(1575,2,'2022-04-14 14:37:28','2022-04-14 14:37:28','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Biophilic Design\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Biophilic Design?</strong></h2>\n<p>Biophilic design is related to the concept of biophilia, a term popularized by biologist E.O. Wilson, that suggests connections with the natural world enhance human physical and mental well-being. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> The biophilia hypothesis indicates that people have a biological affinity for nature, based on such an affinity’s evolutionary advantage. An affinity for the natural world can be broken down into nine categories representing different values and expressions of biophilia, including the natural world as a source of material utilization and exploitation, physical beauty and appeal, empirical</p>\n<p>knowledge and understanding, communication and thought, exploration and discovery, bonding and companionship, mastery and control, moral and spiritual connection, and fear and repression.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Biophilic design, which incorporates connections to natural systems and materials into the built environment, creates an opportunity for exercising and strengthening biophilic values, which in turn, opens the door to physical, intellectual, and emotional benefits.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_571\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"468\"]<img class=\"wp-image-571 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Biophilic-Design-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- A cathedral has many biophilic elements in the way in which it manipulates light and space and air, and material and shape and form, and color (Source: http://www.stanford.edu/~dorris/photos/ely3.jpg).\" width=\"468\" height=\"670\" /> Figure 1- A cathedral has many biophilic elements in the way in which it manipulates light and space and air, and material and shape and form, and color (Source: http://www.stanford.edu/~dorris/photos/ely3.jpg).[/caption]<p>Key Elements of Biophilic Design<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Environmental features</li>\n<li>Natural shapes and forms</li>\n<li>Natural patterns and processes</li>\n<li>Daylight and open space</li>\n<li>Place-based relationships</li>\n<li>Evolved human-nature relationships</li>\n</ul>\n<p>These biophilic design attributes are defined further in the book,<em> “Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life</em>” by Stephen R. Kellert, Judith Heerwagen, and Martin Mador.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Biophilic Design</strong></h2>\n<p>Specify biophilic design goals early in the design process and engage the entire project team. Biophilic design involves the use of local, natural materials, potted plants, courtyard gardens, views to nature, natural light and ventilation, water features, animals and aquariums, and blurring the boundaries between the building and the surrounding landscape (see <em>Views and Operable Windows, Native and Adapted Plants, Daylighting, Natural Ventilation</em>).</p>\n<p>Studies show that fractal patterns found in nature and natural patterns such as “waves, leaves in a breeze, fish swimming in an aquarium, or a flickering fire,” captivate people’s attention and induce states of relaxation far better than spaces and views without “visual richness” such as blank, white walls or tree-less streets.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Look to incorporate patterns found in nature through representational artwork, ornamentation, biomorphic forms and use of natural materials such as wood and stone.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.aiatopten.org/node/127\">Sunlight and Water, Queens Botanical </a><a href=\"http://www.aiatopten.org/node/127\">Garden (QBG) Visitor Center, Flushing, NY</a></p>\n<p>The QBG Visitor Center illustrates biophilic design with the windows in the first-floor corridor, which capture the sun reflecting off the rainwater harvest feature that runs along the exterior of the building. Depending on the time of day and amount of sunlight, an occupant of the building can see patterns of sunlight reflected on the interior walls and ceiling. The interplay between sun and water connects people inside to the changes in the outdoor environment throughout the day.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_596\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"500\"]<img class=\"wp-image-596 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Biophilic-Design-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – QBG Rainwater harvest feature (Source: Jeff Goldberg, Esto)\" width=\"500\" height=\"360\" /> Figure 2 – QBG Rainwater harvest feature (Source: Jeff Goldberg, Esto)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Many studies document the benefits of a connection to nature in the built environment. For example, studies point to positive gains in workplace productivity through increased mental focus and attention, enhanced cognitive functioning, reduced stress levels, greater worker satisfaction, elevated moods, and less sick days; views to nature result in shorter recovery rates in hospitals, and daylighting increases sales in retail buildings and improves test scores and accelerates learning rates in schools.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> For example, pain medication was requested 23 percent less with patients in hospital rooms with morning sunshine compared to rooms lacking natural light.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Another study showed that students with access to natural light from operable skylights improved 19-20% faster than students in classrooms without a skylight.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Recent studies that quantify the benefits of biophilic design elements in the built environment help advance biophilic design from an add-on to an integrated design strategy and profitable pursuit.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> One peer-reviewed study by Terrapin Bright Green, LLC (see <em>Resources</em>) measures and quantifies the cost-benefits of biophilic design on the following indicators of productivity:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Illness and absenteeism</li>\n<li>Staff retention</li>\n<li>Job performance (mental stress/fatigue)</li>\n<li>Healing rates</li>\n<li>Classroom learning rates</li>\n<li>Retail sales</li>\n<li>Violence statistics</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Biophilic design can lead to a deeper connection to nature, which in turn, can foster an environmental ethic that supports ecological resilience by protecting the biological diversity of native plants and animals in a given area and enhancing the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance. Common biophilic design features such as daylighting provide resiliency benefits by maintaining lighting levels for critical functions when the grid goes down due to environmental or other issues. The use of local materials supports local knowledge and resources for maintaining and rebuilding after storms. Natural materials such as stone provide strength and durability and also help in maintaining thermal comfort during power outages (see <em>Thermal Mass</em>). Biophilic design connects buildings to nature and links building systems to complex, natural systems that can adapt to changing conditions – a cornerstone of resiliency. Some of our most historic and beloved buildings incorporate biophilic design elements, supporting the notion that people and communities look to maintain and protect beautiful, timeless and inspiring buildings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> International Living Building Institute. Biophilic Design Initiative. <a href=\"https://living-future.org/biophilic-design-overview/\">https://living-future.org/biophilic design-overview/</a> (accessed January 4, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Kellert, Stephen. “Kinship to Mastery: Biophilia in Human Evolution and Development.” Island Press, Shearwater Books. Washington, D.C. 1997. Page 3.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> International Living Future Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative. <a href=\"https://living-future.org/biophilic-design-overview/\">https://living-future.org/biophilic-design-overview/</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Terrapin Bright Green, LLC. The Economics of Biophilia – Why designing with nature in mind makes financial sense. Peer Review by Judith Heerwagen and Vivian Loftness <a href=\"https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter\">https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter</a> (accessed Sept 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Terrapin Bright Green, LLC. Biophilia – Why designing with nature in mind makes financial sense. Peer Review by Judith Heerwagen and Vivian Loftness <a href=\"https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter\">https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter</a> (accessed September 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Sole-Smith, Virginia. “Nature on the Threshold.” <em>New York Times</em>, September 7, 2006, Home and Garden section. <a href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/07/garden/07bio.html\">https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/07/garden/07bio.html</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Heschong, Lisa. <em>Daylighting in Schools</em>. California Board for Energy Efficiency. 1999. <a href=\"http://www.coe.uga.edu/sdpl/research/daylightingstudy.pdf\">http://www.coe.uga.edu/sdpl/research/daylightingstudy.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Wilson, Alex. <em>Biophilia in Practice: Buildings that Connect People with Nature. </em>Building Green, July 2006. <a href=\"https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/biophilia-practice-buildings-connect-people-nature\">https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/biophilia-practice-buildings-connect-people-nature</a></p>\n<p>(accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Terrapin Bright Green, LLC. Biophilia – Why designing with nature in mind makes financial sense. Peer Review by Judith Heerwagen and Vivian Loftness. <a href=\"https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter\">https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter</a> (accessed January 4 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.biophilicdesign.net\">Biophilic Design – The Architecture of Life</a>\n<ul>\n<li>Heerwagen, Judith, Kellert, Stephen, Mador, Martin. <em>Biophilic Design: Theory, Research, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life.</em> John Wiley.</li>\n<li>Kellert, Steven. 2005. <em>Buildings for Life – </em><em>Designing and Understanding the Human-Nature Connection. </em>Island Press.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/580/biophilic-design\">GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool – Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org/biophilic-design-overview/\">International Living Future Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter\">Terrapin Bright Green LLC – The Economics of Biophilia – Why designing with nature makes economic sense</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psychspace_value.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Psychosocial Value of Space</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1571-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 14:37:28','2022-04-14 14:37:28','',1571,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1575',0,'revision','',0),(1576,2,'2022-04-14 14:37:32','2022-04-14 14:37:32','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Biophilic Design\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Biophilic Design?</strong></h2>\n<p>Biophilic design is related to the concept of biophilia, a term popularized by biologist E.O. Wilson, that suggests connections with the natural world enhance human physical and mental well-being. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> The biophilia hypothesis indicates that people have a biological affinity for nature, based on such an affinity’s evolutionary advantage. An affinity for the natural world can be broken down into nine categories representing different values and expressions of biophilia, including the natural world as a source of material utilization and exploitation, physical beauty and appeal, empirical</p>\n<p>knowledge and understanding, communication and thought, exploration and discovery, bonding and companionship, mastery and control, moral and spiritual connection, and fear and repression.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Biophilic design, which incorporates connections to natural systems and materials into the built environment, creates an opportunity for exercising and strengthening biophilic values, which in turn, opens the door to physical, intellectual, and emotional benefits.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_571\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"468\"]<img class=\"wp-image-571 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Biophilic-Design-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- A cathedral has many biophilic elements in the way in which it manipulates light and space and air, and material and shape and form, and color (Source: http://www.stanford.edu/~dorris/photos/ely3.jpg).\" width=\"468\" height=\"670\" /> Figure 1- A cathedral has many biophilic elements in the way in which it manipulates light and space and air, and material and shape and form, and color (Source: http://www.stanford.edu/~dorris/photos/ely3.jpg).[/caption]<p>Key Elements of Biophilic Design<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Environmental features</li>\n<li>Natural shapes and forms</li>\n<li>Natural patterns and processes</li>\n<li>Daylight and open space</li>\n<li>Place-based relationships</li>\n<li>Evolved human-nature relationships</li>\n</ul>\n<p>These biophilic design attributes are defined further in the book,<em> “Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life</em>” by Stephen R. Kellert, Judith Heerwagen, and Martin Mador.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Biophilic Design</strong></h2>\n<p>Specify biophilic design goals early in the design process and engage the entire project team. Biophilic design involves the use of local, natural materials, potted plants, courtyard gardens, views to nature, natural light and ventilation, water features, animals and aquariums, and blurring the boundaries between the building and the surrounding landscape (see <em>Views and Operable Windows, Native and Adapted Plants, Daylighting, Natural Ventilation</em>).</p>\n<p>Studies show that fractal patterns found in nature and natural patterns such as “waves, leaves in a breeze, fish swimming in an aquarium, or a flickering fire,” captivate people’s attention and induce states of relaxation far better than spaces and views without “visual richness” such as blank, white walls or tree-less streets.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Look to incorporate patterns found in nature through representational artwork, ornamentation, biomorphic forms and use of natural materials such as wood and stone.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.aiatopten.org/node/127\">Sunlight and Water, Queens Botanical </a><a href=\"http://www.aiatopten.org/node/127\">Garden (QBG) Visitor Center, Flushing, NY</a></p>\n<p>The QBG Visitor Center illustrates biophilic design with the windows in the first-floor corridor, which capture the sun reflecting off the rainwater harvest feature that runs along the exterior of the building. Depending on the time of day and amount of sunlight, an occupant of the building can see patterns of sunlight reflected on the interior walls and ceiling. The interplay between sun and water connects people inside to the changes in the outdoor environment throughout the day.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_596\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"500\"]<img class=\"wp-image-596 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Biophilic-Design-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – QBG Rainwater harvest feature (Source: Jeff Goldberg, Esto)\" width=\"500\" height=\"360\" /> Figure 2 – QBG Rainwater harvest feature (Source: Jeff Goldberg, Esto)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Many studies document the benefits of a connection to nature in the built environment. For example, studies point to positive gains in workplace productivity through increased mental focus and attention, enhanced cognitive functioning, reduced stress levels, greater worker satisfaction, elevated moods, and less sick days; views to nature result in shorter recovery rates in hospitals, and daylighting increases sales in retail buildings and improves test scores and accelerates learning rates in schools.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> For example, pain medication was requested 23 percent less with patients in hospital rooms with morning sunshine compared to rooms lacking natural light.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Another study showed that students with access to natural light from operable skylights improved 19-20% faster than students in classrooms without a skylight.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Recent studies that quantify the benefits of biophilic design elements in the built environment help advance biophilic design from an add-on to an integrated design strategy and profitable pursuit.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> One peer-reviewed study by Terrapin Bright Green, LLC (see <em>Resources</em>) measures and quantifies the cost-benefits of biophilic design on the following indicators of productivity:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Illness and absenteeism</li>\n<li>Staff retention</li>\n<li>Job performance (mental stress/fatigue)</li>\n<li>Healing rates</li>\n<li>Classroom learning rates</li>\n<li>Retail sales</li>\n<li>Violence statistics</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Biophilic design can lead to a deeper connection to nature, which in turn, can foster an environmental ethic that supports ecological resilience by protecting the biological diversity of native plants and animals in a given area and enhancing the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance. Common biophilic design features such as daylighting provide resiliency benefits by maintaining lighting levels for critical functions when the grid goes down due to environmental or other issues. The use of local materials supports local knowledge and resources for maintaining and rebuilding after storms. Natural materials such as stone provide strength and durability and also help in maintaining thermal comfort during power outages (see <em>Thermal Mass</em>). Biophilic design connects buildings to nature and links building systems to complex, natural systems that can adapt to changing conditions – a cornerstone of resiliency. Some of our most historic and beloved buildings incorporate biophilic design elements, supporting the notion that people and communities look to maintain and protect beautiful, timeless and inspiring buildings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> International Living Building Institute. Biophilic Design Initiative. <a href=\"https://living-future.org/biophilic-design-overview/\">https://living-future.org/biophilic design-overview/</a> (accessed January 4, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Kellert, Stephen. “Kinship to Mastery: Biophilia in Human Evolution and Development.” Island Press, Shearwater Books. Washington, D.C. 1997. Page 3.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> International Living Future Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative. <a href=\"https://living-future.org/biophilic-design-overview/\">https://living-future.org/biophilic-design-overview/</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Terrapin Bright Green, LLC. The Economics of Biophilia – Why designing with nature in mind makes financial sense. Peer Review by Judith Heerwagen and Vivian Loftness <a href=\"https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter\">https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter</a> (accessed Sept 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Terrapin Bright Green, LLC. Biophilia – Why designing with nature in mind makes financial sense. Peer Review by Judith Heerwagen and Vivian Loftness <a href=\"https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter\">https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter</a> (accessed September 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Sole-Smith, Virginia. “Nature on the Threshold.” <em>New York Times</em>, September 7, 2006, Home and Garden section. <a href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/07/garden/07bio.html\">https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/07/garden/07bio.html</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Heschong, Lisa. <em>Daylighting in Schools</em>. California Board for Energy Efficiency. 1999. <a href=\"http://www.coe.uga.edu/sdpl/research/daylightingstudy.pdf\">http://www.coe.uga.edu/sdpl/research/daylightingstudy.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Wilson, Alex. <em>Biophilia in Practice: Buildings that Connect People with Nature. </em>Building Green, July 2006. <a href=\"https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/biophilia-practice-buildings-connect-people-nature\">https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/biophilia-practice-buildings-connect-people-nature</a></p>\n<p>(accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Terrapin Bright Green, LLC. Biophilia – Why designing with nature in mind makes financial sense. Peer Review by Judith Heerwagen and Vivian Loftness. <a href=\"https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter\">https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter</a> (accessed January 4 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.biophilicdesign.net\">Biophilic Design – The Architecture of Life</a>\n<ul>\n<li>Heerwagen, Judith, Kellert, Stephen, Mador, Martin. <em>Biophilic Design: Theory, Research, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life.</em> John Wiley.</li>\n<li>Kellert, Steven. 2005. <em>Buildings for Life – </em><em>Designing and Understanding the Human-Nature Connection. </em>Island Press.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/580/biophilic-design\">GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool – Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org/biophilic-design-overview/\">International Living Future Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter\">Terrapin Bright Green LLC – The Economics of Biophilia – Why designing with nature makes economic sense</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psychspace_value.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Psychosocial Value of Space</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Biophilic Design','','inherit','closed','closed','','1571-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 14:37:32','2022-04-14 14:37:32','',1571,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1576',0,'revision','',0),(1577,2,'2022-04-14 14:43:45','2022-04-14 14:43:45','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is a Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan?</strong></h2>\n<p>A construction indoor air quality management plan is a step-by-step approach to protecting indoor air during construction and pre-occupancy. People who work in an office environment spend up to 90% of their day indoors.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Several studies show that pollutant levels indoors are two to five times greater than outdoors. Poor indoor air quality can cause dizziness, asthma, fever, lung cancer and many other health problems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></sup>Implementing protective practices during the construction phase can help prevent poor indoor air quality.</p>\n<p>Strategies, such as protecting absorptive materials from exposure to moisture to prevent mold growth and using air filters when running equipment during the installation of interior duct systems or during power equipment use (sanding) reduces the risk of poor air quality. These strategies also protect the workforce during construction and building occupants after the structure is built (see <em>Table 1</em> for a list of conventional sources of air pollution).</p>\n<p>Table 1: Common Sources of Indoor Air Pollution<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Pollutant</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\"><strong>Source</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Environmental tobacco smoke</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Other smokers</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Asbestos</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Insulating or fire-retardant building supplies</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong> </strong><strong>Biological contaminants</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Mold, pollen, People plus dirty/poorly-maintained ventilation systems or water-damaged walls</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Pesticides</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Pest-controlling chemicals</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Formaldehyde</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Pressed wood products and adhesives</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Particulate Matter</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Dust, dirt, soot, smoke</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Paints, adhesives, copying machines, air fresheners, and other cleaning materials and chemicals</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Other Gases</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Radon (entering a building through cracks from water and natural breakdown in rocks and soil), Carbon Monoxide (combustion, exhaust, heating systems)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement a Construction IAQ Management Plan</strong></h2>\n<p>The Construction IAQ Management Plan is developed during the design phase and implemented at the outset of the construction phase (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>). The IAQ plan also addresses the period between the completion of construction and occupancy. Control emissions during both construction and post-construction by selecting low-emitting materials whenever possible, holding off on installation of absorbent materials (e.g., carpet, ceiling tiles) until emissions from construction contaminants (e.g., oils, adhesives, paints) have subsided, increasing ventilation during periods of high emission, protecting ducts from dust and contaminants and delaying occupancy of unit until emissions have dissipated. If occupants are present in the building, it is vital to isolate construction contaminants by establishing a full enclosure around the construction zone, establishing negative pressure within containment zone with exhaust fans and making sure that contaminants don’t re-enter the building through open windows or HVAC system intakes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Also, the building should be flushed out before occupancy. Flush out involves forcing large quantities of outdoor air through the new building to remove pollutants before occupancy.  Recommendations for the duration of the flush-out period vary from 3 to 90 days.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>The following list includes some of the construction IAQ management elements outlined in the US Green Building Council’s LEED BD+C Rating System for the design and construction of commercial buildings. For more detailed information see <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/node/2615033?return=/credits\">LEED Guidance</a>:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Meet or exceed the recommended control measures of the Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning National Contractors Association (SMACNA) 2007 IAQ Plan Guidelines. SMACNA includes measures such as covering ductwork and using low VOC materials.</li>\n<li>Prohibit tobacco use.</li>\n<li>Protect absorptive materials from moisture damage.</li>\n<li>When required to use permanently installed air-handlers during construction, use filtration media with a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 8 at each return air grille, as determined by ASHRAE Standard 52.2-2007 (with errata but without addenda 1). Replace all filtration media immediately before occupancy.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Protects the health of the construction team (and building occupants if the building remains occupied) during the construction phase.</li>\n<li>Protects the health of the occupants following construction.</li>\n<li>Prevents potential health problems by reducing airborne contaminants.</li>\n<li>Increases productivity of occupants through thermal comfort and proper ventilation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>When combined with an integrated design process, developing and implementing an IAQ management plan is not a significant financial burden but requires extensive coordination with the project team.</p>\n<p><strong>Resiliency</strong></p>\n<p>Implementing a comprehensive construction IAQ management plan helps ensure the building and building systems begin operation without contaminants or elements that can degrade indoor air quality. Sound IAQ management contributes to operation efficiencies through protecting building systems and indoor environmental quality for occupants. Good indoor air quality and efficient operations help contribute to a building, building systems and building occupants’ ability to withstand, recover from and adapt to extreme or unpredictable events.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/inside-story-guide-indoor-air-quality\">https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/inside-story-guide-indoor-air-quality</a>  (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> See US EPA’s webpage on <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/insidest.html#SusHealth\">Health Effects</a> due to poor indoor air quality for a list of identified illnesses. (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Also see <em>Health Impact </em>at WHO’s webpage on <a href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs292/en/index.html\">Indoor Air Pollution and Health</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA. Indoor Pollutants and Sources.  <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-pollutants-and-sources\">https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-pollutants-and-sources</a> (accessed December 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20151014075428/http://www2.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/renovation-and-new-construction-text-module-indoor-air-quality-building\">https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/renovation-and-new-construction-text-module-indoor-air-quality-building#cr52</a> (accessed December 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. Controlling Pollutants and Sources: Indoor Air Quality Design Tools for Schools. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/controlling-pollutants-and-sources-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools#AirOutandFlushOut\">https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/controlling-pollutants-and-sources-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools#AirOutandFlushOut</a> (accessed December 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> U.S Green Building Council – LEED BD+C New Construction v4. Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/node/2615033?return=/credits\">https://www.usgbc.org/node/2615033?return=/credits</a> (accessed May 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Indoor Air and Climate Readiness. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/climate_readiness.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/climate_readiness.pdf</a> (accessed December 18, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://iaq.ashrae.org/\">ASHRAE Indoor Air Quality Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/indoorairquality/index.html\">US Department of Labor – Occupational Safety and Health Administration: IAQ</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190628205612/https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-air-quality-building-education-and-assessment-model\">iBeam </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq\">Indoor Air Quality</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/office-building-occupants-guide-indoor-air-quality\">Office Building Occupant’s Guide to Indoor Air Quality</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan','','','2022-06-23 18:47:48','2022-06-23 18:47:48','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1577',0,'post','',0),(1578,2,'2022-04-14 14:39:21','2022-04-14 14:39:21','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1577-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 14:39:21','2022-04-14 14:39:21','',1577,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1578',0,'revision','',0);
INSERT INTO `wp_posts` VALUES (1580,2,'2022-04-14 14:43:45','2022-04-14 14:43:45','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is a Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan?</strong></h2>\n<p>A construction indoor air quality management plan is a step-by-step approach to protecting indoor air during construction and pre-occupancy. People who work in an office environment spend up to 90% of their day indoors.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Several studies show that pollutant levels indoors are two to five times greater than outdoors. Poor indoor air quality can cause dizziness, asthma, fever, lung cancer and many other health problems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></sup>Implementing protective practices during the construction phase can help prevent poor indoor air quality.</p>\n<p>Strategies, such as protecting absorptive materials from exposure to moisture to prevent mold growth and using air filters when running equipment during the installation of interior duct systems or during power equipment use (sanding) reduces the risk of poor air quality. These strategies also protect the workforce during construction and building occupants after the structure is built (see <em>Table 1</em> for a list of conventional sources of air pollution).</p>\n<p>Table 1: Common Sources of Indoor Air Pollution<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Pollutant</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\"><strong>Source</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Environmental tobacco smoke</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Other smokers</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Asbestos</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Insulating or fire-retardant building supplies</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong> </strong><strong>Biological contaminants</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Mold, pollen, People plus dirty/poorly-maintained ventilation systems or water-damaged walls</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Pesticides</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Pest-controlling chemicals</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Formaldehyde</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Pressed wood products and adhesives</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Particulate Matter</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Dust, dirt, soot, smoke</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Paints, adhesives, copying machines, air fresheners, and other cleaning materials and chemicals</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Other Gases</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Radon (entering a building through cracks from water and natural breakdown in rocks and soil), Carbon Monoxide (combustion, exhaust, heating systems)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement a Construction IAQ Management Plan</strong></h2>\n<p>The Construction IAQ Management Plan is developed during the design phase and implemented at the outset of the construction phase (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>). The IAQ plan also addresses the period between the completion of construction and occupancy. Control emissions during both construction and post-construction by selecting low-emitting materials whenever possible, holding off on installation of absorbent materials (e.g., carpet, ceiling tiles) until emissions from construction contaminants (e.g., oils, adhesives, paints) have subsided, increasing ventilation during periods of high emission, protecting ducts from dust and contaminants and delaying occupancy of unit until emissions have dissipated. If occupants are present in the building, it is vital to isolate construction contaminants by establishing a full enclosure around the construction zone, establishing negative pressure within containment zone with exhaust fans and making sure that contaminants don’t re-enter the building through open windows or HVAC system intakes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Also, the building should be flushed out before occupancy. Flush out involves forcing large quantities of outdoor air through the new building to remove pollutants before occupancy.  Recommendations for the duration of the flush-out period vary from 3 to 90 days.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>The following list includes some of the construction IAQ management elements outlined in the US Green Building Council’s LEED BD+C Rating System for the design and construction of commercial buildings. For more detailed information see <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/node/2615033?return=/credits\">LEED Guidance</a>:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Meet or exceed the recommended control measures of the Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning National Contractors Association (SMACNA) 2007 IAQ Plan Guidelines. SMACNA includes measures such as covering ductwork and using low VOC materials.</li>\n<li>Prohibit tobacco use.</li>\n<li>Protect absorptive materials from moisture damage.</li>\n<li>When required to use permanently installed air-handlers during construction, use filtration media with a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 8 at each return air grille, as determined by ASHRAE Standard 52.2-2007 (with errata but without addenda 1). Replace all filtration media immediately before occupancy.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Protects the health of the construction team (and building occupants if the building remains occupied) during the construction phase.</li>\n<li>Protects the health of the occupants following construction.</li>\n<li>Prevents potential health problems by reducing airborne contaminants.</li>\n<li>Increases productivity of occupants through thermal comfort and proper ventilation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>When combined with an integrated design process, developing and implementing an IAQ management plan is not a significant financial burden but requires extensive coordination with the project team.</p>\n<p><strong>Resiliency</strong></p>\n<p>Implementing a comprehensive construction IAQ management plan helps ensure the building and building systems begin operation without contaminants or elements that can degrade indoor air quality. Sound IAQ management contributes to operation efficiencies through protecting building systems and indoor environmental quality for occupants. Good indoor air quality and efficient operations help contribute to a building, building systems and building occupants’ ability to withstand, recover from and adapt to extreme or unpredictable events.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/inside-story-guide-indoor-air-quality\">https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/inside-story-guide-indoor-air-quality</a>  (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> See US EPA’s webpage on <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/insidest.html#SusHealth\">Health Effects</a> due to poor indoor air quality for a list of identified illnesses. (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Also see <em>Health Impact </em>at WHO’s webpage on <a href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs292/en/index.html\">Indoor Air Pollution and Health</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA. Indoor Pollutants and Sources.  <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-pollutants-and-sources\">https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-pollutants-and-sources</a> (accessed December 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/renovation-and-new-construction-text-module-indoor-air-quality-building#cr52\">https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/renovation-and-new-construction-text-module-indoor-air-quality-building#cr52</a> (accessed December 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. Controlling Pollutants and Sources: Indoor Air Quality Design Tools for Schools. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/controlling-pollutants-and-sources-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools#AirOutandFlushOut\">https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/controlling-pollutants-and-sources-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools#AirOutandFlushOut</a> (accessed December 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> U.S Green Building Council – LEED BD+C New Construction v4. Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/node/2615033?return=/credits\">https://www.usgbc.org/node/2615033?return=/credits</a> (accessed May 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Indoor Air and Climate Readiness. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/climate_readiness.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/climate_readiness.pdf</a> (accessed December 18, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://iaq.ashrae.org/\">ASHRAE Indoor Air Quality Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/indoorairquality/index.html\">US Department of Labor – Occupational Safety and Health Administration: IAQ</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-air-quality-building-education-and-assessment-model\">iBeam </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq\">Indoor Air Quality</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/office-building-occupants-guide-indoor-air-quality\">Office Building Occupant’s Guide to Indoor Air Quality</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan','','inherit','closed','closed','','1577-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 14:43:45','2022-04-14 14:43:45','',1577,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1580',0,'revision','',0),(1581,2,'2022-04-14 14:43:45','2022-04-14 14:43:45','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is a Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan?</strong></h2>\n<p>A construction indoor air quality management plan is a step-by-step approach to protecting indoor air during construction and pre-occupancy. People who work in an office environment spend up to 90% of their day indoors.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Several studies show that pollutant levels indoors are two to five times greater than outdoors. Poor indoor air quality can cause dizziness, asthma, fever, lung cancer and many other health problems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></sup>Implementing protective practices during the construction phase can help prevent poor indoor air quality.</p>\n<p>Strategies, such as protecting absorptive materials from exposure to moisture to prevent mold growth and using air filters when running equipment during the installation of interior duct systems or during power equipment use (sanding) reduces the risk of poor air quality. These strategies also protect the workforce during construction and building occupants after the structure is built (see <em>Table 1</em> for a list of conventional sources of air pollution).