(2662,3,'2022-06-23 19:13:12','2022-06-23 19:13:12','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Light Pollution Reduction\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Light Pollution?</strong></h2>\n<p>Light pollution refers to noticeable artificial light at night (ALAN), an unwelcome by-product of excessive outdoor lighting, especially vertical illuminance that includes such effects as skyglow, the brightening of the night sky, light trespass, the spilling of light beyond a property or intended lighting boundary, and glare, the obtrusive brightness of light viewed against an unlit background.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>The residential building sector contributes to light pollution through a variety of sources, including architectural and landscape lighting, interior nighttime lighting, and security lighting.</p>\n<p>The following includes a list of several negative impacts of light pollution.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Interferes with wildlife migratory and breeding patterns, impacting nighttime ecosystems and biodiversity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></li>\n<li>Wastes energy and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.</li>\n<li>Leads to glare issues and unsafe driving conditions, particularly for older motorists.</li>\n<li>Impacts human metabolism and disrupts sleep through constant exposure to artificial light, particularly light from the blue end of the spectrum.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></li>\n<li>Reduces ability to view stars and interferes with astronomical observatories.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></li>\n<li>Causes a nuisance to neighboring properties by casting unwanted nighttime glare into windows.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><span></span></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_326\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"640\"]<img class=\"wp-image-326 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Light-Pollution-Reduction-FIg-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Effects of light pollution (Source: Florida Atlantic University)\" width=\"640\" height=\"664\" /> Figure 1: Effects of light pollution (Source: Florida Atlantic University)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to reduce light pollution?</strong></h2>\n<p>The first steps to reducing light pollution are to evaluate the outdoor lighting requirements of your residence (i.e., aesthetics, security, or utility), to eliminate unnecessary lighting, and to strategically place energy-efficient lighting and controls to meet the remaining lighting requirements (see<span> </span><em>High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</em>).</p>\n<p>Downlighting refers to a lighting strategy that directs light down and only lights the predetermined area; therefore reducing light pollution. Technologies to reduce light pollution also include full cutoff luminaires, low-reflectance surfaces, and low-angle spotlights.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">3</a><span> </span>Cutoff luminaires have no direct uplight, help eliminate glare, and efficiently direct lighting down to the predetermined area.</p>\n<p>General guidelines for efficient outdoor lighting include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider location and surrounding areas during the lighting design, and select luminaires, locations, and orientations that minimize light trespass onto adjacent properties.</li>\n<li>Replace traditional HIDs (high-intensity discharge) luminaires and lamps, including high-pressure sodium and metal halide lamps, with<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans\">EnergyStar</a><span> </span>certified outdoor LEDs.</li>\n<li>Consider installing solar powered outdoor LED lights for outdoor pathways.</li>\n<li>Aim floodlight angles low so that the entire beam falls within the intended lighted area and direct light downward whenever possible.</li>\n<li>Use well-shielded luminaires and lamps, and other control devices when up-lighting is required to maximize the efficiency of the light source (e.g., reflectors, deflectors, and covers).</li>\n<li>Couple outdoor lightings systems, with lighting controls such as motion detectors, photosensors, and schedule controls, to enhance an energy efficiency and security.</li>\n<li>Adjust timers to the minimum period necessary and dim or switch lights off when not needed to save energy and cut electric bills.</li>\n<li>Plan for backup power for critical lighting needs during a power outage, such as emergency and night-time lighting (see<span> </span><em>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>).</li>\n<li>Commission and regularly re-commission all lighting systems and controls to optimize performance and energy savings.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>For project specific advice, consult the<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200725012444/https://www.ies.org/standards/ies-lighting-library/\">Illuminating Engineering Society’s</a><span> </span>lighting design guides, which provide lighting professionals with standards and recommended best practices for a variety of lighting applications.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Efficient outdoor lighting design helps to reduce light pollution, and its associated adverse effects including wasted energy reduced nighttime visibility for astronomers and scientists, disruption of nocturnal wildlife and ecology, and impacts on human health and well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[5]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The costs of implementing lighting designs and technologies that reduce light pollution vary depending on the selection of lighting sources, fixtures, and controls. Effective and efficient outdoor lighting solutions are not always the least expensive option, but as with any comprehensive cost evaluation, operating costs, including energy savings, lifetime performance, and maintenance, are essential factors to consider.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[6]</a><span> </span>Check the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/application-forms/application-forms-0\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>for available incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing light pollution provides energy savings and reduces reliance and stress on the electricity grid. Outdoor lighting designs that supplement solar-powered LED lighting technologies for a portion of regular lighting requirements (e.g., pedestrian pathways) and plan for backup power for critical lighting needs further reduce stress on the grid, especially in the event of a power outage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>The Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/Seminarpresentation.pdf\">http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/Seminarpresentation.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed October 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Gaston KJ, Visser ME, Ho ̈lker F. 2015 The biological impacts of artificial light at night: the research challenge. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 370: 20140133.<span> </span><a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Illuminating Engineering Society, International Dark Sky Association. <span> </span><em>Model Lighting Ordinance.<span> </span></em><a href=\"http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/16_MLO_FINAL_JUNE2011.PDF\">http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/16_MLO_FINAL_JUNE2011.PDF</a><span> </span>(accessed October 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Cornell University, Astronomy Department. 2018. “Ask an Astronomer: How does light pollution affect astronomers?”<span> </span><a href=\"http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/116-observational-astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollution-affect-astronomers-intermediate\">http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/116-observational-astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollution-affect-astronomers-intermediate</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">3</a><span> </span>LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/leed\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/LEED%20v4%20BDC_07.2.18_current.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct. 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[5]</a><span> </span>International Dark-Sky Association.<span> </span><em>Light Pollution.</em><span> </span><a href=\"http://darksky.org/light-pollution/\">http://darksky.org/light-pollution/</a><span> </span> (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[6]</a><span> </span>Illuminating Engineering Society.<span> </span><em>IES Lighting Handbook, 10<sup>th</sup><span> </span>Edition.</em><span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170607025145/https://www.ies.org/handbook/DiLaura/Introduction%20to%20the%20IES%20Handbook%20PDF.pdf\">https://www.ies.org/handbook/DiLaura/Introduction%20to%20the%20IES%20Handbook%20PDF.pdf</a>  (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ies.org/\">Illuminating Engineering Society</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.darksky.org/\">International Dark-Sky Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cost-lonne.eu/\">Loss of the Night Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njaa.org/\">NJ Astronomical Association</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Light Pollution Reduction','','inherit','closed','closed','','1433-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:13:12','2022-06-23 19:13:12','',1433,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2662',0,'revision','',0),(2663,3,'2022-06-23 19:13:13','2022-06-23 19:13:13','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Light Pollution Reduction\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Light Pollution?</strong></h2>\n<p>Light pollution refers to noticeable artificial light at night (ALAN), an unwelcome by-product of excessive outdoor lighting, especially vertical illuminance that includes such effects as skyglow, the brightening of the night sky, light trespass, the spilling of light beyond a property or intended lighting boundary, and glare, the obtrusive brightness of light viewed against an unlit background.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> The commercial building sector contributes to light pollution through a variety of sources, including advertising lighting, architectural and landscape lighting, interior nighttime lighting, and security lighting.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_337\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"480\"]<img class=\"wp-image-337 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Light-Pollution-Reduction-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Downlighting from a commercial building (Source: Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/mrhayata/321358583/sizes/m/in/p)\" width=\"480\" height=\"654\" /> Figure 1 – Downlighting from a commercial building (Source: Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/mrhayata/321358583/sizes/m/in/p)[/caption]<p>The following includes a list of several negative impacts of light pollution.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Interferes with wildlife migratory and breeding patterns, impacting nighttime ecosystems and biodiversity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></li>\n<li>Wastes energy and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.</li>\n<li>Leads to glare issues and unsafe driving conditions, particularly for older motorists.</li>\n<li>Impacts human metabolism and disrupts sleep through constant exposure to artificial light, particularly light from the blue end of the spectrum.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></li>\n<li>Reduces ability to view stars and interferes with astronomical observatories. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></li>\n<li>Causes a nuisance to neighboring properties by casting unwanted nighttime glare into windows.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to reduce light pollution? </strong></h2>\n<p>The first steps to reducing light pollution are to evaluate the outdoor lighting requirements of a particular location (i.e., aesthetics, security, or utility), to eliminate unnecessary lighting, and to strategically place energy-efficient lighting and controls to meet the remaining lighting requirements (see <em>High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</em>).</p>\n<p>Downlighting refers to a lighting strategy that directs light down and only lights the predetermined area; therefore reducing light pollution. Technologies to reduce light pollution also include full cutoff luminaires, low-reflectance surfaces, and low-angle spotlights. Cutoff luminaires have no direct uplight, help eliminate glare, and efficiently direct lighting down to the predetermined area.</p>\n<p>General guidelines for efficient outdoor lighting include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider location and surrounding areas during the lighting design, and select luminaires, locations, and orientations that minimize light trespass onto adjacent properties.</li>\n<li>Replace traditional HIDs (high-intensity discharge) luminaires and lamps, including high-pressure sodium and metal halide lamps, with <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans\">EnergyStar</a> certified outdoor LEDs.</li>\n<li>Consider installing solar powered outdoor LED lights for outdoor pathways.</li>\n<li>Aim floodlight angles low so that the entire beam falls within the intended lighted area and direct light downward whenever possible.</li>\n<li>Use well-shielded luminaires and lamps, and other control devices when up-lighting is required to maximize the efficiency of the light source (e.g., reflectors, deflectors, and covers).</li>\n<li>Couple outdoor lightings systems, with lighting controls such as motion detectors, photosensors, and schedule controls, to enhance an energy efficiency and security.</li>\n<li>Adjust timers to the minimum period necessary and dim or switch lights off when not needed to save energy and cut electric bills.</li>\n<li>Plan for backup power for critical lighting needs during a power outage, such as emergency and night-time lighting (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).</li>\n<li>Commission and regularly re-commission all lighting systems and controls to optimize performance and energy savings.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>For project specific advice, consult the <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200725012444/https://www.ies.org/standards/ies-lighting-library/\">Illuminating Engineering Society’s</a> lighting design guides, which provide lighting professionals with standards and recommended best practices for a variety of lighting applications.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Efficient outdoor lighting design helps to reduce light pollution, and its associated adverse effects including wasted energy reduced nighttime visibility for astronomers and scientists, disruption of nocturnal wildlife and ecology, and impacts on human health and well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[5]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The costs of implementing lighting designs and technologies that reduce light pollution vary depending on the selection of lighting sources, fixtures, and controls. Effective and efficient outdoor lighting solutions are not always the least expensive option, but as with any comprehensive cost evaluation, operating costs, including energy savings, lifetime performance, and maintenance, are essential factors to consider.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/application-forms/application-forms-0\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a> for available incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing light pollution provides energy savings and reduces reliance and stress on the electricity grid. Outdoor lighting designs that supplement solar-powered LED lighting technologies for a portion of regular lighting requirements (e.g., pedestrian pathways) and plan for backup power for critical lighting needs further reduce stress on the grid, especially in the event of a power outage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> The Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. <a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/Seminarpresentation.pdf\">http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/Seminarpresentation.pdf</a> (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Gaston KJ, Visser ME, Ho ̈lker F. 2015 The biological impacts of artificial light at night: the research challenge. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 370: 20140133. <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133</a> (accessed Dec 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Illuminating Engineering Society, International Dark Sky Association.  <em>Model Lighting Ordinance. </em><a href=\"http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/16_MLO_FINAL_JUNE2011.PDF\">http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/16_MLO_FINAL_JUNE2011.PDF</a> (accessed October 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Cornell University, Astronomy Department. 2018. “Ask an Astronomer: How does light pollution affect astronomers?” <a href=\"http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/116-observational-astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollution-affect-astronomers-intermediate\">http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/116-observational-astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollution-affect-astronomers-intermediate</a> (accessed Dec 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">3</a> LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/leed\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/LEED%20v4%20BDC_07.2.18_current.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct. 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[5]</a> International Dark-Sky Association. <em>Light Pollution.</em> <a href=\"http://darksky.org/light-pollution/\">http://darksky.org/light-pollution/</a>  (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[6]</a> Illuminating Engineering Society. <em>IES Lighting Handbook, 10<sup>th</sup> Edition.</em> <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170607025145/https://www.ies.org/handbook/DiLaura/Introduction%20to%20the%20IES%20Handbook%20PDF.pdf\">https://www.ies.org/handbook/DiLaura/Introduction%20to%20the%20IES%20Handbook%20PDF.pdf</a>  (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls (NLCs)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ies.org/\">Illuminating Engineering Society</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.darksky.org\">International Dark-Sky Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cost-lonne.eu\">Loss of the Night Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njaa.org/\">NJ Astronomical Association</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Light Pollution','','inherit','closed','closed','','1617-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:13:13','2022-06-23 19:13:13','',1617,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2663',0,'revision','',0),(2664,3,'2022-06-23 19:13:13','2022-06-23 19:13:13','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Light Pollution Reduction\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Light Pollution?</strong></h2>\n<p>Light pollution refers to noticeable artificial light at night (ALAN), an unwelcome by-product of excessive outdoor lighting, especially vertical illuminance that includes such effects as skyglow, the brightening of the night sky, light trespass, the spilling of light beyond a property or intended lighting boundary, and glare, the obtrusive brightness of light viewed against an unlit background.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> The commercial building sector contributes to light pollution through a variety of sources, including advertising lighting, architectural and landscape lighting, interior nighttime lighting, and security lighting.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_337\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"480\"]<img class=\"wp-image-337 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Light-Pollution-Reduction-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Downlighting from a commercial building (Source: Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/mrhayata/321358583/sizes/m/in/p)\" width=\"480\" height=\"654\" /> Figure 1 – Downlighting from a commercial building (Source: Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/mrhayata/321358583/sizes/m/in/p)[/caption]<p>The following includes a list of several negative impacts of light pollution.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Interferes with wildlife migratory and breeding patterns, impacting nighttime ecosystems and biodiversity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></li>\n<li>Wastes energy and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.</li>\n<li>Leads to glare issues and unsafe driving conditions, particularly for older motorists.</li>\n<li>Impacts human metabolism and disrupts sleep through constant exposure to artificial light, particularly light from the blue end of the spectrum.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></li>\n<li>Reduces ability to view stars and interferes with astronomical observatories. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></li>\n<li>Causes a nuisance to neighboring properties by casting unwanted nighttime glare into windows.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to reduce light pollution? </strong></h2>\n<p>The first steps to reducing light pollution are to evaluate the outdoor lighting requirements of a particular location (i.e., aesthetics, security, or utility), to eliminate unnecessary lighting, and to strategically place energy-efficient lighting and controls to meet the remaining lighting requirements (see <em>High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</em>).</p>\n<p>Downlighting refers to a lighting strategy that directs light down and only lights the predetermined area; therefore reducing light pollution. Technologies to reduce light pollution also include full cutoff luminaires, low-reflectance surfaces, and low-angle spotlights. Cutoff luminaires have no direct uplight, help eliminate glare, and efficiently direct lighting down to the predetermined area.</p>\n<p>General guidelines for efficient outdoor lighting include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider location and surrounding areas during the lighting design, and select luminaires, locations, and orientations that minimize light trespass onto adjacent properties.</li>\n<li>Replace traditional HIDs (high-intensity discharge) luminaires and lamps, including high-pressure sodium and metal halide lamps, with <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans\">EnergyStar</a> certified outdoor LEDs.</li>\n<li>Consider installing solar powered outdoor LED lights for outdoor pathways.</li>\n<li>Aim floodlight angles low so that the entire beam falls within the intended lighted area and direct light downward whenever possible.</li>\n<li>Use well-shielded luminaires and lamps, and other control devices when up-lighting is required to maximize the efficiency of the light source (e.g., reflectors, deflectors, and covers).</li>\n<li>Couple outdoor lightings systems, with lighting controls such as motion detectors, photosensors, and schedule controls, to enhance an energy efficiency and security.</li>\n<li>Adjust timers to the minimum period necessary and dim or switch lights off when not needed to save energy and cut electric bills.</li>\n<li>Plan for backup power for critical lighting needs during a power outage, such as emergency and night-time lighting (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).</li>\n<li>Commission and regularly re-commission all lighting systems and controls to optimize performance and energy savings.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>For project specific advice, consult the <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200725012444/https://www.ies.org/standards/ies-lighting-library/\">Illuminating Engineering Society’s</a> lighting design guides, which provide lighting professionals with standards and recommended best practices for a variety of lighting applications.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Efficient outdoor lighting design helps to reduce light pollution, and its associated adverse effects including wasted energy reduced nighttime visibility for astronomers and scientists, disruption of nocturnal wildlife and ecology, and impacts on human health and well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[5]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The costs of implementing lighting designs and technologies that reduce light pollution vary depending on the selection of lighting sources, fixtures, and controls. Effective and efficient outdoor lighting solutions are not always the least expensive option, but as with any comprehensive cost evaluation, operating costs, including energy savings, lifetime performance, and maintenance, are essential factors to consider.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/application-forms/application-forms-0\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a> for available incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing light pollution provides energy savings and reduces reliance and stress on the electricity grid. Outdoor lighting designs that supplement solar-powered LED lighting technologies for a portion of regular lighting requirements (e.g., pedestrian pathways) and plan for backup power for critical lighting needs further reduce stress on the grid, especially in the event of a power outage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> The Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. <a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/Seminarpresentation.pdf\">http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/Seminarpresentation.pdf</a> (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Gaston KJ, Visser ME, Ho ̈lker F. 2015 The biological impacts of artificial light at night: the research challenge. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 370: 20140133. <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133</a> (accessed Dec 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Illuminating Engineering Society, International Dark Sky Association.  <em>Model Lighting Ordinance. </em><a href=\"http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/16_MLO_FINAL_JUNE2011.PDF\">http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/16_MLO_FINAL_JUNE2011.PDF</a> (accessed October 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Cornell University, Astronomy Department. 2018. “Ask an Astronomer: How does light pollution affect astronomers?” <a href=\"http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/116-observational-astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollution-affect-astronomers-intermediate\">http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/116-observational-astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollution-affect-astronomers-intermediate</a> (accessed Dec 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">3</a> LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/leed\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/LEED%20v4%20BDC_07.2.18_current.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct. 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[5]</a> International Dark-Sky Association. <em>Light Pollution.</em> <a href=\"http://darksky.org/light-pollution/\">http://darksky.org/light-pollution/</a>  (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[6]</a> Illuminating Engineering Society. <em>IES Lighting Handbook, 10<sup>th</sup> Edition.</em> <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170607025145/https://www.ies.org/handbook/DiLaura/Introduction%20to%20the%20IES%20Handbook%20PDF.pdf\">https://www.ies.org/handbook/DiLaura/Introduction%20to%20the%20IES%20Handbook%20PDF.pdf</a>  (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-high-efficiency-lighting-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ies.org/\">Illuminating Engineering Society</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.darksky.org\">International Dark-Sky Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cost-lonne.eu\">Loss of the Night Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njaa.org/\">NJ Astronomical Association</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Light Pollution Reduction','','inherit','closed','closed','','1937-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:13:13','2022-06-23 19:13:13','',1937,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2664',0,'revision','',0),(2665,3,'2022-06-23 19:13:20','2022-06-23 19:13:20','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Native and Adapted Plants\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What are Native and Adapted Plants?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Native plant species thrive naturally in a particular region, ecosystem or habitat without direct or indirect human actions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Adapted plants have evolved to the physical conditions such as soil, climate, and geology of a site but were not formally part of the natural ecosystem.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Invasive plants grow quickly and aggressively, often displacing native plants and adversely impacting native wildlife, local food sources, and pollination.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Landscaping with plants that are native and adapted to the Mid-Atlantic geographic region nurtures a diverse and healthy ecosystem and saves time and maintenance costs. Diverse native habitats resist disease, reduce the need for synthetic pesticides,  increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife, reduce stormwater runoff and mitigate flooding,  and provide an alternative to the time-consuming, energy-intensive, and water-inefficient practices of lawn and turf care (see<span> </span><em><i>Turf Grass Reduction</i></em>).</p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_24\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"wp-image-24 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Native-and-Adapated-Plants-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)\" width=\"424\" height=\"608\" /> Figure 1 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Native and Adapted Plants</b></strong></h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Assess existing site conditions: Is the site sunny or shaded? Flat or sloped? Is soil tight (clay) or loose (sand)? Drainage (quick or slow)? What is the existing vegetation on the site?</li>\n<li>Research local nurseries that specialize in native plants and contact nurseries in advance to obtain availability lists.</li>\n<li>Choose plants appropriate for the site conditions. The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a><span> </span>provides a list of NJ native plants by County.</li>\n<li>see sample list below and<span> </span><strong><b>Resources</b></strong><span> </span>for a list of NJ native plants by County and native plant database).</li>\n<li>Site preparation: minimize disturbance to the natural landscape, test the soil, and amend the soil with compost when necessary.</li>\n<li>Install plants and water regularly until established.</li>\n<li>Create and implement a long-term land management plan for maintenance, including integrated pest management (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Pest Management</i></em>).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating native and adapted plants:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces the amount of water used in landscaping (see<span> </span><em><i>Water-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Reduces use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which contaminate water from runoff and pose a threat to humans, pets and the environment.</li>\n<li>Increases wildlife habitat and biodiversity.</li>\n<li>Reduces stormwater runoff and improves stormwater quality (replacing lawns and turf with natural vegetation maximizes stormwater absorption).</li>\n<li>Reduces the amount of landscape waste often generated from routine maintenance of a manicured landscape.</li>\n<li>Increases appreciation for regional, natural resources and sense of place.</li>\n<li>Saves maintenance cost (once established, native plants can be less costly to maintain than some non-native landscapes).</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>All landscapes require regular maintenance and a long-term maintenance plan. The cost of maintaining any landscape depends on the type of plants and the expectations for that landscape. Once established, native landscape maintenance costs may be lower than some non-native landscapes.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, native and adapted plants act as an essential buffer to encroaching water during flood periods while acting as a routine defense against beach erosion.  For example, American Beachgrass considered one of the best lines of shoreline defense against storms, may also help prevent increasing levels of brackish water from infiltrating water tables close to a salt-water body.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>In general, the root systems of native plants can reduce runoff and mitigate flooding.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>In the event of droughts, water-efficient landscapes designed with native and adapted plants add layers of protection against water scarcity. Native plants also increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife necessary for a healthy and resilient ecosystem that can better rebound after a disturbance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Audubon. Plant Natives.<span> </span><a href=\"http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html\">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html</a><span> </span>(accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2010. National Park Service and U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service. “Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas.”  Washington, D.C.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf\">http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.  “Invasive Plants”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx\">http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx</a>  (accessed March 14, 2018).