(1672,2,'2022-04-15 14:59:24','2022-04-15 14:59:24','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Combined Heat and Power (CHP)\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Combined Heat and Power (CHP)?</strong></h2>\n<p>Combined Heat and Power (CHP), also known as cogeneration, is a type of distributed energy resource that produces both electricity and thermal energy onsite, using one primary fuel.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> CHP recovers heat usually wasted in conventional power generation as thermal energy for a building’s space heating and cooling, process heating and cooling, dehumidification, or the production of more electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> CHP system can use fossil or renewable fuels and typically utilize the following prime mover technologies to combust the fuel including reciprocating engines, gas turbines, microturbines, fuel cells, and boiler or steam turbines.</p>\n<p>For example, (see Figure 1) a prime mover, such as a reciprocating engine or gas turbine uses a fuel such as natural gas to power a generator that creates electricity and emits heat. Generated electricity supplies electrical loads in the building, feeds back to the grid, or utilizes energy storage for later use (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). A heat recovery unit captures the heat and processes it for use onsite, typically for building heating applications but also for absorption cooling, an application that utilizes heat energy to cool buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> CHP systems can utilize thermal energy storage to save excess heat energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, to increase energy efficiency, and to store low priced energy and use that energy during peak demand when prices climb (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_212\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"970\"]<img class=\"wp-image-212 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-CHP-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Reciprocating engine or gas turbine with heat recovery. (Source: US DOE CHP)\" width=\"970\" height=\"450\" /> Figure 1. Reciprocating engine or gas turbine with heat recovery. (Source: US DOE CHP)[/caption]<p>Microturbines use gaseous or liquid fuels, most commonly natural gas, to produce electricity and recover exhaust heat for direct use or use in a heat recovery boiler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Steam turbines do not consume fuel directly but use steam generated by natural gas, oil, coal or biomass driven boilers or heat recovery steam generators, to produce power and thermal energy (see <em>Biomass Energy Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Fuel cells used for CHP applications utilize an electrochemical process to reform natural gas or biogas into hydrogen and then react hydrogen to generate electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2>How to Integrate CHP</h2>\n<p>The practicality of integrating CHP into a project increases when considered early in the planning stages, including early engagement with the local utility to identify permitting issues and available incentives.</p>\n<p>Contact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current CHP programs, tools, and available funding. For example, the NJ Office of Clean Energy Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Program currently offers incentives for the following CHP technologies:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Powered by non-renewable (i.e., natural gas) or renewable fuel source (i.e., biomass).</li>\n<li>Gas internal combustion engine.</li>\n<li>Gas combustion turbine.</li>\n<li>Microturbine</li>\n<li>Fuel cells with heat recovery.</li>\n<li>Waste heat to power.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The use of Class 1 renewable fuel sources and installation of CHP with black-start and islanding capabilities at designated critical facilities may qualify projects for additional incentives.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/misc/success-story/westin\">Westin – Starwood Hotel, Jersey City, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The Westin Jersey City Newport qualified for the NJ Clean Energy Combined Heat &amp; Power Program by installing three Tecogen® Inc. 100-kW natural gas engine CHP units. The co-generation units are expected to produce 1,985 MWh of electricity and 132,962 therms of energy per year. The Westin Jersey City Newport qualified for $600,000 in NJCEP incentives, covering more than 27 percent of the $2,158,229 project cost, which includes ten years of maintenance service by the manufacturer. The co-generation units could potentially save the hotel, on average, 367,209 kWh of electricity and 91,198 therms of natural gas per year, resulting in annual savings ranging from $123,007 to $212,000. With the NJCEP incentives, the project expects to pay for itself within a decade when factoring in federal tax credits.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Inherently inefficient, conventional electricity generation converts only about a third of a fuel’s potential energy into usable energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> It is reasonable to expect CHP applications to operate at 65-75% efficiency, a large improvement over the national average of ~50% for these services when separately provided.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Since overgeneration of heat and electricity occurs frequently, CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> The significant increase in energy efficiency with CHP means lower fuel consumption and reduced greenhouse gas emissions for the same level of output when compared to the separate generation of heat and power. Biomass powered CHP systems have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently (see <em>Biomass Energy Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Other benefits include CHP’s proven track record and the versatility of CHP to work with existing and planned technologies for various industrial and commercial applications. CHP also localizes energy generation, avoiding congestion issues and improving grid transmission and distribution losses associated with centralized power stations, reducing the risk of electrical grid disruptions and enhancing energy reliability. As a distributed energy generator, CHP provides a reliable and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and grid outages and can help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>CHP makes the most economic sense when electricity prices are high, and natural gas prices are low. While the initial cost of CHP systems often exceed that of conventional heating or cooling systems, reduced energy and operating costs associated with cogeneration can often justify the investment.</p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>CHP can improve the resiliency of critical infrastructure, by acting as a self-sufficient microgrid keeping essential facilities and systems running without any interruption in electric or thermal service in the absence of utility sourced power due to storms or other events.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>For example, South Oaks Hospital in Amityville, New York remained open and operational during Superstorm Sandy while over 8.5 million Long Island Power Authority (LIPA) customers had no power for a week.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> South Oaks Hospital had five 250 kW units, which kept lights on and refrigeration units operational for 15 days, even allowing the hospital to admit new patients.</p>\n<p>A form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids with the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Combined with energy storage capabilities, CHP systems hold the potential to help diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of distributed energy resources and energy storage (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA and US DOE. Guide to Using Combined Heat and Power for Enhancing Reliability and Resiliency in Buildings. September 2013. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_for_reliability_guidance.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_for_reliability_guidance.pdf</a>  (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a>   (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Microturbines <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Microturbines_0.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Microturbines_0.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Steam Turbines. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Steam%20Turbine.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Steam%20Turbine.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Fuel Cells <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Fuel%20Cell.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Fuel%20Cell.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NJ Office of Clean Energy. 2018. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Program. <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power</a> (accessed Oct 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Electropaedia. <a href=\"http://www.mpoweruk.com/fossil_fuels.htm\">http://www.mpoweruk.com/fossil_fuels.htm</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> DOE. Combined Heat and Power Basics. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future.<a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> ICF International. 2013. “Combined Heat and Power: Enabling Resilient Energy Infrastructure for Critical Facilities.” Prepared for Oak Ridge National Laboratory. March 2013. Page 2. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_critical_facilities.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_critical_facilities.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> ACEEE. New and Improved Methods for Evaluating CHP Cost-Effectiveness. <a href=\"https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2016/data/papers/4_837.pdf\">https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2016/data/papers/4_837.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/\">Biomass Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://doe.icfwebservices.com/chpdb/state/NJ\">Combined Heat and Power Installations in New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.iea.org/\">International Energy Association (IEA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">New Jersey’s Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/chp\">US EPA Combined Power and Heat Partnership</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics\">US DOE Combined Heat and Power Basics</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Combined Heat and Power (CHP)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1669-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 14:59:24','2022-04-15 14:59:24','',1669,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1672',0,'revision','',0),(1673,2,'2022-04-15 15:02:55','2022-04-15 15:02:55','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Demand Control Ventilation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Demand Control Ventilation?</h2>\n<p>Ventilation systems in commercial buildings, whether passive or active, help maintain the proper mix of gases in the air, control odors, and exhaust contaminants from occupied spaces (see <em>Natural Ventilation, Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</em>). Ventilation systems typically provide a constant flow of fresh air to occupants based on maximum building occupancy or full ventilation rates in contrast to a minimum or area ventilation rate based on reduced occupancy levels. Demand control ventilation (DCV) modulates between full and area ventilation rates based on actual or estimated occupancy levels, saving energy and improving indoor air quality. DCV systems can measure occupancy levels and adjust ventilation using one or more of the following methods:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors that adjust airflow based on CO2 levels or the number of occupants in a space.</li>\n<li>Occupant counting which counts actual or estimated occupants in a space using ticket sales, security swipes or video monitoring.</li>\n<li>Occupancy sensors that detect occupancy and switch between full or area ventilation rates.</li>\n<li>Scheduled ventilation based on estimated and scheduled occupancy.</li>\n<li>Set supply air CO2 concentrations based on design occupancy conditions in designated zones.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Figure 1 compares the different DCV methods and corresponding ventilation rates in response to changing occupancy levels.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_246\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1030\"]<img class=\"wp-image-246 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Demand-Control-Ventilation-Fig-1-1.png\" alt=\"Fig 1. Ventilation rates provided with fixed ventilation and DCV alternatives (Source: US DOE: Building Energy Codes)\" width=\"1030\" height=\"544\" /> Fig 1. Ventilation rates provided with fixed ventilation and DCV alternatives (Source: US DOE: Building Energy Codes)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Demand Control Ventilation</strong></h2>\n<p>Proper ventilation and good indoor air quality start with eliminating or reducing familiar sources of indoor air pollution such as off-gassing from building materials and furnishings.</p>\n<p>When designing a new DCV system, best practices include using zone occupancy sensors for small and less densely occupied zones, and CO2 sensors in large or densely occupied spaces, both with setpoints that follow the specific guidelines in Appendix A of the ASHRAE Standard 62.1 User’s Manual.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Well-designed and executed DCV systems take into account user requirements, operator training, and coordination among different building systems, such as occupancy sensors used for lighting and air flow. Commissioning and recommissioning provides an opportunity to check DCV set-points and offer potential energy and cost savings.</p>\n<h3>Examples</h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf\">Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation (DCV), Case Study, Minnesota.</a></p>\n<p>Information on a subset of six building systems collected from 32 buildings was taken across all seasons using building automation system data and instrumentation to document energy savings and indoor air quality before and after recommissioning of Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) systems. Building occupants also completed a comfort survey. System designers and operators provided lessons learned. Results showed that DCV implemented in large VAV systems can provide significant energy and cost savings in cold climates and recommissioning either provides additional energy savings or increased indoor air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/LGEA%20PDFs/Archives/Oradell%20Final%20LGEA%2012-03-12_Redacted.pdf\">Oradell Public School, Oradell, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The Oradell Public School conducted an energy audit as part of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities’ Local Government Energy Audit Program. The report recommended Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) as an Energy Conservation Measure (ECM) to reduce energy and utility costs and to improve indoor air quality. The following summarizes the estimated implementation costs and savings for Demand Control Ventilation (DCV):</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Electricity Savings: 18,400</li>\n<li>Natural Gas Savings: 2,700</li>\n<li>Estimated Savings: $5,200</li>\n<li>Estimated Installed Cost: $10,000</li>\n<li>Payback Period: 1.9</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>Ventilation requires energy to heat or cool outside air. Demand control ventilation (DCV) saves energy by reducing ventilation rates during times of vacancy and reduced peak occupancy. DCV improves indoor air quality, contributing to occupant health and productivity, by closely monitoring CO2 concentrations and occupancy levels that impact indoor air pollution and air quality.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>Compared to conventional ventilation systems, demand control ventilation adds up-front costs depending on the complexity and size of the system and number of sensors installed, ranging between $1 – $3 per cfm of outside air.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Demand control ventilation (DCV) offers an indirect resiliency benefit to buildings by reducing heating and cooling loads, thereby reducing stress on the grid, and the likelihood of brownouts.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> U.S. DOE. “Demand-Controlled Ventilation.” <a href=\"https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cn_demand_control_ventilation.pdf\">https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cn_demand_control_ventilation.pdf</a>  (accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources.<a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf\">https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources. <a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf\">https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources.<a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf\">https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/explore/green-building/section/30/ieq/system-overview\">General Service Administration (GSA) – Sustainable Facilities Tool</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/dcv\">Seventh Wave – Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cn_demand_control_ventilation.pdf\">US DOE: Building Energy Codes – Demand Control Ventilation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Demand Control Ventilation','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-demand-control-ventilation','','\nhttps://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/','2022-04-15 17:17:00','2022-04-15 17:17:00','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1673',0,'post','',0),(1674,2,'2022-04-15 15:00:19','2022-04-15 15:00:19','','NC Demand Control Ventilation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1673-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 15:00:19','2022-04-15 15:00:19','',1673,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1674',0,'revision','',0),(1676,2,'2022-04-15 15:02:55','2022-04-15 15:02:55','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Demand Control Ventilation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Demand Control Ventilation?</h2>\n<p>Ventilation systems in commercial buildings, whether passive or active, help maintain the proper mix of gases in the air, control odors, and exhaust contaminants from occupied spaces (see <em>Natural Ventilation, Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</em>). Ventilation systems typically provide a constant flow of fresh air to occupants based on maximum building occupancy or full ventilation rates in contrast to a minimum or area ventilation rate based on reduced occupancy levels. Demand control ventilation (DCV) modulates between full and area ventilation rates based on actual or estimated occupancy levels, saving energy and improving indoor air quality. DCV systems can measure occupancy levels and adjust ventilation using one or more of the following methods:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors that adjust airflow based on CO2 levels or the number of occupants in a space.</li>\n<li>Occupant counting which counts actual or estimated occupants in a space using ticket sales, security swipes or video monitoring.</li>\n<li>Occupancy sensors that detect occupancy and switch between full or area ventilation rates.</li>\n<li>Scheduled ventilation based on estimated and scheduled occupancy.</li>\n<li>Set supply air CO2 concentrations based on design occupancy conditions in designated zones.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Figure 1 compares the different DCV methods and corresponding ventilation rates in response to changing occupancy levels.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_246\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1030\"]<img class=\"wp-image-246 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Demand-Control-Ventilation-Fig-1-1.png\" alt=\"Fig 1. Ventilation rates provided with fixed ventilation and DCV alternatives (Source: US DOE: Building Energy Codes)\" width=\"1030\" height=\"544\" /> Fig 1. Ventilation rates provided with fixed ventilation and DCV alternatives (Source: US DOE: Building Energy Codes)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Demand Control Ventilation</strong></h2>\n<p>Proper ventilation and good indoor air quality start with eliminating or reducing familiar sources of indoor air pollution such as off-gassing from building materials and furnishings.</p>\n<p>When designing a new DCV system, best practices include using zone occupancy sensors for small and less densely occupied zones, and CO2 sensors in large or densely occupied spaces, both with setpoints that follow the specific guidelines in Appendix A of the ASHRAE Standard 62.1 User’s Manual.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Well-designed and executed DCV systems take into account user requirements, operator training, and coordination among different building systems, such as occupancy sensors used for lighting and air flow. Commissioning and recommissioning provides an opportunity to check DCV set-points and offer potential energy and cost savings.</p>\n<h3>Examples</h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf\">Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation (DCV), Case Study, Minnesota.</a></p>\n<p>Information on a subset of six building systems collected from 32 buildings was taken across all seasons using building automation system data and instrumentation to document energy savings and indoor air quality before and after recommissioning of Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) systems. Building occupants also completed a comfort survey. System designers and operators provided lessons learned. Results showed that DCV implemented in large VAV systems can provide significant energy and cost savings in cold climates and recommissioning either provides additional energy savings or increased indoor air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/LGEA%20PDFs/Archives/Oradell%20Final%20LGEA%2012-03-12_Redacted.pdf\">Oradell Public School, Oradell, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The Oradell Public School conducted an energy audit as part of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities’ Local Government Energy Audit Program. The report recommended Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) as an Energy Conservation Measure (ECM) to reduce energy and utility costs and to improve indoor air quality. The following summarizes the estimated implementation costs and savings for Demand Control Ventilation (DCV):</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Electricity Savings: 18,400</li>\n<li>Natural Gas Savings: 2,700</li>\n<li>Estimated Savings: $5,200</li>\n<li>Estimated Installed Cost: $10,000</li>\n<li>Payback Period: 1.9</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>Ventilation requires energy to heat or cool outside air. Demand control ventilation (DCV) saves energy by reducing ventilation rates during times of vacancy and reduced peak occupancy. DCV improves indoor air quality, contributing to occupant health and productivity, by closely monitoring CO2 concentrations and occupancy levels that impact indoor air pollution and air quality.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>Compared to conventional ventilation systems, demand control ventilation adds up-front costs depending on the complexity and size of the system and number of sensors installed, ranging between $1 – $3 per cfm of outside air.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Demand control ventilation (DCV) offers an indirect resiliency benefit to buildings by reducing heating and cooling loads, thereby reducing stress on the grid, and the likelihood of brownouts.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> U.S. DOE. “Demand-Controlled Ventilation.” <a href=\"https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cn_demand_control_ventilation.pdf\">https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cn_demand_control_ventilation.pdf</a>  (accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources.<a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf\">https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources. <a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf\">https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources.<a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf\">https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/explore/green-building/section/30/ieq/system-overview\">General Service Administration (GSA) – Sustainable Facilities Tool</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/dcv\">Seventh Wave – Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cn_demand_control_ventilation.pdf\">US DOE: Building Energy Codes – Demand Control Ventilation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Demand Control Ventilation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1673-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 15:02:55','2022-04-15 15:02:55','',1673,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1676',0,'revision','',0);
