The report includes recommendations in language consistent with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) standard for adoption by other municipalities who may already have solar islands.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/MC%20Marketing/NJ%20Case%20study%20-VinelandCopy2%20(2).pdf\">Vineland Solar One, Vineland, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Located on 14 acres at the Landis Sewage Authority (LSA), the Vineland Solar One generation facility includes 13,456 monocrystalline silicon panels that produce up to 5,500 MWh of energy annually. The NJ Office of Clean Energy Solar Renewable Energy Credit (SREC) Program and a Power Purchase Agreement between the Vineland Municipal Electric Utility (VMEU) and Conectiv Energy helped finance this public/private partnership.</p>\n<p>Wind: <a href=\"http://www.acua.com/green-initiatives/renewable-energy/windfarm/\">Jersey Atlantic Wind Farm, Atlantic City, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jersey-Atlantic Wind Farm, a community-scale wind turbine installation, includes five, 380-foot turbines, producing a combined 7.5 megawatts of power. The wind turbines and on-site solar installation power the wastewater treatment plant, with surplus energy sent to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL.<em> “</em>Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices.”</a></p>\n<p>This study looks at several case studies of Built Environment Wind Turbines (BEWTs), documenting mixed-results in the BEWT industry. Main obstacles cited include, 1) insufficient and not well-defined project feasibility and planning processes, 2) high-cost projects related to additional expenses for installation and operations in the built environment, 3) a lack of certified manufacturers for ongoing service and parts, and 4) over-estimated project performance due to the complexity of conducting accurate resource and production assessments in the built environment. BEWT projects with the best outcomes had well developed and quantified project goals that included energy production as well as educational and sustainability marketing goals. These projects also conducted thorough feasibility investigations, used certified HAWTs with a proven track record, and were installed on tall buildings relative to surrounding obstacles.</p>\n<p>Solar Thermal: <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/06/f32/solar-water-heating-case.pdf\">Solar Water Heating in Multifamily Building, Greenfield, MA.</a></p>\n<p>The Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB), a US DOE Building America team, installed a solar domestic hot water (SDHW) system (372 ft2 evacuated tub, 330 gallons storage) as part a major renovation project that converted an old school building into 12 high-performance apartments.</p>\n<p>Biomass: <a href=\"https://www.biomasscenter.org/resource-library/case-studies\">Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC)</a></p>\n<p>With funding from the US DOE, the Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC) developed a series of 55 case studies illustrating the design and operational experiences of various community-scale facilities, including businesses, campuses, community buildings, schools, housing and government facilities, that employ biomass systems in the US, Canada, Europe, and Scandinavia.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/casestudy07_rex_lumber.pdf\">The Rex Lumber Company, Englishtown, NJ. </a></p>\n<p>The Rex Lumber Company, with a rebate for nearly 50% from the NJ Clean Energy Program, replaced a natural gas system with a wood-waste boiler biomass system to heat its kilns.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating on-site renewable energy systems reduces greenhouse gas emissions, protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits as detailed below.</p>\n<p>B<em>iomass</em> energy systems turn waste into resources, provide a renewable source of electricity and reduce the use of and dependency on fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing fuel supply security. Biomass powered CHP systems have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> Biomass reduces waste management costs like tipping fees while promoting local business and farming. Replacing up to 20% of fossil fuel such as coal with bio-fuel also reduces nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide emissions. Capturing methane, a gas emitted by the decomposition of waste 28-36 times stronger than carbon dioxide, reduces emissions of a significant greenhouse gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p><em>Geothermal pumps</em> have a higher efficiency than air pumps and produce less noise pollution as most of the moving parts are underground. Depending on the cost and type of fuel, heating with geothermal pumps can cost 25-50% less than that of conventional heating.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> Compared to air-source heat pumps, geothermal pumps last longer, require less maintenance and do not depend on outside air temperatures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></p>\n<p>The modularity of <em>PV systems</em> allows great flexibility in applying this technology to buildings. Solar PV can help manage peak demand and lower utility rates, while also providing shade and urban heat island reduction benefits.</p>\n<p><em>Solar thermal systems</em> reduce water consumption as well as the consumption of consumable, non-renewable, and often non-domestic energy sources such as natural gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a></p>\n<p><em>Wind power</em> reduces dependence on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a> Generating power from wind reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promotes the renewable energy industry in New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p><em>Geothermal </em>– The capital cost of geothermal systems average $7, 000.00 per ton including the bore field.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn23\" name=\"_ednref23\">[23]</a> Highly site-specific, well field costs can quickly add tens of thousands of dollars to overall system cost. Life-cycle costs can deliver a relatively quick payback beginning at 5 years, based on significant heating cost savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn24\" name=\"_ednref24\">[24]</a> Annual energy savings can vary from 25% to 50%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn25\" name=\"_ednref25\">[25]</a> Also, maintenance and upkeep cost less than traditional types of heating and cooling equipment.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Incremental cost (e.g., the cost of the green technology minus the cost of conventional technology) is around $3,957/ton.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn26\" name=\"_ednref26\">[26]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>Annual cost savings (e.g., annual kWh saved * $0.14/kWh [the price of electricity])</li>\n<li>According to US DOE Energy Savers, using GHPs reduce electricity consumption by 25-50%.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Scenario:</u> Consider a 20,000 SF commercial building using 50,000<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn27\" name=\"_ednref27\">[27]</a> btu/SF over five years.</p>\n<p>In <em>one</em> year:     50,000btu/SF ÷ 5 years = 10,000 btu</p>\n<p>10,000 btu/SF * 20,000 SF = 200,000,000 btu</p>\n<p>200,000,000 btu * (2.93×10<sup>-4 </sup>kWh/1 btu) = <strong>58,614kWh consumed</strong>.</p>\n<p>A reduction in electricity consumption of 50% means a savings of <strong>29,307 kWh</strong>, or:</p>\n<p><strong>29,307 kWh</strong> * $0.14/kWh = <strong>$ 4,102.98</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Payback (Capital Costs or Incremental Costs / annual cost savings)<br />Incremental Cost = $3,957</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Annual Cost Saving =             $4,102.98</p>\n<p>$3,957/$4,102.98 =                 0.96</p>\n<p>It will take <strong>less than one year </strong>to achieve a return on the investment in a geothermal heat pump.</p>\n<p><em>Photovoltaic</em> – PV systems have medium to high first costs, but like geothermal systems, have a quick payback, facilitated by various incentives and renewable energy credits. The New Jersey Office of Clean Energy Solar Renewable Energy Certificate (SREC) program provides renewable energy credits (RECs) during the first 15 years of the system’s life. Credits accumulate whenever a solar installation generates 1000 kWh of electricity. Prices for SREC credits sold through the SREC tracking system vary due to supply and demand.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn28\" name=\"_ednref28\">[28]</a> System costs vary depending on type of panel used, roof type, and size of the system. In New Jersey, a commercial system typically cost between $3 and $5 a Watt, including installation. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn29\" name=\"_ednref29\">[29]</a> Recent SREC pricing information can be found here: <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/project-activity-reports/srec-pricing/srec-pricing\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/project-activity-reports/srec-pricing/srec-pricing</a></p>\n<p><em>Small Wind </em>– Small wind installations cost about $800 to $1100 per kilowatt of generating capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn30\" name=\"_ednref30\">[30]</a> The price of a system varies depending on the size and details of the service agreement. Depending on the strength of the wind resource and the cost of the system, the typical paybacks range from 6-15 years.</p>\n<p><em>Solar Thermal –</em> The average price of solar thermal collector equipment varies depending on the type (low, medium, high temperature) and ranges from $1.94-$25.32 per square foot, averaging $7.01 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn31\" name=\"_ednref31\">[31]</a> The cost table below compares the average cost of solar thermal to conventional energy sources for 2017.