(1802,2,'2022-04-18 16:20:30','2022-04-18 16:20:30','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Smart Meters\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What are Smart Meters?</h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_405\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-405 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Smart-Metering-Fig-1-300x276.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Electric smart meter (Source: Rutgers University Facilities).\" width=\"300\" height=\"276\" /> Figure 1 – Electric smart meter (Source: Rutgers University Facilities).[/caption]<p>Smart meters or advanced meters, a component of the broader smart grid<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a>, use digital meters to record and transmit energy consumption and generation data, namely electricity, but also natural gas or water usage in intervals of an hour or less through a secure wireless network back to the utility and consumer at least daily.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> As opposed to traditional analog or automated meter readers, smart meter technology includes remote reading, two-way communication, support of dynamic pricing<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a>, and remote disablement and enablement of supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Energy companies can use data from smart meters to better monitor and manage energy supply and demand, power outages and the integration of clean energy sources into the electric grid. Smart meters provide documentation for participation in utility-sponsored demand response programs, which incentivize consumers to interrupt or adjust energy use by reducing or shifting loads or storing energy during peak demand and periods of higher energy costs or enable utilities to remotely switch electricity services on or off based on the cost or availability of energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> For example, consumption data from smart meters can signal a utility or consumer to remotely turn off air-conditioning units to avoid peak load issues or to run appliances during lower demand, lower-cost times of the day (see <em>Smart Sensors and Controls</em>).</p>\n<p>Data collected from smart meters connected to a smart grid supports the advancement and adoption of distributed energy generation and energy storage technologies, such as wind and solar, and plug-in electric vehicles (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> By measuring both electricity generated as well as delivered, smart meters can help utilities better manage and control the storage and transmission of renewable power from distributed energy sources and micro-grids to end-users. Smart meter data can also provide consumers with information on when to use, store, or sell on-site renewable energy generation back to the grid and encourage smart electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement a Smart Metering System </strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a smart metering system begins with identifying the intended use and goals of the system as this determines the system’s requirements and features. Smart meter systems typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.</p>\n<p>Non-sub-metered systems bill tenants based on a percentage of the total usage for the entire building. A smart sub-metered system makes billing tenants for their actual usage possible.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> In commercial buildings with multiple tenants or businesses, smart meters provide individual tenants and the utility company information on electricity, natural gas, and water usage, providing the opportunity to track progress on conservation strategies and participation in demand response programs and to identify opportunities to increase energy efficiency and cost savings.</p>\n<p>Contact local electricity, natural gas, and water service providers for information on smart metering opportunities and demand response programs. In the absence of a utility run program, smart meters can be implemented by business owners to provide building operators with instant energy and water data for making informed energy choices or to help identify potential equipment issues and leaks, saving energy and money.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en/our-energy-future/technology-innovation/smart-meters\">Orange &amp; Rockland Smart Meter Program</a></p>\n<p>The Orange &amp; Rockland Electric Utility plans to install 400,000 smart meters to residential and commercial customers by 2020. The smart metering program aims to utilize the data from smart meters to boost grid reliability and cut the length of power outages by automatically notifying the utility when outages occur leading to faster restoration. Potential benefits to customers include data on energy use habits to promote behavior change or to signal customers to run building equipment and devices at off-peak hours or when cleaner, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are available.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart meters provide benefits to both utility companies and consumers. Data gathered from smart meters provides utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Via demand response, smart meters support the shift of loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from cleaner or renewable sources, reduce the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and prevent supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Benefits to consumers include enhanced customer service, reduced theft due to the remote and real-time meter reading, and the establishment of time-based rates. Smart meters also inform consumers of their real-time energy usage, providing them with data to make informed energy use decisions and potentially change behavior. Smart metering water lines allow commercial facility managers to see consumption trends within the building and to target areas for improvement.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>One study estimated that the average commercial customer would pay $7,000 to $10,000 for smart meter technology, which includes transmission and distribution upgrades and various customer costs (primarily the costs of the in-building technologies).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> As an example, Rockland Electric predicts deployment costs of $16.5 million and estimates operational and management expenses over 20 years at $12 million. The utility projects to save $82 million over two decades in reduced labor and outage costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>For smart water meters, project costs range widely based on the number of customers, the specific metering, and communications technologies selected, the level of software integration, and the state of the metering system before smart metering system implementation.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>Smart meters increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, smart meters help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently sending work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times and limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Smart grids are electricity supply networks that use digital communications technology to detect and react to changes in energy supply and demand and manage the transport of electricity from generation sources to end users.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2017. Frequently Asked Questions: Smart Meters. Updated December 7, 2017. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1\">https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1</a> (accessed Sept 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Dynamic pricing includes time-of-use pricing, real-time pricing, variable peak pricing, critical peak pricing, and critical or peak time rebates.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative. “Do smart meters help the environment?” <a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment\">http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment</a> (accessed Sept 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> National Conference of State Legislatures “Utility Submetering” <a href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx\">http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> 2006 FERC Report, 18 <a href=\"http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf\">http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> EPRI, “Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Tom Johnson. 2017. NJ Spotlight. “Is New Jersey Finally Getting Smarter about Smart Meters?” <a href=\"http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/\">http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/</a> (accessed Sept 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Smart Meters','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-smart-meters','','','2022-06-23 17:43:22','2022-06-23 17:43:22','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1802',0,'post','',0),(1803,2,'2022-04-18 16:17:55','2022-04-18 16:17:55','','NC Smart Meters','','inherit','closed','closed','','1802-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 16:17:55','2022-04-18 16:17:55','',1802,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1803',0,'revision','',0),(1805,2,'2022-04-18 16:20:30','2022-04-18 16:20:30','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Smart Meters\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What are Smart Meters?</h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_405\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-405 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Smart-Metering-Fig-1-300x276.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Electric smart meter (Source: Rutgers University Facilities).\" width=\"300\" height=\"276\" /> Figure 1 – Electric smart meter (Source: Rutgers University Facilities).[/caption]<p>Smart meters or advanced meters, a component of the broader smart grid<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a>, use digital meters to record and transmit energy consumption and generation data, namely electricity, but also natural gas or water usage in intervals of an hour or less through a secure wireless network back to the utility and consumer at least daily.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> As opposed to traditional analog or automated meter readers, smart meter technology includes remote reading, two-way communication, support of dynamic pricing<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a>, and remote disablement and enablement of supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Energy companies can use data from smart meters to better monitor and manage energy supply and demand, power outages and the integration of clean energy sources into the electric grid. Smart meters provide documentation for participation in utility-sponsored demand response programs, which incentivize consumers to interrupt or adjust energy use by reducing or shifting loads or storing energy during peak demand and periods of higher energy costs or enable utilities to remotely switch electricity services on or off based on the cost or availability of energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> For example, consumption data from smart meters can signal a utility or consumer to remotely turn off air-conditioning units to avoid peak load issues or to run appliances during lower demand, lower-cost times of the day (see <em>Smart Sensors and Controls</em>).</p>\n<p>Data collected from smart meters connected to a smart grid supports the advancement and adoption of distributed energy generation and energy storage technologies, such as wind and solar, and plug-in electric vehicles (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> By measuring both electricity generated as well as delivered, smart meters can help utilities better manage and control the storage and transmission of renewable power from distributed energy sources and micro-grids to end-users. Smart meter data can also provide consumers with information on when to use, store, or sell on-site renewable energy generation back to the grid and encourage smart electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement a Smart Metering System </strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a smart metering system begins with identifying the intended use and goals of the system as this determines the system’s requirements and features. Smart meter systems typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.</p>\n<p>Non-sub-metered systems bill tenants based on a percentage of the total usage for the entire building. A smart sub-metered system makes billing tenants for their actual usage possible.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> In commercial buildings with multiple tenants or businesses, smart meters provide individual tenants and the utility company information on electricity, natural gas, and water usage, providing the opportunity to track progress on conservation strategies and participation in demand response programs and to identify opportunities to increase energy efficiency and cost savings.</p>\n<p>Contact local electricity, natural gas, and water service providers for information on smart metering opportunities and demand response programs. In the absence of a utility run program, smart meters can be implemented by business owners to provide building operators with instant energy and water data for making informed energy choices or to help identify potential equipment issues and leaks, saving energy and money.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en/our-energy-future/technology-innovation/smart-meters\">Orange &amp; Rockland Smart Meter Program</a></p>\n<p>The Orange &amp; Rockland Electric Utility plans to install 400,000 smart meters to residential and commercial customers by 2020. The smart metering program aims to utilize the data from smart meters to boost grid reliability and cut the length of power outages by automatically notifying the utility when outages occur leading to faster restoration. Potential benefits to customers include data on energy use habits to promote behavior change or to signal customers to run building equipment and devices at off-peak hours or when cleaner, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are available.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart meters provide benefits to both utility companies and consumers. Data gathered from smart meters provides utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Via demand response, smart meters support the shift of loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from cleaner or renewable sources, reduce the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and prevent supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Benefits to consumers include enhanced customer service, reduced theft due to the remote and real-time meter reading, and the establishment of time-based rates. Smart meters also inform consumers of their real-time energy usage, providing them with data to make informed energy use decisions and potentially change behavior. Smart metering water lines allow commercial facility managers to see consumption trends within the building and to target areas for improvement.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>One study estimated that the average commercial customer would pay $7,000 to $10,000 for smart meter technology, which includes transmission and distribution upgrades and various customer costs (primarily the costs of the in-building technologies).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> As an example, Rockland Electric predicts deployment costs of $16.5 million and estimates operational and management expenses over 20 years at $12 million. The utility projects to save $82 million over two decades in reduced labor and outage costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>For smart water meters, project costs range widely based on the number of customers, the specific metering, and communications technologies selected, the level of software integration, and the state of the metering system before smart metering system implementation.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>Smart meters increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, smart meters help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently sending work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times and limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Smart grids are electricity supply networks that use digital communications technology to detect and react to changes in energy supply and demand and manage the transport of electricity from generation sources to end users.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2017. Frequently Asked Questions: Smart Meters. Updated December 7, 2017. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1\">https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1</a> (accessed Sept 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Dynamic pricing includes time-of-use pricing, real-time pricing, variable peak pricing, critical peak pricing, and critical or peak time rebates.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative. “Do smart meters help the environment?” <a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment\">http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment</a> (accessed Sept 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> National Conference of State Legislatures “Utility Submetering” <a href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx\">http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> 2006 FERC Report, 18 <a href=\"http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf\">http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> EPRI, “Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Tom Johnson. 2017. NJ Spotlight. “Is New Jersey Finally Getting Smarter about Smart Meters?” <a href=\"http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/\">http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/</a> (accessed Sept 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Smart Meters','','inherit','closed','closed','','1802-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 16:20:30','2022-04-18 16:20:30','',1802,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1805',0,'revision','',0);
INSERT INTO `wp_posts` VALUES (1812,2,'2022-04-18 16:26:20','2022-04-18 16:26:20','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"New Commercial Buildings\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The Manual supports the construction of new green commercial buildings with diminished energy and environmental footprints and the greening of existing commercial buildings. This approach limits the impact of the built environment on the natural environment, while sensitivity to the location of building activities helps to prevent urban sprawl and preserves natural resources.</p>\n<p>Best practice strategies include all aspects of green building and design with an added focus on those that jointly promote energy efficiency and resiliency in keeping with the State of New Jersey policy objectives. The Manual organizes best practice strategies according to an operational framework based on a design-build-operate-evaluate process. Each strategy includes a short explanation or definition, implementation recommendations, New Jersey specific examples (when available), and sections on strategy benefits, costs, resiliency (if applicable), and additional resources.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Design\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf568;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operational Tools\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe035;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/building-information-modeling-bim/\">Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/\">Brownfield and Infill Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/\">Site Protection Plan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p><strong>Envelope</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Mechanicals and Equipment</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Energy Supply</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/\">Biomass Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/\">On-Site Wind Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/\">Photovoltaic Systems (PV)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Water\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf043;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/\">Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/\">On-Site Alternative Water Re-use</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Backup Systems\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf5df;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/\">Emergency Water Supply and Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-storm-preparation-and-emergency-planning/\">Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/\">Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/\">Flexible Workspaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/\">Non-Toxic Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Build\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf6e3;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/\">Construction &amp; Demolition Waste Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/\">High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/\">Light Pollution Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p><strong>Envelope</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Mechanicals and Equipment</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/\">Chilled Beams</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/\">Demand Control Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/\">Energy Recovery Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/\">Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/\">Acoustic Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/\">Entryway Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Operate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf085;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operations & Maintenance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe038;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/\">Composting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/\">ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-cleaning/\">Green Cleaning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/\">Green Power</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-integrated-pest-management/\">Integrated Pest Management (IPM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/\">Operator and Occupant Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-preventative-maintenance/\">Preventative Maintenance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/\">Recycling Centers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Smart Infrastructure\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1eb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/\">Grid-Interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls (NLCs)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Micro-grid Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Evaluate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf3fd;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Building Performance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf080;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/\">Building Evaluation</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/\">Commissioning</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.03)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Case Studies</h2>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"30%\" module_alignment=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_divider][et_pb_portfolio fullwidth=\"off\" include_categories=\"3\" show_categories=\"off\" show_pagination=\"off\" hover_overlay_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_portfolio][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','New Commercial','','inherit','closed','closed','','659-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 16:26:20','2022-04-18 16:26:20','',659,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1812',0,'revision','',0),(1814,2,'2022-04-18 16:32:12','2022-04-18 16:32:12','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Evaluation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Building Evaluation?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation is the ongoing process of assessing the actual performance of a building as compared to design or facility goals or a peer group of buildings or building types. Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) refers to a type of building evaluation that measures aspects of building performance such as resource consumption (i.e., energy, water). Other measures of a BPE may include accessibility, aesthetics, cost-effectiveness, productivity, safety and security, and sustainability.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Building evaluation may also include a systematic evaluation of the opinions of building users (i.e., occupants, visitors).  This additional aspect of building evaluation commonly falls under the rubric of Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  Both BPE and POE can improve the functionality and efficiency of the target building as well as inform future green building design strategies. These evaluation methods are valuable yet often overlooked aspects of commercial green building.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_90\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"910\"]<img class=\"wp-image-90 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Example of software that tracks building performance (Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).\" width=\"910\" height=\"722\" /> Figure 1 – Example of software that tracks building performance (Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).[/caption]<p>In a green building, the most significant areas for evaluation often include satisfaction of occupants, indoor environmental quality including air quality, lighting, acoustics, thermal comfort, and other areas such as occupant health, energy efficiency, and water conservation.  Other factors that may be important to evaluate, depending on the location, include the use of alternative transportation and site-specific choices like landscaping or other outdoor amenities.</p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building has conducted several green building evaluations of various building types available on the Center’s website and as case studies on the NJ Green Building Manual site. Common key findings across these building evaluations include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Building occupants rarely behave as designers expect</li>\n<li>Glare problems continue to plague successful implementation of daylighting strategies</li>\n<li>Building design and interior space design and management require further coordination</li>\n<li>Highly sophisticated equipment calls for a highly trained / knowledgeable   full-time facilities manager</li>\n<li>Green buildings generally outperform conventional buildings in energy consumption but underperform their design intent</li>\n<li>Energy models may be flawed</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Building Evaluation</b></strong></h2>\n<p>There are several ways to implement BPEs or POEs. An essential first step in the process is determining the criteria for evaluation as well as the methods. A green building evaluation may involve a combination of the following: interviews with occupants, space utilization surveys or floor plan analysis, analysis of utility data, deployment of monitoring or metering equipment and analysis of its results, indoor air quality tests, and other indicative, investigative or diagnostic tools (see <em><i>Smart Sensors and Controls, and Smart Metering</i></em>).</p>\n<p>For example, low-cost detection methods in combination with cost-effective thermal imaging can give property owners a complete assessment of building-related health and safety hazards. While property owners can pursue lower costs methods using consumer-grade technologies (e.g. ‘Foobot’ and ‘Air Visual’ products), they might want to work with a research center like the Center for Green Building (at Rutgers University) to utilize thermal imaging technologies (see Figure 2).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The cost of such technologies is decreasing, but data processing requires computing power and specialized software that is typically beyond the access and affordability of building managers. Such technologies enable owners to quickly identify and rectify problem spots in the building envelope and avoid the costs of more common but invasive and destructive trial-and-error processes.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-energy-data\">Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) Analysis Tools</a> developed by the US DOE Commercial Buildings Program are available for free download on their website.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_242\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"866\"]<img class=\"wp-image-242 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"866\" height=\"874\" /> Figure 2 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\">Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards, Bronx Borough, NYC.</a></p>\n<p>This HUD-funded study led by a multidisciplinary team of researchers from Rutgers University explored the integration of infrared thermography and laser scanning for building hazard detection. The integration allowed a quick and objective measurement of common building defects that are relevant to a healthy building. The team developed a systematic method that consisted of infrared and laser scan data collection, data fusion, and data analysis. The study included an evaluation of two large multi-family multi-story buildings in the Bronx Borough of NYC. A total of 30 apartments were surveyed and analyzed according to several quantitative metrics including <em><i>missing</i></em> <em><i>insulation, moisture issues, air infiltration, and thermal bridging.</i></em></p>\n<p>Poor or <em><i>missing insulation</i></em> can impair the thermal performance of the building components significantly (see Figure 3). <em><i>Moisture</i></em> is the most common form of deterioration for a building potentially causing reduced insulation value, mold growth, brick sprawling, and roof membrane fastener corrosion. Air leakage and <em><i>air infiltration</i></em> can lead to higher energy consumption and condensation in construction which in its turn can cause a poor indoor climate. <em><i>Thermal bridges</i></em> are the elements or areas that are characterized by higher thermal conductance and can lead to an increase of energy heating requirements during the winter season.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_377\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1262\"]<img class=\"wp-image-377 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-3-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Infrared imaging showing improperly installed or damaged insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"1262\" height=\"620\" /> Figure 3 – Infrared imaging showing improperly installed or damaged insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]<p>The results of the study showed varied conditions in the apartments, some of them having alarming concerns about thermal performance and hazardous conditions. The main finding deals with the relationship between missing insulation and particle penetration from outdoors to indoors. Investigators found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of airborne particles and the indoor/outdoor ratio of those particles, meaning that apartments with higher percentages of missing insulation also had higher (I/O) ratios. Additionally, in apartments where residents reported mold, higher amounts of insulation were missing – a finding that also matched residents’ asthma reports, leading investigators to conclude that building defects such as missing insulation have a direct effect on the residents’ well-being. This field study showed that low-cost detection of building hazards can generate precise measures to gauge the performance of the building and that integrating indoor air quality data and questionnaires with data from infrared thermography and laser scans can help create a complete picture of building performance and residents’ health.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation identifies both successes and failures in building performance, with an emphasis on human interaction with building systems. BPE and POE can contribute to more efficient system operations, greater occupant comfort, and cost savings. Understanding trends in performance also inform new developments in predictive software for building designers and highlight the need for new technologies and more accurate modeling of realistic occupants. Finally, building evaluation helps build a body of knowledge about the performance of buildings that can inform future projects, policies and programs.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Costs for a building evaluation vary based on the level of evaluation and time constraints.  Depending on the resources of the organization, in-house staff can perform some aspects of a building evaluation. In the experience of the Rutgers Center for Green Building, building evaluations range from $15,000 for a very basic one through upwards of $150,000 for a robust building evaluation including multiple data points over time (longitudinal study).</p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a> for available incentives, programs, and funding opportunities.</p>\n<p>The US EPA Building Performance with EnergyStar program also offers a free energy assessment and tracking tool called <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager\">Portfolio Manager</a> for commercial buildings.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation contributes to a building’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of critical building systems and notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Ongoing building evaluation can also evaluate how successfully a building is performing in response to increasing heat, more intense precipitation and storms, rising sea levels, and flooding, and increased frequency of power outages – all indicators of resiliency. Additionally, building evaluation can help prepare a building for these circumstances by evaluating whether a building has or has not implemented green building strategies with resiliency benefits. Examples include cooling and shading the building, improving the efficiency of the building envelope, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. Facility Performance Evaluation. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php</a> (accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Post Occupancy Evaluation. https://postoccupancyevaluation.com/ (accessed Jan 9, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017). Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards. <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf</a> (accessed Jan 10, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017).<a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\"> <em><i>Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards.</i></em> </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/projects/\">The Rutgers Center for Green Building – Building Evaluation Projects</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/research_ieq.htm\">University of California, Berkeley – Center for the Built Environment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php#ar\">Whole Building Design Guide – Facility Performance Evaluation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Building Evaluation','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-building-evaluation','','','2022-04-18 16:32:57','2022-04-18 16:32:57','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1814',0,'post','',0),(1815,2,'2022-04-18 16:26:27','2022-04-18 16:26:27','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1814-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 16:26:27','2022-04-18 16:26:27','',1814,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1815',0,'revision','',0),(1817,2,'2022-04-18 16:32:12','2022-04-18 16:32:12','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Evaluation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Building Evaluation?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation is the ongoing process of assessing the actual performance of a building as compared to design or facility goals or a peer group of buildings or building types. Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) refers to a type of building evaluation that measures aspects of building performance such as resource consumption (i.e., energy, water). Other measures of a BPE may include accessibility, aesthetics, cost-effectiveness, productivity, safety and security, and sustainability.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Building evaluation may also include a systematic evaluation of the opinions of building users (i.e., occupants, visitors).  This additional aspect of building evaluation commonly falls under the rubric of Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  Both BPE and POE can improve the functionality and efficiency of the target building as well as inform future green building design strategies. These evaluation methods are valuable yet often overlooked aspects of commercial green building.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_90\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"910\"]<img class=\"wp-image-90 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Example of software that tracks building performance (Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).\" width=\"910\" height=\"722\" /> Figure 1 – Example of software that tracks building performance (Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).[/caption]<p>In a green building, the most significant areas for evaluation often include satisfaction of occupants, indoor environmental quality including air quality, lighting, acoustics, thermal comfort, and other areas such as occupant health, energy efficiency, and water conservation.  