INSERT INTO `wp_posts` VALUES (1677,2,'2022-04-15 15:09:37','2022-04-15 15:09:37','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Recovery Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Energy Recovery Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems transfer heat from outgoing air to incoming air in the winter and from incoming air to outgoing air in the summer, lowering heating and cooling costs and overall energy use. There are different types of systems, all featuring a heat exchanger, controls, and one or more fans to move air through the machine.</p>\n<p>Energy recovery technologies include heat-recovery ventilators (HRV) and energy-recovery ventilators (ERV). Large ventilation systems with dedicated or shared duct systems may contain small, wall or window-mounted units. ERVs transfer a portion of the water vapor, along with heat energy, while HRVs transfer heat only.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Common design configurations include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Flat-plate heat exchanger systems that transfer energy between the incoming and exhaust air streams using a fixed heat exchanger.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Run-around coil systems utilize waste heat in the process cooling water from an application such as laboratory equipment and supply domestic hot water and space heating for facilities.</li>\n<li>Regenerative heat wheels consist of revolving discs filled with an air-permeable medium that transfer heat and moisture from one air stream to the next reducing warm air infiltration or heat and moisture loss from buildings.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>[caption id=\"attachment_243\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"962\"]<img class=\"wp-image-243 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Recovery-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram[3] (Source: DPoint Technologies)\" width=\"962\" height=\"566\" /> Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram[3] (Source: DPoint Technologies)[/caption]<br />\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Recovery Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Proper installation, sizing, and placement of ducts and regular maintenance impacts performance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> In cold climates, energy recovery ventilators must have a device to prevent freezing and frost formation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Experienced and qualified HVAC contractors should install, properly test, and balance the system. Regularly clean exchangers to ensure high performance and prevent mold and bacteria buildup.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/newcommercial/casestudies/eda.php\">Waterfront Technology Center – Camden, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The LEED-Core &amp; Shell Gold Certified Waterfront Technology Center in Camden, NJ, includes an ERV incorporated into its rooftop mechanical room. This five-story, 100,000 square foot facility leases to a range of tenants including offices and wet labs.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/misc/success-story/panasonic\">Panasonic Corporation of North America, Newark, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The Panasonic building utilized expert guidance and financial incentives offered through the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/pay-performance\">NJ Clean Energy Pay for Performance Program</a> and incorporated an energy recovery ventilation thermal wheel system, resulting in 15 percent less energy use compared to a minimally code-compliant building.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems can recover about 70-80% of the energy in exiting air and transfer it to incoming air reducing energy consumption and costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> By controlling humidity and cycling in fresh air to replace stale or contaminated indoor air, ERV’s can improve indoor air quality and occupant thermal comfort, which is often linked to increased occupant satisfaction and productivity.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Climates with extreme temperatures or areas with high heating and cooling costs make energy recovery systems most cost-effective.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Properly designed systems can reduce the size of the HVAC system by 50%, and energy use by 33%, achieving a life-cycle cost savings of zero to three years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><sup>  </sup>Typical cost savings and project cost associated with various heat recovery systems, both industrial and commercial, can be found on the DOE IAC database.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Financial paybacks depend on the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Added capital costs for ERV equipment</li>\n<li>Avoided capital costs that result from HVAC equipment downsizing</li>\n<li>Net annual energy savings provided by ERV systems</li>\n<li>Incremental annual maintenance cost increases due to ERV systems<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems offer an indirect resiliency benefit to buildings by reducing heating and cooling loads, thereby reducing stress on the grid, and the likelihood of brownouts.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> National Resources Canada (NRCan): Heat/Energy Recovery Systems</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/categories/cooling-ventilating/ventilating/hrv/16197\">https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/categories/cooling-ventilating/ventilating/hrv/16197</a> (accessed Dec 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> US EPA. School Advanced Ventilation Engineering Software. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/school-advanced-ventilation-engineering-software-saves\">https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/school-advanced-ventilation-engineering-software-saves</a>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> University of Minnesota (UMN). Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210512135007/http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory. Energy Recovery. <a href=\"http://ateam.lbl.gov/Design-Guide/DGHtm/energyrecovery.htm\">http://ateam.lbl.gov/Design-Guide/DGHtm/energyrecovery.htm</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> US DOE. 2018. “Energy Recovery Systems.” Industrial Assessment Center.   <a href=\"https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.24\">https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.24</a> &amp; <a href=\"https://iac.university/recommendationTypes/2.24\">https://iac.university/recommendationTypes/2.24</a> (accessed Dec 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> US EPA. School Advanced Ventilation Engineering Software. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/school-advanced-ventilation-engineering-software-saves\">https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/school-advanced-ventilation-engineering-software-saves</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/categories/cooling-ventilating/ventilating/hrv/16197\">National Resources Canada (NRCan): Heat/Energy Recovery Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/pay-performance\">NJ Office of Clean Energy: Pay for Performance Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Environmental Protection Agency</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/heating-ventilation-and-air-conditioning-systems-part-indoor-air-quality-design-tools#EnergyRecoveryVentilation\">Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV) for Schools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/school-advanced-ventilation-engineering-software-saves\">The School Advanced Ventilation Engineering Software (SAVES) – helps assess cost savings and benefits of ERV systems in schools</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Energy Recovery Systems','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-energy-recovery-systems','','\nhttps://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/','2022-06-23 19:30:20','2022-06-23 19:30:20','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1677',0,'post','',0),(1678,2,'2022-04-15 15:03:18','2022-04-15 15:03:18','','NC Energy Recovery Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1677-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 15:03:18','2022-04-15 15:03:18','',1677,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1678',0,'revision','',0),(1680,2,'2022-04-15 15:08:45','2022-04-15 15:08:45','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Smart Sensors and Controls\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Smart Sensors and Controls?</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart sensors are devices that monitor conditions of the physical environment and building equipment such as temperature, air flow, moisture, humidity, lighting and daylighting levels, offer smoke and CO detection, and collect data about real-time building occupancy, and energy and water use (see <em>Daylighting</em>). Electronic actuators process these measurements, and smart controls utilize the data to adjust building conditions and optimize building performance in areas such as lighting and shading, HVAC systems, security, fire suppression, equipment plug loads, and landscape irrigation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Controls utilize software with standardized communication protocols on networked computing devices such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, PCs or through dedicated hardware interfaces such as wall-mounted controls. Smart buildings consist of an integrated network of advanced sensors and controls and use Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to connect building systems and enable automated building operations and control.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_239\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"658\"]<img class=\"wp-image-239 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Smart-Sensors-and-Controls-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Weather-Based Irrigation Control System (Source: Flickr user slworking2)\" width=\"658\" height=\"502\" /> Figure 1 – Weather-Based Irrigation Control System (Source: Flickr user slworking2)[/caption]<p>For example, smart thermostats coupled with smart HVAC systems use multiple sensors and controls to monitor and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings, control energy consumption in unoccupied areas, and detect and diagnose issues. Smart appliances such as refrigerators and freezers use sensors and controls to remotely track and manage variables such as temperature, humidity, and energy use. Demand response enabled devices, including smart thermostats and certain appliances, can be controlled remotely by an energy provider to reduce peak power demand (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Smart lighting consists of networked LED and linear fluorescent luminaires with advanced sensors that can detect lighting failure and advanced controls that utilize dual-technology infrared plus ultrasonic occupancy and vacancy sensing, daylight harvesting, dimming controls and task tuning (see <em>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Smart solar window films adjust window tints based on incoming daylight, and window shading systems use auto-controlled devices that open and close at specific times of the day to manage light levels and solar heat gain (see <em>Energy-Efficient Windows</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Smart plug load controls, including smart outlets and advanced power strips, use scheduling, motion sensing, or load detection to turn off equipment when not in use (see <em>ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load</em>). Smoke detectors enable automated sprinkler systems to function correctly, and CO sensors trigger alarms to protect building occupants before exposure to dangerous CO levels. Smart security systems automatically unlock doors for building employees using different types of sensors such as facial recognition or mobile phone GPS. Smart water metering and irrigation systems use sensors to monitor water use, detect leaks, and prevent irrigation systems from running when it is raining or when unnecessary.</p>\n<p>Smart building technologies can connect users to a smart grid (see <em>Smart Metering</em>). Smart metered buildings utilize advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advanced monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Smart metered buildings with on-site renewable energy generation (see <em>Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems</em>) and energy storage (see<em> Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>) can signal consumers to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated on-site or from the grid when electricity demand is low (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Smart Sensors and Controls</strong></h2>\n<p>The decision to install smart sensors and controls and the type of technologies selected depends on the size of the building and the building’s intended use. Smart system set-up and installation requires expert assistance. A building can incorporate multiple smart technologies or a single service such as a smart lighting system or a smart security system depending on the needs and desires of the building users. Look for devices with interoperability between smart building technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.</p>\n<p>While sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.</p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart building technologies that increase energy-efficiency.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings/energy-management/wireless-thermostats-for-pneumatic-systems\">GSA Green Proving Ground (GPG): Wireless Pneumatic Thermostats</a></p>\n<p>A study conducted by the GSA Green Proving Ground Program found that wireless pneumatic thermostats, which detect space temperature and can wirelessly control HVAC systems, can cost-effectively reduce energy use by implementing unoccupied/occupied energy-saving control strategies.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/misc/success-story/panasonic\">Panasonic Corporation of North America, Newark, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Through New Jersey’s Clean Energy Pay for Performance Program, Panasonic received guidance and financial incentives to implement lighting control strategies including daylight harvesting.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart building technologies provide tools to detect and manage building operations and maintenance, comfort, and energy performance issues, resulting in better equipment maintenance, higher occupant satisfaction, and reduced energy consumption and costs. Smart metered buildings can also track real-time energy consumption, allowing business owners to monitor and certify peak energy use reductions, and take advantage of lower electricity charges and peak demand incentive programs offered by utilities.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The initial cost, energy savings, and payback of smart technologies vary depending on the technology’s features and capabilities. In general, smart technologies that cover the whole building in one application benefit from economies of scale and cost less to install per square foot in larger buildings than in smaller ones. Individual technologies, such as smart thermostats typically cost less for smaller buildings. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation and commissioning costs compared to wired devices. Savings from the reduced utility demand charges often cover the costs of smart control projects.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart controls contribute to a building’s resiliency by providing real-time feedback on the status of critical building systems, notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, and providing remote access for turning systems on or off during potential power outages or other disruptive events. Smart sensors that do not rely on external power or wired networks can continue to provide feedback during power outages. Smart metering and smart devices and appliances with demand response ready equipment also benefit the energy system and promote resiliency by supporting grid stability, reducing peak energy demand, and increasing the use of renewable energy.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Marina Sofos. 2018. “Sensor and Control Technologies: R&amp;D Overview.” Building Technologies Office (BTO). U.S. Department of Energy: Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. BTO Peer Review. April 30, 2018. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/05/f52/Sofos-Peer-Review-S%26C-043018.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/05/f52/Sofos-Peer-Review-S%26C-043018.pdf</a> (accessed Aug 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   <a href=\"http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf\">http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf</a> (accessed August 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. <a href=\"https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes\">https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes</a> (accessed August 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   <a href=\"http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf\">http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf</a> (accessed August 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: A Deeper Dive into Market Segments.” December 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. <a href=\"http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf\">http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf</a> (accessed August 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. <a href=\"https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes\">https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes</a> (accessed August 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. <a href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/\">https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/</a>  (accessed May 3, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. <a href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/\">https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/</a>  (accessed May 3, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> EPRI. “Estimating the Cost and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf</a> (accessed May 5, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/\">ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/\">On-Site Wind Energy Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://aceee.org/\">American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://cda.iea-4e.org/\">The Connected Devices Alliance (CDA) Centre of Excellence</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/heating_cooling/smart_thermostats\">ENERGY STAR – Smart Thermostats</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartbuildingscenter.org/\">Smart Buildings Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/smart-controls\">Whole Building Design Guide – Smart Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Smart Sensors and Controls','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-smart-sensors-and-controls','','','2022-04-15 17:17:00','2022-04-15 17:17:00','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1680',0,'post','',0),(1681,2,'2022-04-15 15:06:26','2022-04-15 15:06:26','','NC Smart Sensors and Controls','','inherit','closed','closed','','1680-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 15:06:26','2022-04-15 15:06:26','',1680,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1681',0,'revision','',0),(1683,2,'2022-04-15 15:08:45','2022-04-15 15:08:45','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Smart Sensors and Controls\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Smart Sensors and Controls?</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart sensors are devices that monitor conditions of the physical environment and building equipment such as temperature, air flow, moisture, humidity, lighting and daylighting levels, offer smoke and CO detection, and collect data about real-time building occupancy, and energy and water use (see <em>Daylighting</em>). Electronic actuators process these measurements, and smart controls utilize the data to adjust building conditions and optimize building performance in areas such as lighting and shading, HVAC systems, security, fire suppression, equipment plug loads, and landscape irrigation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Controls utilize software with standardized communication protocols on networked computing devices such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, PCs or through dedicated hardware interfaces such as wall-mounted controls. Smart buildings consist of an integrated network of advanced sensors and controls and use Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to connect building systems and enable automated building operations and control.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_239\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"658\"]<img class=\"wp-image-239 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Smart-Sensors-and-Controls-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Weather-Based Irrigation Control System (Source: Flickr user slworking2)\" width=\"658\" height=\"502\" /> Figure 1 – Weather-Based Irrigation Control System (Source: Flickr user slworking2)[/caption]<p>For example, smart thermostats coupled with smart HVAC systems use multiple sensors and controls to monitor and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings, control energy consumption in unoccupied areas, and detect and diagnose issues. Smart appliances such as refrigerators and freezers use sensors and controls to remotely track and manage variables such as temperature, humidity, and energy use. Demand response enabled devices, including smart thermostats and certain appliances, can be controlled remotely by an energy provider to reduce peak power demand (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Smart lighting consists of networked LED and linear fluorescent luminaires with advanced sensors that can detect lighting failure and advanced controls that utilize dual-technology infrared plus ultrasonic occupancy and vacancy sensing, daylight harvesting, dimming controls and task tuning (see <em>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Smart solar window films adjust window tints based on incoming daylight, and window shading systems use auto-controlled devices that open and close at specific times of the day to manage light levels and solar heat gain (see <em>Energy-Efficient Windows</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Smart plug load controls, including smart outlets and advanced power strips, use scheduling, motion sensing, or load detection to turn off equipment when not in use (see <em>ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load</em>). Smoke detectors enable automated sprinkler systems to function correctly, and CO sensors trigger alarms to protect building occupants before exposure to dangerous CO levels. Smart security systems automatically unlock doors for building employees using different types of sensors such as facial recognition or mobile phone GPS. Smart water metering and irrigation systems use sensors to monitor water use, detect leaks, and prevent irrigation systems from running when it is raining or when unnecessary.</p>\n<p>Smart building technologies can connect users to a smart grid (see <em>Smart Metering</em>). Smart metered buildings utilize advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advanced monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Smart metered buildings with on-site renewable energy generation (see <em>Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems</em>) and energy storage (see<em> Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>) can signal consumers to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated on-site or from the grid when electricity demand is low (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Smart Sensors and Controls</strong></h2>\n<p>The decision to install smart sensors and controls and the type of technologies selected depends on the size of the building and the building’s intended use. Smart system set-up and installation requires expert assistance. A building can incorporate multiple smart technologies or a single service such as a smart lighting system or a smart security system depending on the needs and desires of the building users. Look for devices with interoperability between smart building technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.</p>\n<p>While sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.</p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart building technologies that increase energy-efficiency.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings/energy-management/wireless-thermostats-for-pneumatic-systems\">GSA Green Proving Ground (GPG): Wireless Pneumatic Thermostats</a></p>\n<p>A study conducted by the GSA Green Proving Ground Program found that wireless pneumatic thermostats, which detect space temperature and can wirelessly control HVAC systems, can cost-effectively reduce energy use by implementing unoccupied/occupied energy-saving control strategies.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/misc/success-story/panasonic\">Panasonic Corporation of North America, Newark, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Through New Jersey’s Clean Energy Pay for Performance Program, Panasonic received guidance and financial incentives to implement lighting control strategies including daylight harvesting.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart building technologies provide tools to detect and manage building operations and maintenance, comfort, and energy performance issues, resulting in better equipment maintenance, higher occupant satisfaction, and reduced energy consumption and costs. Smart metered buildings can also track real-time energy consumption, allowing business owners to monitor and certify peak energy use reductions, and take advantage of lower electricity charges and peak demand incentive programs offered by utilities.