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. StormSmart Properties Fact Sheet 1: Artificial Dunes and Dune Nourishment. <span> </span><a href=\"http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html\">http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>USDA Forest Service. Native Gardening. <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml\">https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml</a><span> </span>(accessed November 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Why Native Plants.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants\">https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants</a><span> </span>(accessed November 4, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-pest-management-ipm/\">Integrated Pest Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.i-cure.org/\">Center for Urban Restoration Ecology – A Collaboration between Rutgers University and Brooklyn Botanic Garden</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cnt.org/tools/green-values-stormwater-toolbox\">Green Values Stormwater Toolbox</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210815010545/https://landscapeforlife.org/plants/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CEAM\">Native Plant Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">The Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs1140/\">Rutgers – New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station – Incorporating Native Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.maipc.org/PlantInvadersMidAtlanticNaturalAreas5thEdition.pdf\">Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_043594.pdf\">USDA and NRCS Aberdeen Plant Materials Center – Plants for Riparian Buffers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/\">USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/tools/greenscapes/web/html/index.html\">US EPA Greenscapes</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" type=\"4_4\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Native and Adapted Plants','','inherit','closed','closed','','1437-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:13:20','2022-06-23 19:13:20','',1437,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2665',0,'revision','',0),(2666,3,'2022-06-23 19:13:26','2022-06-23 19:13:26','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Pervious Hardscape Materials\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Pervious Hardscape Materials?</strong></h2>\n<p>Pervious paving systems absorb water, thus reducing or eliminating runoff. Pervious materials can be used in driveways, patios, walkways, parking spaces, and recreational surfaces such as tennis and basketball courts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>The primary purpose for utilizing pervious materials is to avoid the environmental damages associated with impervious surfaces. For example, impervious surfaces cause stormwater runoff, which can result in pollution and contamination of nearby water bodies and surrounding habitats.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_352\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"734\"]<img class=\"wp-image-352 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-2-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape, concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010)\" width=\"734\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 1- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape, concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Green Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices, such as pervious hardscape materials, that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration (see<span> </span><em>Rain Barrels and Vegetated Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers for use in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.</p>\n<p>There are several types of pervious hardscapes (see Table 1). The basic components of pervious surfaces are:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Uncompacted subgrade (original, undistrubed soil)</li>\n<li>Base layer/filter fabric/geotextile</li>\n<li>Uniform crushed stone base</li>\n<li>Porous layer (pavement/paver/brick/stone)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Table 1- Types of Pervious Materials<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-431 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Table-1.png\" alt=\"NR-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Table-1\" width=\"1214\" height=\"682\" /></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Pervious Hardscape Materials</strong></h2>\n<p>Review municipal regulations to determine whether the use of pervious hardscape materials is permissible at a development site. It may also be appropriate to discuss the use of pervious paving materials with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.</p>\n<p>Pervious pavers have to be properly installed to maximize the system’s ability to absorb water. In addition to water collection, the base must also have adequate storage capacity. For most applications, open-graded crushed stone is utilized as a base material.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_72\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1142\"]<img class=\"wp-image-72 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-3-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 2- Typical construction of pervious surfaces (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems)\" width=\"1142\" height=\"498\" /> Figure 2- Typical construction of pervious surfaces (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170514125750/http://www.performance-materials.basf.us:80/resources/case-studies/page/2\">The BASF Near-Zero Energy Home, Paterson, NJ</a></p>\n<p>This high-performance home, which serves as a model for the City of Paterson’s ongoing effort to build 3,000 units of affordable housing, has a driveway constructed with interlocking concrete pavers.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using pervious hardscape materials:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces storm water runoff and prevents storm water from polluting local waterways (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).</li>\n<li>Helps eliminate soil erosion and contamination caused by runoff.</li>\n<li>Mitigates heat island effect.</li>\n<li>Reduces material replacement costs and resource use through generally lasting longer than traditional impervious surfaces such as asphalt, and generally requiring less maintenance.</li>\n<li>Reduces need to allocate land for detention ponds and drainage detention basins.</li>\n<li>Helps recharge natural aquifers and groundwater systems.</li>\n<li>Minimizes strain on water treatment plants during heavy storms and rainfall, thus reducing the possibility of overflowing and pumping of raw sewage into natural water bodies.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Costs for pervious hardscape materials will vary substantially by project. Final costs are influenced largely by the size of the project, labor expenses, and the type of material being used.  Cost comparisons for paving materials can be misleading. For example, on average, asphalt costs between $3.00 – $4.00 per square foot (depending on quality) but needs additional stormwater management systems installed, whereas pervious paving systems incorporate stormwater management. A more accurate cost comparison takes stormwater management costs into consideration. When stormwater management costs are added to asphalt, for example, the cost is between $7 and $15 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Grass/gravel pavers typically cost between $3.00 and $10.00 per square foot. Interlocking concrete pavers cost between $6.00 and $15.00 per square foot and porous concrete cost ranges from $4.00 to $6.00 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> While these types of materials may initially cost more than conventional asphalt, their lifespan is significantly longer, due to the higher durability inherent in concrete.  This in turn makes long term maintenance costs lower, due to the infrequency of major repairs and replacement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Green infrastructure, such as pervious hardscape materials, integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure. For example, pervious hardscape materials help to increase stormwater infiltration, reducing stress on municipal sewer systems during heavy rain events, and help to recharge groundwater, during periods of drought.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> NJ DEP. <em>Standard for Pervious Paving Systems </em><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> LEED. “Ready Mixed Concrete Reference Guide” P. 16.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nrmca.org/greenconcrete/LEED_reference_guide_2009_3rd-edition.pdf\">http://www.nrmca.org/greenconcrete/LEED_reference_guide_2009_3rd-edition.pdf</a> (Accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – <em>Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</em> <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. Standard for Pervious Paving Systems</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> UC Davis, National Center for Sustainable Transportation. “The Application of Permeable Pavement with Emphasis on Successful Design, Water Quality Benefits, and Identification of Knowledge and Data Gaps.” <a href=\"https://ncst.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/09-30-2015-NCST-SR-Permeable-Pavement-FINALv5.pdf\">https://ncst.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/09-30-2015-NCST-SR-Permeable-Pavement-FINALv5.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute <a href=\"https://www.icpi.org/paving-systems/concrete-pavers/installation\">https://www.icpi.org/paving-systems/concrete-pavers/installation</a> (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJ DEP. <em>Standard for Pervious Paving Systems </em><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.” <a href=\"https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Permeable-Pavement_Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines.pdf\">https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Permeable-Pavement_Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Homeadvisor.com. <a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/</a>   (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Improvenet.com.  <a href=\"https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers\">https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.”</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"ftp://ftp.asce.org/EWRI/Permeable%20Pavement/~1_PermeablePavement_FULLSET_DRAFT_102313.pdf\">American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Permeable Pavements</a></li>\n<li>NJ DEP\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://developersguide.njfuture.org/\">NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-10/documents/draftlongtermstormwaterguide_508.pdf\">Community Solutions for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainability/giwiz\">Green Infrastructure Wizard</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.icpi.org/\">Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lafoundation.org/\">Landscape Architecture Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.toolbase.org/techinventory/techdetails.aspx?contentdetailid=909&amp;bucketid=6&amp;categoryid=11\">NAHB Research Center – Low Impact Development (LID) for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20220226163801/https://landscapeforlife.org/water/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Pervious Hardscape Materials','','inherit','closed','closed','','1443-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:13:26','2022-06-23 19:13:26','',1443,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2666',0,'revision','',0),(2667,3,'2022-06-23 19:14:41','2022-06-23 19:14:41','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Pervious Hardscape Materials\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Pervious Hardscape Materials?</strong></h2>\n<p>Pervious paving systems absorb water, thus reducing or eliminating runoff. Pervious materials can be used in driveways, patios, walkways, parking spaces, and recreational surfaces such as tennis and basketball courts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>The primary purpose for utilizing pervious materials is to avoid the environmental damages associated with impervious surfaces. For example, impervious surfaces cause stormwater runoff, which can result in pollution and contamination of nearby water bodies and surrounding habitats.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_352\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"734\"]<img class=\"wp-image-352 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-2-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape, concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010)\" width=\"734\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 1- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape, concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Green Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices, such as pervious hardscape materials, that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration (see<span> </span><em>Rain Barrels and Vegetated Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers for use in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.</p>\n<p>There are several types of pervious hardscapes (see Table 1). The basic components of pervious surfaces are:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Uncompacted subgrade (original, undistrubed soil)</li>\n<li>Base layer/filter fabric/geotextile</li>\n<li>Uniform crushed stone base</li>\n<li>Porous layer (pavement/paver/brick/stone)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Table 1- Types of Pervious Materials<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-431 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Table-1.png\" alt=\"NR-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Table-1\" width=\"1214\" height=\"682\" /></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Pervious Hardscape Materials</strong></h2>\n<p>Review municipal regulations to determine whether the use of pervious hardscape materials is permissible at a development site. It may also be appropriate to discuss the use of pervious paving materials with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.</p>\n<p>Pervious pavers have to be properly installed to maximize the system’s ability to absorb water. In addition to water collection, the base must also have adequate storage capacity. For most applications, open-graded crushed stone is utilized as a base material.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_72\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1142\"]<img class=\"wp-image-72 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-3-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 2- Typical construction of pervious surfaces (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems)\" width=\"1142\" height=\"498\" /> Figure 2- Typical construction of pervious surfaces (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170514125750/http://www.performance-materials.basf.us:80/resources/case-studies/page/2\">The BASF Near-Zero Energy Home, Paterson, NJ</a></p>\n<p>This high-performance home, which serves as a model for the City of Paterson’s ongoing effort to build 3,000 units of affordable housing, has a driveway constructed with interlocking concrete pavers.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using pervious hardscape materials:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces storm water runoff and prevents storm water from polluting local waterways (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).</li>\n<li>Helps eliminate soil erosion and contamination caused by runoff.</li>\n<li>Mitigates heat island effect.</li>\n<li>Reduces material replacement costs and resource use through generally lasting longer than traditional impervious surfaces such as asphalt, and generally requiring less maintenance.</li>\n<li>Reduces need to allocate land for detention ponds and drainage detention basins.</li>\n<li>Helps recharge natural aquifers and groundwater systems.</li>\n<li>Minimizes strain on water treatment plants during heavy storms and rainfall, thus reducing the possibility of overflowing and pumping of raw sewage into natural water bodies.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Costs for pervious hardscape materials will vary substantially by project. Final costs are influenced largely by the size of the project, labor expenses, and the type of material being used.  Cost comparisons for paving materials can be misleading. For example, on average, asphalt costs between $3.00 – $4.00 per square foot (depending on quality) but needs additional stormwater management systems installed, whereas pervious paving systems incorporate stormwater management. A more accurate cost comparison takes stormwater management costs into consideration. When stormwater management costs are added to asphalt, for example, the cost is between $7 and $15 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Grass/gravel pavers typically cost between $3.00 and $10.00 per square foot. Interlocking concrete pavers cost between $6.00 and $15.00 per square foot and porous concrete cost ranges from $4.00 to $6.00 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> While these types of materials may initially cost more than conventional asphalt, their lifespan is significantly longer, due to the higher durability inherent in concrete.  This in turn makes long term maintenance costs lower, due to the infrequency of major repairs and replacement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Green infrastructure, such as pervious hardscape materials, integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure. For example, pervious hardscape materials help to increase stormwater infiltration, reducing stress on municipal sewer systems during heavy rain events, and help to recharge groundwater, during periods of drought.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> NJ DEP. <em>Standard for Pervious Paving Systems </em><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> LEED. “Ready Mixed Concrete Reference Guide” P. 16.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nrmca.org/greenconcrete/LEED_reference_guide_2009_3rd-edition.pdf\">http://www.nrmca.org/greenconcrete/LEED_reference_guide_2009_3rd-edition.pdf</a> (Accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – <em>Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</em> <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. Standard for Pervious Paving Systems</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> UC Davis, National Center for Sustainable Transportation. “The Application of Permeable Pavement with Emphasis on Successful Design, Water Quality Benefits, and Identification of Knowledge and Data Gaps.” <a href=\"https://ncst.ucdavis.edu/research-product/2018-authors-harvey-john-tsmith-david-r-early-2017-university-california-pavement\">https://ncst.ucdavis.edu/research-product/2018-authors-harvey-john-tsmith-david-r-early-2017-university-california-pavement</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute <a href=\"https://www.icpi.org/paving-systems/concrete-pavers/installation\">https://www.icpi.org/paving-systems/concrete-pavers/installation</a> (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJ DEP. <em>Standard for Pervious Paving Systems </em><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.” <a href=\"https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Permeable-Pavement_Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines.pdf\">https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Permeable-Pavement_Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Homeadvisor.com. <a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/</a>   (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Improvenet.com.  <a href=\"https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers\">https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.”</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"ftp://ftp.asce.org/EWRI/Permeable%20Pavement/~1_PermeablePavement_FULLSET_DRAFT_102313.pdf\">American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Permeable Pavements</a></li>\n<li>NJ DEP\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://developersguide.njfuture.org/\">NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-10/documents/draftlongtermstormwaterguide_508.pdf\">Community Solutions for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainability/giwiz\">Green Infrastructure Wizard</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.icpi.org/\">Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lafoundation.org/\">Landscape Architecture Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.toolbase.org/techinventory/techdetails.aspx?contentdetailid=909&amp;bucketid=6&amp;categoryid=11\">NAHB Research Center – Low Impact Development (LID) for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20220226163801/https://landscapeforlife.org/water/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Pervious Hardscape Materials','','inherit','closed','closed','','1443-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:14:41','2022-06-23 19:14:41','',1443,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2667',0,'revision','',0),(2668,3,'2022-06-23 19:15:07','2022-06-23 19:15:07','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Pervious Hardscape Materials\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Pervious Hardscape Materials?</strong></h2>\n<p>Pervious paving systems absorb water, thus reducing or eliminating runoff. Pervious materials can be used in driveways, patios, walkways, parking spaces, and recreational surfaces such as tennis and basketball courts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>The primary purpose for utilizing pervious materials is to avoid the environmental damages associated with impervious surfaces. For example, impervious surfaces cause stormwater runoff, which can result in pollution and contamination of nearby water bodies and surrounding habitats.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_352\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"734\"]<img class=\"wp-image-352 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-2-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape, concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010)\" width=\"734\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 1- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape, concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Green Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices, such as pervious hardscape materials, that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration (see<span> </span><em>Rain Barrels and Vegetated Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers for use in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.</p>\n<p>There are several types of pervious hardscapes (see Table 1). The basic components of pervious surfaces are:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Uncompacted subgrade (original, undistrubed soil)</li>\n<li>Base layer/filter fabric/geotextile</li>\n<li>Uniform crushed stone base</li>\n<li>Porous layer (pavement/paver/brick/stone)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Table 1- Types of Pervious Materials<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-431 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Table-1.png\" alt=\"NR-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Table-1\" width=\"1214\" height=\"682\" /></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Pervious Hardscape Materials</strong></h2>\n<p>Review municipal regulations to determine whether the use of pervious hardscape materials is permissible at a development site. It may also be appropriate to discuss the use of pervious paving materials with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.</p>\n<p>Pervious pavers have to be properly installed to maximize the system’s ability to absorb water. In addition to water collection, the base must also have adequate storage capacity. For most applications, open-graded crushed stone is utilized as a base material.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_72\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1142\"]<img class=\"wp-image-72 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-3-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 2- Typical construction of pervious surfaces (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems)\" width=\"1142\" height=\"498\" /> Figure 2- Typical construction of pervious surfaces (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170514125750/http://www.performance-materials.basf.us:80/resources/case-studies/page/2\">The BASF Near-Zero Energy Home, Paterson, NJ</a></p>\n<p>This high-performance home, which serves as a model for the City of Paterson’s ongoing effort to build 3,000 units of affordable housing, has a driveway constructed with interlocking concrete pavers.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using pervious hardscape materials:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces storm water runoff and prevents storm water from polluting local waterways (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).</li>\n<li>Helps eliminate soil erosion and contamination caused by runoff.</li>\n<li>Mitigates heat island effect.</li>\n<li>Reduces material replacement costs and resource use through generally lasting longer than traditional impervious surfaces such as asphalt, and generally requiring less maintenance.</li>\n<li>Reduces need to allocate land for detention ponds and drainage detention basins.</li>\n<li>Helps recharge natural aquifers and groundwater systems.</li>\n<li>Minimizes strain on water treatment plants during heavy storms and rainfall, thus reducing the possibility of overflowing and pumping of raw sewage into natural water bodies.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Costs for pervious hardscape materials will vary substantially by project. Final costs are influenced largely by the size of the project, labor expenses, and the type of material being used.  Cost comparisons for paving materials can be misleading. For example, on average, asphalt costs between $3.00 – $4.00 per square foot (depending on quality) but needs additional stormwater management systems installed, whereas pervious paving systems incorporate stormwater management. A more accurate cost comparison takes stormwater management costs into consideration. When stormwater management costs are added to asphalt, for example, the cost is between $7 and $15 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Grass/gravel pavers typically cost between $3.00 and $10.00 per square foot. Interlocking concrete pavers cost between $6.00 and $15.00 per square foot and porous concrete cost ranges from $4.00 to $6.00 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> While these types of materials may initially cost more than conventional asphalt, their lifespan is significantly longer, due to the higher durability inherent in concrete.  This in turn makes long term maintenance costs lower, due to the infrequency of major repairs and replacement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Green infrastructure, such as pervious hardscape materials, integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure. For example, pervious hardscape materials help to increase stormwater infiltration, reducing stress on municipal sewer systems during heavy rain events, and help to recharge groundwater, during periods of drought.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> NJ DEP. <em>Standard for Pervious Paving Systems </em><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> LEED. “Ready Mixed Concrete Reference Guide” P. 16.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nrmca.org/greenconcrete/LEED_reference_guide_2009_3rd-edition.pdf\">http://www.nrmca.org/greenconcrete/LEED_reference_guide_2009_3rd-edition.pdf</a> (Accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – <em>Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</em> <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. Standard for Pervious Paving Systems</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> UC Davis, National Center for Sustainable Transportation. “The Application of Permeable Pavement with Emphasis on Successful Design, Water Quality Benefits, and Identification of Knowledge and Data Gaps.” <a href=\"https://ncst.ucdavis.edu/research-product/permeable-pavement-northern-north-american-urban-areas-research-review-and\">https://ncst.ucdavis.edu/research-product/permeable-pavement-northern-north-american-urban-areas-research-review-and</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute <a href=\"https://www.icpi.org/paving-systems/concrete-pavers/installation\">https://www.icpi.org/paving-systems/concrete-pavers/installation</a> (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJ DEP. <em>Standard for Pervious Paving Systems </em><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.” <a href=\"https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Permeable-Pavement_Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines.pdf\">https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Permeable-Pavement_Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Homeadvisor.com. <a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/</a>   (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Improvenet.com.  <a href=\"https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers\">https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.”</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"ftp://ftp.asce.org/EWRI/Permeable%20Pavement/~1_PermeablePavement_FULLSET_DRAFT_102313.pdf\">American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Permeable Pavements</a></li>\n<li>NJ DEP\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://developersguide.njfuture.org/\">NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-10/documents/draftlongtermstormwaterguide_508.pdf\">Community Solutions for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainability/giwiz\">Green Infrastructure Wizard</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.icpi.org/\">Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lafoundation.org/\">Landscape Architecture Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.toolbase.org/techinventory/techdetails.aspx?contentdetailid=909&amp;bucketid=6&amp;categoryid=11\">NAHB Research Center – Low Impact Development (LID) for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20220226163801/https://landscapeforlife.org/water/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Pervious Hardscape Materials','','inherit','closed','closed','','1443-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:15:07','2022-06-23 19:15:07','',1443,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2668',0,'revision','',0),(2669,3,'2022-06-23 19:16:29','2022-06-23 19:16:29','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Pervious Hardscape Materials\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Pervious Hardscape Materials? </strong></h2>\n<p>Pervious paving systems absorb water rather than diverting water into underlying soils, reducing runoff and treating pollutants as water passes through soils and replenishes groundwater.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Stormwater runoff occurs when precipitation, of all forms, falls on land or impervious surfaces and does not infiltrate into the ground. When the runoff flows over the land or impermeable surfaces, including impervious paved surfaces, it combines with pollutants such as debris, chemicals, and sediments. This polluted stormwater can negatively affect the hydrology and water quality of local water sources, resulting in habitat modification and loss, increased flooding, decreased biological diversity, increased sedimentation and erosion, contaminated drinking water, and forced beach closings due to health threats to swimmers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Green Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices, such as pervious hardscape materials, that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration (see <em>Rain Barrels and Cisterns and Vegetated Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers for use in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.</p>\n<p>The essential components of pervious surfaces include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Uncompacted subgrade (original, undisturbed soil)</li>\n<li>Base layer/filter fabric/geotextile</li>\n<li>Uniform crushed stone base</li>\n<li>Porous layer (pavement/paver/brick/stone)</li>\n</ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_577\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"880\"]<img class=\"wp-image-577 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-FIg-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Pervious hardscape (Source: Design New Jersey/Cambridge Pavers).\" width=\"880\" height=\"586\" /> Figure 1 – Pervious hardscape (Source: Design New Jersey/Cambridge Pavers).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Use Pervious Hardscape Materials</strong></h2>\n<p>Review municipal regulations for permission to use pervious paving materials and consult with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.</p>\n<p>Proper installation and base materials such as open-grade crushed stone maximize the surface’s ability to absorb and store water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the components of typical permeable concrete paver systems.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_424\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"734\"]<img class=\"wp-image-424 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010).\" width=\"734\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 2- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_106\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1142\"]<img class=\"wp-image-106 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 3- Typical construction of pervious paving (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems).\" width=\"1142\" height=\"498\" /> Figure 3- Typical construction of pervious paving (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems).[/caption]<p><u>Maintenance and Tips</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider using salvaged bricks or recycled stone pavers.</li>\n<li>Look for a regionally-quarried stone to reduce transportation costs and environmental footprint.</li>\n<li>To prevent clogging, immediately clean any soil deposited on pavement and vacuum (as necessary) twice each year.</li>\n<li>Maintain planted areas adjacent to the pavement.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>For additional information regarding the design of pervious pavement, see the <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual2.htm\">NJ DEP Stormwater Best Practices Manual</a> and the <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for NJ</a>.