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>New Jersey</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>Electricity</strong></td>\n<td width=\"120\"><strong>Natural Gas</strong></td>\n<td width=\"114\"><strong>Solar thermal</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>Average Cost per kilowatt-hour in commercial and industrial sectors:</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\">10.16-12.31¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn32\" name=\"_ednref32\">[32]</a></td>\n<td width=\"120\">9.05¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn33\" name=\"_ednref33\">[33]</a></td>\n<td width=\"114\">9.2-12¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn34\" name=\"_ednref34\">[34]</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p><em>Biomass –</em> The economics of biomass power generation depends on the availability of a predictable, local, sustainably-sourced, low-cost and long-term feedstock supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn35\" name=\"_ednref35\">[35]</a> Differences in feedstock chemical composition impact the cost of the feedstock. For example, waste produced due to industrial processes can have a zero or even negative cost by avoiding waste disposal charges. Likewise, prices for dedicated energy crops can spike due to low productivity and high transportation costs. Lower cost options may include agricultural, and forestry residues collected and transported over short distances or available locally as a by-product.</p>\n<p>The wide range of bioenergy-fired power generation technologies translates into a broad range of installed costs. For example, installation costs for biomass heating plants average between $500 to $1500 per kW-thermal of installed heating rate capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn36\" name=\"_ednref36\">[36]</a> Installation for small-scale biomass electric plants typically cost between $3,000 to $4,000 per kW.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn37\" name=\"_ednref37\">[37]</a></p>\n<p>Fixed operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) costs, such as labor, scheduled maintenance, routine component or equipment replacement, and insurance for bioenergy power plants typically range from 2-6% of total installed costs per year, while variable O&amp;M costs average 0.005/KWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn38\" name=\"_ednref38\">[38]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_376\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"992\"]<img class=\"wp-image-376 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-7.png\" alt=\"Biomass Co-firing Capital Costs Source: NREL\" width=\"992\" height=\"506\" /> Source: NREL[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site renewable energy systems promote resiliency in many ways. They tend to rely on site-based “fuel” and may island or operate independently from the power grid (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV, Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>). For example, solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems with battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, while also providing a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs. By providing localized power generation, islandable PV systems increase energy efficiency by reducing transmission and distribution losses typical of centralized grid systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn39\" name=\"_ednref39\">[39]</a> Unlike diesel and fossil-fueled generators, typically used only during emergencies, islandable PV systems with battery storage provide value throughout the year, do not require regular maintenance or refueling, and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn40\" name=\"_ednref40\">[40]</a> Some systems provide additional protection from flooding events, based on elevated installations, such as PV roof or pole-mounted systems.</p>\n<p>For recommendations on how to incorporate solar islanding capabilities into existing facilities, see the <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a>.</p>\n<p><em>Biomass</em> offers several resiliency benefits including the ability to stockpile fuel for emergencies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn41\" name=\"_ednref41\">[41]</a> Plans to recover, segregate, and process biomass fuel locally makes downed biomass from fallen trees and vegetation caused by storms and natural disasters a cost-saving resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn42\" name=\"_ednref42\">[42]</a> Making use of downed biomass also frees up time and money for other recovery efforts, while at the same time providing short to long-term backup power for critical infrastructure and emergency services.</p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems with off-grid or islanding capabilities and thermal energy storage provide enhanced energy independence, security, and reliability in the event of natural disasters and security threats while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Battery Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn43\" name=\"_ednref43\">[43]</a> Biomass-fired CHP systems promote the renewable energy industry in New Jersey by utilizing renewable sources of fuel, providing backup power and balancing the supply and demand of electricity from variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn44\" name=\"_ednref44\">[44]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, biomass-fired CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids and the broader smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources and energy storage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Eiffert Ph. D, Patrina and Gregory J. Kiss. NREL. Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Designs for Commercial and Institutional Structures: A Sourcebook for Architects.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf\">www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf</a> (accessed  April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. Renewable Energy: Programs: <em>SREC Registration Program. </em><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US DOE  “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a>  US DOE. “Guide to Geothermal Heat Pumps” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Heat Pumps, Geothermal for Consumers.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE. “Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a>American Wind Energy Association.  “Wind 101: Wind Energy Basics.” <a href=\"https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101\">https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Jason Fields, Frank Oteri, Robert Press, and Ian Baring-Gould (2016) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> J. Smith, T. Forsyth, K. Sinclair, and F. Oteri. (2015) NREL. Built-Environment Wind Turbine Roadmap. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> US DOE. Solar Water Heaters. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Biomass to Heat. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. “Biopower.” <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> US EIA “Biomass for Electricity Generation.” 2002. <a href=\"http://www2.et.byu.edu/~tom/classes/733/Biomass/Biomass%20for%20electricity%20generation.pdf\">http://www2.et.byu.edu/~tom/classes/733/Biomass/Biomass%20for%20electricity%20generation.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas\">https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> US DOE. Energy Savers: Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pumps. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> US DOE | EERE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> Denholm, P. 2007. “The Technical Potential of Solar Water Heating to Reduce Fossil Fuel Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United States.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO.   <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> McCollum, David, and Christopher Yang. 2009. “Achieving deep reductions in US transport greenhouse gas emissions: Scenario analysis and policy implications.” Energy Policy 37: 5580-5596.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref23\" name=\"_edn23\">[23]</a> Rutgers University Facilities Department – Based on estimates received for new buildings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref24\" name=\"_edn24\">[24]</a> US DOE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref25\" name=\"_edn25\">[25]</a> US DOE. Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump System. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref26\" name=\"_edn26\">[26]</a> NEEP. “Mid-Atlantic Technical Reference Manual Version 7.” <a href=\"http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf\">http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref27\" name=\"_edn27\">[27]</a> US DOE | EERE. Planning, Budget &amp; Analysis: Commercial Buildings Total Energy Consumption. April 2008. <a href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/intensityindicators/total_commercial.html\">http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/intensityindicators/total_commercial.html</a><em> Assume an average of 50k btu for all sectors.</em> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref28\" name=\"_edn28\">[28]</a> NJ OCE. SREC Registration Program. <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref29\" name=\"_edn29\">[29]</a> NJ OCE. NJCEP Solar Project data</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref30\" name=\"_edn30\">[30]</a> US DOE. 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref31\" name=\"_edn31\">[31]</a> US DOE | EIA. Form EIA-63A, “Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey.” From table 2.12 at <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/\">https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref32\" name=\"_edn32\">[32]</a> US DOE | EIA.   “Electricity Data Browser.”   <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin\">https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref33\" name=\"_edn33\">[33]</a> US DOE | EIA. “Natural Gas Prices.” 2017 Available for Commercial only <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm\">https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref34\" name=\"_edn34\">[34]</a> NREL. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/68925.pdf\">The U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmark: Q1 2017</a>. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html</a>   (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref35\" name=\"_edn35\">[35]</a> International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref36\" name=\"_edn36\">[36]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref37\" name=\"_edn37\">[37]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Electricity. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref38\" name=\"_edn38\">[38]</a> IREA. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref39\" name=\"_edn39\">[39]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref40\" name=\"_edn40\">[40]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref41\" name=\"_edn41\">[41]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref42\" name=\"_edn42\">[42]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref43\" name=\"_edn43\">[43]</a> Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG). Benefits of Biomass.  <a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref44\" name=\"_edn44\">[44]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/\">Roof Replacements and Upgrades</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org\">Database of State Incentives for Renewables &amp; Efficiency (DSIRE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">ENERGY STAR Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org\">International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ Clean Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">Commercial, Industrial and Local Government Programs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/home/home\">Renewable Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/tools-and-resources/links/renewable\">Tools and Resources</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy\">Bioenergy Technologies Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-energy-us-department-energy\">Geothermal Technologies Office</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/solar-energy-technologies-office\">Solar Energy Technologies Office</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/wind-energy-technologies-office\">Wind Energy Technologies Office</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program (FEMA)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">Biomass for Heat</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/building-integrated-photovoltaics-bipv\">Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/solar-water-heating\">Solar Water Heating</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">Wind Technology</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Tools </strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wunderground.com/calculators/solar.html?MR=1\">Weather Underground Tool: calculates potential electricity generated from your system</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/files/docs/small_wind_economic_model.xls\">Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC On-Site Renewable Energy Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1992-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 15:35:31','2022-04-19 15:35:31','',1992,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1995',0,'revision','',0),(1997,2,'2022-04-19 15:38:09','2022-04-19 15:38:09','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation? </strong></h2>\n<p>In the last 20 years, an increase in the frequency and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, and ice storms in New Jersey and the associated costs of storm-related power outages, highlight the need for resilient energy systems that provide backup power in the event of a grid failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Historically, generators fueled by fossil fuels, such as diesel or natural gas, provide backup power in the event of a power outage or natural disaster. In New Jersey, Hurricane Sandy exposed the vulnerability of generators, as the storm disrupted access to fuel and competing fuel demands from the transportation sector quickly depleted local fuel reserves.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Energy storage refers to storing energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, or for energy arbitrage storing low priced energy and using that energy during peak demand when prices climb.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The following categories highlight current and emerging energy storage technologies applicable to the building sector:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flow Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flywheels</li>\n<li>Compressed Air Energy Storage</li>\n<li>Thermal (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Backup power provides energy required for supporting critical building functions by utilizing stored electrical or thermal energy (energy storage) from on-site power generation systems with islanding (generating power when the electrical grid is down) capabilities, or power from local microgrids and distributed energy generators. Energy storage systems could also help provide grid stabilization functionalities such as Contingency Reserve and Frequency Regulation.</p>\n<p>As the costs of energy storage and backup power generation systems continue to decline and the integration of these technologies continues to advance, several viable options exist for supplementing or replacing traditional standby generators, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Islandable Photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery storage (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV</em>)</li>\n<li>Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems with or without energy storage (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em> and <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n<li>Fuel Cells and hydrogen storage<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology and battery storage (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation </strong></h2>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from backup power in the event of power outage.</p>\n<p>Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, emergency and night-time lighting, water pumps, and phone or laptop charging, and online access via a cable modem or wireless router versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Figure 1 shows considerations for sizing solar and battery storage for backup power generation.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_175\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"878\"]<img class=\"wp-image-175 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Storage-and-Back-up-Power-Generation-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"878\" height=\"698\" /> Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)[/caption]<p>Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Note that configuring power systems to operate independently of the grid requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, energy storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful islanding to take place.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>As per the <a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">Insurance Institute for Business and Home and Safety’s (IBHS) FORTIFIED Commercial Hurricane Standard</a>, locate electrical connections for backup power generation and energy storage at an elevation above the 500-year flood level or 3 ft above the Base Flood Elevation (BFE) for the property or provide dry flood protection such as flood gates, walls or doors, inflatable barriers, or sand bags to prevent water intrusion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>Accounting for cost savings during regular business operations (demand response) and for the cost of electric grid power outages and lost business (resiliency benefit) lowers the payback period for energy storage and backup power investments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">PV and Battery Pilot Project, Hopewell Valley Central Highschool, Pennington, NJ</a></p>\n<p>As part of PSE&amp;G’s Solar 4 All Program, which supports solar technologies that also contribute to grid resiliency, the Hopewell Valley Central Highschool installed an 876 kilowatt-dc rooftop solar and parking lot solar canopy system with large lithium ion batteries.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> The system can connect to the grid or charge batteries, allowing the highschool to participate in the PJM Frequency Regulation Market. During power outages, the system provides critical functions including heating/cooling, emergency lighting, and food refrigeration.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">GAF Headquarters Building, Parsippany, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The GAF Headquarters Building led the way in 2016 becoming the first building to ever be awarded the LEED pilot credit for resilient design (now being incorporated into the RELi resilience standard).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> The project team designed the building to maintain critical functions in the event of a hurricane, by avoiding flood zones, designing flood preparation and backup capabilities for long-term power outages, reinforcing roof structures to hurricane wind standards, and developing a business continuity recovery plan that details employee and business procedures in the event of a disaster.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site energy storage and backup power generation provides a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>, and <em>Smart Metering</em>). For example, energy storage systems provide a way for customers to shift power demands to off-peak hours and to take advantage of time-of-day pricing and lower energy prices.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capabilities and battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, with the added benefit of increased power reliability. Battery storage helps to reduce common challenges with PV systems such as ramping, output variability, voltage and current inconsistencies that impact power quality, and a disconnect between the power supply (morning sun) and power demand (afternoon and evening air conditioning spikes).