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The initial cost, energy savings, and payback of smart technologies vary depending on the technology’s features and capabilities. In general, smart technologies that cover the whole building in one application benefit from economies of scale and cost less to install per square foot in larger buildings than in smaller ones. Individual technologies, such as smart thermostats typically cost less for smaller buildings. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation and commissioning costs compared to wired devices. Savings from the reduced utility demand charges often cover the costs of smart control projects.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart controls contribute to a building’s resiliency by providing real-time feedback on the status of critical building systems, notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, and providing remote access for turning systems on or off during potential power outages or other disruptive events. Smart sensors that do not rely on external power or wired networks can continue to provide feedback during power outages. Smart metering and smart devices and appliances with demand response ready equipment also benefit the energy system and promote resiliency by supporting grid stability, reducing peak energy demand, and increasing the use of renewable energy.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Marina Sofos. 2018. “Sensor and Control Technologies: R&amp;D Overview.” Building Technologies Office (BTO). U.S. Department of Energy: Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. BTO Peer Review. April 30, 2018. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/05/f52/Sofos-Peer-Review-S%26C-043018.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/05/f52/Sofos-Peer-Review-S%26C-043018.pdf</a> (accessed Aug 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   <a href=\"http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf\">http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf</a> (accessed August 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. <a href=\"https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes\">https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes</a> (accessed August 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   <a href=\"http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf\">http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf</a> (accessed August 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: A Deeper Dive into Market Segments.” December 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. <a href=\"http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf\">http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf</a> (accessed August 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. <a href=\"https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes\">https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes</a> (accessed August 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. <a href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/\">https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/</a>  (accessed May 3, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. <a href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/\">https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/</a>  (accessed May 3, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> EPRI. “Estimating the Cost and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf</a> (accessed May 5, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/\">ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/\">On-Site Wind Energy Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://aceee.org/\">American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://cda.iea-4e.org/\">The Connected Devices Alliance (CDA) Centre of Excellence</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/heating_cooling/smart_thermostats\">ENERGY STAR – Smart Thermostats</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartbuildingscenter.org/\">Smart Buildings Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/smart-controls\">Whole Building Design Guide – Smart Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Smart Sensors and Controls','','inherit','closed','closed','','1680-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 15:08:45','2022-04-15 15:08:45','',1680,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1683',0,'revision','',0),(1684,2,'2022-04-15 15:09:37','2022-04-15 15:09:37','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Recovery Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Energy Recovery Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems transfer heat from outgoing air to incoming air in the winter and from incoming air to outgoing air in the summer, lowering heating and cooling costs and overall energy use. There are different types of systems, all featuring a heat exchanger, controls, and one or more fans to move air through the machine.</p>\n<p>Energy recovery technologies include heat-recovery ventilators (HRV) and energy-recovery ventilators (ERV). Large ventilation systems with dedicated or shared duct systems may contain small, wall or window-mounted units. ERVs transfer a portion of the water vapor, along with heat energy, while HRVs transfer heat only.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Common design configurations include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Flat-plate heat exchanger systems that transfer energy between the incoming and exhaust air streams using a fixed heat exchanger.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Run-around coil systems utilize waste heat in the process cooling water from an application such as laboratory equipment and supply domestic hot water and space heating for facilities.</li>\n<li>Regenerative heat wheels consist of revolving discs filled with an air-permeable medium that transfer heat and moisture from one air stream to the next reducing warm air infiltration or heat and moisture loss from buildings.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>[caption id=\"attachment_243\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"962\"]<img class=\"wp-image-243 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Recovery-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram[3] (Source: DPoint Technologies)\" width=\"962\" height=\"566\" /> Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram[3] (Source: DPoint Technologies)[/caption]<br />\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Recovery Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Proper installation, sizing, and placement of ducts and regular maintenance impacts performance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> In cold climates, energy recovery ventilators must have a device to prevent freezing and frost formation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Experienced and qualified HVAC contractors should install, properly test, and balance the system. Regularly clean exchangers to ensure high performance and prevent mold and bacteria buildup.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/newcommercial/casestudies/eda.php\">Waterfront Technology Center – Camden, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The LEED-Core &amp; Shell Gold Certified Waterfront Technology Center in Camden, NJ, includes an ERV incorporated into its rooftop mechanical room. This five-story, 100,000 square foot facility leases to a range of tenants including offices and wet labs.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/misc/success-story/panasonic\">Panasonic Corporation of North America, Newark, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The Panasonic building utilized expert guidance and financial incentives offered through the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/pay-performance\">NJ Clean Energy Pay for Performance Program</a> and incorporated an energy recovery ventilation thermal wheel system, resulting in 15 percent less energy use compared to a minimally code-compliant building.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems can recover about 70-80% of the energy in exiting air and transfer it to incoming air reducing energy consumption and costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> By controlling humidity and cycling in fresh air to replace stale or contaminated indoor air, ERV’s can improve indoor air quality and occupant thermal comfort, which is often linked to increased occupant satisfaction and productivity.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Climates with extreme temperatures or areas with high heating and cooling costs make energy recovery systems most cost-effective.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Properly designed systems can reduce the size of the HVAC system by 50%, and energy use by 33%, achieving a life-cycle cost savings of zero to three years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><sup>  </sup>Typical cost savings and project cost associated with various heat recovery systems, both industrial and commercial, can be found on the DOE IAC database.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Financial paybacks depend on the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Added capital costs for ERV equipment</li>\n<li>Avoided capital costs that result from HVAC equipment downsizing</li>\n<li>Net annual energy savings provided by ERV systems</li>\n<li>Incremental annual maintenance cost increases due to ERV systems<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems offer an indirect resiliency benefit to buildings by reducing heating and cooling loads, thereby reducing stress on the grid, and the likelihood of brownouts.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> National Resources Canada (NRCan): Heat/Energy Recovery Systems</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/categories/cooling-ventilating/ventilating/hrv/16197\">https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/categories/cooling-ventilating/ventilating/hrv/16197</a> (accessed Dec 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> US EPA. School Advanced Ventilation Engineering Software. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/school-advanced-ventilation-engineering-software-saves\">https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/school-advanced-ventilation-engineering-software-saves</a>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> University of Minnesota (UMN). Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators <a href=\"http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory. Energy Recovery. <a href=\"http://ateam.lbl.gov/Design-Guide/DGHtm/energyrecovery.htm\">http://ateam.lbl.gov/Design-Guide/DGHtm/energyrecovery.htm</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> US DOE. 2018. “Energy Recovery Systems.” Industrial Assessment Center.   <a href=\"https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.24\">https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.24</a> &amp; <a href=\"https://iac.university/recommendationTypes/2.24\">https://iac.university/recommendationTypes/2.24</a> (accessed Dec 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> US EPA. School Advanced Ventilation Engineering Software. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/school-advanced-ventilation-engineering-software-saves\">https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/school-advanced-ventilation-engineering-software-saves</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/categories/cooling-ventilating/ventilating/hrv/16197\">National Resources Canada (NRCan): Heat/Energy Recovery Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/pay-performance\">NJ Office of Clean Energy: Pay for Performance Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Environmental Protection Agency</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/heating-ventilation-and-air-conditioning-systems-part-indoor-air-quality-design-tools#EnergyRecoveryVentilation\">Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV) for Schools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/school-advanced-ventilation-engineering-software-saves\">The School Advanced Ventilation Engineering Software (SAVES) – helps assess cost savings and benefits of ERV systems in schools</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Energy Recovery Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1677-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 15:09:37','2022-04-15 15:09:37','',1677,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1684',0,'revision','',0),(1685,2,'2022-04-15 15:15:47','2022-04-15 15:15:47','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Thermal Energy Storage\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Thermal Energy Storage?</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal energy storage (TES) stockpiles thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium for later use in heating and cooling applications and power generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems can utilize thermal energy storage to manage energy loads and reduce peak demand or to provide backup power (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power, Combined Heat and Power (CHP), Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). In the building sector, TES systems supply thermal energy for domestic hot water, space heating, and air-conditioning. The solar industry utilizes TES to store energy for concentrating solar power (CSP) plants, which use mirrors to focus sunlight and produce and store high-temperature thermal energy for electricity production in the absence of sunlight.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_526\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"wp-image-526 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Thermal-Energy-Storage-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Stratified water thermal storage system at Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Source: US DOE).\" width=\"630\" height=\"406\" /> Figure 1 – Stratified water thermal storage system at Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Source: US DOE).[/caption]<p>There are three kinds of TES systems:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Sensible heat storage, which stores thermal energy by heating or cooling a liquid or solid storage medium (e.g., water, sand, molten salts, rocks).</li>\n<li>Latent heat storage, which uses phase change materials or PCMs (e.g., from a solid state into a liquid state).</li>\n<li>Thermo-chemical storage (TCS), which uses chemical reactions to store and release thermal energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></li>\n</ol>\n<p>Sensible heat storage and latent heat storage are the most widely used for commercial building applications. Currently more complicated and cost prohibitive, future advances in thermochemical heat storage (THS) systems hold the potential for high storage density, low volume requirements, low heat loss, longer storage periods and low charging temperature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>TES technologies for heating applications include electrical or solar thermal water heating systems that use hot water tanks to store water until it is needed. TES systems improve the energy efficiency of buildings and provide cost savings by storing waste heat or by-product heat when it is available and supplying it upon demand.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Typical independent parameters that characterize TES systems in use are shown in the below table.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><img class=\"wp-image-561 alignnone size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Thermal-Energy-Storage-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Typical independent parameters that characterize TES systems\" width=\"1352\" height=\"188\" /></p>\n<p>TES technologies for cool storage include:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Sensible heat storage systems, such as chilled water (CHW) TES, and low-temperature fluid (LTF) TES, which store thermal energy as a temperature change.</li>\n<li>Latent heat storage systems, such as ice TES, which store thermal energy as a change of phase material (e.g., water to ice).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong>How to Integrate a Thermal Energy Storage System</strong></h2>\n<p>First, assess whether the building meets one or more of the following conditions for integrating TES: high utility demand costs, high peak-use utility costs, high daily load variations, short durations of loads, infrequent cyclical loads, and available incentives or rebates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>Next, determine what type of TES system to install based on the building size and utility costs. Phase change TES system typically work for small buildings while larger buildings often utilize temperature change systems. For example, small commercial buildings with space constraints may want to consider ice storage systems designed with integrated roof-top mounted, direct-expansion cooling systems. For larger commercial buildings, think about a stand-alone water chiller system with high thermal storage capacity. TES technology also scales well to district energy systems that serve multiple buildings.</p>\n<p>Final steps include installation and monitoring performance to fine-tune the system and to calculate payback periods and cost-savings.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.hpbmagazine.org/attachments/article/12185/15S-Energy-Systems-Integration-Facility-Golden-CO.pdf\">NREL’s Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF), Golden, CO.</a></p>\n<p>The Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) at the US DOE’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) houses a state-of-the-art high-performance computing data center built to LEED Platinum. Hot water loops harvest waste heat from the data center and provide heating for the offices and labs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Data center waste heat also heats glycol loops located under the plaza and walkway, melting snow and improving walkway safety.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a>  Utility rebates supported building commissioning, performance verification, and system improvements.</p>\n<p><u>TIAA-CREF, New York City, NY</u></p>\n<p>The Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association (TIAA) replaced an aging chiller system with a new rooftop, chilled water system for ice production that runs during off-peak hours and includes a 30-tank thermal storage system.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.calmac.com/energy-storage-case-study-1155-ave-of-theamericas\">Durst Organization, New York City, NY</a></p>\n<p>The 41-story Durst Organization headquarters building uses off-peak, nigh-time electricity to make and store ice in 28 storage tanks located in the basement. Small pumps move ice-cooled fluid past fans that blow cold air into the building during daytime operations.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems facilitate participation in demand response programs, reducing peak demand, energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and costs by utilizing less expensive, off-peak electricity and by increasing the overall efficiency of energy systems (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). TES systems improve grid reliability by shifting peak heating and cooling loads from periods of high-demand to low-demand, eliminating the need for building new or maintaining older, less-efficient standby energy plants, and providing backup power to the grid like a generator and supporting distributed renewables generation.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>TES saves money on electricity and maintenance costs depending on the design of the system, the cooling, and heating requirements of the space, and the time of day during which the storage unit uses energy for its operation. Ideally, TES systems remove thermal energy from the medium during off-peak periods and circulate it during periods of high heating and cooling demand.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>TES systems increase in effectiveness when existing electricity demands vary during the day, as the heat capacity of the medium enables the spreading out of electricity demands more than would be possible with a traditional cooling system. As a result, TES systems work most effectively in buildings experiencing peaks in electricity demands throughout the day and in a location with high peak rates for electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Prices vary depending on the type of TES system selected, variations in site-specific conditions and individual vendor offerings, but annual energy savings can offset the system costs within ten years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Also, financing and incentives are sometimes available from utility companies to implement sizeable thermal energy storage systems. For example, the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) helped fund the TIAA-CREF building mentioned above.</p>\n<p>While the cost-savings of shifting load to off-peak hours drives adoption of most TES systems, designs that reduce chiller size and cost and improve building system efficiency make TES systems for customers with a flat electricity rate a viable option as well.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>Check with the New Jersey Clean Energy Program’s Combined Heat &amp; Power Program, Pay for Performance Program, and NJ SmartStart Buildings Programs for available incentives and rebates.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>TES systems offer a redundant building system for sustaining uninterrupted power in the event of a power outage. In the case of an emergency, TES systems provide a backup resource to supply heating or cooling to critical areas of a building. TES systems can complement traditional backup generation as part of an islandable microgrid and provide backup power during a grid outage or mechanical failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> By contributing to the downsizing of chillers and HVAC equipment, TES systems reduce the stress on the grid during severe winter weather and heat waves, contributing to grid reliability. By shifting energy loads to off-peak hours, TES systems encourage the use of clean and renewable energy sources.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> International Energy Agency Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (IEA-ETSAP) and International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). January 2013. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief. <a href=\"https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E17%20Thermal%20Energy%20Storage.pdf\">https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E17%20Thermal%20Energy%20Storage.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Mehos, Mark, et al. 2016. On the Path to SunShot: Advancing Concentrating Solar Power Technology, Performance, and Dispatchability. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65688.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65688.pdf</a> (accessed April 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief. <a href=\"https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E17%20Thermal%20Energy%20Storage.pdf\">https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E17%20Thermal%20Energy%20Storage.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Devrim Aydin et al. The latest advancements in thermochemical heat storage systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol 41. Jan 2015. Pages 356-357. <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114007308?via%3Dihub\">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114007308?via%3Dihub</a> (accessed April 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief. (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Sarbu, I.; Sebarchievici, C. A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage. <em>Sustainability</em> 2018, <em>10</em>, 191.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief.</p>\n<p>ntegration Facility (ESIF).” High-Performance Buildings. Spring 2015. <a href=\"http://www.hpbmagazine.org/attachments/article/12185/15S-Energy-Systems-Integration-Facility-Golden-CO.pdf\">http://www.hpbmagazine.org/attachments/article/12185/15S-Energy-Systems-Integration-Facility-Golden-CO.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Michael Sheppy et al. “Energy Integration – Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF).” High-Performance Buildings. Spring 2015.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> NJ Department of Environmental Protection. “Infrastructure Energy Efficiency” <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/opsc/docs/Infrastructure_Energy.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/opsc/docs/Infrastructure_Energy.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US DOE. Federal Energy Management Program. “Thermal Energy Storage for Space Cooling.” <a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996\">https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996</a> (accessed April 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US DOE. Federal Energy Management Program. “Thermal Energy Storage for Space Cooling.” <a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996\">https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996</a> (accessed April 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> NREL. Analysis Identifies Where Commercial Customers Might Benefit from Battery Energy Storage. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/where-commercial-customers-benefit-from-battery-energy-storage.