</p>\n<p>Table 1: Common Sources of Indoor Air Pollution<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Pollutant</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\"><strong>Source</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Environmental tobacco smoke</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Other smokers</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Asbestos</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Insulating or fire-retardant building supplies</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong> </strong><strong>Biological contaminants</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Mold, pollen, People plus dirty/poorly-maintained ventilation systems or water-damaged walls</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Pesticides</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Pest-controlling chemicals</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Formaldehyde</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Pressed wood products and adhesives</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Particulate Matter</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Dust, dirt, soot, smoke</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Paints, adhesives, copying machines, air fresheners, and other cleaning materials and chemicals</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Other Gases</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Radon (entering a building through cracks from water and natural breakdown in rocks and soil), Carbon Monoxide (combustion, exhaust, heating systems)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement a Construction IAQ Management Plan</strong></h2>\n<p>The Construction IAQ Management Plan is developed during the design phase and implemented at the outset of the construction phase (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>). The IAQ plan also addresses the period between the completion of construction and occupancy. Control emissions during both construction and post-construction by selecting low-emitting materials whenever possible, holding off on installation of absorbent materials (e.g., carpet, ceiling tiles) until emissions from construction contaminants (e.g., oils, adhesives, paints) have subsided, increasing ventilation during periods of high emission, protecting ducts from dust and contaminants and delaying occupancy of unit until emissions have dissipated. If occupants are present in the building, it is vital to isolate construction contaminants by establishing a full enclosure around the construction zone, establishing negative pressure within containment zone with exhaust fans and making sure that contaminants don’t re-enter the building through open windows or HVAC system intakes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Also, the building should be flushed out before occupancy. Flush out involves forcing large quantities of outdoor air through the new building to remove pollutants before occupancy.  Recommendations for the duration of the flush-out period vary from 3 to 90 days.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>The following list includes some of the construction IAQ management elements outlined in the US Green Building Council’s LEED BD+C Rating System for the design and construction of commercial buildings. For more detailed information see <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/node/2615033?return=/credits\">LEED Guidance</a>:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Meet or exceed the recommended control measures of the Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning National Contractors Association (SMACNA) 2007 IAQ Plan Guidelines. SMACNA includes measures such as covering ductwork and using low VOC materials.</li>\n<li>Prohibit tobacco use.</li>\n<li>Protect absorptive materials from moisture damage.</li>\n<li>When required to use permanently installed air-handlers during construction, use filtration media with a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 8 at each return air grille, as determined by ASHRAE Standard 52.2-2007 (with errata but without addenda 1). Replace all filtration media immediately before occupancy.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Protects the health of the construction team (and building occupants if the building remains occupied) during the construction phase.</li>\n<li>Protects the health of the occupants following construction.</li>\n<li>Prevents potential health problems by reducing airborne contaminants.</li>\n<li>Increases productivity of occupants through thermal comfort and proper ventilation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>When combined with an integrated design process, developing and implementing an IAQ management plan is not a significant financial burden but requires extensive coordination with the project team.</p>\n<p><strong>Resiliency</strong></p>\n<p>Implementing a comprehensive construction IAQ management plan helps ensure the building and building systems begin operation without contaminants or elements that can degrade indoor air quality. Sound IAQ management contributes to operation efficiencies through protecting building systems and indoor environmental quality for occupants. Good indoor air quality and efficient operations help contribute to a building, building systems and building occupants’ ability to withstand, recover from and adapt to extreme or unpredictable events.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/inside-story-guide-indoor-air-quality\">https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/inside-story-guide-indoor-air-quality</a>  (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> See US EPA’s webpage on <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/insidest.html#SusHealth\">Health Effects</a> due to poor indoor air quality for a list of identified illnesses. (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Also see <em>Health Impact </em>at WHO’s webpage on <a href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs292/en/index.html\">Indoor Air Pollution and Health</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA. Indoor Pollutants and Sources.  <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-pollutants-and-sources\">https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-pollutants-and-sources</a> (accessed December 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/renovation-and-new-construction-text-module-indoor-air-quality-building#cr52\">https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/renovation-and-new-construction-text-module-indoor-air-quality-building#cr52</a> (accessed December 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. Controlling Pollutants and Sources: Indoor Air Quality Design Tools for Schools. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/controlling-pollutants-and-sources-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools#AirOutandFlushOut\">https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/controlling-pollutants-and-sources-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools#AirOutandFlushOut</a> (accessed December 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> U.S Green Building Council – LEED BD+C New Construction v4. Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/node/2615033?return=/credits\">https://www.usgbc.org/node/2615033?return=/credits</a> (accessed May 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Indoor Air and Climate Readiness. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/climate_readiness.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/climate_readiness.pdf</a> (accessed December 18, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://iaq.ashrae.org/\">ASHRAE Indoor Air Quality Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/indoorairquality/index.html\">US Department of Labor – Occupational Safety and Health Administration: IAQ</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-air-quality-building-education-and-assessment-model\">iBeam </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq\">Indoor Air Quality</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/office-building-occupants-guide-indoor-air-quality\">Office Building Occupant’s Guide to Indoor Air Quality</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1577-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 14:43:45','2022-04-14 14:43:45','',1577,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1581',0,'revision','',0),(1583,2,'2022-04-14 14:43:49','2022-04-14 14:43:49','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is a Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan?</strong></h2>\n<p>A construction indoor air quality management plan is a step-by-step approach to protecting indoor air during construction and pre-occupancy. People who work in an office environment spend up to 90% of their day indoors.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Several studies show that pollutant levels indoors are two to five times greater than outdoors. Poor indoor air quality can cause dizziness, asthma, fever, lung cancer and many other health problems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></sup>Implementing protective practices during the construction phase can help prevent poor indoor air quality.</p>\n<p>Strategies, such as protecting absorptive materials from exposure to moisture to prevent mold growth and using air filters when running equipment during the installation of interior duct systems or during power equipment use (sanding) reduces the risk of poor air quality. These strategies also protect the workforce during construction and building occupants after the structure is built (see <em>Table 1</em> for a list of conventional sources of air pollution).</p>\n<p>Table 1: Common Sources of Indoor Air Pollution<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Pollutant</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\"><strong>Source</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Environmental tobacco smoke</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Other smokers</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Asbestos</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Insulating or fire-retardant building supplies</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong> </strong><strong>Biological contaminants</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Mold, pollen, People plus dirty/poorly-maintained ventilation systems or water-damaged walls</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Pesticides</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Pest-controlling chemicals</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Formaldehyde</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Pressed wood products and adhesives</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Particulate Matter</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Dust, dirt, soot, smoke</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Paints, adhesives, copying machines, air fresheners, and other cleaning materials and chemicals</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"229\"><strong>Other Gases</strong></td>\n<td width=\"361\">Radon (entering a building through cracks from water and natural breakdown in rocks and soil), Carbon Monoxide (combustion, exhaust, heating systems)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement a Construction IAQ Management Plan</strong></h2>\n<p>The Construction IAQ Management Plan is developed during the design phase and implemented at the outset of the construction phase (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>). The IAQ plan also addresses the period between the completion of construction and occupancy. Control emissions during both construction and post-construction by selecting low-emitting materials whenever possible, holding off on installation of absorbent materials (e.g., carpet, ceiling tiles) until emissions from construction contaminants (e.g., oils, adhesives, paints) have subsided, increasing ventilation during periods of high emission, protecting ducts from dust and contaminants and delaying occupancy of unit until emissions have dissipated. If occupants are present in the building, it is vital to isolate construction contaminants by establishing a full enclosure around the construction zone, establishing negative pressure within containment zone with exhaust fans and making sure that contaminants don’t re-enter the building through open windows or HVAC system intakes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Also, the building should be flushed out before occupancy. Flush out involves forcing large quantities of outdoor air through the new building to remove pollutants before occupancy.  Recommendations for the duration of the flush-out period vary from 3 to 90 days.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>The following list includes some of the construction IAQ management elements outlined in the US Green Building Council’s LEED BD+C Rating System for the design and construction of commercial buildings. For more detailed information see <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/node/2615033?return=/credits\">LEED Guidance</a>:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Meet or exceed the recommended control measures of the Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning National Contractors Association (SMACNA) 2007 IAQ Plan Guidelines. SMACNA includes measures such as covering ductwork and using low VOC materials.</li>\n<li>Prohibit tobacco use.</li>\n<li>Protect absorptive materials from moisture damage.</li>\n<li>When required to use permanently installed air-handlers during construction, use filtration media with a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 8 at each return air grille, as determined by ASHRAE Standard 52.2-2007 (with errata but without addenda 1). Replace all filtration media immediately before occupancy.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Protects the health of the construction team (and building occupants if the building remains occupied) during the construction phase.</li>\n<li>Protects the health of the occupants following construction.</li>\n<li>Prevents potential health problems by reducing airborne contaminants.</li>\n<li>Increases productivity of occupants through thermal comfort and proper ventilation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>When combined with an integrated design process, developing and implementing an IAQ management plan is not a significant financial burden but requires extensive coordination with the project team.</p>\n<p><strong>Resiliency</strong></p>\n<p>Implementing a comprehensive construction IAQ management plan helps ensure the building and building systems begin operation without contaminants or elements that can degrade indoor air quality. Sound IAQ management contributes to operation efficiencies through protecting building systems and indoor environmental quality for occupants. Good indoor air quality and efficient operations help contribute to a building, building systems and building occupants’ ability to withstand, recover from and adapt to extreme or unpredictable events.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/inside-story-guide-indoor-air-quality\">https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/inside-story-guide-indoor-air-quality</a>  (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> See US EPA’s webpage on <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/insidest.html#SusHealth\">Health Effects</a> due to poor indoor air quality for a list of identified illnesses. (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Also see <em>Health Impact </em>at WHO’s webpage on <a href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs292/en/index.html\">Indoor Air Pollution and Health</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA. Indoor Pollutants and Sources.  <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-pollutants-and-sources\">https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-pollutants-and-sources</a> (accessed December 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/renovation-and-new-construction-text-module-indoor-air-quality-building#cr52\">https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/renovation-and-new-construction-text-module-indoor-air-quality-building#cr52</a> (accessed December 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. Controlling Pollutants and Sources: Indoor Air Quality Design Tools for Schools. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/controlling-pollutants-and-sources-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools#AirOutandFlushOut\">https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/controlling-pollutants-and-sources-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools#AirOutandFlushOut</a> (accessed December 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> U.S Green Building Council – LEED BD+C New Construction v4. Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/node/2615033?return=/credits\">https://www.usgbc.org/node/2615033?return=/credits</a> (accessed May 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Indoor Air and Climate Readiness. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/climate_readiness.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/climate_readiness.pdf</a> (accessed December 18, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://iaq.ashrae.org/\">ASHRAE Indoor Air Quality Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/indoorairquality/index.html\">US Department of Labor – Occupational Safety and Health Administration: IAQ</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-air-quality-building-education-and-assessment-model\">iBeam </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq\">Indoor Air Quality</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/office-building-occupants-guide-indoor-air-quality\">Office Building Occupant’s Guide to Indoor Air Quality</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan','','inherit','closed','closed','','1577-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 14:43:49','2022-04-14 14:43:49','',1577,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1583',0,'revision','',0),(1584,2,'2022-04-14 14:49:48','2022-04-14 14:49:48','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Flexible Workspaces\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Flexible Workspaces?</strong></h2>\n<p>Flexible workspaces are settings that support a variety of business arrangements tailored to the needs of the user.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Changes in technology, management approaches, and business models drive a need for spaces that can adapt quickly to change. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Disassembly, deconstruction, and demolition are essential considerations for managing resources and the waste stream when creating new building environments (see <em>Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction</em>). New construction should emphasize reusable parts and easy access to infrastructure, plumbing, and wiring as well as planning for recycling or reuse of leftover materials.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> In addition to a focus on flexible workspaces in a traditional office environment, there is also an increasing number of people using flexible work locations such as co-working spaces or fully equipped shared spaces (<em>see Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Design)</em>.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Flexible Workspaces </strong></h2>\n<p>Flexible workspaces should provide flexible infrastructure, adjustable workstations and support mobility within the office and outside of the office. Re-configurable furniture in meeting spaces as well as providing options for subdividing larger spaces help contribute to a more flexible work environment.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>To implement flexible workspaces, it is essential to:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Engage in an integrated design process (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>).</li>\n<li>Provide flexibility for delivering power, voice, data, and internet.</li>\n<li>Provide distributed, vertical cores, satellite closets, and generous horizontal plenum spaces with mobile, user-based services to accommodate changing technology.</li>\n<li>Provide systems that are controllable and adjustable by the users without depending on outside contractors (<em>see Individual Comfort Controls</em>).</li>\n<li>Incorporate sustainable design principles, which can help achieve flexible spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></li>\n<li>Use durable materials that are worth recovering for reuse or recycling (<em>see Durable and Adaptable Materials</em>).</li>\n<li>Plan for the movement and safety of occupants to allow for building adaptation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Table 1. Drivers, Solutions, and Issues for the Changing Workplace (Adapted from Whole Building Design Guide – The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work, and Workplace) <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>[caption id=\"attachment_262\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1430\"]<img class=\"wp-image-262 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Flexible-Spaces-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1. Drivers, Solutions, and Issues for the Changing Workplace (Adapted from Whole Building Design Guide – The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work, and Workplace) [7]\" width=\"1430\" height=\"1044\" /> Table 1. Drivers, Solutions, and Issues for the Changing Workplace (Adapted from Whole Building Design Guide – The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work, and Workplace) [7][/caption]<br />\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces the need to alter infrastructure</li>\n<li>Enables low-cost and less complicated reconfiguration</li>\n<li>Promotes productivity and efficiency and occupant satisfaction</li>\n<li>Reduces real estate costs (by de-linking physical space consumption from occupant headcount)</li>\n<li>Improves organizational flexibility and agility to respond to current and future workforce demands</li>\n<li>Increases options for disassembly and deconstruction<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Companies need to plan for flexibility and change to keep up with changing business models and technology. The GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool includes a case study for the renovation of the PBS Chicago Regional Office. Through incorporating flexible design strategies, the renovation reduced costs of reconfiguration of workstations from $900 per workstation and $1650 per office to $0. Plug and play data and telecom enabled GSA staff to make changes without the help of outside technicians, saving approximately $125 per change. Designing flexible workspaces can minimize costs associated with reconfigurations as technology and office environments evolve. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Flexibility and adaptability are elements that contribute to a resilient workplace. As described by Judith Heerwagen and Michael Bloom in the Resilient Workplace, workplaces need to promote the capacity of humans to be creative and adapt in the face of disruption and change.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/design_change.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/design/design_change.php</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Office Building. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/office-building\">https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/office-building</a>  (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design</a> (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool. Flexible Workplace Design.  (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Design for the Changing Workplace. (accessed January 20, 2019 ).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design</a> (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Adapted from Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/chngorgwork.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/chngorgwork.php</a> (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool. Flexible Workplace Design. <a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/243/flexible-workplace-design\">https://sftool.gov/learn/about/243/flexible-workplace-design</a> (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool. (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Heerwagen, Judith and Michael F. Bloom. The Resilient Workplace. <a href=\"http://workandplace.com/the-resilient-workplace/\">http://workandplace.com/the-resilient-workplace/</a> (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/\">Construction and Demolition(C&amp;D) Waste</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/243/flexible-workplace-design\">GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool – Flexible Workplace Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/benefits.htm\">UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design\">US EPA – Sustainable Materials Management. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials. Designing for Adaptability, Disassembly, and Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/design_change.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Design for the Changing Workplace</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/chngorgwork.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work and Workplace</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Flexible Workspaces','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-flexible-workspaces','','','2022-04-15 17:17:01','2022-04-15 17:17:01','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1584',0,'post','',0),(1585,2,'2022-04-14 14:44:19','2022-04-14 14:44:19','','NC Flexible Workspaces','','inherit','closed','closed','','1584-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 14:44:19','2022-04-14 14:44:19','',1584,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1585',0,'revision','',0),(1587,2,'2022-04-14 14:49:48','2022-04-14 14:49:48','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Flexible Workspaces\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Flexible Workspaces?</strong></h2>\n<p>Flexible workspaces are settings that support a variety of business arrangements tailored to the needs of the user.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Changes in technology, management approaches, and business models drive a need for spaces that can adapt quickly to change. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Disassembly, deconstruction, and demolition are essential considerations for managing resources and the waste stream when creating new building environments (see <em>Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction</em>). New construction should emphasize reusable parts and easy access to infrastructure, plumbing, and wiring as well as planning for recycling or reuse of leftover materials.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> In addition to a focus on flexible workspaces in a traditional office environment, there is also an increasing number of people using flexible work locations such as co-working spaces or fully equipped shared spaces (<em>see Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Design)</em>.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Flexible Workspaces </strong></h2>\n<p>Flexible workspaces should provide flexible infrastructure, adjustable workstations and support mobility within the office and outside of the office. Re-configurable furniture in meeting spaces as well as providing options for subdividing larger spaces help contribute to a more flexible work environment.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>To implement flexible workspaces, it is essential to:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Engage in an integrated design process (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>).</li>\n<li>Provide flexibility for delivering power, voice, data, and internet.</li>\n<li>Provide distributed, vertical cores, satellite closets, and generous horizontal plenum spaces with mobile, user-based services to accommodate changing technology.</li>\n<li>Provide systems that are controllable and adjustable by the users without depending on outside contractors (<em>see Individual Comfort Controls</em>).</li>\n<li>Incorporate sustainable design principles, which can help achieve flexible spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></li>\n<li>Use durable materials that are worth recovering for reuse or recycling (<em>see Durable and Adaptable Materials</em>).</li>\n<li>Plan for the movement and safety of occupants to allow for building adaptation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Table 1. Drivers, Solutions, and Issues for the Changing Workplace (Adapted from Whole Building Design Guide – The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work, and Workplace) <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>[caption id=\"attachment_262\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1430\"]<img class=\"wp-image-262 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Flexible-Spaces-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1. Drivers, Solutions, and Issues for the Changing Workplace (Adapted from Whole Building Design Guide – The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work, and Workplace) [7]\" width=\"1430\" height=\"1044\" /> Table 1. Drivers, Solutions, and Issues for the Changing Workplace (Adapted from Whole Building Design Guide – The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work, and Workplace) [7][/caption]<br />\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces the need to alter infrastructure</li>\n<li>Enables low-cost and less complicated reconfiguration</li>\n<li>Promotes productivity and efficiency and occupant satisfaction</li>\n<li>Reduces real estate costs (by de-linking physical space consumption from occupant headcount)</li>\n<li>Improves organizational flexibility and agility to respond to current and future workforce demands</li>\n<li>Increases options for disassembly and deconstruction<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Companies need to plan for flexibility and change to keep up with changing business models and technology. The GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool includes a case study for the renovation of the PBS Chicago Regional Office. Through incorporating flexible design strategies, the renovation reduced costs of reconfiguration of workstations from $900 per workstation and $1650 per office to $0. Plug and play data and telecom enabled GSA staff to make changes without the help of outside technicians, saving approximately $125 per change. Designing flexible workspaces can minimize costs associated with reconfigurations as technology and office environments evolve. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Flexibility and adaptability are elements that contribute to a resilient workplace. As described by Judith Heerwagen and Michael Bloom in the Resilient Workplace, workplaces need to promote the capacity of humans to be creative and adapt in the face of disruption and change.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/design_change.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/design/design_change.php</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Office Building. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/office-building\">https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/office-building</a>  (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design</a> (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool. Flexible Workplace Design.  (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Design for the Changing Workplace. (accessed January 20, 2019 ).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design</a> (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Adapted from Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/chngorgwork.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/chngorgwork.php</a> (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool. Flexible Workplace Design. <a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/243/flexible-workplace-design\">https://sftool.gov/learn/about/243/flexible-workplace-design</a> (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool. (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Heerwagen, Judith and Michael F. Bloom. The Resilient Workplace. <a href=\"http://workandplace.com/the-resilient-workplace/\">http://workandplace.com/the-resilient-workplace/</a> (accessed January 20, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/\">Construction and Demolition(C&amp;D) Waste</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/243/flexible-workplace-design\">GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool – Flexible Workplace Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/benefits.htm\">UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design\">US EPA – Sustainable Materials Management. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials. Designing for Adaptability, Disassembly, and Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/design_change.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Design for the Changing Workplace</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/chngorgwork.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work and Workplace</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Flexible Workspaces','','inherit','closed','closed','','1584-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 14:49:48','2022-04-14 14:49:48','',1584,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1587',0,'revision','',0),(1589,2,'2022-04-14 14:56:55','2022-04-14 14:56:55','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Non-toxic Materials\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Non-toxic Materials? </strong></h2>\n<p>Non-toxic or low-emitting materials release relatively low levels of odorous, irritating, toxic, or hazardous substances unhealthy to building occupants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (including formaldehyde), particulates, and fibers include substances often emitted from building materials that can adversely impact human health.</p>\n<p>Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) contain carbon molecules and can vaporize from material surfaces into indoor air at average room temperatures (a process known as off-gassing).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> A non-toxic material must meet different thresholds of VOC emissions compliance depending on the material.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Found in many everyday products and building materials, VOCs can escape into the air and cause illness and allergic reactions. Studies have linked elevated levels of VOCs and interior pollutants to health concerns that cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination, nausea, and other health problems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> People with respiratory problems, children, seniors and people with compromised immune systems are at higher risk to reactions from exposure than general population.</p>\n<p>According to the EPA, concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors (up to ten times) than outdoors. Paints, sealants, manufactured wood products, and adhesives as well as some furnishings and carpet systems often release VOCs. Inherently non-emitting sources of VOCs such as stone, ceramic, powder-coated metals, plated or anodized metal, glass, concrete, clay, brick, and unfinished or untreated solid wood do not require VOC emissions testing if they do not include VOC emitting surface coatings, binders, or sealants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>Formaldehyde (CH<sub>2</sub>O), a known carcinogen, is a colorless gas with a strong odor that can cause eye, nose, skin, and lung irritations. It forms an essential component of several polymers used in many building materials including urea formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde, and melamine resin. When selecting safe, non-toxic materials, avoid building materials and products containing formaldehyde resins. Pressed-wood products, such as particleboard, oriented strand board (OSB), plywood, medium density fiberboard, glues and adhesives, permanent-press fabrics, paper product coatings, and specific insulation materials often use formaldehyde resins.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> More information about formaldehyde can be found through resources such as the <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/formaldehyde\">US EPA website</a>. If a formaldehyde-containing product is purchased, it should be aired out before it is used.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_428\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"452\"]<img class=\"wp-image-428 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Safe-Non-Toxic-Materials-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Paint cans (Source: Maury McCown)\" width=\"452\" height=\"346\" /> Figure 1 – Paint cans (Source: Maury McCown)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Non-toxic Materials</strong></h2>\n<p>Increased awareness about possible health risks and indoor air quality concerns have helped to expand the market for safe, non-toxic materials. Low-emitting material credit requirements by LEED and other green building certifications have led to a demand for products lower in VOCs and toxic chemicals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Several certification programs, standards, and criteria for selecting and evaluating sustainable materials include <a href=\"http://greenguard.org/en/index.aspx\">GREENGUARD</a> (indoor air quality certification), <a href=\"http://www.carpet-rug.org/commercial-customers/green-building-and-the-environment/green-label-plus/\">Green Label Plus</a> (carpets/rugs), <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180929003530/http://www.greenseal.org/Home.aspx\">Green Seal</a>, and <a href=\"http://www.scscertified.com/\">Scientific Certification Systems</a>.</p>\n<p>The definition of a “low” concentration of VOC emissions varies according to the product type. For example, for interior paints and coatings, low-VOC emitting products have concentrations below 50 g/L; a zero-VOC paint has fewer than 5 grams per liter.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Paints and finishes come in either oil-based formulas or latex (water) based, which are generally less toxic and less VOC-emitting than oil-based paints.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Not all latex-based formulas are low in VOC’s, however, and a few oil-based products now qualify as low-VOC. For independent certifications and standards, see <a href=\"http://www.greenseal.org/\">greenseal.org</a> and <a href=\"http://greenguard.org/en/index.aspx\">greenguard.org</a> (which measures VOC emissions).</p>\n<p>There are many hard, low-formaldehyde flooring materials on the market. Formaldehyde occurs naturally in wood and making wood-containing flooring products are never 100% formaldehyde free. By using materials such as concrete and recycled tile, a homeowner can significantly reduce the amount of formaldehyde concentration in a home, while also preserving natural resources such as wood commonly used for flooring.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_256\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"282\"]<img class=\"wp-image-256 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NR-Sustainable-Materials-Fig-5-282x300.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – FSC Certified Logo (Source: http://www.fsc.org/)\" width=\"282\" height=\"300\" /> Figure 5 – FSC Certified Logo[/caption]<p>If choosing to install new wood, consider salvaged wood or look for products that earn the <a href=\"https://ic.fsc.org/en/choosing-fsc/fsc-labels\">Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certification label</a>. The FSC specializes in providing certification for wood products produced from sustainable harvesting practices that contain low levels of formaldehyde. FSC-certified wood floors do not include added urea-formaldehyde.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><u>Rutgers University Visitor Center</u></p>\n<p>The Rutgers University Visitor Center was constructed using low-emitting materials including paints, finishes and recycled content carpet.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_49\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"434\"]<img class=\"wp-image-49 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Safe-Non-Toxic-Materials-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Stained concrete floor (source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"434\" height=\"296\" /> Figure 3 – Stained concrete floor (source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_94\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"444\"]<img class=\"wp-image-94 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Safe-Non-Toxic-Materials-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 4 – Recycled carpet (source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"444\" height=\"302\" /> Figure 4 – Recycled carpet (source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits </strong></h2>\n<p>The selection of building material and furnishings have a significant impact on indoor environmental quality. Benefits of choosing low-emitting materials include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Improved indoor air quality.</li>\n<li>Improved worker safety and health.</li>\n<li>Reduced incidents of an eye and respiratory irritation, headaches, fatigue.</li>\n<li>Healthier environment for building occupants who are sensitive to specific products.</li>\n<li>Reduced pollution of groundwater and water supplies.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Many low-emitting materials are cost-competitive with conventional materials. Low/no-VOC paints typically cost about the same as conventional paints.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Many wood product manufacturers are replacing formaldehyde-based bonding resins with non-toxic substitutes. Cost impacts for such non-formaldehyde wood products can vary.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>The use of non-toxic materials in building assemblies and furnishings can help to reduce the release of toxic chemicals when debris from buildings finds its way into the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds caused by natural disasters and severe storm events. For example, Superstorm Sandy generated over 8 million cubic yards of debris across the nine hardest-hit counties in New Jersey in only one day.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Damaged and contaminated materials may include waterlogged drywall, plaster, insulation, flooring, carpets, mattresses, and upholstered furniture, that when put it into unlined landfills, can contaminate groundwater.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> LEED BD+C: New Construction | v4 – LEED v4. Low-emitting materials</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0</a>  (accessed April 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA. An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality\">https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality</a>  (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/education/sessions/breath-fresh-air-low-emitting-materials-leed-v41-12849990\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Healthy Building Network. Formaldehyde Found in Building Materials.  <a href=\"https://healthybuilding.net/uploads/files/formaldehyde-found-in-building-materials.pdf\">https://healthybuilding.net/uploads/files/formaldehyde-found-in-building-materials.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/education/sessions/breath-fresh-air-low-emitting-materials-leed-v41-12849990\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> GreenGuard. Your Guide to Low-And Zero-VOC Paints. <a href=\"http://greenguard.org/files/LivingGreenPaintGuide.pdf\">http://greenguard.org/files/LivingGreenPaintGuide.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> WBDG. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Cost Helper. How Much Does Painting an Interior Cost? <a href=\"http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html\">http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/health/iep/index.shtml\">NJ Department of Health and Senior Services – Indoor Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/iaq/greenbuilding/index.html\">US EPA Indoor Air Quality – Green Indoor Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide: Evaluating and Selecting Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Green Product Certifications and Standards:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.carpet-rug.org/commercial-customers/green-building-and-the-environment/index.cfm\">Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.c2ccertified.org\">Cradle to Cradle</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.greenguard.org/\">The GREENGUARD Environmental Institute</a> is an industry-independent, not-for-profit organization that oversees the GREENGUARD Certification programs.