Other factors that may be important to evaluate, depending on the location, include the use of alternative transportation and site-specific choices like landscaping or other outdoor amenities.</p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building has conducted several green building evaluations of various building types available on the Center’s website and as case studies on the NJ Green Building Manual site. Common key findings across these building evaluations include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Building occupants rarely behave as designers expect</li>\n<li>Glare problems continue to plague successful implementation of daylighting strategies</li>\n<li>Building design and interior space design and management require further coordination</li>\n<li>Highly sophisticated equipment calls for a highly trained / knowledgeable   full-time facilities manager</li>\n<li>Green buildings generally outperform conventional buildings in energy consumption but underperform their design intent</li>\n<li>Energy models may be flawed</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Building Evaluation</b></strong></h2>\n<p>There are several ways to implement BPEs or POEs. An essential first step in the process is determining the criteria for evaluation as well as the methods. A green building evaluation may involve a combination of the following: interviews with occupants, space utilization surveys or floor plan analysis, analysis of utility data, deployment of monitoring or metering equipment and analysis of its results, indoor air quality tests, and other indicative, investigative or diagnostic tools (see <em><i>Smart Sensors and Controls, and Smart Metering</i></em>).</p>\n<p>For example, low-cost detection methods in combination with cost-effective thermal imaging can give property owners a complete assessment of building-related health and safety hazards. While property owners can pursue lower costs methods using consumer-grade technologies (e.g. ‘Foobot’ and ‘Air Visual’ products), they might want to work with a research center like the Center for Green Building (at Rutgers University) to utilize thermal imaging technologies (see Figure 2).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The cost of such technologies is decreasing, but data processing requires computing power and specialized software that is typically beyond the access and affordability of building managers. Such technologies enable owners to quickly identify and rectify problem spots in the building envelope and avoid the costs of more common but invasive and destructive trial-and-error processes.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-energy-data\">Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) Analysis Tools</a> developed by the US DOE Commercial Buildings Program are available for free download on their website.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_242\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"866\"]<img class=\"wp-image-242 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"866\" height=\"874\" /> Figure 2 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\">Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards, Bronx Borough, NYC.</a></p>\n<p>This HUD-funded study led by a multidisciplinary team of researchers from Rutgers University explored the integration of infrared thermography and laser scanning for building hazard detection. The integration allowed a quick and objective measurement of common building defects that are relevant to a healthy building. The team developed a systematic method that consisted of infrared and laser scan data collection, data fusion, and data analysis. The study included an evaluation of two large multi-family multi-story buildings in the Bronx Borough of NYC. A total of 30 apartments were surveyed and analyzed according to several quantitative metrics including <em><i>missing</i></em> <em><i>insulation, moisture issues, air infiltration, and thermal bridging.</i></em></p>\n<p>Poor or <em><i>missing insulation</i></em> can impair the thermal performance of the building components significantly (see Figure 3). <em><i>Moisture</i></em> is the most common form of deterioration for a building potentially causing reduced insulation value, mold growth, brick sprawling, and roof membrane fastener corrosion. Air leakage and <em><i>air infiltration</i></em> can lead to higher energy consumption and condensation in construction which in its turn can cause a poor indoor climate. <em><i>Thermal bridges</i></em> are the elements or areas that are characterized by higher thermal conductance and can lead to an increase of energy heating requirements during the winter season.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_377\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1262\"]<img class=\"wp-image-377 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-3-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Infrared imaging showing improperly installed or damaged insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"1262\" height=\"620\" /> Figure 3 – Infrared imaging showing improperly installed or damaged insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]<p>The results of the study showed varied conditions in the apartments, some of them having alarming concerns about thermal performance and hazardous conditions. The main finding deals with the relationship between missing insulation and particle penetration from outdoors to indoors. Investigators found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of airborne particles and the indoor/outdoor ratio of those particles, meaning that apartments with higher percentages of missing insulation also had higher (I/O) ratios. Additionally, in apartments where residents reported mold, higher amounts of insulation were missing – a finding that also matched residents’ asthma reports, leading investigators to conclude that building defects such as missing insulation have a direct effect on the residents’ well-being. This field study showed that low-cost detection of building hazards can generate precise measures to gauge the performance of the building and that integrating indoor air quality data and questionnaires with data from infrared thermography and laser scans can help create a complete picture of building performance and residents’ health.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation identifies both successes and failures in building performance, with an emphasis on human interaction with building systems. BPE and POE can contribute to more efficient system operations, greater occupant comfort, and cost savings. Understanding trends in performance also inform new developments in predictive software for building designers and highlight the need for new technologies and more accurate modeling of realistic occupants. Finally, building evaluation helps build a body of knowledge about the performance of buildings that can inform future projects, policies and programs.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Costs for a building evaluation vary based on the level of evaluation and time constraints.  Depending on the resources of the organization, in-house staff can perform some aspects of a building evaluation. In the experience of the Rutgers Center for Green Building, building evaluations range from $15,000 for a very basic one through upwards of $150,000 for a robust building evaluation including multiple data points over time (longitudinal study).</p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a> for available incentives, programs, and funding opportunities.</p>\n<p>The US EPA Building Performance with EnergyStar program also offers a free energy assessment and tracking tool called <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager\">Portfolio Manager</a> for commercial buildings.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation contributes to a building’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of critical building systems and notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Ongoing building evaluation can also evaluate how successfully a building is performing in response to increasing heat, more intense precipitation and storms, rising sea levels, and flooding, and increased frequency of power outages – all indicators of resiliency. Additionally, building evaluation can help prepare a building for these circumstances by evaluating whether a building has or has not implemented green building strategies with resiliency benefits. Examples include cooling and shading the building, improving the efficiency of the building envelope, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. Facility Performance Evaluation. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php</a> (accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Post Occupancy Evaluation. https://postoccupancyevaluation.com/ (accessed Jan 9, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017). Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards. <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf</a> (accessed Jan 10, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017).<a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\"> <em><i>Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards.</i></em> </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/projects/\">The Rutgers Center for Green Building – Building Evaluation Projects</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/research_ieq.htm\">University of California, Berkeley – Center for the Built Environment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php#ar\">Whole Building Design Guide – Facility Performance Evaluation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Building Evaluation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1814-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 16:32:12','2022-04-18 16:32:12','',1814,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1817',0,'revision','',0),(1818,2,'2022-04-18 16:32:12','2022-04-18 16:32:12','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Evaluation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Building Evaluation?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation is the ongoing process of assessing the actual performance of a building as compared to design or facility goals or a peer group of buildings or building types. Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) refers to a type of building evaluation that measures aspects of building performance such as resource consumption (i.e., energy, water). Other measures of a BPE may include accessibility, aesthetics, cost-effectiveness, productivity, safety and security, and sustainability.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Building evaluation may also include a systematic evaluation of the opinions of building users (i.e., occupants, visitors).  This additional aspect of building evaluation commonly falls under the rubric of Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  Both BPE and POE can improve the functionality and efficiency of the target building as well as inform future green building design strategies. These evaluation methods are valuable yet often overlooked aspects of commercial green building.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_90\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"910\"]<img class=\"wp-image-90 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Example of software that tracks building performance (Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).\" width=\"910\" height=\"722\" /> Figure 1 – Example of software that tracks building performance (Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).[/caption]<p>In a green building, the most significant areas for evaluation often include satisfaction of occupants, indoor environmental quality including air quality, lighting, acoustics, thermal comfort, and other areas such as occupant health, energy efficiency, and water conservation.  Other factors that may be important to evaluate, depending on the location, include the use of alternative transportation and site-specific choices like landscaping or other outdoor amenities.</p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building has conducted several green building evaluations of various building types available on the Center’s website and as case studies on the NJ Green Building Manual site. Common key findings across these building evaluations include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Building occupants rarely behave as designers expect</li>\n<li>Glare problems continue to plague successful implementation of daylighting strategies</li>\n<li>Building design and interior space design and management require further coordination</li>\n<li>Highly sophisticated equipment calls for a highly trained / knowledgeable   full-time facilities manager</li>\n<li>Green buildings generally outperform conventional buildings in energy consumption but underperform their design intent</li>\n<li>Energy models may be flawed</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Building Evaluation</b></strong></h2>\n<p>There are several ways to implement BPEs or POEs. An essential first step in the process is determining the criteria for evaluation as well as the methods. A green building evaluation may involve a combination of the following: interviews with occupants, space utilization surveys or floor plan analysis, analysis of utility data, deployment of monitoring or metering equipment and analysis of its results, indoor air quality tests, and other indicative, investigative or diagnostic tools (see <em><i>Smart Sensors and Controls, and Smart Metering</i></em>).</p>\n<p>For example, low-cost detection methods in combination with cost-effective thermal imaging can give property owners a complete assessment of building-related health and safety hazards. While property owners can pursue lower costs methods using consumer-grade technologies (e.g. ‘Foobot’ and ‘Air Visual’ products), they might want to work with a research center like the Center for Green Building (at Rutgers University) to utilize thermal imaging technologies (see Figure 2).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The cost of such technologies is decreasing, but data processing requires computing power and specialized software that is typically beyond the access and affordability of building managers. Such technologies enable owners to quickly identify and rectify problem spots in the building envelope and avoid the costs of more common but invasive and destructive trial-and-error processes.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-energy-data\">Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) Analysis Tools</a> developed by the US DOE Commercial Buildings Program are available for free download on their website.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_242\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"866\"]<img class=\"wp-image-242 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"866\" height=\"874\" /> Figure 2 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\">Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards, Bronx Borough, NYC.</a></p>\n<p>This HUD-funded study led by a multidisciplinary team of researchers from Rutgers University explored the integration of infrared thermography and laser scanning for building hazard detection. The integration allowed a quick and objective measurement of common building defects that are relevant to a healthy building. The team developed a systematic method that consisted of infrared and laser scan data collection, data fusion, and data analysis. The study included an evaluation of two large multi-family multi-story buildings in the Bronx Borough of NYC. A total of 30 apartments were surveyed and analyzed according to several quantitative metrics including <em><i>missing</i></em> <em><i>insulation, moisture issues, air infiltration, and thermal bridging.</i></em></p>\n<p>Poor or <em><i>missing insulation</i></em> can impair the thermal performance of the building components significantly (see Figure 3). <em><i>Moisture</i></em> is the most common form of deterioration for a building potentially causing reduced insulation value, mold growth, brick sprawling, and roof membrane fastener corrosion. Air leakage and <em><i>air infiltration</i></em> can lead to higher energy consumption and condensation in construction which in its turn can cause a poor indoor climate. <em><i>Thermal bridges</i></em> are the elements or areas that are characterized by higher thermal conductance and can lead to an increase of energy heating requirements during the winter season.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_377\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1262\"]<img class=\"wp-image-377 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-3-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Infrared imaging showing improperly installed or damaged insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"1262\" height=\"620\" /> Figure 3 – Infrared imaging showing improperly installed or damaged insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]<p>The results of the study showed varied conditions in the apartments, some of them having alarming concerns about thermal performance and hazardous conditions. The main finding deals with the relationship between missing insulation and particle penetration from outdoors to indoors. Investigators found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of airborne particles and the indoor/outdoor ratio of those particles, meaning that apartments with higher percentages of missing insulation also had higher (I/O) ratios. Additionally, in apartments where residents reported mold, higher amounts of insulation were missing – a finding that also matched residents’ asthma reports, leading investigators to conclude that building defects such as missing insulation have a direct effect on the residents’ well-being. This field study showed that low-cost detection of building hazards can generate precise measures to gauge the performance of the building and that integrating indoor air quality data and questionnaires with data from infrared thermography and laser scans can help create a complete picture of building performance and residents’ health.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation identifies both successes and failures in building performance, with an emphasis on human interaction with building systems. BPE and POE can contribute to more efficient system operations, greater occupant comfort, and cost savings. Understanding trends in performance also inform new developments in predictive software for building designers and highlight the need for new technologies and more accurate modeling of realistic occupants. Finally, building evaluation helps build a body of knowledge about the performance of buildings that can inform future projects, policies and programs.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Costs for a building evaluation vary based on the level of evaluation and time constraints.  Depending on the resources of the organization, in-house staff can perform some aspects of a building evaluation. In the experience of the Rutgers Center for Green Building, building evaluations range from $15,000 for a very basic one through upwards of $150,000 for a robust building evaluation including multiple data points over time (longitudinal study).</p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a> for available incentives, programs, and funding opportunities.</p>\n<p>The US EPA Building Performance with EnergyStar program also offers a free energy assessment and tracking tool called <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager\">Portfolio Manager</a> for commercial buildings.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation contributes to a building’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of critical building systems and notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Ongoing building evaluation can also evaluate how successfully a building is performing in response to increasing heat, more intense precipitation and storms, rising sea levels, and flooding, and increased frequency of power outages – all indicators of resiliency. Additionally, building evaluation can help prepare a building for these circumstances by evaluating whether a building has or has not implemented green building strategies with resiliency benefits. Examples include cooling and shading the building, improving the efficiency of the building envelope, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. Facility Performance Evaluation. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php</a> (accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Post Occupancy Evaluation. https://postoccupancyevaluation.com/ (accessed Jan 9, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017). Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards. <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf</a> (accessed Jan 10, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017).<a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\"> <em><i>Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards.</i></em> </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/projects/\">The Rutgers Center for Green Building – Building Evaluation Projects</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/research_ieq.htm\">University of California, Berkeley – Center for the Built Environment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php#ar\">Whole Building Design Guide – Facility Performance Evaluation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1814-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 16:32:12','2022-04-18 16:32:12','',1814,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1818',0,'revision','',0),(1819,2,'2022-04-18 16:32:15','2022-04-18 16:32:15','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Evaluation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Building Evaluation?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation is the ongoing process of assessing the actual performance of a building as compared to design or facility goals or a peer group of buildings or building types. Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) refers to a type of building evaluation that measures aspects of building performance such as resource consumption (i.e., energy, water). Other measures of a BPE may include accessibility, aesthetics, cost-effectiveness, productivity, safety and security, and sustainability.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Building evaluation may also include a systematic evaluation of the opinions of building users (i.e., occupants, visitors).  This additional aspect of building evaluation commonly falls under the rubric of Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  Both BPE and POE can improve the functionality and efficiency of the target building as well as inform future green building design strategies. These evaluation methods are valuable yet often overlooked aspects of commercial green building.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_90\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"910\"]<img class=\"wp-image-90 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Example of software that tracks building performance (Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).\" width=\"910\" height=\"722\" /> Figure 1 – Example of software that tracks building performance (Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).[/caption]<p>In a green building, the most significant areas for evaluation often include satisfaction of occupants, indoor environmental quality including air quality, lighting, acoustics, thermal comfort, and other areas such as occupant health, energy efficiency, and water conservation.  Other factors that may be important to evaluate, depending on the location, include the use of alternative transportation and site-specific choices like landscaping or other outdoor amenities.</p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building has conducted several green building evaluations of various building types available on the Center’s website and as case studies on the NJ Green Building Manual site. Common key findings across these building evaluations include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Building occupants rarely behave as designers expect</li>\n<li>Glare problems continue to plague successful implementation of daylighting strategies</li>\n<li>Building design and interior space design and management require further coordination</li>\n<li>Highly sophisticated equipment calls for a highly trained / knowledgeable   full-time facilities manager</li>\n<li>Green buildings generally outperform conventional buildings in energy consumption but underperform their design intent</li>\n<li>Energy models may be flawed</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Building Evaluation</b></strong></h2>\n<p>There are several ways to implement BPEs or POEs. An essential first step in the process is determining the criteria for evaluation as well as the methods. A green building evaluation may involve a combination of the following: interviews with occupants, space utilization surveys or floor plan analysis, analysis of utility data, deployment of monitoring or metering equipment and analysis of its results, indoor air quality tests, and other indicative, investigative or diagnostic tools (see <em><i>Smart Sensors and Controls, and Smart Metering</i></em>).</p>\n<p>For example, low-cost detection methods in combination with cost-effective thermal imaging can give property owners a complete assessment of building-related health and safety hazards. While property owners can pursue lower costs methods using consumer-grade technologies (e.g. ‘Foobot’ and ‘Air Visual’ products), they might want to work with a research center like the Center for Green Building (at Rutgers University) to utilize thermal imaging technologies (see Figure 2).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The cost of such technologies is decreasing, but data processing requires computing power and specialized software that is typically beyond the access and affordability of building managers. Such technologies enable owners to quickly identify and rectify problem spots in the building envelope and avoid the costs of more common but invasive and destructive trial-and-error processes.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-energy-data\">Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) Analysis Tools</a> developed by the US DOE Commercial Buildings Program are available for free download on their website.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_242\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"866\"]<img class=\"wp-image-242 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"866\" height=\"874\" /> Figure 2 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\">Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards, Bronx Borough, NYC.</a></p>\n<p>This HUD-funded study led by a multidisciplinary team of researchers from Rutgers University explored the integration of infrared thermography and laser scanning for building hazard detection. The integration allowed a quick and objective measurement of common building defects that are relevant to a healthy building. The team developed a systematic method that consisted of infrared and laser scan data collection, data fusion, and data analysis. The study included an evaluation of two large multi-family multi-story buildings in the Bronx Borough of NYC. A total of 30 apartments were surveyed and analyzed according to several quantitative metrics including <em><i>missing</i></em> <em><i>insulation, moisture issues, air infiltration, and thermal bridging.</i></em></p>\n<p>Poor or <em><i>missing insulation</i></em> can impair the thermal performance of the building components significantly (see Figure 3). <em><i>Moisture</i></em> is the most common form of deterioration for a building potentially causing reduced insulation value, mold growth, brick sprawling, and roof membrane fastener corrosion. Air leakage and <em><i>air infiltration</i></em> can lead to higher energy consumption and condensation in construction which in its turn can cause a poor indoor climate. <em><i>Thermal bridges</i></em> are the elements or areas that are characterized by higher thermal conductance and can lead to an increase of energy heating requirements during the winter season.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_377\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1262\"]<img class=\"wp-image-377 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-3-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Infrared imaging showing improperly installed or damaged insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"1262\" height=\"620\" /> Figure 3 – Infrared imaging showing improperly installed or damaged insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]<p>The results of the study showed varied conditions in the apartments, some of them having alarming concerns about thermal performance and hazardous conditions. The main finding deals with the relationship between missing insulation and particle penetration from outdoors to indoors. Investigators found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of airborne particles and the indoor/outdoor ratio of those particles, meaning that apartments with higher percentages of missing insulation also had higher (I/O) ratios. Additionally, in apartments where residents reported mold, higher amounts of insulation were missing – a finding that also matched residents’ asthma reports, leading investigators to conclude that building defects such as missing insulation have a direct effect on the residents’ well-being. This field study showed that low-cost detection of building hazards can generate precise measures to gauge the performance of the building and that integrating indoor air quality data and questionnaires with data from infrared thermography and laser scans can help create a complete picture of building performance and residents’ health.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation identifies both successes and failures in building performance, with an emphasis on human interaction with building systems. BPE and POE can contribute to more efficient system operations, greater occupant comfort, and cost savings. Understanding trends in performance also inform new developments in predictive software for building designers and highlight the need for new technologies and more accurate modeling of realistic occupants. Finally, building evaluation helps build a body of knowledge about the performance of buildings that can inform future projects, policies and programs.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Costs for a building evaluation vary based on the level of evaluation and time constraints.  Depending on the resources of the organization, in-house staff can perform some aspects of a building evaluation. In the experience of the Rutgers Center for Green Building, building evaluations range from $15,000 for a very basic one through upwards of $150,000 for a robust building evaluation including multiple data points over time (longitudinal study).</p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a> for available incentives, programs, and funding opportunities.</p>\n<p>The US EPA Building Performance with EnergyStar program also offers a free energy assessment and tracking tool called <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager\">Portfolio Manager</a> for commercial buildings.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation contributes to a building’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of critical building systems and notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Ongoing building evaluation can also evaluate how successfully a building is performing in response to increasing heat, more intense precipitation and storms, rising sea levels, and flooding, and increased frequency of power outages – all indicators of resiliency. Additionally, building evaluation can help prepare a building for these circumstances by evaluating whether a building has or has not implemented green building strategies with resiliency benefits. Examples include cooling and shading the building, improving the efficiency of the building envelope, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. Facility Performance Evaluation. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php</a> (accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Post Occupancy Evaluation. https://postoccupancyevaluation.com/ (accessed Jan 9, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017). Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards. <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf</a> (accessed Jan 10, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017).<a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\"> <em><i>Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards.</i></em> </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/projects/\">The Rutgers Center for Green Building – Building Evaluation Projects</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/research_ieq.htm\">University of California, Berkeley – Center for the Built Environment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php#ar\">Whole Building Design Guide – Facility Performance Evaluation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Building Evaluation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1814-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 16:32:15','2022-04-18 16:32:15','',1814,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1819',0,'revision','',0),(1821,2,'2022-04-18 16:32:53','2022-04-18 16:32:53','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Evaluation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Building Evaluation?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation is the ongoing process of assessing the actual performance of a building as compared to design or facility goals or a peer group of buildings or building types. Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) refers to a type of building evaluation that measures aspects of building performance such as resource consumption (i.e., energy, water). Other measures of a BPE may include accessibility, aesthetics, cost-effectiveness, productivity, safety and security, and sustainability.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Building evaluation may also include a systematic evaluation of the opinions of building users (i.e., occupants, visitors).  This additional aspect of building evaluation commonly falls under the rubric of Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  Both BPE and POE can improve the functionality and efficiency of the target building as well as inform future green building design strategies. These evaluation methods are valuable yet often overlooked aspects of commercial green building.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_90\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"910\"]<img class=\"wp-image-90 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Example of software that tracks building performance (Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).\" width=\"910\" height=\"722\" /> Figure 1 – Example of software that tracks building performance (Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).[/caption]<p>In a green building, the most significant areas for evaluation often include satisfaction of occupants, indoor environmental quality including air quality, lighting, acoustics, thermal comfort, and other areas such as occupant health, energy efficiency, and water conservation.  Other factors that may be important to evaluate, depending on the location, include the use of alternative transportation and site-specific choices like landscaping or other outdoor amenities.</p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building has conducted several green building evaluations of various building types available on the Center’s website and as case studies on the NJ Green Building Manual site. Common key findings across these building evaluations include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Building occupants rarely behave as designers expect</li>\n<li>Glare problems continue to plague successful implementation of daylighting strategies</li>\n<li>Building design and interior space design and management require further coordination</li>\n<li>Highly sophisticated equipment calls for a highly trained / knowledgeable   full-time facilities manager</li>\n<li>Green buildings generally outperform conventional buildings in energy consumption but underperform their design intent</li>\n<li>Energy models may be flawed</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Building Evaluation</b></strong></h2>\n<p>There are several ways to implement BPEs or POEs. An essential first step in the process is determining the criteria for evaluation as well as the methods. A green building evaluation may involve a combination of the following: interviews with occupants, space utilization surveys or floor plan analysis, analysis of utility data, deployment of monitoring or metering equipment and analysis of its results, indoor air quality tests, and other indicative, investigative or diagnostic tools (see <em><i>Smart Sensors and Controls, and Smart Metering</i></em>).</p>\n<p>For example, low-cost detection methods in combination with cost-effective thermal imaging can give property owners a complete assessment of building-related health and safety hazards. While property owners can pursue lower costs methods using consumer-grade technologies (e.g. ‘Foobot’ and ‘Air Visual’ products), they might want to work with a research center like the Center for Green Building (at Rutgers University) to utilize thermal imaging technologies (see Figure 2).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The cost of such technologies is decreasing, but data processing requires computing power and specialized software that is typically beyond the access and affordability of building managers. Such technologies enable owners to quickly identify and rectify problem spots in the building envelope and avoid the costs of more common but invasive and destructive trial-and-error processes.