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/where-commercial-customers-benefit-from-battery-energy-storage.html</a> (accessed April 13, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://iea-eces.org/\">Energy Conservation through Energy Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/battery-thermal-energy-storage.html\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Battery and Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/pay-performance/existing-buildings\">New Jersey’s Clean Energy Program – Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://eere.pnl.gov/femp/publications.stm\">Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/pnnl-19853.pdf\">The Role of Energy Storage in Commercial Buildings – Preliminary Report</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/thermal-storage-rd-csp-systems\">Thermal Storage R&amp;D for CSP systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996\">Thermal Energy Storage for Space Cooling</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Thermal Energy Storage','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-thermal-energy-storage','','','2022-04-15 17:16:59','2022-04-15 17:16:59','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1685',0,'post','',0),(1686,2,'2022-04-15 15:11:04','2022-04-15 15:11:04','','NC Thermal Energy Storage','','inherit','closed','closed','','1685-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 15:11:04','2022-04-15 15:11:04','',1685,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1686',0,'revision','',0),(1688,2,'2022-04-15 15:15:47','2022-04-15 15:15:47','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Thermal Energy Storage\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Thermal Energy Storage?</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal energy storage (TES) stockpiles thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium for later use in heating and cooling applications and power generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems can utilize thermal energy storage to manage energy loads and reduce peak demand or to provide backup power (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power, Combined Heat and Power (CHP), Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). In the building sector, TES systems supply thermal energy for domestic hot water, space heating, and air-conditioning. The solar industry utilizes TES to store energy for concentrating solar power (CSP) plants, which use mirrors to focus sunlight and produce and store high-temperature thermal energy for electricity production in the absence of sunlight.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_526\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"wp-image-526 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Thermal-Energy-Storage-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Stratified water thermal storage system at Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Source: US DOE).\" width=\"630\" height=\"406\" /> Figure 1 – Stratified water thermal storage system at Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Source: US DOE).[/caption]<p>There are three kinds of TES systems:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Sensible heat storage, which stores thermal energy by heating or cooling a liquid or solid storage medium (e.g., water, sand, molten salts, rocks).</li>\n<li>Latent heat storage, which uses phase change materials or PCMs (e.g., from a solid state into a liquid state).</li>\n<li>Thermo-chemical storage (TCS), which uses chemical reactions to store and release thermal energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></li>\n</ol>\n<p>Sensible heat storage and latent heat storage are the most widely used for commercial building applications. Currently more complicated and cost prohibitive, future advances in thermochemical heat storage (THS) systems hold the potential for high storage density, low volume requirements, low heat loss, longer storage periods and low charging temperature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>TES technologies for heating applications include electrical or solar thermal water heating systems that use hot water tanks to store water until it is needed. TES systems improve the energy efficiency of buildings and provide cost savings by storing waste heat or by-product heat when it is available and supplying it upon demand.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Typical independent parameters that characterize TES systems in use are shown in the below table.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><img class=\"wp-image-561 alignnone size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Thermal-Energy-Storage-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Typical independent parameters that characterize TES systems\" width=\"1352\" height=\"188\" /></p>\n<p>TES technologies for cool storage include:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Sensible heat storage systems, such as chilled water (CHW) TES, and low-temperature fluid (LTF) TES, which store thermal energy as a temperature change.</li>\n<li>Latent heat storage systems, such as ice TES, which store thermal energy as a change of phase material (e.g., water to ice).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong>How to Integrate a Thermal Energy Storage System</strong></h2>\n<p>First, assess whether the building meets one or more of the following conditions for integrating TES: high utility demand costs, high peak-use utility costs, high daily load variations, short durations of loads, infrequent cyclical loads, and available incentives or rebates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>Next, determine what type of TES system to install based on the building size and utility costs. Phase change TES system typically work for small buildings while larger buildings often utilize temperature change systems. For example, small commercial buildings with space constraints may want to consider ice storage systems designed with integrated roof-top mounted, direct-expansion cooling systems. For larger commercial buildings, think about a stand-alone water chiller system with high thermal storage capacity. TES technology also scales well to district energy systems that serve multiple buildings.</p>\n<p>Final steps include installation and monitoring performance to fine-tune the system and to calculate payback periods and cost-savings.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.hpbmagazine.org/attachments/article/12185/15S-Energy-Systems-Integration-Facility-Golden-CO.pdf\">NREL’s Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF), Golden, CO.</a></p>\n<p>The Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) at the US DOE’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) houses a state-of-the-art high-performance computing data center built to LEED Platinum. Hot water loops harvest waste heat from the data center and provide heating for the offices and labs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Data center waste heat also heats glycol loops located under the plaza and walkway, melting snow and improving walkway safety.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a>  Utility rebates supported building commissioning, performance verification, and system improvements.</p>\n<p><u>TIAA-CREF, New York City, NY</u></p>\n<p>The Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association (TIAA) replaced an aging chiller system with a new rooftop, chilled water system for ice production that runs during off-peak hours and includes a 30-tank thermal storage system.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.calmac.com/energy-storage-case-study-1155-ave-of-theamericas\">Durst Organization, New York City, NY</a></p>\n<p>The 41-story Durst Organization headquarters building uses off-peak, nigh-time electricity to make and store ice in 28 storage tanks located in the basement. Small pumps move ice-cooled fluid past fans that blow cold air into the building during daytime operations.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems facilitate participation in demand response programs, reducing peak demand, energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and costs by utilizing less expensive, off-peak electricity and by increasing the overall efficiency of energy systems (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). TES systems improve grid reliability by shifting peak heating and cooling loads from periods of high-demand to low-demand, eliminating the need for building new or maintaining older, less-efficient standby energy plants, and providing backup power to the grid like a generator and supporting distributed renewables generation.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>TES saves money on electricity and maintenance costs depending on the design of the system, the cooling, and heating requirements of the space, and the time of day during which the storage unit uses energy for its operation. Ideally, TES systems remove thermal energy from the medium during off-peak periods and circulate it during periods of high heating and cooling demand.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>TES systems increase in effectiveness when existing electricity demands vary during the day, as the heat capacity of the medium enables the spreading out of electricity demands more than would be possible with a traditional cooling system. As a result, TES systems work most effectively in buildings experiencing peaks in electricity demands throughout the day and in a location with high peak rates for electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Prices vary depending on the type of TES system selected, variations in site-specific conditions and individual vendor offerings, but annual energy savings can offset the system costs within ten years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Also, financing and incentives are sometimes available from utility companies to implement sizeable thermal energy storage systems. For example, the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) helped fund the TIAA-CREF building mentioned above.</p>\n<p>While the cost-savings of shifting load to off-peak hours drives adoption of most TES systems, designs that reduce chiller size and cost and improve building system efficiency make TES systems for customers with a flat electricity rate a viable option as well.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>Check with the New Jersey Clean Energy Program’s Combined Heat &amp; Power Program, Pay for Performance Program, and NJ SmartStart Buildings Programs for available incentives and rebates.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>TES systems offer a redundant building system for sustaining uninterrupted power in the event of a power outage. In the case of an emergency, TES systems provide a backup resource to supply heating or cooling to critical areas of a building. TES systems can complement traditional backup generation as part of an islandable microgrid and provide backup power during a grid outage or mechanical failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> By contributing to the downsizing of chillers and HVAC equipment, TES systems reduce the stress on the grid during severe winter weather and heat waves, contributing to grid reliability. By shifting energy loads to off-peak hours, TES systems encourage the use of clean and renewable energy sources.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> International Energy Agency Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (IEA-ETSAP) and International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). January 2013. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief. <a href=\"https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E17%20Thermal%20Energy%20Storage.pdf\">https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E17%20Thermal%20Energy%20Storage.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Mehos, Mark, et al. 2016. On the Path to SunShot: Advancing Concentrating Solar Power Technology, Performance, and Dispatchability. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65688.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65688.pdf</a> (accessed April 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief. <a href=\"https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E17%20Thermal%20Energy%20Storage.pdf\">https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E17%20Thermal%20Energy%20Storage.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Devrim Aydin et al. The latest advancements in thermochemical heat storage systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol 41. Jan 2015. Pages 356-357. <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114007308?via%3Dihub\">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114007308?via%3Dihub</a> (accessed April 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief. (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Sarbu, I.; Sebarchievici, C. A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage. <em>Sustainability</em> 2018, <em>10</em>, 191.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief.</p>\n<p>ntegration Facility (ESIF).” High-Performance Buildings. Spring 2015. <a href=\"http://www.hpbmagazine.org/attachments/article/12185/15S-Energy-Systems-Integration-Facility-Golden-CO.pdf\">http://www.hpbmagazine.org/attachments/article/12185/15S-Energy-Systems-Integration-Facility-Golden-CO.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Michael Sheppy et al. “Energy Integration – Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF).” High-Performance Buildings. Spring 2015.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> NJ Department of Environmental Protection. “Infrastructure Energy Efficiency” <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/opsc/docs/Infrastructure_Energy.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/opsc/docs/Infrastructure_Energy.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US DOE. Federal Energy Management Program. “Thermal Energy Storage for Space Cooling.” <a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996\">https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996</a> (accessed April 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US DOE. Federal Energy Management Program. “Thermal Energy Storage for Space Cooling.” <a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996\">https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996</a> (accessed April 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> NREL. Analysis Identifies Where Commercial Customers Might Benefit from Battery Energy Storage. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/where-commercial-customers-benefit-from-battery-energy-storage.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/where-commercial-customers-benefit-from-battery-energy-storage.html</a> (accessed April 13, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://iea-eces.org/\">Energy Conservation through Energy Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/battery-thermal-energy-storage.html\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Battery and Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/pay-performance/existing-buildings\">New Jersey’s Clean Energy Program – Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://eere.pnl.gov/femp/publications.stm\">Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/pnnl-19853.pdf\">The Role of Energy Storage in Commercial Buildings – Preliminary Report</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/thermal-storage-rd-csp-systems\">Thermal Storage R&amp;D for CSP systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996\">Thermal Energy Storage for Space Cooling</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Thermal Energy Storage','','inherit','closed','closed','','1685-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 15:15:47','2022-04-15 15:15:47','',1685,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1688',0,'revision','',0),(1689,2,'2022-04-15 15:19:15','2022-04-15 15:19:15','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)?</strong></h2>\n<p>A variable frequency drive (VFD), also known as a variable-speed drive, adjustable-speed drive or inverter, refers to a device that controls the voltage and frequency supplied to a motor, varying the speed of a motor or the flow in distribution systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Flow can refer to various systems such as water, air or energy. Many applications and commercial HVAC systems use fixed or single speed motors and regulate flow and pressure with dampers and valves, which can throttle and reduce efficiency.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>VFDs on fans (e.g., supply and return fans, exhaust fans, boiler fans, or condenser fans) save energy by allowing the volume of air moved to match the system demand. VFDs can control the speed of electric motors by applying a low frequency and a low voltage during motor startup, then ramping up to accelerate the load while limiting current. During a shutdown, VFDs can also allow motors to ramp down at a controlled rate. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> When applied to an HVAC system, more specifically the air handling units (AHU), VFDs can vary motor speed to precisely match the load, a critical energy-saving measure for frequently oversized HVAC systems that work inefficiently at part-load (see <em>Part-Load Efficiency and Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_168\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"416\"]<img class=\"wp-image-168 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-VFD-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Variable frequency drives, Atrium Building – Secaucus, NJ (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"416\" height=\"462\" /> Figure 1 – Variable frequency drives, Atrium Building – Secaucus, NJ (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Variable Frequency Drives</strong></h2>\n<p>Consider all project components and systems during the design phase and coordinate work between the mechanical engineer and contractor (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>). A mechanical engineer can determine opportunities to install VFDs and to size VFDs to match load requirements accurately.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/success_stories/Rutgers%20Success%20Story%20-%20final.pdf\">Rutgers University Campuses, New Brunswick, Newark and Camden, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>University engineers at Rutgers conducted a comprehensive energy audit and identified the opportunity to save energy and costs by installing premium efficiency motors and variable frequency drives at multiple campus buildings spanning several university locations. The project expects to have a three-year payback and save an average of 2.8 million kilowatt hours of electricity and prevent the release of 1,500 tons of CO2 on an annual basis.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a>  VFDs can also contribute to demand reduction under the right operational scenario.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Minimizes mechanical and electrical stress on the motor system, lowering maintenance and repair costs and extending motor life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Reduces the horsepower (HP) required to run a system by the cube of its motor speed, providing significant energy, demand and costs savings when motor speeds can vary to match a load.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n<li>Enhances overall system performance by matching system capacity to the actual load.</li>\n<li>Allows for improvements in thermal comfort which can impact occupant satisfaction and productivity.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of incorporating VFDs into an HVAC system varies for each project and depend on the manufacturer and supplier. Equipment costs also vary depending on the horsepower (HP) rating, ranging from $1,000 for 5 HP VFD models to $15,000 for 200 HP VFD models.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Energy savings from reduced maintenance and longer equipment life and available incentives can reduce payback periods and increase long-term savings.</p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/nj-smartstart-buildings\">New Jersey Clean Energy’s SmartStart Building Program</a> for available incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>VFDs increase resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, and peak loads which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid, natural gas, and water and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Bernier, Michael A, and Bernard Bourret. 1999. Pumping energy and variable frequency drives. <em>ASHRAE Journal</em>. 37.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Centre for Energy Advancement through Technological Innovation (CEATI) International. 2009. Variable Frequency Drives: Energy Efficiency Reference Guide. <a href=\"https://www.ceati.com/freepublications/7025_guide_web.pdf\">https://www.ceati.com/freepublications/7025_guide_web.pdf</a> (accessed Dec 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a>Yaskawa. “Five Reasons for VFDs in HVAC Applications.” <a href=\"https://www.yaskawa.com/delegate/getAttachment?documentId=WP.HVAC.03&amp;cmd=documents&amp;documentName=WP.HVAC.03.pdf\">https://www.yaskawa.com/delegate/getAttachment?documentId=WP.HVAC.03&amp;cmd=documents&amp;documentName=WP.HVAC.03.pdf</a> (accessed June 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Project information, savings and environmental benefits provided by Michael Kornitas, Energy Conservation Manager, Rutgers University.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> California Energy Commission. “Water/Wastewater Efficiency:  Variable frequency drives.” <a href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/process/pubs/vfds.pdf\">http://www.energy.ca.gov/process/pubs/vfds.pdf</a> (accessed June 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> American Society for Healthcare Engineering (ASHE). 2010. Sustainability Roadmap: Install Variable Frequency Drives on Pumps and Motors. <a href=\"http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/224#.XAgk9C3Mzq0\">http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/224#.XAgk9C3Mzq0</a> (accessed Dec 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Navigant. 2013. “Incremental Cost Study Phase Two Final Report – A Report on 12 Energy Efficiency Measures Incremental Costs in Six Northeast and Mid-Atlantic Markets. Prepared for the Evaluation, Measurement and Verification Forum. Chaired by the Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships. <a href=\"https://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/NEEP%20ICS2%20FINAL%20REPORT%202013Feb11-Website.pdf\">https://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/NEEP%20ICS2%20FINAL%20REPORT%202013Feb11-Website.pdf</a> (accessed Dec 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=hvac_install.hvac_install_index\">ENERGY STAR Verified HVAC Installations (ESVI)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/downloads/adjustable-speed-drive-part-load-efficiency\">US Department of Energy – Adjustable Speed Drive Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/application-forms/application-forms\">NJ Clean Energy SmartStart Buildings Program</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-variable-frequency-drive-vfd','','','2022-04-15 17:16:59','2022-04-15 17:16:59','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1689',0,'post','',0),(1690,2,'2022-04-15 15:16:06','2022-04-15 15:16:06','','NC Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1689-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 15:16:06','2022-04-15 15:16:06','',1689,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1690',0,'revision','',0),(1692,2,'2022-04-15 15:19:15','2022-04-15 15:19:15','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)?</strong></h2>\n<p>A variable frequency drive (VFD), also known as a variable-speed drive, adjustable-speed drive or inverter, refers to a device that controls the voltage and frequency supplied to a motor, varying the speed of a motor or the flow in distribution systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Flow can refer to various systems such as water, air or energy. Many applications and commercial HVAC systems use fixed or single speed motors and regulate flow and pressure with dampers and valves, which can throttle and reduce efficiency.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>VFDs on fans (e.g., supply and return fans, exhaust fans, boiler fans, or condenser fans) save energy by allowing the volume of air moved to match the system demand. VFDs can control the speed of electric motors by applying a low frequency and a low voltage during motor startup, then ramping up to accelerate the load while limiting current. During a shutdown, VFDs can also allow motors to ramp down at a controlled rate. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> When applied to an HVAC system, more specifically the air handling units (AHU), VFDs can vary motor speed to precisely match the load, a critical energy-saving measure for frequently oversized HVAC systems that work inefficiently at part-load (see <em>Part-Load Efficiency and Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_168\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"416\"]<img class=\"wp-image-168 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-VFD-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Variable frequency drives, Atrium Building – Secaucus, NJ (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"416\" height=\"462\" /> Figure 1 – Variable frequency drives, Atrium Building – Secaucus, NJ (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Variable Frequency Drives</strong></h2>\n<p>Consider all project components and systems during the design phase and coordinate work between the mechanical engineer and contractor (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>). A mechanical engineer can determine opportunities to install VFDs and to size VFDs to match load requirements accurately.