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenseal.org/splash/\">Green Seal</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org\">International Living Future Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/education/sessions/breath-fresh-air-low-emitting-materials-leed-v41-12849990\">LEED: Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ecolabelindex.com/ecolabel/scs-indoor-advantage\">Scientific Certification Systems Indoor Advantage </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://mts.sustainableproducts.com/SMaRT_product_standard.html\">SMaRt Consensus Sustainable Product Standards</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Non-toxic Materials','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-safe-non-toxic-materials','','','2022-06-23 18:58:48','2022-06-23 18:58:48','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1589',0,'post','',0),(1590,2,'2022-04-14 14:50:41','2022-04-14 14:50:41','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1589-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 14:50:41','2022-04-14 14:50:41','',1589,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1590',0,'revision','',0),(1592,2,'2022-04-14 14:56:55','2022-04-14 14:56:55','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Non-toxic Materials\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Non-toxic Materials? </strong></h2>\n<p>Non-toxic or low-emitting materials release relatively low levels of odorous, irritating, toxic, or hazardous substances unhealthy to building occupants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (including formaldehyde), particulates, and fibers include substances often emitted from building materials that can adversely impact human health.</p>\n<p>Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) contain carbon molecules and can vaporize from material surfaces into indoor air at average room temperatures (a process known as off-gassing).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> A non-toxic material must meet different thresholds of VOC emissions compliance depending on the material.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Found in many everyday products and building materials, VOCs can escape into the air and cause illness and allergic reactions. Studies have linked elevated levels of VOCs and interior pollutants to health concerns that cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination, nausea, and other health problems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> People with respiratory problems, children, seniors and people with compromised immune systems are at higher risk to reactions from exposure than general population.</p>\n<p>According to the EPA, concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors (up to ten times) than outdoors. Paints, sealants, manufactured wood products, and adhesives as well as some furnishings and carpet systems often release VOCs. Inherently non-emitting sources of VOCs such as stone, ceramic, powder-coated metals, plated or anodized metal, glass, concrete, clay, brick, and unfinished or untreated solid wood do not require VOC emissions testing if they do not include VOC emitting surface coatings, binders, or sealants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>Formaldehyde (CH<sub>2</sub>O), a known carcinogen, is a colorless gas with a strong odor that can cause eye, nose, skin, and lung irritations. It forms an essential component of several polymers used in many building materials including urea formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde, and melamine resin. When selecting safe, non-toxic materials, avoid building materials and products containing formaldehyde resins. Pressed-wood products, such as particleboard, oriented strand board (OSB), plywood, medium density fiberboard, glues and adhesives, permanent-press fabrics, paper product coatings, and specific insulation materials often use formaldehyde resins.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> More information about formaldehyde can be found through resources such as the <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/formaldehyde\">US EPA website</a>. If a formaldehyde-containing product is purchased, it should be aired out before it is used.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_428\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"452\"]<img class=\"wp-image-428 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Safe-Non-Toxic-Materials-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Paint cans (Source: Maury McCown)\" width=\"452\" height=\"346\" /> Figure 1 – Paint cans (Source: Maury McCown)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Non-toxic Materials</strong></h2>\n<p>Increased awareness about possible health risks and indoor air quality concerns have helped to expand the market for safe, non-toxic materials. Low-emitting material credit requirements by LEED and other green building certifications have led to a demand for products lower in VOCs and toxic chemicals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Several certification programs, standards, and criteria for selecting and evaluating sustainable materials include <a href=\"http://greenguard.org/en/index.aspx\">GREENGUARD</a> (indoor air quality certification), <a href=\"http://www.carpet-rug.org/commercial-customers/green-building-and-the-environment/green-label-plus/\">Green Label Plus</a> (carpets/rugs), <a href=\"http://www.greenseal.org/home.aspx\">Green Seal</a>, and <a href=\"http://www.scscertified.com/\">Scientific Certification Systems</a>.</p>\n<p>The definition of a “low” concentration of VOC emissions varies according to the product type. For example, for interior paints and coatings, low-VOC emitting products have concentrations below 50 g/L; a zero-VOC paint has fewer than 5 grams per liter.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Paints and finishes come in either oil-based formulas or latex (water) based, which are generally less toxic and less VOC-emitting than oil-based paints.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Not all latex-based formulas are low in VOC’s, however, and a few oil-based products now qualify as low-VOC. For independent certifications and standards, see <a href=\"http://www.greenseal.org/\">greenseal.org</a> and <a href=\"http://greenguard.org/en/index.aspx\">greenguard.org</a> (which measures VOC emissions).</p>\n<p>There are many hard, low-formaldehyde flooring materials on the market. Formaldehyde occurs naturally in wood and making wood-containing flooring products are never 100% formaldehyde free. By using materials such as concrete and recycled tile, a homeowner can significantly reduce the amount of formaldehyde concentration in a home, while also preserving natural resources such as wood commonly used for flooring.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_256\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"282\"]<img class=\"wp-image-256 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NR-Sustainable-Materials-Fig-5-282x300.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – FSC Certified Logo (Source: http://www.fsc.org/)\" width=\"282\" height=\"300\" /> Figure 5 – FSC Certified Logo[/caption]<p>If choosing to install new wood, consider salvaged wood or look for products that earn the <a href=\"https://ic.fsc.org/en/choosing-fsc/fsc-labels\">Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certification label</a>. The FSC specializes in providing certification for wood products produced from sustainable harvesting practices that contain low levels of formaldehyde. FSC-certified wood floors do not include added urea-formaldehyde.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><u>Rutgers University Visitor Center</u></p>\n<p>The Rutgers University Visitor Center was constructed using low-emitting materials including paints, finishes and recycled content carpet.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_49\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"434\"]<img class=\"wp-image-49 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Safe-Non-Toxic-Materials-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Stained concrete floor (source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"434\" height=\"296\" /> Figure 3 – Stained concrete floor (source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_94\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"444\"]<img class=\"wp-image-94 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Safe-Non-Toxic-Materials-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 4 – Recycled carpet (source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"444\" height=\"302\" /> Figure 4 – Recycled carpet (source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits </strong></h2>\n<p>The selection of building material and furnishings have a significant impact on indoor environmental quality. Benefits of choosing low-emitting materials include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Improved indoor air quality.</li>\n<li>Improved worker safety and health.</li>\n<li>Reduced incidents of an eye and respiratory irritation, headaches, fatigue.</li>\n<li>Healthier environment for building occupants who are sensitive to specific products.</li>\n<li>Reduced pollution of groundwater and water supplies.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Many low-emitting materials are cost-competitive with conventional materials. Low/no-VOC paints typically cost about the same as conventional paints.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Many wood product manufacturers are replacing formaldehyde-based bonding resins with non-toxic substitutes. Cost impacts for such non-formaldehyde wood products can vary.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>The use of non-toxic materials in building assemblies and furnishings can help to reduce the release of toxic chemicals when debris from buildings finds its way into the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds caused by natural disasters and severe storm events. For example, Superstorm Sandy generated over 8 million cubic yards of debris across the nine hardest-hit counties in New Jersey in only one day.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Damaged and contaminated materials may include waterlogged drywall, plaster, insulation, flooring, carpets, mattresses, and upholstered furniture, that when put it into unlined landfills, can contaminate groundwater.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> LEED BD+C: New Construction | v4 – LEED v4. Low-emitting materials</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0</a>  (accessed April 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA. An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality\">https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality</a>  (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Healthy Building Network. Formaldehyde Found in Building Materials.  <a href=\"https://healthybuilding.net/uploads/files/formaldehyde-found-in-building-materials.pdf\">https://healthybuilding.net/uploads/files/formaldehyde-found-in-building-materials.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> GreenGuard. Your Guide to Low-And Zero-VOC Paints. <a href=\"http://greenguard.org/files/LivingGreenPaintGuide.pdf\">http://greenguard.org/files/LivingGreenPaintGuide.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> WBDG. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Cost Helper. How Much Does Painting an Interior Cost? <a href=\"http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html\">http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/health/iep/index.shtml\">NJ Department of Health and Senior Services – Indoor Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/iaq/greenbuilding/index.html\">US EPA Indoor Air Quality – Green Indoor Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide: Evaluating and Selecting Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Green Product Certifications and Standards:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.carpet-rug.org/commercial-customers/green-building-and-the-environment/index.cfm\">Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.c2ccertified.org\">Cradle to Cradle</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.greenguard.org/\">The GREENGUARD Environmental Institute</a> is an industry-independent, not-for-profit organization that oversees the GREENGUARD Certification programs.</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.greenseal.org/Home.aspx\">Green Seal</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org\">International Living Future Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf\">LEED: Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ecolabelindex.com/ecolabel/scs-indoor-advantage\">Scientific Certification Systems Indoor Advantage </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://mts.sustainableproducts.com/SMaRT_product_standard.html\">SMaRt Consensus Sustainable Product Standards</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Non-toxic Materials','','inherit','closed','closed','','1589-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 14:56:55','2022-04-14 14:56:55','',1589,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1592',0,'revision','',0),(1593,2,'2022-04-14 14:56:56','2022-04-14 14:56:56','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Non-toxic Materials\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Non-toxic Materials? </strong></h2>\n<p>Non-toxic or low-emitting materials release relatively low levels of odorous, irritating, toxic, or hazardous substances unhealthy to building occupants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (including formaldehyde), particulates, and fibers include substances often emitted from building materials that can adversely impact human health.</p>\n<p>Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) contain carbon molecules and can vaporize from material surfaces into indoor air at average room temperatures (a process known as off-gassing).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> A non-toxic material must meet different thresholds of VOC emissions compliance depending on the material.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Found in many everyday products and building materials, VOCs can escape into the air and cause illness and allergic reactions. Studies have linked elevated levels of VOCs and interior pollutants to health concerns that cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination, nausea, and other health problems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> People with respiratory problems, children, seniors and people with compromised immune systems are at higher risk to reactions from exposure than general population.</p>\n<p>According to the EPA, concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors (up to ten times) than outdoors. Paints, sealants, manufactured wood products, and adhesives as well as some furnishings and carpet systems often release VOCs. Inherently non-emitting sources of VOCs such as stone, ceramic, powder-coated metals, plated or anodized metal, glass, concrete, clay, brick, and unfinished or untreated solid wood do not require VOC emissions testing if they do not include VOC emitting surface coatings, binders, or sealants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>Formaldehyde (CH<sub>2</sub>O), a known carcinogen, is a colorless gas with a strong odor that can cause eye, nose, skin, and lung irritations. It forms an essential component of several polymers used in many building materials including urea formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde, and melamine resin. When selecting safe, non-toxic materials, avoid building materials and products containing formaldehyde resins. Pressed-wood products, such as particleboard, oriented strand board (OSB), plywood, medium density fiberboard, glues and adhesives, permanent-press fabrics, paper product coatings, and specific insulation materials often use formaldehyde resins.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> More information about formaldehyde can be found through resources such as the <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/formaldehyde\">US EPA website</a>. If a formaldehyde-containing product is purchased, it should be aired out before it is used.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_428\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"452\"]<img class=\"wp-image-428 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Safe-Non-Toxic-Materials-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Paint cans (Source: Maury McCown)\" width=\"452\" height=\"346\" /> Figure 1 – Paint cans (Source: Maury McCown)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Non-toxic Materials</strong></h2>\n<p>Increased awareness about possible health risks and indoor air quality concerns have helped to expand the market for safe, non-toxic materials. Low-emitting material credit requirements by LEED and other green building certifications have led to a demand for products lower in VOCs and toxic chemicals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Several certification programs, standards, and criteria for selecting and evaluating sustainable materials include <a href=\"http://greenguard.org/en/index.aspx\">GREENGUARD</a> (indoor air quality certification), <a href=\"http://www.carpet-rug.org/commercial-customers/green-building-and-the-environment/green-label-plus/\">Green Label Plus</a> (carpets/rugs), <a href=\"http://www.greenseal.org/home.aspx\">Green Seal</a>, and <a href=\"http://www.scscertified.com/\">Scientific Certification Systems</a>.</p>\n<p>The definition of a “low” concentration of VOC emissions varies according to the product type. For example, for interior paints and coatings, low-VOC emitting products have concentrations below 50 g/L; a zero-VOC paint has fewer than 5 grams per liter.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Paints and finishes come in either oil-based formulas or latex (water) based, which are generally less toxic and less VOC-emitting than oil-based paints.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Not all latex-based formulas are low in VOC’s, however, and a few oil-based products now qualify as low-VOC. For independent certifications and standards, see <a href=\"http://www.greenseal.org/\">greenseal.org</a> and <a href=\"http://greenguard.org/en/index.aspx\">greenguard.org</a> (which measures VOC emissions).</p>\n<p>There are many hard, low-formaldehyde flooring materials on the market. Formaldehyde occurs naturally in wood and making wood-containing flooring products are never 100% formaldehyde free. By using materials such as concrete and recycled tile, a homeowner can significantly reduce the amount of formaldehyde concentration in a home, while also preserving natural resources such as wood commonly used for flooring.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_256\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"282\"]<img class=\"wp-image-256 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NR-Sustainable-Materials-Fig-5-282x300.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – FSC Certified Logo (Source: http://www.fsc.org/)\" width=\"282\" height=\"300\" /> Figure 5 – FSC Certified Logo[/caption]<p>If choosing to install new wood, consider salvaged wood or look for products that earn the <a href=\"https://ic.fsc.org/en/choosing-fsc/fsc-labels\">Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certification label</a>. The FSC specializes in providing certification for wood products produced from sustainable harvesting practices that contain low levels of formaldehyde. FSC-certified wood floors do not include added urea-formaldehyde.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><u>Rutgers University Visitor Center</u></p>\n<p>The Rutgers University Visitor Center was constructed using low-emitting materials including paints, finishes and recycled content carpet.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_49\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"434\"]<img class=\"wp-image-49 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Safe-Non-Toxic-Materials-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Stained concrete floor (source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"434\" height=\"296\" /> Figure 3 – Stained concrete floor (source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_94\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"444\"]<img class=\"wp-image-94 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Safe-Non-Toxic-Materials-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 4 – Recycled carpet (source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"444\" height=\"302\" /> Figure 4 – Recycled carpet (source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits </strong></h2>\n<p>The selection of building material and furnishings have a significant impact on indoor environmental quality. Benefits of choosing low-emitting materials include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Improved indoor air quality.</li>\n<li>Improved worker safety and health.</li>\n<li>Reduced incidents of an eye and respiratory irritation, headaches, fatigue.</li>\n<li>Healthier environment for building occupants who are sensitive to specific products.</li>\n<li>Reduced pollution of groundwater and water supplies.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Many low-emitting materials are cost-competitive with conventional materials. Low/no-VOC paints typically cost about the same as conventional paints.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Many wood product manufacturers are replacing formaldehyde-based bonding resins with non-toxic substitutes. Cost impacts for such non-formaldehyde wood products can vary.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>The use of non-toxic materials in building assemblies and furnishings can help to reduce the release of toxic chemicals when debris from buildings finds its way into the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds caused by natural disasters and severe storm events. For example, Superstorm Sandy generated over 8 million cubic yards of debris across the nine hardest-hit counties in New Jersey in only one day.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Damaged and contaminated materials may include waterlogged drywall, plaster, insulation, flooring, carpets, mattresses, and upholstered furniture, that when put it into unlined landfills, can contaminate groundwater.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> LEED BD+C: New Construction | v4 – LEED v4. Low-emitting materials</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0</a>  (accessed April 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA. An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality\">https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality</a>  (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Healthy Building Network. Formaldehyde Found in Building Materials.  <a href=\"https://healthybuilding.net/uploads/files/formaldehyde-found-in-building-materials.pdf\">https://healthybuilding.net/uploads/files/formaldehyde-found-in-building-materials.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> GreenGuard. Your Guide to Low-And Zero-VOC Paints. <a href=\"http://greenguard.org/files/LivingGreenPaintGuide.pdf\">http://greenguard.org/files/LivingGreenPaintGuide.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> WBDG. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Cost Helper. How Much Does Painting an Interior Cost? <a href=\"http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html\">http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/health/iep/index.shtml\">NJ Department of Health and Senior Services – Indoor Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/iaq/greenbuilding/index.html\">US EPA Indoor Air Quality – Green Indoor Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide: Evaluating and Selecting Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Green Product Certifications and Standards:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.carpet-rug.org/commercial-customers/green-building-and-the-environment/index.cfm\">Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.c2ccertified.org\">Cradle to Cradle</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.greenguard.org/\">The GREENGUARD Environmental Institute</a> is an industry-independent, not-for-profit organization that oversees the GREENGUARD Certification programs.</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.greenseal.org/Home.aspx\">Green Seal</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org\">International Living Future Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf\">LEED: Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ecolabelindex.com/ecolabel/scs-indoor-advantage\">Scientific Certification Systems Indoor Advantage </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://mts.sustainableproducts.com/SMaRT_product_standard.html\">SMaRt Consensus Sustainable Product Standards</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1589-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 14:56:56','2022-04-14 14:56:56','',1589,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1593',0,'revision','',0),(1595,2,'2022-04-14 14:57:01','2022-04-14 14:57:01','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Non-toxic Materials\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Non-toxic Materials? </strong></h2>\n<p>Non-toxic or low-emitting materials release relatively low levels of odorous, irritating, toxic, or hazardous substances unhealthy to building occupants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (including formaldehyde), particulates, and fibers include substances often emitted from building materials that can adversely impact human health.</p>\n<p>Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) contain carbon molecules and can vaporize from material surfaces into indoor air at average room temperatures (a process known as off-gassing).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> A non-toxic material must meet different thresholds of VOC emissions compliance depending on the material.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Found in many everyday products and building materials, VOCs can escape into the air and cause illness and allergic reactions. Studies have linked elevated levels of VOCs and interior pollutants to health concerns that cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination, nausea, and other health problems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> People with respiratory problems, children, seniors and people with compromised immune systems are at higher risk to reactions from exposure than general population.</p>\n<p>According to the EPA, concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors (up to ten times) than outdoors. Paints, sealants, manufactured wood products, and adhesives as well as some furnishings and carpet systems often release VOCs. Inherently non-emitting sources of VOCs such as stone, ceramic, powder-coated metals, plated or anodized metal, glass, concrete, clay, brick, and unfinished or untreated solid wood do not require VOC emissions testing if they do not include VOC emitting surface coatings, binders, or sealants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>Formaldehyde (CH<sub>2</sub>O), a known carcinogen, is a colorless gas with a strong odor that can cause eye, nose, skin, and lung irritations. It forms an essential component of several polymers used in many building materials including urea formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde, and melamine resin. When selecting safe, non-toxic materials, avoid building materials and products containing formaldehyde resins. Pressed-wood products, such as particleboard, oriented strand board (OSB), plywood, medium density fiberboard, glues and adhesives, permanent-press fabrics, paper product coatings, and specific insulation materials often use formaldehyde resins.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> More information about formaldehyde can be found through resources such as the <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/formaldehyde\">US EPA website</a>. If a formaldehyde-containing product is purchased, it should be aired out before it is used.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_428\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"452\"]<img class=\"wp-image-428 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Safe-Non-Toxic-Materials-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Paint cans (Source: Maury McCown)\" width=\"452\" height=\"346\" /> Figure 1 – Paint cans (Source: Maury McCown)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Non-toxic Materials</strong></h2>\n<p>Increased awareness about possible health risks and indoor air quality concerns have helped to expand the market for safe, non-toxic materials. Low-emitting material credit requirements by LEED and other green building certifications have led to a demand for products lower in VOCs and toxic chemicals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Several certification programs, standards, and criteria for selecting and evaluating sustainable materials include <a href=\"http://greenguard.org/en/index.aspx\">GREENGUARD</a> (indoor air quality certification), <a href=\"http://www.carpet-rug.org/commercial-customers/green-building-and-the-environment/green-label-plus/\">Green Label Plus</a> (carpets/rugs), <a href=\"http://www.greenseal.org/home.aspx\">Green Seal</a>, and <a href=\"http://www.scscertified.com/\">Scientific Certification Systems</a>.</p>\n<p>The definition of a “low” concentration of VOC emissions varies according to the product type. For example, for interior paints and coatings, low-VOC emitting products have concentrations below 50 g/L; a zero-VOC paint has fewer than 5 grams per liter.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Paints and finishes come in either oil-based formulas or latex (water) based, which are generally less toxic and less VOC-emitting than oil-based paints.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Not all latex-based formulas are low in VOC’s, however, and a few oil-based products now qualify as low-VOC. For independent certifications and standards, see <a href=\"http://www.greenseal.org/\">greenseal.org</a> and <a href=\"http://greenguard.org/en/index.aspx\">greenguard.org</a> (which measures VOC emissions).</p>\n<p>There are many hard, low-formaldehyde flooring materials on the market. Formaldehyde occurs naturally in wood and making wood-containing flooring products are never 100% formaldehyde free. By using materials such as concrete and recycled tile, a homeowner can significantly reduce the amount of formaldehyde concentration in a home, while also preserving natural resources such as wood commonly used for flooring.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_256\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"282\"]<img class=\"wp-image-256 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NR-Sustainable-Materials-Fig-5-282x300.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – FSC Certified Logo (Source: http://www.fsc.org/)\" width=\"282\" height=\"300\" /> Figure 5 – FSC Certified Logo[/caption]<p>If choosing to install new wood, consider salvaged wood or look for products that earn the <a href=\"https://ic.fsc.org/en/choosing-fsc/fsc-labels\">Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certification label</a>. The FSC specializes in providing certification for wood products produced from sustainable harvesting practices that contain low levels of formaldehyde. FSC-certified wood floors do not include added urea-formaldehyde.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><u>Rutgers University Visitor Center</u></p>\n<p>The Rutgers University Visitor Center was constructed using low-emitting materials including paints, finishes and recycled content carpet.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_49\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"434\"]<img class=\"wp-image-49 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Safe-Non-Toxic-Materials-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Stained concrete floor (source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"434\" height=\"296\" /> Figure 3 – Stained concrete floor (source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_94\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"444\"]<img class=\"wp-image-94 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Safe-Non-Toxic-Materials-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 4 – Recycled carpet (source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"444\" height=\"302\" /> Figure 4 – Recycled carpet (source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits </strong></h2>\n<p>The selection of building material and furnishings have a significant impact on indoor environmental quality. Benefits of choosing low-emitting materials include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Improved indoor air quality.</li>\n<li>Improved worker safety and health.</li>\n<li>Reduced incidents of an eye and respiratory irritation, headaches, fatigue.</li>\n<li>Healthier environment for building occupants who are sensitive to specific products.</li>\n<li>Reduced pollution of groundwater and water supplies.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Many low-emitting materials are cost-competitive with conventional materials. Low/no-VOC paints typically cost about the same as conventional paints.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Many wood product manufacturers are replacing formaldehyde-based bonding resins with non-toxic substitutes. Cost impacts for such non-formaldehyde wood products can vary.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>The use of non-toxic materials in building assemblies and furnishings can help to reduce the release of toxic chemicals when debris from buildings finds its way into the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds caused by natural disasters and severe storm events. For example, Superstorm Sandy generated over 8 million cubic yards of debris across the nine hardest-hit counties in New Jersey in only one day.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Damaged and contaminated materials may include waterlogged drywall, plaster, insulation, flooring, carpets, mattresses, and upholstered furniture, that when put it into unlined landfills, can contaminate groundwater.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> LEED BD+C: New Construction | v4 – LEED v4. Low-emitting materials</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0</a>  (accessed April 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA. An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality\">https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality</a>  (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Healthy Building Network. Formaldehyde Found in Building Materials.  <a href=\"https://healthybuilding.net/uploads/files/formaldehyde-found-in-building-materials.pdf\">https://healthybuilding.net/uploads/files/formaldehyde-found-in-building-materials.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> GreenGuard. Your Guide to Low-And Zero-VOC Paints. <a href=\"http://greenguard.org/files/LivingGreenPaintGuide.pdf\">http://greenguard.org/files/LivingGreenPaintGuide.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> WBDG. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Cost Helper. How Much Does Painting an Interior Cost? <a href=\"http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html\">http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/health/iep/index.shtml\">NJ Department of Health and Senior Services – Indoor Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/iaq/greenbuilding/index.html\">US EPA Indoor Air Quality – Green Indoor Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide: Evaluating and Selecting Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Green Product Certifications and Standards:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.carpet-rug.org/commercial-customers/green-building-and-the-environment/index.cfm\">Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.c2ccertified.org\">Cradle to Cradle</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.greenguard.org/\">The GREENGUARD Environmental Institute</a> is an industry-independent, not-for-profit organization that oversees the GREENGUARD Certification programs.</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.greenseal.org/Home.aspx\">Green Seal</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org\">International Living Future Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf\">LEED: Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ecolabelindex.com/ecolabel/scs-indoor-advantage\">Scientific Certification Systems Indoor Advantage </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://mts.sustainableproducts.com/SMaRT_product_standard.html\">SMaRt Consensus Sustainable Product Standards</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Non-toxic Materials','','inherit','closed','closed','','1589-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 14:57:01','2022-04-14 14:57:01','',1589,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1595',0,'revision','',0),(1596,2,'2022-04-14 15:06:09','2022-04-14 15:06:09','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Sustainable Materials\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What are Sustainable Materials?</h2>\n<p>Sustainable materials provide environmental and human health benefits and reduce negative impacts over the life of the material and generally incorporate characteristics that contribute to:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Resource efficiency &amp; conservation</li>\n<li>Indoor air quality</li>\n<li>Energy efficiency</li>\n<li>Affordability</li>\n<li>Safe and healthy indoor environments</li>\n<li>Durability and adaptability</li>\n</ul>\n<p>There are environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of a material (extracting resources, processing, producing, shipping, installation and use, and discarding). Evaluating and understanding the health and environmental impacts of materials is complex and can be confusing, but good resources and increased availability of product information can help.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_422\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"358\"]<img class=\"wp-image-422 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NR-Sustainable-Materials-FIg-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Recycled carpet (Source: Rutgers University)\" width=\"358\" height=\"350\" /> Figure 1 – Recycled carpet (Source: Rutgers University)[/caption]\n<h2>How to Integrate Sustainable Materials</h2>\n<p>Sustainable material management (SMM) refers to the process of researching the system-wide impacts of the life cycle of materials.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> A comprehensive approach that incorporates social, environmental, and economic factors relies on the use of research, innovation, and technology to support decisions about appropriate material selection and use.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) provide information about the environmental impact of a material throughout its life cycle. LEEDv4 rewards project teams for incorporating materials and products that have life cycle information available and verified positive environmental life cycle impacts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>When choosing materials, consider the following aspects of sustainability:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Recycled content and recyclability</li>\n<li>Certified wood (such as <a href=\"http://info.fsc.org/\">Forest Stewardship Council</a>-certified products)</li>\n<li>Locally produced and sourced products</li>\n<li>Rapidly renewable materials</li>\n<li>Salvaged materials</li>\n<li>Non-toxic, no/low-emitting materials</li>\n<li>Durability and adaptability</li>\n</ul>\n<p>When developing material specifications and standards for a project, it is important to consider environmental factors such as waste prevention and disposal (see <em>Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction</em>, <em>Demolition</em>, and <em>Source Reduction and Recycling</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> It is also essential to develop an environmentally preferable purchasing policy to guide purchasing. According to documents guiding federal sustainability (Executive Order 13693), environmentally preferable purchasing refers to “products or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose” as it applies to raw materials, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, use, reuse, operation, maintenance, and disposal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epp/\">US EPA website</a> has several useful tools for finding and evaluating green products and services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> There are a number of certification programs, standards and criteria available to help provide guidance in selecting and evaluating sustainable materials such as <a href=\"http://www.greenguard.org\">GREENGUARD</a> (indoor air quality certification), <a href=\"http://www.carpet-rug.org/testing/green-label-plus/\">Green Label Plus</a> (carpets/rugs), <a href=\"http://www.greenseal.org/programs/\">Green Seal</a>, <a href=\"https://www.scsglobalservices.com/\">Scientific Certification Systems</a>, <a href=\"https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/find-certified\">Rainforest Alliance Certification</a>, and <a href=\"http://ic.fsc.org/en\">Forest Stewardship Council Certification</a>. Also, life cycle assessment tools such as those offered by the <a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org\">Athena Sustainable Materials Institute</a> are useful in helping to assess the cost and impact of a material. <a href=\"https://www.c2ccertified.org/\">Cradle to Cradle</a> is a third-party certification for products that promote safety for humans, the environment, and are designed for future life cycles rather than being disposed.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><u>Recycled Content &amp; Recyclability </u></p>\n<p>Using recycled materials reduces the amount of waste that ends up in landfills or incinerators and reduces the extraction of resources used to produce new products and materials. Many common building materials and furnishings contain recycled materials such as asphalt, steel, carpet, ceiling tiles, and concrete. Post-consumer recycled content is material that has been used by consumers, collected and re-manufactured into new products and materials. Plastic lumber is a product that often has high post-consumer recycled content. Some plastic lumber is composed of 100% post-consumer plastic such as milk jugs and laundry detergent bottles.</p>\n<p>Labeling related to recycled content can be confusing. The recycling symbol is in the public domain, so its use can have a variety of meanings. Some products have labeling that identifies the percentage of pre-consumer and/or post-consumer recycled content in the product. If a product is not labeled, contact the manufacturer and ask about recycled content.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_398\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-398 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NR-Sustainable-Materials-Fig-2-300x229.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Carpet made from recycled fibers (Source: Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/erindowney/278614807/)\" width=\"300\" height=\"229\" /> Figure 2 – Carpet made from recycled fibers (Source: Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/erindowney/278614807/)[/caption]<p>Typical materials that often contain post-consumer recycled content include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Drywall</li>\n<li>Insulation</li>\n<li>Plastic lumber</li>\n<li>Kitchen countertops</li>\n<li>Glass tiles</li>\n<li>Landscaping materials</li>\n<li>Carpet and carpet padding</li>\n<li>Steel</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The recyclability of materials is also an essential consideration in materials selection. Some materials are recyclable at the end of their useful life into new high-quality carpeting with very little waste such as carpet products that are Cradle to Cradle (C2C) certified.