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Islandable PV systems with battery storage also provide value throughout the year, do not require refueling and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy resulting from the overgeneration of heat and electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> Typical cost savings and project cost associated with CHP applications can be found on the DOE IAC database.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>Fuel cells offer a clean, energy-efficient, grid-independent and reliable source of power provided adequate fuel supply from a variety of domestic energy sources such as hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol making them a viable alternative for backup power generation and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> Excess electricity produced by fuel cells can run an electrolyzer and extract hydrogen from water, providing hydrogen for storage and for later use in the fuel cell to produce electricity when it is needed.</p>\n<p>Vehicle-to-grid applications with bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional power generation systems, islandable systems with energy storage require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> As the cost of energy storage and backup power generation technologies decline and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy storage and backup power generation support energy resiliency in many ways. Backup power generation systems that utilize energy storage or islanding and microgrid ready capabilities can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand. Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats. Energy storage and backup power generation allow customers to take full advantage of demand response programs that signal when to use, store, or sell energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand.  Likewise, energy storage and on-site backup power help to support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Understanding New Jersey’s Vulnerability to Climate Change. <a href=\"http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file\">http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Energy Storage Technologies. <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE. 2018. Fuel Cells. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NREL. 2018. Vehicle to Grid Integration. Energy Systems Integration Facility. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021133358/https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS). 2017 FORTIFIED Commercial – Hurricane Standard.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf</a> (accessed October 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Clean Energy Group. 2016. Hopewell Valley Highschool. <a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> USGGB Center for Resilience. 2018. Profiles of Resilience. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Department of Energy. 2018. “CHP Applications.” Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) <a href=\"https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34\">https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34</a> (accessed Dec 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). 2016. Fuel Cells and Renewable Hydrogen. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen</a> (accessed October 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Power and Heat (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/ups\">Energy Storage Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200702200424/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/\">Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS) – FORTIFIED Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200606192915/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/\">NREL Energy Systems Integration Facility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation','','','2022-06-23 19:22:56','2022-06-23 19:22:56','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1997',0,'post','',0),(1998,2,'2022-04-19 15:35:48','2022-04-19 15:35:48','','EC Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1997-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 15:35:48','2022-04-19 15:35:48','',1997,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1998',0,'revision','',0),(2000,2,'2022-04-19 15:38:09','2022-04-19 15:38:09','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation? </strong></h2>\n<p>In the last 20 years, an increase in the frequency and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, and ice storms in New Jersey and the associated costs of storm-related power outages, highlight the need for resilient energy systems that provide backup power in the event of a grid failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Historically, generators fueled by fossil fuels, such as diesel or natural gas, provide backup power in the event of a power outage or natural disaster. In New Jersey, Hurricane Sandy exposed the vulnerability of generators, as the storm disrupted access to fuel and competing fuel demands from the transportation sector quickly depleted local fuel reserves.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Energy storage refers to storing energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, or for energy arbitrage storing low priced energy and using that energy during peak demand when prices climb.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The following categories highlight current and emerging energy storage technologies applicable to the building sector:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flow Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flywheels</li>\n<li>Compressed Air Energy Storage</li>\n<li>Thermal (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Backup power provides energy required for supporting critical building functions by utilizing stored electrical or thermal energy (energy storage) from on-site power generation systems with islanding (generating power when the electrical grid is down) capabilities, or power from local microgrids and distributed energy generators. Energy storage systems could also help provide grid stabilization functionalities such as Contingency Reserve and Frequency Regulation.</p>\n<p>As the costs of energy storage and backup power generation systems continue to decline and the integration of these technologies continues to advance, several viable options exist for supplementing or replacing traditional standby generators, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Islandable Photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery storage (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV</em>)</li>\n<li>Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems with or without energy storage (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em> and <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n<li>Fuel Cells and hydrogen storage<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology and battery storage (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation </strong></h2>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from backup power in the event of power outage.</p>\n<p>Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, emergency and night-time lighting, water pumps, and phone or laptop charging, and online access via a cable modem or wireless router versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Figure 1 shows considerations for sizing solar and battery storage for backup power generation.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_175\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"878\"]<img class=\"wp-image-175 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Storage-and-Back-up-Power-Generation-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"878\" height=\"698\" /> Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)[/caption]<p>Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Note that configuring power systems to operate independently of the grid requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, energy storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful islanding to take place.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>As per the <a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">Insurance Institute for Business and Home and Safety’s (IBHS) FORTIFIED Commercial Hurricane Standard</a>, locate electrical connections for backup power generation and energy storage at an elevation above the 500-year flood level or 3 ft above the Base Flood Elevation (BFE) for the property or provide dry flood protection such as flood gates, walls or doors, inflatable barriers, or sand bags to prevent water intrusion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>Accounting for cost savings during regular business operations (demand response) and for the cost of electric grid power outages and lost business (resiliency benefit) lowers the payback period for energy storage and backup power investments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">PV and Battery Pilot Project, Hopewell Valley Central Highschool, Pennington, NJ</a></p>\n<p>As part of PSE&amp;G’s Solar 4 All Program, which supports solar technologies that also contribute to grid resiliency, the Hopewell Valley Central Highschool installed an 876 kilowatt-dc rooftop solar and parking lot solar canopy system with large lithium ion batteries.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> The system can connect to the grid or charge batteries, allowing the highschool to participate in the PJM Frequency Regulation Market. During power outages, the system provides critical functions including heating/cooling, emergency lighting, and food refrigeration.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">GAF Headquarters Building, Parsippany, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The GAF Headquarters Building led the way in 2016 becoming the first building to ever be awarded the LEED pilot credit for resilient design (now being incorporated into the RELi resilience standard).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> The project team designed the building to maintain critical functions in the event of a hurricane, by avoiding flood zones, designing flood preparation and backup capabilities for long-term power outages, reinforcing roof structures to hurricane wind standards, and developing a business continuity recovery plan that details employee and business procedures in the event of a disaster.