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-energy-data\">Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) Analysis Tools</a> developed by the US DOE Commercial Buildings Program are available for free download on their website.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_242\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"866\"]<img class=\"wp-image-242 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"866\" height=\"874\" /> Figure 2 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\">Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards, Bronx Borough, NYC.</a></p>\n<p>This HUD-funded study led by a multidisciplinary team of researchers from Rutgers University explored the integration of infrared thermography and laser scanning for building hazard detection. The integration allowed a quick and objective measurement of common building defects that are relevant to a healthy building. The team developed a systematic method that consisted of infrared and laser scan data collection, data fusion, and data analysis. The study included an evaluation of two large multi-family multi-story buildings in the Bronx Borough of NYC. A total of 30 apartments were surveyed and analyzed according to several quantitative metrics including <em><i>missing</i></em> <em><i>insulation, moisture issues, air infiltration, and thermal bridging.</i></em></p>\n<p>Poor or <em><i>missing insulation</i></em> can impair the thermal performance of the building components significantly (see Figure 3). <em><i>Moisture</i></em> is the most common form of deterioration for a building potentially causing reduced insulation value, mold growth, brick sprawling, and roof membrane fastener corrosion. Air leakage and <em><i>air infiltration</i></em> can lead to higher energy consumption and condensation in construction which in its turn can cause a poor indoor climate. <em><i>Thermal bridges</i></em> are the elements or areas that are characterized by higher thermal conductance and can lead to an increase of energy heating requirements during the winter season.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_377\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1262\"]<img class=\"wp-image-377 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-3-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Infrared imaging showing improperly installed or damaged insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"1262\" height=\"620\" /> Figure 3 – Infrared imaging showing improperly installed or damaged insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]<p>The results of the study showed varied conditions in the apartments, some of them having alarming concerns about thermal performance and hazardous conditions. The main finding deals with the relationship between missing insulation and particle penetration from outdoors to indoors. Investigators found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of airborne particles and the indoor/outdoor ratio of those particles, meaning that apartments with higher percentages of missing insulation also had higher (I/O) ratios. Additionally, in apartments where residents reported mold, higher amounts of insulation were missing – a finding that also matched residents’ asthma reports, leading investigators to conclude that building defects such as missing insulation have a direct effect on the residents’ well-being. This field study showed that low-cost detection of building hazards can generate precise measures to gauge the performance of the building and that integrating indoor air quality data and questionnaires with data from infrared thermography and laser scans can help create a complete picture of building performance and residents’ health.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation identifies both successes and failures in building performance, with an emphasis on human interaction with building systems. BPE and POE can contribute to more efficient system operations, greater occupant comfort, and cost savings. Understanding trends in performance also inform new developments in predictive software for building designers and highlight the need for new technologies and more accurate modeling of realistic occupants. Finally, building evaluation helps build a body of knowledge about the performance of buildings that can inform future projects, policies and programs.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Costs for a building evaluation vary based on the level of evaluation and time constraints.  Depending on the resources of the organization, in-house staff can perform some aspects of a building evaluation. In the experience of the Rutgers Center for Green Building, building evaluations range from $15,000 for a very basic one through upwards of $150,000 for a robust building evaluation including multiple data points over time (longitudinal study).</p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a> for available incentives, programs, and funding opportunities.</p>\n<p>The US EPA Building Performance with EnergyStar program also offers a free energy assessment and tracking tool called <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager\">Portfolio Manager</a> for commercial buildings.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building evaluation contributes to a building’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of critical building systems and notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Ongoing building evaluation can also evaluate how successfully a building is performing in response to increasing heat, more intense precipitation and storms, rising sea levels, and flooding, and increased frequency of power outages – all indicators of resiliency. Additionally, building evaluation can help prepare a building for these circumstances by evaluating whether a building has or has not implemented green building strategies with resiliency benefits. Examples include cooling and shading the building, improving the efficiency of the building envelope, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. Facility Performance Evaluation. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php</a> (accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Post Occupancy Evaluation. https://postoccupancyevaluation.com/ (accessed Jan 9, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017). Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards. <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf</a> (accessed Jan 10, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017).<a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf\"> <em><i>Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards.</i></em> </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/projects/\">The Rutgers Center for Green Building – Building Evaluation Projects</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/research_ieq.htm\">University of California, Berkeley – Center for the Built Environment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php#ar\">Whole Building Design Guide – Facility Performance Evaluation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Building Evaluation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1814-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 16:32:53','2022-04-18 16:32:53','',1814,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1821',0,'revision','',0),(1823,2,'2022-04-18 16:35:43','2022-04-18 16:35:43','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Commissioning\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Commissioning?</h2>\n<p>Commissioning refers to a quality assurance process for new building projects for optimizing performance and improving building operation that includes verifying and documenting that the building and its systems and assemblies are planned, designed, installed, tested, operated and maintained to meet the owner’s requirements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> For new commercial building projects, commissioning begins during pre-design and continues through design, construction, occupancy, and operations. Changes in design or improper installation can lead to systems working inefficiently. Building systems also degrade and lose efficiency over time making re-commissioning and ongoing commissioning essential steps in the overall commissioning process (see Figure 1).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_65\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-65 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Commissioning-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Types of Commissioning. (Source: US DOE Federal Energy Management Program Operations and Maintenance Best Practices).\" width=\"1400\" height=\"594\" /> Figure 1- Types of Commissioning. (Source: US DOE Federal Energy Management Program Operations and Maintenance Best Practices).[/caption]\n<h2>How to Implement Commissioning</h2>\n<p>The first step in the commissioning process is to designate the commissioning team, which often includes the Commissioning Agent (CxA), Building Owner, Architect/Engineer A/E, Construction Manager/General Contractor, Contractors, maintenance and operations personnel, and occupants (when available). The Building Commissioning Association (BCxA) recommends hiring a third-party independent CxA with excellent written and verbal communication skills, current engineering knowledge and extensive hands-on field experience regarding building systems, including principles of building system performance and system start-up, balancing, testing and troubleshooting, as well as knowledge and experience with building operation and maintenance procedures and the building and design process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The commissioning team assures the completion on all of the steps in the commissioning process and the realization of building objectives and develops the building commissioning plan, which outlines and organizes the commissioning process schedule and allocation of resources and includes details of systems tests and procedures, system and equipment checklists, and testing and documentation responsibilities.</p>\n<p>Building commissioning plans may include the following building systems and green building elements (as applicable):<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>HVAC systems (control settings and sequencing)</li>\n<li>Building assembly (envelope, interior, paths of egress)</li>\n<li>Conveying systems (elevators and escalators)</li>\n<li>Protective systems (fire suppression, lightning protection)</li>\n<li>Plumbing (water distribution, sanitary or stormwater)</li>\n<li>Electrical (power distribution, lighting)</li>\n<li>Communication systems (telecom, wireless networks, sound, video)</li>\n<li>Alarm Systems (fault detection, security, leak detection)</li>\n<li>Indoor air quality (moisture, airborne particles)</li>\n<li>Indoor environmental quality (acoustics, thermal comfort)</li>\n<li>Renewable energy (photovoltaics, wind energy)</li>\n<li>Smart building technology (advanced metering, building automation systems)</li>\n<li>Energy storage and back-up power generation systems (ice storage, batteries)</li>\n<li>Alternative water reuse systems (greywater recycling, composting toilets)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The commissioning process provides testing and documentation that establishes valuable performance benchmarks, and a baseline for the future operation and the re-commissioning and ongoing commissioning of the building. Commissioning teams may consider issuing an occupant survey before re-commissioning to identify areas of concern and focus. The final re-commissioning report provides building upgrade recommendations and operations and maintenance improvement opportunities and describes the potential improvement, estimated implementation costs, and savings for each opportunity.</p>\n<p>For a more detailed overview of the commissioning process, including re-commissioning and ongoing commissioning see the <a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf\">Building Commissioning Association’s New Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices and Tools Handbook.</a></p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/newcommercial/casestudies/njmc.php\">NJ Meadowlands New Observatory Classroom Building</a></p>\n<p>Commissioning through the construction of this building ensured that systems worked as designed and desired by the occupants. The formalized review process helped the building achieve LEED platinum certification.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Optimized building systems and quality assurance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Lower utility bills through reduced energy savings of 14-16%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improved indoor environmental quality and occupant comfort.</li>\n<li>Fewer building system issues at building turnover.</li>\n<li>Enhanced operation and maintenance.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs </strong></h2>\n<p>Commissioning costs depend on the type of facility, the complexity of the building systems, and the type and number of systems included in the process. The cost of not commissioning equals the costs of correcting mistakes plus the costs of inefficient operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Minimize costs by budgeting at least 0.5% to 1.5% of total construction costs or about $1.16 per square foot to cover the costs for commissioning agent services at the beginning of the project as opposed to adding on these services later.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup> Reduce the costs of on-going commissioning by installing systems that make that process more manageable such as smart metering (see <em><i>Smart Metering</i></em>). The payback period for costs in extra time and labor and parts are around one to four years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Other estimates find that payback can be less than two years and often less than six months.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<p>See the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a> for available programs and incentives related to commissioning.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Commissioning contributes to a building’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of critical building systems and notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Commissioning identifies opportunities for energy savings and if implemented, helps to reduce stress on the grid and the likelihood of grid failures.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Building Commissioning Association (BCxA). 2018. New Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices including BCxA Essential Attributes Updated May 2018.  <a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf\">https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf</a> (accessed January 15, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Building Commissioning Association (BCxA). 2018. New Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices including BCxA Essential Attributes Updated May 2018.  <a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf\">https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf</a> (accessed January 15, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Building Commissioning Association. 2016. Existing Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices and Tools <a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf\">https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf</a> (accessed Jan 11, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> GSA Sustainable Facilities Toolkit. 2018. Building Commissioning. <a href=\"https://sftool.gov/search?query=Building+Commissioning\">https://sftool.gov/search?query=Building+Commissioning</a> (accessed Jan 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> LBNL. Building Commission – Summary of the 2009 Cost Assessment. <a href=\"http://cx.lbl.gov/2009-assessment.html\">http://cx.lbl.gov/2009-assessment.html</a> (accessed January 17, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Building Commissioning. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php</a> (accessed Jan 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> LBNL. Building Commissioning. <a href=\"http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html\">http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html</a> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Owner’s Role and Responsibilities in the Commissioning Process.  <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/project/plan_comm_process.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/project/plan_comm_process.php</a> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> LBNL. Building Commissioning. <a href=\"http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html\">http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html</a> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> US DOE | EERE. Federal Energy Management Program. <em><i>Operations and Maintenance Best Practices Guide:</i></em> <em><i>Chapter 7</i></em>. <a href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/OM_7.pdf\">http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/OM_7.pdf</a> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/\">Building Evaluation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/standards/ashrae-202-2018?product_id=2025517\"><em>ASHRAE </em>Standard 202-2018 – Commissioning Process for Buildings and Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org\">Building Commissioning Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/commissioning-federal-buildings\">US DOE Building Commissioning for Federal Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Building Commissioning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Commissioning','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-building-commissioning','','','2022-04-27 14:11:48','2022-04-27 14:11:48','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1823',0,'post','',0),(1824,2,'2022-04-18 16:33:23','2022-04-18 16:33:23','','NC Commissioning','','inherit','closed','closed','','1823-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 16:33:23','2022-04-18 16:33:23','',1823,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1824',0,'revision','',0),(1826,2,'2022-04-18 16:35:43','2022-04-18 16:35:43','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Commissioning\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Commissioning?</h2>\n<p>Commissioning refers to a quality assurance process for new building projects for optimizing performance and improving building operation that includes verifying and documenting that the building and its systems and assemblies are planned, designed, installed, tested, operated and maintained to meet the owner’s requirements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> For new commercial building projects, commissioning begins during pre-design and continues through design, construction, occupancy, and operations. Changes in design or improper installation can lead to systems working inefficiently. Building systems also degrade and lose efficiency over time making re-commissioning and ongoing commissioning essential steps in the overall commissioning process (see Figure 1).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_65\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-65 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Commissioning-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Types of Commissioning. (Source: US DOE Federal Energy Management Program Operations and Maintenance Best Practices).\" width=\"1400\" height=\"594\" /> Figure 1- Types of Commissioning. (Source: US DOE Federal Energy Management Program Operations and Maintenance Best Practices).[/caption]\n<h2>How to Implement Commissioning</h2>\n<p>The first step in the commissioning process is to designate the commissioning team, which often includes the Commissioning Agent (CxA), Building Owner, Architect/Engineer A/E, Construction Manager/General Contractor, Contractors, maintenance and operations personnel, and occupants (when available). The Building Commissioning Association (BCxA) recommends hiring a third-party independent CxA with excellent written and verbal communication skills, current engineering knowledge and extensive hands-on field experience regarding building systems, including principles of building system performance and system start-up, balancing, testing and troubleshooting, as well as knowledge and experience with building operation and maintenance procedures and the building and design process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The commissioning team assures the completion on all of the steps in the commissioning process and the realization of building objectives and develops the building commissioning plan, which outlines and organizes the commissioning process schedule and allocation of resources and includes details of systems tests and procedures, system and equipment checklists, and testing and documentation responsibilities.</p>\n<p>Building commissioning plans may include the following building systems and green building elements (as applicable):<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>HVAC systems (control settings and sequencing)</li>\n<li>Building assembly (envelope, interior, paths of egress)</li>\n<li>Conveying systems (elevators and escalators)</li>\n<li>Protective systems (fire suppression, lightning protection)</li>\n<li>Plumbing (water distribution, sanitary or stormwater)</li>\n<li>Electrical (power distribution, lighting)</li>\n<li>Communication systems (telecom, wireless networks, sound, video)</li>\n<li>Alarm Systems (fault detection, security, leak detection)</li>\n<li>Indoor air quality (moisture, airborne particles)</li>\n<li>Indoor environmental quality (acoustics, thermal comfort)</li>\n<li>Renewable energy (photovoltaics, wind energy)</li>\n<li>Smart building technology (advanced metering, building automation systems)</li>\n<li>Energy storage and back-up power generation systems (ice storage, batteries)</li>\n<li>Alternative water reuse systems (greywater recycling, composting toilets)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The commissioning process provides testing and documentation that establishes valuable performance benchmarks, and a baseline for the future operation and the re-commissioning and ongoing commissioning of the building. Commissioning teams may consider issuing an occupant survey before re-commissioning to identify areas of concern and focus. The final re-commissioning report provides building upgrade recommendations and operations and maintenance improvement opportunities and describes the potential improvement, estimated implementation costs, and savings for each opportunity.</p>\n<p>For a more detailed overview of the commissioning process, including re-commissioning and ongoing commissioning see the <a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf\">Building Commissioning Association’s New Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices and Tools Handbook.</a></p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/newcommercial/casestudies/njmc.php\">NJ Meadowlands New Observatory Classroom Building</a></p>\n<p>Commissioning through the construction of this building ensured that systems worked as designed and desired by the occupants. The formalized review process helped the building achieve LEED platinum certification.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Optimized building systems and quality assurance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Lower utility bills through reduced energy savings of 14-16%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improved indoor environmental quality and occupant comfort.</li>\n<li>Fewer building system issues at building turnover.</li>\n<li>Enhanced operation and maintenance.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs </strong></h2>\n<p>Commissioning costs depend on the type of facility, the complexity of the building systems, and the type and number of systems included in the process. The cost of not commissioning equals the costs of correcting mistakes plus the costs of inefficient operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Minimize costs by budgeting at least 0.5% to 1.5% of total construction costs or about $1.16 per square foot to cover the costs for commissioning agent services at the beginning of the project as opposed to adding on these services later.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup> Reduce the costs of on-going commissioning by installing systems that make that process more manageable such as smart metering (see <em><i>Smart Metering</i></em>). The payback period for costs in extra time and labor and parts are around one to four years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Other estimates find that payback can be less than two years and often less than six months.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<p>See the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a> for available programs and incentives related to commissioning.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Commissioning contributes to a building’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of critical building systems and notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Commissioning identifies opportunities for energy savings and if implemented, helps to reduce stress on the grid and the likelihood of grid failures.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Building Commissioning Association (BCxA). 2018. New Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices including BCxA Essential Attributes Updated May 2018.  <a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf\">https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf</a> (accessed January 15, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Building Commissioning Association (BCxA). 2018. New Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices including BCxA Essential Attributes Updated May 2018.  <a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf\">https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf</a> (accessed January 15, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Building Commissioning Association. 2016. Existing Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices and Tools <a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf\">https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf</a> (accessed Jan 11, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> GSA Sustainable Facilities Toolkit. 2018. Building Commissioning. <a href=\"https://sftool.gov/search?query=Building+Commissioning\">https://sftool.gov/search?query=Building+Commissioning</a> (accessed Jan 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> LBNL. Building Commission – Summary of the 2009 Cost Assessment. <a href=\"http://cx.lbl.gov/2009-assessment.html\">http://cx.lbl.gov/2009-assessment.html</a> (accessed January 17, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Building Commissioning. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php</a> (accessed Jan 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> LBNL. Building Commissioning. <a href=\"http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html\">http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html</a> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Owner’s Role and Responsibilities in the Commissioning Process.  <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/project/plan_comm_process.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/project/plan_comm_process.php</a> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> LBNL. Building Commissioning. <a href=\"http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html\">http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html</a> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> US DOE | EERE. Federal Energy Management Program. <em><i>Operations and Maintenance Best Practices Guide:</i></em> <em><i>Chapter 7</i></em>. <a href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/OM_7.pdf\">http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/OM_7.pdf</a> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/\">Building Evaluation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/standards/ashrae-202-2018?product_id=2025517\"><em>ASHRAE </em>Standard 202-2018 – Commissioning Process for Buildings and Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org\">Building Commissioning Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/commissioning-federal-buildings\">US DOE Building Commissioning for Federal Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Building Commissioning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Commissioning','','inherit','closed','closed','','1823-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 16:35:43','2022-04-18 16:35:43','',1823,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1826',0,'revision','',0),(1828,2,'2022-04-18 16:37:55','2022-04-18 16:37:55','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"New Commercial Buildings\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The Manual supports the construction of new green commercial buildings with diminished energy and environmental footprints and the greening of existing commercial buildings. This approach limits the impact of the built environment on the natural environment, while sensitivity to the location of building activities helps to prevent urban sprawl and preserves natural resources.</p>\n<p>Best practice strategies include all aspects of green building and design with an added focus on those that jointly promote energy efficiency and resiliency in keeping with the State of New Jersey policy objectives. The Manual organizes best practice strategies according to an operational framework based on a design-build-operate-evaluate process. Each strategy includes a short explanation or definition, implementation recommendations, New Jersey specific examples (when available), and sections on strategy benefits, costs, resiliency (if applicable), and additional resources.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Design\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf568;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operational Tools\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe035;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/building-information-modeling-bim/\">Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/\">Brownfield and Infill Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/\">Site Protection Plan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p><strong>Envelope</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Mechanicals and Equipment</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Energy Supply</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/\">Biomass Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/\">On-Site Wind Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/\">Photovoltaic Systems (PV)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Water\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf043;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/\">Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/\">On-Site Alternative Water Re-use</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Backup Systems\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf5df;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/\">Emergency Water Supply and Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-storm-preparation-and-emergency-planning/\">Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/\">Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/\">Flexible Workspaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/\">Non-Toxic Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Build\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf6e3;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/\">Construction &amp; Demolition Waste Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/\">High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/\">Light Pollution Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p><strong>Envelope</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Mechanicals and Equipment</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/\">Chilled Beams</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/\">Demand Control Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/\">Energy Recovery Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/\">Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/\">Acoustic Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/\">Entryway Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Operate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf085;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operations & Maintenance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe038;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/\">Composting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/\">ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-cleaning/\">Green Cleaning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/\">Green Power</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-integrated-pest-management/\">Integrated Pest Management (IPM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/\">Operator and Occupant Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-preventative-maintenance/\">Preventative Maintenance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-recycling-centers/\">Recycling Centers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Smart Infrastructure\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1eb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/\">Grid-Interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls (NLCs)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Micro-grid Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Evaluate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf3fd;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Building Performance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf080;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/\">Building Evaluation</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/\">Commissioning</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.03)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Case Studies</h2>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"30%\" module_alignment=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_divider][et_pb_portfolio fullwidth=\"off\" include_categories=\"3\" show_categories=\"off\" show_pagination=\"off\" hover_overlay_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_portfolio][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','New Commercial','','inherit','closed','closed','','659-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 16:37:55','2022-04-18 16:37:55','',659,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1828',0,'revision','',0),(1829,2,'2022-04-18 17:43:05','2022-04-18 17:43:05','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Integrated Design Process\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is an Integrated Design Process?</h2>\n<p>Building systems are interdependent and require cooperation and creative thinking across disciplines. An integrated design process identifies opportunities to achieve synergies across disciplines and building systems throughout the planning and design phases and beyond.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> For example, decision-making about building shape, orientation, and window placement relate to several green building considerations and relies on the knowledge of multiple disciplines; these building envelope strategies impact heating and cooling loads as well as occupant satisfaction and even productivity, a function of thermal comfort and daylighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> With an integrated design process that considers these multiple benefits, and sometimes trade-offs among them, it is much more likely that the building performs as intended and achieves projected cost savings.</p>\n<p>Many green building strategies also convey resiliency benefits or “the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> At the building level, these include an emphasis on daylighting, superior insulation values, thermal massing and on-site renewable energy, and water harvesting. These strategies reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling, and other critical functions, making buildings more resilient to power outages and disruptive events.</p>\n<p>A successful integrative design process challenges project teams to design, build, and manage high-performance buildings that are both green and resilient.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_173\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1298\"]<img class=\"wp-image-173 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Integrated-Design-Process-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1. A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process\" width=\"1298\" height=\"702\" /> Table 1. A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process[/caption]\n<h2>How to Implement an Integrated Design Process</h2>\n<p>A truly integrated design process includes ongoing interactions among the entire project team and uses tools and modeling software to support and reinforce design integration.</p>\n<p>The following are standards and guidelines for incorporating an integrated design process.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) <em><i>Integrative Process (IP) – ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© – Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities </i></em>identify best practices for developing an integrated process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></li>\n<li>The American Institute of Architect (AIA) <em><i>Integrated Project Delivery (IPD</i></em>) outlines a step-by-step process for the client, design, and construction teams to achieve IPD goals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction</i></em> credit requirements for the Integrative Process include an analysis of at least two energy-related systems (i.e., shading, renewable energy opportunities), and two water-related systems (i.e., on-site rainwater and graywater, cooling tower water demand), and documentation on how this analysis informed building site and design decisions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>RELi,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup><strong><b>[7]</b></strong></sup></a></i></em> a national consensus standard for resilient design requires a “Panoramic Approach” that includes “Pre-Planning and Discovery” and “Systems Thinking Design.