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/water-research/experimental-permeable-pavement-parking-lot-and-rain-garden-stormwater-management\">US EPA Region 2 Laboratory Parking Lot, Edison, NJ</a></p>\n<p>This demonstration project in Edison NJ included three types of permeable surfaces for a 110-vehicle-capacity parking lot. The project leveraged funding from US EPA’s <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-research-and-development-ord\">Office of Research and Development (ORD)</a> long-term research project examining various stormwater management practices and installed  instrumentation to study the impact of permeable surfaces on stormwater quanitity and quality, erosion, and threats to aquatic life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.farleypavers.com/downloads/Downtown-Altoona-Pennsylvania-Pavingstone-Project.pdf\">Altoona Downtown Revitalization – Altoona, PA</a></p>\n<p>A collaborative effort initiated by downtown business owners and other stakeholders resulted in over 42,000 SF of pervious pavers. A combination of pervious hardscapes was chosen depending on the application, from pavers to withstand traffic loads to compact stone for pedestrians.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.mortonarb.org/\">Morton Arboretum Visitor’s Center Parking Lot – Lisle, IL</a></p>\n<p>Rather than create detention facilities to address water runoff from required hardscapes (entrance road, passenger drop-off, parking lot), Morton Arboretum opted for permeable pavers covering 173,000 SF, allowing the site design to protect water quality and facilitate water management.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/southwest-park\">Southwest Park, Hoboken, NJ</a></p>\n<p>A one-acre park designed with green infrastructure such as bioswales, rain gardens, permeable pavement, and underground chambers that can store 200,000 gallons of stormwater runoff, South Park in Hoboken NJ helps reduce localized flooding in the surrounding neighborhood (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using pervious hardscape materials:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Alleviates the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff, thus mitigates flooding.</li>\n<li>Reduces pollution of total suspended solids and nutrients in the soil.</li>\n<li>Helps reduce the need for and size of detention ponds<strong>, </strong>thereby reducing the need to clear more land and wildlife habitats.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Costs for pervious paving materials vary by the project. The size of the project, local labor expenses, and the type of material all influence the final costs. Cost comparisons for paving materials can be misleading. For example, on average, a standard asphalt installation costs between $3.00 – $3.25 per square foot requires additional stormwater management systems, whereas pervious paving systems incorporate stormwater management.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>A more accurate cost comparison considers stormwater management costs. When asphalt projects consider stormwater management costs, for example, the cost rises to between $7 and $15 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Gravel pavers typically cost between $3.00 and $10.00 per square foot, while interlocking concrete pavers cost between $6.00 and $15.00 per square foot, and porous concrete cost ranges from $4.00 to $6.00 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> While these pervious paving materials may cost more initially than conventional asphalt, longer lifespans due to the higher durability inherent in concrete, reduce long-term maintenance costs and reduce repair costs and premature replacement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Green infrastructure, such as pervious hardscape materials, integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure. For example, pervious hardscape materials help to increase stormwater infiltration, reducing stress on municipal sewer systems during heavy rain events and help to recharge groundwater, during periods of drought.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> NJ DEP. Green Infrastructure in NJ. Pervious Pavement. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Stormwater Program <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program\">https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – <em>Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</em> <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. New Jersey Stormwater Best Practices Manual. “Best Practices Standard for Pervious Paving Systems.” <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018)<em>.</em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> NJ DEP. New Jersey Stormwater Best Practices Manual. “Best Practices Standard for Pervious Paving Systems” <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/water-research/experimental-permeable-pavement-parking-lot-and-rain-garden-stormwater-management\">https://www.epa.gov/water-research/experimental-permeable-pavement-parking-lot-and-rain-garden-stormwater-management</a>  (accessed March 24, 2018).<sup>  </sup></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Costs provided by a significant asphalt supplier in NJ (May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.” <a href=\"https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines_Permeable-Pavement_042120.pdf\">https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines_Permeable-Pavement_042120.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Homeadvisor.com. <a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/</a>   (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Improvenet.com.  <a href=\"https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers\">https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.”</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/rain-gardens-and-cisterns/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://developersguide.njfuture.org\">NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.icpi.org/\">Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lafoundation.org\">Landscape Architecture Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://wefstormwaterinstitute.org\">Water Environment Federation</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ Department of Environmental Protection</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Environmental Protection Agency</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-10/documents/draftlongtermstormwaterguide_508.pdf\">Community Solutions for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainability/giwiz\">Green Infrastructure Wizard</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Pervious Hardscape Materials','','inherit','closed','closed','','1628-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:16:29','2022-06-23 19:16:29','',1628,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2669',0,'revision','',0),(2670,3,'2022-06-23 19:16:30','2022-06-23 19:16:30','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Pervious Hardscape Materials\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Pervious Hardscape Materials?</strong></h2>\n<p>Pervious paving systems absorb water, thus reducing or eliminating runoff. Pervious materials can be used in driveways, patios, walkways, parking spaces, and recreational surfaces such as tennis and basketball courts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>The primary purpose for utilizing pervious materials is to avoid the environmental damages associated with impervious surfaces. For example, impervious surfaces cause stormwater runoff, which can result in pollution and contamination of nearby water bodies and surrounding habitats.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_352\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"734\"]<img class=\"wp-image-352 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-2-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape, concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010)\" width=\"734\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 1- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape, concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Green Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices, such as pervious hardscape materials, that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration (see<span> </span><em>Rain Barrels and Vegetated Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers for use in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.</p>\n<p>There are several types of pervious hardscapes (see Table 1). The basic components of pervious surfaces are:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Uncompacted subgrade (original, undistrubed soil)</li>\n<li>Base layer/filter fabric/geotextile</li>\n<li>Uniform crushed stone base</li>\n<li>Porous layer (pavement/paver/brick/stone)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Table 1- Types of Pervious Materials<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-431 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Table-1.png\" alt=\"NR-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Table-1\" width=\"1214\" height=\"682\" /></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Pervious Hardscape Materials</strong></h2>\n<p>Review municipal regulations to determine whether the use of pervious hardscape materials is permissible at a development site. It may also be appropriate to discuss the use of pervious paving materials with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.</p>\n<p>Pervious pavers have to be properly installed to maximize the system’s ability to absorb water. In addition to water collection, the base must also have adequate storage capacity. For most applications, open-graded crushed stone is utilized as a base material.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_72\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1142\"]<img class=\"wp-image-72 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-3-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 2- Typical construction of pervious surfaces (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems)\" width=\"1142\" height=\"498\" /> Figure 2- Typical construction of pervious surfaces (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170514125750/http://www.performance-materials.basf.us:80/resources/case-studies/page/2\">The BASF Near-Zero Energy Home, Paterson, NJ</a></p>\n<p>This high-performance home, which serves as a model for the City of Paterson’s ongoing effort to build 3,000 units of affordable housing, has a driveway constructed with interlocking concrete pavers.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using pervious hardscape materials:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces storm water runoff and prevents storm water from polluting local waterways (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).</li>\n<li>Helps eliminate soil erosion and contamination caused by runoff.</li>\n<li>Mitigates heat island effect.</li>\n<li>Reduces material replacement costs and resource use through generally lasting longer than traditional impervious surfaces such as asphalt, and generally requiring less maintenance.</li>\n<li>Reduces need to allocate land for detention ponds and drainage detention basins.</li>\n<li>Helps recharge natural aquifers and groundwater systems.</li>\n<li>Minimizes strain on water treatment plants during heavy storms and rainfall, thus reducing the possibility of overflowing and pumping of raw sewage into natural water bodies.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Costs for pervious hardscape materials will vary substantially by project. Final costs are influenced largely by the size of the project, labor expenses, and the type of material being used.  Cost comparisons for paving materials can be misleading. For example, on average, asphalt costs between $3.00 – $4.00 per square foot (depending on quality) but needs additional stormwater management systems installed, whereas pervious paving systems incorporate stormwater management. A more accurate cost comparison takes stormwater management costs into consideration. When stormwater management costs are added to asphalt, for example, the cost is between $7 and $15 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Grass/gravel pavers typically cost between $3.00 and $10.00 per square foot. Interlocking concrete pavers cost between $6.00 and $15.00 per square foot and porous concrete cost ranges from $4.00 to $6.00 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> While these types of materials may initially cost more than conventional asphalt, their lifespan is significantly longer, due to the higher durability inherent in concrete.  This in turn makes long term maintenance costs lower, due to the infrequency of major repairs and replacement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Green infrastructure, such as pervious hardscape materials, integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure. For example, pervious hardscape materials help to increase stormwater infiltration, reducing stress on municipal sewer systems during heavy rain events, and help to recharge groundwater, during periods of drought.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> NJ DEP. <em>Standard for Pervious Paving Systems </em><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> LEED. “Ready Mixed Concrete Reference Guide” P. 16.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nrmca.org/greenconcrete/LEED_reference_guide_2009_3rd-edition.pdf\">http://www.nrmca.org/greenconcrete/LEED_reference_guide_2009_3rd-edition.pdf</a> (Accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – <em>Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</em> <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. Standard for Pervious Paving Systems</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> UC Davis, National Center for Sustainable Transportation. “The Application of Permeable Pavement with Emphasis on Successful Design, Water Quality Benefits, and Identification of Knowledge and Data Gaps.” <a href=\"https://ncst.ucdavis.edu/research-product/permeable-pavement-northern-north-american-urban-areas-research-review-and\">https://ncst.ucdavis.edu/research-product/permeable-pavement-northern-north-american-urban-areas-research-review-and</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute <a href=\"https://www.icpi.org/paving-systems/concrete-pavers/installation\">https://www.icpi.org/paving-systems/concrete-pavers/installation</a> (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJ DEP. <em>Standard for Pervious Paving Systems </em><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.” <a href=\"https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines_Permeable-Pavement_042120.pdf\">https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines_Permeable-Pavement_042120.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Homeadvisor.com. <a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/</a>   (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Improvenet.com.  <a href=\"https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers\">https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.”</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"ftp://ftp.asce.org/EWRI/Permeable%20Pavement/~1_PermeablePavement_FULLSET_DRAFT_102313.pdf\">American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Permeable Pavements</a></li>\n<li>NJ DEP\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://developersguide.njfuture.org/\">NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-10/documents/draftlongtermstormwaterguide_508.pdf\">Community Solutions for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainability/giwiz\">Green Infrastructure Wizard</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.icpi.org/\">Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lafoundation.org/\">Landscape Architecture Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.toolbase.org/techinventory/techdetails.aspx?contentdetailid=909&amp;bucketid=6&amp;categoryid=11\">NAHB Research Center – Low Impact Development (LID) for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20220226163801/https://landscapeforlife.org/water/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Pervious Hardscape Materials','','inherit','closed','closed','','1443-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:16:30','2022-06-23 19:16:30','',1443,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2670',0,'revision','',0),(2671,3,'2022-06-23 19:16:39','2022-06-23 19:16:39','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Pervious Hardscape Materials\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Pervious Hardscape Materials?</strong></h2>\n<p>Pervious paving systems absorb water, thus reducing or eliminating runoff. Pervious materials can be used in driveways, patios, walkways, parking spaces, and recreational surfaces such as tennis and basketball courts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>The primary purpose for utilizing pervious materials is to avoid the environmental damages associated with impervious surfaces. For example, impervious surfaces cause stormwater runoff, which can result in pollution and contamination of nearby water bodies and surrounding habitats.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_352\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"734\"]<img class=\"wp-image-352 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-2-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape, concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010)\" width=\"734\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 1- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape, concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Green Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices, such as pervious hardscape materials, that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration (see<span> </span><em>Rain Barrels and Vegetated Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers for use in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.</p>\n<p>There are several types of pervious hardscapes (see Table 1). The basic components of pervious surfaces are:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Uncompacted subgrade (original, undistrubed soil)</li>\n<li>Base layer/filter fabric/geotextile</li>\n<li>Uniform crushed stone base</li>\n<li>Porous layer (pavement/paver/brick/stone)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Table 1- Types of Pervious Materials<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-431 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Table-1.png\" alt=\"NR-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Table-1\" width=\"1214\" height=\"682\" /></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Pervious Hardscape Materials</strong></h2>\n<p>Review municipal regulations to determine whether the use of pervious hardscape materials is permissible at a development site. It may also be appropriate to discuss the use of pervious paving materials with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.</p>\n<p>Pervious pavers have to be properly installed to maximize the system’s ability to absorb water. In addition to water collection, the base must also have adequate storage capacity. For most applications, open-graded crushed stone is utilized as a base material.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_72\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1142\"]<img class=\"wp-image-72 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-3-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 2- Typical construction of pervious surfaces (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems)\" width=\"1142\" height=\"498\" /> Figure 2- Typical construction of pervious surfaces (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170514125750/http://www.performance-materials.basf.us:80/resources/case-studies/page/2\">The BASF Near-Zero Energy Home, Paterson, NJ</a></p>\n<p>This high-performance home, which serves as a model for the City of Paterson’s ongoing effort to build 3,000 units of affordable housing, has a driveway constructed with interlocking concrete pavers.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using pervious hardscape materials:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces storm water runoff and prevents storm water from polluting local waterways (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).</li>\n<li>Helps eliminate soil erosion and contamination caused by runoff.</li>\n<li>Mitigates heat island effect.</li>\n<li>Reduces material replacement costs and resource use through generally lasting longer than traditional impervious surfaces such as asphalt, and generally requiring less maintenance.</li>\n<li>Reduces need to allocate land for detention ponds and drainage detention basins.</li>\n<li>Helps recharge natural aquifers and groundwater systems.</li>\n<li>Minimizes strain on water treatment plants during heavy storms and rainfall, thus reducing the possibility of overflowing and pumping of raw sewage into natural water bodies.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Costs for pervious hardscape materials will vary substantially by project. Final costs are influenced largely by the size of the project, labor expenses, and the type of material being used.  Cost comparisons for paving materials can be misleading. For example, on average, asphalt costs between $3.00 – $4.00 per square foot (depending on quality) but needs additional stormwater management systems installed, whereas pervious paving systems incorporate stormwater management. A more accurate cost comparison takes stormwater management costs into consideration. When stormwater management costs are added to asphalt, for example, the cost is between $7 and $15 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Grass/gravel pavers typically cost between $3.00 and $10.00 per square foot. Interlocking concrete pavers cost between $6.00 and $15.00 per square foot and porous concrete cost ranges from $4.00 to $6.00 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> While these types of materials may initially cost more than conventional asphalt, their lifespan is significantly longer, due to the higher durability inherent in concrete.  This in turn makes long term maintenance costs lower, due to the infrequency of major repairs and replacement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Green infrastructure, such as pervious hardscape materials, integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure. For example, pervious hardscape materials help to increase stormwater infiltration, reducing stress on municipal sewer systems during heavy rain events, and help to recharge groundwater, during periods of drought.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> NJ DEP. <em>Standard for Pervious Paving Systems </em><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> LEED. “Ready Mixed Concrete Reference Guide” P. 16.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nrmca.org/greenconcrete/LEED_reference_guide_2009_3rd-edition.pdf\">http://www.nrmca.org/greenconcrete/LEED_reference_guide_2009_3rd-edition.pdf</a> (Accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – <em>Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</em> <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. Standard for Pervious Paving Systems</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> UC Davis, National Center for Sustainable Transportation. “The Application of Permeable Pavement with Emphasis on Successful Design, Water Quality Benefits, and Identification of Knowledge and Data Gaps.” <a href=\"https://ncst.ucdavis.edu/research-product/permeable-pavement-northern-north-american-urban-areas-research-review-and\">https://ncst.ucdavis.edu/research-product/permeable-pavement-northern-north-american-urban-areas-research-review-and</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute <a href=\"https://www.icpi.org/paving-systems/concrete-pavers/installation\">https://www.icpi.org/paving-systems/concrete-pavers/installation</a> (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJ DEP. <em>Standard for Pervious Paving Systems </em><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.” <a href=\"https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines_Permeable-Pavement_042120.pdf\">https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines_Permeable-Pavement_042120.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Homeadvisor.com. <a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/</a>   (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Improvenet.com.  <a href=\"https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers\">https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.”</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"ftp://ftp.asce.org/EWRI/Permeable%20Pavement/~1_PermeablePavement_FULLSET_DRAFT_102313.pdf\">American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Permeable Pavements</a></li>\n<li>NJ DEP\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://developersguide.njfuture.org/\">NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-10/documents/draftlongtermstormwaterguide_508.pdf\">Community Solutions for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainability/giwiz\">Green Infrastructure Wizard</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.icpi.org/\">Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lafoundation.org/\">Landscape Architecture Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20150504092114/http://www.toolbase.org:80/TechInventory/TechDetails.aspx?ContentDetailID=909&amp;BucketID=6&amp;CategoryID=11\">NAHB Research Center – Low Impact Development (LID) for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20220226163801/https://landscapeforlife.org/water/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Pervious Hardscape Materials','','inherit','closed','closed','','1443-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:16:39','2022-06-23 19:16:39','',1443,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2671',0,'revision','',0),(2672,3,'2022-06-23 19:17:30','2022-06-23 19:17:30','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Soil Test\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2></h2>\n<h2><strong>What is a Soil Test?</strong></h2>\n<p>A soil test refers to the technical analysis of a soil sample that provides information about nutrient content, soil pH, soil composition, and levels of contaminants such as lead.</p>\n<p>Different plants and landscapes have different soil requirements. The results of a soil test help to guide decisions about soil amendments, plant selection, landscape design, and water management (see<span> </span><em>Native and Adapted Plants, Water-Efficient Landscape Design, Edible Landscaping, and Wildlife Habitat</em>).</p>\n<p>Contaminants, including lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and copper, are often found in soils in urban areas, on former industrial or commercial sites, and sometimes on lands previously used for orchards (see<span> </span><em>Brownfield and Infill Sites</em>). Toxins may be absorbed directly through ingestion (a particular hazard for children) or indirectly through consumption of foods grown in the contaminated soil. Employ safe gardening practices and techniques for soil remediation to reduce risk.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>For more information on soil remediation techniques see<span> </span><a href=\"https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture\">Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture.</a></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_200\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"528\"]<img class=\"wp-image-200 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Soil-Test-FIg-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Soil (Source: University of Kentucky Agricultural Extension)\" width=\"528\" height=\"340\" /> Figure 1 – Soil (Source: University of Kentucky Agricultural Extension)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement a Soil Test</strong></h2>\n<p>Soil sample kits are available for purchase from the local<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/kits.php\">Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a><span> </span>county office, garden centers, or online. Alternately, mail collected samples to the<a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/soiltestinglab/\"><span> </span>New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station’s (NJAES) Soil Testing Laboratory</a>. Follow the correct procedures for collecting soil to achieve accurate results.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Conduct soil tests every 2 to 3 years in the spring or fall before fertilization and avoiding wet conditions. For lawn care, conduct sampling in the summer to prepare for fertilization in the fall.</p>\n<p>Use a sampling probe, trowel, or spade to collect ten to fifteen cores or slices of soil six inches in length from the surface in the test area. Mix all of the soil samples in a bucket and put two cups into a plastic bag. Send a sample to a soil sample laboratory for testing.</p>\n<p><u>Interpreting the Soil Test</u></p>\n<p>A basic soil fertility test comes with recommendations for nutrient applications from the local extension office. Consider organic alternatives to synthetic or chemical fertilizers. For example, ashes from a fireplace or wood stove can raise the pH of soil instead of lime. Compost can increase the organic matter in the soil, decreasing the need to add fertilizer.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Optimize plant health and beauty – Too much or too little of any nutrient can harm plant growth. Conducting a soil test identifies appropriate nutrient applications.</li>\n<li>Save money – Soil tests save money in the long run by the preventing purchase of unnecessary chemicals.</li>\n<li>Protect natural resources and habitat health – Eliminating unnecessary applications of harmful pesticides or fertilizers protects environmental and human health.</li>\n<li>Protect human health – Soil tests can help identify harmful toxins or contaminants in the soil and inform decisions about locating plants (particularly edible plants) and/or the need for soil remediation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>There are multiple kinds of soil tests. A fertility test from NJAES that measures nutrient and pH levels includes recommendations and costs $20. Lead screening tests cost an additional $20. Many other tests are available measuring everything from organic matter content to soil textural class to soluble salt levels. These tests range from $17 to $138. Contact the local<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/services-fees.php\">Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a><span> </span>office to determine what tests are appropriate for a particular project.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Healthy soil supports ecological resilience by increasing the biological diversity of plants and animals in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance. Soil testing, especially for homes located in coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, helps to determine which plants are best suited to act as a buffer to encroaching water during flood periods and to provide defense against erosion.  Soil tests also help inform decision making about the location of edible plants, which can be a resource during emergencies.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Bellows, Anne C., Katherine Brown and Jac Smit. 2003.<span> </span><em>Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture</em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture\">https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Heckman, Joseph R., Susan Lance-Scibilia and Stephanie Murphy. 2004.<span> </span><em>Soil Testing for Home Lawns and Garden.</em><span> </span>Rutgers Cooperative Research and Extension.<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs797/\">https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs797/</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>University of Massachusetts Extension, Agricultural Engineering – Vegetable Program.<span> </span><em>Compost Analysis and Interpretation.<span> </span></em><a href=\"https://ag.umass.edu/vegetable/fact-sheets/compost-production-analysis-regulation\">https://ag.umass.edu/vegetable/fact-sheets/compost-production-analysis-regulation</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/\">Brownfield and Infill Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-edible-landscaping/\">Edible Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-wildlife-habitat/\">Wildlife Habitat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://landscapeforlife.org/soil/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li>Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">Cooperative Extension County Offices </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/\">Soil Testing Laboratory</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS719\">Soil Fertility Test Interpretation – Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, and Calcium</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://ifplantscouldtalk.rutgers.edu/\">Rutgers: If Plants Could Talk</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.soils.org/discover-soils/soils-in-the-city/soil-contaminants/soil-testing\">Soil Science Society of America</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Soil Test','','inherit','closed','closed','','1449-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:17:30','2022-06-23 19:17:30','',1449,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2672',0,'revision','',0),(2673,3,'2022-06-23 19:17:39','2022-06-23 19:17:39','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Soil Test\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2></h2>\n<h2><strong>What is a Soil Test?</strong></h2>\n<p>A soil test refers to the technical analysis of a soil sample that provides information about nutrient content, soil pH, soil composition, and levels of contaminants such as lead.</p>\n<p>Different plants and landscapes have different soil requirements. The results of a soil test help to guide decisions about soil amendments, plant selection, landscape design, and water management (see<span> </span><em>Native and Adapted Plants, Water-Efficient Landscape Design, Edible Landscaping, and Wildlife Habitat</em>).</p>\n<p>Contaminants, including lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and copper, are often found in soils in urban areas, on former industrial or commercial sites, and sometimes on lands previously used for orchards (see<span> </span><em>Brownfield and Infill Sites</em>). Toxins may be absorbed directly through ingestion (a particular hazard for children) or indirectly through consumption of foods grown in the contaminated soil. Employ safe gardening practices and techniques for soil remediation to reduce risk.