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/success_stories/Rutgers%20Success%20Story%20-%20final.pdf\">Rutgers University Campuses, New Brunswick, Newark and Camden, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>University engineers at Rutgers conducted a comprehensive energy audit and identified the opportunity to save energy and costs by installing premium efficiency motors and variable frequency drives at multiple campus buildings spanning several university locations. The project expects to have a three-year payback and save an average of 2.8 million kilowatt hours of electricity and prevent the release of 1,500 tons of CO2 on an annual basis.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a>  VFDs can also contribute to demand reduction under the right operational scenario.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Minimizes mechanical and electrical stress on the motor system, lowering maintenance and repair costs and extending motor life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Reduces the horsepower (HP) required to run a system by the cube of its motor speed, providing significant energy, demand and costs savings when motor speeds can vary to match a load.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n<li>Enhances overall system performance by matching system capacity to the actual load.</li>\n<li>Allows for improvements in thermal comfort which can impact occupant satisfaction and productivity.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of incorporating VFDs into an HVAC system varies for each project and depend on the manufacturer and supplier. Equipment costs also vary depending on the horsepower (HP) rating, ranging from $1,000 for 5 HP VFD models to $15,000 for 200 HP VFD models.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Energy savings from reduced maintenance and longer equipment life and available incentives can reduce payback periods and increase long-term savings.</p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/nj-smartstart-buildings\">New Jersey Clean Energy’s SmartStart Building Program</a> for available incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>VFDs increase resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, and peak loads which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid, natural gas, and water and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Bernier, Michael A, and Bernard Bourret. 1999. Pumping energy and variable frequency drives. <em>ASHRAE Journal</em>. 37.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Centre for Energy Advancement through Technological Innovation (CEATI) International. 2009. Variable Frequency Drives: Energy Efficiency Reference Guide. <a href=\"https://www.ceati.com/freepublications/7025_guide_web.pdf\">https://www.ceati.com/freepublications/7025_guide_web.pdf</a> (accessed Dec 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a>Yaskawa. “Five Reasons for VFDs in HVAC Applications.” <a href=\"https://www.yaskawa.com/delegate/getAttachment?documentId=WP.HVAC.03&amp;cmd=documents&amp;documentName=WP.HVAC.03.pdf\">https://www.yaskawa.com/delegate/getAttachment?documentId=WP.HVAC.03&amp;cmd=documents&amp;documentName=WP.HVAC.03.pdf</a> (accessed June 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Project information, savings and environmental benefits provided by Michael Kornitas, Energy Conservation Manager, Rutgers University.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> California Energy Commission. “Water/Wastewater Efficiency:  Variable frequency drives.” <a href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/process/pubs/vfds.pdf\">http://www.energy.ca.gov/process/pubs/vfds.pdf</a> (accessed June 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> American Society for Healthcare Engineering (ASHE). 2010. Sustainability Roadmap: Install Variable Frequency Drives on Pumps and Motors. <a href=\"http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/224#.XAgk9C3Mzq0\">http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/224#.XAgk9C3Mzq0</a> (accessed Dec 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Navigant. 2013. “Incremental Cost Study Phase Two Final Report – A Report on 12 Energy Efficiency Measures Incremental Costs in Six Northeast and Mid-Atlantic Markets. Prepared for the Evaluation, Measurement and Verification Forum. Chaired by the Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships. <a href=\"https://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/NEEP%20ICS2%20FINAL%20REPORT%202013Feb11-Website.pdf\">https://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/NEEP%20ICS2%20FINAL%20REPORT%202013Feb11-Website.pdf</a> (accessed Dec 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=hvac_install.hvac_install_index\">ENERGY STAR Verified HVAC Installations (ESVI)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/downloads/adjustable-speed-drive-part-load-efficiency\">US Department of Energy – Adjustable Speed Drive Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/application-forms/application-forms\">NJ Clean Energy SmartStart Buildings Program</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1689-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 15:19:15','2022-04-15 15:19:15','',1689,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1692',0,'revision','',0),(1694,2,'2022-04-15 15:19:51','2022-04-15 15:19:51','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"New Commercial Buildings\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The Manual supports the construction of new green commercial buildings with diminished energy and environmental footprints and the greening of existing commercial buildings. This approach limits the impact of the built environment on the natural environment, while sensitivity to the location of building activities helps to prevent urban sprawl and preserves natural resources.</p>\n<p>Best practice strategies include all aspects of green building and design with an added focus on those that jointly promote energy efficiency and resiliency in keeping with the State of New Jersey policy objectives. The Manual organizes best practice strategies according to an operational framework based on a design-build-operate-evaluate process. Each strategy includes a short explanation or definition, implementation recommendations, New Jersey specific examples (when available), and sections on strategy benefits, costs, resiliency (if applicable), and additional resources.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Design\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf568;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operational Tools\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe035;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/building-information-modeling-bim/\">Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/\">Brownfield and Infill Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/\">Site Protection Plan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p><strong>Envelope</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Mechanicals and Equipment</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Energy Supply</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/\">Biomass Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/\">On-Site Wind Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/\">Photovoltaic Systems (PV)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Water\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf043;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/\">Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/\">On-Site Alternative Water Re-use</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Backup Systems\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf5df;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/\">Emergency Water Supply and Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-storm-preparation-and-emergency-planning/\">Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/\">Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/\">Flexible Workspaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/\">Non-Toxic Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Build\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf6e3;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/\">Construction &amp; Demolition Waste Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/\">High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/\">Light Pollution Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><strong>Envelope</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Mechanicals and Equipment</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/\">Chilled Beams</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/\">Demand Control Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/\">Energy Recovery Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/\">Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. 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Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Smart Infrastructure\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1eb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Evaluate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf3fd;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Building Performance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf080;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.03)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Case Studies</h2>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"30%\" module_alignment=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_divider][et_pb_portfolio fullwidth=\"off\" include_categories=\"3\" show_categories=\"off\" show_pagination=\"off\" hover_overlay_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_portfolio][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','New Commercial','','inherit','closed','closed','','659-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 15:19:51','2022-04-15 15:19:51','',659,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1694',0,'revision','',0),(1696,2,'2022-04-15 17:20:23','2022-04-15 17:20:23','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Acoustic Comfort\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Acoustic Comfort?</h2>\n<p>Acoustic comfort refers to a building occupant’s experience related to sound in a building or a specific space within a building. A space with good acoustics has a minimal echo, allows for confidential conversations that don’t interrupt others working in the space, and controls excess noise from outside sources as well as sources within the building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Three common noise issues include excess noise from outside, noise from adjacent spaces and noise control issues within a space.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Controlling these aspects of sound can help improve indoor environmental quality (IEQ).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>The Center for the Built Environment (CBE) at U.C. Berkeley maintains a post-occupancy evaluation (POE) database related to indoor environmental quality that includes input about acoustic satisfaction in office buildings. The main categorization of complaints related to acoustics includes excessive noise, lack of speech privacy, and lack of speech clarity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p><em>Excessive noise </em>issues come from poor sound isolation, which occurs when background noises are too high from outside noises penetrating inside or from noise generated by office equipment or other people.</p>\n<p><em>Speech Privacy</em> issues occur when a speaker is not able to communicate with a listener because the speech becomes indiscernible. Courtrooms, hospitals, clinics, and doctor and legal offices are some of the places most affected, especially considering the private discussions that occur in these spaces. Adjusting the ratio between speech and noise levels can control speech privacy. For example, increasing background noise and reducing the noise energy from speech can improve speech privacy concerns. See sound masking section below for details on how to incorporate this technique.</p>\n<p><em>Speech Clarity </em>issues make communication difficult and stem from excessive background noise and too much reverberation (sound reflecting off various surfaces).</p>\n<h2>How to Improve Acoustic Comfort</h2>\n<p>An integrated design process is key to achieving a high level of acoustic comfort. Project goals related to security and sustainability, for example, are sometimes perceived to conflict with acoustic goals but involving professionals from those areas of expertise from the start of the project, helps achieve synergistic goals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> The following concepts and terms are important to understand when considering acoustic comfort.</p>\n<h3><u>Sound Absorbing Technologies</u></h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Sound Transmission Class (STC): STC is a numerical rating system that measures the ability of a wall, floor, or ceiling to minimize sound transmission. The table below details how the rating system works. Hire an acoustical engineer to address conditions in rooms such as conference rooms and mechanical equipment rooms.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n</ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_454\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"2128\"]<img class=\"wp-image-454 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_Acoustic_Comfort_1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Sound Transmission Class Ratings (Source: Adapted from NIAIMA’s Noise Control).\" width=\"2128\" height=\"1148\" /> Figure 1 – Sound Transmission Class Ratings (Source: Adapted from NIAIMA’s Noise Control).[/caption]<ul>\n<li><em>Sound Masking:</em> Sound masking produces unobtrusive sound through speakers installed above ceiling tiles. The background sound reduces interference from distracting office sounds in a manner that also helps make conversations between workers more coherent. Whether installed in an enclosed area or more open office space, adjustments can be made to sound masking. Sound masking can subsequently increase worker productivity as well as improve morale and speech privacy.<sup><br /></sup></li>\n<li><em>Sound Isolation</em> separates sources of noise from the building’s occupants. For example, mechanical equipment such as a building’s HVAC system can become too noisy and make conversations difficult. Implementing sound-absorbing elements along with the proper STC walls, floor, and ceilings can help mitigate the sounds that a noisy HVAC system may create. Consider the following recommendations to increase sound isolation for HVAC systems:</li>\n<li>Avoid through-the-wall air return louvers that draw air from one room through another in private offices, conference rooms, and other rooms where confidential discussions are expected to occur. All air returns should be ducted.</li>\n<li>Do not locate air supply or return registers close to each other on opposite sides of a partition wall. Doing so causes the sound to pass directly from one room to another, negating the acoustical value of the partition.</li>\n<li>Specify quiet HVAC equipment. Though the price may be somewhat higher, the alternative to using standard equipment may lead to costly and disruptive remediation.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Consider the following recommendations to develop an indoor environment that provides acoustic comfort:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Specify sound absorbing materials (e.g., walls, carpets, ceilings) and configure spaces to dampen rather than magnify sound reverberation.</li>\n<li>Provide sound masking if necessary.</li>\n<li>Limit transmission of noise from outside by designing high sound transmission class (STC) walls between work areas and high noise areas inside and outside the building.</li>\n<li>Minimize background noise from the building’s HVAC system and other equipment.</li>\n<li>Provide opportunities for privacy and concentration when needed in open plan offices.</li>\n<li>Enclose or separate group activity spaces from work areas when the concentration is essential.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>Acoustic comfort can reduce stress, protect health, and increase occupant satisfaction and productivity by contributing to a more comfortable environment psychologically and acoustically.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing strategies to achieve acoustic comfort varies depending on specific project goals and the approach taken. The GSA Sound Matters report in the Resources section below provides costs related to typical partition, wall and ceiling materials. Through increased worker productivity as well as improved indoor environmental quality and the health benefits associated with it, good acoustics can contribute to overall cost savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Acoustic comfort is a critical element of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) that affects the health and well-being of building occupants. In the event of a disaster or emergency event, a high-quality indoor environment helps protect building occupants and contribute to a built environment that can provide protection and recovery from hazardous events.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Indoor Environmental Quality.  <a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/1/indoor-environmental-quality-ieq\">https://sftool.gov/learn/about/1/indoor-environmental-quality-ieq</a> (accessed December 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> WBDG. Acoustic Comfort. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic-comfort\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic-comfort</a> (accessed December 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> National Institute of Building Sciences – WBDG. <em>Acoustic Comfort. </em>September 2018. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic.php?r=ieq\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic.php?r=ieq</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. Acoustical Analysis in Office Environments Using POE Surveys. <a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/acoustic_poe.htm\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/acoustic_poe.htm</a> (accessed December 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> WBDG. Acoustic Comfort. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic-comfort\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic-comfort</a> (accessed December 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> NAIMA. <em>Noise Control</em> <a href=\"http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/BI476.pdf\">http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/BI476.pdf</a> (accessed September 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> National Institute of Building Sciences – WBDG. <em>Provide Comfortable Environments</em>. September, 2018. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> U.S General Services Administration. <em>Interior Finishes. </em>August 2017. <a href=\"http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/101251\">http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/101251</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://acousticalsociety.org/\">Acoustical Society of America</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://app_gsagov_prod_rdcgwaajp7wr.s3.amazonaws.com/GSA_Sound_Matters_%28Dec_2011%29_508.pdf\">General Services Administration – Sound Matters</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://insulationinstitute.org/im-a-building-or-facility-professional/commercial/why-insulate/\">Insulation Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://standard.wellcertified.com/comfort?_ga=2.220795871.675497046.1550494216-560727732.1547313140\">The Well Building Standard – Comfort Features</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic-comfort\">Whole Building Design Guide – Acoustic Comfort</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Acoustic Comfort','','publish','open','open','','nc-acoustic-comfort','','','2022-04-15 17:20:26','2022-04-15 17:20:26','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1696',0,'post','',0),(1697,2,'2022-04-15 17:15:11','2022-04-15 17:15:11','','NC Acoustic Comfort','','inherit','closed','closed','','1696-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 17:15:11','2022-04-15 17:15:11','',1696,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1697',0,'revision','',0),(1699,2,'2022-04-15 17:20:23','2022-04-15 17:20:23','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Acoustic Comfort\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Acoustic Comfort?</h2>\n<p>Acoustic comfort refers to a building occupant’s experience related to sound in a building or a specific space within a building. A space with good acoustics has a minimal echo, allows for confidential conversations that don’t interrupt others working in the space, and controls excess noise from outside sources as well as sources within the building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Three common noise issues include excess noise from outside, noise from adjacent spaces and noise control issues within a space.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Controlling these aspects of sound can help improve indoor environmental quality (IEQ).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>The Center for the Built Environment (CBE) at U.C. Berkeley maintains a post-occupancy evaluation (POE) database related to indoor environmental quality that includes input about acoustic satisfaction in office buildings. The main categorization of complaints related to acoustics includes excessive noise, lack of speech privacy, and lack of speech clarity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p><em>Excessive noise </em>issues come from poor sound isolation, which occurs when background noises are too high from outside noises penetrating inside or from noise generated by office equipment or other people.</p>\n<p><em>Speech Privacy</em> issues occur when a speaker is not able to communicate with a listener because the speech becomes indiscernible. Courtrooms, hospitals, clinics, and doctor and legal offices are some of the places most affected, especially considering the private discussions that occur in these spaces. Adjusting the ratio between speech and noise levels can control speech privacy. For example, increasing background noise and reducing the noise energy from speech can improve speech privacy concerns. See sound masking section below for details on how to incorporate this technique.</p>\n<p><em>Speech Clarity </em>issues make communication difficult and stem from excessive background noise and too much reverberation (sound reflecting off various surfaces).</p>\n<h2>How to Improve Acoustic Comfort</h2>\n<p>An integrated design process is key to achieving a high level of acoustic comfort. Project goals related to security and sustainability, for example, are sometimes perceived to conflict with acoustic goals but involving professionals from those areas of expertise from the start of the project, helps achieve synergistic goals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> The following concepts and terms are important to understand when considering acoustic comfort.</p>\n<h3><u>Sound Absorbing Technologies</u></h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Sound Transmission Class (STC): STC is a numerical rating system that measures the ability of a wall, floor, or ceiling to minimize sound transmission. The table below details how the rating system works. Hire an acoustical engineer to address conditions in rooms such as conference rooms and mechanical equipment rooms.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n</ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_454\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"2128\"]<img class=\"wp-image-454 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_Acoustic_Comfort_1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Sound Transmission Class Ratings (Source: Adapted from NIAIMA’s Noise Control).\" width=\"2128\" height=\"1148\" /> Figure 1 – Sound Transmission Class Ratings (Source: Adapted from NIAIMA’s Noise Control).[/caption]<ul>\n<li><em>Sound Masking:</em> Sound masking produces unobtrusive sound through speakers installed above ceiling tiles. The background sound reduces interference from distracting office sounds in a manner that also helps make conversations between workers more coherent. Whether installed in an enclosed area or more open office space, adjustments can be made to sound masking. Sound masking can subsequently increase worker productivity as well as improve morale and speech privacy.<sup><br /></sup></li>\n<li><em>Sound Isolation</em> separates sources of noise from the building’s occupants. For example, mechanical equipment such as a building’s HVAC system can become too noisy and make conversations difficult. Implementing sound-absorbing elements along with the proper STC walls, floor, and ceilings can help mitigate the sounds that a noisy HVAC system may create. Consider the following recommendations to increase sound isolation for HVAC systems:</li>\n<li>Avoid through-the-wall air return louvers that draw air from one room through another in private offices, conference rooms, and other rooms where confidential discussions are expected to occur. All air returns should be ducted.</li>\n<li>Do not locate air supply or return registers close to each other on opposite sides of a partition wall. Doing so causes the sound to pass directly from one room to another, negating the acoustical value of the partition.</li>\n<li>Specify quiet HVAC equipment. Though the price may be somewhat higher, the alternative to using standard equipment may lead to costly and disruptive remediation.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Consider the following recommendations to develop an indoor environment that provides acoustic comfort:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Specify sound absorbing materials (e.g., walls, carpets, ceilings) and configure spaces to dampen rather than magnify sound reverberation.</li>\n<li>Provide sound masking if necessary.