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site energy storage and backup power generation provides a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>, and <em>Smart Metering</em>). For example, energy storage systems provide a way for customers to shift power demands to off-peak hours and to take advantage of time-of-day pricing and lower energy prices.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capabilities and battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, with the added benefit of increased power reliability. Battery storage helps to reduce common challenges with PV systems such as ramping, output variability, voltage and current inconsistencies that impact power quality, and a disconnect between the power supply (morning sun) and power demand (afternoon and evening air conditioning spikes).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Islandable PV systems with battery storage also provide value throughout the year, do not require refueling and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy resulting from the overgeneration of heat and electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> Typical cost savings and project cost associated with CHP applications can be found on the DOE IAC database.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>Fuel cells offer a clean, energy-efficient, grid-independent and reliable source of power provided adequate fuel supply from a variety of domestic energy sources such as hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol making them a viable alternative for backup power generation and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> Excess electricity produced by fuel cells can run an electrolyzer and extract hydrogen from water, providing hydrogen for storage and for later use in the fuel cell to produce electricity when it is needed.</p>\n<p>Vehicle-to-grid applications with bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional power generation systems, islandable systems with energy storage require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> As the cost of energy storage and backup power generation technologies decline and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy storage and backup power generation support energy resiliency in many ways. Backup power generation systems that utilize energy storage or islanding and microgrid ready capabilities can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand. Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats. Energy storage and backup power generation allow customers to take full advantage of demand response programs that signal when to use, store, or sell energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand.  Likewise, energy storage and on-site backup power help to support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Understanding New Jersey’s Vulnerability to Climate Change. <a href=\"http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file\">http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Energy Storage Technologies. <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE. 2018. Fuel Cells. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NREL. 2018. Vehicle to Grid Integration. Energy Systems Integration Facility. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS). 2017 FORTIFIED Commercial – Hurricane Standard.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf</a> (accessed October 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Clean Energy Group. 2016. Hopewell Valley Highschool. <a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> USGGB Center for Resilience. 2018. Profiles of Resilience. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Department of Energy. 2018. “CHP Applications.” Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) <a href=\"https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34\">https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34</a> (accessed Dec 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). 2016. Fuel Cells and Renewable Hydrogen. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen</a> (accessed October 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Power and Heat (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/ups\">Energy Storage Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/\">Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS) – FORTIFIED Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/\">NREL Energy Systems Integration Facility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1997-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 15:38:09','2022-04-19 15:38:09','',1997,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2000',0,'revision','',0),(2002,2,'2022-04-19 15:40:11','2022-04-19 15:40:11','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Emergency Water Supply and Storage\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Emergency Water Supply and Storage? </strong></h2>\n<p>New Jersey receives ample rainfall, and the state’s geology supports the storage of large quantities of groundwater and surface water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> However, water conservation and planning for water scarcity when water is plentiful can reduce the risk and the costs associated with increasing population growth, aging water infrastructure, and climate change impacts such as droughts on future water quality and availability. An increase in extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, ice storms, and flooding in New Jersey has highlighted the importance of having access to clean and safe water to meet drinking, sanitation and hygiene needs during and after natural disasters, extended power outages, and other emergencies. For example, flooding can overwhelm municipal water and wastewater treatment plants and storm-related power outages can impact plant operations. Flood waters can contaminate local water supplies and private wells with raw sewage and stormwater runoff containing chemicals, debris, and other contaminants that can cause serious illness.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> While backup generators at municipal water and wastewater treatment plants can prevent power outages and elevating equipment can protect plant operations, individual building owners and operators can also take steps to safeguard water for emergencies.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_67\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"768\"]<img class=\"wp-image-67 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Emergency-Water-Supply-and-Storage-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Flooding (Source: NJ DEP Flood Control)\" width=\"768\" height=\"498\" /> Figure 1 – Flooding (Source: NJ DEP Flood Control)[/caption]<p>Strategies to safeguard water at the building level include designating back-up power for water pumps, providing on-site water storage, and designing redundant water supply and treatment systems that utilize captured rainwater or recycled wastewater as the primary or backup water supply (see <em>Rain Barrels and Cisterns, and On-site Alternative Water Reuse</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Provide for Emergency Water Supply and Storage </strong></h2>\n<p>Planning for access to potable water during a power outage or storm-related event, starts with water conservation, and can include reusing water on-site, such as harvested rainwater or recycled greywater for storage and later use during emergencies to cover operations such as toilet flushing, mechanical equipment, and irrigation (see <em>Water-Efficient Landscaping, Indoor Water Conservation, On-site Alternative Water Reuse</em>).</p>\n<p>The specifics depend on whether or not the building utilizes the municipal water system. During a water emergency, a building on municipal water may still have access to clean potable water due to the municipal water and treatment plant’s backup water storage or backup power system.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> In this situation, planning for emergency water supply and storage requires providing backup power generation to operate water pumps and to distribute water throughout a building (see <em>Energy Storage and Back-Up Power Generation</em>).</p>\n<p>Buildings with deep-well pumps that do not rely on the municipal water supply can utilize energy storage and back-power generation, or hand pumps to power the deep-well pump. Gravity-fed water from an on-site spring or cistern part of a rainwater harvesting system, which includes adequate water storage can provide a redundant or backup water supply to complement public or deep-well water resources. Where there is no option for on-site water replenishment, look to provide emergency water storage that can gravity-feed water to the building, such as rooftop water tanks or water storage with pumps powered by stored energy or off-grid generators.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://thewatershed.org/visit/\">Stony Brook-Millstone Watershed Association Center</a></p>\n<p>Rainwater collected from the building’s rooftop supplies water for flushing toilets, reducing municipal potable water, stormwater runoff, and energy used to pump and treat water.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>The benefits of planning for emergency water supply and storage become most apparent during an emergency or disaster. Proper preparations can reduce business closures and avoid health and safety hazards associated with water emergencies. Planning for access to potable water during emergencies can also benefit overall water conservation efforts during normal operations, as alternative solutions and reuse scenarios are considered to utilize and manage water on a site.