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p><u>Certified Wood</u></p>\n<p>Certified wood refers to wood harvested from forests that practice environmentally and economically responsible forestry. A third-party entity documents the sustainable forestry practices and the chain of custody, which tracks wood from the forest through milling and manufacturing to the point of sale. Certifiers also grant chain-of-custody certifications to companies that manufacture and sell products made from certified wood. Forest certification intends to let consumers know that wood or paper product comes from forests managed under strict environmental and social standards. <u><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20060923013448/http://www.metafore.org/index.php?p=Forest_Certification_Comparison_Matrix&amp;s=191\">The Forest Resource Certification Center</a></u> provides information about several well-known certification programs.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_256\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"282\"]<img class=\"wp-image-256 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NR-Sustainable-Materials-Fig-5-282x300.png\" alt=\"FSC Certified Logo (Source: http://www.fsc.org/)\" width=\"282\" height=\"300\" /> FSC Certified Logo[/caption]<p>The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is one example of a popular certification program. FSC has established a program that monitors third-party certifiers of forests and forest products. During FSC forest-management assessments, teams of foresters, ecologists and social scientists visit forestry operations and inspect their practices for compliance with FSC’s standards, such as:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ensuring harvesting rates and clearing sizes do not exceed a forest’s natural capacity to regenerate</li>\n<li>Maintaining natural forest conditions needed for wildlife and healthy ecosystem function</li>\n<li>Protecting rare, threatened and endangered species and forest types</li>\n<li>Establishing new plantations on agricultural and pasture lands and avoiding the replacement of natural forests with barren tree plantations</li>\n<li>Creating adequate conservation zones</li>\n<li>Minimizing or eliminating chemical use</li>\n<li>Protecting streams and rivers from soil erosion that degrades water quality and fish habitat</li>\n<li>Protecting the rights and interests of workers, communities, and indigenous people who benefit from the forestry operation</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Forestry operations that meet the standards are granted an FSC forest management certification and audited annually. Forestry operations are required to make improvements as a condition of getting certified and staying certified over time.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<p>During the design stages of a building, specify certified wood as an alternative to conventional wood including certified plywood and veneers. There are several resources available to assist with finding certified wood such as the <a href=\"https://us.fsc.org/en-us/market/find-products/fsc-certificate-database\">FSC Certificate Database</a>. This database includes primarily manufacturers and distributors, not retailers. To find products carried by a local retailer, contact them directly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Look for the FSC logo (Figure 3) stamped on the product. In addition to choosing certified wood, selecting salvaged or reclaimed wood also helps protect resources and reduce waste. Purchase wood from local producers when possible to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from transporting the materials.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_248\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"448\"]<img class=\"wp-image-248 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Sustainable-Materials-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 4 – The siding (right side of image) of the Queens Botanical Garden’s Visitor Center is FSC certified Western Red Cedar (Source: Queens Botanical Garden/Nicole De Feo)\" width=\"448\" height=\"606\" /> Figure 4 – The siding (right side of image) of the Queens Botanical Garden’s Visitor Center is FSC certified Western Red Cedar (Source: Queens Botanical Garden/Nicole De Feo)[/caption]<p><u>Locally Produced and Sourced Products</u></p>\n<p>The LEED system includes a location valuation factor that promotes the use of products extracted, manufactured and purchased within 100 miles of a project. Purchasing locally produced products helps support local businesses and reduce transportation-related environmental impacts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><u>Salvaged Materials</u></p>\n<p>Salvaged materials include materials saved during the deconstruction process and sold, donated, stored for later use, or reused on future projects (see <em>Deconstruction</em>). Construction and Demolition (C&amp;D) debris accounts for 534 million tons of waste, 90% the result of demolition work with the remaining 10% generated by construction activities.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Carefully dismantling a structure with the intent of reusing materials extends the useful life materials, requires less energy and raw materials, and produces less pollution than discarding or recycling materials.</p>\n<p>Identify materials to reuse, sell, donate, or recycle early in the planning process and develop a plan for salvaged materials in project documents such as the construction and demolition waste management plan (see <em>Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction</em>).<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></sup> Salvageable materials may include plumbing, light fixtures, doors, cabinets, working appliances, windows, millwork, carpet, brick, ceiling and floor tiles, wood, HVAC equipment, and decorative items such as fireplaces and stonework.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> When reusing salvaged materials, keep in mind that materials may contain chemicals not safe for the environment and human health. The EPA’s Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials site has information on potentially contaminated materials and substances.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Contact organizations and programs that facilitate the exchange or purchase of salvaged or surplus building materials. Other options include auctions and classified websites designed to sell, donate or buy materials. Check with a consulting a site such as <u><a href=\"http://www.bbb.org/us/charity\">The Better Business Bureau Wise Giving Alliance</a></u> to identify organizations eligible to receive donations.</p>\n<p><u>Rapidly Renewable Resources</u></p>\n<p>Rapidly renewable materials are natural, non-petroleum-based building materials and include agricultural by-products such as bamboo, straw, cork, natural linoleum products, cotton, sunflowers, hemp, wool, wheatboard, and strawboard. Using materials produced with rapidly growing plant-based products reduces the harvesting of forests and other resources that take decades to regenerate. Consider green building materials comprised of a composite of rapidly renewable materials and recycled content (e.g., newsprint, cotton, soy-based materials, seed husks).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a> Compare the environmental trade-offs of using a product such as global warming, resource depletion, indoor air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> Although some materials might be from rapidly renewable sources, they may require shipping from long distances or may not be as durable as other conventional materials.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example </strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://fallingwater.org/history-barn-fallingwater/\">Barn at Fallingwater</a></p>\n<p>An adaptive reuse project at the Barn at Fallingwater in Mill Run, Pennsylvania used the original characteristics of the barn and provided new space for administrative offices, exhibitions, lectures, classes, and programs. Along with furthering the connection between nature and architecture, the project earned a Silver LEED rating. This adaptive reuse project also incorporated several renewable resources such as straw panels for sound absorptive wall finishes and products from sunflower seed composite.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_304\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1026\"]<img class=\"wp-image-304 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Sustainable-Materials-Fig-5.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – Barn at Fallingwater (Source: Fallingwater.org)\" width=\"1026\" height=\"482\" /> Figure 5 – Barn at Fallingwater (Source: Fallingwater.org)[/caption]<p><u>Non-toxic, No/low-emitting Materials</u></p>\n<p>Safe, non-toxic or low-emitting materials release relatively low levels of odorous, irritating, toxic, or hazardous substances unhealthy to building occupants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a> Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (including formaldehyde), particulates, and fibers include substances often emitted from building materials that can adversely impact human health.</p>\n<p>VOCs contain carbon molecules and can vaporize from material surfaces into indoor air at average room temperatures (a process known as off-gassing).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn23\" name=\"_ednref23\">[23]</a> A non-toxic material must meet different thresholds of VOC emissions compliance depending on the material.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn24\" name=\"_ednref24\">[24]</a> Found in many everyday products and building materials, VOCs can escape into the air and cause illness and allergic reactions. Studies have linked elevated levels of VOCs and interior pollutants to health concerns that cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination, nausea, and other health problems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn25\" name=\"_ednref25\">[25]</a> People with respiratory problems, children, seniors and people with compromised immune systems are at higher risk of reactions from exposure than the general population.</p>\n<p>Increased awareness about possible health risks and indoor air quality concerns have helped to expand the market for safe, non-toxic materials. Low-emitting material credit requirements by LEED and other green building certifications have led to a demand for products lower in VOCs and toxic chemicals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn26\" name=\"_ednref26\">[26]</a> Several certification programs, standards, and criteria for selecting and evaluating sustainable materials include <a href=\"http://greenguard.org/en/index.aspx\">GREENGUARD</a> (indoor air quality certification), <a href=\"http://www.carpet-rug.org/commercial-customers/green-building-and-the-environment/green-label-plus/\">Green Label Plus</a> (carpets/rugs), <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180929003530/http://www.greenseal.org/Home.aspx\">Green Seal</a>, and <a href=\"http://www.scscertified.com/\">Scientific Certification Systems</a> (see <em>Safe, Non-Toxic Materials</em>).</p>\n<p><u>Durable Materials and Designing for Adaptability</u></p>\n<p>Selecting durable and adaptable materials reduces waste, extends the useful life of a building and contributes to the resiliency of the structure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn27\" name=\"_ednref27\">[27]</a> Durable materials require less repair and less frequent replacement so the environmental impacts of the resources that have been invested in those materials can be spread out over a longer time.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn28\" name=\"_ednref28\">[28]</a> A durability plan can help inform decision making throughout every phase of a building’s development and addresses factors such as sunlight, moisture, heat, insects, and natural disasters.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn29\" name=\"_ednref29\">[29]</a> Designing for adaptability allows materials to be easily disassembled and reused, thus providing economic benefits and reducing environmental impacts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn30\" name=\"_ednref30\">[30]</a></p>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>Careful selection and use of sustainable materials provide environmental benefits in many ways such as:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Conserving resources</li>\n<li>Reducing greenhouse gas emissions (in extraction, production, and shipping)</li>\n<li>Supporting local businesses and economy</li>\n<li>Ensuring safer air quality indoor (also overall regional air quality)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Consumer demand for sustainable materials and product certification is a powerful incentive for manufacturers and suppliers. By purchasing certified wood, for example, forest managers are more likely to adopt ecologically sound practices that maintain natural forest characteristics. Also, demand can help to move the wood industry away from destructive techniques like large-scale clearcutting, logging in endangered and old growth forests, and destruction of natural forests for replacement by barren tree plantations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn31\" name=\"_ednref31\"><sup>[31]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Choosing certified and/or salvaged wood and wood products can help:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Protect natural forests and other habitats</li>\n<li>Reduce the use of highly hazardous pesticides</li>\n<li>Minimize the cultivation of genetically modified trees (GMOs)</li>\n<li>Protect the rights of indigenous peoples</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Using post-consumer recycled content:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn32\" name=\"_ednref32\"><sup>[32]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces waste going into landfills and incinerators</li>\n<li>Preserves natural resources by reducing the use of virgin materials used to produce new products and materials</li>\n<li>Saves energy and prevents pollution caused by the extraction and processing of virgin materials and the manufacture of products using virgin materials</li>\n<li>Contributes to the recycling economy</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Using rapidly renewable materials can:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduce the use and depletion of finite raw materials</li>\n<li>Reduce the number and quantity of products made from fossil-fuel derivatives</li>\n<li>Reduce demand for materials that require longer to regenerate</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Salvaging materials during the demolition process shift the construction industry away from the conventional practice of consumption and disposal towards an ethic of resource efficiency and reuse. The benefits of using salvaged materials include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn33\" name=\"_ednref33\">[33]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Minimizing landfill waste and pollution and the need for more landfills</li>\n<li>Decreasing consumption and demand for new materials, reducing waste and pollution associated with the production of virgin materials</li>\n<li>Creating value-added markets from waste materials</li>\n<li>Expanding job opportunities and workforce development skills</li>\n<li>Reducing project costs through avoided disposal costs and purchases of new materials, revenue earned from material sales, and tax breaks gained for donations</li>\n<li>Preserving architectural and cultural heritage by salvaging unique materials</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The selection of building material and furnishings have a significant impact on indoor environmental quality. Benefits of choosing low-emitting materials include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn34\" name=\"_ednref34\">[34]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Improved indoor air quality.</li>\n<li>Improved worker safety and health.</li>\n<li>Reduced incidents of an eye and respiratory irritation, headaches, fatigue.</li>\n<li>Healthier environment for building occupants who are sensitive to specific products.</li>\n<li>Reduced pollution of groundwater and water supplies.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>There is a perception that sustainable products always cost more than conventional products. Some materials do have a higher first cost; however, the first cost is often made up within the overall life cycle cost of the material. Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) (see <em>Life Cycle Cost Analysis</em>) takes into account the lifecycle costs of building designs and systems while a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (see<em> Life Cycle Assessment)</em> evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn35\" name=\"_ednref35\">[35]</a> Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. There are also many sustainable materials available that are comparable in price to conventional materials.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn36\" name=\"_ednref36\">[36]</a> Low- and no-VOC paints typically cost about the same as a manufacturer’s premium line of paints.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn37\" name=\"_ednref37\">[37]</a> Furthermore, non-sustainable materials often do not reflect the costs (often referred to as “externalities”), such as expenses associated with cleaning up contamination and losses due to human health and illness.</p>\n<p>As a result of increased demand and changes in technology, post-consumer recycled products are readily available on the market today and are often comparable in cost and quality to products made with virgin materials. The price for recycled content padding and carpeting, for example, is often comparable to a conventional, virgin-fiber carpet.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn38\" name=\"_ednref38\"><sup>[38]</sup></a> Whether virgin or recycled, many factors impact the cost of products such as availability, cost of material feedstocks, energy costs, distributor mark-up, transportation charges, size and type of order, and geographic location. The cost-effectiveness of reusing, donating or selling salvaged building materials varies with each project, depending on the value of the salvaged materials, the market for these materials, and the costs of labor and disposal. Post-consumer recycled products may last longer or require less maintenance than their counterparts made with virgin material which can offset any additional up-front costs. Therefore, items with high wear and tear, maintenance or replacement frequency may be ideal candidates for post-consumer recycled products with higher upfront costs, but longer useful life expectancy.</p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Many of the benefits listed above also contribute to resiliency. Selecting sustainable materials can help protect human health by minimizing exposure to toxic components during an emergency and contributing to the durability of the facility and its contents. Protecting indoor air quality contributes to building occupants’ health and well-being and the ability of the occupants to function during and recover from disruption. Using sustainable materials, such as certified or salvaged wood can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems. Established networks and markets for salvaged materials also help divert and reuse debris generated by natural disasters and severe storm events that can contaminate the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn39\" name=\"_ednref39\">[39]</a> Salvaging materials from storms turn recovery efforts into a profit-generating resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.</p>\n<p>The use of safe, non-toxic materials in building assemblies and furnishings can help reduce the release of toxic chemicals into debris following storm surges, flooding, and high winds caused by natural disasters and severe storm events. For example, Superstorm Sandy generated over 8 million cubic yards of debris across the nine hardest-hit counties in New Jersey in only one day.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn40\" name=\"_ednref40\">[40]</a> Damaged and contaminated materials may include waterlogged drywall, plaster, insulation, flooring, carpets, mattresses, and upholstered furniture, that when put it into unlined landfills, can contaminate groundwater.</p>\n<p>Using moisture protective and inherent moisture-wicking materials, as well as materials resistant to excessive humidity such as glazed brick, concrete, stone, and decay-resistant lumber can also contribute to more resilient structures.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> CalRecycle. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Greenbuilding/Materials/\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Greenbuilding/Materials/</a> (accessed February 1, 2019)).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed February 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. The Road Ahead. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-materials-management-road-ahead\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-materials-management-road-ahead</a> (accessed November 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> BIAC. The Voice of OECD Business. Key Business Messages. Sustainable Materials Management. <a href=\"http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/18/46235661.pdf\">http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/18/46235661.pdf</a> (accessed November 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USGBC. Building Product Disclosure and Optimization – environmental product declarations. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-retail-new-construction-healthca-22\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-retail-new-construction-healthca-22</a> (accessed February 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US EPA. About the Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Program. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/about-environmentally-preferable-purchasing-program\">https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/about-environmentally-preferable-purchasing-program</a> (accessed February 3, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Cal Recycle. Matrix: Overview of Recycled Content and Availability. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/greenbuilding/materials/matrix\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/greenbuilding/materials/matrix</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> The Cradle to Cradle<sup>Ò</sup> program certifies products that meet multi-attribute criteria for: human and environmental health; Recyclability/compostability; renewable energy use; water stewardship social responsibility.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Natural Resources Defense Council. <a href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp\">http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Forest Stewardship Council. <a href=\"https://us.fsc.org/en-us\">https://us.fsc.org/en-us</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> USGBC. LEEDv4. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/guide/bdc\">https://www.usgbc.org/guide/bdc</a> (accessed February 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US EPA. Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2014 Fact Sheet. November 2016</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/2014_smmfactsheet_508.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/2014_smmfactsheet_508.pdf</a> (accessed  June 23, 2018)  (As cited in US EPA. Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Materials. February 2018. (<a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials</a>)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a> US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials. Aug 23, 2017. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials</a> (accessed July 2, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Habitat for Humanity. Habitat ReStore. “8 things to donate when renovating.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.habitat.org/stories/8-things-to-donate-when-renovating\">https://www.habitat.org/stories/8-things-to-donate-when-renovating</a> (accessed July 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials. Aug 23, 2017. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials (accessed July 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a>  US EPA Sustainable Materials Management. Comprehensive Procurement Guideline (CPG) Program. June 2018. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/comprehensive-procurement-guideline-cpg-program#content\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/comprehensive-procurement-guideline-cpg-program#content</a> (accessed July 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> Green-buildings.com. What are Rapidly Renewal Materials?  <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130517121055/http://www.green-buildings.com:80/content/78325-rapidly-renewable-materials-leed-mr-credit-6-what-are-they\">http://www.green-buildings.com/content/78325-rapidly-renewable-materials-leed-mr-credit-6-what-are-they</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use</a>  (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref23\" name=\"_edn23\">[23]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref24\" name=\"_edn24\">[24]</a> LEED BD+C: New Construction | v4 – LEED v4. Low-emitting materials</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0</a>  (accessed April 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref25\" name=\"_edn25\">[25]</a> US EPA. An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality\">https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality</a>  (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref26\" name=\"_edn26\">[26]</a> LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/education/sessions/breath-fresh-air-low-emitting-materials-leed-v41-12849990\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref27\" name=\"_edn27\">[27]</a> US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials</a> (accessed February 18, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref28\" name=\"_edn28\">[28]</a> GreenBiz. Durability: A Key Component of Green Building. <a href=\"https://www.greenbiz.com/news/2005/12/18/durability-key-component-green-building\">https://www.greenbiz.com/news/2005/12/18/durability-key-component-green-building</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref29\" name=\"_edn29\">[29]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref30\" name=\"_edn30\">[30]</a> US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials.  <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref31\" name=\"_edn31\">[31]</a> Natural Resources Defense Council. How to Buy Good Wood. <a href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp\">http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref32\" name=\"_edn32\">[32]</a> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Economic Benefits of Recycling. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/economic.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/economic.htm</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref33\" name=\"_edn33\">[33]</a> CalRecycle. Construction and Demolition Debris Recycling. February 2018. <u><a href=\"http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/\">http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/</a></u> (accessed July 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref34\" name=\"_edn34\">[34]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref35\" name=\"_edn35\">[35]</a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref36\" name=\"_edn36\">[36]</a> CalRecycle. <a href=\"https://calrecycle.ca.gov/greenbuilding/materials/\">https://calrecycle.ca.gov/greenbuilding/materials/</a>  (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref37\" name=\"_edn37\">[37]</a> Cost Helper. How Much Does Painting an Interior Cost? <a href=\"http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html\">http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref38\" name=\"_edn38\">[38]</a> New World Climate. Best Low Voc Carpets for your Home. <a href=\"http://www.nwclimate.org/green-home/low-voc-carpets-and-rugs/\">http://www.nwclimate.org/green-home/low-voc-carpets-and-rugs/</a>  (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref39\" name=\"_edn39\">[39]</a> NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf</a> (accessed July 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref40\" name=\"_edn40\">[40]</a> NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/\">Construction &amp; Demolition Waste Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/\">Flexible Workspaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-non-toxic-materials/\">Safe, Non-toxic Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/health/iep/index.shtml\">NJ Department of Health and Senior Services – Indoor Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/iaq/greenbuilding/index.html\">US EPA Indoor Air Quality – Green Indoor Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide: Evaluating and Selecting Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Green Product Certifications and Standards:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.carpet-rug.org/commercial-customers/green-building-and-the-environment/index.cfm\">Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.c2ccertified.org\">Cradle to Cradle</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.greenguard.org/\">The GREENGUARD Environmental Institute</a> is an industry-independent, not-for-profit organization that oversees the GREENGUARD Certification programs.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenseal.org/splash/\">Green Seal</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org\">International Living Future Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/education/sessions/breath-fresh-air-low-emitting-materials-leed-v41-12849990\">LEED: Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ecolabelindex.com/ecolabel/scs-indoor-advantage\">Scientific Certification Systems Indoor Advantage </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://mts.sustainableproducts.com/SMaRT_product_standard.html\">SMaRt Consensus Sustainable Product Standards</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Sustainable Materials','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-sustainable-materials','','','2022-06-23 19:02:17','2022-06-23 19:02:17','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1596',0,'post','',0),(1597,2,'2022-04-14 14:57:31','2022-04-14 14:57:31','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1596-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 14:57:31','2022-04-14 14:57:31','',1596,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1597',0,'revision','',0),(1599,2,'2022-04-14 15:06:09','2022-04-14 15:06:09','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Sustainable Materials\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What are Sustainable Materials?</h2>\n<p>Sustainable materials provide environmental and human health benefits and reduce negative impacts over the life of the material and generally incorporate characteristics that contribute to:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Resource efficiency &amp; conservation</li>\n<li>Indoor air quality</li>\n<li>Energy efficiency</li>\n<li>Affordability</li>\n<li>Safe and healthy indoor environments</li>\n<li>Durability and adaptability</li>\n</ul>\n<p>There are environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of a material (extracting resources, processing, producing, shipping, installation and use, and discarding). Evaluating and understanding the health and environmental impacts of materials is complex and can be confusing, but good resources and increased availability of product information can help.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_422\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"358\"]<img class=\"wp-image-422 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NR-Sustainable-Materials-FIg-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Recycled carpet (Source: Rutgers University)\" width=\"358\" height=\"350\" /> Figure 1 – Recycled carpet (Source: Rutgers University)[/caption]\n<h2>How to Integrate Sustainable Materials</h2>\n<p>Sustainable material management (SMM) refers to the process of researching the system-wide impacts of the life cycle of materials.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> A comprehensive approach that incorporates social, environmental, and economic factors relies on the use of research, innovation, and technology to support decisions about appropriate material selection and use.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) provide information about the environmental impact of a material throughout its life cycle. LEEDv4 rewards project teams for incorporating materials and products that have life cycle information available and verified positive environmental life cycle impacts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>When choosing materials, consider the following aspects of sustainability:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Recycled content and recyclability</li>\n<li>Certified wood (such as <a href=\"http://info.fsc.org/\">Forest Stewardship Council</a>-certified products)</li>\n<li>Locally produced and sourced products</li>\n<li>Rapidly renewable materials</li>\n<li>Salvaged materials</li>\n<li>Non-toxic, no/low-emitting materials</li>\n<li>Durability and adaptability</li>\n</ul>\n<p>When developing material specifications and standards for a project, it is important to consider environmental factors such as waste prevention and disposal (see <em>Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction</em>, <em>Demolition</em>, and <em>Source Reduction and Recycling</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> It is also essential to develop an environmentally preferable purchasing policy to guide purchasing. According to documents guiding federal sustainability (Executive Order 13693), environmentally preferable purchasing refers to “products or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose” as it applies to raw materials, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, use, reuse, operation, maintenance, and disposal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epp/\">US EPA website</a> has several useful tools for finding and evaluating green products and services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> There are a number of certification programs, standards and criteria available to help provide guidance in selecting and evaluating sustainable materials such as <a href=\"http://www.greenguard.org\">GREENGUARD</a> (indoor air quality certification), <a href=\"http://www.carpet-rug.org/testing/green-label-plus/\">Green Label Plus</a> (carpets/rugs), <a href=\"http://www.greenseal.org/programs/\">Green Seal</a>, <a href=\"http://www.scsglobalservices/com/services\">Scientific Certification Systems</a>, <a href=\"https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/find-certified\">Rainforest Alliance Certification</a>, and <a href=\"http://ic.fsc.org/en\">Forest Stewardship Council Certification</a>. Also, life cycle assessment tools such as those offered by the <a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org\">Athena Sustainable Materials Institute</a> are useful in helping to assess the cost and impact of a material. <a href=\"https://www.c2ccertified.org/\">Cradle to Cradle</a> is a third-party certification for products that promote safety for humans, the environment, and are designed for future life cycles rather than being disposed.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><u>Recycled Content &amp; Recyclability </u></p>\n<p>Using recycled materials reduces the amount of waste that ends up in landfills or incinerators and reduces the extraction of resources used to produce new products and materials. Many common building materials and furnishings contain recycled materials such as asphalt, steel, carpet, ceiling tiles, and concrete. Post-consumer recycled content is material that has been used by consumers, collected and re-manufactured into new products and materials. Plastic lumber is a product that often has high post-consumer recycled content. Some plastic lumber is composed of 100% post-consumer plastic such as milk jugs and laundry detergent bottles.</p>\n<p>Labeling related to recycled content can be confusing. The recycling symbol is in the public domain, so its use can have a variety of meanings. Some products have labeling that identifies the percentage of pre-consumer and/or post-consumer recycled content in the product. If a product is not labeled, contact the manufacturer and ask about recycled content.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_398\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-398 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NR-Sustainable-Materials-Fig-2-300x229.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Carpet made from recycled fibers (Source: Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/erindowney/278614807/)\" width=\"300\" height=\"229\" /> Figure 2 – Carpet made from recycled fibers (Source: Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/erindowney/278614807/)[/caption]<p>Typical materials that often contain post-consumer recycled content include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Drywall</li>\n<li>Insulation</li>\n<li>Plastic lumber</li>\n<li>Kitchen countertops</li>\n<li>Glass tiles</li>\n<li>Landscaping materials</li>\n<li>Carpet and carpet padding</li>\n<li>Steel</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The recyclability of materials is also an essential consideration in materials selection. Some materials are recyclable at the end of their useful life into new high-quality carpeting with very little waste such as carpet products that are Cradle to Cradle (C2C) certified.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p><u>Certified Wood</u></p>\n<p>Certified wood refers to wood harvested from forests that practice environmentally and economically responsible forestry. A third-party entity documents the sustainable forestry practices and the chain of custody, which tracks wood from the forest through milling and manufacturing to the point of sale. Certifiers also grant chain-of-custody certifications to companies that manufacture and sell products made from certified wood. Forest certification intends to let consumers know that wood or paper product comes from forests managed under strict environmental and social standards. <u><a href=\"http://www.metafore.org/index.php?p=Forest_Certification_Comparison_Matrix&amp;s=191\">The Forest Resource Certification Center</a></u> provides information about several well-known certification programs.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_256\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"282\"]<img class=\"wp-image-256 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NR-Sustainable-Materials-Fig-5-282x300.png\" alt=\"FSC Certified Logo (Source: http://www.fsc.org/)\" width=\"282\" height=\"300\" /> FSC Certified Logo[/caption]<p>The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is one example of a popular certification program. FSC has established a program that monitors third-party certifiers of forests and forest products. During FSC forest-management assessments, teams of foresters, ecologists and social scientists visit forestry operations and inspect their practices for compliance with FSC’s standards, such as:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ensuring harvesting rates and clearing sizes do not exceed a forest’s natural capacity to regenerate</li>\n<li>Maintaining natural forest conditions needed for wildlife and healthy ecosystem function</li>\n<li>Protecting rare, threatened and endangered species and forest types</li>\n<li>Establishing new plantations on agricultural and pasture lands and avoiding the replacement of natural forests with barren tree plantations</li>\n<li>Creating adequate conservation zones</li>\n<li>Minimizing or eliminating chemical use</li>\n<li>Protecting streams and rivers from soil erosion that degrades water quality and fish habitat</li>\n<li>Protecting the rights and interests of workers, communities, and indigenous people who benefit from the forestry operation</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Forestry operations that meet the standards are granted an FSC forest management certification and audited annually. Forestry operations are required to make improvements as a condition of getting certified and staying certified over time.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<p>During the design stages of a building, specify certified wood as an alternative to conventional wood including certified plywood and veneers. There are several resources available to assist with finding certified wood such as the <a href=\"https://us.fsc.org/en-us/market/find-products/fsc-certificate-database\">FSC Certificate Database</a>. This database includes primarily manufacturers and distributors, not retailers. To find products carried by a local retailer, contact them directly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Look for the FSC logo (Figure 3) stamped on the product. In addition to choosing certified wood, selecting salvaged or reclaimed wood also helps protect resources and reduce waste. Purchase wood from local producers when possible to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from transporting the materials.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_248\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"448\"]<img class=\"wp-image-248 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Sustainable-Materials-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 4 – The siding (right side of image) of the Queens Botanical Garden’s Visitor Center is FSC certified Western Red Cedar (Source: Queens Botanical Garden/Nicole De Feo)\" width=\"448\" height=\"606\" /> Figure 4 – The siding (right side of image) of the Queens Botanical Garden’s Visitor Center is FSC certified Western Red Cedar (Source: Queens Botanical Garden/Nicole De Feo)[/caption]<p><u>Locally Produced and Sourced Products</u></p>\n<p>The LEED system includes a location valuation factor that promotes the use of products extracted, manufactured and purchased within 100 miles of a project. Purchasing locally produced products helps support local businesses and reduce transportation-related environmental impacts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><u>Salvaged Materials</u></p>\n<p>Salvaged materials include materials saved during the deconstruction process and sold, donated, stored for later use, or reused on future projects (see <em>Deconstruction</em>). Construction and Demolition (C&amp;D) debris accounts for 534 million tons of waste, 90% the result of demolition work with the remaining 10% generated by construction activities.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Carefully dismantling a structure with the intent of reusing materials extends the useful life materials, requires less energy and raw materials, and produces less pollution than discarding or recycling materials.</p>\n<p>Identify materials to reuse, sell, donate, or recycle early in the planning process and develop a plan for salvaged materials in project documents such as the construction and demolition waste management plan (see <em>Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction</em>).<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></sup> Salvageable materials may include plumbing, light fixtures, doors, cabinets, working appliances, windows, millwork, carpet, brick, ceiling and floor tiles, wood, HVAC equipment, and decorative items such as fireplaces and stonework.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> When reusing salvaged materials, keep in mind that materials may contain chemicals not safe for the environment and human health. The EPA’s Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials site has information on potentially contaminated materials and substances.