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chesapeake Bay Brock Environmental Center, Virginia Beach, VA.</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_457\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"2560\"]<img class=\"wp-image-457 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/integrateddesignprocess-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"The Brock Environmental Center project team used an Integrative Design Process to incorporate green and resilient building features. (Source: Wikimedia Commons).\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1702\" /> The Brock Environmental Center project team used an Integrative Design Process to incorporate green and resilient building features. (Source: Wikimedia Commons).[/caption]<p>The integrated design process for the Brock Environmental Center included early charrettes with the client and neighbors, collaboration with the architect, engineer, owner, green consultant, and contractor throughout the design process, and a full-day, pre-design charrette with stakeholders from all design disciplines including local officials, community representatives, and Living Building Challenge (LBC) and LEED experts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Energy and climate simulation tools informed the decision to utilize on-site wind energy and early discussions with regulatory agencies made possible the collection of rainwater for potable use.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Early coordination regarding the interactions of complex building systems can maximize the effectiveness and output of these systems and reduce total project costs.</p>\n<p>An integrated design process can result in a project that:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases the opportunity to achieve more aggressive sustainability goals</li>\n<li>Optimizes energy efficiency and incorporates alternative energy solutions</li>\n<li>Recognizes and plans for synergies between green building and resilient design</li>\n<li>Moves beyond minimizing environmental impacts to creating positive, regenerative impacts on the environment</li>\n<li>Maximizes cost effectiveness</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The integrated design process can both minimize incremental capital cost and result in operational savings. Capital cost can be redistributed to achieve high-performance goals without incremental costs. For example, the opportunity to eliminate or reduce the size of equipment or systems can offset the higher first cost of some energy efficiency strategies.  An integrated approach can also reduce operational expenditures through increased communication among the project team, resulting in a more efficient design.</p>\n<p>Costs associated with an integrated design process may include things like additional consultant fees to facilitate a goal-setting workshop and time and associated costs of having project team members participate in additional meetings and coordination.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>An integrated design process provides an opportunity for project teams to incorporate resilient design strategies into green building practice. Project teams may want to consider the following when identifying and evaluating green building strategies that also offer resiliency benefits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li><em><i>Understand regional impacts:</i></em> Identify climate impacts for the building’s location.</li>\n<li><em><i>Evaluate performance targets</i>: </em>Understand how the building performs under current peak climate conditions.</li>\n<li><em><i>Conduct a scenario analysis:</i></em> Analyze how the building responds to projected climate impacts, modeling different system options under a variety of climatic conditions.</li>\n<li><em><i>Consider resilient design strategies:</i></em> Evaluate resilient design strategies that provide passive or efficient responses to more extreme climate events such as higher or lower temperatures, higher wind speeds, and increased or decreased precipitation levels, to maintain occupant comfort while preventing increased energy use.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. (Updated April 6, 2018). Credit. Integrative Process. Page 10. <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org\">https://new.usgbc.org</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> City of New York Department of Design and Construction. 1999. “High-Performance Building Guidelines.” Page 17. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable\">http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> National Academy of Sciences. 2012. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© <em><i>February 2, 2012, </i></em>for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://webstore.ansi.org\">https://webstore.ansi.org</a> (Search: Integrative Process)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> American Institute of Architects (AIA). 2007. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council. Version 1. <a href=\"https://zdassets.aiacontracts.org/ctrzdweb02/zdpdfs/ipd_guide.pdf\">http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Ibid, Credit. Integrative Process, Page 10-11.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> The RELI Action List is a resource included in the RELi Green + Resilient Property Underwriting Standard. At the time of this publication, the USGBC was working to synthesize the LEED Resilient Design pilot credits with RELi’s Hazard Mitigation and Adaptation credits.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List <a href=\"http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783\">http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> The International Living Future Institute (ILFI). 2016. Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay Brock Environmental Center. <a href=\"https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/\">https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/\">Re-Commissioning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.17.3\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://webstore.ansi.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© <em><i>February 2, 2012, </i></em>for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities. (Search: Integrative Process)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://zdassets.aiacontracts.org/ctrzdweb02/zdpdfs/ipd_guide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council (2007). Version 1.</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/orr/index.page\">NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/whole-building-design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sustainable Facilities Tool Kit (GSA) -Integrative Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/plan/261/integrative-design-process\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Whole Building Design Guide (WGBD) – Whole Building Approach</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Green Building Rating Systems and Standards</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asce.org/envision/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Envision Rating System</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org/lbc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">International Living Future Institute (ILFI) – Living Building Challenge</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Integrated Design Process','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-integrated-design-process','','','2022-06-23 19:43:09','2022-06-23 19:43:09','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1829',0,'post','',0),(1830,2,'2022-04-18 17:32:54','2022-04-18 17:32:54','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1829-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 17:32:54','2022-04-18 17:32:54','',1829,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1830',0,'revision','',0),(1832,2,'2022-04-18 17:43:05','2022-04-18 17:43:05','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Integrated Design Process\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is an Integrated Design Process?</h2>\n<p>Building systems are interdependent and require cooperation and creative thinking across disciplines. An integrated design process identifies opportunities to achieve synergies across disciplines and building systems throughout the planning and design phases and beyond.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> For example, decision-making about building shape, orientation, and window placement relate to several green building considerations and relies on the knowledge of multiple disciplines; these building envelope strategies impact heating and cooling loads as well as occupant satisfaction and even productivity, a function of thermal comfort and daylighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> With an integrated design process that considers these multiple benefits, and sometimes trade-offs among them, it is much more likely that the building performs as intended and achieves projected cost savings.</p>\n<p>Many green building strategies also convey resiliency benefits or “the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> At the building level, these include an emphasis on daylighting, superior insulation values, thermal massing and on-site renewable energy, and water harvesting. These strategies reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling, and other critical functions, making buildings more resilient to power outages and disruptive events.</p>\n<p>A successful integrative design process challenges project teams to design, build, and manage high-performance buildings that are both green and resilient.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_173\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1298\"]<img class=\"wp-image-173 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Integrated-Design-Process-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1. A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process\" width=\"1298\" height=\"702\" /> Table 1. A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process[/caption]\n<h2>How to Implement an Integrated Design Process</h2>\n<p>A truly integrated design process includes ongoing interactions among the entire project team and uses tools and modeling software to support and reinforce design integration.</p>\n<p>The following are standards and guidelines for incorporating an integrated design process.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) <em><i>Integrative Process (IP) – ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© – Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities </i></em>identify best practices for developing an integrated process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></li>\n<li>The American Institute of Architect (AIA) <em><i>Integrated Project Delivery (IPD</i></em>) outlines a step-by-step process for the client, design, and construction teams to achieve IPD goals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction</i></em> credit requirements for the Integrative Process include an analysis of at least two energy-related systems (i.e., shading, renewable energy opportunities), and two water-related systems (i.e., on-site rainwater and graywater, cooling tower water demand), and documentation on how this analysis informed building site and design decisions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>RELi,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup><strong><b>[7]</b></strong></sup></a></i></em> a national consensus standard for resilient design requires a “Panoramic Approach” that includes “Pre-Planning and Discovery” and “Systems Thinking Design.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chesapeake Bay Brock Environmental Center, Virginia Beach, VA.</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_457\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"2560\"]<img class=\"wp-image-457 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/integrateddesignprocess-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"The Brock Environmental Center project team used an Integrative Design Process to incorporate green and resilient building features. (Source: Wikimedia Commons).\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1702\" /> The Brock Environmental Center project team used an Integrative Design Process to incorporate green and resilient building features. (Source: Wikimedia Commons).[/caption]<p>The integrated design process for the Brock Environmental Center included early charrettes with the client and neighbors, collaboration with the architect, engineer, owner, green consultant, and contractor throughout the design process, and a full-day, pre-design charrette with stakeholders from all design disciplines including local officials, community representatives, and Living Building Challenge (LBC) and LEED experts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Energy and climate simulation tools informed the decision to utilize on-site wind energy and early discussions with regulatory agencies made possible the collection of rainwater for potable use.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Early coordination regarding the interactions of complex building systems can maximize the effectiveness and output of these systems and reduce total project costs.</p>\n<p>An integrated design process can result in a project that:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases the opportunity to achieve more aggressive sustainability goals</li>\n<li>Optimizes energy efficiency and incorporates alternative energy solutions</li>\n<li>Recognizes and plans for synergies between green building and resilient design</li>\n<li>Moves beyond minimizing environmental impacts to creating positive, regenerative impacts on the environment</li>\n<li>Maximizes cost effectiveness</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The integrated design process can both minimize incremental capital cost and result in operational savings. Capital cost can be redistributed to achieve high-performance goals without incremental costs. For example, the opportunity to eliminate or reduce the size of equipment or systems can offset the higher first cost of some energy efficiency strategies.  An integrated approach can also reduce operational expenditures through increased communication among the project team, resulting in a more efficient design.</p>\n<p>Costs associated with an integrated design process may include things like additional consultant fees to facilitate a goal-setting workshop and time and associated costs of having project team members participate in additional meetings and coordination.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>An integrated design process provides an opportunity for project teams to incorporate resilient design strategies into green building practice. Project teams may want to consider the following when identifying and evaluating green building strategies that also offer resiliency benefits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li><em><i>Understand regional impacts:</i></em> Identify climate impacts for the building’s location.</li>\n<li><em><i>Evaluate performance targets</i>: </em>Understand how the building performs under current peak climate conditions.</li>\n<li><em><i>Conduct a scenario analysis:</i></em> Analyze how the building responds to projected climate impacts, modeling different system options under a variety of climatic conditions.</li>\n<li><em><i>Consider resilient design strategies:</i></em> Evaluate resilient design strategies that provide passive or efficient responses to more extreme climate events such as higher or lower temperatures, higher wind speeds, and increased or decreased precipitation levels, to maintain occupant comfort while preventing increased energy use.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. (Updated April 6, 2018). Credit. Integrative Process. Page 10. <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org\">https://new.usgbc.org</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> City of New York Department of Design and Construction. 1999. “High-Performance Building Guidelines.” Page 17. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable\">http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> National Academy of Sciences. 2012. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© <em><i>February 2, 2012, </i></em>for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://webstore.ansi.org\">https://webstore.ansi.org</a> (Search: Integrative Process)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> American Institute of Architects (AIA). 2007. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council. Version 1. <a href=\"http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf\">http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Ibid, Credit. Integrative Process, Page 10-11.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> The RELI Action List is a resource included in the RELi Green + Resilient Property Underwriting Standard. At the time of this publication, the USGBC was working to synthesize the LEED Resilient Design pilot credits with RELi’s Hazard Mitigation and Adaptation credits.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List <a href=\"http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783\">http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> The International Living Future Institute (ILFI). 2016. Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay Brock Environmental Center. <a href=\"https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/\">https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/\">Re-Commissioning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://webstore.ansi.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© <em><i>February 2, 2012, </i></em>for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities. (Search: Integrative Process)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council (2007). Version 1.</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/orr/index.page\">NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/whole-building-design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sustainable Facilities Tool Kit (GSA) -Integrative Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/plan/261/integrative-design-process\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Whole Building Design Guide (WGBD) – Whole Building Approach</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Green Building Rating Systems and Standards</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asce.org/envision/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Envision Rating System</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org/lbc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">International Living Future Institute (ILFI) – Living Building Challenge</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Integrated Design Process','','inherit','closed','closed','','1829-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 17:43:05','2022-04-18 17:43:05','',1829,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1832',0,'revision','',0),(1833,2,'2022-04-18 17:43:05','2022-04-18 17:43:05','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Integrated Design Process\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is an Integrated Design Process?</h2>\n<p>Building systems are interdependent and require cooperation and creative thinking across disciplines. An integrated design process identifies opportunities to achieve synergies across disciplines and building systems throughout the planning and design phases and beyond.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> For example, decision-making about building shape, orientation, and window placement relate to several green building considerations and relies on the knowledge of multiple disciplines; these building envelope strategies impact heating and cooling loads as well as occupant satisfaction and even productivity, a function of thermal comfort and daylighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> With an integrated design process that considers these multiple benefits, and sometimes trade-offs among them, it is much more likely that the building performs as intended and achieves projected cost savings.</p>\n<p>Many green building strategies also convey resiliency benefits or “the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> At the building level, these include an emphasis on daylighting, superior insulation values, thermal massing and on-site renewable energy, and water harvesting. These strategies reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling, and other critical functions, making buildings more resilient to power outages and disruptive events.</p>\n<p>A successful integrative design process challenges project teams to design, build, and manage high-performance buildings that are both green and resilient.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_173\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1298\"]<img class=\"wp-image-173 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Integrated-Design-Process-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1. A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process\" width=\"1298\" height=\"702\" /> Table 1. A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process[/caption]\n<h2>How to Implement an Integrated Design Process</h2>\n<p>A truly integrated design process includes ongoing interactions among the entire project team and uses tools and modeling software to support and reinforce design integration.</p>\n<p>The following are standards and guidelines for incorporating an integrated design process.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) <em><i>Integrative Process (IP) – ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© – Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities </i></em>identify best practices for developing an integrated process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></li>\n<li>The American Institute of Architect (AIA) <em><i>Integrated Project Delivery (IPD</i></em>) outlines a step-by-step process for the client, design, and construction teams to achieve IPD goals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction</i></em> credit requirements for the Integrative Process include an analysis of at least two energy-related systems (i.e., shading, renewable energy opportunities), and two water-related systems (i.e., on-site rainwater and graywater, cooling tower water demand), and documentation on how this analysis informed building site and design decisions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>RELi,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup><strong><b>[7]</b></strong></sup></a></i></em> a national consensus standard for resilient design requires a “Panoramic Approach” that includes “Pre-Planning and Discovery” and “Systems Thinking Design.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chesapeake Bay Brock Environmental Center, Virginia Beach, VA.</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_457\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"2560\"]<img class=\"wp-image-457 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/integrateddesignprocess-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"The Brock Environmental Center project team used an Integrative Design Process to incorporate green and resilient building features. (Source: Wikimedia Commons).\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1702\" /> The Brock Environmental Center project team used an Integrative Design Process to incorporate green and resilient building features. (Source: Wikimedia Commons).[/caption]<p>The integrated design process for the Brock Environmental Center included early charrettes with the client and neighbors, collaboration with the architect, engineer, owner, green consultant, and contractor throughout the design process, and a full-day, pre-design charrette with stakeholders from all design disciplines including local officials, community representatives, and Living Building Challenge (LBC) and LEED experts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Energy and climate simulation tools informed the decision to utilize on-site wind energy and early discussions with regulatory agencies made possible the collection of rainwater for potable use.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Early coordination regarding the interactions of complex building systems can maximize the effectiveness and output of these systems and reduce total project costs.</p>\n<p>An integrated design process can result in a project that:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases the opportunity to achieve more aggressive sustainability goals</li>\n<li>Optimizes energy efficiency and incorporates alternative energy solutions</li>\n<li>Recognizes and plans for synergies between green building and resilient design</li>\n<li>Moves beyond minimizing environmental impacts to creating positive, regenerative impacts on the environment</li>\n<li>Maximizes cost effectiveness</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The integrated design process can both minimize incremental capital cost and result in operational savings. Capital cost can be redistributed to achieve high-performance goals without incremental costs. For example, the opportunity to eliminate or reduce the size of equipment or systems can offset the higher first cost of some energy efficiency strategies.  An integrated approach can also reduce operational expenditures through increased communication among the project team, resulting in a more efficient design.</p>\n<p>Costs associated with an integrated design process may include things like additional consultant fees to facilitate a goal-setting workshop and time and associated costs of having project team members participate in additional meetings and coordination.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>An integrated design process provides an opportunity for project teams to incorporate resilient design strategies into green building practice. Project teams may want to consider the following when identifying and evaluating green building strategies that also offer resiliency benefits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li><em><i>Understand regional impacts:</i></em> Identify climate impacts for the building’s location.</li>\n<li><em><i>Evaluate performance targets</i>: </em>Understand how the building performs under current peak climate conditions.</li>\n<li><em><i>Conduct a scenario analysis:</i></em> Analyze how the building responds to projected climate impacts, modeling different system options under a variety of climatic conditions.</li>\n<li><em><i>Consider resilient design strategies:</i></em> Evaluate resilient design strategies that provide passive or efficient responses to more extreme climate events such as higher or lower temperatures, higher wind speeds, and increased or decreased precipitation levels, to maintain occupant comfort while preventing increased energy use.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. (Updated April 6, 2018). Credit. Integrative Process. Page 10. <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org\">https://new.usgbc.org</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> City of New York Department of Design and Construction. 1999. “High-Performance Building Guidelines.” Page 17. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable\">http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> National Academy of Sciences. 2012. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© <em><i>February 2, 2012, </i></em>for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://webstore.ansi.org\">https://webstore.ansi.org</a> (Search: Integrative Process)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> American Institute of Architects (AIA). 2007. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council. Version 1. <a href=\"http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf\">http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Ibid, Credit. Integrative Process, Page 10-11.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> The RELI Action List is a resource included in the RELi Green + Resilient Property Underwriting Standard. At the time of this publication, the USGBC was working to synthesize the LEED Resilient Design pilot credits with RELi’s Hazard Mitigation and Adaptation credits.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List <a href=\"http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783\">http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> The International Living Future Institute (ILFI). 2016. Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay Brock Environmental Center. <a href=\"https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/\">https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/\">Re-Commissioning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://webstore.ansi.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© <em><i>February 2, 2012, </i></em>for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities. (Search: Integrative Process)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council (2007). Version 1.</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/orr/index.page\">NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/whole-building-design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sustainable Facilities Tool Kit (GSA) -Integrative Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/plan/261/integrative-design-process\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Whole Building Design Guide (WGBD) – Whole Building Approach</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Green Building Rating Systems and Standards</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asce.org/envision/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Envision Rating System</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org/lbc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">International Living Future Institute (ILFI) – Living Building Challenge</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1829-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 17:43:05','2022-04-18 17:43:05','',1829,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1833',0,'revision','',0),(1834,2,'2022-04-18 17:43:09','2022-04-18 17:43:09','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Integrated Design Process\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is an Integrated Design Process?</h2>\n<p>Building systems are interdependent and require cooperation and creative thinking across disciplines. An integrated design process identifies opportunities to achieve synergies across disciplines and building systems throughout the planning and design phases and beyond.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> For example, decision-making about building shape, orientation, and window placement relate to several green building considerations and relies on the knowledge of multiple disciplines; these building envelope strategies impact heating and cooling loads as well as occupant satisfaction and even productivity, a function of thermal comfort and daylighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> With an integrated design process that considers these multiple benefits, and sometimes trade-offs among them, it is much more likely that the building performs as intended and achieves projected cost savings.</p>\n<p>Many green building strategies also convey resiliency benefits or “the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> At the building level, these include an emphasis on daylighting, superior insulation values, thermal massing and on-site renewable energy, and water harvesting. These strategies reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling, and other critical functions, making buildings more resilient to power outages and disruptive events.</p>\n<p>A successful integrative design process challenges project teams to design, build, and manage high-performance buildings that are both green and resilient.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_173\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1298\"]<img class=\"wp-image-173 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Integrated-Design-Process-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1. A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process\" width=\"1298\" height=\"702\" /> Table 1. A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process[/caption]\n<h2>How to Implement an Integrated Design Process</h2>\n<p>A truly integrated design process includes ongoing interactions among the entire project team and uses tools and modeling software to support and reinforce design integration.</p>\n<p>The following are standards and guidelines for incorporating an integrated design process.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) <em><i>Integrative Process (IP) – ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© – Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities </i></em>identify best practices for developing an integrated process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></li>\n<li>The American Institute of Architect (AIA) <em><i>Integrated Project Delivery (IPD</i></em>) outlines a step-by-step process for the client, design, and construction teams to achieve IPD goals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction</i></em> credit requirements for the Integrative Process include an analysis of at least two energy-related systems (i.e., shading, renewable energy opportunities), and two water-related systems (i.e., on-site rainwater and graywater, cooling tower water demand), and documentation on how this analysis informed building site and design decisions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>RELi,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup><strong><b>[7]</b></strong></sup></a></i></em> a national consensus standard for resilient design requires a “Panoramic Approach” that includes “Pre-Planning and Discovery” and “Systems Thinking Design.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chesapeake Bay Brock Environmental Center, Virginia Beach, VA.</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_457\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"2560\"]<img class=\"wp-image-457 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/integrateddesignprocess-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"The Brock Environmental Center project team used an Integrative Design Process to incorporate green and resilient building features. (Source: Wikimedia Commons).\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1702\" /> The Brock Environmental Center project team used an Integrative Design Process to incorporate green and resilient building features. (Source: Wikimedia Commons).[/caption]<p>The integrated design process for the Brock Environmental Center included early charrettes with the client and neighbors, collaboration with the architect, engineer, owner, green consultant, and contractor throughout the design process, and a full-day, pre-design charrette with stakeholders from all design disciplines including local officials, community representatives, and Living Building Challenge (LBC) and LEED experts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Energy and climate simulation tools informed the decision to utilize on-site wind energy and early discussions with regulatory agencies made possible the collection of rainwater for potable use.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Early coordination regarding the interactions of complex building systems can maximize the effectiveness and output of these systems and reduce total project costs.</p>\n<p>An integrated design process can result in a project that:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases the opportunity to achieve more aggressive sustainability goals</li>\n<li>Optimizes energy efficiency and incorporates alternative energy solutions</li>\n<li>Recognizes and plans for synergies between green building and resilient design</li>\n<li>Moves beyond minimizing environmental impacts to creating positive, regenerative impacts on the environment</li>\n<li>Maximizes cost effectiveness</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The integrated design process can both minimize incremental capital cost and result in operational savings. Capital cost can be redistributed to achieve high-performance goals without incremental costs. For example, the opportunity to eliminate or reduce the size of equipment or systems can offset the higher first cost of some energy efficiency strategies.  An integrated approach can also reduce operational expenditures through increased communication among the project team, resulting in a more efficient design.</p>\n<p>Costs associated with an integrated design process may include things like additional consultant fees to facilitate a goal-setting workshop and time and associated costs of having project team members participate in additional meetings and coordination.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>An integrated design process provides an opportunity for project teams to incorporate resilient design strategies into green building practice. Project teams may want to consider the following when identifying and evaluating green building strategies that also offer resiliency benefits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li><em><i>Understand regional impacts:</i></em> Identify climate impacts for the building’s location.</li>\n<li><em><i>Evaluate performance targets</i>: </em>Understand how the building performs under current peak climate conditions.</li>\n<li><em><i>Conduct a scenario analysis:</i></em> Analyze how the building responds to projected climate impacts, modeling different system options under a variety of climatic conditions.</li>\n<li><em><i>Consider resilient design strategies:</i></em> Evaluate resilient design strategies that provide passive or efficient responses to more extreme climate events such as higher or lower temperatures, higher wind speeds, and increased or decreased precipitation levels, to maintain occupant comfort while preventing increased energy use.