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and back-up technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods. As the cost of water storage and backup power generation technologies decline and power outages and water emergencies become more common, the resiliency benefits of reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Providing for emergency water supply and storage enhances resiliency by utilizing redundant and local water supplies and reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity. Ensuring access to potable water during emergencies decreases the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2017, New Jersey Water Supply Plan 2017-2022: 484p, <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018. Healthy Water – Water-Related Emergencies and Outbreaks. <a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/\">https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/</a> (accessed Nov 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Wilson, Alex. 2015. LEED Pilot Credits on Resilient Design Adopted! <a href=\"http://www.resilientdesign.org/leed-pilot-credits-on-resilient-design-adopted/\">http://www.resilientdesign.org/leed-pilot-credits-on-resilient-design-adopted/</a> (accessed Nov 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-indoor-water-conservation/\">Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/\">On-site Alternative Water Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/\">Site and Stormwater Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/\">Center for Disease Control – Healthy Water</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/center-for-resilience\">The Center for Resilience</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.resilientdesign.org\">Resilient Design Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/commercial-buildings\">US EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-conservation-epa\">US EPA – Water Conservation at EPA</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">Whole Building Design Guide – Water Conservation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Emergency Water Supply and Storage','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage','','','2022-06-23 17:43:24','2022-06-23 17:43:24','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2002',0,'post','',0),(2003,2,'2022-04-19 15:38:21','2022-04-19 15:38:21','','EC Emergency Water Supply and Storage','','inherit','closed','closed','','2002-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 15:38:21','2022-04-19 15:38:21','',2002,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2003',0,'revision','',0),(2005,2,'2022-04-19 15:40:11','2022-04-19 15:40:11','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Emergency Water Supply and Storage\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Emergency Water Supply and Storage? </strong></h2>\n<p>New Jersey receives ample rainfall, and the state’s geology supports the storage of large quantities of groundwater and surface water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> However, water conservation and planning for water scarcity when water is plentiful can reduce the risk and the costs associated with increasing population growth, aging water infrastructure, and climate change impacts such as droughts on future water quality and availability. An increase in extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, ice storms, and flooding in New Jersey has highlighted the importance of having access to clean and safe water to meet drinking, sanitation and hygiene needs during and after natural disasters, extended power outages, and other emergencies. For example, flooding can overwhelm municipal water and wastewater treatment plants and storm-related power outages can impact plant operations. Flood waters can contaminate local water supplies and private wells with raw sewage and stormwater runoff containing chemicals, debris, and other contaminants that can cause serious illness.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> While backup generators at municipal water and wastewater treatment plants can prevent power outages and elevating equipment can protect plant operations, individual building owners and operators can also take steps to safeguard water for emergencies.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_67\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"768\"]<img class=\"wp-image-67 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Emergency-Water-Supply-and-Storage-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Flooding (Source: NJ DEP Flood Control)\" width=\"768\" height=\"498\" /> Figure 1 – Flooding (Source: NJ DEP Flood Control)[/caption]<p>Strategies to safeguard water at the building level include designating back-up power for water pumps, providing on-site water storage, and designing redundant water supply and treatment systems that utilize captured rainwater or recycled wastewater as the primary or backup water supply (see <em>Rain Barrels and Cisterns, and On-site Alternative Water Reuse</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Provide for Emergency Water Supply and Storage </strong></h2>\n<p>Planning for access to potable water during a power outage or storm-related event, starts with water conservation, and can include reusing water on-site, such as harvested rainwater or recycled greywater for storage and later use during emergencies to cover operations such as toilet flushing, mechanical equipment, and irrigation (see <em>Water-Efficient Landscaping, Indoor Water Conservation, On-site Alternative Water Reuse</em>).</p>\n<p>The specifics depend on whether or not the building utilizes the municipal water system. During a water emergency, a building on municipal water may still have access to clean potable water due to the municipal water and treatment plant’s backup water storage or backup power system.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> In this situation, planning for emergency water supply and storage requires providing backup power generation to operate water pumps and to distribute water throughout a building (see <em>Energy Storage and Back-Up Power Generation</em>).</p>\n<p>Buildings with deep-well pumps that do not rely on the municipal water supply can utilize energy storage and back-power generation, or hand pumps to power the deep-well pump. Gravity-fed water from an on-site spring or cistern part of a rainwater harvesting system, which includes adequate water storage can provide a redundant or backup water supply to complement public or deep-well water resources. Where there is no option for on-site water replenishment, look to provide emergency water storage that can gravity-feed water to the building, such as rooftop water tanks or water storage with pumps powered by stored energy or off-grid generators.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://thewatershed.org/visit/\">Stony Brook-Millstone Watershed Association Center</a></p>\n<p>Rainwater collected from the building’s rooftop supplies water for flushing toilets, reducing municipal potable water, stormwater runoff, and energy used to pump and treat water.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>The benefits of planning for emergency water supply and storage become most apparent during an emergency or disaster. Proper preparations can reduce business closures and avoid health and safety hazards associated with water emergencies. Planning for access to potable water during emergencies can also benefit overall water conservation efforts during normal operations, as alternative solutions and reuse scenarios are considered to utilize and manage water on a site.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and back-up technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods. As the cost of water storage and backup power generation technologies decline and power outages and water emergencies become more common, the resiliency benefits of reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Providing for emergency water supply and storage enhances resiliency by utilizing redundant and local water supplies and reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity. Ensuring access to potable water during emergencies decreases the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2017, New Jersey Water Supply Plan 2017-2022: 484p, <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018. Healthy Water – Water-Related Emergencies and Outbreaks. <a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/\">https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/</a> (accessed Nov 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Wilson, Alex. 2015. LEED Pilot Credits on Resilient Design Adopted! <a href=\"http://www.resilientdesign.org/leed-pilot-credits-on-resilient-design-adopted/\">http://www.resilientdesign.org/leed-pilot-credits-on-resilient-design-adopted/</a> (accessed Nov 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-indoor-water-conservation/\">Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/\">On-site Alternative Water Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/\">Site and Stormwater Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/\">Center for Disease Control – Healthy Water</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/center-for-resilience\">The Center for Resilience</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.resilientdesign.org\">Resilient Design Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/commercial-buildings\">US EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-conservation-epa\">US EPA – Water Conservation at EPA</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">Whole Building Design Guide – Water Conservation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Emergency Water Supply and Storage','','inherit','closed','closed','','2002-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 15:40:11','2022-04-19 15:40:11','',2002,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2005',0,'revision','',0),(2007,2,'2022-04-19 15:44:19','2022-04-19 15:44:19','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning? </strong></h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_517\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"716\"]<img class=\"wp-image-517 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Storm-Preparation-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Fig 1 – New Jersey’s tropical storm activity is typically between August and late October. (Source: ready.nj.gov).\" width=\"716\" height=\"382\" /> Fig 1 – New Jersey’s tropical storm activity is typically between August and late October. (Source: ready.nj.gov).