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Contact organizations and programs that facilitate the exchange or purchase of salvaged or surplus building materials. Other options include auctions and classified websites designed to sell, donate or buy materials. Check with a consulting a site such as <u><a href=\"http://www.bbb.org/us/charity\">The Better Business Bureau Wise Giving Alliance</a></u> to identify organizations eligible to receive donations.</p>\n<p><u>Rapidly Renewable Resources</u></p>\n<p>Rapidly renewable materials are natural, non-petroleum-based building materials and include agricultural by-products such as bamboo, straw, cork, natural linoleum products, cotton, sunflowers, hemp, wool, wheatboard, and strawboard. Using materials produced with rapidly growing plant-based products reduces the harvesting of forests and other resources that take decades to regenerate. Consider green building materials comprised of a composite of rapidly renewable materials and recycled content (e.g., newsprint, cotton, soy-based materials, seed husks).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a> Compare the environmental trade-offs of using a product such as global warming, resource depletion, indoor air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> Although some materials might be from rapidly renewable sources, they may require shipping from long distances or may not be as durable as other conventional materials.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example </strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://fallingwater.org/history-barn-fallingwater/\">Barn at Fallingwater</a></p>\n<p>An adaptive reuse project at the Barn at Fallingwater in Mill Run, Pennsylvania used the original characteristics of the barn and provided new space for administrative offices, exhibitions, lectures, classes, and programs. Along with furthering the connection between nature and architecture, the project earned a Silver LEED rating. This adaptive reuse project also incorporated several renewable resources such as straw panels for sound absorptive wall finishes and products from sunflower seed composite.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_304\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1026\"]<img class=\"wp-image-304 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Sustainable-Materials-Fig-5.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – Barn at Fallingwater (Source: Fallingwater.org)\" width=\"1026\" height=\"482\" /> Figure 5 – Barn at Fallingwater (Source: Fallingwater.org)[/caption]<p><u>Non-toxic, No/low-emitting Materials</u></p>\n<p>Safe, non-toxic or low-emitting materials release relatively low levels of odorous, irritating, toxic, or hazardous substances unhealthy to building occupants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a> Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (including formaldehyde), particulates, and fibers include substances often emitted from building materials that can adversely impact human health.</p>\n<p>VOCs contain carbon molecules and can vaporize from material surfaces into indoor air at average room temperatures (a process known as off-gassing).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn23\" name=\"_ednref23\">[23]</a> A non-toxic material must meet different thresholds of VOC emissions compliance depending on the material.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn24\" name=\"_ednref24\">[24]</a> Found in many everyday products and building materials, VOCs can escape into the air and cause illness and allergic reactions. Studies have linked elevated levels of VOCs and interior pollutants to health concerns that cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination, nausea, and other health problems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn25\" name=\"_ednref25\">[25]</a> People with respiratory problems, children, seniors and people with compromised immune systems are at higher risk of reactions from exposure than the general population.</p>\n<p>Increased awareness about possible health risks and indoor air quality concerns have helped to expand the market for safe, non-toxic materials. Low-emitting material credit requirements by LEED and other green building certifications have led to a demand for products lower in VOCs and toxic chemicals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn26\" name=\"_ednref26\">[26]</a> Several certification programs, standards, and criteria for selecting and evaluating sustainable materials include <a href=\"http://greenguard.org/en/index.aspx\">GREENGUARD</a> (indoor air quality certification), <a href=\"http://www.carpet-rug.org/commercial-customers/green-building-and-the-environment/green-label-plus/\">Green Label Plus</a> (carpets/rugs), <a href=\"http://www.greenseal.org/home.aspx\">Green Seal</a>, and <a href=\"http://www.scscertified.com/\">Scientific Certification Systems</a> (see <em>Safe, Non-Toxic Materials</em>).</p>\n<p><u>Durable Materials and Designing for Adaptability</u></p>\n<p>Selecting durable and adaptable materials reduces waste, extends the useful life of a building and contributes to the resiliency of the structure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn27\" name=\"_ednref27\">[27]</a> Durable materials require less repair and less frequent replacement so the environmental impacts of the resources that have been invested in those materials can be spread out over a longer time.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn28\" name=\"_ednref28\">[28]</a> A durability plan can help inform decision making throughout every phase of a building’s development and addresses factors such as sunlight, moisture, heat, insects, and natural disasters.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn29\" name=\"_ednref29\">[29]</a> Designing for adaptability allows materials to be easily disassembled and reused, thus providing economic benefits and reducing environmental impacts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn30\" name=\"_ednref30\">[30]</a></p>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>Careful selection and use of sustainable materials provide environmental benefits in many ways such as:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Conserving resources</li>\n<li>Reducing greenhouse gas emissions (in extraction, production, and shipping)</li>\n<li>Supporting local businesses and economy</li>\n<li>Ensuring safer air quality indoor (also overall regional air quality)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Consumer demand for sustainable materials and product certification is a powerful incentive for manufacturers and suppliers. By purchasing certified wood, for example, forest managers are more likely to adopt ecologically sound practices that maintain natural forest characteristics. Also, demand can help to move the wood industry away from destructive techniques like large-scale clearcutting, logging in endangered and old growth forests, and destruction of natural forests for replacement by barren tree plantations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn31\" name=\"_ednref31\"><sup>[31]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Choosing certified and/or salvaged wood and wood products can help:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Protect natural forests and other habitats</li>\n<li>Reduce the use of highly hazardous pesticides</li>\n<li>Minimize the cultivation of genetically modified trees (GMOs)</li>\n<li>Protect the rights of indigenous peoples</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Using post-consumer recycled content:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn32\" name=\"_ednref32\"><sup>[32]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces waste going into landfills and incinerators</li>\n<li>Preserves natural resources by reducing the use of virgin materials used to produce new products and materials</li>\n<li>Saves energy and prevents pollution caused by the extraction and processing of virgin materials and the manufacture of products using virgin materials</li>\n<li>Contributes to the recycling economy</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Using rapidly renewable materials can:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduce the use and depletion of finite raw materials</li>\n<li>Reduce the number and quantity of products made from fossil-fuel derivatives</li>\n<li>Reduce demand for materials that require longer to regenerate</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Salvaging materials during the demolition process shift the construction industry away from the conventional practice of consumption and disposal towards an ethic of resource efficiency and reuse. The benefits of using salvaged materials include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn33\" name=\"_ednref33\">[33]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Minimizing landfill waste and pollution and the need for more landfills</li>\n<li>Decreasing consumption and demand for new materials, reducing waste and pollution associated with the production of virgin materials</li>\n<li>Creating value-added markets from waste materials</li>\n<li>Expanding job opportunities and workforce development skills</li>\n<li>Reducing project costs through avoided disposal costs and purchases of new materials, revenue earned from material sales, and tax breaks gained for donations</li>\n<li>Preserving architectural and cultural heritage by salvaging unique materials</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The selection of building material and furnishings have a significant impact on indoor environmental quality. Benefits of choosing low-emitting materials include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn34\" name=\"_ednref34\">[34]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Improved indoor air quality.</li>\n<li>Improved worker safety and health.</li>\n<li>Reduced incidents of an eye and respiratory irritation, headaches, fatigue.</li>\n<li>Healthier environment for building occupants who are sensitive to specific products.</li>\n<li>Reduced pollution of groundwater and water supplies.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>There is a perception that sustainable products always cost more than conventional products. Some materials do have a higher first cost; however, the first cost is often made up within the overall life cycle cost of the material. Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) (see <em>Life Cycle Cost Analysis</em>) takes into account the lifecycle costs of building designs and systems while a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (see<em> Life Cycle Assessment)</em> evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn35\" name=\"_ednref35\">[35]</a> Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. There are also many sustainable materials available that are comparable in price to conventional materials.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn36\" name=\"_ednref36\">[36]</a> Low- and no-VOC paints typically cost about the same as a manufacturer’s premium line of paints.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn37\" name=\"_ednref37\">[37]</a> Furthermore, non-sustainable materials often do not reflect the costs (often referred to as “externalities”), such as expenses associated with cleaning up contamination and losses due to human health and illness.</p>\n<p>As a result of increased demand and changes in technology, post-consumer recycled products are readily available on the market today and are often comparable in cost and quality to products made with virgin materials. The price for recycled content padding and carpeting, for example, is often comparable to a conventional, virgin-fiber carpet.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn38\" name=\"_ednref38\"><sup>[38]</sup></a> Whether virgin or recycled, many factors impact the cost of products such as availability, cost of material feedstocks, energy costs, distributor mark-up, transportation charges, size and type of order, and geographic location. The cost-effectiveness of reusing, donating or selling salvaged building materials varies with each project, depending on the value of the salvaged materials, the market for these materials, and the costs of labor and disposal. Post-consumer recycled products may last longer or require less maintenance than their counterparts made with virgin material which can offset any additional up-front costs. Therefore, items with high wear and tear, maintenance or replacement frequency may be ideal candidates for post-consumer recycled products with higher upfront costs, but longer useful life expectancy.</p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Many of the benefits listed above also contribute to resiliency. Selecting sustainable materials can help protect human health by minimizing exposure to toxic components during an emergency and contributing to the durability of the facility and its contents. Protecting indoor air quality contributes to building occupants’ health and well-being and the ability of the occupants to function during and recover from disruption. Using sustainable materials, such as certified or salvaged wood can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems. Established networks and markets for salvaged materials also help divert and reuse debris generated by natural disasters and severe storm events that can contaminate the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn39\" name=\"_ednref39\">[39]</a> Salvaging materials from storms turn recovery efforts into a profit-generating resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.</p>\n<p>The use of safe, non-toxic materials in building assemblies and furnishings can help reduce the release of toxic chemicals into debris following storm surges, flooding, and high winds caused by natural disasters and severe storm events. For example, Superstorm Sandy generated over 8 million cubic yards of debris across the nine hardest-hit counties in New Jersey in only one day.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn40\" name=\"_ednref40\">[40]</a> Damaged and contaminated materials may include waterlogged drywall, plaster, insulation, flooring, carpets, mattresses, and upholstered furniture, that when put it into unlined landfills, can contaminate groundwater.</p>\n<p>Using moisture protective and inherent moisture-wicking materials, as well as materials resistant to excessive humidity such as glazed brick, concrete, stone, and decay-resistant lumber can also contribute to more resilient structures.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> CalRecycle. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Greenbuilding/Materials/\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Greenbuilding/Materials/</a> (accessed February 1, 2019)).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed February 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. The Road Ahead. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-materials-management-road-ahead\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-materials-management-road-ahead</a> (accessed November 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> BIAC. The Voice of OECD Business. Key Business Messages. Sustainable Materials Management. <a href=\"http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/18/46235661.pdf\">http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/18/46235661.pdf</a> (accessed November 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USGBC. Building Product Disclosure and Optimization – environmental product declarations. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-retail-new-construction-healthca-22\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-retail-new-construction-healthca-22</a> (accessed February 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US EPA. About the Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Program. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/about-environmentally-preferable-purchasing-program\">https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/about-environmentally-preferable-purchasing-program</a> (accessed February 3, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Cal Recycle. Matrix: Overview of Recycled Content and Availability. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/greenbuilding/materials/matrix\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/greenbuilding/materials/matrix</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> The Cradle to Cradle<sup>Ò</sup> program certifies products that meet multi-attribute criteria for: human and environmental health; Recyclability/compostability; renewable energy use; water stewardship social responsibility.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Natural Resources Defense Council. <a href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp\">http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Forest Stewardship Council. <a href=\"https://us.fsc.org/en-us\">https://us.fsc.org/en-us</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> USGBC. LEEDv4. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/guide/bdc\">https://www.usgbc.org/guide/bdc</a> (accessed February 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US EPA. Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2014 Fact Sheet. November 2016</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/2014_smmfactsheet_508.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/2014_smmfactsheet_508.pdf</a> (accessed  June 23, 2018)  (As cited in US EPA. Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Materials. February 2018. (<a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials</a>)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a> US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials. Aug 23, 2017. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials</a> (accessed July 2, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Habitat for Humanity. Habitat ReStore. “8 things to donate when renovating.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.habitat.org/stories/8-things-to-donate-when-renovating\">https://www.habitat.org/stories/8-things-to-donate-when-renovating</a> (accessed July 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials. Aug 23, 2017. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials (accessed July 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a>  US EPA Sustainable Materials Management. Comprehensive Procurement Guideline (CPG) Program. June 2018. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/comprehensive-procurement-guideline-cpg-program#content\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/comprehensive-procurement-guideline-cpg-program#content</a> (accessed July 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> Green-buildings.com. What are Rapidly Renewal Materials?  <a href=\"http://www.green-buildings.com/content/78325-rapidly-renewable-materials-leed-mr-credit-6-what-are-they\">http://www.green-buildings.com/content/78325-rapidly-renewable-materials-leed-mr-credit-6-what-are-they</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use</a>  (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref23\" name=\"_edn23\">[23]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref24\" name=\"_edn24\">[24]</a> LEED BD+C: New Construction | v4 – LEED v4. Low-emitting materials</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0</a>  (accessed April 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref25\" name=\"_edn25\">[25]</a> US EPA. An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality\">https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality</a>  (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref26\" name=\"_edn26\">[26]</a> LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref27\" name=\"_edn27\">[27]</a> US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials</a> (accessed February 18, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref28\" name=\"_edn28\">[28]</a> GreenBiz. Durability: A Key Component of Green Building. <a href=\"https://www.greenbiz.com/news/2005/12/18/durability-key-component-green-building\">https://www.greenbiz.com/news/2005/12/18/durability-key-component-green-building</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref29\" name=\"_edn29\">[29]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref30\" name=\"_edn30\">[30]</a> US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials.  <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref31\" name=\"_edn31\">[31]</a> Natural Resources Defense Council. How to Buy Good Wood. <a href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp\">http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref32\" name=\"_edn32\">[32]</a> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Economic Benefits of Recycling. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/economic.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/economic.htm</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref33\" name=\"_edn33\">[33]</a> CalRecycle. Construction and Demolition Debris Recycling. February 2018. <u><a href=\"http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/\">http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/</a></u> (accessed July 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref34\" name=\"_edn34\">[34]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref35\" name=\"_edn35\">[35]</a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref36\" name=\"_edn36\">[36]</a> CalRecycle. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/Greenbuilding/Training/StateManual/Materials.doc\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/Greenbuilding/Training/StateManual/Materials.doc</a>  (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref37\" name=\"_edn37\">[37]</a> Cost Helper. How Much Does Painting an Interior Cost? <a href=\"http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html\">http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref38\" name=\"_edn38\">[38]</a> New World Climate. Best Low Voc Carpets for your Home. <a href=\"http://www.nwclimate.org/green-home/low-voc-carpets-and-rugs/\">http://www.nwclimate.org/green-home/low-voc-carpets-and-rugs/</a>  (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref39\" name=\"_edn39\">[39]</a> NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf</a> (accessed July 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref40\" name=\"_edn40\">[40]</a> NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/\">Construction &amp; Demolition Waste Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/\">Flexible Workspaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-non-toxic-materials/\">Safe, Non-toxic Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/health/iep/index.shtml\">NJ Department of Health and Senior Services – Indoor Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/iaq/greenbuilding/index.html\">US EPA Indoor Air Quality – Green Indoor Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide: Evaluating and Selecting Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Green Product Certifications and Standards:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.carpet-rug.org/commercial-customers/green-building-and-the-environment/index.cfm\">Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.c2ccertified.org\">Cradle to Cradle</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.greenguard.org/\">The GREENGUARD Environmental Institute</a> is an industry-independent, not-for-profit organization that oversees the GREENGUARD Certification programs.</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.greenseal.org/Home.aspx\">Green Seal</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org\">International Living Future Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf\">LEED: Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ecolabelindex.com/ecolabel/scs-indoor-advantage\">Scientific Certification Systems Indoor Advantage </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://mts.sustainableproducts.com/SMaRT_product_standard.html\">SMaRt Consensus Sustainable Product Standards</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Sustainable Materials','','inherit','closed','closed','','1596-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 15:06:09','2022-04-14 15:06:09','',1596,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1599',0,'revision','',0),(1600,2,'2022-04-14 15:06:10','2022-04-14 15:06:10','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Sustainable Materials\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What are Sustainable Materials?</h2>\n<p>Sustainable materials provide environmental and human health benefits and reduce negative impacts over the life of the material and generally incorporate characteristics that contribute to:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Resource efficiency &amp; conservation</li>\n<li>Indoor air quality</li>\n<li>Energy efficiency</li>\n<li>Affordability</li>\n<li>Safe and healthy indoor environments</li>\n<li>Durability and adaptability</li>\n</ul>\n<p>There are environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of a material (extracting resources, processing, producing, shipping, installation and use, and discarding). Evaluating and understanding the health and environmental impacts of materials is complex and can be confusing, but good resources and increased availability of product information can help.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_422\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"358\"]<img class=\"wp-image-422 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NR-Sustainable-Materials-FIg-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Recycled carpet (Source: Rutgers University)\" width=\"358\" height=\"350\" /> Figure 1 – Recycled carpet (Source: Rutgers University)[/caption]\n<h2>How to Integrate Sustainable Materials</h2>\n<p>Sustainable material management (SMM) refers to the process of researching the system-wide impacts of the life cycle of materials.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> A comprehensive approach that incorporates social, environmental, and economic factors relies on the use of research, innovation, and technology to support decisions about appropriate material selection and use.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) provide information about the environmental impact of a material throughout its life cycle. LEEDv4 rewards project teams for incorporating materials and products that have life cycle information available and verified positive environmental life cycle impacts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>When choosing materials, consider the following aspects of sustainability:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Recycled content and recyclability</li>\n<li>Certified wood (such as <a href=\"http://info.fsc.org/\">Forest Stewardship Council</a>-certified products)</li>\n<li>Locally produced and sourced products</li>\n<li>Rapidly renewable materials</li>\n<li>Salvaged materials</li>\n<li>Non-toxic, no/low-emitting materials</li>\n<li>Durability and adaptability</li>\n</ul>\n<p>When developing material specifications and standards for a project, it is important to consider environmental factors such as waste prevention and disposal (see <em>Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction</em>, <em>Demolition</em>, and <em>Source Reduction and Recycling</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> It is also essential to develop an environmentally preferable purchasing policy to guide purchasing. According to documents guiding federal sustainability (Executive Order 13693), environmentally preferable purchasing refers to “products or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose” as it applies to raw materials, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, use, reuse, operation, maintenance, and disposal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epp/\">US EPA website</a> has several useful tools for finding and evaluating green products and services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> There are a number of certification programs, standards and criteria available to help provide guidance in selecting and evaluating sustainable materials such as <a href=\"http://www.greenguard.org\">GREENGUARD</a> (indoor air quality certification), <a href=\"http://www.carpet-rug.org/testing/green-label-plus/\">Green Label Plus</a> (carpets/rugs), <a href=\"http://www.greenseal.org/programs/\">Green Seal</a>, <a href=\"http://www.scsglobalservices/com/services\">Scientific Certification Systems</a>, <a href=\"https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/find-certified\">Rainforest Alliance Certification</a>, and <a href=\"http://ic.fsc.org/en\">Forest Stewardship Council Certification</a>. Also, life cycle assessment tools such as those offered by the <a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org\">Athena Sustainable Materials Institute</a> are useful in helping to assess the cost and impact of a material. <a href=\"https://www.c2ccertified.org/\">Cradle to Cradle</a> is a third-party certification for products that promote safety for humans, the environment, and are designed for future life cycles rather than being disposed.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><u>Recycled Content &amp; Recyclability </u></p>\n<p>Using recycled materials reduces the amount of waste that ends up in landfills or incinerators and reduces the extraction of resources used to produce new products and materials. Many common building materials and furnishings contain recycled materials such as asphalt, steel, carpet, ceiling tiles, and concrete. Post-consumer recycled content is material that has been used by consumers, collected and re-manufactured into new products and materials. Plastic lumber is a product that often has high post-consumer recycled content. Some plastic lumber is composed of 100% post-consumer plastic such as milk jugs and laundry detergent bottles.</p>\n<p>Labeling related to recycled content can be confusing. The recycling symbol is in the public domain, so its use can have a variety of meanings. Some products have labeling that identifies the percentage of pre-consumer and/or post-consumer recycled content in the product. If a product is not labeled, contact the manufacturer and ask about recycled content.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_398\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-398 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NR-Sustainable-Materials-Fig-2-300x229.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Carpet made from recycled fibers (Source: Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/erindowney/278614807/)\" width=\"300\" height=\"229\" /> Figure 2 – Carpet made from recycled fibers (Source: Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/erindowney/278614807/)[/caption]<p>Typical materials that often contain post-consumer recycled content include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Drywall</li>\n<li>Insulation</li>\n<li>Plastic lumber</li>\n<li>Kitchen countertops</li>\n<li>Glass tiles</li>\n<li>Landscaping materials</li>\n<li>Carpet and carpet padding</li>\n<li>Steel</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The recyclability of materials is also an essential consideration in materials selection. Some materials are recyclable at the end of their useful life into new high-quality carpeting with very little waste such as carpet products that are Cradle to Cradle (C2C) certified.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p><u>Certified Wood</u></p>\n<p>Certified wood refers to wood harvested from forests that practice environmentally and economically responsible forestry. A third-party entity documents the sustainable forestry practices and the chain of custody, which tracks wood from the forest through milling and manufacturing to the point of sale. Certifiers also grant chain-of-custody certifications to companies that manufacture and sell products made from certified wood. Forest certification intends to let consumers know that wood or paper product comes from forests managed under strict environmental and social standards. <u><a href=\"http://www.metafore.org/index.php?p=Forest_Certification_Comparison_Matrix&amp;s=191\">The Forest Resource Certification Center</a></u> provides information about several well-known certification programs.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_256\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"282\"]<img class=\"wp-image-256 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NR-Sustainable-Materials-Fig-5-282x300.png\" alt=\"FSC Certified Logo (Source: http://www.fsc.org/)\" width=\"282\" height=\"300\" /> FSC Certified Logo[/caption]<p>The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is one example of a popular certification program. FSC has established a program that monitors third-party certifiers of forests and forest products. During FSC forest-management assessments, teams of foresters, ecologists and social scientists visit forestry operations and inspect their practices for compliance with FSC’s standards, such as:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ensuring harvesting rates and clearing sizes do not exceed a forest’s natural capacity to regenerate</li>\n<li>Maintaining natural forest conditions needed for wildlife and healthy ecosystem function</li>\n<li>Protecting rare, threatened and endangered species and forest types</li>\n<li>Establishing new plantations on agricultural and pasture lands and avoiding the replacement of natural forests with barren tree plantations</li>\n<li>Creating adequate conservation zones</li>\n<li>Minimizing or eliminating chemical use</li>\n<li>Protecting streams and rivers from soil erosion that degrades water quality and fish habitat</li>\n<li>Protecting the rights and interests of workers, communities, and indigenous people who benefit from the forestry operation</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Forestry operations that meet the standards are granted an FSC forest management certification and audited annually. Forestry operations are required to make improvements as a condition of getting certified and staying certified over time.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<p>During the design stages of a building, specify certified wood as an alternative to conventional wood including certified plywood and veneers. There are several resources available to assist with finding certified wood such as the <a href=\"https://us.fsc.org/en-us/market/find-products/fsc-certificate-database\">FSC Certificate Database</a>. This database includes primarily manufacturers and distributors, not retailers. To find products carried by a local retailer, contact them directly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Look for the FSC logo (Figure 3) stamped on the product. In addition to choosing certified wood, selecting salvaged or reclaimed wood also helps protect resources and reduce waste. Purchase wood from local producers when possible to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from transporting the materials.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_248\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"448\"]<img class=\"wp-image-248 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Sustainable-Materials-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 4 – The siding (right side of image) of the Queens Botanical Garden’s Visitor Center is FSC certified Western Red Cedar (Source: Queens Botanical Garden/Nicole De Feo)\" width=\"448\" height=\"606\" /> Figure 4 – The siding (right side of image) of the Queens Botanical Garden’s Visitor Center is FSC certified Western Red Cedar (Source: Queens Botanical Garden/Nicole De Feo)[/caption]<p><u>Locally Produced and Sourced Products</u></p>\n<p>The LEED system includes a location valuation factor that promotes the use of products extracted, manufactured and purchased within 100 miles of a project. Purchasing locally produced products helps support local businesses and reduce transportation-related environmental impacts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><u>Salvaged Materials</u></p>\n<p>Salvaged materials include materials saved during the deconstruction process and sold, donated, stored for later use, or reused on future projects (see <em>Deconstruction</em>). Construction and Demolition (C&amp;D) debris accounts for 534 million tons of waste, 90% the result of demolition work with the remaining 10% generated by construction activities.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Carefully dismantling a structure with the intent of reusing materials extends the useful life materials, requires less energy and raw materials, and produces less pollution than discarding or recycling materials.</p>\n<p>Identify materials to reuse, sell, donate, or recycle early in the planning process and develop a plan for salvaged materials in project documents such as the construction and demolition waste management plan (see <em>Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction</em>).<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></sup> Salvageable materials may include plumbing, light fixtures, doors, cabinets, working appliances, windows, millwork, carpet, brick, ceiling and floor tiles, wood, HVAC equipment, and decorative items such as fireplaces and stonework.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> When reusing salvaged materials, keep in mind that materials may contain chemicals not safe for the environment and human health. The EPA’s Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials site has information on potentially contaminated materials and substances.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Contact organizations and programs that facilitate the exchange or purchase of salvaged or surplus building materials. Other options include auctions and classified websites designed to sell, donate or buy materials. Check with a consulting a site such as <u><a href=\"http://www.bbb.org/us/charity\">The Better Business Bureau Wise Giving Alliance</a></u> to identify organizations eligible to receive donations.</p>\n<p><u>Rapidly Renewable Resources</u></p>\n<p>Rapidly renewable materials are natural, non-petroleum-based building materials and include agricultural by-products such as bamboo, straw, cork, natural linoleum products, cotton, sunflowers, hemp, wool, wheatboard, and strawboard. Using materials produced with rapidly growing plant-based products reduces the harvesting of forests and other resources that take decades to regenerate. Consider green building materials comprised of a composite of rapidly renewable materials and recycled content (e.g., newsprint, cotton, soy-based materials, seed husks).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a> Compare the environmental trade-offs of using a product such as global warming, resource depletion, indoor air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> Although some materials might be from rapidly renewable sources, they may require shipping from long distances or may not be as durable as other conventional materials.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example </strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://fallingwater.org/history-barn-fallingwater/\">Barn at Fallingwater</a></p>\n<p>An adaptive reuse project at the Barn at Fallingwater in Mill Run, Pennsylvania used the original characteristics of the barn and provided new space for administrative offices, exhibitions, lectures, classes, and programs. Along with furthering the connection between nature and architecture, the project earned a Silver LEED rating. This adaptive reuse project also incorporated several renewable resources such as straw panels for sound absorptive wall finishes and products from sunflower seed composite.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_304\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1026\"]<img class=\"wp-image-304 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Sustainable-Materials-Fig-5.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – Barn at Fallingwater (Source: Fallingwater.org)\" width=\"1026\" height=\"482\" /> Figure 5 – Barn at Fallingwater (Source: Fallingwater.org)[/caption]<p><u>Non-toxic, No/low-emitting Materials</u></p>\n<p>Safe, non-toxic or low-emitting materials release relatively low levels of odorous, irritating, toxic, or hazardous substances unhealthy to building occupants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a> Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (including formaldehyde), particulates, and fibers include substances often emitted from building materials that can adversely impact human health.</p>\n<p>VOCs contain carbon molecules and can vaporize from material surfaces into indoor air at average room temperatures (a process known as off-gassing).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn23\" name=\"_ednref23\">[23]</a> A non-toxic material must meet different thresholds of VOC emissions compliance depending on the material.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn24\" name=\"_ednref24\">[24]</a> Found in many everyday products and building materials, VOCs can escape into the air and cause illness and allergic reactions. Studies have linked elevated levels of VOCs and interior pollutants to health concerns that cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination, nausea, and other health problems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn25\" name=\"_ednref25\">[25]</a> People with respiratory problems, children, seniors and people with compromised immune systems are at higher risk of reactions from exposure than the general population.</p>\n<p>Increased awareness about possible health risks and indoor air quality concerns have helped to expand the market for safe, non-toxic materials. Low-emitting material credit requirements by LEED and other green building certifications have led to a demand for products lower in VOCs and toxic chemicals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn26\" name=\"_ednref26\">[26]</a> Several certification programs, standards, and criteria for selecting and evaluating sustainable materials include <a href=\"http://greenguard.org/en/index.aspx\">GREENGUARD</a> (indoor air quality certification), <a href=\"http://www.carpet-rug.org/commercial-customers/green-building-and-the-environment/green-label-plus/\">Green Label Plus</a> (carpets/rugs), <a href=\"http://www.greenseal.org/home.aspx\">Green Seal</a>, and <a href=\"http://www.scscertified.com/\">Scientific Certification Systems</a> (see <em>Safe, Non-Toxic Materials</em>).</p>\n<p><u>Durable Materials and Designing for Adaptability</u></p>\n<p>Selecting durable and adaptable materials reduces waste, extends the useful life of a building and contributes to the resiliency of the structure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn27\" name=\"_ednref27\">[27]</a> Durable materials require less repair and less frequent replacement so the environmental impacts of the resources that have been invested in those materials can be spread out over a longer time.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn28\" name=\"_ednref28\">[28]</a> A durability plan can help inform decision making throughout every phase of a building’s development and addresses factors such as sunlight, moisture, heat, insects, and natural disasters.