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>For more information on soil remediation techniques see<span> </span><a href=\"https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture\">Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture.</a></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_200\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"528\"]<img class=\"wp-image-200 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Soil-Test-FIg-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Soil (Source: University of Kentucky Agricultural Extension)\" width=\"528\" height=\"340\" /> Figure 1 – Soil (Source: University of Kentucky Agricultural Extension)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement a Soil Test</strong></h2>\n<p>Soil sample kits are available for purchase from the local<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/kits.php\">Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a><span> </span>county office, garden centers, or online. Alternately, mail collected samples to the<a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/soiltestinglab/\"><span> </span>New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station’s (NJAES) Soil Testing Laboratory</a>. Follow the correct procedures for collecting soil to achieve accurate results.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Conduct soil tests every 2 to 3 years in the spring or fall before fertilization and avoiding wet conditions. For lawn care, conduct sampling in the summer to prepare for fertilization in the fall.</p>\n<p>Use a sampling probe, trowel, or spade to collect ten to fifteen cores or slices of soil six inches in length from the surface in the test area. Mix all of the soil samples in a bucket and put two cups into a plastic bag. Send a sample to a soil sample laboratory for testing.</p>\n<p><u>Interpreting the Soil Test</u></p>\n<p>A basic soil fertility test comes with recommendations for nutrient applications from the local extension office. Consider organic alternatives to synthetic or chemical fertilizers. For example, ashes from a fireplace or wood stove can raise the pH of soil instead of lime. Compost can increase the organic matter in the soil, decreasing the need to add fertilizer.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Optimize plant health and beauty – Too much or too little of any nutrient can harm plant growth. Conducting a soil test identifies appropriate nutrient applications.</li>\n<li>Save money – Soil tests save money in the long run by the preventing purchase of unnecessary chemicals.</li>\n<li>Protect natural resources and habitat health – Eliminating unnecessary applications of harmful pesticides or fertilizers protects environmental and human health.</li>\n<li>Protect human health – Soil tests can help identify harmful toxins or contaminants in the soil and inform decisions about locating plants (particularly edible plants) and/or the need for soil remediation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>There are multiple kinds of soil tests. A fertility test from NJAES that measures nutrient and pH levels includes recommendations and costs $20. Lead screening tests cost an additional $20. Many other tests are available measuring everything from organic matter content to soil textural class to soluble salt levels. These tests range from $17 to $138. Contact the local<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/services-fees.php\">Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a><span> </span>office to determine what tests are appropriate for a particular project.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Healthy soil supports ecological resilience by increasing the biological diversity of plants and animals in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance. Soil testing, especially for homes located in coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, helps to determine which plants are best suited to act as a buffer to encroaching water during flood periods and to provide defense against erosion.  Soil tests also help inform decision making about the location of edible plants, which can be a resource during emergencies.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Bellows, Anne C., Katherine Brown and Jac Smit. 2003.<span> </span><em>Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture</em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture\">https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Heckman, Joseph R., Susan Lance-Scibilia and Stephanie Murphy. 2004.<span> </span><em>Soil Testing for Home Lawns and Garden.</em><span> </span>Rutgers Cooperative Research and Extension.<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs797/\">https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs797/</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>University of Massachusetts Extension, Agricultural Engineering – Vegetable Program.<span> </span><em>Compost Analysis and Interpretation.<span> </span></em><a href=\"https://ag.umass.edu/vegetable/fact-sheets/compost-production-analysis-regulation\">https://ag.umass.edu/vegetable/fact-sheets/compost-production-analysis-regulation</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/\">Brownfield and Infill Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-edible-landscaping/\">Edible Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-wildlife-habitat/\">Wildlife Habitat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210815184324/https://landscapeforlife.org/soil/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li>Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">Cooperative Extension County Offices </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/\">Soil Testing Laboratory</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS719\">Soil Fertility Test Interpretation – Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, and Calcium</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://ifplantscouldtalk.rutgers.edu/\">Rutgers: If Plants Could Talk</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.soils.org/discover-soils/soils-in-the-city/soil-contaminants/soil-testing\">Soil Science Society of America</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Soil Test','','inherit','closed','closed','','1449-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:17:39','2022-06-23 19:17:39','',1449,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2673',0,'revision','',0),(2674,3,'2022-06-23 19:17:46','2022-06-23 19:17:46','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Soil Test\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2></h2>\n<h2><strong>What is a Soil Test?</strong></h2>\n<p>A soil test refers to the technical analysis of a soil sample that provides information about nutrient content, soil pH, soil composition, and levels of contaminants such as lead.</p>\n<p>Different plants and landscapes have different soil requirements. The results of a soil test help to guide decisions about soil amendments, plant selection, landscape design, and water management (see<span> </span><em>Native and Adapted Plants, Water-Efficient Landscape Design, Edible Landscaping, and Wildlife Habitat</em>).</p>\n<p>Contaminants, including lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and copper, are often found in soils in urban areas, on former industrial or commercial sites, and sometimes on lands previously used for orchards (see<span> </span><em>Brownfield and Infill Sites</em>). Toxins may be absorbed directly through ingestion (a particular hazard for children) or indirectly through consumption of foods grown in the contaminated soil. Employ safe gardening practices and techniques for soil remediation to reduce risk.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>For more information on soil remediation techniques see<span> </span><a href=\"https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture\">Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture.</a></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_200\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"528\"]<img class=\"wp-image-200 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Soil-Test-FIg-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Soil (Source: University of Kentucky Agricultural Extension)\" width=\"528\" height=\"340\" /> Figure 1 – Soil (Source: University of Kentucky Agricultural Extension)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement a Soil Test</strong></h2>\n<p>Soil sample kits are available for purchase from the local<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/kits.php\">Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a><span> </span>county office, garden centers, or online. Alternately, mail collected samples to the<a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/soiltestinglab/\"><span> </span>New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station’s (NJAES) Soil Testing Laboratory</a>. Follow the correct procedures for collecting soil to achieve accurate results.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Conduct soil tests every 2 to 3 years in the spring or fall before fertilization and avoiding wet conditions. For lawn care, conduct sampling in the summer to prepare for fertilization in the fall.</p>\n<p>Use a sampling probe, trowel, or spade to collect ten to fifteen cores or slices of soil six inches in length from the surface in the test area. Mix all of the soil samples in a bucket and put two cups into a plastic bag. Send a sample to a soil sample laboratory for testing.</p>\n<p><u>Interpreting the Soil Test</u></p>\n<p>A basic soil fertility test comes with recommendations for nutrient applications from the local extension office. Consider organic alternatives to synthetic or chemical fertilizers. For example, ashes from a fireplace or wood stove can raise the pH of soil instead of lime. Compost can increase the organic matter in the soil, decreasing the need to add fertilizer.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Optimize plant health and beauty – Too much or too little of any nutrient can harm plant growth. Conducting a soil test identifies appropriate nutrient applications.</li>\n<li>Save money – Soil tests save money in the long run by the preventing purchase of unnecessary chemicals.</li>\n<li>Protect natural resources and habitat health – Eliminating unnecessary applications of harmful pesticides or fertilizers protects environmental and human health.</li>\n<li>Protect human health – Soil tests can help identify harmful toxins or contaminants in the soil and inform decisions about locating plants (particularly edible plants) and/or the need for soil remediation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>There are multiple kinds of soil tests. A fertility test from NJAES that measures nutrient and pH levels includes recommendations and costs $20. Lead screening tests cost an additional $20. Many other tests are available measuring everything from organic matter content to soil textural class to soluble salt levels. These tests range from $17 to $138. Contact the local<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/services-fees.php\">Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a><span> </span>office to determine what tests are appropriate for a particular project.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Healthy soil supports ecological resilience by increasing the biological diversity of plants and animals in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance. Soil testing, especially for homes located in coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, helps to determine which plants are best suited to act as a buffer to encroaching water during flood periods and to provide defense against erosion.  Soil tests also help inform decision making about the location of edible plants, which can be a resource during emergencies.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Bellows, Anne C., Katherine Brown and Jac Smit. 2003.<span> </span><em>Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture</em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture\">https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Heckman, Joseph R., Susan Lance-Scibilia and Stephanie Murphy. 2004.<span> </span><em>Soil Testing for Home Lawns and Garden.</em><span> </span>Rutgers Cooperative Research and Extension.<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs797/\">https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs797/</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>University of Massachusetts Extension, Agricultural Engineering – Vegetable Program.<span> </span><em>Compost Analysis and Interpretation.<span> </span></em><a href=\"https://ag.umass.edu/vegetable/fact-sheets/compost-production-analysis-regulation\">https://ag.umass.edu/vegetable/fact-sheets/compost-production-analysis-regulation</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/\">Brownfield and Infill Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-edible-landscaping/\">Edible Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-wildlife-habitat/\">Wildlife Habitat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210815184324/https://landscapeforlife.org/soil/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li>Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">Cooperative Extension County Offices </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/\">Soil Testing Laboratory</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS719\">Soil Fertility Test Interpretation – Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, and Calcium</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200210171924/http://ifplantscouldtalk.rutgers.edu:80/\">Rutgers: If Plants Could Talk</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.soils.org/discover-soils/soils-in-the-city/soil-contaminants/soil-testing\">Soil Science Society of America</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Soil Test','','inherit','closed','closed','','1449-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:17:46','2022-06-23 19:17:46','',1449,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2674',0,'revision','',0),(2675,3,'2022-06-23 19:17:52','2022-06-23 19:17:52','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Soil Test\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2></h2>\n<h2><strong>What is a Soil Test?</strong></h2>\n<p>A soil test refers to the technical analysis of a soil sample that provides information about nutrient content, soil pH, soil composition, and levels of contaminants such as lead.</p>\n<p>Different plants and landscapes have different soil requirements. The results of a soil test help to guide decisions about soil amendments, plant selection, landscape design, and water management (see<span> </span><em>Native and Adapted Plants, Water-Efficient Landscape Design, Edible Landscaping, and Wildlife Habitat</em>).</p>\n<p>Contaminants, including lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and copper, are often found in soils in urban areas, on former industrial or commercial sites, and sometimes on lands previously used for orchards (see<span> </span><em>Brownfield and Infill Sites</em>). Toxins may be absorbed directly through ingestion (a particular hazard for children) or indirectly through consumption of foods grown in the contaminated soil. Employ safe gardening practices and techniques for soil remediation to reduce risk.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>For more information on soil remediation techniques see<span> </span><a href=\"https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture\">Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture.</a></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_200\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"528\"]<img class=\"wp-image-200 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Soil-Test-FIg-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Soil (Source: University of Kentucky Agricultural Extension)\" width=\"528\" height=\"340\" /> Figure 1 – Soil (Source: University of Kentucky Agricultural Extension)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement a Soil Test</strong></h2>\n<p>Soil sample kits are available for purchase from the local<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/kits.php\">Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a><span> </span>county office, garden centers, or online. Alternately, mail collected samples to the<a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/soiltestinglab/\"><span> </span>New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station’s (NJAES) Soil Testing Laboratory</a>. Follow the correct procedures for collecting soil to achieve accurate results.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Conduct soil tests every 2 to 3 years in the spring or fall before fertilization and avoiding wet conditions. For lawn care, conduct sampling in the summer to prepare for fertilization in the fall.</p>\n<p>Use a sampling probe, trowel, or spade to collect ten to fifteen cores or slices of soil six inches in length from the surface in the test area. Mix all of the soil samples in a bucket and put two cups into a plastic bag. Send a sample to a soil sample laboratory for testing.</p>\n<p><u>Interpreting the Soil Test</u></p>\n<p>A basic soil fertility test comes with recommendations for nutrient applications from the local extension office. Consider organic alternatives to synthetic or chemical fertilizers. For example, ashes from a fireplace or wood stove can raise the pH of soil instead of lime. Compost can increase the organic matter in the soil, decreasing the need to add fertilizer.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Optimize plant health and beauty – Too much or too little of any nutrient can harm plant growth. Conducting a soil test identifies appropriate nutrient applications.</li>\n<li>Save money – Soil tests save money in the long run by the preventing purchase of unnecessary chemicals.</li>\n<li>Protect natural resources and habitat health – Eliminating unnecessary applications of harmful pesticides or fertilizers protects environmental and human health.</li>\n<li>Protect human health – Soil tests can help identify harmful toxins or contaminants in the soil and inform decisions about locating plants (particularly edible plants) and/or the need for soil remediation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>There are multiple kinds of soil tests. A fertility test from NJAES that measures nutrient and pH levels includes recommendations and costs $20. Lead screening tests cost an additional $20. Many other tests are available measuring everything from organic matter content to soil textural class to soluble salt levels. These tests range from $17 to $138. Contact the local<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/services-fees.php\">Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a><span> </span>office to determine what tests are appropriate for a particular project.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Healthy soil supports ecological resilience by increasing the biological diversity of plants and animals in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance. Soil testing, especially for homes located in coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, helps to determine which plants are best suited to act as a buffer to encroaching water during flood periods and to provide defense against erosion.  Soil tests also help inform decision making about the location of edible plants, which can be a resource during emergencies.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Bellows, Anne C., Katherine Brown and Jac Smit. 2003.<span> </span><em>Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture</em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture\">https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Heckman, Joseph R., Susan Lance-Scibilia and Stephanie Murphy. 2004.<span> </span><em>Soil Testing for Home Lawns and Garden.</em><span> </span>Rutgers Cooperative Research and Extension.<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs797/\">https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs797/</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>University of Massachusetts Extension, Agricultural Engineering – Vegetable Program.<span> </span><em>Compost Analysis and Interpretation.<span> </span></em><a href=\"https://ag.umass.edu/vegetable/fact-sheets/compost-production-analysis-regulation\">https://ag.umass.edu/vegetable/fact-sheets/compost-production-analysis-regulation</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/\">Brownfield and Infill Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-edible-landscaping/\">Edible Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-wildlife-habitat/\">Wildlife Habitat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210815184324/https://landscapeforlife.org/soil/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li>Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">Cooperative Extension County Offices </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/\">Soil Testing Laboratory</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS719\">Soil Fertility Test Interpretation – Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, and Calcium</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200210171924/http://ifplantscouldtalk.rutgers.edu:80/\">Rutgers: If Plants Could Talk</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20191008211334/https://www.soils.org/discover-soils/soils-in-the-city/soil-contaminants/soil-testing\">Soil Science Society of America</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Soil Test','','inherit','closed','closed','','1449-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:17:52','2022-06-23 19:17:52','',1449,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2675',0,'revision','',0),(2676,3,'2022-06-23 19:18:10','2022-06-23 19:18:10','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Vegetated Roof\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2></h2>\n<h2></h2>\n<h2><strong>What is a Vegetated Roof?</strong></h2>\n<p>A vegetated roof or green roof consists of vegetation in a lightweight growing medium placed on top of the drainage layer, root barrier, and waterproof membrane (see Figure 1). Vegetated roofs provide many environmental benefits such as decreased stormwater runoff and reduced building energy use. They absorb air pollutants and provide a habitat for beneficial insects and birds, serve as a sound barrier, and mitigate the urban heat island effect.</p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_230\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"908\"]<img class=\"wp-image-230 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Vegetated-Roof-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: A basic cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual).\" width=\"908\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 1: A basic cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to How to Incorporate a Vegetated Roof</strong></h2>\n<p>There are many pre-engineered green roof systems available on the market, but green roof designs are often customized to achieve a project’s specific performance objectives. Consult a design professional and integrate the development of the green roof with the development of the building’s structure and systems. The roof strength must be able to hold 10-25 pounds per square foot above the requirements of an underlying roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>The two primary categories of vegetated roofs include: extensive and intensive. Extensive vegetated roofs consist of lightweight systems with shallow soil (or other growing media) depths usually less than 6 inches.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Extensive vegetated roofs require less structural support than an intensive system and support a more limited palette of hardy plants adapted to extreme environments that need little maintenance. Intensive vegetated roofs typically have more than 6” of soil or other growing media, weigh more than extensive vegetated roofs, and can support a greater variety of plants. Intensive systems require more maintenance and a higher initial investment than an extensive roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can host a variety of plant species but typically include drought-tolerant species such as hardy succulents, sedums, and perennials. Consider low-maintenance, native species capable of living in the shallow soil. For a list of species indigenous to the Northeast, see<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nycgovparks.org/greening/greenbelt-native-plant-center/garden-species-lists/garden-green-roof\">NYC Greenbelt Native Plant Center</a><span> </span>or<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">List of NJ Native Plants by County</a>.</p>\n<p>Vegetated roof requires some maintenance such as watering during the establishment period and occasional weeding. Seasonal pruning and cutting of grasses and annual plants reduce the accumulation of combustible material on the roof. Regularly inspect and maintain the components of the roof’s drainage system such as gutters, underdrains, and downspouts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nativebergen.com/green-roof-grows-in-teaneck/\">Green Roof in Teaneck, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Homeowners installed a vegetated roof, consisting of a system of trays holding a lightweight growing medium and drought resistant sedums, to reduce energy consumption and add aesthetic value.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p><u>Reduced Stormwater Runoff</u></p>\n<p>A vegetated roof can reduce stormwater runoff through retention and evapotranspiration and by slowing the release of precipitation, resulting in reduced peak flows in a watershed and reduced stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Reduced Urban Heat Island Effect</u></p>\n<p>The evapotranspiration provided by vegetated roofs reduces both the temperature of the roof and the surrounding air temperature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Vegetated roofs can remain 30-40% cooler than conventional roof surfaces, contributing to an average energy savings of 0.7% compared to non-vegetated roofs (see<span> </span><em>Cool Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Several vegetated roofs in the NYC region were monitored to collect data about vegetated roofs and the urban heat island effect through the<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20121220212419/http://ccsr.columbia.edu/?id=resources\">Columbia University’s Center for Climate Systems Research</a><span> </span>and the data collected help document the role that vegetated roofs can play in mitigating the urban heat island effect.</p>\n<p><u>Reduced Air Pollution</u></p>\n<p>Green roofs serve as a carbon sink, helping to offset carbon emissions. Vegetation traps dust and particulate matter as well as other contaminants such as nitrogen oxides.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><u>Energy conservation</u></p>\n<p>The multiple layers of a vegetated roof provide insulation (see<span> </span><em>Insulation</em>). By increasing a building’s thermal mass, vegetated roofs can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season translating into less energy spent on climate control for the building (see<span> </span><em>Thermal Mass</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><u>Increased Wildlife Habitat</u></p>\n<p>As the roof system matures, a mini-ecosystem, which supports a variety of beneficial insects, butterflies and birds can develop increasing biodiversity and providing a habitat for native wildlife (see<span> </span><em>Native and Adapted Plants and Wildlife Habitat</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><u>Improved Quality of Life</u></p>\n<p>Like other urban greenery, vegetated roofs provide many intangible benefits for people. Installing a vegetated roof can be a method for integrating more green space into the site and the community. Also, neighboring buildings may gain a bonus view of nature when located near a building with a vegetated roof (see<span> </span><em>Biophilia</em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_234\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"670\"]<img class=\"wp-image-234 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Vegetated-Roofs-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Benefits of Green Roofs (Source: Hartman, Danielle. Poster presentation, ESRI International User Conference, San Diego. July 2009).\" width=\"670\" height=\"648\" /> Figure 2 – Benefits of Green Roofs (Source: Hartman, Danielle. Poster presentation, ESRI International User Conference, San Diego. July 2009).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>According to the US EPA, estimated costs of installing a green roof average $10/sf for extensive roofing, and $25/sf for intensive roofs. Maintenance costs vary for either type of roof and may range from $0.75–$1.50/sf.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p>Changing temperatures and UV rays decrease the quality and life of a roof. Vegetated roofs protect rooftops and its structure, decreasing maintenance. Long-term savings from reduced heating and cooling costs and reduced maintenance can help offset the short-term capital costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can provide thermal insulation throughout all four seasons, reducing energy consumption and reliance on the electrical grid. In the event of a power outage, they can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season. During heavy rainfalls and flooding events, vegetated roofs can help reduce stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure and reduce combined sewer overflows.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Vegetated roofs can also offer local communities the opportunity to grow some of their food, reducing dependency on supply chains and transportation networks often disrupted or compromised from storms and other events.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> City of Portland. <a href=\"https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469\">https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> WBDG. Extensive Green Roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands</a>  (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques. <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2%20print.pdf\">http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2 print.pdf</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Native Bergen <a href=\"http://www.nativebergen.com/green-roof-grows-in-teaneck/\">http://www.nativebergen.com/green-roof-grows-in-teaneck/</a>  (accessed April 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. “Green Roofs for Stormwater Runoff Control” February 2009. <a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf\">https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Heat Island Effect: Using Green Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Oberndorfer, Erica et. al. 2007. Green Roofs as Urban Ecosystems: Ecological Structures, Functions, and Services. <em>Biosciencemag.org </em>57, no. 10. <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/10/823/232363\">https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/10/823/232363</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> James Hoff. “Reducing Peak Energy Demand: A Hidden Benefit of Cool Roofs.” TEGNOS Research. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Peak-Demand-Hoff-11.11.14.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Peak-Demand-Hoff-11.11.14.pdf</a>  (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Extensive green roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA Heat Island Effect – Green Roofs <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> City of Portland. “EcoRoofs.” <a href=\"https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469\">https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-wildlife-habitat/\">Wildlife Habitat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenvalues.cnt.org/national/calculator.php\">Center for Neighborhood Technology – Green Values Calculator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_2%20print.pdf\">New Jersey Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf\">Green Roofs for Stormwater Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">Green Roofs – Heat Island Effect</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_3.pdf\">Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Gaffin, S. R., Kong, A.Y.Y., De Mel, J.M., and Rosenzweig, C. 2017. <em>Green, White and Dark Roofs – The energy perspective. </em>New York, NY, USA: Center for Climate Systems Research at Columbia University and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Extensive Vegetative Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Vegetated Roof','','inherit','closed','closed','','1454-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:18:10','2022-06-23 19:18:10','',1454,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2676',0,'revision','',0),(2677,3,'2022-06-23 19:18:11','2022-06-23 19:18:11','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Vegetated Roofs\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is a Vegetated Roof?</strong></h2>\n<p>A vegetated roof or green roof consists of vegetation in a lightweight growing medium placed on top of the drainage layer, root barrier, and waterproof membrane (see Figure 1). Vegetated roofs provide many environmental benefits such as decreased stormwater runoff and reduced energy use. They absorb air pollutants and provide a habitat for beneficial insects and birds, serve as a sound barrier, and mitigate the urban heat island effect.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_230\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"908\"]<img class=\"wp-image-230 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Vegetated-Roof-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: A basic cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual).\" width=\"908\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 1: A basic cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to How to Incorporate a Vegetated Roof</strong></h2>\n<p>There are many pre-engineered green roof systems available on the market, but green roof designs are often customized to achieve a project’s specific performance objectives. Consult a design professional and integrate the development of the green roof with the development of the building’s structure and systems. The roof strength must be able to hold 10-25 pounds per square foot above the requirements of an underlying roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>The two primary categories of vegetated roofs include: extensive and intensive. Extensive vegetated roofs consist of lightweight systems with shallow soil (or other growing media) depths usually less than 6 inches.