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. (Updated April 6, 2018). Credit. Integrative Process. Page 10. <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org\">https://new.usgbc.org</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> City of New York Department of Design and Construction. 1999. “High-Performance Building Guidelines.” Page 17. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable\">http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> National Academy of Sciences. 2012. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© <em><i>February 2, 2012, </i></em>for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://webstore.ansi.org\">https://webstore.ansi.org</a> (Search: Integrative Process)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> American Institute of Architects (AIA). 2007. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council. Version 1. <a href=\"http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf\">http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Ibid, Credit. Integrative Process, Page 10-11.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> The RELI Action List is a resource included in the RELi Green + Resilient Property Underwriting Standard. At the time of this publication, the USGBC was working to synthesize the LEED Resilient Design pilot credits with RELi’s Hazard Mitigation and Adaptation credits.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List <a href=\"http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783\">http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> The International Living Future Institute (ILFI). 2016. Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay Brock Environmental Center. <a href=\"https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/\">https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/\">Re-Commissioning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://webstore.ansi.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© <em><i>February 2, 2012, </i></em>for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities. (Search: Integrative Process)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council (2007). Version 1.</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/orr/index.page\">NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/whole-building-design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sustainable Facilities Tool Kit (GSA) -Integrative Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/plan/261/integrative-design-process\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Whole Building Design Guide (WGBD) – Whole Building Approach</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Green Building Rating Systems and Standards</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asce.org/envision/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Envision Rating System</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org/lbc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">International Living Future Institute (ILFI) – Living Building Challenge</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Integrated Design Process','','inherit','closed','closed','','1829-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 17:43:09','2022-04-18 17:43:09','',1829,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1834',0,'revision','',0),(1835,2,'2022-04-18 18:11:55','2022-04-18 18:11:55','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\" Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Life Cycle Assessment? </strong></h2>\n<p>A life cycle assessment (LCA) is a “cradle-to-grave” or “cradle-to-cradle” evaluation method that assesses the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> In the commercial building sector, LCA is a tool that helps architects and building professionals understand the embodied energy and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of a building or building product as defined by the ISO 14040/44 standard including resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal or recycling (see Figure 1).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> The evaluation at each phase also includes the associated activities of a particular building product or design. For example, during the operational phase, the LCA for a deck includes the impact of the resources used for cleaning (e.g., energy, water, detergents), staining, or replacing boards.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_470\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"508\"]<img class=\"wp-image-470 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-LCA-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)\" width=\"508\" height=\"466\" /> Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)[/caption]<p>Defined environmental impact areas commonly include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Climate change (“carbon footprint”)</li>\n<li>Acidification (“acid rain”)</li>\n<li>Eutrophication (“algal bloom”)</li>\n<li>Photochemical oxidant creation (“summer smog”)</li>\n<li>Ozone depletion (“the ozone hole”)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>LCA’s support informed decision-making by providing a standardized system for verifying environmental footprints and claims, identifying environmental trade-offs, and making relative comparisons between different design paths or product choices.</p>\n<p>While LCA’s take into account environmental impacts, Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) evaluates the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems (see <em>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</em>).  Together, LCA’s and LCCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</strong></h2>\n<p>Increasingly, consumers and regulatory agencies are asking businesses and product manufacturers to provide environmental product declarations, which use LCA data to report the environmental impacts of their products, processes, and services (see <em>Sustainable Materials</em>).  In the building sector, green building programs such as LEED, offer credits for completing a whole building LCA as part of the integrated design process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> LEED credits are also offered to promote the reuse of historic buildings and the renovation of abandoned or blighted buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Likewise, the field of LCA continues to evolve as the quality and completeness of LCA data improves and LCA methodologies are tested and refined.</p>\n<p>The complete process of LCA includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Defining goals and assessment boundaries.</li>\n<li>Collecting information on materials and design alternative.</li>\n<li>Using accredited LCA assessment tools to perform impact calculations.</li>\n<li>Compiling and interpreting results.</li>\n<li>Documenting the process and providing assessment reports.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>LCA reports are often complex and technical in nature, but current tools attempt to summarize LCA information in a manageable format specifically targeted to design professionals. Tools are available for both whole building and product level LCA’s.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/our-software-data/ecocalculator/\">Athena EcoCalculator</a> is a free online LCA calculator that provides a streamlined report of building’s footprint using LCA data on hundreds of common building products.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings</a> is a free LCA-based software package for designers and building professionals that provides environmental impact data on over 1,000 structural and envelope assembly combinations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a> is a free online tool for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products and includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 200+ building products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits </strong></h2>\n<p>The main benefit to LCA is credible, transparent data that informs greener design and product decisions and the associated cost savings and environmental benefits from reduced resource consumption, pollution, and waste.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project, data availability and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and designers perform LCA’s (see <strong>Resources</strong>). Costs for performing an LCA typically include labor costs for data collection and data input and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>An LCA can identify and evaluate the environmental benefits of green building designs and products that enhance building resiliency. These may include specific design inputs for address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em>. </em></strong>For example, resilient strategies may include cooling and shading features (e.g., cool pavements and cool roofs), improving the efficiency of building envelopes (e.g., insulation, windows, exterior walls), planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems (e.g., battery storage), and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features (e.g., Properly-Sized HVAC systems).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> LCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> International Standard for Standardization (ISO). ISO14040 Standard (2006) provides LCA principles and framework; <a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019); ISO 14044 Standard (2006) provides LCA Requirements and Guidelines. <a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. 2018. About LCA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf\">http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Rajesh Kumar Singh. 2017. “Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment Through LEED v4.” GBCI</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4\">http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4</a> (accessed January 28, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C Beta. 2019. Building Life-cycle Impact Reduction  <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org\">Athena Sustainable Materials Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nist.gov/el/economics/BEESSoftware.cfm\">Building For Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES 4.0)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenblue.org\">GreenBlue</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://thenaturalstep.org\">The Natural Step</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide – Evaluating Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca','','','2022-06-23 17:43:22','2022-06-23 17:43:22','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1835',0,'post','',0),(1836,2,'2022-04-18 17:51:48','2022-04-18 17:51:48','','EC Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1835-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 17:51:48','2022-04-18 17:51:48','',1835,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1836',0,'revision','',0),(1838,2,'2022-04-18 18:11:55','2022-04-18 18:11:55','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\" Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Life Cycle Assessment? </strong></h2>\n<p>A life cycle assessment (LCA) is a “cradle-to-grave” or “cradle-to-cradle” evaluation method that assesses the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> In the commercial building sector, LCA is a tool that helps architects and building professionals understand the embodied energy and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of a building or building product as defined by the ISO 14040/44 standard including resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal or recycling (see Figure 1).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> The evaluation at each phase also includes the associated activities of a particular building product or design. For example, during the operational phase, the LCA for a deck includes the impact of the resources used for cleaning (e.g., energy, water, detergents), staining, or replacing boards.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_470\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"508\"]<img class=\"wp-image-470 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-LCA-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)\" width=\"508\" height=\"466\" /> Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)[/caption]<p>Defined environmental impact areas commonly include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Climate change (“carbon footprint”)</li>\n<li>Acidification (“acid rain”)</li>\n<li>Eutrophication (“algal bloom”)</li>\n<li>Photochemical oxidant creation (“summer smog”)</li>\n<li>Ozone depletion (“the ozone hole”)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>LCA’s support informed decision-making by providing a standardized system for verifying environmental footprints and claims, identifying environmental trade-offs, and making relative comparisons between different design paths or product choices.</p>\n<p>While LCA’s take into account environmental impacts, Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) evaluates the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems (see <em>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</em>).  Together, LCA’s and LCCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</strong></h2>\n<p>Increasingly, consumers and regulatory agencies are asking businesses and product manufacturers to provide environmental product declarations, which use LCA data to report the environmental impacts of their products, processes, and services (see <em>Sustainable Materials</em>).  In the building sector, green building programs such as LEED, offer credits for completing a whole building LCA as part of the integrated design process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> LEED credits are also offered to promote the reuse of historic buildings and the renovation of abandoned or blighted buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Likewise, the field of LCA continues to evolve as the quality and completeness of LCA data improves and LCA methodologies are tested and refined.</p>\n<p>The complete process of LCA includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Defining goals and assessment boundaries.</li>\n<li>Collecting information on materials and design alternative.</li>\n<li>Using accredited LCA assessment tools to perform impact calculations.</li>\n<li>Compiling and interpreting results.</li>\n<li>Documenting the process and providing assessment reports.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>LCA reports are often complex and technical in nature, but current tools attempt to summarize LCA information in a manageable format specifically targeted to design professionals. Tools are available for both whole building and product level LCA’s.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/our-software-data/ecocalculator/\">Athena EcoCalculator</a> is a free online LCA calculator that provides a streamlined report of building’s footprint using LCA data on hundreds of common building products.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings</a> is a free LCA-based software package for designers and building professionals that provides environmental impact data on over 1,000 structural and envelope assembly combinations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a> is a free online tool for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products and includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 200+ building products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits </strong></h2>\n<p>The main benefit to LCA is credible, transparent data that informs greener design and product decisions and the associated cost savings and environmental benefits from reduced resource consumption, pollution, and waste.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project, data availability and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and designers perform LCA’s (see <strong>Resources</strong>). Costs for performing an LCA typically include labor costs for data collection and data input and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>An LCA can identify and evaluate the environmental benefits of green building designs and products that enhance building resiliency. These may include specific design inputs for address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em>. </em></strong>For example, resilient strategies may include cooling and shading features (e.g., cool pavements and cool roofs), improving the efficiency of building envelopes (e.g., insulation, windows, exterior walls), planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems (e.g., battery storage), and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features (e.g., Properly-Sized HVAC systems).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> LCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> International Standard for Standardization (ISO). ISO14040 Standard (2006) provides LCA principles and framework; <a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019); ISO 14044 Standard (2006) provides LCA Requirements and Guidelines. <a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. 2018. About LCA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf\">http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Rajesh Kumar Singh. 2017. “Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment Through LEED v4.” GBCI</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4\">http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4</a> (accessed January 28, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C Beta. 2019. Building Life-cycle Impact Reduction  <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org\">Athena Sustainable Materials Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nist.gov/el/economics/BEESSoftware.cfm\">Building For Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES 4.0)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenblue.org\">GreenBlue</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://thenaturalstep.org\">The Natural Step</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide – Evaluating Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1835-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:11:55','2022-04-18 18:11:55','',1835,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1838',0,'revision','',0),(1840,2,'2022-04-18 18:15:02','2022-04-18 18:15:02','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a form of economic evaluation that compares the costs and savings of alternative building designs and systems over the life cycle of a building. Green building features generally have higher initial costs compared to conventional features but offer operational savings over time through decreased resource use (e.g., energy, water), maintenance, and disposal fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> LCCA takes into account the overall costs of purchasing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system, which the initial purchase price does not reflect. Comparing the life cycle costs of various options helps to determine the most cost-effective choice for a comparable building design or system in terms of function and performance by translating this data into dollar amounts and providing information about how long it takes an investment to pay for itself (e.g., internal rate of return, savings-to-investment ratio, payback period).  For existing buildings, LCC also compares the costs of not doing something (e.g., replacing windows) by considering any future maintenance and operational costs.</p>\n<p>While LCCA’s take into account the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems, a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems (see <em><i>Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Perform the LCCA early in the renovation or upgrade project and as part of an integrated design process to allow sufficient time and resources to refine the design and ensure the highest quality product for the lowest cost (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). Depending on project team expertise, hire a consulting service or conduct the LCCA in-house. Project teams should refer to the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method, which covers the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and repair, and disposal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The first task of an LCCA involves determining the costs and benefits of alternative project options. Next, project teams can conduct several sensitivity analyses that include variations in the <em><i>discount rate, study period or building lifespan, and energy escalation rates.</i></em></p>\n<p><em><i>The discount rate</i></em> is a measure that decreases the value of dollars spent or received in the future, so future costs and returns are worth progressively less in terms of today’s dollars. The interest rate used for discounting is a rate that reflects an investor’s opportunity cost of money over time. The LCCA method converts cash flows to present values by discounting them to a common point in time, usually the base date.</p>\n<p>The US Department of Energy (US DOE) suggests a real discount rate of 3.0%, based on a 12-month average of long-term Treasury bond rates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p><em><i>Study period</i></em> or <em><i>building lifespan</i></em> refers to the length of time the LCCA covers. The study period for non-residential buildings typically falls between 20 and 40 years and may reflect a shorter period than the actual intended life of the facility.</p>\n<p><em><i>Energy escalation rates</i></em> refer to projected average annual energy price increases obtained either from the supplier or from energy price escalation rates published annually on April 1 by US DOE in <em><i>Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are several online tools for performing an LCCA and links to more information in the <strong><b>Resources </b></strong>section below.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/njmc-observatory-classroom-building-life-cycle-assessment/\">New Jersey Meadowlands Commission: Observatory and Classroom Building LCCA, Lyndhurst, NJ</a>.</p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building conducted an LCCA of the Meadowlands Environmental Center, a LEED Platinum building, modeling the building’s metabolic flows, including heating, lighting, ventilation, water, and power consumption, and waste production. The result was a quantification of any added capital investments encountered during construction and commissioning of the LEED-compliant structure, as well as a use-phase evaluation of the economic impacts of adherence to a green building standard.</p>\n<p>Besides the Photovoltaic System (PV), the study results showed that daylight sensors provided the most cost-effective green feature, providing savings under all of the modeled situations as well as the most significant savings compared to other green features. The HVAC system projected savings consistently, although of lower value than the daylight sensors. Insulation provided savings under a majority of circumstances but showed a low return value in all cases. The study noted that the value of SREC’s directly impacts the cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic (PV) system.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_551\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1462\"]<img class=\"wp-image-551 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Modeling-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"1462\" height=\"560\" /> Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can offer environmental and monetary benefits for existing building upgrades and renovations by revealing the most environmentally-friendly and cost-effective solutions for the long run that purchase price alone cannot quantify. Potential benefits include reduced energy, water, and fuel consumption and cost savings on utility bills, maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life disposal costs. While an LCCA cannot remove all uncertainty surrounding a building project, the results equip the design team with the means to identify the optimal balance between green design and economic efficiency.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building upgrade and renovation project and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and developers perform an initial LCCA (see <strong><b>Resources</b></strong>). Costs for performing an LCCA typically include labor costs for data collection, energy modeling (if necessary), LCCA calculations, and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can identify and evaluate the costs and benefits of green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While LCCAs and energy modeling typically use historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> For example, in the NJMC study mentioned above, the team ran an energy model scenario according to low-emissions mid-century predictions of climate change developed by the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>LCCA’s can take into account resiliency objectives. These may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em><b><i>, </i></b></em></strong>including cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> LCCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></sup></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLLC). <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc\">http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems. <a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> This rate for life-cycle cost analyses is valid through March 31, 2019, according to US DOE. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/articles/2021-discount-rates\">Current Discount Rates</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2018. Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – 2018: Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Krogmann, U., Minderman, N., Senick, J. and Andrews, C.J. “Life-Cycle Assessment of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental and Scientific Education Building.” 2008. Prepared by Rutgers Center for Green Building for New Jersey Meadowland Commission. At <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf</a> (accessed June 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a> – a free online tool developed by NIST for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210508120444/https://www.gsa.gov/node/81412\">General Service Administration (GSA) Life Cycle Costing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">US DOE Building Life Cycle Cost Programs and Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.rsmeans.com\">R. S. Means Company – Construction Cost Databases</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/Explore#workspaces\">The Sustainable Facilities Tool</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/design-for-maintainability\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Design for Maintainability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca','','\nhttp://rcgb.rutgers.edu/njmc-observatory-classroom-building-life-cycle-assessment/','2022-06-23 17:47:57','2022-06-23 17:47:57','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1840',0,'post','',0),(1841,2,'2022-04-18 18:12:12','2022-04-18 18:12:12','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1840-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:12:12','2022-04-18 18:12:12','',1840,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1841',0,'revision','',0),(1843,2,'2022-04-18 18:15:02','2022-04-18 18:15:02','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a form of economic evaluation that compares the costs and savings of alternative building designs and systems over the life cycle of a building. Green building features generally have higher initial costs compared to conventional features but offer operational savings over time through decreased resource use (e.g., energy, water), maintenance, and disposal fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> LCCA takes into account the overall costs of purchasing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system, which the initial purchase price does not reflect. Comparing the life cycle costs of various options helps to determine the most cost-effective choice for a comparable building design or system in terms of function and performance by translating this data into dollar amounts and providing information about how long it takes an investment to pay for itself (e.g., internal rate of return, savings-to-investment ratio, payback period).  For existing buildings, LCC also compares the costs of not doing something (e.g., replacing windows) by considering any future maintenance and operational costs.</p>\n<p>While LCCA’s take into account the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems, a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems (see <em><i>Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Perform the LCCA early in the renovation or upgrade project and as part of an integrated design process to allow sufficient time and resources to refine the design and ensure the highest quality product for the lowest cost (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). Depending on project team expertise, hire a consulting service or conduct the LCCA in-house. Project teams should refer to the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method, which covers the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and repair, and disposal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The first task of an LCCA involves determining the costs and benefits of alternative project options. Next, project teams can conduct several sensitivity analyses that include variations in the <em><i>discount rate, study period or building lifespan, and energy escalation rates.</i></em></p>\n<p><em><i>The discount rate</i></em> is a measure that decreases the value of dollars spent or received in the future, so future costs and returns are worth progressively less in terms of today’s dollars. The interest rate used for discounting is a rate that reflects an investor’s opportunity cost of money over time. The LCCA method converts cash flows to present values by discounting them to a common point in time, usually the base date.</p>\n<p>The US Department of Energy (US DOE) suggests a real discount rate of 3.0%, based on a 12-month average of long-term Treasury bond rates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p><em><i>Study period</i></em> or <em><i>building lifespan</i></em> refers to the length of time the LCCA covers. The study period for non-residential buildings typically falls between 20 and 40 years and may reflect a shorter period than the actual intended life of the facility.</p>\n<p><em><i>Energy escalation rates</i></em> refer to projected average annual energy price increases obtained either from the supplier or from energy price escalation rates published annually on April 1 by US DOE in <em><i>Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are several online tools for performing an LCCA and links to more information in the <strong><b>Resources </b></strong>section below.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/njmc-observatory-classroom-building-life-cycle-assessment/\">New Jersey Meadowlands Commission: Observatory and Classroom Building LCCA, Lyndhurst, NJ</a>.</p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building conducted an LCCA of the Meadowlands Environmental Center, a LEED Platinum building, modeling the building’s metabolic flows, including heating, lighting, ventilation, water, and power consumption, and waste production. The result was a quantification of any added capital investments encountered during construction and commissioning of the LEED-compliant structure, as well as a use-phase evaluation of the economic impacts of adherence to a green building standard.</p>\n<p>Besides the Photovoltaic System (PV), the study results showed that daylight sensors provided the most cost-effective green feature, providing savings under all of the modeled situations as well as the most significant savings compared to other green features. The HVAC system projected savings consistently, although of lower value than the daylight sensors. Insulation provided savings under a majority of circumstances but showed a low return value in all cases. The study noted that the value of SREC’s directly impacts the cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic (PV) system.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_551\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1462\"]<img class=\"wp-image-551 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Modeling-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"1462\" height=\"560\" /> Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can offer environmental and monetary benefits for existing building upgrades and renovations by revealing the most environmentally-friendly and cost-effective solutions for the long run that purchase price alone cannot quantify. Potential benefits include reduced energy, water, and fuel consumption and cost savings on utility bills, maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life disposal costs. While an LCCA cannot remove all uncertainty surrounding a building project, the results equip the design team with the means to identify the optimal balance between green design and economic efficiency.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building upgrade and renovation project and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and developers perform an initial LCCA (see <strong><b>Resources</b></strong>). Costs for performing an LCCA typically include labor costs for data collection, energy modeling (if necessary), LCCA calculations, and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can identify and evaluate the costs and benefits of green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While LCCAs and energy modeling typically use historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> For example, in the NJMC study mentioned above, the team ran an energy model scenario according to low-emissions mid-century predictions of climate change developed by the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>LCCA’s can take into account resiliency objectives. These may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em><b><i>, </i></b></em></strong>including cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> LCCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></sup></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLLC). <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc\">http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems. <a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> This rate for life-cycle cost analyses is valid through March 31, 2019, according to US DOE. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2018. Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – 2018: Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Krogmann, U., Minderman, N., Senick, J. and Andrews, C.J. “Life-Cycle Assessment of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental and Scientific Education Building.” 2008. Prepared by Rutgers Center for Green Building for New Jersey Meadowland Commission. At <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf</a> (accessed June 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org\">Athena Sustainable Materials Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nist.gov/el/economics/BEESSoftware.cfm\">Building For Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES 4.0)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenblue.org\">GreenBlue</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://thenaturalstep.org\">The Natural Step</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide – Evaluating Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1840-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:15:02','2022-04-18 18:15:02','',1840,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1843',0,'revision','',0),(1844,2,'2022-04-18 18:15:02','2022-04-18 18:15:02','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a form of economic evaluation that compares the costs and savings of alternative building designs and systems over the life cycle of a building. Green building features generally have higher initial costs compared to conventional features but offer operational savings over time through decreased resource use (e.g., energy, water), maintenance, and disposal fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> LCCA takes into account the overall costs of purchasing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system, which the initial purchase price does not reflect. Comparing the life cycle costs of various options helps to determine the most cost-effective choice for a comparable building design or system in terms of function and performance by translating this data into dollar amounts and providing information about how long it takes an investment to pay for itself (e.g., internal rate of return, savings-to-investment ratio, payback period).  For existing buildings, LCC also compares the costs of not doing something (e.g., replacing windows) by considering any future maintenance and operational costs.</p>\n<p>While LCCA’s take into account the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems, a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems (see <em><i>Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Perform the LCCA early in the renovation or upgrade project and as part of an integrated design process to allow sufficient time and resources to refine the design and ensure the highest quality product for the lowest cost (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). Depending on project team expertise, hire a consulting service or conduct the LCCA in-house. Project teams should refer to the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method, which covers the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and repair, and disposal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The first task of an LCCA involves determining the costs and benefits of alternative project options. Next, project teams can conduct several sensitivity analyses that include variations in the <em><i>discount rate, study period or building lifespan, and energy escalation rates.