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn29\" name=\"_ednref29\">[29]</a> Designing for adaptability allows materials to be easily disassembled and reused, thus providing economic benefits and reducing environmental impacts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn30\" name=\"_ednref30\">[30]</a></p>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>Careful selection and use of sustainable materials provide environmental benefits in many ways such as:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Conserving resources</li>\n<li>Reducing greenhouse gas emissions (in extraction, production, and shipping)</li>\n<li>Supporting local businesses and economy</li>\n<li>Ensuring safer air quality indoor (also overall regional air quality)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Consumer demand for sustainable materials and product certification is a powerful incentive for manufacturers and suppliers. By purchasing certified wood, for example, forest managers are more likely to adopt ecologically sound practices that maintain natural forest characteristics. Also, demand can help to move the wood industry away from destructive techniques like large-scale clearcutting, logging in endangered and old growth forests, and destruction of natural forests for replacement by barren tree plantations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn31\" name=\"_ednref31\"><sup>[31]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Choosing certified and/or salvaged wood and wood products can help:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Protect natural forests and other habitats</li>\n<li>Reduce the use of highly hazardous pesticides</li>\n<li>Minimize the cultivation of genetically modified trees (GMOs)</li>\n<li>Protect the rights of indigenous peoples</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Using post-consumer recycled content:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn32\" name=\"_ednref32\"><sup>[32]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces waste going into landfills and incinerators</li>\n<li>Preserves natural resources by reducing the use of virgin materials used to produce new products and materials</li>\n<li>Saves energy and prevents pollution caused by the extraction and processing of virgin materials and the manufacture of products using virgin materials</li>\n<li>Contributes to the recycling economy</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Using rapidly renewable materials can:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduce the use and depletion of finite raw materials</li>\n<li>Reduce the number and quantity of products made from fossil-fuel derivatives</li>\n<li>Reduce demand for materials that require longer to regenerate</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Salvaging materials during the demolition process shift the construction industry away from the conventional practice of consumption and disposal towards an ethic of resource efficiency and reuse. The benefits of using salvaged materials include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn33\" name=\"_ednref33\">[33]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Minimizing landfill waste and pollution and the need for more landfills</li>\n<li>Decreasing consumption and demand for new materials, reducing waste and pollution associated with the production of virgin materials</li>\n<li>Creating value-added markets from waste materials</li>\n<li>Expanding job opportunities and workforce development skills</li>\n<li>Reducing project costs through avoided disposal costs and purchases of new materials, revenue earned from material sales, and tax breaks gained for donations</li>\n<li>Preserving architectural and cultural heritage by salvaging unique materials</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The selection of building material and furnishings have a significant impact on indoor environmental quality. Benefits of choosing low-emitting materials include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn34\" name=\"_ednref34\">[34]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Improved indoor air quality.</li>\n<li>Improved worker safety and health.</li>\n<li>Reduced incidents of an eye and respiratory irritation, headaches, fatigue.</li>\n<li>Healthier environment for building occupants who are sensitive to specific products.</li>\n<li>Reduced pollution of groundwater and water supplies.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>There is a perception that sustainable products always cost more than conventional products. Some materials do have a higher first cost; however, the first cost is often made up within the overall life cycle cost of the material. Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) (see <em>Life Cycle Cost Analysis</em>) takes into account the lifecycle costs of building designs and systems while a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (see<em> Life Cycle Assessment)</em> evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn35\" name=\"_ednref35\">[35]</a> Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. There are also many sustainable materials available that are comparable in price to conventional materials.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn36\" name=\"_ednref36\">[36]</a> Low- and no-VOC paints typically cost about the same as a manufacturer’s premium line of paints.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn37\" name=\"_ednref37\">[37]</a> Furthermore, non-sustainable materials often do not reflect the costs (often referred to as “externalities”), such as expenses associated with cleaning up contamination and losses due to human health and illness.</p>\n<p>As a result of increased demand and changes in technology, post-consumer recycled products are readily available on the market today and are often comparable in cost and quality to products made with virgin materials. The price for recycled content padding and carpeting, for example, is often comparable to a conventional, virgin-fiber carpet.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn38\" name=\"_ednref38\"><sup>[38]</sup></a> Whether virgin or recycled, many factors impact the cost of products such as availability, cost of material feedstocks, energy costs, distributor mark-up, transportation charges, size and type of order, and geographic location. The cost-effectiveness of reusing, donating or selling salvaged building materials varies with each project, depending on the value of the salvaged materials, the market for these materials, and the costs of labor and disposal. Post-consumer recycled products may last longer or require less maintenance than their counterparts made with virgin material which can offset any additional up-front costs. Therefore, items with high wear and tear, maintenance or replacement frequency may be ideal candidates for post-consumer recycled products with higher upfront costs, but longer useful life expectancy.</p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Many of the benefits listed above also contribute to resiliency. Selecting sustainable materials can help protect human health by minimizing exposure to toxic components during an emergency and contributing to the durability of the facility and its contents. Protecting indoor air quality contributes to building occupants’ health and well-being and the ability of the occupants to function during and recover from disruption. Using sustainable materials, such as certified or salvaged wood can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems. Established networks and markets for salvaged materials also help divert and reuse debris generated by natural disasters and severe storm events that can contaminate the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn39\" name=\"_ednref39\">[39]</a> Salvaging materials from storms turn recovery efforts into a profit-generating resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.</p>\n<p>The use of safe, non-toxic materials in building assemblies and furnishings can help reduce the release of toxic chemicals into debris following storm surges, flooding, and high winds caused by natural disasters and severe storm events. For example, Superstorm Sandy generated over 8 million cubic yards of debris across the nine hardest-hit counties in New Jersey in only one day.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn40\" name=\"_ednref40\">[40]</a> Damaged and contaminated materials may include waterlogged drywall, plaster, insulation, flooring, carpets, mattresses, and upholstered furniture, that when put it into unlined landfills, can contaminate groundwater.</p>\n<p>Using moisture protective and inherent moisture-wicking materials, as well as materials resistant to excessive humidity such as glazed brick, concrete, stone, and decay-resistant lumber can also contribute to more resilient structures.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> CalRecycle. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Greenbuilding/Materials/\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Greenbuilding/Materials/</a> (accessed February 1, 2019)).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed February 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. The Road Ahead. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-materials-management-road-ahead\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-materials-management-road-ahead</a> (accessed November 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> BIAC. The Voice of OECD Business. Key Business Messages. Sustainable Materials Management. <a href=\"http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/18/46235661.pdf\">http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/18/46235661.pdf</a> (accessed November 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USGBC. Building Product Disclosure and Optimization – environmental product declarations. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-retail-new-construction-healthca-22\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-retail-new-construction-healthca-22</a> (accessed February 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US EPA. About the Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Program. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/about-environmentally-preferable-purchasing-program\">https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/about-environmentally-preferable-purchasing-program</a> (accessed February 3, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Cal Recycle. Matrix: Overview of Recycled Content and Availability. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/greenbuilding/materials/matrix\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/greenbuilding/materials/matrix</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> The Cradle to Cradle<sup>Ò</sup> program certifies products that meet multi-attribute criteria for: human and environmental health; Recyclability/compostability; renewable energy use; water stewardship social responsibility.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Natural Resources Defense Council. <a href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp\">http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Forest Stewardship Council. <a href=\"https://us.fsc.org/en-us\">https://us.fsc.org/en-us</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> USGBC. LEEDv4. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/guide/bdc\">https://www.usgbc.org/guide/bdc</a> (accessed February 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US EPA. Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2014 Fact Sheet. November 2016</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/2014_smmfactsheet_508.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/2014_smmfactsheet_508.pdf</a> (accessed  June 23, 2018)  (As cited in US EPA. Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Materials. February 2018. (<a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials</a>)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a> US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials. Aug 23, 2017. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials</a> (accessed July 2, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Habitat for Humanity. Habitat ReStore. “8 things to donate when renovating.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.habitat.org/stories/8-things-to-donate-when-renovating\">https://www.habitat.org/stories/8-things-to-donate-when-renovating</a> (accessed July 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials. Aug 23, 2017. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials (accessed July 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a>  US EPA Sustainable Materials Management. Comprehensive Procurement Guideline (CPG) Program. June 2018. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/comprehensive-procurement-guideline-cpg-program#content\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/comprehensive-procurement-guideline-cpg-program#content</a> (accessed July 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> Green-buildings.com. What are Rapidly Renewal Materials?  <a href=\"http://www.green-buildings.com/content/78325-rapidly-renewable-materials-leed-mr-credit-6-what-are-they\">http://www.green-buildings.com/content/78325-rapidly-renewable-materials-leed-mr-credit-6-what-are-they</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use</a>  (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref23\" name=\"_edn23\">[23]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref24\" name=\"_edn24\">[24]</a> LEED BD+C: New Construction | v4 – LEED v4. Low-emitting materials</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0</a>  (accessed April 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref25\" name=\"_edn25\">[25]</a> US EPA. An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality\">https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality</a>  (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref26\" name=\"_edn26\">[26]</a> LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref27\" name=\"_edn27\">[27]</a> US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials</a> (accessed February 18, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref28\" name=\"_edn28\">[28]</a> GreenBiz. Durability: A Key Component of Green Building. <a href=\"https://www.greenbiz.com/news/2005/12/18/durability-key-component-green-building\">https://www.greenbiz.com/news/2005/12/18/durability-key-component-green-building</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref29\" name=\"_edn29\">[29]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref30\" name=\"_edn30\">[30]</a> US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials.  <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref31\" name=\"_edn31\">[31]</a> Natural Resources Defense Council. How to Buy Good Wood. <a href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp\">http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref32\" name=\"_edn32\">[32]</a> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Economic Benefits of Recycling. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/economic.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/economic.htm</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref33\" name=\"_edn33\">[33]</a> CalRecycle. Construction and Demolition Debris Recycling. February 2018. <u><a href=\"http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/\">http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/</a></u> (accessed July 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref34\" name=\"_edn34\">[34]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref35\" name=\"_edn35\">[35]</a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref36\" name=\"_edn36\">[36]</a> CalRecycle. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/Greenbuilding/Training/StateManual/Materials.doc\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/Greenbuilding/Training/StateManual/Materials.doc</a>  (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref37\" name=\"_edn37\">[37]</a> Cost Helper. How Much Does Painting an Interior Cost? <a href=\"http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html\">http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref38\" name=\"_edn38\">[38]</a> New World Climate. Best Low Voc Carpets for your Home. <a href=\"http://www.nwclimate.org/green-home/low-voc-carpets-and-rugs/\">http://www.nwclimate.org/green-home/low-voc-carpets-and-rugs/</a>  (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref39\" name=\"_edn39\">[39]</a> NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf</a> (accessed July 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref40\" name=\"_edn40\">[40]</a> NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/\">Construction &amp; Demolition Waste Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/\">Flexible Workspaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-non-toxic-materials/\">Safe, Non-toxic Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/health/iep/index.shtml\">NJ Department of Health and Senior Services – Indoor Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/iaq/greenbuilding/index.html\">US EPA Indoor Air Quality – Green Indoor Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide: Evaluating and Selecting Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Green Product Certifications and Standards:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.carpet-rug.org/commercial-customers/green-building-and-the-environment/index.cfm\">Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.c2ccertified.org\">Cradle to Cradle</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.greenguard.org/\">The GREENGUARD Environmental Institute</a> is an industry-independent, not-for-profit organization that oversees the GREENGUARD Certification programs.</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.greenseal.org/Home.aspx\">Green Seal</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org\">International Living Future Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf\">LEED: Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ecolabelindex.com/ecolabel/scs-indoor-advantage\">Scientific Certification Systems Indoor Advantage </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://mts.sustainableproducts.com/SMaRT_product_standard.html\">SMaRt Consensus Sustainable Product Standards</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1596-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 15:06:10','2022-04-14 15:06:10','',1596,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1600',0,'revision','',0),(1602,2,'2022-04-14 15:06:13','2022-04-14 15:06:13','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Sustainable Materials\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What are Sustainable Materials?</h2>\n<p>Sustainable materials provide environmental and human health benefits and reduce negative impacts over the life of the material and generally incorporate characteristics that contribute to:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Resource efficiency &amp; conservation</li>\n<li>Indoor air quality</li>\n<li>Energy efficiency</li>\n<li>Affordability</li>\n<li>Safe and healthy indoor environments</li>\n<li>Durability and adaptability</li>\n</ul>\n<p>There are environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of a material (extracting resources, processing, producing, shipping, installation and use, and discarding). Evaluating and understanding the health and environmental impacts of materials is complex and can be confusing, but good resources and increased availability of product information can help.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_422\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"358\"]<img class=\"wp-image-422 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NR-Sustainable-Materials-FIg-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Recycled carpet (Source: Rutgers University)\" width=\"358\" height=\"350\" /> Figure 1 – Recycled carpet (Source: Rutgers University)[/caption]\n<h2>How to Integrate Sustainable Materials</h2>\n<p>Sustainable material management (SMM) refers to the process of researching the system-wide impacts of the life cycle of materials.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> A comprehensive approach that incorporates social, environmental, and economic factors relies on the use of research, innovation, and technology to support decisions about appropriate material selection and use.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) provide information about the environmental impact of a material throughout its life cycle. LEEDv4 rewards project teams for incorporating materials and products that have life cycle information available and verified positive environmental life cycle impacts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>When choosing materials, consider the following aspects of sustainability:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Recycled content and recyclability</li>\n<li>Certified wood (such as <a href=\"http://info.fsc.org/\">Forest Stewardship Council</a>-certified products)</li>\n<li>Locally produced and sourced products</li>\n<li>Rapidly renewable materials</li>\n<li>Salvaged materials</li>\n<li>Non-toxic, no/low-emitting materials</li>\n<li>Durability and adaptability</li>\n</ul>\n<p>When developing material specifications and standards for a project, it is important to consider environmental factors such as waste prevention and disposal (see <em>Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction</em>, <em>Demolition</em>, and <em>Source Reduction and Recycling</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> It is also essential to develop an environmentally preferable purchasing policy to guide purchasing. According to documents guiding federal sustainability (Executive Order 13693), environmentally preferable purchasing refers to “products or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose” as it applies to raw materials, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, use, reuse, operation, maintenance, and disposal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epp/\">US EPA website</a> has several useful tools for finding and evaluating green products and services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> There are a number of certification programs, standards and criteria available to help provide guidance in selecting and evaluating sustainable materials such as <a href=\"http://www.greenguard.org\">GREENGUARD</a> (indoor air quality certification), <a href=\"http://www.carpet-rug.org/testing/green-label-plus/\">Green Label Plus</a> (carpets/rugs), <a href=\"http://www.greenseal.org/programs/\">Green Seal</a>, <a href=\"http://www.scsglobalservices/com/services\">Scientific Certification Systems</a>, <a href=\"https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/find-certified\">Rainforest Alliance Certification</a>, and <a href=\"http://ic.fsc.org/en\">Forest Stewardship Council Certification</a>. Also, life cycle assessment tools such as those offered by the <a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org\">Athena Sustainable Materials Institute</a> are useful in helping to assess the cost and impact of a material. <a href=\"https://www.c2ccertified.org/\">Cradle to Cradle</a> is a third-party certification for products that promote safety for humans, the environment, and are designed for future life cycles rather than being disposed.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><u>Recycled Content &amp; Recyclability </u></p>\n<p>Using recycled materials reduces the amount of waste that ends up in landfills or incinerators and reduces the extraction of resources used to produce new products and materials. Many common building materials and furnishings contain recycled materials such as asphalt, steel, carpet, ceiling tiles, and concrete. Post-consumer recycled content is material that has been used by consumers, collected and re-manufactured into new products and materials. Plastic lumber is a product that often has high post-consumer recycled content. Some plastic lumber is composed of 100% post-consumer plastic such as milk jugs and laundry detergent bottles.</p>\n<p>Labeling related to recycled content can be confusing. The recycling symbol is in the public domain, so its use can have a variety of meanings. Some products have labeling that identifies the percentage of pre-consumer and/or post-consumer recycled content in the product. If a product is not labeled, contact the manufacturer and ask about recycled content.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_398\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-398 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NR-Sustainable-Materials-Fig-2-300x229.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Carpet made from recycled fibers (Source: Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/erindowney/278614807/)\" width=\"300\" height=\"229\" /> Figure 2 – Carpet made from recycled fibers (Source: Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/erindowney/278614807/)[/caption]<p>Typical materials that often contain post-consumer recycled content include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Drywall</li>\n<li>Insulation</li>\n<li>Plastic lumber</li>\n<li>Kitchen countertops</li>\n<li>Glass tiles</li>\n<li>Landscaping materials</li>\n<li>Carpet and carpet padding</li>\n<li>Steel</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The recyclability of materials is also an essential consideration in materials selection. Some materials are recyclable at the end of their useful life into new high-quality carpeting with very little waste such as carpet products that are Cradle to Cradle (C2C) certified.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p><u>Certified Wood</u></p>\n<p>Certified wood refers to wood harvested from forests that practice environmentally and economically responsible forestry. A third-party entity documents the sustainable forestry practices and the chain of custody, which tracks wood from the forest through milling and manufacturing to the point of sale. Certifiers also grant chain-of-custody certifications to companies that manufacture and sell products made from certified wood. Forest certification intends to let consumers know that wood or paper product comes from forests managed under strict environmental and social standards. <u><a href=\"http://www.metafore.org/index.php?p=Forest_Certification_Comparison_Matrix&amp;s=191\">The Forest Resource Certification Center</a></u> provides information about several well-known certification programs.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_256\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"282\"]<img class=\"wp-image-256 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NR-Sustainable-Materials-Fig-5-282x300.png\" alt=\"FSC Certified Logo (Source: http://www.fsc.org/)\" width=\"282\" height=\"300\" /> FSC Certified Logo[/caption]<p>The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is one example of a popular certification program. FSC has established a program that monitors third-party certifiers of forests and forest products. During FSC forest-management assessments, teams of foresters, ecologists and social scientists visit forestry operations and inspect their practices for compliance with FSC’s standards, such as:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ensuring harvesting rates and clearing sizes do not exceed a forest’s natural capacity to regenerate</li>\n<li>Maintaining natural forest conditions needed for wildlife and healthy ecosystem function</li>\n<li>Protecting rare, threatened and endangered species and forest types</li>\n<li>Establishing new plantations on agricultural and pasture lands and avoiding the replacement of natural forests with barren tree plantations</li>\n<li>Creating adequate conservation zones</li>\n<li>Minimizing or eliminating chemical use</li>\n<li>Protecting streams and rivers from soil erosion that degrades water quality and fish habitat</li>\n<li>Protecting the rights and interests of workers, communities, and indigenous people who benefit from the forestry operation</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Forestry operations that meet the standards are granted an FSC forest management certification and audited annually. Forestry operations are required to make improvements as a condition of getting certified and staying certified over time.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<p>During the design stages of a building, specify certified wood as an alternative to conventional wood including certified plywood and veneers. There are several resources available to assist with finding certified wood such as the <a href=\"https://us.fsc.org/en-us/market/find-products/fsc-certificate-database\">FSC Certificate Database</a>. This database includes primarily manufacturers and distributors, not retailers. To find products carried by a local retailer, contact them directly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Look for the FSC logo (Figure 3) stamped on the product. In addition to choosing certified wood, selecting salvaged or reclaimed wood also helps protect resources and reduce waste. Purchase wood from local producers when possible to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from transporting the materials.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_248\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"448\"]<img class=\"wp-image-248 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Sustainable-Materials-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 4 – The siding (right side of image) of the Queens Botanical Garden’s Visitor Center is FSC certified Western Red Cedar (Source: Queens Botanical Garden/Nicole De Feo)\" width=\"448\" height=\"606\" /> Figure 4 – The siding (right side of image) of the Queens Botanical Garden’s Visitor Center is FSC certified Western Red Cedar (Source: Queens Botanical Garden/Nicole De Feo)[/caption]<p><u>Locally Produced and Sourced Products</u></p>\n<p>The LEED system includes a location valuation factor that promotes the use of products extracted, manufactured and purchased within 100 miles of a project. Purchasing locally produced products helps support local businesses and reduce transportation-related environmental impacts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><u>Salvaged Materials</u></p>\n<p>Salvaged materials include materials saved during the deconstruction process and sold, donated, stored for later use, or reused on future projects (see <em>Deconstruction</em>). Construction and Demolition (C&amp;D) debris accounts for 534 million tons of waste, 90% the result of demolition work with the remaining 10% generated by construction activities.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Carefully dismantling a structure with the intent of reusing materials extends the useful life materials, requires less energy and raw materials, and produces less pollution than discarding or recycling materials.</p>\n<p>Identify materials to reuse, sell, donate, or recycle early in the planning process and develop a plan for salvaged materials in project documents such as the construction and demolition waste management plan (see <em>Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction</em>).<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></sup> Salvageable materials may include plumbing, light fixtures, doors, cabinets, working appliances, windows, millwork, carpet, brick, ceiling and floor tiles, wood, HVAC equipment, and decorative items such as fireplaces and stonework.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> When reusing salvaged materials, keep in mind that materials may contain chemicals not safe for the environment and human health. The EPA’s Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials site has information on potentially contaminated materials and substances.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Contact organizations and programs that facilitate the exchange or purchase of salvaged or surplus building materials. Other options include auctions and classified websites designed to sell, donate or buy materials. Check with a consulting a site such as <u><a href=\"http://www.bbb.org/us/charity\">The Better Business Bureau Wise Giving Alliance</a></u> to identify organizations eligible to receive donations.</p>\n<p><u>Rapidly Renewable Resources</u></p>\n<p>Rapidly renewable materials are natural, non-petroleum-based building materials and include agricultural by-products such as bamboo, straw, cork, natural linoleum products, cotton, sunflowers, hemp, wool, wheatboard, and strawboard. Using materials produced with rapidly growing plant-based products reduces the harvesting of forests and other resources that take decades to regenerate. Consider green building materials comprised of a composite of rapidly renewable materials and recycled content (e.g., newsprint, cotton, soy-based materials, seed husks).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a> Compare the environmental trade-offs of using a product such as global warming, resource depletion, indoor air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> Although some materials might be from rapidly renewable sources, they may require shipping from long distances or may not be as durable as other conventional materials.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example </strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://fallingwater.org/history-barn-fallingwater/\">Barn at Fallingwater</a></p>\n<p>An adaptive reuse project at the Barn at Fallingwater in Mill Run, Pennsylvania used the original characteristics of the barn and provided new space for administrative offices, exhibitions, lectures, classes, and programs. Along with furthering the connection between nature and architecture, the project earned a Silver LEED rating. This adaptive reuse project also incorporated several renewable resources such as straw panels for sound absorptive wall finishes and products from sunflower seed composite.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_304\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1026\"]<img class=\"wp-image-304 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Sustainable-Materials-Fig-5.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – Barn at Fallingwater (Source: Fallingwater.org)\" width=\"1026\" height=\"482\" /> Figure 5 – Barn at Fallingwater (Source: Fallingwater.org)[/caption]<p><u>Non-toxic, No/low-emitting Materials</u></p>\n<p>Safe, non-toxic or low-emitting materials release relatively low levels of odorous, irritating, toxic, or hazardous substances unhealthy to building occupants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a> Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (including formaldehyde), particulates, and fibers include substances often emitted from building materials that can adversely impact human health.</p>\n<p>VOCs contain carbon molecules and can vaporize from material surfaces into indoor air at average room temperatures (a process known as off-gassing).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn23\" name=\"_ednref23\">[23]</a> A non-toxic material must meet different thresholds of VOC emissions compliance depending on the material.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn24\" name=\"_ednref24\">[24]</a> Found in many everyday products and building materials, VOCs can escape into the air and cause illness and allergic reactions. Studies have linked elevated levels of VOCs and interior pollutants to health concerns that cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination, nausea, and other health problems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn25\" name=\"_ednref25\">[25]</a> People with respiratory problems, children, seniors and people with compromised immune systems are at higher risk of reactions from exposure than the general population.</p>\n<p>Increased awareness about possible health risks and indoor air quality concerns have helped to expand the market for safe, non-toxic materials. Low-emitting material credit requirements by LEED and other green building certifications have led to a demand for products lower in VOCs and toxic chemicals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn26\" name=\"_ednref26\">[26]</a> Several certification programs, standards, and criteria for selecting and evaluating sustainable materials include <a href=\"http://greenguard.org/en/index.aspx\">GREENGUARD</a> (indoor air quality certification), <a href=\"http://www.carpet-rug.org/commercial-customers/green-building-and-the-environment/green-label-plus/\">Green Label Plus</a> (carpets/rugs), <a href=\"http://www.greenseal.org/home.aspx\">Green Seal</a>, and <a href=\"http://www.scscertified.com/\">Scientific Certification Systems</a> (see <em>Safe, Non-Toxic Materials</em>).</p>\n<p><u>Durable Materials and Designing for Adaptability</u></p>\n<p>Selecting durable and adaptable materials reduces waste, extends the useful life of a building and contributes to the resiliency of the structure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn27\" name=\"_ednref27\">[27]</a> Durable materials require less repair and less frequent replacement so the environmental impacts of the resources that have been invested in those materials can be spread out over a longer time.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn28\" name=\"_ednref28\">[28]</a> A durability plan can help inform decision making throughout every phase of a building’s development and addresses factors such as sunlight, moisture, heat, insects, and natural disasters.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn29\" name=\"_ednref29\">[29]</a> Designing for adaptability allows materials to be easily disassembled and reused, thus providing economic benefits and reducing environmental impacts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn30\" name=\"_ednref30\">[30]</a></p>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>Careful selection and use of sustainable materials provide environmental benefits in many ways such as:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Conserving resources</li>\n<li>Reducing greenhouse gas emissions (in extraction, production, and shipping)</li>\n<li>Supporting local businesses and economy</li>\n<li>Ensuring safer air quality indoor (also overall regional air quality)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Consumer demand for sustainable materials and product certification is a powerful incentive for manufacturers and suppliers. By purchasing certified wood, for example, forest managers are more likely to adopt ecologically sound practices that maintain natural forest characteristics. Also, demand can help to move the wood industry away from destructive techniques like large-scale clearcutting, logging in endangered and old growth forests, and destruction of natural forests for replacement by barren tree plantations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn31\" name=\"_ednref31\"><sup>[31]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Choosing certified and/or salvaged wood and wood products can help:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Protect natural forests and other habitats</li>\n<li>Reduce the use of highly hazardous pesticides</li>\n<li>Minimize the cultivation of genetically modified trees (GMOs)</li>\n<li>Protect the rights of indigenous peoples</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Using post-consumer recycled content:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn32\" name=\"_ednref32\"><sup>[32]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces waste going into landfills and incinerators</li>\n<li>Preserves natural resources by reducing the use of virgin materials used to produce new products and materials</li>\n<li>Saves energy and prevents pollution caused by the extraction and processing of virgin materials and the manufacture of products using virgin materials</li>\n<li>Contributes to the recycling economy</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Using rapidly renewable materials can:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduce the use and depletion of finite raw materials</li>\n<li>Reduce the number and quantity of products made from fossil-fuel derivatives</li>\n<li>Reduce demand for materials that require longer to regenerate</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Salvaging materials during the demolition process shift the construction industry away from the conventional practice of consumption and disposal towards an ethic of resource efficiency and reuse. The benefits of using salvaged materials include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn33\" name=\"_ednref33\">[33]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Minimizing landfill waste and pollution and the need for more landfills</li>\n<li>Decreasing consumption and demand for new materials, reducing waste and pollution associated with the production of virgin materials</li>\n<li>Creating value-added markets from waste materials</li>\n<li>Expanding job opportunities and workforce development skills</li>\n<li>Reducing project costs through avoided disposal costs and purchases of new materials, revenue earned from material sales, and tax breaks gained for donations</li>\n<li>Preserving architectural and cultural heritage by salvaging unique materials</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The selection of building material and furnishings have a significant impact on indoor environmental quality. Benefits of choosing low-emitting materials include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn34\" name=\"_ednref34\">[34]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Improved indoor air quality.</li>\n<li>Improved worker safety and health.</li>\n<li>Reduced incidents of an eye and respiratory irritation, headaches, fatigue.</li>\n<li>Healthier environment for building occupants who are sensitive to specific products.</li>\n<li>Reduced pollution of groundwater and water supplies.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>There is a perception that sustainable products always cost more than conventional products. Some materials do have a higher first cost; however, the first cost is often made up within the overall life cycle cost of the material. Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) (see <em>Life Cycle Cost Analysis</em>) takes into account the lifecycle costs of building designs and systems while a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (see<em> Life Cycle Assessment)</em> evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn35\" name=\"_ednref35\">[35]</a> Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. There are also many sustainable materials available that are comparable in price to conventional materials.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn36\" name=\"_ednref36\">[36]</a> Low- and no-VOC paints typically cost about the same as a manufacturer’s premium line of paints.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn37\" name=\"_ednref37\">[37]</a> Furthermore, non-sustainable materials often do not reflect the costs (often referred to as “externalities”), such as expenses associated with cleaning up contamination and losses due to human health and illness.</p>\n<p>As a result of increased demand and changes in technology, post-consumer recycled products are readily available on the market today and are often comparable in cost and quality to products made with virgin materials. The price for recycled content padding and carpeting, for example, is often comparable to a conventional, virgin-fiber carpet.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn38\" name=\"_ednref38\"><sup>[38]</sup></a> Whether virgin or recycled, many factors impact the cost of products such as availability, cost of material feedstocks, energy costs, distributor mark-up, transportation charges, size and type of order, and geographic location. The cost-effectiveness of reusing, donating or selling salvaged building materials varies with each project, depending on the value of the salvaged materials, the market for these materials, and the costs of labor and disposal. Post-consumer recycled products may last longer or require less maintenance than their counterparts made with virgin material which can offset any additional up-front costs. Therefore, items with high wear and tear, maintenance or replacement frequency may be ideal candidates for post-consumer recycled products with higher upfront costs, but longer useful life expectancy.</p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Many of the benefits listed above also contribute to resiliency. Selecting sustainable materials can help protect human health by minimizing exposure to toxic components during an emergency and contributing to the durability of the facility and its contents. Protecting indoor air quality contributes to building occupants’ health and well-being and the ability of the occupants to function during and recover from disruption. Using sustainable materials, such as certified or salvaged wood can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems. Established networks and markets for salvaged materials also help divert and reuse debris generated by natural disasters and severe storm events that can contaminate the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn39\" name=\"_ednref39\">[39]</a> Salvaging materials from storms turn recovery efforts into a profit-generating resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.</p>\n<p>The use of safe, non-toxic materials in building assemblies and furnishings can help reduce the release of toxic chemicals into debris following storm surges, flooding, and high winds caused by natural disasters and severe storm events. For example, Superstorm Sandy generated over 8 million cubic yards of debris across the nine hardest-hit counties in New Jersey in only one day.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_edn40\" name=\"_ednref40\">[40]</a> Damaged and contaminated materials may include waterlogged drywall, plaster, insulation, flooring, carpets, mattresses, and upholstered furniture, that when put it into unlined landfills, can contaminate groundwater.