[/caption]<p>Severe weather and natural hazards such as droughts, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, winter storms, pandemic influenza, thunderstorms and lighting, tornadoes, and wildfires and associated power outages, flooding, evacuations, and property damage create emergency situations that impact New Jersey businesses on a regular basis. Storm preparation and emergency planning includes steps that residents and businesses can take to avoid or mitigate impacts and increase safety and comfort before, during and after adverse events. Proper preparation and planning also refers to resilient design and green building practices that increase a structure’s ability to withstand or recover from severe weather and adverse conditions and protect building occupants. For example, at the building owner level, the Federal Emergency Management Association (FEMA) recommends securing property to protect against hurricane damage by:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Installing permanent storm shutters for windows or boarding up windows with 5/8” plywood, cut to fit and ready to install.</li>\n<li>Adding straps or clips to securely fasten roof to the frame structure and reduce roof damage.</li>\n<li>Clearing loose and clogged rain gutters and downspouts.</li>\n<li>Bringing in outdoor objects such as furniture, equipment and tools or anchoring them if they cannot be brought indoors.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>At the design and building level, the <a href=\"https://disastersafety.org/\">FORTIFIED Building Standards by the Institute of Business and Home Safety (IBHS)</a> recommend roofing and fenestration best practices to protect buildings in hurricane prone areas and areas susceptible to hail and high winds. Together, these precautions provide redundancy and increase the likelihood of avoiding major damages and injuries.</p>\n<p>For more information on hurricane preparedness, see the <a href=\"http://www.ready.nj.gov/\">New Jersey Office of Emergency Management (NJOEM)</a> and the <a href=\"http://ready.nj.gov/plan-prepare/pdf/NJ_Hurricane_Survival_Guide_2018.pdf\">NJ Hurricane Survival Guide.</a></p>\n<h2><strong>How to implement Storm Preparation and Emergency Preparedness</strong></h2>\n<p>A number of local, state and national organizations provide resources and information on storm preparation and emergency preparedness (see <strong>Resources</strong> below). The NJOEM’s “Be Ready: Follow the “Three Steps to Safety” outlines basic preparations for the most common disaster scenarios in New Jersey.</p>\n<p><u>Step One: “Get a Kit”</u> – Assemble emergency supplies including food, water, basic first aid supplies, alternative communication and other emergency equipment such as flashlights and duct tape. See <a href=\"https://www.ready.gov/build-a-kit\">Ready.gov “Build a Kit.”</a></p>\n<p><u>Step Two: “Make a Plan”</u> – Know your area’s evacuation routes and shelter locations. Keep a list of emergency contacts and local emergency numbers. Visit the <a href=\"https://www.readyrating.org/\">American Red Cross Ready Rating</a> web page for more information.</p>\n<p><u>Step Three: “Stay Informed”</u> – Part of preparation is knowing exactly what kind of disasters you might face and knowing what to do in each situation. Keep track of Current Weather Forecasts and Alerts with:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Local radio or TV stations</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/\">NOAA Weather Radio</a>– or <a href=\"http://www.weatherusa.net/radio\">listen online</a></li>\n<li>NJOEM’s<a href=\"http://ready.nj.gov/weather/index.html\">Weather Links</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using resilient building practices and developing emergency preparedness plans and supply kits:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces fear, anxiety, and losses.</li>\n<li>Avoids or mitigates impacts and costs.</li>\n<li>Speeds recovery efforts and reduces further damage and losses.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs </strong></h2>\n<p>Storm preparation and emergency planning can reduce severe weather and disaster-related costs by reducing the physical and financial toll from such events. For example, identify vulnerabilities that offer the greatest potential to reduce avoidable suffering.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Having a plan in place and supplies on hand for common emergencies and disasters helps to avoid or mitigate potential impacts and to support recovery efforts. Prepared individuals and businesses can react quickly and safely to situations, reduce stress on local emergency responders and resources, and support local community outreach.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/\">Emergency Water Supply and Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.readyrating.org\">American Red Cross Ready Rating</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ready.gov\">Be Ready Campaign</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cpr/prepareyourhealth/index.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcpr%2Fareyouprepared%2Findex.htm\">Center for Disease Control and Prevention – Center for Preparedness and Response</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fema.gov\">Federal Emergency Management Association (FEMA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ibhs.org\">Institute for Business and Home Safety</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/ibhs-business-protection/ofb-ez-business-continuity/\">Open for Business (OFB-EZ)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://ibhs.org/guidance/emergency-preparedness/\">Emergency Preparedness and Response Planning (EZ-Prep)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/fortified/commercial/\">FORTIFIED Commercial Building Standards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ready.nj.gov\">State of New Jersey Office of Emergency Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/RELi_Dec_2018-FINAL.pdf\">RELi 2.0 Rating Guidelines for Resilient Design + Construction – HP: Hazard Preparedness</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-storm-preparation-and-emergency-planning','','\nhttps://ibhs.org/guidance/emergency-preparedness/','2022-04-19 15:44:22','2022-04-19 15:44:22','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2007',0,'post','',0),(2008,2,'2022-04-19 15:41:39','2022-04-19 15:41:39','','EC Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning','','inherit','closed','closed','','2007-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 15:41:39','2022-04-19 15:41:39','',2007,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2008',0,'revision','',0),(2010,3,'2022-04-19 15:44:15','2022-04-19 15:44:15','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Rain Barrels and Cisterns\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Rain Barrels?</strong></h2>\n<p>Rain barrels collect, store, and distribute water for later use, providing a cost-effective and environmentally beneficial way to conserve water and minimize problems associated with stormwater runoff. Use rainwater collected in barrels from catchment areas such as rooftops for irrigation, flushing toilets and other non-potable uses (see<span> </span><em>On-site Alternative Water Reuse</em>). Treat or filter the water depending on the intended use.</p>\n<p>Standard components of a rain harvesting system include<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Catchment area such as a roof</li>\n<li>Gutters and downspouts</li>\n<li>Leaf screens</li>\n<li>Rain barrel for storage</li>\n<li>Conveyance system to deliver stored water via gravity or pump</li>\n<li>Water treatment or filter system</li>\n</ul>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_170\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"636\"]<img class=\"wp-image-170 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Rain-Barrells-and-Cisterns-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1-Simple schematic design for rain barrels (Source: Low Impact Development Center)\" width=\"636\" height=\"598\" /> Figure 1-Simple schematic design for rain barrels (Source: Low Impact Development Center)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Rain Barrels</strong></h2>\n<p>Set aside sufficient space, either interior, above ground or underground, for the appropriately sized barrel. Residential rain barrels can range in size but typically hold 55-gallons. To calculate the volume of water available for capture, assume that every 1,000 square feet of catchment area generates 600 gallons of runoff during a one-inch rainfall event.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><img class=\"wp-image-578 aligncenter size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Rain-Barrels-and-Cisterns-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"NC-Rain-Barrels-and-Cisterns-Fig-2\" width=\"994\" height=\"200\" /></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Consider combining rain barrels with a drip irrigation system to direct overflow to a dry well, rain garden or bio-retention area.</p>\n<p>Rain barrels require maintenance. Use water within two weeks to prevent algae growth and clean barrels every few months. A screen with a cover prevents algae growth and mosquito breeding. Drain, disconnect and store rain barrels during the winter months.</p>\n<p>For more detailed information about the design and construction of rain barrels see the Rutgers Water Resources Program’s – <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">Green Infrastructure Manual for New Jersey</a>.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://ocean.njaes.rutgers.edu/ag/documents/sls_lakehurst.pdf\">Residential Rain Barrel, Lakehurst, NJ</a></p>\n<p>Part of the Rutgers Sustainable Landscape Demonstration Site Program, the Lakehurst residential renovation project included a 35-gallon rain-barrel or repurposed trash can to collect and redirect water to an adjacent ornamental flower bed, eliminating the need for on-site irrigation and municipal water use.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces demand for potable water for irrigation and other non-potable uses (see <em>Water-Efficient Landscape Design</em>).</li>\n<li>Lowers peak demand and peak discharge rate on public water systems.</li>\n<li>Reduces overall potable water use and saves money on water bills.</li>\n<li>Reduces stormwater runoff via storage (see <em>Emergency Water Supply and Storage</em>).