</i></em></p>\n<p><em><i>The discount rate</i></em> is a measure that decreases the value of dollars spent or received in the future, so future costs and returns are worth progressively less in terms of today’s dollars. The interest rate used for discounting is a rate that reflects an investor’s opportunity cost of money over time. The LCCA method converts cash flows to present values by discounting them to a common point in time, usually the base date.</p>\n<p>The US Department of Energy (US DOE) suggests a real discount rate of 3.0%, based on a 12-month average of long-term Treasury bond rates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p><em><i>Study period</i></em> or <em><i>building lifespan</i></em> refers to the length of time the LCCA covers. The study period for non-residential buildings typically falls between 20 and 40 years and may reflect a shorter period than the actual intended life of the facility.</p>\n<p><em><i>Energy escalation rates</i></em> refer to projected average annual energy price increases obtained either from the supplier or from energy price escalation rates published annually on April 1 by US DOE in <em><i>Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are several online tools for performing an LCCA and links to more information in the <strong><b>Resources </b></strong>section below.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/njmc-observatory-classroom-building-life-cycle-assessment/\">New Jersey Meadowlands Commission: Observatory and Classroom Building LCCA, Lyndhurst, NJ</a>.</p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building conducted an LCCA of the Meadowlands Environmental Center, a LEED Platinum building, modeling the building’s metabolic flows, including heating, lighting, ventilation, water, and power consumption, and waste production. The result was a quantification of any added capital investments encountered during construction and commissioning of the LEED-compliant structure, as well as a use-phase evaluation of the economic impacts of adherence to a green building standard.</p>\n<p>Besides the Photovoltaic System (PV), the study results showed that daylight sensors provided the most cost-effective green feature, providing savings under all of the modeled situations as well as the most significant savings compared to other green features. The HVAC system projected savings consistently, although of lower value than the daylight sensors. Insulation provided savings under a majority of circumstances but showed a low return value in all cases. The study noted that the value of SREC’s directly impacts the cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic (PV) system.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_551\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1462\"]<img class=\"wp-image-551 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Modeling-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"1462\" height=\"560\" /> Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can offer environmental and monetary benefits for existing building upgrades and renovations by revealing the most environmentally-friendly and cost-effective solutions for the long run that purchase price alone cannot quantify. Potential benefits include reduced energy, water, and fuel consumption and cost savings on utility bills, maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life disposal costs. While an LCCA cannot remove all uncertainty surrounding a building project, the results equip the design team with the means to identify the optimal balance between green design and economic efficiency.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building upgrade and renovation project and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and developers perform an initial LCCA (see <strong><b>Resources</b></strong>). Costs for performing an LCCA typically include labor costs for data collection, energy modeling (if necessary), LCCA calculations, and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can identify and evaluate the costs and benefits of green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While LCCAs and energy modeling typically use historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> For example, in the NJMC study mentioned above, the team ran an energy model scenario according to low-emissions mid-century predictions of climate change developed by the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>LCCA’s can take into account resiliency objectives. These may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em><b><i>, </i></b></em></strong>including cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> LCCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></sup></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLLC). <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc\">http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems. <a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> This rate for life-cycle cost analyses is valid through March 31, 2019, according to US DOE. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2018. Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – 2018: Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Krogmann, U., Minderman, N., Senick, J. and Andrews, C.J. “Life-Cycle Assessment of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental and Scientific Education Building.” 2008. Prepared by Rutgers Center for Green Building for New Jersey Meadowland Commission. At <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf</a> (accessed June 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org\">Athena Sustainable Materials Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nist.gov/el/economics/BEESSoftware.cfm\">Building For Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES 4.0)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenblue.org\">GreenBlue</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://thenaturalstep.org\">The Natural Step</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide – Evaluating Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1840-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:15:02','2022-04-18 18:15:02','',1840,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1844',0,'revision','',0),(1845,2,'2022-04-18 18:15:06','2022-04-18 18:15:06','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a form of economic evaluation that compares the costs and savings of alternative building designs and systems over the life cycle of a building. Green building features generally have higher initial costs compared to conventional features but offer operational savings over time through decreased resource use (e.g., energy, water), maintenance, and disposal fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> LCCA takes into account the overall costs of purchasing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system, which the initial purchase price does not reflect. Comparing the life cycle costs of various options helps to determine the most cost-effective choice for a comparable building design or system in terms of function and performance by translating this data into dollar amounts and providing information about how long it takes an investment to pay for itself (e.g., internal rate of return, savings-to-investment ratio, payback period).  For existing buildings, LCC also compares the costs of not doing something (e.g., replacing windows) by considering any future maintenance and operational costs.</p>\n<p>While LCCA’s take into account the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems, a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems (see <em><i>Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Perform the LCCA early in the renovation or upgrade project and as part of an integrated design process to allow sufficient time and resources to refine the design and ensure the highest quality product for the lowest cost (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). Depending on project team expertise, hire a consulting service or conduct the LCCA in-house. Project teams should refer to the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method, which covers the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and repair, and disposal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The first task of an LCCA involves determining the costs and benefits of alternative project options. Next, project teams can conduct several sensitivity analyses that include variations in the <em><i>discount rate, study period or building lifespan, and energy escalation rates.</i></em></p>\n<p><em><i>The discount rate</i></em> is a measure that decreases the value of dollars spent or received in the future, so future costs and returns are worth progressively less in terms of today’s dollars. The interest rate used for discounting is a rate that reflects an investor’s opportunity cost of money over time. The LCCA method converts cash flows to present values by discounting them to a common point in time, usually the base date.</p>\n<p>The US Department of Energy (US DOE) suggests a real discount rate of 3.0%, based on a 12-month average of long-term Treasury bond rates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p><em><i>Study period</i></em> or <em><i>building lifespan</i></em> refers to the length of time the LCCA covers. The study period for non-residential buildings typically falls between 20 and 40 years and may reflect a shorter period than the actual intended life of the facility.</p>\n<p><em><i>Energy escalation rates</i></em> refer to projected average annual energy price increases obtained either from the supplier or from energy price escalation rates published annually on April 1 by US DOE in <em><i>Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are several online tools for performing an LCCA and links to more information in the <strong><b>Resources </b></strong>section below.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/njmc-observatory-classroom-building-life-cycle-assessment/\">New Jersey Meadowlands Commission: Observatory and Classroom Building LCCA, Lyndhurst, NJ</a>.</p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building conducted an LCCA of the Meadowlands Environmental Center, a LEED Platinum building, modeling the building’s metabolic flows, including heating, lighting, ventilation, water, and power consumption, and waste production. The result was a quantification of any added capital investments encountered during construction and commissioning of the LEED-compliant structure, as well as a use-phase evaluation of the economic impacts of adherence to a green building standard.</p>\n<p>Besides the Photovoltaic System (PV), the study results showed that daylight sensors provided the most cost-effective green feature, providing savings under all of the modeled situations as well as the most significant savings compared to other green features. The HVAC system projected savings consistently, although of lower value than the daylight sensors. Insulation provided savings under a majority of circumstances but showed a low return value in all cases. The study noted that the value of SREC’s directly impacts the cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic (PV) system.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_551\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1462\"]<img class=\"wp-image-551 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Modeling-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"1462\" height=\"560\" /> Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can offer environmental and monetary benefits for existing building upgrades and renovations by revealing the most environmentally-friendly and cost-effective solutions for the long run that purchase price alone cannot quantify. Potential benefits include reduced energy, water, and fuel consumption and cost savings on utility bills, maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life disposal costs. While an LCCA cannot remove all uncertainty surrounding a building project, the results equip the design team with the means to identify the optimal balance between green design and economic efficiency.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building upgrade and renovation project and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and developers perform an initial LCCA (see <strong><b>Resources</b></strong>). Costs for performing an LCCA typically include labor costs for data collection, energy modeling (if necessary), LCCA calculations, and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can identify and evaluate the costs and benefits of green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While LCCAs and energy modeling typically use historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> For example, in the NJMC study mentioned above, the team ran an energy model scenario according to low-emissions mid-century predictions of climate change developed by the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>LCCA’s can take into account resiliency objectives. These may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em><b><i>, </i></b></em></strong>including cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> LCCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></sup></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLLC). <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc\">http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems. <a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> This rate for life-cycle cost analyses is valid through March 31, 2019, according to US DOE. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2018. Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – 2018: Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Krogmann, U., Minderman, N., Senick, J. and Andrews, C.J. “Life-Cycle Assessment of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental and Scientific Education Building.” 2008. Prepared by Rutgers Center for Green Building for New Jersey Meadowland Commission. At <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf</a> (accessed June 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org\">Athena Sustainable Materials Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nist.gov/el/economics/BEESSoftware.cfm\">Building For Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES 4.0)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenblue.org\">GreenBlue</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://thenaturalstep.org\">The Natural Step</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide – Evaluating Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1840-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:15:06','2022-04-18 18:15:06','',1840,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1845',0,'revision','',0),(1846,2,'2022-04-18 18:16:21','2022-04-18 18:16:21','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Integrated Design Process\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is an Integrated Design Process?</h2>\n<p>Building systems are interdependent and require cooperation and creative thinking across disciplines. An integrated design process identifies opportunities to achieve synergies across disciplines and building systems throughout the planning and design phases and beyond.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> For example, decision-making about building shape, orientation, and window placement relate to several green building considerations and relies on the knowledge of multiple disciplines; these building envelope strategies impact heating and cooling loads as well as occupant satisfaction and even productivity, a function of thermal comfort and daylighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> With an integrated design process that considers these multiple benefits, and sometimes trade-offs among them, it is much more likely that the building performs as intended and achieves projected cost savings.</p>\n<p>Many green building strategies also convey resiliency benefits or “the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> At the building level, these include an emphasis on daylighting, superior insulation values, thermal massing and on-site renewable energy, and water harvesting. These strategies reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling, and other critical functions, making buildings more resilient to power outages and disruptive events.</p>\n<p>A successful integrative design process challenges project teams to design, build, and manage high-performance buildings that are both green and resilient.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_173\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1298\"]<img class=\"wp-image-173 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Integrated-Design-Process-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1. A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process\" width=\"1298\" height=\"702\" /> Table 1. A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process[/caption]\n<h2>How to Implement an Integrated Design Process</h2>\n<p>A truly integrated design process includes ongoing interactions among the entire project team and uses tools and modeling software to support and reinforce design integration.</p>\n<p>The following are standards and guidelines for incorporating an integrated design process.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) <em><i>Integrative Process (IP) – ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© – Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities </i></em>identify best practices for developing an integrated process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></li>\n<li>The American Institute of Architect (AIA) <em><i>Integrated Project Delivery (IPD</i></em>) outlines a step-by-step process for the client, design, and construction teams to achieve IPD goals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction</i></em> credit requirements for the Integrative Process include an analysis of at least two energy-related systems (i.e., shading, renewable energy opportunities), and two water-related systems (i.e., on-site rainwater and graywater, cooling tower water demand), and documentation on how this analysis informed building site and design decisions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>RELi,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup><strong><b>[7]</b></strong></sup></a></i></em> a national consensus standard for resilient design requires a “Panoramic Approach” that includes “Pre-Planning and Discovery” and “Systems Thinking Design.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chesapeake Bay Brock Environmental Center, Virginia Beach, VA.</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_457\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"2560\"]<img class=\"wp-image-457 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/integrateddesignprocess-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"The Brock Environmental Center project team used an Integrative Design Process to incorporate green and resilient building features. (Source: Wikimedia Commons).\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1702\" /> The Brock Environmental Center project team used an Integrative Design Process to incorporate green and resilient building features. (Source: Wikimedia Commons).[/caption]<p>The integrated design process for the Brock Environmental Center included early charrettes with the client and neighbors, collaboration with the architect, engineer, owner, green consultant, and contractor throughout the design process, and a full-day, pre-design charrette with stakeholders from all design disciplines including local officials, community representatives, and Living Building Challenge (LBC) and LEED experts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Energy and climate simulation tools informed the decision to utilize on-site wind energy and early discussions with regulatory agencies made possible the collection of rainwater for potable use.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Early coordination regarding the interactions of complex building systems can maximize the effectiveness and output of these systems and reduce total project costs.</p>\n<p>An integrated design process can result in a project that:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases the opportunity to achieve more aggressive sustainability goals</li>\n<li>Optimizes energy efficiency and incorporates alternative energy solutions</li>\n<li>Recognizes and plans for synergies between green building and resilient design</li>\n<li>Moves beyond minimizing environmental impacts to creating positive, regenerative impacts on the environment</li>\n<li>Maximizes cost effectiveness</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The integrated design process can both minimize incremental capital cost and result in operational savings. Capital cost can be redistributed to achieve high-performance goals without incremental costs. For example, the opportunity to eliminate or reduce the size of equipment or systems can offset the higher first cost of some energy efficiency strategies.  An integrated approach can also reduce operational expenditures through increased communication among the project team, resulting in a more efficient design.</p>\n<p>Costs associated with an integrated design process may include things like additional consultant fees to facilitate a goal-setting workshop and time and associated costs of having project team members participate in additional meetings and coordination.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>An integrated design process provides an opportunity for project teams to incorporate resilient design strategies into green building practice. Project teams may want to consider the following when identifying and evaluating green building strategies that also offer resiliency benefits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li><em><i>Understand regional impacts:</i></em> Identify climate impacts for the building’s location.</li>\n<li><em><i>Evaluate performance targets</i>: </em>Understand how the building performs under current peak climate conditions.</li>\n<li><em><i>Conduct a scenario analysis:</i></em> Analyze how the building responds to projected climate impacts, modeling different system options under a variety of climatic conditions.</li>\n<li><em><i>Consider resilient design strategies:</i></em> Evaluate resilient design strategies that provide passive or efficient responses to more extreme climate events such as higher or lower temperatures, higher wind speeds, and increased or decreased precipitation levels, to maintain occupant comfort while preventing increased energy use.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. (Updated April 6, 2018). Credit. Integrative Process. Page 10. <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org\">https://new.usgbc.org</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> City of New York Department of Design and Construction. 1999. “High-Performance Building Guidelines.” Page 17. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable\">http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> National Academy of Sciences. 2012. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© <em><i>February 2, 2012, </i></em>for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://webstore.ansi.org\">https://webstore.ansi.org</a> (Search: Integrative Process)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> American Institute of Architects (AIA). 2007. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council. Version 1. <a href=\"http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf\">http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Ibid, Credit. Integrative Process, Page 10-11.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> The RELI Action List is a resource included in the RELi Green + Resilient Property Underwriting Standard. At the time of this publication, the USGBC was working to synthesize the LEED Resilient Design pilot credits with RELi’s Hazard Mitigation and Adaptation credits.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List <a href=\"http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783\">http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> The International Living Future Institute (ILFI). 2016. Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay Brock Environmental Center. <a href=\"https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/\">https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/\">Re-Commissioning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://webstore.ansi.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© <em><i>February 2, 2012, </i></em>for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities. (Search: Integrative Process)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council (2007). Version 1.</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/orr/index.page\">NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/whole-building-design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sustainable Facilities Tool Kit (GSA) -Integrative Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/plan/261/integrative-design-process\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Whole Building Design Guide (WGBD) – Whole Building Approach</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Green Building Rating Systems and Standards</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asce.org/envision/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Envision Rating System</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org/lbc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">International Living Future Institute (ILFI) – Living Building Challenge</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Integrated Design Process','','inherit','closed','closed','','1829-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:16:21','2022-04-18 18:16:21','',1829,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1846',0,'revision','',0),(1848,2,'2022-04-18 18:16:27','2022-04-18 18:16:27','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\" Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Life Cycle Assessment? </strong></h2>\n<p>A life cycle assessment (LCA) is a “cradle-to-grave” or “cradle-to-cradle” evaluation method that assesses the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> In the commercial building sector, LCA is a tool that helps architects and building professionals understand the embodied energy and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of a building or building product as defined by the ISO 14040/44 standard including resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal or recycling (see Figure 1).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> The evaluation at each phase also includes the associated activities of a particular building product or design. For example, during the operational phase, the LCA for a deck includes the impact of the resources used for cleaning (e.g., energy, water, detergents), staining, or replacing boards.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_470\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"508\"]<img class=\"wp-image-470 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-LCA-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)\" width=\"508\" height=\"466\" /> Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)[/caption]<p>Defined environmental impact areas commonly include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Climate change (“carbon footprint”)</li>\n<li>Acidification (“acid rain”)</li>\n<li>Eutrophication (“algal bloom”)</li>\n<li>Photochemical oxidant creation (“summer smog”)</li>\n<li>Ozone depletion (“the ozone hole”)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>LCA’s support informed decision-making by providing a standardized system for verifying environmental footprints and claims, identifying environmental trade-offs, and making relative comparisons between different design paths or product choices.</p>\n<p>While LCA’s take into account environmental impacts, Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) evaluates the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems (see <em>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</em>).  Together, LCA’s and LCCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</strong></h2>\n<p>Increasingly, consumers and regulatory agencies are asking businesses and product manufacturers to provide environmental product declarations, which use LCA data to report the environmental impacts of their products, processes, and services (see <em>Sustainable Materials</em>).  In the building sector, green building programs such as LEED, offer credits for completing a whole building LCA as part of the integrated design process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> LEED credits are also offered to promote the reuse of historic buildings and the renovation of abandoned or blighted buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Likewise, the field of LCA continues to evolve as the quality and completeness of LCA data improves and LCA methodologies are tested and refined.</p>\n<p>The complete process of LCA includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Defining goals and assessment boundaries.</li>\n<li>Collecting information on materials and design alternative.</li>\n<li>Using accredited LCA assessment tools to perform impact calculations.</li>\n<li>Compiling and interpreting results.</li>\n<li>Documenting the process and providing assessment reports.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>LCA reports are often complex and technical in nature, but current tools attempt to summarize LCA information in a manageable format specifically targeted to design professionals. Tools are available for both whole building and product level LCA’s.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/our-software-data/ecocalculator/\">Athena EcoCalculator</a> is a free online LCA calculator that provides a streamlined report of building’s footprint using LCA data on hundreds of common building products.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings</a> is a free LCA-based software package for designers and building professionals that provides environmental impact data on over 1,000 structural and envelope assembly combinations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a> is a free online tool for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products and includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 200+ building products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits </strong></h2>\n<p>The main benefit to LCA is credible, transparent data that informs greener design and product decisions and the associated cost savings and environmental benefits from reduced resource consumption, pollution, and waste.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project, data availability and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and designers perform LCA’s (see <strong>Resources</strong>). Costs for performing an LCA typically include labor costs for data collection and data input and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>An LCA can identify and evaluate the environmental benefits of green building designs and products that enhance building resiliency. These may include specific design inputs for address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em>. </em></strong>For example, resilient strategies may include cooling and shading features (e.g., cool pavements and cool roofs), improving the efficiency of building envelopes (e.g., insulation, windows, exterior walls), planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems (e.g., battery storage), and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features (e.g., Properly-Sized HVAC systems).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> LCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> International Standard for Standardization (ISO). ISO14040 Standard (2006) provides LCA principles and framework; <a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019); ISO 14044 Standard (2006) provides LCA Requirements and Guidelines. <a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. 2018. About LCA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf\">http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Rajesh Kumar Singh. 2017. “Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment Through LEED v4.” GBCI</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4\">http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4</a> (accessed January 28, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C Beta. 2019. Building Life-cycle Impact Reduction  <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org\">Athena Sustainable Materials Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nist.gov/el/economics/BEESSoftware.cfm\">Building For Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES 4.0)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenblue.org\">GreenBlue</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://thenaturalstep.org\">The Natural Step</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide – Evaluating Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1835-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:16:27','2022-04-18 18:16:27','',1835,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1848',0,'revision','',0),(1849,2,'2022-04-18 18:19:33','2022-04-18 18:19:33','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Re-Commissioning\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Re-Commissioning?</h2>\n<p>Re-commissioning or Retro-Commissioning refers to a quality assurance process for existing buildings to optimize performance and improve building operation that includes verifying and documenting that the building and its systems and assemblies are operating efficiently and meet the current requirements of the building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Many existing buildings never went through an initial commissioning process after construction. Changes in design or improper installation can lead to systems working inefficiently. Additionally, building systems degrade and lose efficiency over time make re-commissioning and ongoing commissioning essential steps in the overall quality assurance process (see Figure 1).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_65\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-65 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Commissioning-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Types of Commissioning. (Source: US DOE Federal Energy Management Program Operations and Maintenance Best Practices).\" width=\"1400\" height=\"594\" /> Figure 1- Types of Commissioning. (Source: US DOE Federal Energy Management Program Operations and Maintenance Best Practices).[/caption]\n<h2>How to Implement Re-Commissioning</h2>\n<p>The first step in the re-commissioning process is to designate the re-commissioning team, which often includes the Commissioning Agent (CxA), Building Owner, Construction Manager/General Contractor, Contractors, maintenance and operations personnel, and occupants. The Building Commissioning Association (BCxA) recommends hiring a third-party independent CxA with excellent written and verbal communication skills, current engineering knowledge and extensive hands-on field experience regarding building systems, including principles of building system performance and system start-up, balancing, testing and troubleshooting, as well as knowledge and experience with building operation and maintenance procedures and the building and design process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The re-commissioning team assures the completion on all of the steps in the re-commissioning process and the realization of building objectives and develops the building re-commissioning plan, which outlines and organizes the commissioning process schedule and allocation of resources and includes details of systems tests and procedures (i.e., energy audit), system and equipment checklists, and testing and documentation responsibilities. The re-commissioning process should include an energy audit, which provides an analysis of the building’s energy use and potential for savings. LEED requires energy audits to meet both the requirements of the ASHRAE preliminary energy use analysis and an ASHRAE Level 1 walk-through assessment identified in the ASHRAE Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits or equivalent.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Building re-commissioning plans may include some or all of the following building systems and green building elements (as applicable):<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>HVAC systems (control settings and sequencing)</li>\n<li>Building assembly (envelope, interior, paths of egress)</li>\n<li>Conveying systems (elevators and escalators)</li>\n<li>Protective systems (fire suppression, lightning protection)</li>\n<li>Plumbing (water distribution, sanitary or stormwater)</li>\n<li>Electrical (power distribution, lighting)</li>\n<li>Communication systems (telecom, wireless networks, sound, video)</li>\n<li>Alarm Systems (fault detection, security, leak detection)</li>\n<li>Indoor air quality (moisture, airborne particles)</li>\n<li>Indoor environmental quality (acoustics, thermal comfort)</li>\n<li>Renewable energy (photovoltaics, wind energy)</li>\n<li>Smart building technology (advanced metering, building automation systems)</li>\n<li>Energy storage and back-up power generation systems (ice storage, batteries)</li>\n<li>Alternative water reuse systems (greywater recycling, composting toilets)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The re-commissioning process provides testing and documentation that establishes valuable performance benchmarks, and a baseline for the future operation and the ongoing commissioning of the building. Re-commissioning teams may consider issuing an occupant survey before re-commissioning to identify areas of concern and focus. The final re-commissioning report provides building upgrade recommendations and operations and maintenance improvement opportunities and describes the potential improvement, estimated implementation costs, and savings for each opportunity.</p>\n<p>For a more detailed overview of the re-commissioning process, including retro-commissioning and ongoing commissioning see the <u>Building Commissioning Association’s Existing Building Commissioning Best Practices and Tools Handbook.