</p>\n<p>Using moisture protective and inherent moisture-wicking materials, as well as materials resistant to excessive humidity such as glazed brick, concrete, stone, and decay-resistant lumber can also contribute to more resilient structures.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> CalRecycle. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Greenbuilding/Materials/\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Greenbuilding/Materials/</a> (accessed February 1, 2019)).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed February 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. The Road Ahead. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-materials-management-road-ahead\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-materials-management-road-ahead</a> (accessed November 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> BIAC. The Voice of OECD Business. Key Business Messages. Sustainable Materials Management. <a href=\"http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/18/46235661.pdf\">http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/18/46235661.pdf</a> (accessed November 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USGBC. Building Product Disclosure and Optimization – environmental product declarations. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-retail-new-construction-healthca-22\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-retail-new-construction-healthca-22</a> (accessed February 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US EPA. About the Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Program. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/about-environmentally-preferable-purchasing-program\">https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/about-environmentally-preferable-purchasing-program</a> (accessed February 3, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Cal Recycle. Matrix: Overview of Recycled Content and Availability. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/greenbuilding/materials/matrix\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/greenbuilding/materials/matrix</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> The Cradle to Cradle<sup>Ò</sup> program certifies products that meet multi-attribute criteria for: human and environmental health; Recyclability/compostability; renewable energy use; water stewardship social responsibility.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Natural Resources Defense Council. <a href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp\">http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Forest Stewardship Council. <a href=\"https://us.fsc.org/en-us\">https://us.fsc.org/en-us</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> USGBC. LEEDv4. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/guide/bdc\">https://www.usgbc.org/guide/bdc</a> (accessed February 1, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US EPA. Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2014 Fact Sheet. November 2016</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/2014_smmfactsheet_508.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/2014_smmfactsheet_508.pdf</a> (accessed  June 23, 2018)  (As cited in US EPA. Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Materials. February 2018. (<a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials</a>)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a> US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials. Aug 23, 2017. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials</a> (accessed July 2, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Habitat for Humanity. Habitat ReStore. “8 things to donate when renovating.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.habitat.org/stories/8-things-to-donate-when-renovating\">https://www.habitat.org/stories/8-things-to-donate-when-renovating</a> (accessed July 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials. Aug 23, 2017. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials (accessed July 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a>  US EPA Sustainable Materials Management. Comprehensive Procurement Guideline (CPG) Program. June 2018. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/comprehensive-procurement-guideline-cpg-program#content\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/comprehensive-procurement-guideline-cpg-program#content</a> (accessed July 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> Green-buildings.com. What are Rapidly Renewal Materials?  <a href=\"http://www.green-buildings.com/content/78325-rapidly-renewable-materials-leed-mr-credit-6-what-are-they\">http://www.green-buildings.com/content/78325-rapidly-renewable-materials-leed-mr-credit-6-what-are-they</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use</a>  (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref23\" name=\"_edn23\">[23]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref24\" name=\"_edn24\">[24]</a> LEED BD+C: New Construction | v4 – LEED v4. Low-emitting materials</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0</a>  (accessed April 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref25\" name=\"_edn25\">[25]</a> US EPA. An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality\">https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality</a>  (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref26\" name=\"_edn26\">[26]</a> LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref27\" name=\"_edn27\">[27]</a> US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials</a> (accessed February 18, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref28\" name=\"_edn28\">[28]</a> GreenBiz. Durability: A Key Component of Green Building. <a href=\"https://www.greenbiz.com/news/2005/12/18/durability-key-component-green-building\">https://www.greenbiz.com/news/2005/12/18/durability-key-component-green-building</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref29\" name=\"_edn29\">[29]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref30\" name=\"_edn30\">[30]</a> US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials.  <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref31\" name=\"_edn31\">[31]</a> Natural Resources Defense Council. How to Buy Good Wood. <a href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp\">http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref32\" name=\"_edn32\">[32]</a> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Economic Benefits of Recycling. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/economic.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/economic.htm</a> (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref33\" name=\"_edn33\">[33]</a> CalRecycle. Construction and Demolition Debris Recycling. February 2018. <u><a href=\"http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/\">http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/</a></u> (accessed July 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref34\" name=\"_edn34\">[34]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref35\" name=\"_edn35\">[35]</a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref36\" name=\"_edn36\">[36]</a> CalRecycle. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/Greenbuilding/Training/StateManual/Materials.doc\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/Greenbuilding/Training/StateManual/Materials.doc</a>  (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref37\" name=\"_edn37\">[37]</a> Cost Helper. How Much Does Painting an Interior Cost? <a href=\"http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html\">http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref38\" name=\"_edn38\">[38]</a> New World Climate. Best Low Voc Carpets for your Home. <a href=\"http://www.nwclimate.org/green-home/low-voc-carpets-and-rugs/\">http://www.nwclimate.org/green-home/low-voc-carpets-and-rugs/</a>  (accessed February 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref39\" name=\"_edn39\">[39]</a> NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf</a> (accessed July 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/#_ednref40\" name=\"_edn40\">[40]</a> NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/\">Construction &amp; Demolition Waste Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/\">Flexible Workspaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-non-toxic-materials/\">Safe, Non-toxic Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/health/iep/index.shtml\">NJ Department of Health and Senior Services – Indoor Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/iaq/greenbuilding/index.html\">US EPA Indoor Air Quality – Green Indoor Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide: Evaluating and Selecting Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Green Product Certifications and Standards:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.carpet-rug.org/commercial-customers/green-building-and-the-environment/index.cfm\">Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.c2ccertified.org\">Cradle to Cradle</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.greenguard.org/\">The GREENGUARD Environmental Institute</a> is an industry-independent, not-for-profit organization that oversees the GREENGUARD Certification programs.</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.greenseal.org/Home.aspx\">Green Seal</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org\">International Living Future Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf\">LEED: Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ecolabelindex.com/ecolabel/scs-indoor-advantage\">Scientific Certification Systems Indoor Advantage </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://mts.sustainableproducts.com/SMaRT_product_standard.html\">SMaRt Consensus Sustainable Product Standards</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Sustainable Materials','','inherit','closed','closed','','1596-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 15:06:13','2022-04-14 15:06:13','',1596,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1602',0,'revision','',0),(1603,2,'2022-04-14 15:07:54','2022-04-14 15:07:54','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"New Commercial Buildings\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The Manual supports the construction of new green commercial buildings with diminished energy and environmental footprints and the greening of existing commercial buildings. This approach limits the impact of the built environment on the natural environment, while sensitivity to the location of building activities helps to prevent urban sprawl and preserves natural resources.</p>\n<p>Best practice strategies include all aspects of green building and design with an added focus on those that jointly promote energy efficiency and resiliency in keeping with the State of New Jersey policy objectives. The Manual organizes best practice strategies according to an operational framework based on a design-build-operate-evaluate process. Each strategy includes a short explanation or definition, implementation recommendations, New Jersey specific examples (when available), and sections on strategy benefits, costs, resiliency (if applicable), and additional resources.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Design\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf568;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operational Tools\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe035;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/building-information-modeling-bim/\">Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/\">Brownfield and Infill Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/\">Site Protection Plan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p><strong>Envelope</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Mechanicals and Equipment</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Energy Supply</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/\">Biomass Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/\">On-Site Wind Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/\">Photovoltaic Systems (PV)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Water\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf043;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/\">Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/\">On-Site Alternative Water Re-use</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Backup Systems\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf5df;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/\">Emergency Water Supply and Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-storm-preparation-and-emergency-planning/\">Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/\">Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/\">Flexible Workspaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/\">Non-Toxic Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Build\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf6e3;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Operate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf085;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operations & Maintenance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe038;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Smart Infrastructure\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1eb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Evaluate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf3fd;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Building Performance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf080;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.03)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Case Studies</h2>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"30%\" module_alignment=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_divider][et_pb_portfolio fullwidth=\"off\" include_categories=\"3\" show_categories=\"off\" show_pagination=\"off\" hover_overlay_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_portfolio][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','New Commercial','','inherit','closed','closed','','659-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 15:07:54','2022-04-14 15:07:54','',659,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1603',0,'revision','',0),(1605,2,'2022-04-14 15:32:22','2022-04-14 15:32:22','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Construction and Demolition (C&amp;D) Waste?</strong></h2>\n<p>Construction and demolition (C&amp;D) waste consists of the debris generated during the construction, renovation, and demolition of buildings. C&amp;D waste often contains bulky, heavy materials, such as concrete, wood, metals, glass, and salvaged building components.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Demolition accounts for more than 90% of C&amp;D waste and construction represent less than 10%<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a>; therefore, the concept of deconstruction is also essential to consider. Deconstruction is the practice of disassembling a building to salvage materials (joists, flooring, siding, fixtures) reused for new construction.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Carefully dismantling a structure with the intent of reusing materials extends the useful life of the material and requires less energy and raw materials and produces less pollution than discarding or even recycling materials.</p>\n<p>The disposal of C&amp;D waste contributes to environmental concerns including wasted materials and embodied energy, greenhouse gas generation, and other environmental impacts associated with producing new materials instead of using existing materials. Also, the number of C&amp;D landfills is declining, which means fewer disposal options, greater hauling distances, and increased fuel consumption and vehicle emissions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Many C&amp;D waste materials can be reused on-site or elsewhere, or recycled (see <em>Sustainable Materials</em>, <em>Source Reduction &amp; Recycling</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Some materials may be toxic or classified as hazardous waste and require special handling and disposal.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_86\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"wp-image-86 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NR-CD-Waste-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Dumpster with construction debris (source: Flickr – David d’O http://www.flickr.com/photos/david_o/534454633/sizes/l/in/photostream/)\" width=\"556\" height=\"742\" /> Figure 1 – Dumpster with construction debris (source: Flickr – David d’O http://www.flickr.com/photos/david_o/534454633/sizes/l/in/photostream/)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement C&amp;D Waste Reduction</strong></h2>\n<p>Designing to prevent waste is an important first step in C&amp;D waste management, accomplished by using standard sizes, advanced framing techniques, prefabrication, on-site protection of materials, and by returning unused materials to suppliers, among other strategies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Make a plan and communicated clearly to the construction team specifying which items to reuse and which to recycle.</p>\n<p>Important considerations for construction and demolition waste reduction include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Design to prevent waste</li>\n<li>Know the waste stream (e.g., project waste materials, including hazardous materials)</li>\n<li>Become familiar with local ordinances and regulations</li>\n<li>Use specifications to set recycling goals and delineate responsibilities</li>\n<li>Require a construction waste management plan</li>\n<li>Educate project team about construction &amp; demolition waste recycling goals</li>\n<li>Monitor waste management performance</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Materials can be recycled onsite or offsite at a construction and demolition processor. Typical materials recycled from building sites include metal, lumber, asphalt, pavement, concrete, roofing material, corrugated cardboard, and wallboard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> There are many recycling centers in New Jersey for the scrap metal and corrugated cardboard generated by construction and demolition activities. Concrete, concrete block, asphalt, and brick are typically crushed and used as a substitute for quarry stone in road construction projects or used as a fill material in various applications. Decorative landscaping material use crushed brick and non-chemically treated and non-painted wood scrap, as well as tree stumps and tree trunks, are shredded and sold as landscaping mulch.</p>\n<p>Planning is also essential for a successful deconstruction project. There are many steps to consider with deconstruction such as creating safety and materials management plans, surveying and taking inventory of the building materials, environmental health, and compliance, and coordinating with historic preservation designations.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://willowschool.org/\">The Willow School – Gladstone, N.J.</a></p>\n<p>According to the founder of The Willow School, the first LEED Gold Certified Building in NJ (2002), the project recycled over 85% of its construction waste. White pine trees removed during construction were sent to an NJ company to be milled and made into a wide variety of furniture. Built-in closets, bookshelves, chairs, and desks for students utilized salvaged white pine from the property.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_240\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"532\"]<img class=\"wp-image-240 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-CD-Waste-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – The Willow School (Source: Mark Biedron LEED AP, co-Founder)\" width=\"532\" height=\"358\" /> Figure 2 – The Willow School (Source: Mark Biedron LEED AP, co-Founder)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Benefits of reducing and recycling C&amp;D waste:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></sup></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Conserves landfill space</li>\n<li>Reduces the release of methane (a potent greenhouse gas) from landfills</li>\n<li>Reduces the environmental impact of producing new materials</li>\n<li>Conserves natural resources</li>\n<li>Reduces overall project expenses through avoided purchase or disposal costs</li>\n<li>Creates jobs</li>\n<li>Deconstruction preserves architectural heritage by salvaging unique materials</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>EPA’s Recycling Economic Information (REI) report indicates that recycling and reuse of materials create jobs and generates local and state tax revenues. Out of the recycling categories, C&amp;D materials recycling contributed the most in the areas considered: jobs, wage, and tax revenue.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Cost savings associated with C&amp;D waste reduction reduces costs by avoiding the cost of disposal, potential revenue from the sale of recycled materials, and reductions in the need for waste disposal services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Disposal fees are an expensive part of the demolition.</p>\n<p>Depending on the building, deconstruction can salvage a large amount of material from a building and lead to savings on avoided disposal fees. Deconstruction typically requires more time and labor than traditional demolition but also provides more jobs and is an excellent opportunity for job training in the construction trades. The feasibility and cost-effectiveness of deconstruction are different for every building depending on a building’s construction and the material composition. Most wood-frame and some metal-frame buildings can apply deconstruction methods. The building components, their condition, and the method of attachment to the structure can affect the cost-effectiveness of salvaging materials. Deconstruction requires more labor for disassembly, removal, and sorting than conventional demolition. These costs can be balanced out with careful planning and accounting for the value of the salvaged building materials and the avoided cost of disposal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Many of the benefits listed above also contribute to resiliency. Reducing waste and reusing or recycling materials can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems. Established networks and markets for salvaged materials also help divert and reuse debris generated by natural disasters and severe storm events that can contaminate the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Salvaging materials from storms turn recovery efforts into a profit-generating resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Construction and Demolition Materials. <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/rrr/imr/cdm/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/rrr/imr/cdm/index.htm</a> (accessed March 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Materials <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials#America\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials#America</a> (accessed March 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> BMRA. <a href=\"https://bmra.org/\">https://bmra.org/</a>  (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Construction Waste Management. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Construction Waste Management. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php</a> (accessed March 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Northeast Recycling Council. <a href=\"https://nerc.org/documents/moving_toward_zero_waste_cost_savings_a_roadmap_contractors_builders.pdf\">https://nerc.org/documents/moving_toward_zero_waste_cost_savings_a_roadmap_contractors_builders.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> CalRecycle. C&amp;D Recycling Toolkit for Contractors. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/Toolkit/\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/Toolkit/</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Recover your Resources. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210320011226/https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-recover-your-resources-reduce-reuse-and-recycle-construction-and-demolition\">https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-recover-your-resources-reduce-reuse-and-recycle-construction-and-demolition</a>  (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> NYC DDC. <a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/waste.pdf\">http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/waste.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US EPA. Recycling Economic Information report. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/final_2016_rei_report.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/final_2016_rei_report.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> NJ DEP. The Economic Benefits of Recycling and Waste Reduction – Wastewise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">https://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Seattle.gov. Salvage and Deconstruction. <a href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/util/forbusinesses/construction/cdwastemanagement/salvageanddeconstruction/\">http://www.seattle.gov/util/forbusinesses/construction/cdwastemanagement/salvageanddeconstruction/</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf</a> (accessed July 20, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenhomenyc.org/building/build-it-green-nyc/\">Build it Green! NYC</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bmra.org/\">Building Materials Reuse Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/waste.pdf\">City of New York Department of Design and Construction – Construction and Demolition Manual</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://cdrecycling.org/\">Construction and Demolition Recycling Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.habitat.org/cd/env/restore_detail.aspx?place=67\">Habitat for Humanity Restore Directory – New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.morrishabitat.org/programs/deconstruction\">Morris Habitat for Humanity – Deconstruction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ DEP – The Economic Benefits of Recycling and Waste Reduction – Wastewise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us./dep/dshw/\">NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nerc.org\">Northeast Recycling Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nerc.org/documents/moving_toward_zero_waste_cost_savings_a_roadmap_contractors_builders.pdf\">Northeast Recycling Council – Moving Toward Zero Waste &amp; Cost Savings – A Roadmap for Builders and Contractors for Construction &amp; Demolition Projects</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/imr/cdm/reuse.htm\">US EPA: Deconstruction and Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/tools/cwm.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Construction Waste Management Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.zerowastedesign.org/\">Zero Waste Design Guidelines</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste','','','2022-06-23 19:04:35','2022-06-23 19:04:35','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1605',0,'post','',0),(1606,2,'2022-04-14 15:10:19','2022-04-14 15:10:19','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1605-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 15:10:19','2022-04-14 15:10:19','',1605,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1606',0,'revision','',0),(1608,2,'2022-04-14 15:32:22','2022-04-14 15:32:22','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Construction and Demolition (C&amp;D) Waste?</strong></h2>\n<p>Construction and demolition (C&amp;D) waste consists of the debris generated during the construction, renovation, and demolition of buildings. C&amp;D waste often contains bulky, heavy materials, such as concrete, wood, metals, glass, and salvaged building components.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Demolition accounts for more than 90% of C&amp;D waste and construction represent less than 10%<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a>; therefore, the concept of deconstruction is also essential to consider. Deconstruction is the practice of disassembling a building to salvage materials (joists, flooring, siding, fixtures) reused for new construction.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Carefully dismantling a structure with the intent of reusing materials extends the useful life of the material and requires less energy and raw materials and produces less pollution than discarding or even recycling materials.</p>\n<p>The disposal of C&amp;D waste contributes to environmental concerns including wasted materials and embodied energy, greenhouse gas generation, and other environmental impacts associated with producing new materials instead of using existing materials. Also, the number of C&amp;D landfills is declining, which means fewer disposal options, greater hauling distances, and increased fuel consumption and vehicle emissions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Many C&amp;D waste materials can be reused on-site or elsewhere, or recycled (see <em>Sustainable Materials</em>, <em>Source Reduction &amp; Recycling</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Some materials may be toxic or classified as hazardous waste and require special handling and disposal.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_86\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"wp-image-86 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NR-CD-Waste-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Dumpster with construction debris (source: Flickr – David d’O http://www.flickr.com/photos/david_o/534454633/sizes/l/in/photostream/)\" width=\"556\" height=\"742\" /> Figure 1 – Dumpster with construction debris (source: Flickr – David d’O http://www.flickr.com/photos/david_o/534454633/sizes/l/in/photostream/)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement C&amp;D Waste Reduction</strong></h2>\n<p>Designing to prevent waste is an important first step in C&amp;D waste management, accomplished by using standard sizes, advanced framing techniques, prefabrication, on-site protection of materials, and by returning unused materials to suppliers, among other strategies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Make a plan and communicated clearly to the construction team specifying which items to reuse and which to recycle.</p>\n<p>Important considerations for construction and demolition waste reduction include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Design to prevent waste</li>\n<li>Know the waste stream (e.g., project waste materials, including hazardous materials)</li>\n<li>Become familiar with local ordinances and regulations</li>\n<li>Use specifications to set recycling goals and delineate responsibilities</li>\n<li>Require a construction waste management plan</li>\n<li>Educate project team about construction &amp; demolition waste recycling goals</li>\n<li>Monitor waste management performance</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Materials can be recycled onsite or offsite at a construction and demolition processor. Typical materials recycled from building sites include metal, lumber, asphalt, pavement, concrete, roofing material, corrugated cardboard, and wallboard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> There are many recycling centers in New Jersey for the scrap metal and corrugated cardboard generated by construction and demolition activities. Concrete, concrete block, asphalt, and brick are typically crushed and used as a substitute for quarry stone in road construction projects or used as a fill material in various applications. Decorative landscaping material use crushed brick and non-chemically treated and non-painted wood scrap, as well as tree stumps and tree trunks, are shredded and sold as landscaping mulch.</p>\n<p>Planning is also essential for a successful deconstruction project. There are many steps to consider with deconstruction such as creating safety and materials management plans, surveying and taking inventory of the building materials, environmental health, and compliance, and coordinating with historic preservation designations.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://willowschool.org/\">The Willow School – Gladstone, N.J.</a></p>\n<p>According to the founder of The Willow School, the first LEED Gold Certified Building in NJ (2002), the project recycled over 85% of its construction waste. White pine trees removed during construction were sent to an NJ company to be milled and made into a wide variety of furniture. Built-in closets, bookshelves, chairs, and desks for students utilized salvaged white pine from the property.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_240\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"532\"]<img class=\"wp-image-240 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-CD-Waste-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – The Willow School (Source: Mark Biedron LEED AP, co-Founder)\" width=\"532\" height=\"358\" /> Figure 2 – The Willow School (Source: Mark Biedron LEED AP, co-Founder)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Benefits of reducing and recycling C&amp;D waste:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></sup></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Conserves landfill space</li>\n<li>Reduces the release of methane (a potent greenhouse gas) from landfills</li>\n<li>Reduces the environmental impact of producing new materials</li>\n<li>Conserves natural resources</li>\n<li>Reduces overall project expenses through avoided purchase or disposal costs</li>\n<li>Creates jobs</li>\n<li>Deconstruction preserves architectural heritage by salvaging unique materials</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>EPA’s Recycling Economic Information (REI) report indicates that recycling and reuse of materials create jobs and generates local and state tax revenues. Out of the recycling categories, C&amp;D materials recycling contributed the most in the areas considered: jobs, wage, and tax revenue.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Cost savings associated with C&amp;D waste reduction reduces costs by avoiding the cost of disposal, potential revenue from the sale of recycled materials, and reductions in the need for waste disposal services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Disposal fees are an expensive part of the demolition.</p>\n<p>Depending on the building, deconstruction can salvage a large amount of material from a building and lead to savings on avoided disposal fees. Deconstruction typically requires more time and labor than traditional demolition but also provides more jobs and is an excellent opportunity for job training in the construction trades. The feasibility and cost-effectiveness of deconstruction are different for every building depending on a building’s construction and the material composition. Most wood-frame and some metal-frame buildings can apply deconstruction methods. The building components, their condition, and the method of attachment to the structure can affect the cost-effectiveness of salvaging materials. Deconstruction requires more labor for disassembly, removal, and sorting than conventional demolition. These costs can be balanced out with careful planning and accounting for the value of the salvaged building materials and the avoided cost of disposal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Many of the benefits listed above also contribute to resiliency. Reducing waste and reusing or recycling materials can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems. Established networks and markets for salvaged materials also help divert and reuse debris generated by natural disasters and severe storm events that can contaminate the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Salvaging materials from storms turn recovery efforts into a profit-generating resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Construction and Demolition Materials. <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/rrr/imr/cdm/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/rrr/imr/cdm/index.htm</a> (accessed March 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Materials <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials#America\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials#America</a> (accessed March 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> BMRA. <a href=\"https://bmra.org/\">https://bmra.org/</a>  (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Construction Waste Management. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Construction Waste Management. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php</a> (accessed March 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Northeast Recycling Council. <a href=\"https://nerc.org/documents/moving_toward_zero_waste_cost_savings_a_roadmap_contractors_builders.pdf\">https://nerc.org/documents/moving_toward_zero_waste_cost_savings_a_roadmap_contractors_builders.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> CalRecycle. C&amp;D Recycling Toolkit for Contractors. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/Toolkit/\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/Toolkit/</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Recover your Resources. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-recover-your-resources-reduce-reuse-and-recycle-construction-and-demolition\">https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-recover-your-resources-reduce-reuse-and-recycle-construction-and-demolition</a>  (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> NYC DDC. <a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/waste.pdf\">http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/waste.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US EPA. Recycling Economic Information report. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/final_2016_rei_report.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/final_2016_rei_report.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> NJ DEP. The Economic Benefits of Recycling and Waste Reduction – Wastewise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">https://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Seattle.gov. Salvage and Deconstruction. <a href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/util/forbusinesses/construction/cdwastemanagement/salvageanddeconstruction/\">http://www.seattle.gov/util/forbusinesses/construction/cdwastemanagement/salvageanddeconstruction/</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf</a> (accessed July 20, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenhomenyc.org/building/build-it-green-nyc/\">Build it Green! NYC</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bmra.org/\">Building Materials Reuse Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/waste.pdf\">City of New York Department of Design and Construction – Construction and Demolition Manual</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://cdrecycling.org/\">Construction and Demolition Recycling Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.habitat.org/cd/env/restore_detail.aspx?place=67\">Habitat for Humanity Restore Directory – New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.morrishabitat.org/programs/deconstruction\">Morris Habitat for Humanity – Deconstruction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ DEP – The Economic Benefits of Recycling and Waste Reduction – Wastewise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us./dep/dshw/\">NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nerc.org\">Northeast Recycling Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nerc.org/documents/moving_toward_zero_waste_cost_savings_a_roadmap_contractors_builders.pdf\">Northeast Recycling Council – Moving Toward Zero Waste &amp; Cost Savings – A Roadmap for Builders and Contractors for Construction &amp; Demolition Projects</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/imr/cdm/reuse.htm\">US EPA: Deconstruction and Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/tools/cwm.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Construction Waste Management Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.zerowastedesign.org/\">Zero Waste Design Guidelines</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste','','inherit','closed','closed','','1605-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 15:32:22','2022-04-14 15:32:22','',1605,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1608',0,'revision','',0),(1609,2,'2022-04-14 15:32:22','2022-04-14 15:32:22','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Construction and Demolition (C&amp;D) Waste?</strong></h2>\n<p>Construction and demolition (C&amp;D) waste consists of the debris generated during the construction, renovation, and demolition of buildings. C&amp;D waste often contains bulky, heavy materials, such as concrete, wood, metals, glass, and salvaged building components.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Demolition accounts for more than 90% of C&amp;D waste and construction represent less than 10%<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a>; therefore, the concept of deconstruction is also essential to consider. Deconstruction is the practice of disassembling a building to salvage materials (joists, flooring, siding, fixtures) reused for new construction.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Carefully dismantling a structure with the intent of reusing materials extends the useful life of the material and requires less energy and raw materials and produces less pollution than discarding or even recycling materials.</p>\n<p>The disposal of C&amp;D waste contributes to environmental concerns including wasted materials and embodied energy, greenhouse gas generation, and other environmental impacts associated with producing new materials instead of using existing materials. Also, the number of C&amp;D landfills is declining, which means fewer disposal options, greater hauling distances, and increased fuel consumption and vehicle emissions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Many C&amp;D waste materials can be reused on-site or elsewhere, or recycled (see <em>Sustainable Materials</em>, <em>Source Reduction &amp; Recycling</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Some materials may be toxic or classified as hazardous waste and require special handling and disposal.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_86\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"wp-image-86 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NR-CD-Waste-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Dumpster with construction debris (source: Flickr – David d’O http://www.flickr.com/photos/david_o/534454633/sizes/l/in/photostream/)\" width=\"556\" height=\"742\" /> Figure 1 – Dumpster with construction debris (source: Flickr – David d’O http://www.flickr.com/photos/david_o/534454633/sizes/l/in/photostream/)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement C&amp;D Waste Reduction</strong></h2>\n<p>Designing to prevent waste is an important first step in C&amp;D waste management, accomplished by using standard sizes, advanced framing techniques, prefabrication, on-site protection of materials, and by returning unused materials to suppliers, among other strategies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Make a plan and communicated clearly to the construction team specifying which items to reuse and which to recycle.</p>\n<p>Important considerations for construction and demolition waste reduction include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Design to prevent waste</li>\n<li>Know the waste stream (e.g., project waste materials, including hazardous materials)</li>\n<li>Become familiar with local ordinances and regulations</li>\n<li>Use specifications to set recycling goals and delineate responsibilities</li>\n<li>Require a construction waste management plan</li>\n<li>Educate project team about construction &amp; demolition waste recycling goals</li>\n<li>Monitor waste management performance</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Materials can be recycled onsite or offsite at a construction and demolition processor. Typical materials recycled from building sites include metal, lumber, asphalt, pavement, concrete, roofing material, corrugated cardboard, and wallboard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> There are many recycling centers in New Jersey for the scrap metal and corrugated cardboard generated by construction and demolition activities. Concrete, concrete block, asphalt, and brick are typically crushed and used as a substitute for quarry stone in road construction projects or used as a fill material in various applications. Decorative landscaping material use crushed brick and non-chemically treated and non-painted wood scrap, as well as tree stumps and tree trunks, are shredded and sold as landscaping mulch.