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Extensive vegetated roofs require less structural support than an intensive system and support a limited palette of hardy plants adapted to extreme environments that need little maintenance. Intensive vegetated roofs typically have more than 6″ of soil or other growing media, weigh more than extensive vegetated roofs, and can support a greater variety of plants. Intensive systems require more maintenance and a higher initial investment than an extensive roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can host a variety of plant species but typically include drought-tolerant species such as hardy succulents, sedums, and perennials. Consider low-maintenance, native species capable of living in the shallow soil. For a list of species indigenous to the Northeast, see <a href=\"https://www.nycgovparks.org/greening/greenbelt-native-plant-center/garden-species-lists/garden-green-roof\">NYC Greenbelt Native Plant Center</a> or <a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">List of NJ Native Plants by County</a>.</p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs require some maintenance such as watering during the establishment period and occasional weeding. Seasonal pruning and cutting of grasses and annual plants reduce the accumulation of combustible material on the roof. Regularly inspect and maintain the components of the roof’s drainage system such as gutters, underdrains, and downspouts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.wrtdesign.com/work/geraldine-r-dodge-foundation-headquarters\">The Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation Green Roof, Morristown, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Native plant species inhabit the Foundation’s 2,000 square foot vegetated roof and provide a home for many bird and butterfly species while absorbing 98% of rainfall.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_117\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"642\"]<img class=\"wp-image-117 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Turf-Grass-Reduction-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"The Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation headquarters green roof in Morristown, NJ (Source: Wild New Jersey).\" width=\"642\" height=\"386\" /> The Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation headquarters green roof in Morristown, NJ (Source: Wild New Jersey).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p><u>Reduced Stormwater Runoff </u></p>\n<p>A vegetated roof can reduce stormwater runoff through retention and evapotranspiration and by slowing the release of precipitation, resulting in reduced peak flows in a watershed and reduced stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p><u>Reduced Urban Heat Island Effect </u></p>\n<p>The evapotranspiration provided by vegetated roofs reduces both the temperature of the roof and the surrounding air temperature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Vegetated roofs can remain 30-40% cooler than conventional roof surfaces, contributing to an average energy savings of 0.7% compared to non-vegetated roofs (see <em>Cool Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Several vegetated roofs in the NYC region were monitored to collect data about vegetated roofs and the urban heat island effect through the <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20121220212419/http://ccsr.columbia.edu/?id=resources\">Columbia University’s Center for Climate Systems Research</a> and the data collected help document the role that vegetated roofs can play in mitigating the urban heat island effect.</p>\n<p><u>Reduced Air Pollution </u></p>\n<p>Green roofs serve as a carbon sink, helping to offset carbon emissions. Vegetation traps dust and particulate matter as well as other contaminants such as nitrogen oxides.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p><u>Energy Conservation </u></p>\n<p>The multiple layers of a vegetated roof provide insulation (see <em>Insulation</em>). By increasing a building’s thermal mass, vegetated roofs can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season translating into less energy spent on climate control for the building (see <em>Thermal Mass</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><u>Increased Wildlife Habitat </u></p>\n<p>As the roof system matures, a mini-ecosystem, which supports a variety of beneficial insects, butterflies and birds can develop increasing biodiversity and providing a habitat for native wildlife.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><u>Improved Quality of Life </u></p>\n<p>Like other urban greenery, vegetated roofs provide many intangible benefits for people. Installing a vegetated roof can be a method for integrating more green space into the site and the community. Also, neighboring buildings may gain a bonus view of nature when located near a building with a vegetated roof (see <em>Biophilic Design and Energy-Efficient Windows)</em>.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_273\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"670\"]<img class=\"wp-image-273 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Vegetated-Roofs-Fig-3-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Benefits of Green Roofs (Source: Hartman, Danielle. Poster presentation, ESRI International User Conference, San Diego. July 2009).\" width=\"670\" height=\"648\" /> Figure 3 – Benefits of Green Roofs (Source: Hartman, Danielle. Poster presentation, ESRI International User Conference, San Diego. July 2009).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Costs </strong></h2>\n<p>According to the US EPA, estimated costs of installing a green roof average $10/sf for extensive roofing, and $25/sf for intensive roofs. Maintenance costs vary for either type of roof and may range from $0.75–$1.50/sf.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Changing temperatures and UV rays decrease the quality and life of a roof. Vegetated roofs protect rooftops and its structure, decreasing maintenance. Long-term savings from reduced heating and cooling costs and reduced maintenance can help offset the short-term capital costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can provide thermal insulation throughout all four seasons, reducing energy consumption and reliance on the electrical grid. In the event of a power outage, they can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season. During heavy rainfalls and flooding events, vegetated roofs can help reduce stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure and reduce combined sewer overflows.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Vegetated roofs can also offer local communities the opportunity to grow some of their food, reducing dependency on supply chains and transportation networks often disrupted or compromised from storms and other events.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> City of Portland. <a href=\"https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469\">https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> WBDG. Extensive Green Roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands</a>  (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques. <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2%20print.pdf\">http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2 print.pdf</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA. “Green Roofs for Stormwater Runoff Control” February 2009. <a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf\">https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US EPA. Heat Island Effect: Using Green Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Oberndorfer, Erica et. al. 2007. Green Roofs as Urban Ecosystems: Ecological Structures, Functions, and Services. <em>Biosciencemag.org </em>57, no. 10. <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/10/823/232363\">https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/10/823/232363</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> James Hoff. “Reducing Peak Energy Demand: A Hidden Benefit of Cool Roofs.” TEGNOS Research.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Peak-Demand-Hoff-11.11.14.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Peak-Demand-Hoff-11.11.14.pdf</a>  (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Extensive green roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US EPA Heat Island Effect – Green Roofs <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> City of Portland. “EcoRoofs.” <a href=\"https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469\">https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><sup>18  </sup>US EPA.  “Lower Building Energy Demands.”  <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/lower-building-energy-demands\">https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/lower-building-energy-demands</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenvalues.cnt.org/national/calculator.php\">Center for Neighborhood Technology – Green Values Calculator</a></li>\n<li>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2018). <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands\"><em>Estimating the environmental effects of green roofs: A case study in Kansas City, Missouri. </em></a>EPA 430-S-18-001.</li>\n<li>Gaffin, S. R., Kong, A.Y.Y., De Mel, J.M., and Rosenzweig, C. 2017. <em>Green, White and Dark Roofs – The energy perspective. </em>New York, NY, USA: Center for Climate Systems Research at Columbia University and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenroofs.org/about-green-roofs/\">Green Roofs for Healthy Cities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_2%20print.pdf\">New Jersey Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Extensive Vegetative Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Environmental Protection Agency</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf\">Green Roofs for Stormwater Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">Green Roofs – Heat Island Effect</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_3.pdf\">Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Vegetated Roofs','','inherit','closed','closed','','1633-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:18:11','2022-06-23 19:18:11','',1633,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2677',0,'revision','',0),(2678,3,'2022-06-23 19:21:09','2022-06-23 19:21:09','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Air Infiltration\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Air Infiltration?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Air infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_480\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"480\"]<img class=\"wp-image-480 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-e1553095049426.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"480\" height=\"493\" /> Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Manage Air Infiltration</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Minimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see<span> </span><em><i>Insulation, Moisture Control,<span> </span></i></em>and<span> </span><em><i>Natural Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Many green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2015-project-certification/phius-certification-overview\">Passive House Institute US Certification Program</a><span> </span>(also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.</li>\n<li>An airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.</li>\n<li>Well installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.</li>\n<li>Balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.</li>\n<li>Passive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/case-studies/rmi-innovation-center\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.</a></p>\n<p>The RMI Innovation Center achieved Passive House US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value<em>,<span> </span></em>0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft<sup>2</sup>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Airtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Continuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings</a><span> </span>(accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration\">https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration</a>  (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration.<span> </span><a href=\"http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf\">http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span><em>Lstiburek,<span> </span></em>Joseph<em>. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. <span> </span><a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique.<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511112921/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016,<span> </span><a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952\">https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide.<a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php</a><span> </span>(accessed Mach 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of</p>\n<p>Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf\">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf</a>(accessed Mach 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a><span> </span>Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016,<span> </span><a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/blower-door-tests\">Blower Door Test</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energyplus.net/\">EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique#313826-tab-1\">PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</a></li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Air Infiltration','','inherit','closed','closed','','1460-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:21:09','2022-06-23 19:21:09','',1460,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2678',0,'revision','',0),(2679,3,'2022-06-23 19:21:09','2022-06-23 19:21:09','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Air Infiltration\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Air Infiltration?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Air infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_242\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"866\"]<img class=\"wp-image-242 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"866\" height=\"874\" /> Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Manage Air Infiltration</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Minimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see <em><i>Insulation, Moisture Control, </i></em>and <em><i>Natural Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Many green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2015-project-certification/phius-certification-overview\">Passive House Institute US Certification Program</a> (also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.</li>\n<li>An airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.</li>\n<li>Well installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.</li>\n<li>Balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.</li>\n<li>Passive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/case-studies/rmi-innovation-center\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.</a></p>\n<p>The RMI Innovation Center achieved Passive House US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value<em>, </em>0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft<sup>2</sup>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Airtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Continuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings</a> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration. <a href=\"https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration\">https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration</a>  (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration. <a href=\"http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf\">http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> <em>Lstiburek, </em>Joseph<em>. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.  <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511112921/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.” <a href=\"https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952\">https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952</a> (accessed March 19. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide.<a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php</a> (accessed Mach 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of</p>\n<p>Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.” <a href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf\">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf</a>(accessed Mach 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/blower-door-tests\">Blower Door Test</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energyplus.net/\">EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique#313826-tab-1\">PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Air Infiltration','','inherit','closed','closed','','1640-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:21:09','2022-06-23 19:21:09','',1640,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2679',0,'revision','',0),(2680,3,'2022-06-23 19:21:10','2022-06-23 19:21:10','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Air Infiltration\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Air Infiltration?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Air infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_480\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"480\"]<img class=\"wp-image-480 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-e1553095049426.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"480\" height=\"493\" /> Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Manage Air Infiltration</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Minimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see <em>Exterior Wall Systems<i>, Moisture Control, </i></em>and <em><i>Natural Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Many green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2015-project-certification/phius-certification-overview\">Passive House Institute US Certification Program</a> (also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.</li>\n<li>An airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.</li>\n<li>Well installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.</li>\n<li>Balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.</li>\n<li>Passive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/case-studies/rmi-innovation-center\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.</a></p>\n<p>The RMI Innovation Center achieved<em><i> </i></em><em>Passive House</em> US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value<em>, </em>0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft<sup>2</sup>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Airtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see <em>Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Continuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings</a> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration. <a href=\"https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration\">https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration</a>  (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration. <a href=\"http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf\">http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> <em>Lstiburek, </em>Joseph<em>. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.  <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers</a> (accessed March 19, 2018). </em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511112921/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.” <a href=\"https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952\">https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952</a> (accessed March 19. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide.<a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php</a> (accessed Mach 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of</p>\n<p>Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.” <a href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf\">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf</a>(accessed Mach 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/\">Exterior Wall Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)\\</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/blower-door-tests\"> Blower Door Test</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energyplus.net\">EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique#313826-tab-1\">PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Air Infiltration','','inherit','closed','closed','','1882-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:21:10','2022-06-23 19:21:10','',1882,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2680',0,'revision','',0),(2681,3,'2022-06-23 19:21:24','2022-06-23 19:21:24','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Air Infiltration\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Air Infiltration?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Air infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_480\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"480\"]<img class=\"wp-image-480 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-e1553095049426.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"480\" height=\"493\" /> Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Manage Air Infiltration</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Minimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see<span> </span><em><i>Insulation, Moisture Control,<span> </span></i></em>and<span> </span><em><i>Natural Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Many green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2015-project-certification/phius-certification-overview\">Passive House Institute US Certification Program</a><span> </span>(also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.</li>\n<li>An airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.</li>\n<li>Well installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.</li>\n<li>Balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.</li>\n<li>Passive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/case-studies/rmi-innovation-center\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.</a></p>\n<p>The RMI Innovation Center achieved Passive House US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value<em>,<span> </span></em>0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft<sup>2</sup>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Airtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Continuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings</a><span> </span>(accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration\">https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration</a>  (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration.<span> </span><a href=\"http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf\">http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span><em>Lstiburek,<span> </span></em>Joseph<em>. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. <span> </span><a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique.<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511112921/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016,<span> </span><a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952\">https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide.<a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php</a><span> </span>(accessed Mach 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of</p>\n<p>Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf\">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf</a>(accessed Mach 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a><span> </span>Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016,<span> </span><a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/blower-door-tests\">Blower Door Test</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energyplus.net/\">EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511112921/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</a></li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Air Infiltration','','inherit','closed','closed','','1460-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:21:24','2022-06-23 19:21:24','',1460,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2681',0,'revision','',0),(2682,3,'2022-06-23 19:21:24','2022-06-23 19:21:24','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Air Infiltration\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Air Infiltration?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Air infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_242\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"866\"]<img class=\"wp-image-242 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"866\" height=\"874\" /> Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Manage Air Infiltration</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Minimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see <em><i>Insulation, Moisture Control, </i></em>and <em><i>Natural Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Many green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2015-project-certification/phius-certification-overview\">Passive House Institute US Certification Program</a> (also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.</li>\n<li>An airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.</li>\n<li>Well installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.</li>\n<li>Balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.</li>\n<li>Passive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/case-studies/rmi-innovation-center\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.</a></p>\n<p>The RMI Innovation Center achieved Passive House US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value<em>, </em>0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft<sup>2</sup>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Airtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Continuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings</a> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration. <a href=\"https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration\">https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration</a>  (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration. <a href=\"http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf\">http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> <em>Lstiburek, </em>Joseph<em>. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.  <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511112921/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.” <a href=\"https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952\">https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952</a> (accessed March 19. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide.<a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php</a> (accessed Mach 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of</p>\n<p>Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.” <a href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf\">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf</a>(accessed Mach 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/blower-door-tests\">Blower Door Test</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energyplus.net/\">EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511112921/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Air Infiltration','','inherit','closed','closed','','1640-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:21:24','2022-06-23 19:21:24','',1640,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2682',0,'revision','',0),(2683,3,'2022-06-23 19:21:25','2022-06-23 19:21:25','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Air Infiltration\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Air Infiltration?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Air infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_480\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"480\"]<img class=\"wp-image-480 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-e1553095049426.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"480\" height=\"493\" /> Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Manage Air Infiltration</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Minimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see <em>Exterior Wall Systems<i>, Moisture Control, </i></em>and <em><i>Natural Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Many green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2015-project-certification/phius-certification-overview\">Passive House Institute US Certification Program</a> (also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.</li>\n<li>An airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.</li>\n<li>Well installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.</li>\n<li>Balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.</li>\n<li>Passive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/case-studies/rmi-innovation-center\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.</a></p>\n<p>The RMI Innovation Center achieved<em><i> </i></em><em>Passive House</em> US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value<em>, </em>0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft<sup>2</sup>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Airtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see <em>Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Continuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings</a> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration. <a href=\"https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration\">https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration</a>  (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration. <a href=\"http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf\">http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> <em>Lstiburek, </em>Joseph<em>. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.  <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers</a> (accessed March 19, 2018). </em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511112921/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.” <a href=\"https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952\">https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952</a> (accessed March 19. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide.<a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php</a> (accessed Mach 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of</p>\n<p>Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.” <a href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf\">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf</a>(accessed Mach 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/\">Exterior Wall Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)\\</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/blower-door-tests\"> Blower Door Test</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energyplus.net\">EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511112921/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Air Infiltration','','inherit','closed','closed','','1882-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:21:25','2022-06-23 19:21:25','',1882,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2683',0,'revision','',0),(2684,3,'2022-06-23 19:21:32','2022-06-23 19:21:32','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Cool Roofs\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Cool Roofs?</strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs reflect (solar reflectance) and radiate heat (thermal emittance) away from the building and reduce roof temperature. (See Figure 1). The Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) measures roof reflectance and emissivity on a scale of 0 to 100, and the higher the value, the “cooler” the roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>White, light-colored, and reflective colored surfaces have a higher SRI than dark-colored roofs.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_132\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"732\"]<img class=\"wp-image-132 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Reflectance and Emittance of cool roofs (Source: Cool Roof Rating Council)\" width=\"732\" height=\"500\" /> Figure 1: Reflectance and Emittance of cool roofs (Source: Cool Roof Rating Council)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Conventional dark colored roofs absorb sunlight, generating heat and increasing the cooling load of the building. The heat generated by conventional roofs also contributes to the heat island effect in urban and dense suburban areas. Heat island effect takes place when built up or densely developed areas experience an increase in temperature due to larger areas of dark pavement and roofs that absorb heat from the sun. Rising temperatures result in increased energy demands, which can lead to higher air conditioning costs, increased greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and increased risk of heat-related illnesses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Urbanized and densely populated suburban regions are more vulnerable to the heat island effect, and conditions tend to be worse during the summer months.</p>\n<p>Many building codes and green building programs have a cool roof and urban heat island mitigation requirements that refer to<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/roof_products/cool_roofs_emissivity\">ENERGY STAR</a><span> </span>and the<span> </span><a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/\">Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)</a><span> </span>voluntary labeling programs.</p>\n<p>ENERGY STAR labels roof products that meet the following reflectance requirements and provides information about emissivity<strong>.</strong><strong><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></strong> </p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_178\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1460\"]<img class=\"wp-image-178 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Table-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"(source: Energy Star)\" width=\"1460\" height=\"300\" /> (source: Energy Star)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>The Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) does not set minimum requirements but uses independent and accredited testing laboratories and a random testing program to identify products on its online <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/products/results\">Rated Products Directory</a> that meet the ANSI/CRRC S100 accredited standard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Cool roofs options are available for most standard roofing materials and come in common roofing colors (e.g., gray, red).