</u></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Optimized building systems and quality assurance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Lower utility bills through reduced energy savings of 14-16%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improved indoor environmental quality and occupant comfort.</li>\n<li>Fewer building system issues at building turnover.</li>\n<li>Enhanced operation and maintenance.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The cost of not re-commissioning equals the costs of correcting mistakes plus the costs of inefficient operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Re-commissioning for existing buildings costs on average $.30 per square foot for commissioning agent services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Reduce the costs of on-going re-commissioning by installing systems that make that process more manageable such as smart metering (see <em><i>Smart Metering</i></em>). The payback period for costs in extra time and labor and parts are around one to four years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Other estimates find that payback can be less than two years and often less than six months.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></sup></p>\n<p>See the <u><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a></u> for available programs and incentives related to commissioning.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Re-commissioning contributes to a building’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of critical building systems and notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Re-commissioning identifies opportunities for energy savings and if implemented, help to reduce stress on the grid and the likelihood of grid failures.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Building Commissioning Association (BCxA). 2018. Existing Building Commissioning Best Practices including BCxA Essential Attributes. Updated May 2018.  <u><a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf\">https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf</a></u> (accessed January 15, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Building Commissioning Association (BCxA). 2018. New Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices including BCxA Essential Attributes Updated May 2018.  <u><a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf\">https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf</a></u> (accessed January 15, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> USGBC. 2019. LEED v4.10 O+M Beta Guide <u><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-v41-om-beta-guide\">https://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-v41-om-beta-guide</a></u> (accessed January 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Building Commissioning Association. 2016. Existing Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices and Tools <u><a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf\">https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf</a></u> (accessed Jan 11, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> GSA Sustainable Facilities Toolkit. 2018. Building Commissioning. <u><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/search?query=Building+Commissioning\">https://sftool.gov/search?query=Building+Commissioning</a></u> (accessed Jan 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> LBNL. Building Commission – Summary of the 2009 Cost Assessment. <u><a href=\"http://cx.lbl.gov/2009-assessment.html\">http://cx.lbl.gov/2009-assessment.html</a></u> (accessed January 17, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Building Commissioning. <u><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php</a></u> (accessed Jan 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> LBNL. Building Commissioning. <u><a href=\"http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html\">http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html</a></u> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Owner’s Role and Responsibilities in the Commissioning Process.  <u><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/project/plan_comm_process.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/project/plan_comm_process.php</a></u> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> LBNL. Building Commissioning. <u><a href=\"http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html\">http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html</a></u> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> US DOE | EERE. Federal Energy Management Program. <em><i>Operations and Maintenance Best Practices Guide:</i></em> <em><i>Chapter 7</i></em>. <u><a href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/OM_7.pdf\">http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/OM_7.pdf</a></u> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/procedures-for-commercial-building-energy-audits\">ASHRAE Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/standards/ashrae-202-2018?product_id=2025517\">ASHRAE Standard 202-2018 – Commissioning Process for Buildings and Systems </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org\">Building Commissioning Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/commissioning-federal-buildings\">US DOE Building Commissioning for Federal Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Building Commissioning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Re-Commissioning','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-re-commissioning','','','2022-04-18 18:19:36','2022-04-18 18:19:36','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1849',0,'post','',0),(1850,2,'2022-04-18 18:17:01','2022-04-18 18:17:01','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1849-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:17:01','2022-04-18 18:17:01','',1849,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1850',0,'revision','',0),(1852,2,'2022-04-18 18:19:33','2022-04-18 18:19:33','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Re-Commissioning\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Re-Commissioning?</h2>\n<p>Re-commissioning or Retro-Commissioning refers to a quality assurance process for existing buildings to optimize performance and improve building operation that includes verifying and documenting that the building and its systems and assemblies are operating efficiently and meet the current requirements of the building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Many existing buildings never went through an initial commissioning process after construction. Changes in design or improper installation can lead to systems working inefficiently. Additionally, building systems degrade and lose efficiency over time make re-commissioning and ongoing commissioning essential steps in the overall quality assurance process (see Figure 1).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_65\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-65 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Commissioning-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Types of Commissioning. (Source: US DOE Federal Energy Management Program Operations and Maintenance Best Practices).\" width=\"1400\" height=\"594\" /> Figure 1- Types of Commissioning. (Source: US DOE Federal Energy Management Program Operations and Maintenance Best Practices).[/caption]\n<h2>How to Implement Re-Commissioning</h2>\n<p>The first step in the re-commissioning process is to designate the re-commissioning team, which often includes the Commissioning Agent (CxA), Building Owner, Construction Manager/General Contractor, Contractors, maintenance and operations personnel, and occupants. The Building Commissioning Association (BCxA) recommends hiring a third-party independent CxA with excellent written and verbal communication skills, current engineering knowledge and extensive hands-on field experience regarding building systems, including principles of building system performance and system start-up, balancing, testing and troubleshooting, as well as knowledge and experience with building operation and maintenance procedures and the building and design process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The re-commissioning team assures the completion on all of the steps in the re-commissioning process and the realization of building objectives and develops the building re-commissioning plan, which outlines and organizes the commissioning process schedule and allocation of resources and includes details of systems tests and procedures (i.e., energy audit), system and equipment checklists, and testing and documentation responsibilities. The re-commissioning process should include an energy audit, which provides an analysis of the building’s energy use and potential for savings. LEED requires energy audits to meet both the requirements of the ASHRAE preliminary energy use analysis and an ASHRAE Level 1 walk-through assessment identified in the ASHRAE Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits or equivalent.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Building re-commissioning plans may include some or all of the following building systems and green building elements (as applicable):<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>HVAC systems (control settings and sequencing)</li>\n<li>Building assembly (envelope, interior, paths of egress)</li>\n<li>Conveying systems (elevators and escalators)</li>\n<li>Protective systems (fire suppression, lightning protection)</li>\n<li>Plumbing (water distribution, sanitary or stormwater)</li>\n<li>Electrical (power distribution, lighting)</li>\n<li>Communication systems (telecom, wireless networks, sound, video)</li>\n<li>Alarm Systems (fault detection, security, leak detection)</li>\n<li>Indoor air quality (moisture, airborne particles)</li>\n<li>Indoor environmental quality (acoustics, thermal comfort)</li>\n<li>Renewable energy (photovoltaics, wind energy)</li>\n<li>Smart building technology (advanced metering, building automation systems)</li>\n<li>Energy storage and back-up power generation systems (ice storage, batteries)</li>\n<li>Alternative water reuse systems (greywater recycling, composting toilets)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The re-commissioning process provides testing and documentation that establishes valuable performance benchmarks, and a baseline for the future operation and the ongoing commissioning of the building. Re-commissioning teams may consider issuing an occupant survey before re-commissioning to identify areas of concern and focus. The final re-commissioning report provides building upgrade recommendations and operations and maintenance improvement opportunities and describes the potential improvement, estimated implementation costs, and savings for each opportunity.</p>\n<p>For a more detailed overview of the re-commissioning process, including retro-commissioning and ongoing commissioning see the <u>Building Commissioning Association’s Existing Building Commissioning Best Practices and Tools Handbook.</u></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Optimized building systems and quality assurance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Lower utility bills through reduced energy savings of 14-16%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improved indoor environmental quality and occupant comfort.</li>\n<li>Fewer building system issues at building turnover.</li>\n<li>Enhanced operation and maintenance.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The cost of not re-commissioning equals the costs of correcting mistakes plus the costs of inefficient operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Re-commissioning for existing buildings costs on average $.30 per square foot for commissioning agent services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Reduce the costs of on-going re-commissioning by installing systems that make that process more manageable such as smart metering (see <em><i>Smart Metering</i></em>). The payback period for costs in extra time and labor and parts are around one to four years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Other estimates find that payback can be less than two years and often less than six months.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></sup></p>\n<p>See the <u><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a></u> for available programs and incentives related to commissioning.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Re-commissioning contributes to a building’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of critical building systems and notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Re-commissioning identifies opportunities for energy savings and if implemented, help to reduce stress on the grid and the likelihood of grid failures.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Building Commissioning Association (BCxA). 2018. Existing Building Commissioning Best Practices including BCxA Essential Attributes. Updated May 2018.  <u><a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf\">https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf</a></u> (accessed January 15, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Building Commissioning Association (BCxA). 2018. New Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices including BCxA Essential Attributes Updated May 2018.  <u><a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf\">https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf</a></u> (accessed January 15, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> USGBC. 2019. LEED v4.10 O+M Beta Guide <u><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-v41-om-beta-guide\">https://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-v41-om-beta-guide</a></u> (accessed January 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Building Commissioning Association. 2016. Existing Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices and Tools <u><a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf\">https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf</a></u> (accessed Jan 11, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> GSA Sustainable Facilities Toolkit. 2018. Building Commissioning. <u><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/search?query=Building+Commissioning\">https://sftool.gov/search?query=Building+Commissioning</a></u> (accessed Jan 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> LBNL. Building Commission – Summary of the 2009 Cost Assessment. <u><a href=\"http://cx.lbl.gov/2009-assessment.html\">http://cx.lbl.gov/2009-assessment.html</a></u> (accessed January 17, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Building Commissioning. <u><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php</a></u> (accessed Jan 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> LBNL. Building Commissioning. <u><a href=\"http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html\">http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html</a></u> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Owner’s Role and Responsibilities in the Commissioning Process.  <u><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/project/plan_comm_process.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/project/plan_comm_process.php</a></u> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> LBNL. Building Commissioning. <u><a href=\"http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html\">http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html</a></u> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> US DOE | EERE. Federal Energy Management Program. <em><i>Operations and Maintenance Best Practices Guide:</i></em> <em><i>Chapter 7</i></em>. <u><a href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/OM_7.pdf\">http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/OM_7.pdf</a></u> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/procedures-for-commercial-building-energy-audits\">ASHRAE Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/standards/ashrae-202-2018?product_id=2025517\">ASHRAE Standard 202-2018 – Commissioning Process for Buildings and Systems </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org\">Building Commissioning Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/commissioning-federal-buildings\">US DOE Building Commissioning for Federal Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Building Commissioning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Re-Commissioning','','inherit','closed','closed','','1849-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:19:33','2022-04-18 18:19:33','',1849,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1852',0,'revision','',0),(1853,2,'2022-04-18 18:19:33','2022-04-18 18:19:33','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Re-Commissioning\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Re-Commissioning?</h2>\n<p>Re-commissioning or Retro-Commissioning refers to a quality assurance process for existing buildings to optimize performance and improve building operation that includes verifying and documenting that the building and its systems and assemblies are operating efficiently and meet the current requirements of the building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Many existing buildings never went through an initial commissioning process after construction. Changes in design or improper installation can lead to systems working inefficiently. Additionally, building systems degrade and lose efficiency over time make re-commissioning and ongoing commissioning essential steps in the overall quality assurance process (see Figure 1).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_65\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-65 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Commissioning-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Types of Commissioning. (Source: US DOE Federal Energy Management Program Operations and Maintenance Best Practices).\" width=\"1400\" height=\"594\" /> Figure 1- Types of Commissioning. (Source: US DOE Federal Energy Management Program Operations and Maintenance Best Practices).[/caption]\n<h2>How to Implement Re-Commissioning</h2>\n<p>The first step in the re-commissioning process is to designate the re-commissioning team, which often includes the Commissioning Agent (CxA), Building Owner, Construction Manager/General Contractor, Contractors, maintenance and operations personnel, and occupants. The Building Commissioning Association (BCxA) recommends hiring a third-party independent CxA with excellent written and verbal communication skills, current engineering knowledge and extensive hands-on field experience regarding building systems, including principles of building system performance and system start-up, balancing, testing and troubleshooting, as well as knowledge and experience with building operation and maintenance procedures and the building and design process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The re-commissioning team assures the completion on all of the steps in the re-commissioning process and the realization of building objectives and develops the building re-commissioning plan, which outlines and organizes the commissioning process schedule and allocation of resources and includes details of systems tests and procedures (i.e., energy audit), system and equipment checklists, and testing and documentation responsibilities. The re-commissioning process should include an energy audit, which provides an analysis of the building’s energy use and potential for savings. LEED requires energy audits to meet both the requirements of the ASHRAE preliminary energy use analysis and an ASHRAE Level 1 walk-through assessment identified in the ASHRAE Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits or equivalent.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Building re-commissioning plans may include some or all of the following building systems and green building elements (as applicable):<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>HVAC systems (control settings and sequencing)</li>\n<li>Building assembly (envelope, interior, paths of egress)</li>\n<li>Conveying systems (elevators and escalators)</li>\n<li>Protective systems (fire suppression, lightning protection)</li>\n<li>Plumbing (water distribution, sanitary or stormwater)</li>\n<li>Electrical (power distribution, lighting)</li>\n<li>Communication systems (telecom, wireless networks, sound, video)</li>\n<li>Alarm Systems (fault detection, security, leak detection)</li>\n<li>Indoor air quality (moisture, airborne particles)</li>\n<li>Indoor environmental quality (acoustics, thermal comfort)</li>\n<li>Renewable energy (photovoltaics, wind energy)</li>\n<li>Smart building technology (advanced metering, building automation systems)</li>\n<li>Energy storage and back-up power generation systems (ice storage, batteries)</li>\n<li>Alternative water reuse systems (greywater recycling, composting toilets)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The re-commissioning process provides testing and documentation that establishes valuable performance benchmarks, and a baseline for the future operation and the ongoing commissioning of the building. Re-commissioning teams may consider issuing an occupant survey before re-commissioning to identify areas of concern and focus. The final re-commissioning report provides building upgrade recommendations and operations and maintenance improvement opportunities and describes the potential improvement, estimated implementation costs, and savings for each opportunity.</p>\n<p>For a more detailed overview of the re-commissioning process, including retro-commissioning and ongoing commissioning see the <u>Building Commissioning Association’s Existing Building Commissioning Best Practices and Tools Handbook.</u></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Optimized building systems and quality assurance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Lower utility bills through reduced energy savings of 14-16%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improved indoor environmental quality and occupant comfort.</li>\n<li>Fewer building system issues at building turnover.</li>\n<li>Enhanced operation and maintenance.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The cost of not re-commissioning equals the costs of correcting mistakes plus the costs of inefficient operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Re-commissioning for existing buildings costs on average $.30 per square foot for commissioning agent services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Reduce the costs of on-going re-commissioning by installing systems that make that process more manageable such as smart metering (see <em><i>Smart Metering</i></em>). The payback period for costs in extra time and labor and parts are around one to four years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Other estimates find that payback can be less than two years and often less than six months.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></sup></p>\n<p>See the <u><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a></u> for available programs and incentives related to commissioning.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Re-commissioning contributes to a building’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of critical building systems and notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Re-commissioning identifies opportunities for energy savings and if implemented, help to reduce stress on the grid and the likelihood of grid failures.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Building Commissioning Association (BCxA). 2018. Existing Building Commissioning Best Practices including BCxA Essential Attributes. Updated May 2018.  <u><a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf\">https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf</a></u> (accessed January 15, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Building Commissioning Association (BCxA). 2018. New Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices including BCxA Essential Attributes Updated May 2018.  <u><a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf\">https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf</a></u> (accessed January 15, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> USGBC. 2019. LEED v4.10 O+M Beta Guide <u><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-v41-om-beta-guide\">https://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-v41-om-beta-guide</a></u> (accessed January 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Building Commissioning Association. 2016. Existing Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices and Tools <u><a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf\">https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf</a></u> (accessed Jan 11, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> GSA Sustainable Facilities Toolkit. 2018. Building Commissioning. <u><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/search?query=Building+Commissioning\">https://sftool.gov/search?query=Building+Commissioning</a></u> (accessed Jan 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> LBNL. Building Commission – Summary of the 2009 Cost Assessment. <u><a href=\"http://cx.lbl.gov/2009-assessment.html\">http://cx.lbl.gov/2009-assessment.html</a></u> (accessed January 17, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Building Commissioning. <u><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php</a></u> (accessed Jan 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> LBNL. Building Commissioning. <u><a href=\"http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html\">http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html</a></u> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Owner’s Role and Responsibilities in the Commissioning Process.  <u><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/project/plan_comm_process.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/project/plan_comm_process.php</a></u> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> LBNL. Building Commissioning. <u><a href=\"http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html\">http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html</a></u> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> US DOE | EERE. Federal Energy Management Program. <em><i>Operations and Maintenance Best Practices Guide:</i></em> <em><i>Chapter 7</i></em>. <u><a href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/OM_7.pdf\">http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/OM_7.pdf</a></u> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/procedures-for-commercial-building-energy-audits\">ASHRAE Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/standards/ashrae-202-2018?product_id=2025517\">ASHRAE Standard 202-2018 – Commissioning Process for Buildings and Systems </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org\">Building Commissioning Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/commissioning-federal-buildings\">US DOE Building Commissioning for Federal Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Building Commissioning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1849-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:19:33','2022-04-18 18:19:33','',1849,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1853',0,'revision','',0),(1854,2,'2022-04-18 18:19:36','2022-04-18 18:19:36','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Re-Commissioning\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Re-Commissioning?</h2>\n<p>Re-commissioning or Retro-Commissioning refers to a quality assurance process for existing buildings to optimize performance and improve building operation that includes verifying and documenting that the building and its systems and assemblies are operating efficiently and meet the current requirements of the building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Many existing buildings never went through an initial commissioning process after construction. Changes in design or improper installation can lead to systems working inefficiently. Additionally, building systems degrade and lose efficiency over time make re-commissioning and ongoing commissioning essential steps in the overall quality assurance process (see Figure 1).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_65\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-65 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Commissioning-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Types of Commissioning. (Source: US DOE Federal Energy Management Program Operations and Maintenance Best Practices).\" width=\"1400\" height=\"594\" /> Figure 1- Types of Commissioning. (Source: US DOE Federal Energy Management Program Operations and Maintenance Best Practices).[/caption]\n<h2>How to Implement Re-Commissioning</h2>\n<p>The first step in the re-commissioning process is to designate the re-commissioning team, which often includes the Commissioning Agent (CxA), Building Owner, Construction Manager/General Contractor, Contractors, maintenance and operations personnel, and occupants. The Building Commissioning Association (BCxA) recommends hiring a third-party independent CxA with excellent written and verbal communication skills, current engineering knowledge and extensive hands-on field experience regarding building systems, including principles of building system performance and system start-up, balancing, testing and troubleshooting, as well as knowledge and experience with building operation and maintenance procedures and the building and design process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The re-commissioning team assures the completion on all of the steps in the re-commissioning process and the realization of building objectives and develops the building re-commissioning plan, which outlines and organizes the commissioning process schedule and allocation of resources and includes details of systems tests and procedures (i.e., energy audit), system and equipment checklists, and testing and documentation responsibilities. The re-commissioning process should include an energy audit, which provides an analysis of the building’s energy use and potential for savings. LEED requires energy audits to meet both the requirements of the ASHRAE preliminary energy use analysis and an ASHRAE Level 1 walk-through assessment identified in the ASHRAE Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits or equivalent.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Building re-commissioning plans may include some or all of the following building systems and green building elements (as applicable):<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>HVAC systems (control settings and sequencing)</li>\n<li>Building assembly (envelope, interior, paths of egress)</li>\n<li>Conveying systems (elevators and escalators)</li>\n<li>Protective systems (fire suppression, lightning protection)</li>\n<li>Plumbing (water distribution, sanitary or stormwater)</li>\n<li>Electrical (power distribution, lighting)</li>\n<li>Communication systems (telecom, wireless networks, sound, video)</li>\n<li>Alarm Systems (fault detection, security, leak detection)</li>\n<li>Indoor air quality (moisture, airborne particles)</li>\n<li>Indoor environmental quality (acoustics, thermal comfort)</li>\n<li>Renewable energy (photovoltaics, wind energy)</li>\n<li>Smart building technology (advanced metering, building automation systems)</li>\n<li>Energy storage and back-up power generation systems (ice storage, batteries)</li>\n<li>Alternative water reuse systems (greywater recycling, composting toilets)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The re-commissioning process provides testing and documentation that establishes valuable performance benchmarks, and a baseline for the future operation and the ongoing commissioning of the building. Re-commissioning teams may consider issuing an occupant survey before re-commissioning to identify areas of concern and focus. The final re-commissioning report provides building upgrade recommendations and operations and maintenance improvement opportunities and describes the potential improvement, estimated implementation costs, and savings for each opportunity.</p>\n<p>For a more detailed overview of the re-commissioning process, including retro-commissioning and ongoing commissioning see the <u>Building Commissioning Association’s Existing Building Commissioning Best Practices and Tools Handbook.</u></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Optimized building systems and quality assurance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Lower utility bills through reduced energy savings of 14-16%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improved indoor environmental quality and occupant comfort.</li>\n<li>Fewer building system issues at building turnover.</li>\n<li>Enhanced operation and maintenance.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The cost of not re-commissioning equals the costs of correcting mistakes plus the costs of inefficient operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Re-commissioning for existing buildings costs on average $.30 per square foot for commissioning agent services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Reduce the costs of on-going re-commissioning by installing systems that make that process more manageable such as smart metering (see <em><i>Smart Metering</i></em>). The payback period for costs in extra time and labor and parts are around one to four years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Other estimates find that payback can be less than two years and often less than six months.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></sup></p>\n<p>See the <u><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a></u> for available programs and incentives related to commissioning.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Re-commissioning contributes to a building’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of critical building systems and notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Re-commissioning identifies opportunities for energy savings and if implemented, help to reduce stress on the grid and the likelihood of grid failures.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Building Commissioning Association (BCxA). 2018. Existing Building Commissioning Best Practices including BCxA Essential Attributes. Updated May 2018.  <u><a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf\">https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf</a></u> (accessed January 15, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Building Commissioning Association (BCxA). 2018. New Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices including BCxA Essential Attributes Updated May 2018.  <u><a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf\">https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf</a></u> (accessed January 15, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> USGBC. 2019. LEED v4.10 O+M Beta Guide <u><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-v41-om-beta-guide\">https://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-v41-om-beta-guide</a></u> (accessed January 23, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Building Commissioning Association. 2016. Existing Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices and Tools <u><a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf\">https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf</a></u> (accessed Jan 11, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> GSA Sustainable Facilities Toolkit. 2018. Building Commissioning. <u><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/search?query=Building+Commissioning\">https://sftool.gov/search?query=Building+Commissioning</a></u> (accessed Jan 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> LBNL. Building Commission – Summary of the 2009 Cost Assessment. <u><a href=\"http://cx.lbl.gov/2009-assessment.html\">http://cx.lbl.gov/2009-assessment.html</a></u> (accessed January 17, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Building Commissioning. <u><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php</a></u> (accessed Jan 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> LBNL. Building Commissioning. <u><a href=\"http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html\">http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html</a></u> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Owner’s Role and Responsibilities in the Commissioning Process.  <u><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/project/plan_comm_process.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/project/plan_comm_process.php</a></u> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> LBNL. Building Commissioning. <u><a href=\"http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html\">http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html</a></u> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> US DOE | EERE. Federal Energy Management Program. <em><i>Operations and Maintenance Best Practices Guide:</i></em> <em><i>Chapter 7</i></em>. <u><a href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/OM_7.pdf\">http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/OM_7.pdf</a></u> (accessed January 14, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/procedures-for-commercial-building-energy-audits\">ASHRAE Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/standards/ashrae-202-2018?product_id=2025517\">ASHRAE Standard 202-2018 – Commissioning Process for Buildings and Systems </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bcxa.org\">Building Commissioning Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/commissioning-federal-buildings\">US DOE Building Commissioning for Federal Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Building Commissioning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Re-Commissioning','','inherit','closed','closed','','1849-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:19:36','2022-04-18 18:19:36','',1849,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1854',0,'revision','',0),(1856,2,'2022-04-18 18:20:52','2022-04-18 18:20:52','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a form of economic evaluation that compares the costs and savings of alternative building designs and systems over the life cycle of a building. Green building features generally have higher initial costs compared to conventional features but offer operational savings over time through decreased resource use (e.g., energy, water), maintenance, and disposal fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> LCCA takes into account the overall costs of purchasing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system, which the initial purchase price does not reflect. Comparing the life cycle costs of various options helps to determine the most cost-effective choice for a comparable building design or system in terms of function and performance by translating this data into dollar amounts and providing information about how long it takes an investment to pay for itself (e.g., internal rate of return, savings-to-investment ratio, payback period).  