</p>\n<p>Planning is also essential for a successful deconstruction project. There are many steps to consider with deconstruction such as creating safety and materials management plans, surveying and taking inventory of the building materials, environmental health, and compliance, and coordinating with historic preservation designations.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://willowschool.org/\">The Willow School – Gladstone, N.J.</a></p>\n<p>According to the founder of The Willow School, the first LEED Gold Certified Building in NJ (2002), the project recycled over 85% of its construction waste. White pine trees removed during construction were sent to an NJ company to be milled and made into a wide variety of furniture. Built-in closets, bookshelves, chairs, and desks for students utilized salvaged white pine from the property.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_240\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"532\"]<img class=\"wp-image-240 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-CD-Waste-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – The Willow School (Source: Mark Biedron LEED AP, co-Founder)\" width=\"532\" height=\"358\" /> Figure 2 – The Willow School (Source: Mark Biedron LEED AP, co-Founder)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Benefits of reducing and recycling C&amp;D waste:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></sup></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Conserves landfill space</li>\n<li>Reduces the release of methane (a potent greenhouse gas) from landfills</li>\n<li>Reduces the environmental impact of producing new materials</li>\n<li>Conserves natural resources</li>\n<li>Reduces overall project expenses through avoided purchase or disposal costs</li>\n<li>Creates jobs</li>\n<li>Deconstruction preserves architectural heritage by salvaging unique materials</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>EPA’s Recycling Economic Information (REI) report indicates that recycling and reuse of materials create jobs and generates local and state tax revenues. Out of the recycling categories, C&amp;D materials recycling contributed the most in the areas considered: jobs, wage, and tax revenue.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Cost savings associated with C&amp;D waste reduction reduces costs by avoiding the cost of disposal, potential revenue from the sale of recycled materials, and reductions in the need for waste disposal services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Disposal fees are an expensive part of the demolition.</p>\n<p>Depending on the building, deconstruction can salvage a large amount of material from a building and lead to savings on avoided disposal fees. Deconstruction typically requires more time and labor than traditional demolition but also provides more jobs and is an excellent opportunity for job training in the construction trades. The feasibility and cost-effectiveness of deconstruction are different for every building depending on a building’s construction and the material composition. Most wood-frame and some metal-frame buildings can apply deconstruction methods. The building components, their condition, and the method of attachment to the structure can affect the cost-effectiveness of salvaging materials. Deconstruction requires more labor for disassembly, removal, and sorting than conventional demolition. These costs can be balanced out with careful planning and accounting for the value of the salvaged building materials and the avoided cost of disposal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Many of the benefits listed above also contribute to resiliency. Reducing waste and reusing or recycling materials can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems. Established networks and markets for salvaged materials also help divert and reuse debris generated by natural disasters and severe storm events that can contaminate the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Salvaging materials from storms turn recovery efforts into a profit-generating resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Construction and Demolition Materials. <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/rrr/imr/cdm/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/rrr/imr/cdm/index.htm</a> (accessed March 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Materials <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials#America\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials#America</a> (accessed March 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> BMRA. <a href=\"https://bmra.org/\">https://bmra.org/</a>  (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Construction Waste Management. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Construction Waste Management. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php</a> (accessed March 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Northeast Recycling Council. <a href=\"https://nerc.org/documents/moving_toward_zero_waste_cost_savings_a_roadmap_contractors_builders.pdf\">https://nerc.org/documents/moving_toward_zero_waste_cost_savings_a_roadmap_contractors_builders.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> CalRecycle. C&amp;D Recycling Toolkit for Contractors. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/Toolkit/\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/Toolkit/</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Recover your Resources. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-recover-your-resources-reduce-reuse-and-recycle-construction-and-demolition\">https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-recover-your-resources-reduce-reuse-and-recycle-construction-and-demolition</a>  (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> NYC DDC. <a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/waste.pdf\">http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/waste.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US EPA. Recycling Economic Information report. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/final_2016_rei_report.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/final_2016_rei_report.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> NJ DEP. The Economic Benefits of Recycling and Waste Reduction – Wastewise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">https://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Seattle.gov. Salvage and Deconstruction. <a href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/util/forbusinesses/construction/cdwastemanagement/salvageanddeconstruction/\">http://www.seattle.gov/util/forbusinesses/construction/cdwastemanagement/salvageanddeconstruction/</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf</a> (accessed July 20, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenhomenyc.org/building/build-it-green-nyc/\">Build it Green! NYC</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bmra.org/\">Building Materials Reuse Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/waste.pdf\">City of New York Department of Design and Construction – Construction and Demolition Manual</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://cdrecycling.org/\">Construction and Demolition Recycling Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.habitat.org/cd/env/restore_detail.aspx?place=67\">Habitat for Humanity Restore Directory – New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.morrishabitat.org/programs/deconstruction\">Morris Habitat for Humanity – Deconstruction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ DEP – The Economic Benefits of Recycling and Waste Reduction – Wastewise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us./dep/dshw/\">NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nerc.org\">Northeast Recycling Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nerc.org/documents/moving_toward_zero_waste_cost_savings_a_roadmap_contractors_builders.pdf\">Northeast Recycling Council – Moving Toward Zero Waste &amp; Cost Savings – A Roadmap for Builders and Contractors for Construction &amp; Demolition Projects</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/imr/cdm/reuse.htm\">US EPA: Deconstruction and Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/tools/cwm.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Construction Waste Management Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.zerowastedesign.org/\">Zero Waste Design Guidelines</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1605-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 15:32:22','2022-04-14 15:32:22','',1605,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1609',0,'revision','',0),(1610,2,'2022-04-14 15:32:25','2022-04-14 15:32:25','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Construction and Demolition (C&amp;D) Waste?</strong></h2>\n<p>Construction and demolition (C&amp;D) waste consists of the debris generated during the construction, renovation, and demolition of buildings. C&amp;D waste often contains bulky, heavy materials, such as concrete, wood, metals, glass, and salvaged building components.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Demolition accounts for more than 90% of C&amp;D waste and construction represent less than 10%<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a>; therefore, the concept of deconstruction is also essential to consider. Deconstruction is the practice of disassembling a building to salvage materials (joists, flooring, siding, fixtures) reused for new construction.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Carefully dismantling a structure with the intent of reusing materials extends the useful life of the material and requires less energy and raw materials and produces less pollution than discarding or even recycling materials.</p>\n<p>The disposal of C&amp;D waste contributes to environmental concerns including wasted materials and embodied energy, greenhouse gas generation, and other environmental impacts associated with producing new materials instead of using existing materials. Also, the number of C&amp;D landfills is declining, which means fewer disposal options, greater hauling distances, and increased fuel consumption and vehicle emissions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Many C&amp;D waste materials can be reused on-site or elsewhere, or recycled (see <em>Sustainable Materials</em>, <em>Source Reduction &amp; Recycling</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Some materials may be toxic or classified as hazardous waste and require special handling and disposal.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_86\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"wp-image-86 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NR-CD-Waste-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Dumpster with construction debris (source: Flickr – David d’O http://www.flickr.com/photos/david_o/534454633/sizes/l/in/photostream/)\" width=\"556\" height=\"742\" /> Figure 1 – Dumpster with construction debris (source: Flickr – David d’O http://www.flickr.com/photos/david_o/534454633/sizes/l/in/photostream/)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement C&amp;D Waste Reduction</strong></h2>\n<p>Designing to prevent waste is an important first step in C&amp;D waste management, accomplished by using standard sizes, advanced framing techniques, prefabrication, on-site protection of materials, and by returning unused materials to suppliers, among other strategies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Make a plan and communicated clearly to the construction team specifying which items to reuse and which to recycle.</p>\n<p>Important considerations for construction and demolition waste reduction include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Design to prevent waste</li>\n<li>Know the waste stream (e.g., project waste materials, including hazardous materials)</li>\n<li>Become familiar with local ordinances and regulations</li>\n<li>Use specifications to set recycling goals and delineate responsibilities</li>\n<li>Require a construction waste management plan</li>\n<li>Educate project team about construction &amp; demolition waste recycling goals</li>\n<li>Monitor waste management performance</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Materials can be recycled onsite or offsite at a construction and demolition processor. Typical materials recycled from building sites include metal, lumber, asphalt, pavement, concrete, roofing material, corrugated cardboard, and wallboard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> There are many recycling centers in New Jersey for the scrap metal and corrugated cardboard generated by construction and demolition activities. Concrete, concrete block, asphalt, and brick are typically crushed and used as a substitute for quarry stone in road construction projects or used as a fill material in various applications. Decorative landscaping material use crushed brick and non-chemically treated and non-painted wood scrap, as well as tree stumps and tree trunks, are shredded and sold as landscaping mulch.</p>\n<p>Planning is also essential for a successful deconstruction project. There are many steps to consider with deconstruction such as creating safety and materials management plans, surveying and taking inventory of the building materials, environmental health, and compliance, and coordinating with historic preservation designations.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://willowschool.org/\">The Willow School – Gladstone, N.J.</a></p>\n<p>According to the founder of The Willow School, the first LEED Gold Certified Building in NJ (2002), the project recycled over 85% of its construction waste. White pine trees removed during construction were sent to an NJ company to be milled and made into a wide variety of furniture. Built-in closets, bookshelves, chairs, and desks for students utilized salvaged white pine from the property.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_240\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"532\"]<img class=\"wp-image-240 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-CD-Waste-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – The Willow School (Source: Mark Biedron LEED AP, co-Founder)\" width=\"532\" height=\"358\" /> Figure 2 – The Willow School (Source: Mark Biedron LEED AP, co-Founder)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Benefits of reducing and recycling C&amp;D waste:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></sup></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Conserves landfill space</li>\n<li>Reduces the release of methane (a potent greenhouse gas) from landfills</li>\n<li>Reduces the environmental impact of producing new materials</li>\n<li>Conserves natural resources</li>\n<li>Reduces overall project expenses through avoided purchase or disposal costs</li>\n<li>Creates jobs</li>\n<li>Deconstruction preserves architectural heritage by salvaging unique materials</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>EPA’s Recycling Economic Information (REI) report indicates that recycling and reuse of materials create jobs and generates local and state tax revenues. Out of the recycling categories, C&amp;D materials recycling contributed the most in the areas considered: jobs, wage, and tax revenue.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Cost savings associated with C&amp;D waste reduction reduces costs by avoiding the cost of disposal, potential revenue from the sale of recycled materials, and reductions in the need for waste disposal services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Disposal fees are an expensive part of the demolition.</p>\n<p>Depending on the building, deconstruction can salvage a large amount of material from a building and lead to savings on avoided disposal fees. Deconstruction typically requires more time and labor than traditional demolition but also provides more jobs and is an excellent opportunity for job training in the construction trades. The feasibility and cost-effectiveness of deconstruction are different for every building depending on a building’s construction and the material composition. Most wood-frame and some metal-frame buildings can apply deconstruction methods. The building components, their condition, and the method of attachment to the structure can affect the cost-effectiveness of salvaging materials. Deconstruction requires more labor for disassembly, removal, and sorting than conventional demolition. These costs can be balanced out with careful planning and accounting for the value of the salvaged building materials and the avoided cost of disposal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Many of the benefits listed above also contribute to resiliency. Reducing waste and reusing or recycling materials can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems. Established networks and markets for salvaged materials also help divert and reuse debris generated by natural disasters and severe storm events that can contaminate the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Salvaging materials from storms turn recovery efforts into a profit-generating resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Construction and Demolition Materials. <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/rrr/imr/cdm/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/rrr/imr/cdm/index.htm</a> (accessed March 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Materials <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials#America\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials#America</a> (accessed March 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> BMRA. <a href=\"https://bmra.org/\">https://bmra.org/</a>  (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Construction Waste Management. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Construction Waste Management. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php</a> (accessed March 20, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Northeast Recycling Council. <a href=\"https://nerc.org/documents/moving_toward_zero_waste_cost_savings_a_roadmap_contractors_builders.pdf\">https://nerc.org/documents/moving_toward_zero_waste_cost_savings_a_roadmap_contractors_builders.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> CalRecycle. C&amp;D Recycling Toolkit for Contractors. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/Toolkit/\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/Toolkit/</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Recover your Resources. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-recover-your-resources-reduce-reuse-and-recycle-construction-and-demolition\">https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-recover-your-resources-reduce-reuse-and-recycle-construction-and-demolition</a>  (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> NYC DDC. <a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/waste.pdf\">http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/waste.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US EPA. Recycling Economic Information report. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/final_2016_rei_report.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/final_2016_rei_report.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> NJ DEP. The Economic Benefits of Recycling and Waste Reduction – Wastewise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">https://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Seattle.gov. Salvage and Deconstruction. <a href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/util/forbusinesses/construction/cdwastemanagement/salvageanddeconstruction/\">http://www.seattle.gov/util/forbusinesses/construction/cdwastemanagement/salvageanddeconstruction/</a> (accessed March 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf</a> (accessed July 20, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenhomenyc.org/building/build-it-green-nyc/\">Build it Green! NYC</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bmra.org/\">Building Materials Reuse Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/waste.pdf\">City of New York Department of Design and Construction – Construction and Demolition Manual</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://cdrecycling.org/\">Construction and Demolition Recycling Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.habitat.org/cd/env/restore_detail.aspx?place=67\">Habitat for Humanity Restore Directory – New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.morrishabitat.org/programs/deconstruction\">Morris Habitat for Humanity – Deconstruction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ DEP – The Economic Benefits of Recycling and Waste Reduction – Wastewise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us./dep/dshw/\">NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nerc.org\">Northeast Recycling Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nerc.org/documents/moving_toward_zero_waste_cost_savings_a_roadmap_contractors_builders.pdf\">Northeast Recycling Council – Moving Toward Zero Waste &amp; Cost Savings – A Roadmap for Builders and Contractors for Construction &amp; Demolition Projects</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/imr/cdm/reuse.htm\">US EPA: Deconstruction and Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/tools/cwm.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Construction Waste Management Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.zerowastedesign.org/\">Zero Waste Design Guidelines</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste','','inherit','closed','closed','','1605-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 15:32:25','2022-04-14 15:32:25','',1605,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1610',0,'revision','',0),(1611,2,'2022-04-14 16:43:32','2022-04-14 16:43:32','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"High Reflectance Hardscape Materials\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What are High Reflectance Hardscape Materials? </b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflectance hardscape materials or “cool” pavements are paving materials with high solar reflectance (albedo), such as concrete, that absorb minimal heat, reducing the heat island effect.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Albedo, or solar reflectance, is the ratio of the amount of light reflected from a surface to the amount of light shining on that surface. Pavements with a lower albedo absorb more sunlight and increase in temperature, while pavements with higher albedo absorb less sunlight, remaining cooler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> The heat island effect refers to the increase in temperature in developed areas that results from heat-absorbing paved areas, the loss of naturally cooling vegetation, and waste heat produced by buildings, motor vehicles, and machinery. This increase in temperature leads to increased energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a>  Urban areas exacerbate the heat island effect where 1/3 of surfaces are covered by pavement, particularly dark colored surfaces, which absorb more sunlight than light-colored surfaces and remit heat back in the environment (see Cool Roofs).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_281\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"436\"]<img class=\"wp-image-281 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-High-Reflectance-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Concrete pavers (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)\" width=\"436\" height=\"324\" /> Figure 1 – Concrete pavers (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate High Reflectance Materials</b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflective “cool” pavements stay cooler in the sun than traditional pavements. Use reflective aggregate, a reflective or clear binder, or a reflective surface coating to enhance the reflective properties of pavement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> When selecting hardscape materials, consider the albedo (solar reflectance) and solar reflectance index (SRI) of the material. The SRI, which ranges from zero to 100, indicates the effect of a surface’s reflectance and emittance on its surface temperature. Materials with the highest SRI are the coolest. New asphalt pavement has an SRI of 0, while new white Portland cement concrete can have an SRI of between 86 and 100. Emittance, or emissivity, is a range between 0 and 1 that indicates how much heat is emitted by a surface. Since most opaque materials used for paving have an emittance of around .9, the albedo of a material determines its SRI.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Consider using pavers (concrete masonry units) as an alternative to asphalt and other dark materials for driveways, parking lots, plazas, and streets. Most pavers use high reflectance materials and some pavers also help reduce stormwater runoff by allowing water infiltration (see <em><i>Pervious Hardscape Materials</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>  Check with the manufacturer to find out each product’s specifications. Pavers are available in a wide array of shapes, colors, and sizes.</p>\n<p>The natural landscape can help cool a building and the site (including parking lots, streets, and entranceways into the building). For example, using trees and other vegetation to shade paved areas can protect the area from unwanted solar energy. Incorporating trees and plants for shade also decreases surface and air temperature, increases comfort, and connects people to the natural environment (see <em><i>Biophilic Design and Energy-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority: Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces</a></p>\n<p>This study used a regional climate model in combination with observed meteorological, satellite, and GIS data to determine the impact of urban forestry, living (green) roofs, and light-colored surfaces on near-surface air temperature and the urban heat island effect in New York City. Findings showed that among the single-strategy scenarios, light surfaces, light roofs, and living roofs can potentially reduce the summer peak electric load more than the other strategies.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region</a></p>\n<p>This research project focused on the analysis of the urban heat island effect in the greater Camden region and on mitigation strategies for the urban heat island in the city of Camden and adjoining communities. Mitigation strategies for the urban heat island effect included increased urban vegetation and lighter-colored surfacing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits </b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces energy demand and lowers utility costs.</li>\n<li>Improves water quality by reducing the surface temperature of stormwater runoff and protecting aquatic life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improves air quality, as decreased energy demand results in decreased air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.</li>\n<li>Improves aesthetics with an increase of trees and vegetation along with a reduction of large paved spaces.</li>\n<li>Improves health and comfort by reducing the heat island effect.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Increases the solar reflectance of roads, enhancing road visibility and reducing the electricity required for street lighting at night.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of any pavement application varies by region, the contractor, the time of year, materials, accessibility of the site, local availability of materials, underlying soils, size of the project, expected traffic, and the desired life of the pavement. Although the cost of these materials varies based on the factors listed above, an estimated cost range for a standard concrete installation is $4.00–$5.00/square foot, while a standard asphalt installation costs $3.00–$3.25/square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> However, concrete has an estimated service of 15-35 years, while conventional asphalt’s service life is about 7-20 years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a>  High reflectance concrete pavers are comparable in price to darker colored concrete pavers. For cost information for shading (see <em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>\n<p>There are also cost savings associated with mitigating the urban heat island effect. For every 1°F increase in air temperature, electricity demand for cooling grows by 1.5-2%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Densely populated urban areas are often 2 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit higher than surrounding suburban and undeveloped areas; this translates to an increase in cooling demand ranging between 3.5-15.75%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> Project teams that want to use high reflectance pavements as part of a heat island mitigation program may find it hard to estimate the net costs or benefits based on temperature reduction alone. The highest overall value may result when multiple benefits, such as improved stormwater management and water quality, are also factored into the evaluation of a paving project. For more in-depth cost-benefit analysis of various urban heat island mitigation scenarios using high reflectance hardscape materials and shading see Section 6 of the <a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority’s Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces.</a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflectance hardscape materials contribute to resiliency through their reduction of the heat island effect, especially during severe heat waves or power outages, when vulnerable populations are at risk from heat-related illnesses, and air-conditioning demands put additional stress on an outdated and overtaxed electricity grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Portland Cement Association. “Heat Island Reduction.” <a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Heat Island Group. “Cool Pavements.” <a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJ DEP. “Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region.” <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Berkeley Labs. Cool Pavements. <a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a> (accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Berkeley Labs. Cool Pavements. <a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a> (accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Portland Cement Association. “Heat Island Reduction.” <a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Portland Cement Association. “Hardscape &amp; Pavers – Permeable Pavement and Surfaces.” <a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/applications/Hardscape-Pavers.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/applications/Hardscape-Pavers.aspx</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> US EPA. “Heat Island Effect: Using Trees and Vegetation to Reduce Heat Islands.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-trees-and-vegetation-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-trees-and-vegetation-reduce-heat-islands</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> US EPA. “Heat Island Impacts.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> US EPA.  “Climate Change Indicators in the United States: Heat-Related Deaths.” Updated August 2016 <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/print_heat-deaths-2016.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/print_heat-deaths-2016.pdf</a>  pg. 1 (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Costs provided by two of the significant asphalt and concrete suppliers in NJ (May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies: Cool Pavements,” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_5.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_5.pdf</a>. (accessed March 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> US EPA. “Heat Island Impacts.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> Rutgers Center for Green Building. “CAP Project.” <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">Berkeley Lab Heat Island Group</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">NJ DEP Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority’s Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Environmental Protection Agency</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-pavements-reduce-heat-islands\">Cool Pavements</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands\">Heat Island Effect</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC High Reflectance Hardscape Materials','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials','','','2022-04-15 17:17:00','2022-04-15 17:17:00','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1611',0,'post','',0),(1612,2,'2022-04-14 16:39:55','2022-04-14 16:39:55','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1611-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 16:39:55','2022-04-14 16:39:55','',1611,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1612',0,'revision','',0),(1614,2,'2022-04-14 16:43:32','2022-04-14 16:43:32','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"High Reflectance Hardscape Materials\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What are High Reflectance Hardscape Materials? </b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflectance hardscape materials or “cool” pavements are paving materials with high solar reflectance (albedo), such as concrete, that absorb minimal heat, reducing the heat island effect.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Albedo, or solar reflectance, is the ratio of the amount of light reflected from a surface to the amount of light shining on that surface. Pavements with a lower albedo absorb more sunlight and increase in temperature, while pavements with higher albedo absorb less sunlight, remaining cooler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> The heat island effect refers to the increase in temperature in developed areas that results from heat-absorbing paved areas, the loss of naturally cooling vegetation, and waste heat produced by buildings, motor vehicles, and machinery. This increase in temperature leads to increased energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a>  Urban areas exacerbate the heat island effect where 1/3 of surfaces are covered by pavement, particularly dark colored surfaces, which absorb more sunlight than light-colored surfaces and remit heat back in the environment (see Cool Roofs).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_281\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"436\"]<img class=\"wp-image-281 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-High-Reflectance-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Concrete pavers (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)\" width=\"436\" height=\"324\" /> Figure 1 – Concrete pavers (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate High Reflectance Materials</b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflective “cool” pavements stay cooler in the sun than traditional pavements. Use reflective aggregate, a reflective or clear binder, or a reflective surface coating to enhance the reflective properties of pavement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> When selecting hardscape materials, consider the albedo (solar reflectance) and solar reflectance index (SRI) of the material. The SRI, which ranges from zero to 100, indicates the effect of a surface’s reflectance and emittance on its surface temperature. Materials with the highest SRI are the coolest. New asphalt pavement has an SRI of 0, while new white Portland cement concrete can have an SRI of between 86 and 100. Emittance, or emissivity, is a range between 0 and 1 that indicates how much heat is emitted by a surface. Since most opaque materials used for paving have an emittance of around .9, the albedo of a material determines its SRI.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Consider using pavers (concrete masonry units) as an alternative to asphalt and other dark materials for driveways, parking lots, plazas, and streets. Most pavers use high reflectance materials and some pavers also help reduce stormwater runoff by allowing water infiltration (see <em><i>Pervious Hardscape Materials</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>  Check with the manufacturer to find out each product’s specifications. Pavers are available in a wide array of shapes, colors, and sizes.</p>\n<p>The natural landscape can help cool a building and the site (including parking lots, streets, and entranceways into the building). For example, using trees and other vegetation to shade paved areas can protect the area from unwanted solar energy. Incorporating trees and plants for shade also decreases surface and air temperature, increases comfort, and connects people to the natural environment (see <em><i>Biophilic Design and Energy-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority: Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces</a></p>\n<p>This study used a regional climate model in combination with observed meteorological, satellite, and GIS data to determine the impact of urban forestry, living (green) roofs, and light-colored surfaces on near-surface air temperature and the urban heat island effect in New York City. Findings showed that among the single-strategy scenarios, light surfaces, light roofs, and living roofs can potentially reduce the summer peak electric load more than the other strategies.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region</a></p>\n<p>This research project focused on the analysis of the urban heat island effect in the greater Camden region and on mitigation strategies for the urban heat island in the city of Camden and adjoining communities. Mitigation strategies for the urban heat island effect included increased urban vegetation and lighter-colored surfacing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits </b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces energy demand and lowers utility costs.</li>\n<li>Improves water quality by reducing the surface temperature of stormwater runoff and protecting aquatic life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improves air quality, as decreased energy demand results in decreased air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.</li>\n<li>Improves aesthetics with an increase of trees and vegetation along with a reduction of large paved spaces.</li>\n<li>Improves health and comfort by reducing the heat island effect.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Increases the solar reflectance of roads, enhancing road visibility and reducing the electricity required for street lighting at night.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of any pavement application varies by region, the contractor, the time of year, materials, accessibility of the site, local availability of materials, underlying soils, size of the project, expected traffic, and the desired life of the pavement. Although the cost of these materials varies based on the factors listed above, an estimated cost range for a standard concrete installation is $4.00–$5.00/square foot, while a standard asphalt installation costs $3.00–$3.25/square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> However, concrete has an estimated service of 15-35 years, while conventional asphalt’s service life is about 7-20 years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a>  High reflectance concrete pavers are comparable in price to darker colored concrete pavers. For cost information for shading (see <em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>\n<p>There are also cost savings associated with mitigating the urban heat island effect. For every 1°F increase in air temperature, electricity demand for cooling grows by 1.5-2%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Densely populated urban areas are often 2 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit higher than surrounding suburban and undeveloped areas; this translates to an increase in cooling demand ranging between 3.5-15.75%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> Project teams that want to use high reflectance pavements as part of a heat island mitigation program may find it hard to estimate the net costs or benefits based on temperature reduction alone. The highest overall value may result when multiple benefits, such as improved stormwater management and water quality, are also factored into the evaluation of a paving project. For more in-depth cost-benefit analysis of various urban heat island mitigation scenarios using high reflectance hardscape materials and shading see Section 6 of the <a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority’s Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces.</a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflectance hardscape materials contribute to resiliency through their reduction of the heat island effect, especially during severe heat waves or power outages, when vulnerable populations are at risk from heat-related illnesses, and air-conditioning demands put additional stress on an outdated and overtaxed electricity grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Portland Cement Association. “Heat Island Reduction.” <a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Heat Island Group. “Cool Pavements.” <a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJ DEP. “Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region.” <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Berkeley Labs. Cool Pavements. <a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a> (accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Berkeley Labs. Cool Pavements. <a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a> (accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Portland Cement Association. “Heat Island Reduction.” <a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Portland Cement Association. “Hardscape &amp; Pavers – Permeable Pavement and Surfaces.” <a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/applications/Hardscape-Pavers.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/applications/Hardscape-Pavers.aspx</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> US EPA. “Heat Island Effect: Using Trees and Vegetation to Reduce Heat Islands.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-trees-and-vegetation-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-trees-and-vegetation-reduce-heat-islands</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> US EPA. “Heat Island Impacts.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> US EPA.  “Climate Change Indicators in the United States: Heat-Related Deaths.” Updated August 2016 <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/print_heat-deaths-2016.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/print_heat-deaths-2016.pdf</a>  pg. 1 (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Costs provided by two of the significant asphalt and concrete suppliers in NJ (May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies: Cool Pavements,” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_5.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_5.pdf</a>. (accessed March 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> US EPA. “Heat Island Impacts.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> Rutgers Center for Green Building. “CAP Project.” <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">Berkeley Lab Heat Island Group</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">NJ DEP Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority’s Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Environmental Protection Agency</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-pavements-reduce-heat-islands\">Cool Pavements</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands\">Heat Island Effect</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC High Reflectance Hardscape Materials','','inherit','closed','closed','','1611-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 16:43:32','2022-04-14 16:43:32','',1611,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1614',0,'revision','',0),