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> There are two main types of cool roofs: low-sloped and steep-sloped. Low-slope roofs have less than 2 inches of rise for every 12 inches of run. In comparison, steep-sloped roofs have a more significant rise/run ratio.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> For the majority of cases, steep-sloped roofs are utilized in residential construction, while low-sloped roofs are typically used for commercial buildings. Steep-sloped roofs are currently available in clay or concrete tiles. The light pigments of clay and concrete allow the roof to reflect and radiate heat. For steep-slope roofs, light-colored asphalt shingles, metal roofing, tiles, or shakes are also available.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Cool Roofs</strong></h2>\n<p>The decision to incorporate cool roofs depends on the local climate, a building’s heating and cooling loads, peak energy demands, and shading provided by surrounding trees or structures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Incorporating cool roofs requires proper selection and installation of the roof product or roof coating. Refer to the Energy Star and CRRC products list. Cool roof design combined with appropriate roof insulation, shade tree placement, and adequately sized HVAC equipment maximizes energy and cost savings (See <em>Insulation</em>, <em>Properly Sized HVAC</em>, and <em>Tree Protection and Placement)</em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Complementary strategies include vegetated roofs and roof-top photovoltaic systems (see <em>Vegetated Roofs</em>, <em>Photovoltaic Systems</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs offer several potential benefits, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Energy cost savings by reducing cooling loads.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></li>\n<li>Lowered peak electricity demand which decreases the likelihood of power outages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Reduced roof temperatures which may reduce roof maintenance and replacement expenses by extending roof life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></li>\n<li>Increased indoor thermal comfort in summer, helping to prevent heat-related illness and deaths.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></li>\n<li>Mitigated heat island effect in cities and suburbs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></li>\n<li>Reduced air pollution and smog formation.</li>\n<li>Water reduction savings for urban irrigation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></li>\n<li>Minimized heat loss in winter in cold climates when combined with appropriate insulation levels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>A roof’s life cycle costs include upfront installation (materials and labor) and ongoing savings and maintenance costs (repair, recoating, and cleaning). The installed costs vary depending on the type and size of the roof, complexity of the roof system, and building location. In many cases, cool roofs cost about the same as conventional dark roofs with the cost premium ranging from $0.05 to $1.50/SF over conventional roofing products.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> These costs can be recovered in the relatively short-term (1 year or less) through decreased energy consumption.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<p>For a list of price premiums for cool roofs, see the Global Cool Cities Alliance’s <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/\">Cool Roof and Pavements Toolkit</a>. Financial incentives may be available for builders and homeowners who install cool roofs. For up-to-date information on available incentives, please visit the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/main/rebates-and-promotions/rebates-and-promotions\">New Jersey Clean Energy website.</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs contribute to resiliency by providing a durable roofing material and through energy efficiency.  For example, cool roofs enhance roofing durability by reducing thermal flux and increasing the roof’s resiliency to changing climate conditions, heat and UV aging.  Cool roofs also contribute to decreased air-conditioning loads, thereby extending the life of AC units. Regarding energy efficiency, cool roofs, combined with proper insulation levels, can reduce heating and cooling loads, reducing stress on the grid, and help to regulate thermal comfort in the event of a power outage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/\">http://coolroofs.org</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Solecki, William D., et al.,<em> Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region,</em> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science, Research, and Technology (2004). <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf</a>  (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Roof Products Key Product Criteria.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_crit_roof_products\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_crit_roof_products</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Cool Roof Rating Council. 2016. “Policy Makers and Code Official: Learn about Cool Roofs.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf\">http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 13. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) <a href=\"http://www.coolroofs.org/HomeandBuildingOwnersInfo.html\">http://www.coolroofs.org/HomeandBuildingOwnersInfo.html</a> (accessed March 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 21. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 9. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> CRRC. “Resources for Code Officials and Policy Makers” <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf\">http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf</a> (accessed June 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> The “heat island effect” refers to developed areas that experience an increase in temperature that has the effect of increasing energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Vahmani, Pouya. (2017) “Water Conservation Benefits of Urban Heat Mitigation.” Nature Communication 8, Article: 1072,  <a href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/\">http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/</a> (accessed March 16. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> Ramamurthy, P. et al. “The joint influence of albedo and insulation on roof performance: An observational study,” 2015, Energy and Buildings, Volume 93, pages 249-258. <a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study\">https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study</a> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Page 12, Table 5. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf</a> (accessed June 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 35. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-roofs\">Berkeley Lab -Heat Island Group</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.coolroofs.org/\">Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200921035833/http://coolmetalroofing.org/\">Cool Metal Roofing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/roof_products/cool_roofs_emissivity\">Energy Star – Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://rsc.ornl.gov/\">EPA Roof Savings Calculator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://globalcoolcities.org/\">Global Cool Cities Alliance</a><span> </span>–\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/\">Cool Roof and Cool Pavements Toolkit</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrca.net/\">National Roofing Contractors Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisld/mitigation/coolroofs.htm\">US EPA – Heat Island Effect: Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/tools/cool-roof/\">Cool Roof Calculator: Estimates Cooling and Heating Savings for Flat Roofs with Non-Black Surfaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">Guidelines for Selecting Cool Roof</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Cool Roofs','','inherit','closed','closed','','1467-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:21:32','2022-06-23 19:21:32','',1467,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2684',0,'revision','',0),(2685,3,'2022-06-23 19:21:33','2022-06-23 19:21:33','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Cool Roofs\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What are Cool Roofs?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs reflect (solar reflectance) and radiate heat (thermal emittance) away from the building and reduce roof temperature (see Figure 1). The Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) measures roof reflectance and emissivity on a scale of 0 to 100, and the higher the value, the “cooler” the roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> White, light-colored, and reflective colored surfaces have a higher SRI than dark-colored roofs.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_132\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"732\"]<img class=\"wp-image-132 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Reflectance and Emittance of cool roofs (Source: Cool Roof Rating Council)\" width=\"732\" height=\"500\" /> Figure 1: Reflectance and Emittance of cool roofs (Source: Cool Roof Rating Council)[/caption]<p>Conventional dark colored roofs absorb sunlight, generating heat and increasing the cooling load of the building. The heat generated by conventional roofs also contributes to the heat island effect in urban and dense suburban areas. Heat island effect takes place when built up or densely developed areas experience an increase in temperature due to larger areas of dark pavement and roofs that absorb heat from the sun. Rising temperatures result in increased energy demands, which can lead to higher air conditioning costs, increased greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and increased risk of heat-related illnesses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Urbanized and densely populated suburban regions are more vulnerable to the heat island effect, and conditions tend to be worse during the summer months.</p>\n<p>Many building codes and green building programs have a cool roof and urban heat island mitigation requirements that refer to <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/roof_products/cool_roofs_emissivity\">ENERGY STAR</a> and the <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/\">Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)</a> voluntary labeling programs.</p>\n<p>ENERGY STAR labels roof products that meet the following reflectance requirements and provides information about emissivity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_8\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1460\"]<img class=\"wp-image-8 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Table-1-.png\" alt=\"(Source: Energy Star)\" width=\"1460\" height=\"300\" /> (Source: Energy Star)[/caption]<p>The Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) does not set minimum requirements but uses independent and accredited testing laboratories and a random testing program to identify products on its online <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/products/results\">Rated Products Directory</a> that meet the ANSI/CRRC S100 accredited standard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Cool roofs options are available for most standard roofing materials and come in common roofing colors (e.g., gray, red).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> There are two main types of cool roofs: low-sloped and steep-sloped (the majority of commercial buildings have low-sloped roofs).</p>\n<p>The following table lists roofing coverings for low-slope and steep-slope roofs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_224\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1526\"]<img class=\"wp-image-224 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Table-2-.png\" alt=\"(source: National Institute of Building Sciences, Whole Building Design Guide)\" width=\"1526\" height=\"1204\" /> (source: National Institute of Building Sciences, Whole Building Design Guide)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Cool Roofs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The decision to incorporate cool roofs depends on the local climate, a building’s heating and cooling loads, peak energy demands, and shading provided by surrounding trees or structures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Incorporating cool roofs requires proper selection and installation of the roof product or roof coating. Refer to the Energy Star and CRRC products list. Cool roof design combined with appropriate roof insulation, shade tree placement, and properly sized HVAC equipment maximizes energy and cost savings (See <em><i>Insulation</i></em>, <em><i>Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</i></em>, and <em><i>Tree Protection and Placement)</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Complementary strategies include vegetated roofs and roof-top photovoltaic systems (see <em><i>Vegetated Roofs</i></em>, <em><i>Photovoltaic Systems</i></em>).</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs offer several potential benefits, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Energy cost savings by reducing cooling loads.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Lowered peak electricity demand which decreases the likelihood of power outages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Reduced roof temperatures which may reduce roof maintenance and replacement expenses by extending roof life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Increased indoor thermal comfort in summer, helping to prevent heat-related illness and deaths.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Mitigated heat island effect in cities and suburbs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Reduced air pollution and smog formation.</li>\n<li>Water reduction savings for urban irrigation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Minimized heat loss in winter in cold climates when combined with appropriate insulation levels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p>A study by the NYC Department of Design &amp; Construction (DDC) found that installing cool roofs throughout the New York Metropolitan region could reduce the effects of urban heat island effect by 2-3°F.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\"><sup>[18]</sup></a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_441\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"996\"]<img class=\"wp-image-441 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – The light-colored roof of the EDA Tech Center in Camden, NJ reduces the urban heat island effect and lowers summer cooling loads. (Source: Clint Andrews, Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"996\" height=\"726\" /> Figure 2 – The light-colored roof of the EDA Tech Center in Camden, NJ reduces the urban heat island effect and lowers summer cooling loads. (Source: Clint Andrews, Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A roof’s life cycle costs include upfront installation (materials and labor) and ongoing savings and maintenance costs (repair, recoating, and cleaning). The installed costs vary depending on the type and size of the roof, complexity of the roof system, and building location. In many cases, cool roofs cost about the same as conventional dark roofs with the cost premium ranging from $0.05 to $1.50/SF over conventional roofing products.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\"><sup>[19]</sup></a> These costs can be recovered in the relatively short-term (1 year or less) through decreased energy consumption.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\"><sup>[20]</sup></a></p>\n<p>For a list of price premiums for cool roofs, see the Global Cool Cities Alliance’s <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/\">Cool Roof and Pavements Toolkit</a>. For up-to-date information on available incentives, please visit the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/main/rebates-and-promotions/rebates-and-promotions\">New Jersey Clean Energy website.</a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs contribute to resiliency by providing a durable roofing material and through energy efficiency.  For example, cool roofs enhance roofing durability by reducing thermal flux and increasing the roof’s resiliency to changing climate conditions, heat and UV aging.  Cool roofs also contribute to decreased air-conditioning loads, thereby extending the life of AC units. Regarding energy efficiency, cool roofs, combined with proper insulation levels, can reduce heating and cooling loads, reducing stress on the grid, and help to regulate thermal comfort in the event of a power outage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/\">http://coolroofs.org</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Solecki, William D. et al.,<em> Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region,</em> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science, Research, and Technology (2004). <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf</a>  (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> ENERGY STAR. “Roof Products Key Product Criteria.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_crit_roof_products\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_crit_roof_products</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Cool Roof Rating Council. 2016. “Policy Makers and Code Official: Learn about Cool Roofs.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf\">http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 13. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide – Roofing Systems. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/roofing-systems\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/roofing-systems</a> (accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Slope = rise/run. Low slope means that for every 12 horizontal inches, the roof’s rise is three vertical inches or less.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Slope = rise/run. Steep slope means that for every 12 horizontal inches, the roof’s rise is three vertical inches or greater.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 21. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 9. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> CRRC. “Resources for Code Officials and Policy Makers” <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf\">http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf</a> (accessed June 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a> The “heat island effect” refers to developed areas that experience an increase in temperature that has the effect of increasing energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a> Vahmani, Pouya. (2017) “Water Conservation Benefits of Urban Heat Mitigation.” Nature Communication 8, Article: 1072, <a href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/\">http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/</a> (accessed March 16. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a> Ramamurthy, P. et al. “The joint influence of albedo and insulation on roof performance: An observational study,” 2015, Energy and Buildings, Volume 93, pages 249-258. <a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study\">https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study</a> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\"><sup>[18]</sup></a> New York City Department of Design and Construction. DDC Cool &amp; Green Roofing Manual. <a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/cool_green_roof_man.pdf\">http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/cool_green_roof_man.pdf</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\"><sup>[19]</sup></a> Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Page 12, Table 5. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf</a> (accessed June 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\"><sup>[20]</sup></a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 35. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-roofs\">Berkeley Lab -Heat Island Group</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.coolroofs.org/\">Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200921035833/http://coolmetalroofing.org/\">Cool Metal Roofing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/roof_products/cool_roofs_emissivity\">Energy Star – Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://rsc.ornl.gov/\">EPA Roof Savings Calculator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://globalcoolcities.org/\">Global Cool Cities Alliance</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/\">Cool Roof and Cool Pavements Toolkit</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrca.net/\">National Roofing Contractors Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisld/mitigation/coolroofs.htm\">US EPA – Heat Island Effect: Cool Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/tools/cool-roof/\">Cool Roof Calculator: Estimates Cooling and Heating Savings for Flat Roofs with Non-Black Surfaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">Guidelines for Selecting Cool Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Cool Roofs','','inherit','closed','closed','','1646-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:21:33','2022-06-23 19:21:33','',1646,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2685',0,'revision','',0),(2686,3,'2022-06-23 19:21:34','2022-06-23 19:21:34','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Roof Replacements and Upgrades\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What are Roof Replacements and Upgrades?</b></strong></h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_187\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"492\"]<img class=\"wp-image-187 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Roof-Replacements-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Cool roof with a highly reflective acrylic top coat that helps reduce carbon emissions and lowers internal building temperatures. (Source: Design Build Network)\" width=\"492\" height=\"356\" /> Figure 1 – Cool roof with a highly reflective acrylic top coat that helps reduce carbon emissions and lowers internal building temperatures. (Source: Design Build Network)[/caption]<p>Roof replacements and upgrades include the replacement, repair or improvement of an entire roof or a portion of the roof. Most roofs last 20-25 years, providing multiple opportunities over the life of the building to reevaluate roofing options as well to as assess a roof’s impact on the building’s energy and environmental performance. Opportunities include evaluating thermal performance, systems integration, rooftop HVAC upgrades, water management (storm runoff capture), indoor environmental quality, and the impact of the roofing material on the environment.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> For example, improving roof insulation can reduce heating and cooling needs, allowing for the downsizing of HVAC equipment, and further energy savings (see <em><i>Insulation</i></em> and <em><i>Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</i></em>). Selecting roofing materials with a high Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) reduces cooling loads, mitigates the urban heat island effect, and extends the life of the roof and rooftop mechanical equipment (see <em><i>Cool Roofs</i></em>). Incorporating skylights or solar tubes into a roof replacement or upgrade improves daylighting (see <em><i>Daylighting</i></em>). Green or vegetated roofs and rooftop cisterns provide stormwater management benefits (see <em><i>Site and Stormwater Management</i></em>). Replacing or upgrading a roof also provides the opportunity to consider on-site renewable energy systems and thermal energy storage. (See <em><i>On-Site Renewable Energy Systems</i></em> and <em><i>Thermal Energy Storage</i></em>). Non-toxic roofing materials with recycled content (e.g., cool metal roof) are available that are durable, low maintenance, and recyclable at the end of their useful life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Other advances in roofing technology include integrated data systems, such as drones that take infrared scans and provide alerts of water or moisture build-up on the roof or that provide pictures necessary for job estimates and simplify and improve roof installation and maintenance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are two main types of roofs: low-sloped and steep-sloped (the majority of commercial buildings have low-sloped roofs). The following lists roofing coverings for low-slope and steep-slope roofs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_223\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1240\"]<img class=\"wp-image-223 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Roof-Replacements-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 - Roof types\" width=\"1240\" height=\"860\" /> Figure 2 - Roof types[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Roof Replacements and Upgrades</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Automatically selecting a replacement or upgrade similar to the existing roof fails to recognize changes that affect roof and building performance such as the addition over time of new mechanical equipment, changing weather patterns, or unanticipated rooftop uses. When implementing a roof replacement or upgrades, consider roofing strategies that offer multiple benefits.</p>\n<p>Many building codes and green building programs have a cool roof and urban heat island mitigation requirements that refer to <u><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/roof_products/cool_roofs_emissivity\">ENERGY STAR</a></u> and the <u><a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/\">Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)</a></u> voluntary roof labeling programs (see <em><i>Cool Roofs</i></em>). Converting an existing roof into a cool roof involves either retrofitting the roof with heat-reflective coatings or materials, re-covering the roof with a new waterproofing surface or entirely replacing the roof with a new cool roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><u><a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf\">State of the Art in Enclosure Technologies and Integrated Systems for 50% Energy Savings in Existing Commercial Buildings.</a></u></p>\n<p>The One-Factor-At-a-Time (OTA) Evaluation of Building Enclosure Measures Study demonstrated a 19.8% reduction in heating energy and a 17.1% reduction in total energy by installing R30 roof insulation cool roofing material with a high Solar Reflectance Index (SRI).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<p><u><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf\">US Post Office and Courthouse, Camden, NJ</a></u></p>\n<p>This retrofit roofing project, sponsored by the General Service Administration (GSA) Green Proving Ground (GPG) program, installed Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) at the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse in Camden, New Jersey. VIPs consist of a solid interior layer of a high R-value material wrapped in an exterior layer of airtight foil with a vacuum drawn inside the airtight foil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> The study used energy modeling and thermographic images and found that VIPs can offer a favorable payback in one-story buildings in regions with extreme climates and high utility costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> They can achieve an R-value of 50 without adding bulk, making them cost-effective on roofs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p><u><a href=\"https://www.theavidangroup.com/solar2.html\">Solar Panel System added to Distribution Facility in Edison, NJ.</a></u></p>\n<p>With funding from the PSE&amp;G Solar Loan Program, Avidan Management installed a 4.26-megawatt photovoltaic system in Edison, New Jersey, which produces 5 million kilowatt hours of power a year, about half of the power needs of the facility’s seventeen commercial tenants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<p><u><a href=\"http://www.wrtdesign.com/work/geraldine-r-dodge-foundation-headquarters\">The Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation Green Roof, Morristown, NJ.</a></u></p>\n<p>The Foundation’s 2,000 square foot vegetated roof, planted with native plant species, provides a home for many bird and butterfly species and absorbs 90% of rainfall.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Roof improvement projects offer several potential benefits, including.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Energy cost savings by reducing cooling loads.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Lowered peak electricity demand which decreases the likelihood of power outages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Reduced roof temperatures which may reduce roof maintenance and replacement expenses by extending roof life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Increased indoor thermal comfort in summer, helping to prevent heat-related illness and deaths.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Mitigated heat island effect in cities and suburbs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\"><sup>[18]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Reduced air pollution and smog formation.</li>\n<li>Water reduction savings for urban irrigation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\"><sup>[19]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Minimized heat loss in winter in cold climates when combined with appropriate insulation levels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\"><sup>[20]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of a roof replacement or upgrade varies depending on the type of roof improvement and scope of the project. Preventative maintenance and regular roof inspections help to save costs through early detection and avoided or reduced repair costs. Replacing the roof before it fails saves money by preventing extensive damage to the building interior. Prescheduling also allows time for evaluating roofing options, preparing specifications, and selecting a qualified and cost-competitive installer.</p>\n<p>A roof’s life-cycle costs include upfront installation (materials and labor) and ongoing savings and maintenance costs (repair, recoating, and cleaning). The installed costs vary depending on the type and size of the roof, complexity of the roof system, and building location. For example, in cases where new roof surfaces need to be installed, adding a cool roof coating to a new roof cost about the same as adding a conventional dark roof with the cost premium ranging from $0.00 to $1.90/SF over conventional roofing products.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\"><sup>[21]</sup></a> Energy costs savings provide for a relatively short-term (1 year or less) payback.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\"><sup>[22]</sup></a></p>\n<p>For a list of price premiums for cool roof upgrades, see the Global Cool Cities Alliance’s <u><a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/\">Cool Roof and Pavements Toolkit</a></u>. The <u><a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/cool_green_roof_man.pdf\">City of New York Department of Design and Construction Cool &amp; Green Roofing Manual</a></u> also provides a cost analysis of green and cool roof upgrades. For up-to-date information on available incentives, please visit the <u><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/main/rebates-and-promotions/rebates-and-promotions\">New Jersey Clean Energy Program</a></u>.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Well designed, correctly installed, and routinely maintained roofs contribute to resiliency by providing a durable roofing material and through energy efficiency.  For example, cool roofs enhance roofing durability by reducing thermal flux and increasing the roof’s resiliency to changing climate conditions, heat and UV aging.  Cool roofs also contribute to decreased air-conditioning loads, thereby extending the life of AC units. Regarding energy efficiency, adequately insulated roofs, can reduce heating and cooling loads, reducing stress on the grid, and help to regulate thermal comfort in the event of a power outage. In addition to stormwater management benefits, such as reduced flooding, vegetated roofs can offer the opportunity for local communities to grow food, reducing the dependency on supply chains and transportation networks often disrupted or compromised due to storms and other events.</p>\n<p><em> </em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Vivian Loftness et al. (2012) State of the Art in Enclosure Technologies and Integrated Systems for 50% Energy Savings in Existing Commercial Buildings. Consortium for Building Energy Innovation. <u><a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf\">http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf</a></u> (accessed June 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> BCC Research. Commercial Roofing in North America: Key Market Trends <u><a href=\"http://blog.bccresearch.com/commercial-roofing-webinar-recap\">http://blog.bccresearch.com/commercial-roofing-webinar-recap</a></u> (accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide – Roofing Systems. <u><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/roofing-systems\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/roofing-systems</a></u> (accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Slope = rise/run. Low slope means that for every 12 horizontal inches, the roof’s rise is three vertical inches or less.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Slope = rise/run. Steep slope means that for every 12 horizontal inches, the roof’s rise is three vertical inches or greater.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> US DOE. Cool Roofs. <u><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/cool-roofs\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/cool-roofs</a></u> (accessed June 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Vivian Loftness et al. (2012) State of the Art in Enclosure Technologies and Integrated Systems for 50% Energy Savings in Existing Commercial Buildings. Consortium for Building Energy Innovation. Page 21. <u><a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf\">http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf</a></u> (accessed June 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Dan Howell et al. “Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) in a roofing application of US Post Office and Courthouse Camden, NJ.” March 2014. ORNL <u><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf</a></u> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> GSA. Green Proving Ground Program. “Vacuum Insulated Panels in Roofing Applications.” March 2016.  <u><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels</a></u> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> The Avidan Group -Solar. <u><a href=\"https://www.theavidangroup.com/solar2.html\">https://www.theavidangroup.com/solar2.html</a></u> (accessed June 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> WRT Planning and Design. A Sustainable Workplace: Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation Headquarters <u><a href=\"http://www.wrtdesign.com/work/geraldine-r-dodge-foundation-headquarters\">http://www.wrtdesign.com/work/geraldine-r-dodge-foundation-headquarters</a></u> (accessed June 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. <u>https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands</u> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a> CRRC. “Resources for Code Officials and Policy Makers” <u><a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf\">http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf</a></u> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a> Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. <u><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf</a></u> (accessed June 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a> US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. <u>https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands</u> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\"><sup>[18]</sup></a> The “heat island effect” refers to developed areas that experience an increase in temperature that has the effect of increasing energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\"><sup>[19]</sup></a> Vahmani, Pouya. (2017) “Water Conservation Benefits of Urban Heat Mitigation.” Nature Communication 8, Article: 1072,  <u><a href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/\">http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/</a></u> (accessed March 16. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\"><sup>[20]</sup></a> Ramamurthy, P. et al. “The joint influence of albedo and insulation on roof performance: An observational study,” 2015, Energy and Buildings, Volume 93, pages 249-258. <u><a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study\">https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study</a></u> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\"><sup>[21]</sup></a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 35. <u><a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a></u> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\"><sup>[22]</sup></a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 35. <u><a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a></u> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/\">Exterior Wall Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/\">On-Site Renewable Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/\">Roof Replacements and Upgrades</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/\">Site and Stormwater Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-roofs\">Berkeley Lab -Heat Island Group</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/cool_green_roof_man.pdf\">City of New York Department of Design and Construction Cool &amp; Green Roofing Manual</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://coolroofs.org\">Cool Roof Rating Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200921035833/http://coolmetalroofing.org/\">Cool Metal Roofing Coalition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/roof_products\">ENERGY STAR Roof Products</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://globalcoolcities.org/\">Global Cool Cities Alliance </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org\">Cool Roof and Cool Pavements Toolkit</a> <u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrca.net\">National Roofing Contractors Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu\">Penn State Consortium for Building Energy Innovation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety: FORTIFIED Standards</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp%20content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">Commercial Hurricane Standard</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_High_Wind_Hail_Standards.pdf\">Commercial Highwind and Hail Standard</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/coolmetalroofing.php\">Cool Metal Roofing</a> <u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/roofing-systems\">Roofing Systems</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/tools/cool-roof/\">Cool Roof Calculator: Estimates Cooling and Heating Savings for Flat Roofs with Non-Black Surfaces</a> <u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">Guidelines for Selecting Cool Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Roof Replacements and Upgrades','','inherit','closed','closed','','1910-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:21:34','2022-06-23 19:21:34','',1910,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2686',0,'revision','',0),(2687,3,'2022-06-23 19:22:29','2022-06-23 19:22:29','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Biomass Energy Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is a Biomass Energy System?</strong></h2>\n<p>Biomass energy systems utilize biomass, a renewable resource, to power facility heating, electric power generation, or combined heat and power (CHP) systems (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Biomass sources include organic material such as plant matter, wood, waste wood, residue from agriculture or forestry and organic matter from municipal or industrial waste. Fumes from landfills such as methane, a natural gas, provide biomass for electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_190\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"754\"]<img class=\"wp-image-190 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Biomass-Energy-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Monmouth County’s 1 MW biopower project (Source: NJ Clean Energy).\" width=\"754\" height=\"552\" /> Figure 1 – Monmouth County’s 1 MW biopower project (Source: NJ Clean Energy).[/caption]\n<div id=\"attachment_378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"> </div>\n<p>According to the Rutgers EcoComplex’s Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid waste makes up 72% of biomass. Agriculture and forestry management also produce potential sources of biomass.</li>\n<li>Technologies for converting solid waste to biomass include combustion, gasification and anaerobic digestion.</li>\n<li>The counties of central and northeastern New Jersey contain the largest biomass concentrations.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Biomass Energy Systems  </strong></h2>\n<p>Direct-fired combustion is the most common method of producing heat and electricity from biomass.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Commercial scale facilities typically use woody biomass in the form of whole logs or firewood, wood chips, and wood pellets. Two types of chip-fired direct combustion systems include fixed-bed and atmospheric fluidized-bed systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>A direct combustion system burns biomass to generate hot gas, which provides heat directly or feeds biomass into a boiler to generate hot water or steam. In a boiler system, the steam provides heat for process or space heating. It can also transfer heat to a facility through typical space heating methods. In a combined heat and power system (CHP), the boiler produces steam to run a turbine and power a generator to produce electricity. Excess steam and hot water support heating applications. Combined heat and power (CHP) systems significantly increase overall energy efficiency to approximately 80%, from the standard biomass electricity-only systems with efficiencies of approximately 20%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Cost-effect biomass energy systems utilize both electricity production and thermal energy.</p>\n<p>See <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program: Biopower</a> to find out more about the types of biomass energy systems currently supported in New Jersey. Installing a biomass energy system requires professional expertise. Evaluate the facility’s waste stream to identify opportunities to convert waste into energy.</p>\n<p>See the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">NJ Office of Clean Energy’s Combined Heat and Power Program</a> also offers incentives for CHP systems, with bonus incentives for CHP systems fueled by renewable fuel sources.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180201005621/http://www.biomasscenter.org:80/resource-library/case-studies\">Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC)</a></p>\n<p>With funding from the US DOE, the Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC) developed a series of case studies illustrating the design and operational experiences of various community-scale facilities, including businesses, campuses, community buildings, schools, housing and government facilities, that employ biomass systems in the US, Canada, Europe, and Scandinavia.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/casestudy07_rex_lumber.pdf\">The Rex Lumber Company, Englishtown, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Rex Lumber Company, with a rebate for nearly 50% from the NJ Clean Energy Program, replaced a natural gas system with a wood-waste boiler biomass system to heat its kilns.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using biomass for energy turns waste into resources, provides a renewable source of electricity and reduces the use of and dependency on fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing fuel supply security. Biomass powered CHP technologies have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Biomass reduces waste management costs like tipping fees while promoting local business and farming. Replacing up to 20% of fossil fuel such as coal with bio-fuel also reduces nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide emissions. Capturing methane, a gas emitted by the decomposition of waste 28-36 times stronger than carbon dioxide, reduces emissions of a significant greenhouse gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The economics of biomass power generation depends on the availability of a predictable, local, sustainably-sourced, low-cost and long-term feedstock supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Differences in feedstock chemical composition impact the cost of the feedstock. For example, waste produced due to industrial processes can have a zero or even negative cost by avoiding waste disposal charges. Likewise, prices for dedicated energy crops can spike due to low productivity and high transportation costs. Lower cost options may include agricultural, and forestry residues collected and transported over short distances or available locally as a by-product.</p>\n<p>The wide range of bioenergy-fired power generation technologies translates into a broad range of installed costs. For example, installation costs for biomass heating plants average between $500 to $1500 per kW-thermal of installed heating rate capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Installation for small-scale biomass electric plants typically cost between $3,000 to $4,000 per kW.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Fixed operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) costs, such as labor, scheduled maintenance, routine component or equipment replacement, and insurance for bioenergy power plants typically range from 2-6% of total installed costs per year, while variable O&amp;M costs average 0.005/KWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Biomass offers several resiliency benefits including the ability to stockpile fuel for emergencies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Plans to recover, segregate, and process biomass fuel locally makes downed biomass from fallen trees and vegetation caused by storms and natural disasters a cost-saving resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Making use of downed biomass also frees up time and money for other recovery efforts, while at the same time providing short to long-term backup power for critical infrastructure and emergency services.</p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems with off-grid or islanding capabilities and thermal energy storage provide enhanced energy independence, security, and reliability in the event of natural disasters and security threats while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Battery Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Biomass-fired CHP systems promote the renewable energy industry in New Jersey by utilizing renewable sources of fuel, providing backup power and balancing the supply and demand of electricity from variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, biomass-fired CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids and the broader smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources and energy storage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Biomass to Heat. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. “Biopower.” <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers EcoComplex: Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey. Version 2.0 Updated July 2015. <a href=\"http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/\">http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> WBDG: Biomass for Electricity Production <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas\">https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Electricity. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> IREA. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG). Benefits of Biomass.  <a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/default.asp\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experimental Station – Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">Federal Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG</a>)</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org/\">International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA)</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.iea.org/\">International Energy Agency (IEA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/renewable-energy-incentive-program/for-customers\">NJ Clean Energy: Getting Started</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program – Biopower</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program – CHP</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/\">Sustainable Energy Working Group</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy\">Bioenergy Technologies Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://bioenergykdf.net/\">Bioenergy Knowledge Discovery Framework (KDF)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">Biomass for Electricity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">Biomass for Heat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Biomass Energy Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1468-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:22:29','2022-06-23 19:22:29','',1468,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2687',0,'revision','',0),(2688,3,'2022-06-23 19:22:29','2022-06-23 19:22:29','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"On-Site Renewable Energy Systems\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are On-Site Renewable Energy Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Renewable energy refers to energy produced from a fuel that regenerates or does not deplete natural resources. On-site renewable energy systems for existing commercial buildings include solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass. Electricity, heating, cooling, and other applications, including multi-purpose components can utilize renewable technologies. For example, installing solar photovoltaic (PV) panels on parking structures provides shading to cars and comfort to their occupants, while providing clean electricity.</p>\n<p>Many locations – building and/or site — can use on-site renewable energy systems. The practicality of most renewable energy systems or combination of systems for a specific construction project increases when considered early in the planning stages of the site and building design, although retrofits also may be advantageous as illustrated in Figure 1.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_120\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"494\"]<img class=\"wp-image-120 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewable-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Fire Station Solar Array, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green) Building).\" width=\"494\" height=\"500\" /> Figure 1 – Fire Station Solar Array, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green) Building).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Implementation of Renewable Energy Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Renewable energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>On-Site Renewable Energy Systems and Geothermal Systems</strong></h2>\n<p><u>Photovoltaics (PV) </u></p>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems refer to the use of renewable solar energy to create electricity. PV cells placed together in a module are grouped together electrically to form an array. Arrays of PVs applied to surfaces, such as a roof, capture light energy from the sun and produce electricity. The flexibility of installing this on-site renewable energy system makes it a suitable option for existing buildings. A specific PV system known as <em>Building-Integrated Photovoltaic </em>(BIPV)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> uses PV technology and applies it to building materials, serving multifunctional purposes. For example, a BIPV skylight not only captures energy, generating electricity for a building, but also provides daylighting (see <em>Daylighting</em>). Another strategy incorporates PV technology into an exterior wall for decorative purposes as well as collecting energy.</p>\n<p>New Jersey has one of the fastest growing markets in PV technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The availability of PV combined with available incentives facilitates the design and installation of PV systems in New Jersey. While projects can tailor PV systems to meet the needs of a particular site and building, south facing surfaces not shaded by nearby trees, buildings, and structures provide the best results. If possible, orient collectors at the angle of the location’s latitude (in New Jersey, this is approximately 40°N).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_453\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"606\"]<img class=\"wp-image-453 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Borough Hall, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"606\" height=\"380\" /> Figure 2 – Borough Hall, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]<p><u>Geothermal</u></p>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), also known as ground source heat pumps or geo-exchange systems, take advantage of the Earth’s relatively constant temperature (45°F- 75°F),<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> cooling buildings in the summer and warming them in the winter. Some geothermal systems have wells drilled vertically deep underground, while others have horizontal loops a shorter distance below ground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> ENERGY STAR qualified geothermal heat pumps use about 45% less energy than a standard heat pump.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Underground piping carries warranties of 25–50 years, heat pumps often last 20 years or more.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_538\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"678\"]<img class=\"wp-image-538 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)\" width=\"678\" height=\"462\" /> Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)[/caption]<p><u>Wind Power<br /></u></p>\n<p>Wind systems provide renewable energy in areas with sufficient wind speed. Prime locations for harvesting wind energy in New Jersey are along the shore. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>The two main types of wind turbines include horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT), the most common, and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Initially designed to be mounted on high poles in open or rural areas, small wind turbines (SWTs) include systems that are 100 kilowatts (kW) or less. Built-environment wind turbines (BEWT) refer to projects constructed on, in, or near buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> The highly turbulent and variable wind directions often found in the built environment make VAWTs a viable option as VAWTs do not need to orient into the wind to generate power.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> VAWTs come in two different design types: the Savonius design, which generates power through drag, and the Darrieus, which generates power through an aerodynamic lift.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_257\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"657\"]<img class=\"wp-image-257 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-4-e1553682158787.png\" alt=\"Figure 4. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).\" width=\"657\" height=\"604\" /> Figure 4. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).[/caption]<p><u>Solar Thermal</u></p>\n<p>Solar thermal, whether passive or active, utilizes solar power to heat water for domestic or process uses. Solar thermal water heating systems use tanks and solar collectors. Active water systems also use pumps and controls.  Three common types of solar collectors include flat-plate collectors, integral collectors, and evacuated tube collectors. Flat-plate collectors consist of insulated and weatherproof boxes with a dark absorber plate under glass or plastic covers that heats water. Integral collectors use the same system as a flat-plate collector, but the water continues on to a traditional hot water tank, ensuring a consistent supply of hot water. Evacuated tube collectors consist of rows of transparent tubes that allow water to pass through and heat quickly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_122\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"612\"]<img class=\"wp-image-122 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-5.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)\" width=\"612\" height=\"554\" /> Figure 5 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)[/caption]<p><u>Biomass</u></p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems utilize biomass, a renewable resource, to power facility heating, electric power generation, or combined heat and power (CHP) systems (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Biomass sources include organic material such as plant matter, wood, waste wood, residue from agriculture or forestry and organic matter from municipal or industrial waste. Fumes from landfills such as methane, a natural gas, provide biomass for electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>In addition to purely biomass-powered electricity generation, consider biomass co-firing, applicable to commercial buildings that already have coal-fired boilers. Coal-fired boilers can handle a pre-mixed combination of coal and biomass. Alternatively, retrofit existing coal-fired boilers with a separate feed system for the biomass allowing biomass and coal to mix inside the boiler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_35\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"590\"]<img class=\"wp-image-35 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-6.png\" alt=\"Figure 6 – Rex Lumber Biomass Facility, Englishtown, NJ. (Source: NJ Office of Clean Energy).\" width=\"590\" height=\"522\" /> Figure 6 – Rex Lumber Biomass Facility, Englishtown, NJ. (Source: NJ Office of Clean Energy).[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p>Geothermal: <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/success_stories/ACUA%202006%20Project%20of%20Year%20Award.pdf\">Atlantic County Utilities Authority (ACUA), Atlantic City/Egg Harbor Twp., NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The ACUA’s clean energy initiatives include a geothermal heating and cooling system at its GeoBuilding. The system depends on heating well water through fifty closed-looped wells on a field adjacent to the building. The system extracts heat from the water in the winter and transfers heat to the ground in the summer.</p>\n<p>PV: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Solar Islanding Project, Highland Park, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This report analyzes the power demands and associated functions potentially sustained by three existing solar installations in Highland Park, NJ if converted into solar power islands. The report includes recommendations in language consistent with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) standard for adoption by other municipalities who may already have solar islands.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/MC%20Marketing/NJ%20Case%20study%20-VinelandCopy2%20(2).pdf\">Vineland Solar One, Vineland, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Located on 14 acres at the Landis Sewage Authority (LSA), the Vineland Solar One generation facility includes 13,456 monocrystalline silicon panels that produce up to 5,500 MWh of energy annually. The NJ Office of Clean Energy Solar Renewable Energy Credit (SREC) Program and a Power Purchase Agreement between the Vineland Municipal Electric Utility (VMEU) and Conectiv Energy helped finance this public/private partnership.</p>\n<p>Wind: <a href=\"http://www.acua.com/green-initiatives/renewable-energy/windfarm/\">Jersey Atlantic Wind Farm, Atlantic City, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jersey-Atlantic Wind Farm, a community-scale wind turbine installation, includes five, 380-foot turbines, producing a combined 7.5 megawatts of power. The wind turbines and on-site solar installation power the wastewater treatment plant, with surplus energy sent to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL.<em> “</em>Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices.”</a></p>\n<p>This study looks at several case studies of Built Environment Wind Turbines (BEWTs), documenting mixed-results in the BEWT industry. Main obstacles cited include, 1) insufficient and not well-defined project feasibility and planning processes, 2) high-cost projects related to additional expenses for installation and operations in the built environment, 3) a lack of certified manufacturers for ongoing service and parts, and 4) over-estimated project performance due to the complexity of conducting accurate resource and production assessments in the built environment. BEWT projects with the best outcomes had well developed and quantified project goals that included energy production as well as educational and sustainability marketing goals. These projects also conducted thorough feasibility investigations, used certified HAWTs with a proven track record, and were installed on tall buildings relative to surrounding obstacles.</p>\n<p>Solar Thermal: <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/06/f32/solar-water-heating-case.pdf\">Solar Water Heating in Multifamily Building, Greenfield, MA.</a></p>\n<p>The Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB), a US DOE Building America team, installed a solar domestic hot water (SDHW) system (372 ft2 evacuated tub, 330 gallons storage) as part a major renovation project that converted an old school building into 12 high-performance apartments.</p>\n<p>Biomass: <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180201005621/http://www.biomasscenter.org:80/resource-library/case-studies\">Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC)</a></p>\n<p>With funding from the US DOE, the Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC) developed a series of 55 case studies illustrating the design and operational experiences of various community-scale facilities, including businesses, campuses, community buildings, schools, housing and government facilities, that employ biomass systems in the US, Canada, Europe, and Scandinavia.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/casestudy07_rex_lumber.pdf\">The Rex Lumber Company, Englishtown, NJ. </a></p>\n<p>The Rex Lumber Company, with a rebate for nearly 50% from the NJ Clean Energy Program, replaced a natural gas system with a wood-waste boiler biomass system to heat its kilns.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating on-site renewable energy systems reduces greenhouse gas emissions, protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits as detailed below.</p>\n<p>B<em>iomass</em> energy systems turn waste into resources, provide a renewable source of electricity and reduce the use of and dependency on fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing fuel supply security. Biomass powered CHP systems have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> Biomass reduces waste management costs like tipping fees while promoting local business and farming. Replacing up to 20% of fossil fuel such as coal with bio-fuel also reduces nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide emissions. Capturing methane, a gas emitted by the decomposition of waste 28-36 times stronger than carbon dioxide, reduces emissions of a significant greenhouse gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p><em>Geothermal pumps</em> have a higher efficiency than air pumps and produce less noise pollution as most of the moving parts are underground. Depending on the cost and type of fuel, heating with geothermal pumps can cost 25-50% less than that of conventional heating.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> Compared to air-source heat pumps, geothermal pumps last longer, require less maintenance and do not depend on outside air temperatures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></p>\n<p>The modularity of <em>PV systems</em> allows great flexibility in applying this technology to buildings. Solar PV can help manage peak demand and lower utility rates, while also providing shade and urban heat island reduction benefits.</p>\n<p><em>Solar thermal systems</em> reduce water consumption as well as the consumption of consumable, non-renewable, and often non-domestic energy sources such as natural gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a></p>\n<p><em>Wind power</em> reduces dependence on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a> Generating power from wind reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promotes the renewable energy industry in New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p><em>Geothermal </em>– The capital cost of geothermal systems average $7, 000.00 per ton including the bore field.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn23\" name=\"_ednref23\">[23]</a> Highly site-specific, well field costs can quickly add tens of thousands of dollars to overall system cost. Life-cycle costs can deliver a relatively quick payback beginning at 5 years, based on significant heating cost savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn24\" name=\"_ednref24\">[24]</a> Annual energy savings can vary from 25% to 50%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn25\" name=\"_ednref25\">[25]</a> Also, maintenance and upkeep cost less than traditional types of heating and cooling equipment.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Incremental cost (e.g., the cost of the green technology minus the cost of conventional technology) is around $3,957/ton.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn26\" name=\"_ednref26\">[26]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>Annual cost savings (e.g., annual kWh saved * $0.14/kWh [the price of electricity])</li>\n<li>According to US DOE Energy Savers, using GHPs reduce electricity consumption by 25-50%.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Scenario:</u> Consider a 20,000 SF commercial building using 50,000<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn27\" name=\"_ednref27\">[27]</a> btu/SF over five years.</p>\n<p>In <em>one</em> year:     50,000btu/SF ÷ 5 years = 10,000 btu</p>\n<p>10,000 btu/SF * 20,000 SF = 200,000,000 btu</p>\n<p>200,000,000 btu * (2.93×10<sup>-4 </sup>kWh/1 btu) = <strong>58,614kWh consumed</strong>.</p>\n<p>A reduction in electricity consumption of 50% means a savings of <strong>29,307 kWh</strong>, or:</p>\n<p><strong>29,307 kWh</strong> * $0.14/kWh = <strong>$ 4,102.98</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Payback (Capital Costs or Incremental Costs / annual cost savings)<br />Incremental Cost = $3,957</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Annual Cost Saving =             $4,102.98</p>\n<p>$3,957/$4,102.98 =                 0.96</p>\n<p>It will take <strong>less than one year </strong>to achieve a return on the investment in a geothermal heat pump.</p>\n<p><em>Photovoltaic</em> – PV systems have medium to high first costs, but like geothermal systems, have a quick payback, facilitated by various incentives and renewable energy credits. The New Jersey Office of Clean Energy Solar Renewable Energy Certificate (SREC) program provides renewable energy credits (RECs) during the first 15 years of the system’s life. Credits accumulate whenever a solar installation generates 1000 kWh of electricity. Prices for SREC credits sold through the SREC tracking system vary due to supply and demand.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn28\" name=\"_ednref28\">[28]</a> System costs vary depending on type of panel used, roof type, and size of the system. In New Jersey, a commercial system typically cost between $3 and $5 a Watt, including installation. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn29\" name=\"_ednref29\">[29]</a> Recent SREC pricing information can be found here: <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/project-activity-reports/srec-pricing/srec-pricing\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/project-activity-reports/srec-pricing/srec-pricing</a></p>\n<p><em>Small Wind </em>– Small wind installations cost about $800 to $1100 per kilowatt of generating capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn30\" name=\"_ednref30\">[30]</a> The price of a system varies depending on the size and details of the service agreement. Depending on the strength of the wind resource and the cost of the system, the typical paybacks range from 6-15 years.</p>\n<p><em>Solar Thermal –</em> The average price of solar thermal collector equipment varies depending on the type (low, medium, high temperature) and ranges from $1.94-$25.32 per square foot, averaging $7.01 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn31\" name=\"_ednref31\">[31]</a> The cost table below compares the average cost of solar thermal to conventional energy sources for 2017.