</li>\n<li>Limit transmission of noise from outside by designing high sound transmission class (STC) walls between work areas and high noise areas inside and outside the building.</li>\n<li>Minimize background noise from the building’s HVAC system and other equipment.</li>\n<li>Provide opportunities for privacy and concentration when needed in open plan offices.</li>\n<li>Enclose or separate group activity spaces from work areas when the concentration is essential.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>Acoustic comfort can reduce stress, protect health, and increase occupant satisfaction and productivity by contributing to a more comfortable environment psychologically and acoustically.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing strategies to achieve acoustic comfort varies depending on specific project goals and the approach taken. The GSA Sound Matters report in the Resources section below provides costs related to typical partition, wall and ceiling materials. Through increased worker productivity as well as improved indoor environmental quality and the health benefits associated with it, good acoustics can contribute to overall cost savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Acoustic comfort is a critical element of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) that affects the health and well-being of building occupants. In the event of a disaster or emergency event, a high-quality indoor environment helps protect building occupants and contribute to a built environment that can provide protection and recovery from hazardous events.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Indoor Environmental Quality.  <a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/1/indoor-environmental-quality-ieq\">https://sftool.gov/learn/about/1/indoor-environmental-quality-ieq</a> (accessed December 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> WBDG. Acoustic Comfort. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic-comfort\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic-comfort</a> (accessed December 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> National Institute of Building Sciences – WBDG. <em>Acoustic Comfort. </em>September 2018. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic.php?r=ieq\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic.php?r=ieq</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. Acoustical Analysis in Office Environments Using POE Surveys. <a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/acoustic_poe.htm\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/acoustic_poe.htm</a> (accessed December 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> WBDG. Acoustic Comfort. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic-comfort\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic-comfort</a> (accessed December 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> NAIMA. <em>Noise Control</em> <a href=\"http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/BI476.pdf\">http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/BI476.pdf</a> (accessed September 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> National Institute of Building Sciences – WBDG. <em>Provide Comfortable Environments</em>. September, 2018. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> U.S General Services Administration. <em>Interior Finishes. </em>August 2017. <a href=\"http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/101251\">http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/101251</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://acousticalsociety.org/\">Acoustical Society of America</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://app_gsagov_prod_rdcgwaajp7wr.s3.amazonaws.com/GSA_Sound_Matters_%28Dec_2011%29_508.pdf\">General Services Administration – Sound Matters</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://insulationinstitute.org/im-a-building-or-facility-professional/commercial/why-insulate/\">Insulation Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://standard.wellcertified.com/comfort?_ga=2.220795871.675497046.1550494216-560727732.1547313140\">The Well Building Standard – Comfort Features</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic-comfort\">Whole Building Design Guide – Acoustic Comfort</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Acoustic Comfort','','inherit','closed','closed','','1696-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 17:20:23','2022-04-15 17:20:23','',1696,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1699',0,'revision','',0),(1701,2,'2022-04-15 17:23:38','2022-04-15 17:23:38','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Entryway Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Entryway Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Entryway or “walk-off” systems are grills, grates, or mats that reduce the amount of dirt, dust, pollen, and other biological and non-biological agents entering the building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Once brought indoors, these substances can enter into air circulation, and the HVAC system and the building occupants can become exposed to them. The goal is to minimize and control pollutant entry into buildings and cross-contamination of regularly occupied areas. Entryway systems can prevent 80 to 90 percent of dust, dirt, and other particles commonly tracked into a building from reaching the interior.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Designing exterior entrances with permanent entryway systems to catch and hold particles helps enhance indoor environmental quality by contributing to source control of dust, pollen, and other particles.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_369\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"780\"]<img class=\"wp-image-369 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Entryway-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Installation of a metal grate as part of the entryway system for Queens Botanical Garden Visitor Center (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)\" width=\"780\" height=\"398\" /> Figure 1 – Installation of a metal grate as part of the entryway system for Queens Botanical Garden Visitor Center (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Entryway Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Install permanent entryway systems at outside entrances to prevent dirt from entering the building. Entryway systems include permanently installed grates, grilles, or slotted systems that allow for cleaning underneath. Roll-out mats can also serve as entryway systems that protect the indoor environmental quality, but they need to be maintained weekly and be designed to guide traffic along the entire length of the mat. Incorporate specifics about entryway maintenance in the facility’s green cleaning program (see <em>Green Cleaning</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces contaminants/pollutants in the facility</li>\n<li>Reduces cleaning/maintenance costs</li>\n<li>Protects indoor air quality</li>\n<li>Improves indoor environmental quality</li>\n<li>Protects occupant health</li>\n<li>Protects indoor flooring surfaces</li>\n<li>Contributes to the durability of the facility</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of entryway systems varies depending on the type of system installed. An entrance mat may cost as little as $4-6/sf, and a metal grate system cost approximately $20/sf (material only).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> On average, people track over a pound of dirt a week into a building through just one entryway so reducing the amount of dirt and other particles that enter the building can reduce the cost of cleaning.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Entryway systems help protect indoor air quality and the integrity of indoor flooring materials during events that cause wet conditions such as storms and flooding, contributing to the protection of occupants during and following storm events as well as the long-term durability of the facility.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Yale University, <em>Green Cleaning Standards.  </em>Published by the Yale Facilities Management Department and The Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education (AASHE), February 2012. <a href=\"https://stars.aashe.org/media/secure/241/7/652/5915/GreenCleaning.pdf\">https://stars.aashe.org/media/secure/241/7/652/5915/GreenCleaning.pdf</a> (accessed July 28th, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Lynne Knoblock Fedders, Cleanlink.  Published by the National Floor Safety Institute, October 2013.  <a href=\"https://nfsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/design.pdf\">https://nfsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/design.pdf</a> (accessed July 28, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php</a> (accessed July 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Costs based on average data from several manufacturers.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Corrine Zudonyi, CleanLink. <em>Floor Care, Rolling out the Welcome Mat.  </em> <a href=\"http://www.cleanlink.com/hs/article/Floor-Care-Rolling-Out-The-Welcome-Mat--8939\">http://www.cleanlink.com/hs/article/Floor-Care-Rolling-Out-The-Welcome-Mat–8939</a> (accessed July 28, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-cleaning/\">Green Cleaning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/Search?term=Entryway+Systems\">General Services Administration – Sustainable Facilities Tool – Entryway Systems/Walk-off Mats</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/enhance-indoor-environmental-quality\">Whole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Entryway Systems','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-entryway-systems','','','2022-04-15 17:23:41','2022-04-15 17:23:41','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1701',0,'post','',0),(1702,2,'2022-04-15 17:21:28','2022-04-15 17:21:28','','NC Entryway Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1701-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 17:21:28','2022-04-15 17:21:28','',1701,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1702',0,'revision','',0),(1704,2,'2022-04-15 17:23:38','2022-04-15 17:23:38','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Entryway Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Entryway Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Entryway or “walk-off” systems are grills, grates, or mats that reduce the amount of dirt, dust, pollen, and other biological and non-biological agents entering the building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Once brought indoors, these substances can enter into air circulation, and the HVAC system and the building occupants can become exposed to them. The goal is to minimize and control pollutant entry into buildings and cross-contamination of regularly occupied areas. Entryway systems can prevent 80 to 90 percent of dust, dirt, and other particles commonly tracked into a building from reaching the interior.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Designing exterior entrances with permanent entryway systems to catch and hold particles helps enhance indoor environmental quality by contributing to source control of dust, pollen, and other particles.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_369\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"780\"]<img class=\"wp-image-369 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Entryway-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Installation of a metal grate as part of the entryway system for Queens Botanical Garden Visitor Center (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)\" width=\"780\" height=\"398\" /> Figure 1 – Installation of a metal grate as part of the entryway system for Queens Botanical Garden Visitor Center (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Entryway Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Install permanent entryway systems at outside entrances to prevent dirt from entering the building. Entryway systems include permanently installed grates, grilles, or slotted systems that allow for cleaning underneath. Roll-out mats can also serve as entryway systems that protect the indoor environmental quality, but they need to be maintained weekly and be designed to guide traffic along the entire length of the mat. Incorporate specifics about entryway maintenance in the facility’s green cleaning program (see <em>Green Cleaning</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces contaminants/pollutants in the facility</li>\n<li>Reduces cleaning/maintenance costs</li>\n<li>Protects indoor air quality</li>\n<li>Improves indoor environmental quality</li>\n<li>Protects occupant health</li>\n<li>Protects indoor flooring surfaces</li>\n<li>Contributes to the durability of the facility</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of entryway systems varies depending on the type of system installed. An entrance mat may cost as little as $4-6/sf, and a metal grate system cost approximately $20/sf (material only).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> On average, people track over a pound of dirt a week into a building through just one entryway so reducing the amount of dirt and other particles that enter the building can reduce the cost of cleaning.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Entryway systems help protect indoor air quality and the integrity of indoor flooring materials during events that cause wet conditions such as storms and flooding, contributing to the protection of occupants during and following storm events as well as the long-term durability of the facility.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Yale University, <em>Green Cleaning Standards.  </em>Published by the Yale Facilities Management Department and The Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education (AASHE), February 2012. <a href=\"https://stars.aashe.org/media/secure/241/7/652/5915/GreenCleaning.pdf\">https://stars.aashe.org/media/secure/241/7/652/5915/GreenCleaning.pdf</a> (accessed July 28th, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Lynne Knoblock Fedders, Cleanlink.  Published by the National Floor Safety Institute, October 2013.  <a href=\"https://nfsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/design.pdf\">https://nfsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/design.pdf</a> (accessed July 28, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php</a> (accessed July 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Costs based on average data from several manufacturers.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Corrine Zudonyi, CleanLink. <em>Floor Care, Rolling out the Welcome Mat.  </em> <a href=\"http://www.cleanlink.com/hs/article/Floor-Care-Rolling-Out-The-Welcome-Mat--8939\">http://www.cleanlink.com/hs/article/Floor-Care-Rolling-Out-The-Welcome-Mat–8939</a> (accessed July 28, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-cleaning/\">Green Cleaning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/Search?term=Entryway+Systems\">General Services Administration – Sustainable Facilities Tool – Entryway Systems/Walk-off Mats</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/enhance-indoor-environmental-quality\">Whole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Entryway Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1701-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 17:23:38','2022-04-15 17:23:38','',1701,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1704',0,'revision','',0),(1706,2,'2022-04-15 17:25:50','2022-04-15 17:25:50','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Individual Comfort Controls\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Individual Comfort Controls?</strong></h2>\n<p>Individual comfort controls promote occupant comfort and well-being by enabling building occupants to control airflow and temperature in individual workspaces. Individual comfort controls support flexibility within the interior environment by supporting individual adjustment for localized conditions and user preference.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_95\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"535\"]<img class=\"wp-image-95 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Fig-1-NC-Individual-Comfort-Controls.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Underfloor air distribution systems can improve occupant comfort (Source: UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment).\" width=\"535\" height=\"308\" /> Figure 1 – Underfloor air distribution systems can improve occupant comfort (Source: UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment).[/caption]<p>Individual comfort levels vary due to differences in clothing, activity level (metabolic rate), and individual preferences.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> ASHRAE Standard 55, <em>Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy</em>, a widely used thermal comfort measure, aim to satisfy most of the people, most of the time and combines four of the traditional comfort factors (air temperature, air humidity, radiant temperature, and airspeed) to define comfort ranges for occupants. Satisfying the people who fall outside ASHRAE’s standardized comfort bands requires individualized comfort controls at each workstation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Individual Comfort Controls</strong></h2>\n<p>Design the building and systems with comfort controls to allow adjustments to suit individual needs or those of groups in shared spaces. ASHRAE Standard 55 identifies the factors of thermal comfort and a process for developing comfort criteria for building spaces that suit the needs of the occupants involved in their daily activities. Control strategies can expand beyond basic comfort criteria and allow adjustments to suit individual needs and preferences. For example, individual comfort controls can involve system designs incorporating operable windows, hybrid systems integrating operable windows and mechanical systems, or mechanical systems alone (<em>see Natural Ventilation, Energy-Efficient Windows, and Views and Operable Windows</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Individual adjustments may involve individual thermostat controls, local diffusers at the floor, desk or overhead levels, or control of individual radiant panels, or other means integrated into the overall building, thermal comfort systems, and energy systems design (<em>see Smart Sensors and Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, and Daylighting</em>). Also, designers should evaluate the closely tied interactions between thermal comfort (as required by ASHRAE Standard 55) and acceptable indoor air quality (as required by ASHRAE Standard 62.1, whether natural or mechanical ventilation).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Individual comfort controls can also refer to lighting controls and automatic daylighting systems and provide occupants with the ability to adjust lighting levels and reduce glare in their workspaces through task lighting or operable shading devices (<em>see Daylighting, and High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</em>). Green building certification programs such as LEEDv4<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> and the Well Building Standard<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> give credit for including individual comfort controls.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/empowering-energy-efficient-occupants/\">Building Users are the Key to Successful Energy Efficient Strategies</a></p>\n<p>Studies of individual control of ventilation and temperature suggest energy savings, improvements in satisfaction, and a decrease in discomfort complaints. Results of a research study by Dr. Clinton Andrews and the Consortium for Building Energy Innovation showed that personal environmental control improved environmental satisfaction. The objective of the study was to evaluate the benefits of personal controls over lighting and ventilation and temperature in offices regarding occupant satisfaction, mood and visual comfort, as well as energy efficiency.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Individual comfort controls: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Improve thermal comfort for individual occupants.</li>\n<li>Improve air movement and ventilation effectiveness; a cleaner environment.</li>\n<li>Improve task lighting and reduce glare and heat gain at individual workspaces.</li>\n<li>Reduce building energy use.</li>\n<li>Lower building operating costs.</li>\n<li>Improve occupant satisfaction and the potential to increase worker productivity.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing a system that allows for individual comfort controls vary by project but is usually most cost effective when incorporated through an integrated design process (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>). Higher first costs such as raised access flooring can be reduced or offset by reduced costs for ductwork, electrical services, and mechanical equipment.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> In addition to the increased potential for improved well-being and increased productivity, enhancing thermal comfort through individual comfort controls can reduce occupant complaints and associated time spent by facilities maintenance staff. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>If the power does not go out during emergency situations and severe weather events, occupants can maintain control of the temperature and ventilation of specific areas within a building with individual controls, thus improving comfort. Individual comfort controls can decrease overall energy use and improve occupant comfort, health, and well-being, all of which can contribute to resiliency through helping occupants and communities withstand and recover from disruptions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> UC Berkeley. <em>Thermal Comfort in UFAD Systems.</em> <a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/thermalcomfort.htm\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/thermalcomfort.htm</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ASHRAE Standard. <em>Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy.</em> <em><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-55-thermal-environmental-conditions-for-human-occupancy\">https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-55-thermal-environmental-conditions-for-human-occupancy</a></em> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Stanford University. <em>EQ Credit 6.2: Controllability of Systems: Thermal Comfort. </em><a href=\"https://web.stanford.edu/class/cee115/wiki/uploads/Main/StudentGroup2NewBuildingAnalyisBillingsMilleaVictorsson/BillingsEQcredit6_2.pdf\">https://web.stanford.edu/class/cee115/wiki/uploads/Main/StudentGroup2NewBuildingAnalyisBillingsMilleaVictorsson/BillingsEQcredit6_2.pdf</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Chris Mueller, ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer. <em>ASHRAE Standard 62.1 The IAQ Procedure and LEED</em>.  <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/ciaq-webinar-muller.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/ciaq-webinar-muller.pdf</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USGBC. LEED v4. Thermal Controls – Controllability. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Well Building Standard – Individual Thermal Control.  <a href=\"https://standard.wellcertified.com/comfort/individual-thermal-control?_ga=2.191711722.134009741.1547941804-560727732.1547313140\">https://standard.wellcertified.com/comfort/individual-thermal-control?_ga=2.191711722.134009741.1547941804-560727732.1547313140</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Andrews, C.J., Senick, J.A., Wener, R.W., and M. Sorensen Allacci. (2012) “Investigating Building Performance Through Simulation of Occupant Behavior,” GreenBuild 2012 Proceedings, San Francisco, CA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. <em>Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems. </em><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. <em>Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems. </em><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm</a>  (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a>  Well Building Standard. Thermal Comfort. <a href=\"https://v2.wellcertified.com/v2.1/en/thermal%20comfort\">https://v2.wellcertified.com/v2.1/en/thermal%20comfort</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Occupant Comfort. <a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort\">https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/empowering-energy-efficient-occupants/\">Consortium for Building Energy Innovation – Empowering Energy Efficient Occupants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort\">GSA Sustainable Tools – Occupant Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/nj-smartstart-buildings\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/research_ieq.htm\">UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment – Research on Indoor Environmental Quality</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62\">USGBC – LEEDv4 Thermal Comfort – controllability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/provide-comfortable-environments\">Whole Building Design Guide – Provide Comfortable Environments</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Individual Comfort Controls','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-individual-comfort-controls','','','2022-04-15 17:28:41','2022-04-15 17:28:41','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1706',0,'post','',0),(1707,2,'2022-04-15 17:24:14','2022-04-15 17:24:14','','NC Individual Comfort Controls','','inherit','closed','closed','','1706-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 17:24:14','2022-04-15 17:24:14','',1706,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1707',0,'revision','',0),(1709,2,'2022-04-15 17:25:50','2022-04-15 17:25:50','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Individual Comfort Controls\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>What is Active Living?