</li>\n<li>Reduces runoff of contaminants into soils and waterways.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Costs vary depending on the size and type of rain barrel selected. Small-scale systems cost around $60 for a 55-gallon barrel.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Some watershed associations or municipalities offer rain barrels at a discount or provide rebates.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Water stored in rain barrel can provide an alternative water source for non-potable uses during storms, hurricanes and droughts or when municipal water sources are shut down or become polluted. Filter and purify before using the water to irrigate edible gardens, wash dishes, or provide water for drinking and showering. Rain barrels also help mitigate flooding by capturing water that would end up in the municipal water system.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US DOE | EERE. “Best Management Practices:  Alternate Water Sources.”  https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practice-14-alternative-water-sources (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Rutgers Water Resources Program. Green Infrastructure Manual for NJ. <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Massachusetts Metropolitan Area Planning Council.  “Low Impact Development Toolkit – Fact Sheet: Cisterns and Rain Barrels.” <a href=\"http://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/LID_toolkit_factsheets_7-9.pdf\">http://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/LID_toolkit_factsheets_7-9.pdf</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/\">Emergency Water Supply and Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/\">On-Site Alternative Water Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>NJ DEP\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://cfpub.epa.gov/npstbx/files/KSMO_buildarainbarrel.pdf\">Build Your Own Rain Barrel Brochure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Rutgers Cooperative Extension\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/\">Water Resources Group</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://green%20infrastructure%20manual%20for%20new%20jersey/\">Rutgers Water Resources Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=E329\">Rain Barrels Part I: How to Build a Rain Barrel</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS1118\">Rain Barrels Part II: Installation and Use</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS1127\">Rain Barrels Part III: Building a Rain Barrel from a Plastic Trash Can</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/27379/PDF/1/play/\">Fact Sheet, Where to Get Your Drinking Water Tested in New Jersey: A List of State Certified Water Testing Laboratories by County</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/environment/rain-barrel-trainer-program.php\">Rutgers Rain Barrel Train the Trainer Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://landscapeforlife.org/water/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Rain Barrels and Cisterns','','inherit','closed','closed','','1976-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 15:44:15','2022-04-19 15:44:15','',1976,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2010',0,'revision','',0),(2011,3,'2022-04-19 15:44:15','2022-04-19 15:44:15','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Rain Barrels and Cisterns\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Rain Barrels?</strong></h2>\n<p>Rain barrels collect, store, and distribute water for later use, providing a cost-effective and environmentally beneficial way to conserve water and minimize problems associated with stormwater runoff. Use rainwater collected in barrels from catchment areas such as rooftops for irrigation, flushing toilets and other non-potable uses (see<span> </span><em>On-site Alternative Water Reuse</em>). Treat or filter the water depending on the intended use.</p>\n<p>Standard components of a rain harvesting system include<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Catchment area such as a roof</li>\n<li>Gutters and downspouts</li>\n<li>Leaf screens</li>\n<li>Rain barrel for storage</li>\n<li>Conveyance system to deliver stored water via gravity or pump</li>\n<li>Water treatment or filter system</li>\n</ul>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_170\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"636\"]<img class=\"wp-image-170 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Rain-Barrells-and-Cisterns-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1-Simple schematic design for rain barrels (Source: Low Impact Development Center)\" width=\"636\" height=\"598\" /> Figure 1-Simple schematic design for rain barrels (Source: Low Impact Development Center)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Rain Barrels</strong></h2>\n<p>Set aside sufficient space, either interior, above ground or underground, for the appropriately sized barrel. Residential rain barrels can range in size but typically hold 55-gallons. To calculate the volume of water available for capture, assume that every 1,000 square feet of catchment area generates 600 gallons of runoff during a one-inch rainfall event.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><img class=\"wp-image-578 aligncenter size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Rain-Barrels-and-Cisterns-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"NC-Rain-Barrels-and-Cisterns-Fig-2\" width=\"994\" height=\"200\" /></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Consider combining rain barrels with a drip irrigation system to direct overflow to a dry well, rain garden or bio-retention area.</p>\n<p>Rain barrels require maintenance. Use water within two weeks to prevent algae growth and clean barrels every few months. A screen with a cover prevents algae growth and mosquito breeding. Drain, disconnect and store rain barrels during the winter months.</p>\n<p>For more detailed information about the design and construction of rain barrels see the Rutgers Water Resources Program’s – <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">Green Infrastructure Manual for New Jersey</a>.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://ocean.njaes.rutgers.edu/ag/documents/sls_lakehurst.pdf\">Residential Rain Barrel, Lakehurst, NJ</a></p>\n<p>Part of the Rutgers Sustainable Landscape Demonstration Site Program, the Lakehurst residential renovation project included a 35-gallon rain-barrel or repurposed trash can to collect and redirect water to an adjacent ornamental flower bed, eliminating the need for on-site irrigation and municipal water use.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces demand for potable water for irrigation and other non-potable uses (see <em>Water-Efficient Landscape Design</em>).</li>\n<li>Lowers peak demand and peak discharge rate on public water systems.</li>\n<li>Reduces overall potable water use and saves money on water bills.</li>\n<li>Reduces stormwater runoff via storage (see <em>Emergency Water Supply and Storage</em>).</li>\n<li>Reduces runoff of contaminants into soils and waterways.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Costs vary depending on the size and type of rain barrel selected. Small-scale systems cost around $60 for a 55-gallon barrel.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Some watershed associations or municipalities offer rain barrels at a discount or provide rebates.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Water stored in rain barrel can provide an alternative water source for non-potable uses during storms, hurricanes and droughts or when municipal water sources are shut down or become polluted. Filter and purify before using the water to irrigate edible gardens, wash dishes, or provide water for drinking and showering. Rain barrels also help mitigate flooding by capturing water that would end up in the municipal water system.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US DOE | EERE. “Best Management Practices:  Alternate Water Sources.”  https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practice-14-alternative-water-sources (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Rutgers Water Resources Program. Green Infrastructure Manual for NJ. <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Massachusetts Metropolitan Area Planning Council.  “Low Impact Development Toolkit – Fact Sheet: Cisterns and Rain Barrels.” <a href=\"http://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/LID_toolkit_factsheets_7-9.pdf\">http://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/LID_toolkit_factsheets_7-9.pdf</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/\">Emergency Water Supply and Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/\">On-Site Alternative Water Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>NJ DEP\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://cfpub.epa.gov/npstbx/files/KSMO_buildarainbarrel.pdf\">Build Your Own Rain Barrel Brochure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Rutgers Cooperative Extension\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/\">Water Resources Group</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://green%20infrastructure%20manual%20for%20new%20jersey/\">Rutgers Water Resources Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=E329\">Rain Barrels Part I: How to Build a Rain Barrel</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS1118\">Rain Barrels Part II: Installation and Use</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS1127\">Rain Barrels Part III: Building a Rain Barrel from a Plastic Trash Can</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/27379/PDF/1/play/\">Fact Sheet, Where to Get Your Drinking Water Tested in New Jersey: A List of State Certified Water Testing Laboratories by County</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/environment/rain-barrel-trainer-program.php\">Rutgers Rain Barrel Train the Trainer Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://landscapeforlife.org/water/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR High-Efficiency Water Heaters','','inherit','closed','closed','','1976-revision-v1','','','2022-04-19 15:44:15','2022-04-19 15:44:15','',1976,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2011',0,'revision','',0),