For existing buildings, LCC also compares the costs of not doing something (e.g., replacing windows) by considering any future maintenance and operational costs.</p>\n<p>While LCCA’s take into account the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems, a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems (see <em><i>Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Perform the LCCA early in the renovation or upgrade project and as part of an integrated design process to allow sufficient time and resources to refine the design and ensure the highest quality product for the lowest cost (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). Depending on project team expertise, hire a consulting service or conduct the LCCA in-house. Project teams should refer to the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method, which covers the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and repair, and disposal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The first task of an LCCA involves determining the costs and benefits of alternative project options. Next, project teams can conduct several sensitivity analyses that include variations in the <em><i>discount rate, study period or building lifespan, and energy escalation rates.</i></em></p>\n<p><em><i>The discount rate</i></em> is a measure that decreases the value of dollars spent or received in the future, so future costs and returns are worth progressively less in terms of today’s dollars. The interest rate used for discounting is a rate that reflects an investor’s opportunity cost of money over time. The LCCA method converts cash flows to present values by discounting them to a common point in time, usually the base date.</p>\n<p>The US Department of Energy (US DOE) suggests a real discount rate of 3.0%, based on a 12-month average of long-term Treasury bond rates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p><em><i>Study period</i></em> or <em><i>building lifespan</i></em> refers to the length of time the LCCA covers. The study period for non-residential buildings typically falls between 20 and 40 years and may reflect a shorter period than the actual intended life of the facility.</p>\n<p><em><i>Energy escalation rates</i></em> refer to projected average annual energy price increases obtained either from the supplier or from energy price escalation rates published annually on April 1 by US DOE in <em><i>Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are several online tools for performing an LCCA and links to more information in the <strong><b>Resources </b></strong>section below.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/njmc-observatory-classroom-building-life-cycle-assessment/\">New Jersey Meadowlands Commission: Observatory and Classroom Building LCCA, Lyndhurst, NJ</a>.</p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building conducted an LCCA of the Meadowlands Environmental Center, a LEED Platinum building, modeling the building’s metabolic flows, including heating, lighting, ventilation, water, and power consumption, and waste production. The result was a quantification of any added capital investments encountered during construction and commissioning of the LEED-compliant structure, as well as a use-phase evaluation of the economic impacts of adherence to a green building standard.</p>\n<p>Besides the Photovoltaic System (PV), the study results showed that daylight sensors provided the most cost-effective green feature, providing savings under all of the modeled situations as well as the most significant savings compared to other green features. The HVAC system projected savings consistently, although of lower value than the daylight sensors. Insulation provided savings under a majority of circumstances but showed a low return value in all cases. The study noted that the value of SREC’s directly impacts the cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic (PV) system.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_551\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1462\"]<img class=\"wp-image-551 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Modeling-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"1462\" height=\"560\" /> Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can offer environmental and monetary benefits for existing building upgrades and renovations by revealing the most environmentally-friendly and cost-effective solutions for the long run that purchase price alone cannot quantify. Potential benefits include reduced energy, water, and fuel consumption and cost savings on utility bills, maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life disposal costs. While an LCCA cannot remove all uncertainty surrounding a building project, the results equip the design team with the means to identify the optimal balance between green design and economic efficiency.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building upgrade and renovation project and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and developers perform an initial LCCA (see <strong><b>Resources</b></strong>). Costs for performing an LCCA typically include labor costs for data collection, energy modeling (if necessary), LCCA calculations, and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can identify and evaluate the costs and benefits of green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While LCCAs and energy modeling typically use historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> For example, in the NJMC study mentioned above, the team ran an energy model scenario according to low-emissions mid-century predictions of climate change developed by the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>LCCA’s can take into account resiliency objectives. These may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em><b><i>, </i></b></em></strong>including cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> LCCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></sup></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLLC). <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc\">http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems. <a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> This rate for life-cycle cost analyses is valid through March 31, 2019, according to US DOE. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2018. Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – 2018: Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Krogmann, U., Minderman, N., Senick, J. and Andrews, C.J. “Life-Cycle Assessment of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental and Scientific Education Building.” 2008. Prepared by Rutgers Center for Green Building for New Jersey Meadowland Commission. At <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf</a> (accessed June 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a> – a free online tool developed by NIST for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/node/81412\">General Service Administration (GSA) Life Cycle Costing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">US DOE Building Life Cycle Cost Programs and Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.rsmeans.com\">R. S. Means Company – Construction Cost Databases</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/Explore#workspaces\">The Sustainable Facilities Tool</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/design-for-maintainability\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Design for Maintainability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1840-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:20:52','2022-04-18 18:20:52','',1840,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1856',0,'revision','',0),(1858,2,'2022-04-18 18:21:41','2022-04-18 18:21:41','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Existing Commercial Buildings\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The Manual supports the greening of existing commercial buildings, which continue to represent untapped potential in common green building areas such as energy efficiency, environmental performance, indoor air quality, and occupant comfort.</p>\n<p>The Manual organizes existing commercial building upgrade strategies by focus areas such as “energy &amp; resilience” or “environment &amp; health.” Each strategy includes a short explanation or definition, implementation recommendations, New Jersey specific examples (when available), and sections on strategy benefits, costs, resiliency (if applicable), and additional resources.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Design\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf568;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operational Tools\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe035;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/\">Life-Cycle-Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/\">Re-Commissioning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Water\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf043;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Backup Systems\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf5df;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Build\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf6e3;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Operate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf085;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operations & Maintenance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe038;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Smart Infrastructure\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1eb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Evaluate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf3fd;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Building Performance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf080;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.03)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Case Studies</h2>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"30%\" module_alignment=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_divider][et_pb_portfolio fullwidth=\"off\" include_categories=\"4\" show_categories=\"off\" show_pagination=\"off\" hover_overlay_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_portfolio][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Existing Commercial','','inherit','closed','closed','','1013-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:21:41','2022-04-18 18:21:41','',1013,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1858',0,'revision','',0),(1860,2,'2022-04-18 18:33:26','2022-04-18 18:33:26','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Alternative Transportation\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Development (TOD)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Alternative transportation discourages dependence on the personal automobile and encourages public transportation options such as carpooling, vanpooling, busing, walking, and cycling.</p>\n<p>Telecommuting, informal transit options, compressed workweeks, and alternative fuel vehicles such as plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) also help reduce the number of greenhouse gases produced by single occupancy vehicles.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Commuting to and from an average office building built to modern energy codes consumes thirty percent more energy compared to the energy the building itself consumes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> The location of buildings and how people get to them are important factors to consider in a building’s overall environmental impact. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) concentrates development around transit stations, such as train, light rail, and bus stations, and other amenities to create places for people to live, work, and play without requiring the use of a car.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_184\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"678\"]<img class=\"wp-image-184 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Alternative-Transportation-and-TOD-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).\" width=\"678\" height=\"484\" /> Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Alternative Transportation and TOD </b></strong></h2>\n<p>There are several general topics regarding alternative transportation to consider when incorporating alternative transportation strategies into an existing commercial project that can also help to earn your project LEED credits.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proximity to existing public transportation, pedestrian, and bicycle networks and establishing a shuttle service if beyond a short walk away.</li>\n<li>Proximity to existing infrastructure, services and economic activity such as stores, schools, offices, and parks.</li>\n<li>Minimizing on-site parking and providing bicycle changing facilities and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Providing covered areas for people awaiting carpool/vanpool rides and drop-off/pick-up zones for vehicles.</li>\n<li>Providing facilities to encourage energy-efficient vehicle use, such as two-way electric plug-in charging stations that enable EVs to both draw electricity from and supply electricity to the grid, and liquid or gas alternative fueling facilities or a battery switching station.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Many local programs assist with alternative transportation options such as the <a href=\"http://www.hudsontma.org/index.php?page=ridesharecarpoo&amp;option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=44&amp;cat_id=18&amp;Itemid=54\">Hudson County Transportation Management Authority</a> that offers rideshare, carpool, and vanpool services as well as other useful information for commuters.</p>\n<p>Businesses and organizations can implement telecommuting policies that contribute to sustainable workplace practices by allowing employees to communicate via telephone and computers to accomplish tasks that traditionally occur in central office spaces, reducing traffic congestion and strain on transportation systems, fuel consumption, and associated emissions and air quality issues.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>TOD begins with site selection near transit hubs. Consider local regulations and interest in transit hub development to reduce delays and conflict. Identify special zoning and permit systems designed to expedite efficient redevelopment of urban centers.</p>\n<p>The New Jersey Department of Transportation and New Jersey Transit leads a multi-agency partnership known as the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">Transit Village Initiative</a> that encourages pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods and community revitalization. This program aims to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality and promote growth in areas where infrastructure and public transit already exist.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.njfuture.org/smart-growth-101/smart-growth-awards/2005-award/cranford-crossing/\">Cranford Crossing, Cranford, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Cranford Crossing, a mixed-use redevelopment integrated into Cranford’s pedestrian-friendly environment and located one block from Cranford’s train station.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://library.rpa.org/pdf/RPA-The-Fourth-Regional-Plan.pdf\">Regional Plan Association Report – The Fourth Regional Plan</a></p>\n<p>This report provides examples of several Transit Oriented Developments (TODs) throughout NJ that encourage alternative transportation.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Encouraging the use of alternative transportation options provides benefits for developers, property owners, and building occupants as well as benefits for the environment and the community. Alternative transportation reduces automobile congestion, fossil fuel consumption and carbon emissions.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[7]</a></sup> Some forms of alternative transportation also provide options for healthier lifestyle choices. Proximity to public transportation and neighborhood services can improve quality of life and reduce commuting stress, all of which provide positive marketing opportunities for a new commercial facility. Businesses can participate in programs that encourage alternative transportation strategies such as <a href=\"http://www.transoptions.org/new-jersey-smart-workplaces\">New Jersey Smart Workplaces</a>, a partnership between NJ DOT, NJ Transit, and the state’s Transportation Management Association, that recognizes organizations and individuals who help reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Including alternative transportation options in the initial design phase and locating projects near rapid transit helps to reduce upfront project costs. Transit-oriented design saves developers money by capitalizing on existing infrastructure and upgrades rather than relying on the developer to provide new infrastructure and parking, a significant redevelopment cost (see <em><i>Brownfield and Infill sites</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Building excessive parking adds to construction costs and may contribute to environmental problems such as the heat island effect and increased stormwater runoff (see <em><i>High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</i></em> and <em><i>Pervious Hardscape Materials</i></em>). Providing excessive parking also encourages driving, which causes congestion, air pollution, and contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases. The fewer spaces dedicated to parking, the more for open space, parks, community rooms, or additional building square footage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Costs associated with providing facilities and equipment that encourage alternative transportation options such as biking and walking vary by project and may include costs to provide shower and changing facilities. Bicycle racks can accommodate about ten bikes for the same space and cost as one parking space. The cost of adding bike lanes depends on the existing condition of the roads.  The cost of adding a sidewalk is about $70 per linear foot along existing roads<strong><b>, </b></strong>though it can be significantly less if included as part of the initial road construction work.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Locating buildings with access to a variety of alternative transportation options increases a building and its occupant’s resiliency by providing access to a seamless network of diverse mobility choices fueled by multiple energy sources and insulated from disruptions caused by extreme weather events, security threats, and disaster-related scenarios.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Telecommuting and flexible work schedules reduce congestion and strain on transportation systems, especially during vulnerable times such as storms and inclement weather. Providing bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations supports alternative fuel vehicle adoption, and vehicle-to-grid applications, which enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages (see <em><i>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<p>TOD encourages community interaction that can lead to better cultural understanding, stronger social ties, and in turn, more resilient communities that come together to support each other in times of need. Also, TOD helps reduce the number of cars on the road, an added benefit, especially during times of mandatory evacuations when roads need to be accessible to first responders.</p>\n<p>A study by the Federal Highway Administration, “The Post Hurricane Sandy Transportation Resilience Study in New York-New Jersey-Connecticut,” provides an assessment of the region’s transportation system’s resilience to climate, sea level rise and extreme weather leveraging lessons learned from Hurricane Sandy as well as future climate projections and identifies strategies to reduce and manage extreme weather vulnerabilities.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> USGBC. LEED O+M: Existing Buildings | LEED v4.  Alternative Transportation. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Alex Wilson and Rachel Navaro. Driving to Green Buildings: The Transportation Intensity of Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings\">https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJTOD.org. “What is Transit Oriented Development?” <a href=\"http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/\">http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/</a> (accessed March 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.  <a href=\"http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties\">http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US General Service Administration (GSA). “Resources for Managing Teleworkers.” <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers</a> (accessed Sept 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NJ DOT. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/</a> (accessed April 1, 2018).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Federal Transit Administration. Transit-Oriented and Joint Development. <a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment\">https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> NJ DOT. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/njsw/partners.shtm#tma\">http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/njsw/partners.shtm#tma</a> (accessed March 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> The Sidewalk Study. <a href=\"http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm\">http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Victoria Transport Policy Institute. (2017) “Evaluating Transportation Resilience&lt;</p>\n<p>Evaluating the Transportation System’s Ability to Accommodate Diverse, Variable and Unexpected Demands with Minimal Risk.” <a href=\"http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm\">http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Federal Highway Administration (FHA). “Post-Hurricane Sandy Transportation Resilience Study of NY, NJ, and CT.” October 2017. Final Report. <a href=\"http://www.njtpa.org/planning/regional-studies/completed-studies/post-hurricane-sandy-transportation-resilience/ny-nj-ct-hurricane-sandy-follow-up\">http://www.njtpa.org/planning/regional-studies/completed-studies/post-hurricane-sandy-transportation-resilience/ny-nj-ct-hurricane-sandy-follow-up</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://vtc.rutgers.edu\">Alan M. Vorhees Transportation Center (VTC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/TOD\">Federal Transit Administration – Transit Oriented Development</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njbikeped.org\">NJ Bicycle &amp; Pedestrian Resource Center (Complete Streets)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.njcleancities.com\">NJ Clean Cities Coalition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtod.org\">NJTOD.org (A partnership between NJ Transit and Rutgers University)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Department of Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njslom.org/\">NJ State League of Municipalities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Transit Village Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.rpa.org/regions/new-jersey\">Regional Plan Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">SmartGrid.Org</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth\">US EPA – Smart Growth</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers\">US GSA – Resources for Managing Teleworkers</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Alternative Transportation','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-alternative-transportation','','','2022-04-18 18:33:30','2022-04-18 18:33:30','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1860',0,'post','',0),(1861,2,'2022-04-18 18:29:42','2022-04-18 18:29:42','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1860-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:29:42','2022-04-18 18:29:42','',1860,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1861',0,'revision','',0),(1863,2,'2022-04-18 18:33:26','2022-04-18 18:33:26','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Alternative Transportation\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Development (TOD)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Alternative transportation discourages dependence on the personal automobile and encourages public transportation options such as carpooling, vanpooling, busing, walking, and cycling.</p>\n<p>Telecommuting, informal transit options, compressed workweeks, and alternative fuel vehicles such as plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) also help reduce the number of greenhouse gases produced by single occupancy vehicles.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Commuting to and from an average office building built to modern energy codes consumes thirty percent more energy compared to the energy the building itself consumes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> The location of buildings and how people get to them are important factors to consider in a building’s overall environmental impact. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) concentrates development around transit stations, such as train, light rail, and bus stations, and other amenities to create places for people to live, work, and play without requiring the use of a car.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_184\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"678\"]<img class=\"wp-image-184 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Alternative-Transportation-and-TOD-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).\" width=\"678\" height=\"484\" /> Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Alternative Transportation and TOD </b></strong></h2>\n<p>There are several general topics regarding alternative transportation to consider when incorporating alternative transportation strategies into an existing commercial project that can also help to earn your project LEED credits.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proximity to existing public transportation, pedestrian, and bicycle networks and establishing a shuttle service if beyond a short walk away.</li>\n<li>Proximity to existing infrastructure, services and economic activity such as stores, schools, offices, and parks.</li>\n<li>Minimizing on-site parking and providing bicycle changing facilities and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Providing covered areas for people awaiting carpool/vanpool rides and drop-off/pick-up zones for vehicles.</li>\n<li>Providing facilities to encourage energy-efficient vehicle use, such as two-way electric plug-in charging stations that enable EVs to both draw electricity from and supply electricity to the grid, and liquid or gas alternative fueling facilities or a battery switching station.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Many local programs assist with alternative transportation options such as the <a href=\"http://www.hudsontma.org/index.php?page=ridesharecarpoo&amp;option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=44&amp;cat_id=18&amp;Itemid=54\">Hudson County Transportation Management Authority</a> that offers rideshare, carpool, and vanpool services as well as other useful information for commuters.</p>\n<p>Businesses and organizations can implement telecommuting policies that contribute to sustainable workplace practices by allowing employees to communicate via telephone and computers to accomplish tasks that traditionally occur in central office spaces, reducing traffic congestion and strain on transportation systems, fuel consumption, and associated emissions and air quality issues.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>TOD begins with site selection near transit hubs. Consider local regulations and interest in transit hub development to reduce delays and conflict. Identify special zoning and permit systems designed to expedite efficient redevelopment of urban centers.</p>\n<p>The New Jersey Department of Transportation and New Jersey Transit leads a multi-agency partnership known as the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">Transit Village Initiative</a> that encourages pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods and community revitalization. This program aims to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality and promote growth in areas where infrastructure and public transit already exist.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.njfuture.org/smart-growth-101/smart-growth-awards/2005-award/cranford-crossing/\">Cranford Crossing, Cranford, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Cranford Crossing, a mixed-use redevelopment integrated into Cranford’s pedestrian-friendly environment and located one block from Cranford’s train station.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://library.rpa.org/pdf/RPA-The-Fourth-Regional-Plan.pdf\">Regional Plan Association Report – The Fourth Regional Plan</a></p>\n<p>This report provides examples of several Transit Oriented Developments (TODs) throughout NJ that encourage alternative transportation.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Encouraging the use of alternative transportation options provides benefits for developers, property owners, and building occupants as well as benefits for the environment and the community. Alternative transportation reduces automobile congestion, fossil fuel consumption and carbon emissions.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[7]</a></sup> Some forms of alternative transportation also provide options for healthier lifestyle choices. Proximity to public transportation and neighborhood services can improve quality of life and reduce commuting stress, all of which provide positive marketing opportunities for a new commercial facility. Businesses can participate in programs that encourage alternative transportation strategies such as <a href=\"http://www.transoptions.org/new-jersey-smart-workplaces\">New Jersey Smart Workplaces</a>, a partnership between NJ DOT, NJ Transit, and the state’s Transportation Management Association, that recognizes organizations and individuals who help reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Including alternative transportation options in the initial design phase and locating projects near rapid transit helps to reduce upfront project costs. Transit-oriented design saves developers money by capitalizing on existing infrastructure and upgrades rather than relying on the developer to provide new infrastructure and parking, a significant redevelopment cost (see <em><i>Brownfield and Infill sites</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Building excessive parking adds to construction costs and may contribute to environmental problems such as the heat island effect and increased stormwater runoff (see <em><i>High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</i></em> and <em><i>Pervious Hardscape Materials</i></em>). Providing excessive parking also encourages driving, which causes congestion, air pollution, and contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases. The fewer spaces dedicated to parking, the more for open space, parks, community rooms, or additional building square footage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Costs associated with providing facilities and equipment that encourage alternative transportation options such as biking and walking vary by project and may include costs to provide shower and changing facilities. Bicycle racks can accommodate about ten bikes for the same space and cost as one parking space. The cost of adding bike lanes depends on the existing condition of the roads.  The cost of adding a sidewalk is about $70 per linear foot along existing roads<strong><b>, </b></strong>though it can be significantly less if included as part of the initial road construction work.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Locating buildings with access to a variety of alternative transportation options increases a building and its occupant’s resiliency by providing access to a seamless network of diverse mobility choices fueled by multiple energy sources and insulated from disruptions caused by extreme weather events, security threats, and disaster-related scenarios.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Telecommuting and flexible work schedules reduce congestion and strain on transportation systems, especially during vulnerable times such as storms and inclement weather. Providing bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations supports alternative fuel vehicle adoption, and vehicle-to-grid applications, which enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages (see <em><i>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<p>TOD encourages community interaction that can lead to better cultural understanding, stronger social ties, and in turn, more resilient communities that come together to support each other in times of need. Also, TOD helps reduce the number of cars on the road, an added benefit, especially during times of mandatory evacuations when roads need to be accessible to first responders.</p>\n<p>A study by the Federal Highway Administration, “The Post Hurricane Sandy Transportation Resilience Study in New York-New Jersey-Connecticut,” provides an assessment of the region’s transportation system’s resilience to climate, sea level rise and extreme weather leveraging lessons learned from Hurricane Sandy as well as future climate projections and identifies strategies to reduce and manage extreme weather vulnerabilities.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> USGBC. LEED O+M: Existing Buildings | LEED v4.  Alternative Transportation. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Alex Wilson and Rachel Navaro. Driving to Green Buildings: The Transportation Intensity of Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings\">https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJTOD.org. “What is Transit Oriented Development?” <a href=\"http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/\">http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/</a> (accessed March 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.  <a href=\"http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties\">http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US General Service Administration (GSA). “Resources for Managing Teleworkers.” <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers</a> (accessed Sept 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NJ DOT. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/</a> (accessed April 1, 2018).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Federal Transit Administration. Transit-Oriented and Joint Development. <a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment\">https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> NJ DOT. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/njsw/partners.shtm#tma\">http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/njsw/partners.shtm#tma</a> (accessed March 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> The Sidewalk Study. <a href=\"http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm\">http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Victoria Transport Policy Institute. (2017) “Evaluating Transportation Resilience&lt;</p>\n<p>Evaluating the Transportation System’s Ability to Accommodate Diverse, Variable and Unexpected Demands with Minimal Risk.” <a href=\"http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm\">http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Federal Highway Administration (FHA). “Post-Hurricane Sandy Transportation Resilience Study of NY, NJ, and CT.” October 2017. Final Report. <a href=\"http://www.njtpa.org/planning/regional-studies/completed-studies/post-hurricane-sandy-transportation-resilience/ny-nj-ct-hurricane-sandy-follow-up\">http://www.njtpa.org/planning/regional-studies/completed-studies/post-hurricane-sandy-transportation-resilience/ny-nj-ct-hurricane-sandy-follow-up</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://vtc.rutgers.edu\">Alan M. Vorhees Transportation Center (VTC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/TOD\">Federal Transit Administration – Transit Oriented Development</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njbikeped.org\">NJ Bicycle &amp; Pedestrian Resource Center (Complete Streets)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.njcleancities.com\">NJ Clean Cities Coalition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtod.org\">NJTOD.org (A partnership between NJ Transit and Rutgers University)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Department of Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njslom.org/\">NJ State League of Municipalities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Transit Village Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.rpa.org/regions/new-jersey\">Regional Plan Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">SmartGrid.Org</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth\">US EPA – Smart Growth</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers\">US GSA – Resources for Managing Teleworkers</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Alternative Transportation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1860-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:33:26','2022-04-18 18:33:26','',1860,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1863',0,'revision','',0),