</h2>\n<p>Active living incorporates physical activity on a daily basis to promote physical and mental well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Many adults do not meet the Surgeon General’s recommendations for regular physical activity, mainly because driving replaces walking and biking as the primary mode of transportation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Some of this change is due to individual decisions. Another explanation is the built environment; many communities lack sidewalks and bike lanes and other amenities that would otherwise promote active living.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The settings where people spend their time – work, home, and school, for example – influence daily behaviors.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Active living incorporates physical activity into daily routines, such as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Playing in the park</li>\n<li>Taking the stairs</li>\n<li>Using recreation facilities</li>\n<li>Walking or bicycling for exercise, pleasure, or transportation</li>\n<li>Working in the yard</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Active design contributes to public health initiatives and also has positive environmental effects. Strategies that increase the physical activity – such as promoting walking over driving, stairs over elevator usage and recreation over stationary activities such as video games – all also tend to lower energy consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Active living design provides access by people of all ages and varying mobility.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_167\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"572\"]<img class=\"wp-image-167 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Active-Living-Fig-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Children walking to school (Source: Voorhees Transportation Center)\" width=\"572\" height=\"454\" /> Figure 1 – Children walking to school (Source: Voorhees Transportation Center)[/caption]\n<h2>How to Implement Active Living</h2>\n<p>Design strategies that contribute to active living should be considered early in project development and an integrated design process will optimize opportunities and help minimize costs.  Equitable planning is key as “healthy” communities are often limited to those who can afford them. Communities of color and immigrant populations are increasingly occupying suburbs that often have limited safe and accessible walking and biking options.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Racial and ethnic minorities in the United States face health disparities including higher rates of chronic disease.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a>  The NJ Department of Health’s State Health Assessment Data (<a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/health/shad\">NJSHAD</a>) provides searchable data about the health of the population in NJ that can help inform decision-making. Key recommended measures for implementing active living in developing a site include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Develop mixed land use in neighborhoods and maintain existing mixed conditions.</li>\n<li>Incorporate pedestrian-friendly design including traffic calming features, landscaping, lighting, benches, and water fountains.</li>\n<li>Create continuous bike networks and incorporate bicycle infrastructure including indoor and outdoor bike parking accommodations.</li>\n<li>Ensure a pleasant, safe and secure outdoor environment for pedestrians and cyclists by including, pedestrian-scale lighting, entrances that are easy to see and access from cross streets, ADA accessible sidewalks and ramps, and ground floor windows that provide “eyes on the street.”</li>\n<li>Provide easy access to open spaces, parks, plazas, public buildings, recreational facilities, schools, and trails.</li>\n<li>Design public spaces to accommodate a wide range of public uses.</li>\n<li>Improve access to public transit and multi-modal transit hubs.</li>\n<li>Improve the access and availability of healthy food by providing easy access to local grocery stores and farmer’s markets.</li>\n<li>De-emphasize motor vehicle parking, avoid expansive parking lots, and locate necessary parking in areas away from primary pedestrian traffic.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>There are also steps that can be taken to incorporate active living into building design. Steps that architects can take to promote physical activity within their structures incorporate some of the following:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Encouraging stair use by placing the main stairway in a convenient location for everyday use as well as signage encouraging the use of stairs over elevators. Stairs should also be designed to be visually pleasing and inviting with ample daylight or electrical lighting.</li>\n<li>Incorporating exercise facilities in easily visible locations as well as providing locker rooms, showers, drinking fountains, and bicycle storage.</li>\n<li>Designing the building exterior and envelope to contribute to a pedestrian-friendly atmosphere and including a variety of entries and canopies.</li>\n<li>Improving the access and availability of healthy food by providing on-site gardens on rooftops, in courtyards or on patio spaces.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gethealthycamden.com/\">Get Healthy Camden</a></p>\n<p>Get Healthy Camden is working to building a culture of health in the City of Camden. The organization implements programs related to healthy eating, healthy living, and active living. These programs grew from the blueprint developed by Get Healthy Camden to address community health with an action plan that includes adopting a “comprehensive citywide wellness policy that consists of policies and systems that create walking and biking paths, parks and open space, healthy and affordable food outlets, and that makes Camden an environment that supports daily physical activity and nutrition.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Active living can provide both short and long-term benefits to people of all ages and abilities. Short-term benefits include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>increased ease performing daily activities such as climbing stairs</li>\n<li>increased energy and the ability to cope with stress</li>\n<li>improved sleep</li>\n<li>decreased risk of depression</li>\n<li>improvements in student performance, including grades and standardized test scores<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Potential long-term benefits include reduced risk for specific health problems such as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>back pain</li>\n<li>high blood pressure</li>\n<li>obesity and obesity-related diseases</li>\n<li>anxiety and depression</li>\n<li>cancer <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Active living can also reduce reliance on automobiles and promote increased positive/personal interaction in the community.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost to implement active living strategies depends on a variety of factors. As with any community design process, some costs include collecting data from the neighborhood as well as the implementation costs of various programs such as walking clubs or bicycle recycle initiatives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a> These costs are dependent on the existing design of a community as well as the population within it and their willingness to volunteer their time and resources to active living.</p>\n<p>An integrated design process and considering active living design strategies from the start can minimize costs regardless of project scale. A study released in 2018 identified the total cost of chronic diseases related to individuals identified as obese or overweight was $1.72 trillion or 9.3% of the United States gross domestic product (GDP).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a> Active living can have long-term positive impacts on public health that reduce costs on a community scale.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Health is a key factor in community resilience, defined as the sustained ability of communities to withstand, adapt to, and recover from adversity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\"><sup>[18]</sup></a> Active living helps promote a healthier community of people who are better able to endure and recover from a disaster or emergency event. Accessible public spaces help develop community connections that are important sources of support during emergencies.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” <a href=\"https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128\">https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128</a> (accessed September 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” <a href=\"https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128\">https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128</a> (accessed September 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> CDC. Adult Obesity – Causes &amp; Consequences.  <a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html\">https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” <a href=\"https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128\">https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128</a> (accessed September 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> New York City Department of Design and Construction. “Active Design Guidelines.” <a href=\"https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf\">https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>Aces Connection. Resilient Communities are Healthy Communities. <a href=\"https://www.acesconnection.com/blog/resilient-communities-are-healthy-communities\">https://www.acesconnection.com/blog/resilient-communities-are-healthy-communities</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity.  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425844/\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425844/</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> New York City Department of Design and Construction. “Active Design Guidelines.” <a href=\"https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf\">https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> New Jersey Health Initiatives. 2016. Get Healthy Camden – A Partnership for Healthy Kids Program <a href=\"https://www.njhi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Get-Healthy-Camden_NJHI-Blueprint_v2_FULL.pdf\">https://www.njhi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Get-Healthy-Camden_NJHI-Blueprint_v2_FULL.pdf</a> (accessed January 7, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> US Dept. of Health and Human Services. Importance of Physical Activity <a href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/fitness/be-active/importance-of-physical-activity/index.html\">https://www.hhs.gov/fitness/be-active/importance-of-physical-activity/index.html</a> (accessed January 6. 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Leadership for Healthy Communities. <a href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/leadership-for-healthy-communities.aspx\">http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/leadership-for-healthy-communities.aspx</a> (accessed January 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> Warburton, D.E., Whitney Nicol, C., Bredin, S.S. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence Can. Med. Assoc. J., Mar 2006; 174: 801 – 809</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a>  US Dept. of Health and Human Services. Active Living. <a href=\"https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/priorities/prevention/strategy/active-living.html\">https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/priorities/prevention/strategy/active-living.html</a> (accessed January 5, 2019)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a> Active Living By Design. “5P Strategies and Tactics.” <a href=\"http://www.activelivingbydesign.org/our-approach/5p-strategies-tactics\">http://www.activelivingbydesign.org/our-approach/5p-strategies-tactics</a> (accessed March 18, 2011).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a> Waters, Hugh and Marlon Graf. America’s Obesity Crisis: The Health and Economic Costs of Excess Weight. <a href=\"https://www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/view/944\">https://www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/view/944</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\"><sup>[18]</sup></a> Public Health Emergency. Build and Sustain Healthy, Resilient Communities. <a href=\"https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/authority/nhss/Pages/communities.aspx\">https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/authority/nhss/Pages/communities.aspx</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/\">Flexible Work Spaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.activelivingresearch.org/\">Active Living Research</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asla.org/sustainablelandscapes/Vid_ActiveLiving.html\">American Society of Landscape Architects – Designing for Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://centerforactivedesign.org\">Center for Active Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://chnj.njpn.org/focus-areas/active-living-and-healthy-eating/\">Coalition for a Healthy New Jersey – Active Living &amp; Healthy Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://46u0j30o449zq8181dfurbcj-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/FitCity10_Report_101615_SinglePg_Final_299.pdf\">FitCity10 – Promoting Physical Activity through Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://healthyplacesbydesign.org\">Healthy Places by Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bikewalk.org/pdfs/2010/IPA_full.pdf\">Increasing Physical Activity Through Community Design: A Guide for Public Health Practitioners and Livable Community Advocates</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.asla.org/contentdetail.aspx?id=23888\">Livable Communities Resource Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njbikeped.org/complete-streets-2/\">NJ Bicycle and Pedestrian Resource Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.njhcn.org\">NJ Healthy Community Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/about/active-design.page&lt;/a\">New York City Department of Design and Construction – Active Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/health/chs/hnj2020/\">State of NJ Department of Health – Healthy New Jersey 2020</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablejersey.com/actions-certification/actions/?type=1336777436&amp;tx_sjcert_action%5BactionObject%5D=37&amp;tx_sjcert_action%5Baction%5D=getPDF&amp;tx_sjcert_action%5Bcontroller%5D=Action&amp;cHash=7e527b7b529d8e87b7cae5ad2c9a5b74\">Sustainable Jersey – Building Healthier Communities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/priorities/prevention/strategy/active-living.html\">US Department of Health and Human Services – Active Living</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Individual Comfort Controls','','inherit','closed','closed','','1706-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 17:25:50','2022-04-15 17:25:50','',1706,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1709',0,'revision','',0),(1711,2,'2022-04-15 17:28:37','2022-04-15 17:28:37','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Individual Comfort Controls\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Individual Comfort Controls?</strong></h2>\n<p>Individual comfort controls promote occupant comfort and well-being by enabling building occupants to control airflow and temperature in individual workspaces. Individual comfort controls support flexibility within the interior environment by supporting individual adjustment for localized conditions and user preference.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_95\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"535\"]<img class=\"wp-image-95 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Fig-1-NC-Individual-Comfort-Controls.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Underfloor air distribution systems can improve occupant comfort (Source: UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment).\" width=\"535\" height=\"308\" /> Figure 1 – Underfloor air distribution systems can improve occupant comfort (Source: UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment).[/caption]<p>Individual comfort levels vary due to differences in clothing, activity level (metabolic rate), and individual preferences.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> ASHRAE Standard 55, <em>Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy</em>, a widely used thermal comfort measure, aim to satisfy most of the people, most of the time and combines four of the traditional comfort factors (air temperature, air humidity, radiant temperature, and airspeed) to define comfort ranges for occupants. Satisfying the people who fall outside ASHRAE’s standardized comfort bands requires individualized comfort controls at each workstation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Individual Comfort Controls</strong></h2>\n<p>Design the building and systems with comfort controls to allow adjustments to suit individual needs or those of groups in shared spaces. ASHRAE Standard 55 identifies the factors of thermal comfort and a process for developing comfort criteria for building spaces that suit the needs of the occupants involved in their daily activities. Control strategies can expand beyond basic comfort criteria and allow adjustments to suit individual needs and preferences. For example, individual comfort controls can involve system designs incorporating operable windows, hybrid systems integrating operable windows and mechanical systems, or mechanical systems alone (<em>see Natural Ventilation, Energy-Efficient Windows, and Views and Operable Windows</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Individual adjustments may involve individual thermostat controls, local diffusers at the floor, desk or overhead levels, or control of individual radiant panels, or other means integrated into the overall building, thermal comfort systems, and energy systems design (<em>see Smart Sensors and Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, and Daylighting</em>). Also, designers should evaluate the closely tied interactions between thermal comfort (as required by ASHRAE Standard 55) and acceptable indoor air quality (as required by ASHRAE Standard 62.1, whether natural or mechanical ventilation).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Individual comfort controls can also refer to lighting controls and automatic daylighting systems and provide occupants with the ability to adjust lighting levels and reduce glare in their workspaces through task lighting or operable shading devices (<em>see Daylighting, and High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</em>). Green building certification programs such as LEEDv4<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> and the Well Building Standard<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> give credit for including individual comfort controls.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/empowering-energy-efficient-occupants/\">Building Users are the Key to Successful Energy Efficient Strategies</a></p>\n<p>Studies of individual control of ventilation and temperature suggest energy savings, improvements in satisfaction, and a decrease in discomfort complaints. Results of a research study by Dr. Clinton Andrews and the Consortium for Building Energy Innovation showed that personal environmental control improved environmental satisfaction. The objective of the study was to evaluate the benefits of personal controls over lighting and ventilation and temperature in offices regarding occupant satisfaction, mood and visual comfort, as well as energy efficiency.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Individual comfort controls: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Improve thermal comfort for individual occupants.</li>\n<li>Improve air movement and ventilation effectiveness; a cleaner environment.</li>\n<li>Improve task lighting and reduce glare and heat gain at individual workspaces.</li>\n<li>Reduce building energy use.</li>\n<li>Lower building operating costs.</li>\n<li>Improve occupant satisfaction and the potential to increase worker productivity.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing a system that allows for individual comfort controls vary by project but is usually most cost effective when incorporated through an integrated design process (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>). Higher first costs such as raised access flooring can be reduced or offset by reduced costs for ductwork, electrical services, and mechanical equipment.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> In addition to the increased potential for improved well-being and increased productivity, enhancing thermal comfort through individual comfort controls can reduce occupant complaints and associated time spent by facilities maintenance staff. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>If the power does not go out during emergency situations and severe weather events, occupants can maintain control of the temperature and ventilation of specific areas within a building with individual controls, thus improving comfort. Individual comfort controls can decrease overall energy use and improve occupant comfort, health, and well-being, all of which can contribute to resiliency through helping occupants and communities withstand and recover from disruptions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> UC Berkeley. <em>Thermal Comfort in UFAD Systems.</em> <a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/thermalcomfort.htm\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/thermalcomfort.htm</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ASHRAE Standard. <em>Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy.</em> <em><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-55-thermal-environmental-conditions-for-human-occupancy\">https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-55-thermal-environmental-conditions-for-human-occupancy</a></em> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Stanford University. <em>EQ Credit 6.2: Controllability of Systems: Thermal Comfort. </em><a href=\"https://web.stanford.edu/class/cee115/wiki/uploads/Main/StudentGroup2NewBuildingAnalyisBillingsMilleaVictorsson/BillingsEQcredit6_2.pdf\">https://web.stanford.edu/class/cee115/wiki/uploads/Main/StudentGroup2NewBuildingAnalyisBillingsMilleaVictorsson/BillingsEQcredit6_2.pdf</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Chris Mueller, ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer. <em>ASHRAE Standard 62.1 The IAQ Procedure and LEED</em>.  <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/ciaq-webinar-muller.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/ciaq-webinar-muller.pdf</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USGBC. LEED v4. Thermal Controls – Controllability. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Well Building Standard – Individual Thermal Control.  <a href=\"https://standard.wellcertified.com/comfort/individual-thermal-control?_ga=2.191711722.134009741.1547941804-560727732.1547313140\">https://standard.wellcertified.com/comfort/individual-thermal-control?_ga=2.191711722.134009741.1547941804-560727732.1547313140</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Andrews, C.J., Senick, J.A., Wener, R.W., and M. Sorensen Allacci. (2012) “Investigating Building Performance Through Simulation of Occupant Behavior,” GreenBuild 2012 Proceedings, San Francisco, CA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. <em>Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems. </em><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. <em>Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems. </em><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm</a>  (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a>  Well Building Standard. Thermal Comfort. <a href=\"https://v2.wellcertified.com/v2.1/en/thermal%20comfort\">https://v2.wellcertified.com/v2.1/en/thermal%20comfort</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Occupant Comfort. <a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort\">https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort</a> (accessed January 19, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/empowering-energy-efficient-occupants/\">Consortium for Building Energy Innovation – Empowering Energy Efficient Occupants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort\">GSA Sustainable Tools – Occupant Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/nj-smartstart-buildings\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/research_ieq.htm\">UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment – Research on Indoor Environmental Quality</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62\">USGBC – LEEDv4 Thermal Comfort – controllability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/provide-comfortable-environments\">Whole Building Design Guide – Provide Comfortable Environments</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Individual Comfort Controls','','inherit','closed','closed','','1706-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 17:28:37','2022-04-15 17:28:37','',1706,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1711',0,'revision','',0),(1712,2,'2022-04-15 17:31:44','2022-04-15 17:31:44','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Moisture Control\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Moisture Control?