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>New Jersey</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>Electricity</strong></td>\n<td width=\"120\"><strong>Natural Gas</strong></td>\n<td width=\"114\"><strong>Solar thermal</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>Average Cost per kilowatt-hour in commercial and industrial sectors:</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\">10.16-12.31¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn32\" name=\"_ednref32\">[32]</a></td>\n<td width=\"120\">9.05¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn33\" name=\"_ednref33\">[33]</a></td>\n<td width=\"114\">9.2-12¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn34\" name=\"_ednref34\">[34]</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p><em>Biomass –</em> The economics of biomass power generation depends on the availability of a predictable, local, sustainably-sourced, low-cost and long-term feedstock supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn35\" name=\"_ednref35\">[35]</a> Differences in feedstock chemical composition impact the cost of the feedstock. For example, waste produced due to industrial processes can have a zero or even negative cost by avoiding waste disposal charges. Likewise, prices for dedicated energy crops can spike due to low productivity and high transportation costs. Lower cost options may include agricultural, and forestry residues collected and transported over short distances or available locally as a by-product.</p>\n<p>The wide range of bioenergy-fired power generation technologies translates into a broad range of installed costs. For example, installation costs for biomass heating plants average between $500 to $1500 per kW-thermal of installed heating rate capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn36\" name=\"_ednref36\">[36]</a> Installation for small-scale biomass electric plants typically cost between $3,000 to $4,000 per kW.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn37\" name=\"_ednref37\">[37]</a></p>\n<p>Fixed operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) costs, such as labor, scheduled maintenance, routine component or equipment replacement, and insurance for bioenergy power plants typically range from 2-6% of total installed costs per year, while variable O&amp;M costs average 0.005/KWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn38\" name=\"_ednref38\">[38]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_376\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"992\"]<img class=\"wp-image-376 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-7.png\" alt=\"Biomass Co-firing Capital Costs Source: NREL\" width=\"992\" height=\"506\" /> Source: NREL[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site renewable energy systems promote resiliency in many ways. They tend to rely on site-based “fuel” and may island or operate independently from the power grid (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV, Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>). For example, solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems with battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, while also providing a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs. By providing localized power generation, islandable PV systems increase energy efficiency by reducing transmission and distribution losses typical of centralized grid systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn39\" name=\"_ednref39\">[39]</a> Unlike diesel and fossil-fueled generators, typically used only during emergencies, islandable PV systems with battery storage provide value throughout the year, do not require regular maintenance or refueling, and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn40\" name=\"_ednref40\">[40]</a> Some systems provide additional protection from flooding events, based on elevated installations, such as PV roof or pole-mounted systems.</p>\n<p>For recommendations on how to incorporate solar islanding capabilities into existing facilities, see the <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a>.</p>\n<p><em>Biomass</em> offers several resiliency benefits including the ability to stockpile fuel for emergencies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn41\" name=\"_ednref41\">[41]</a> Plans to recover, segregate, and process biomass fuel locally makes downed biomass from fallen trees and vegetation caused by storms and natural disasters a cost-saving resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn42\" name=\"_ednref42\">[42]</a> Making use of downed biomass also frees up time and money for other recovery efforts, while at the same time providing short to long-term backup power for critical infrastructure and emergency services.</p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems with off-grid or islanding capabilities and thermal energy storage provide enhanced energy independence, security, and reliability in the event of natural disasters and security threats while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Battery Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn43\" name=\"_ednref43\">[43]</a> Biomass-fired CHP systems promote the renewable energy industry in New Jersey by utilizing renewable sources of fuel, providing backup power and balancing the supply and demand of electricity from variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn44\" name=\"_ednref44\">[44]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, biomass-fired CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids and the broader smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources and energy storage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Eiffert Ph. D, Patrina and Gregory J. Kiss. NREL. Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Designs for Commercial and Institutional Structures: A Sourcebook for Architects.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf\">www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf</a> (accessed  April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. Renewable Energy: Programs: <em>SREC Registration Program. </em><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US DOE  “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a>  US DOE. “Guide to Geothermal Heat Pumps” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Heat Pumps, Geothermal for Consumers.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE. “Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a>American Wind Energy Association.  “Wind 101: Wind Energy Basics.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180903090547/http://www.awea.org:80/wind-power-101\">https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Jason Fields, Frank Oteri, Robert Press, and Ian Baring-Gould (2016) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> J. Smith, T. Forsyth, K. Sinclair, and F. Oteri. (2015) NREL. Built-Environment Wind Turbine Roadmap. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> US DOE. Solar Water Heaters. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Biomass to Heat. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. “Biopower.” <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> US EIA “Biomass for Electricity Generation.” 2002. <a href=\"http://www2.et.byu.edu/~tom/classes/733/Biomass/Biomass%20for%20electricity%20generation.pdf\">http://www2.et.byu.edu/~tom/classes/733/Biomass/Biomass%20for%20electricity%20generation.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas\">https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> US DOE. Energy Savers: Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pumps. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> US DOE | EERE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> Denholm, P. 2007. “The Technical Potential of Solar Water Heating to Reduce Fossil Fuel Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United States.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO.   <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> McCollum, David, and Christopher Yang. 2009. “Achieving deep reductions in US transport greenhouse gas emissions: Scenario analysis and policy implications.” Energy Policy 37: 5580-5596.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref23\" name=\"_edn23\">[23]</a> Rutgers University Facilities Department – Based on estimates received for new buildings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref24\" name=\"_edn24\">[24]</a> US DOE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref25\" name=\"_edn25\">[25]</a> US DOE. Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump System. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref26\" name=\"_edn26\">[26]</a> NEEP. “Mid-Atlantic Technical Reference Manual Version 7.” <a href=\"http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf\">http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref27\" name=\"_edn27\">[27]</a> US DOE | EERE. Planning, Budget &amp; Analysis: Commercial Buildings Total Energy Consumption. April 2008. <a href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/intensityindicators/total_commercial.html\">http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/intensityindicators/total_commercial.html</a><em> Assume an average of 50k btu for all sectors.</em> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref28\" name=\"_edn28\">[28]</a> NJ OCE. SREC Registration Program. <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref29\" name=\"_edn29\">[29]</a> NJ OCE. NJCEP Solar Project data</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref30\" name=\"_edn30\">[30]</a> US DOE. 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref31\" name=\"_edn31\">[31]</a> US DOE | EIA. Form EIA-63A, “Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey.” From table 2.12 at <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/\">https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref32\" name=\"_edn32\">[32]</a> US DOE | EIA.   “Electricity Data Browser.”   <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin\">https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref33\" name=\"_edn33\">[33]</a> US DOE | EIA. “Natural Gas Prices.” 2017 Available for Commercial only <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm\">https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref34\" name=\"_edn34\">[34]</a> NREL. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/68925.pdf\">The U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmark: Q1 2017</a>. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html</a>   (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref35\" name=\"_edn35\">[35]</a> International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref36\" name=\"_edn36\">[36]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref37\" name=\"_edn37\">[37]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Electricity. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref38\" name=\"_edn38\">[38]</a> IREA. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref39\" name=\"_edn39\">[39]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref40\" name=\"_edn40\">[40]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref41\" name=\"_edn41\">[41]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref42\" name=\"_edn42\">[42]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref43\" name=\"_edn43\">[43]</a> Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG). Benefits of Biomass.  <a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref44\" name=\"_edn44\">[44]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/\">Roof Replacements and Upgrades</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org\">Database of State Incentives for Renewables &amp; Efficiency (DSIRE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">ENERGY STAR Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org\">International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ Clean Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">Commercial, Industrial and Local Government Programs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/home/home\">Renewable Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/tools-and-resources/links/renewable\">Tools and Resources</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy\">Bioenergy Technologies Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-energy-us-department-energy\">Geothermal Technologies Office</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/solar-energy-technologies-office\">Solar Energy Technologies Office</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/wind-energy-technologies-office\">Wind Energy Technologies Office</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program (FEMA)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">Biomass for Heat</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/building-integrated-photovoltaics-bipv\">Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/solar-water-heating\">Solar Water Heating</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">Wind Technology</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Tools </strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wunderground.com/calculators/solar.html?MR=1\">Weather Underground Tool: calculates potential electricity generated from your system</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/files/docs/small_wind_economic_model.xls\">Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC On-Site Renewable Energy Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1992-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:22:29','2022-06-23 19:22:29','',1992,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2688',0,'revision','',0),(2689,3,'2022-06-23 19:22:43','2022-06-23 19:22:43','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Biomass Energy Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is a Biomass Energy System?</strong></h2>\n<p>Biomass energy systems utilize biomass, a renewable resource, to power facility heating, electric power generation, or combined heat and power (CHP) systems (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Biomass sources include organic material such as plant matter, wood, waste wood, residue from agriculture or forestry and organic matter from municipal or industrial waste. Fumes from landfills such as methane, a natural gas, provide biomass for electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_190\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"754\"]<img class=\"wp-image-190 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Biomass-Energy-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Monmouth County’s 1 MW biopower project (Source: NJ Clean Energy).\" width=\"754\" height=\"552\" /> Figure 1 – Monmouth County’s 1 MW biopower project (Source: NJ Clean Energy).[/caption]\n<div id=\"attachment_378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"> </div>\n<p>According to the Rutgers EcoComplex’s Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid waste makes up 72% of biomass. Agriculture and forestry management also produce potential sources of biomass.</li>\n<li>Technologies for converting solid waste to biomass include combustion, gasification and anaerobic digestion.</li>\n<li>The counties of central and northeastern New Jersey contain the largest biomass concentrations.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Biomass Energy Systems  </strong></h2>\n<p>Direct-fired combustion is the most common method of producing heat and electricity from biomass.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Commercial scale facilities typically use woody biomass in the form of whole logs or firewood, wood chips, and wood pellets. Two types of chip-fired direct combustion systems include fixed-bed and atmospheric fluidized-bed systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>A direct combustion system burns biomass to generate hot gas, which provides heat directly or feeds biomass into a boiler to generate hot water or steam. In a boiler system, the steam provides heat for process or space heating. It can also transfer heat to a facility through typical space heating methods. In a combined heat and power system (CHP), the boiler produces steam to run a turbine and power a generator to produce electricity. Excess steam and hot water support heating applications. Combined heat and power (CHP) systems significantly increase overall energy efficiency to approximately 80%, from the standard biomass electricity-only systems with efficiencies of approximately 20%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Cost-effect biomass energy systems utilize both electricity production and thermal energy.</p>\n<p>See <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program: Biopower</a> to find out more about the types of biomass energy systems currently supported in New Jersey. Installing a biomass energy system requires professional expertise. Evaluate the facility’s waste stream to identify opportunities to convert waste into energy.</p>\n<p>See the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">NJ Office of Clean Energy’s Combined Heat and Power Program</a> also offers incentives for CHP systems, with bonus incentives for CHP systems fueled by renewable fuel sources.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180201005621/http://www.biomasscenter.org:80/resource-library/case-studies\">Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC)</a></p>\n<p>With funding from the US DOE, the Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC) developed a series of case studies illustrating the design and operational experiences of various community-scale facilities, including businesses, campuses, community buildings, schools, housing and government facilities, that employ biomass systems in the US, Canada, Europe, and Scandinavia.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/casestudy07_rex_lumber.pdf\">The Rex Lumber Company, Englishtown, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Rex Lumber Company, with a rebate for nearly 50% from the NJ Clean Energy Program, replaced a natural gas system with a wood-waste boiler biomass system to heat its kilns.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using biomass for energy turns waste into resources, provides a renewable source of electricity and reduces the use of and dependency on fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing fuel supply security. Biomass powered CHP technologies have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Biomass reduces waste management costs like tipping fees while promoting local business and farming. Replacing up to 20% of fossil fuel such as coal with bio-fuel also reduces nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide emissions. Capturing methane, a gas emitted by the decomposition of waste 28-36 times stronger than carbon dioxide, reduces emissions of a significant greenhouse gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The economics of biomass power generation depends on the availability of a predictable, local, sustainably-sourced, low-cost and long-term feedstock supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Differences in feedstock chemical composition impact the cost of the feedstock. For example, waste produced due to industrial processes can have a zero or even negative cost by avoiding waste disposal charges. Likewise, prices for dedicated energy crops can spike due to low productivity and high transportation costs. Lower cost options may include agricultural, and forestry residues collected and transported over short distances or available locally as a by-product.</p>\n<p>The wide range of bioenergy-fired power generation technologies translates into a broad range of installed costs. For example, installation costs for biomass heating plants average between $500 to $1500 per kW-thermal of installed heating rate capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Installation for small-scale biomass electric plants typically cost between $3,000 to $4,000 per kW.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Fixed operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) costs, such as labor, scheduled maintenance, routine component or equipment replacement, and insurance for bioenergy power plants typically range from 2-6% of total installed costs per year, while variable O&amp;M costs average 0.005/KWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Biomass offers several resiliency benefits including the ability to stockpile fuel for emergencies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Plans to recover, segregate, and process biomass fuel locally makes downed biomass from fallen trees and vegetation caused by storms and natural disasters a cost-saving resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Making use of downed biomass also frees up time and money for other recovery efforts, while at the same time providing short to long-term backup power for critical infrastructure and emergency services.</p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems with off-grid or islanding capabilities and thermal energy storage provide enhanced energy independence, security, and reliability in the event of natural disasters and security threats while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Battery Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Biomass-fired CHP systems promote the renewable energy industry in New Jersey by utilizing renewable sources of fuel, providing backup power and balancing the supply and demand of electricity from variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, biomass-fired CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids and the broader smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources and energy storage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Biomass to Heat. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. “Biopower.” <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers EcoComplex: Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey. Version 2.0 Updated July 2015. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190911083449/http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu:80/biomass-energy-potential/\">http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> WBDG: Biomass for Electricity Production <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas\">https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Electricity. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> IREA. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG). Benefits of Biomass.  <a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/default.asp\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experimental Station – Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">Federal Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG</a>)</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org/\">International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA)</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.iea.org/\">International Energy Agency (IEA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/renewable-energy-incentive-program/for-customers\">NJ Clean Energy: Getting Started</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program – Biopower</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program – CHP</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/\">Sustainable Energy Working Group</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy\">Bioenergy Technologies Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://bioenergykdf.net/\">Bioenergy Knowledge Discovery Framework (KDF)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">Biomass for Electricity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">Biomass for Heat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Biomass Energy Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1468-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:22:43','2022-06-23 19:22:43','',1468,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2689',0,'revision','',0),(2690,3,'2022-06-23 19:22:51','2022-06-23 19:22:51','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Combined Heat and Power (CHP)\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Combined Heat and Power (CHP)?</strong></h2>\n<p>Combined Heat and Power (CHP), also known as cogeneration, is a type of distributed energy resource that produces both electricity and thermal energy onsite, using one primary fuel.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> CHP recovers heat usually wasted in conventional power generation as thermal energy for a building’s space heating and cooling, process heating and cooling, dehumidification, or the production of more electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> CHP system can use fossil or renewable fuels and typically utilize the following prime mover technologies to combust the fuel including reciprocating engines, gas turbines, microturbines, fuel cells, and boiler or steam turbines.</p>\n<p>For example, (see Figure 1) a prime mover, such as a reciprocating engine or gas turbine uses a fuel such as natural gas to power a generator that creates electricity and emits heat. Generated electricity supplies electrical loads in the building, feeds back to the grid, or utilizes energy storage for later use (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). A heat recovery unit captures the heat and processes it for use onsite, typically for building heating applications but also for absorption cooling, an application that utilizes heat energy to cool buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> CHP systems can utilize thermal energy storage to save excess heat energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, to increase energy efficiency, and to store low priced energy and use that energy during peak demand when prices climb (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_212\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"970\"]<img class=\"wp-image-212 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-CHP-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Reciprocating engine or gas turbine with heat recovery. (Source: US DOE CHP)\" width=\"970\" height=\"450\" /> Figure 1. Reciprocating engine or gas turbine with heat recovery. (Source: US DOE CHP)[/caption]<p>Microturbines use gaseous or liquid fuels, most commonly natural gas, to produce electricity and recover exhaust heat for direct use or use in a heat recovery boiler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Steam turbines do not consume fuel directly but use steam generated by natural gas, oil, coal or biomass driven boilers or heat recovery steam generators, to produce power and thermal energy (see <em>Biomass Energy Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Fuel cells used for CHP applications utilize an electrochemical process to reform natural gas or biogas into hydrogen and then react hydrogen to generate electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2>How to Integrate CHP</h2>\n<p>The practicality of integrating CHP into a project increases when considered early in the planning stages, including early engagement with the local utility to identify permitting issues and available incentives.</p>\n<p>Contact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current CHP programs, tools, and available funding. For example, the NJ Office of Clean Energy Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Program currently offers incentives for the following CHP technologies:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Powered by non-renewable (i.e., natural gas) or renewable fuel source (i.e., biomass).</li>\n<li>Gas internal combustion engine.</li>\n<li>Gas combustion turbine.</li>\n<li>Microturbine</li>\n<li>Fuel cells with heat recovery.</li>\n<li>Waste heat to power.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The use of Class 1 renewable fuel sources and installation of CHP with black-start and islanding capabilities at designated critical facilities may qualify projects for additional incentives.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/misc/success-story/westin\">Westin – Starwood Hotel, Jersey City, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The Westin Jersey City Newport qualified for the NJ Clean Energy Combined Heat &amp; Power Program by installing three Tecogen® Inc. 100-kW natural gas engine CHP units. The co-generation units are expected to produce 1,985 MWh of electricity and 132,962 therms of energy per year. The Westin Jersey City Newport qualified for $600,000 in NJCEP incentives, covering more than 27 percent of the $2,158,229 project cost, which includes ten years of maintenance service by the manufacturer. The co-generation units could potentially save the hotel, on average, 367,209 kWh of electricity and 91,198 therms of natural gas per year, resulting in annual savings ranging from $123,007 to $212,000. With the NJCEP incentives, the project expects to pay for itself within a decade when factoring in federal tax credits.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Inherently inefficient, conventional electricity generation converts only about a third of a fuel’s potential energy into usable energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> It is reasonable to expect CHP applications to operate at 65-75% efficiency, a large improvement over the national average of ~50% for these services when separately provided.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Since overgeneration of heat and electricity occurs frequently, CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> The significant increase in energy efficiency with CHP means lower fuel consumption and reduced greenhouse gas emissions for the same level of output when compared to the separate generation of heat and power. Biomass powered CHP systems have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently (see <em>Biomass Energy Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Other benefits include CHP’s proven track record and the versatility of CHP to work with existing and planned technologies for various industrial and commercial applications. CHP also localizes energy generation, avoiding congestion issues and improving grid transmission and distribution losses associated with centralized power stations, reducing the risk of electrical grid disruptions and enhancing energy reliability. As a distributed energy generator, CHP provides a reliable and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and grid outages and can help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>CHP makes the most economic sense when electricity prices are high, and natural gas prices are low. While the initial cost of CHP systems often exceed that of conventional heating or cooling systems, reduced energy and operating costs associated with cogeneration can often justify the investment.</p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>CHP can improve the resiliency of critical infrastructure, by acting as a self-sufficient microgrid keeping essential facilities and systems running without any interruption in electric or thermal service in the absence of utility sourced power due to storms or other events.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>For example, South Oaks Hospital in Amityville, New York remained open and operational during Superstorm Sandy while over 8.5 million Long Island Power Authority (LIPA) customers had no power for a week.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> South Oaks Hospital had five 250 kW units, which kept lights on and refrigeration units operational for 15 days, even allowing the hospital to admit new patients.</p>\n<p>A form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids with the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Combined with energy storage capabilities, CHP systems hold the potential to help diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of distributed energy resources and energy storage (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA and US DOE. Guide to Using Combined Heat and Power for Enhancing Reliability and Resiliency in Buildings. September 2013. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_for_reliability_guidance.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_for_reliability_guidance.pdf</a>  (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a>   (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Microturbines <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Microturbines_0.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Microturbines_0.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Steam Turbines. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Steam%20Turbine.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Steam%20Turbine.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Fuel Cells <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Fuel%20Cell.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Fuel%20Cell.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NJ Office of Clean Energy. 2018. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Program. <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power</a> (accessed Oct 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Electropaedia. <a href=\"http://www.mpoweruk.com/fossil_fuels.htm\">http://www.mpoweruk.com/fossil_fuels.htm</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> DOE. Combined Heat and Power Basics. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future.<a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> ICF International. 2013. “Combined Heat and Power: Enabling Resilient Energy Infrastructure for Critical Facilities.” Prepared for Oak Ridge National Laboratory. March 2013. Page 2. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_critical_facilities.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_critical_facilities.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> ACEEE. New and Improved Methods for Evaluating CHP Cost-Effectiveness. <a href=\"https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2016/data/papers/4_837.pdf\">https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2016/data/papers/4_837.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/\">Biomass Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://doe.icfwebservices.com/chpdb/state/NJ\">Combined Heat and Power Installations in New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.iea.org/\">International Energy Association (IEA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">New Jersey’s Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/chp\">US EPA Combined Power and Heat Partnership</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics\">US DOE Combined Heat and Power Basics</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Combined Heat and Power (CHP)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1669-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:22:51','2022-06-23 19:22:51','',1669,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2690',0,'revision','',0),