</strong></h2>\n<p>Moisture control is a strategy to minimize excessive moisture in the indoor environment. Excess moisture is at the center of many problems related to building durability and indoor air quality in all types of buildings in a wide range of climates. Excessive moisture in buildings can result from many causes: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rainwater leaks through roofs and walls</li>\n<li>Leakage of moist air</li>\n<li>Diffusion of moisture through walls, roofs, and floors</li>\n<li>Groundwater intrusion into basements and crawl spaces through walls and floors</li>\n<li>Leaking or burst water pipes</li>\n<li>Indoor moisture sources</li>\n<li>Construction moisture</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Moisture problems can lead to the growth of mold and mildew; individuals with allergies and other respiratory issues can be sensitive to mold and mildew spores in the air. Mold and mildew are part of the natural environment and are present in the air. However, they become an issue when their concentrations become high. It is challenging to prevent any mold or mildew growth, or to eliminate it; however, it is possible to control their presence within acceptable limits. In addition to mold, other microorganisms (e.g., bacteria), as well as pests (e.g., mites, cockroaches, and insects) that are known to infest buildings also depend on moisture to survive. Excessively high moisture content in thermal insulation can also reduce the effectiveness of insulation by as much as 50%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Implementing moisture control can both protect structures from rot and deterioration and protect occupants from exposure to mold and bacteria.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, the following are primary causes of indoor moisture problems in new buildings:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use of building materials that are repeatedly or deeply wetted before the building is fully enclosed.</li>\n<li>Poor control of rain and snow resulting in roof and flashing leaks.</li>\n<li>Wet or damp construction cavities.</li>\n<li>Moisture-laden outdoor air entering the building.</li>\n<li>Condensation on cool surfaces.</li>\n</ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_232\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1026\"]<img class=\"wp-image-232 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Moisture-Control-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Humidity can lead to mold. ( Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"1026\" height=\"410\" /> Figure 1 – Humidity can lead to mold. ( Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Moisture Control</strong></h2>\n<p>Proper construction of the building envelope to reduce the migration of warm and humid air from entering wall and other cavities is critical for controlling moisture. The building envelope is the physical barrier between indoors and outdoors that encloses the structure, including the foundation, roof, floor, ceiling, and walls.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Specific recommendations include proper use of vapor retarders on the warm, humid side of the insulation, using vapor barriers to isolate concrete slabs from moist soil, adequate ventilation of areas where moisture can accumulate, and ensuring proper flashing around windows, rooflines, and capillary breaks on footings.</p>\n<p>Critical strategies for reducing moisture in new construction include<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Keeping construction material dry before installation (and drying any materials that get wet within 24-48 hours).</li>\n<li>Designing roof systems that prevent accumulation of moisture from rain and snow from penetrating roof surfaces.</li>\n<li>Ensuring fresh air intakes for ventilation system have outwardly sloped louvers to reduce the introduction of water during rainfall.</li>\n<li>Grading soil around buildings to move water away from the building, reducing moisture seepage into foundation walls, and avoiding the addition of large areas of impervious surfaces (which can increase the cost and size of stormwater management systems).</li>\n<li>Incorporating covered entryways to reduce moisture introduction during wet weather.</li>\n<li>Right-sizing HVAC systems so that they operate long enough to reduce airborne humidity.</li>\n<li>Using dehumidifiers.</li>\n<li>Insulating ductwork, refrigeration and water lines to minimize condensation problems.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.achrnews.com/articles/136030-projects-highlight-air-quality-energy-efficiency-and-comfort-goals\">The Atlantic Club – Red Bank, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Atlantic Club’s new dehumidifier significantly improved the indoor air quality of the 33,000 sf club. The new system reduced maintenance costs, generated annual energy savings and increased indoor comfort.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases the longevity of the building, materials, and systems</li>\n<li>Reduces the costs of replacing or repairing materials and systems</li>\n<li>Protects the health of building occupants</li>\n<li>Reduces life-cycle costs</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>In addition to contributing to poor indoor air quality, excessive moisture in a building can lead to structural damage, deterioration of the performance of building systems and components, and cosmetic damage, all of which can result in increased maintenance and repair costs. Designing for effective moisture management protects occupant health and can lower facility maintenance costs over the lifetime of the building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Strategies such as comprehensive waterproofing up to the design flood elevation, using moisture protective and inherent moisture-wicking materials, as well as materials resistant to excessive humidity such as glazed brick, concrete, stone, and decay-resistant lumber can all contribute to more resilient structures. Incorporating moisture control measures such as these into new construction can help develop a built environment that endures and recovers from hazardous events such as storms and flooding.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Mold and Moisture Dynamics. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health</a> (accessed December 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Mold and Moisture Dynamics <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health</a> (accessed May 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health</a> (accessed May 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA – Moisture Control, Part of Indoor Air Quality Design Tools for Schools <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/moisture-control-part-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools\">https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/moisture-control-part-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools</a> (accessed May 21, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USDOE. Better Buildings Initiative. Building Envelope. <a href=\"https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope\">https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope</a> (accessed November 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. Moisture Control for Building Design, Construction, and Maintenance. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/moisture-control.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/moisture-control.pdf</a> (accessed December 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> The National Academies Press. Building Envelope, Moisture Management, and Health. <a href=\"http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11574&amp;page=25\">http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11574&amp;page=25</a> (accessed May 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Hazard-Specific Building-Resilience Considerations. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/hazard-specific-building-resilience-considerations\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/hazard-specific-building-resilience-considerations</a> (accessed December 1, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-cleaning/\">Green Cleaning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-integrated-pest-management/\">Integrated Pest Management (IPM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/search?Query=moisture+control\">General Services Administration – Sustainable Facilities Tool – Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/iaq/largebldgs/i-beam/text/renovation_new_construction.html\">IAQ Building Education and Assessment Model (I-BEAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.shelterecology.com/articles/art_Moisture.html\">Moisture Control in Buildings: Putting Building Science in Green Building</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/health/ceohs/environmental-occupational/mold/index.shtml\">NJ Department of Health – Environmental and Indoor Health</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-air-quality-offices-and-other-large-buildings\">US EPA Indoor Air Quality in Offices and Other Large Buildings (see ASHRAE Indoor Air Quality Design Guide available for free download)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Environmental Protection Agency</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/moisture-control.pdf\">Moisture Control for Building Design, Construction and Maintenance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/mold/topics-related-mold-and-moisture\">Topics Related to Mold and Moisture</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/hazard-specific-building-resilience-considerations\">Hazard-Specific Building-Resilience Considerations</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/promote_health.php\">Promote Health and Well-Being</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Moisture Control','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-moisture-control','','','2022-04-15 17:31:48','2022-04-15 17:31:48','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1712',0,'post','',0),(1713,2,'2022-04-15 17:28:52','2022-04-15 17:28:52','','Moisture Control','','inherit','closed','closed','','1712-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 17:28:52','2022-04-15 17:28:52','',1712,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1713',0,'revision','',0),(1715,2,'2022-04-15 17:31:44','2022-04-15 17:31:44','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Moisture Control\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Moisture Control?</strong></h2>\n<p>Moisture control is a strategy to minimize excessive moisture in the indoor environment. Excess moisture is at the center of many problems related to building durability and indoor air quality in all types of buildings in a wide range of climates. Excessive moisture in buildings can result from many causes: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rainwater leaks through roofs and walls</li>\n<li>Leakage of moist air</li>\n<li>Diffusion of moisture through walls, roofs, and floors</li>\n<li>Groundwater intrusion into basements and crawl spaces through walls and floors</li>\n<li>Leaking or burst water pipes</li>\n<li>Indoor moisture sources</li>\n<li>Construction moisture</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Moisture problems can lead to the growth of mold and mildew; individuals with allergies and other respiratory issues can be sensitive to mold and mildew spores in the air. Mold and mildew are part of the natural environment and are present in the air. However, they become an issue when their concentrations become high. It is challenging to prevent any mold or mildew growth, or to eliminate it; however, it is possible to control their presence within acceptable limits. In addition to mold, other microorganisms (e.g., bacteria), as well as pests (e.g., mites, cockroaches, and insects) that are known to infest buildings also depend on moisture to survive. Excessively high moisture content in thermal insulation can also reduce the effectiveness of insulation by as much as 50%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Implementing moisture control can both protect structures from rot and deterioration and protect occupants from exposure to mold and bacteria.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, the following are primary causes of indoor moisture problems in new buildings:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use of building materials that are repeatedly or deeply wetted before the building is fully enclosed.</li>\n<li>Poor control of rain and snow resulting in roof and flashing leaks.</li>\n<li>Wet or damp construction cavities.</li>\n<li>Moisture-laden outdoor air entering the building.</li>\n<li>Condensation on cool surfaces.</li>\n</ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_232\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1026\"]<img class=\"wp-image-232 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Moisture-Control-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Humidity can lead to mold. ( Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"1026\" height=\"410\" /> Figure 1 – Humidity can lead to mold. ( Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Moisture Control</strong></h2>\n<p>Proper construction of the building envelope to reduce the migration of warm and humid air from entering wall and other cavities is critical for controlling moisture. The building envelope is the physical barrier between indoors and outdoors that encloses the structure, including the foundation, roof, floor, ceiling, and walls.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Specific recommendations include proper use of vapor retarders on the warm, humid side of the insulation, using vapor barriers to isolate concrete slabs from moist soil, adequate ventilation of areas where moisture can accumulate, and ensuring proper flashing around windows, rooflines, and capillary breaks on footings.</p>\n<p>Critical strategies for reducing moisture in new construction include<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Keeping construction material dry before installation (and drying any materials that get wet within 24-48 hours).</li>\n<li>Designing roof systems that prevent accumulation of moisture from rain and snow from penetrating roof surfaces.</li>\n<li>Ensuring fresh air intakes for ventilation system have outwardly sloped louvers to reduce the introduction of water during rainfall.</li>\n<li>Grading soil around buildings to move water away from the building, reducing moisture seepage into foundation walls, and avoiding the addition of large areas of impervious surfaces (which can increase the cost and size of stormwater management systems).</li>\n<li>Incorporating covered entryways to reduce moisture introduction during wet weather.</li>\n<li>Right-sizing HVAC systems so that they operate long enough to reduce airborne humidity.</li>\n<li>Using dehumidifiers.</li>\n<li>Insulating ductwork, refrigeration and water lines to minimize condensation problems.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.achrnews.com/articles/136030-projects-highlight-air-quality-energy-efficiency-and-comfort-goals\">The Atlantic Club – Red Bank, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Atlantic Club’s new dehumidifier significantly improved the indoor air quality of the 33,000 sf club. The new system reduced maintenance costs, generated annual energy savings and increased indoor comfort.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases the longevity of the building, materials, and systems</li>\n<li>Reduces the costs of replacing or repairing materials and systems</li>\n<li>Protects the health of building occupants</li>\n<li>Reduces life-cycle costs</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>In addition to contributing to poor indoor air quality, excessive moisture in a building can lead to structural damage, deterioration of the performance of building systems and components, and cosmetic damage, all of which can result in increased maintenance and repair costs. Designing for effective moisture management protects occupant health and can lower facility maintenance costs over the lifetime of the building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Strategies such as comprehensive waterproofing up to the design flood elevation, using moisture protective and inherent moisture-wicking materials, as well as materials resistant to excessive humidity such as glazed brick, concrete, stone, and decay-resistant lumber can all contribute to more resilient structures. Incorporating moisture control measures such as these into new construction can help develop a built environment that endures and recovers from hazardous events such as storms and flooding.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Mold and Moisture Dynamics. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health</a> (accessed December 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Mold and Moisture Dynamics <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health</a> (accessed May 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health</a> (accessed May 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA – Moisture Control, Part of Indoor Air Quality Design Tools for Schools <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/moisture-control-part-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools\">https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/moisture-control-part-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools</a> (accessed May 21, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USDOE. Better Buildings Initiative. Building Envelope. <a href=\"https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope\">https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope</a> (accessed November 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. Moisture Control for Building Design, Construction, and Maintenance. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/moisture-control.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/moisture-control.pdf</a> (accessed December 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> The National Academies Press. Building Envelope, Moisture Management, and Health. <a href=\"http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11574&amp;page=25\">http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11574&amp;page=25</a> (accessed May 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Hazard-Specific Building-Resilience Considerations. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/hazard-specific-building-resilience-considerations\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/hazard-specific-building-resilience-considerations</a> (accessed December 1, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-cleaning/\">Green Cleaning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-integrated-pest-management/\">Integrated Pest Management (IPM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/search?Query=moisture+control\">General Services Administration – Sustainable Facilities Tool – Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/iaq/largebldgs/i-beam/text/renovation_new_construction.html\">IAQ Building Education and Assessment Model (I-BEAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.shelterecology.com/articles/art_Moisture.html\">Moisture Control in Buildings: Putting Building Science in Green Building</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/health/ceohs/environmental-occupational/mold/index.shtml\">NJ Department of Health – Environmental and Indoor Health</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-air-quality-offices-and-other-large-buildings\">US EPA Indoor Air Quality in Offices and Other Large Buildings (see ASHRAE Indoor Air Quality Design Guide available for free download)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Environmental Protection Agency</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/moisture-control.pdf\">Moisture Control for Building Design, Construction and Maintenance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/mold/topics-related-mold-and-moisture\">Topics Related to Mold and Moisture</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/hazard-specific-building-resilience-considerations\">Hazard-Specific Building-Resilience Considerations</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/promote_health.php\">Promote Health and Well-Being</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Moisture Control','','inherit','closed','closed','','1712-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 17:31:44','2022-04-15 17:31:44','',1712,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1715',0,'revision','',0),(1716,2,'2022-04-15 17:31:44','2022-04-15 17:31:44','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Moisture Control\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Moisture Control?</strong></h2>\n<p>Moisture control is a strategy to minimize excessive moisture in the indoor environment. Excess moisture is at the center of many problems related to building durability and indoor air quality in all types of buildings in a wide range of climates. Excessive moisture in buildings can result from many causes: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rainwater leaks through roofs and walls</li>\n<li>Leakage of moist air</li>\n<li>Diffusion of moisture through walls, roofs, and floors</li>\n<li>Groundwater intrusion into basements and crawl spaces through walls and floors</li>\n<li>Leaking or burst water pipes</li>\n<li>Indoor moisture sources</li>\n<li>Construction moisture</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Moisture problems can lead to the growth of mold and mildew; individuals with allergies and other respiratory issues can be sensitive to mold and mildew spores in the air. Mold and mildew are part of the natural environment and are present in the air. However, they become an issue when their concentrations become high. It is challenging to prevent any mold or mildew growth, or to eliminate it; however, it is possible to control their presence within acceptable limits. In addition to mold, other microorganisms (e.g., bacteria), as well as pests (e.g., mites, cockroaches, and insects) that are known to infest buildings also depend on moisture to survive. Excessively high moisture content in thermal insulation can also reduce the effectiveness of insulation by as much as 50%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Implementing moisture control can both protect structures from rot and deterioration and protect occupants from exposure to mold and bacteria.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, the following are primary causes of indoor moisture problems in new buildings:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use of building materials that are repeatedly or deeply wetted before the building is fully enclosed.</li>\n<li>Poor control of rain and snow resulting in roof and flashing leaks.</li>\n<li>Wet or damp construction cavities.</li>\n<li>Moisture-laden outdoor air entering the building.</li>\n<li>Condensation on cool surfaces.</li>\n</ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_232\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1026\"]<img class=\"wp-image-232 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Moisture-Control-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Humidity can lead to mold. ( Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"1026\" height=\"410\" /> Figure 1 – Humidity can lead to mold. ( Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Moisture Control</strong></h2>\n<p>Proper construction of the building envelope to reduce the migration of warm and humid air from entering wall and other cavities is critical for controlling moisture. The building envelope is the physical barrier between indoors and outdoors that encloses the structure, including the foundation, roof, floor, ceiling, and walls.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Specific recommendations include proper use of vapor retarders on the warm, humid side of the insulation, using vapor barriers to isolate concrete slabs from moist soil, adequate ventilation of areas where moisture can accumulate, and ensuring proper flashing around windows, rooflines, and capillary breaks on footings.</p>\n<p>Critical strategies for reducing moisture in new construction include<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Keeping construction material dry before installation (and drying any materials that get wet within 24-48 hours).</li>\n<li>Designing roof systems that prevent accumulation of moisture from rain and snow from penetrating roof surfaces.</li>\n<li>Ensuring fresh air intakes for ventilation system have outwardly sloped louvers to reduce the introduction of water during rainfall.</li>\n<li>Grading soil around buildings to move water away from the building, reducing moisture seepage into foundation walls, and avoiding the addition of large areas of impervious surfaces (which can increase the cost and size of stormwater management systems).</li>\n<li>Incorporating covered entryways to reduce moisture introduction during wet weather.</li>\n<li>Right-sizing HVAC systems so that they operate long enough to reduce airborne humidity.</li>\n<li>Using dehumidifiers.</li>\n<li>Insulating ductwork, refrigeration and water lines to minimize condensation problems.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.achrnews.com/articles/136030-projects-highlight-air-quality-energy-efficiency-and-comfort-goals\">The Atlantic Club – Red Bank, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Atlantic Club’s new dehumidifier significantly improved the indoor air quality of the 33,000 sf club. The new system reduced maintenance costs, generated annual energy savings and increased indoor comfort.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases the longevity of the building, materials, and systems</li>\n<li>Reduces the costs of replacing or repairing materials and systems</li>\n<li>Protects the health of building occupants</li>\n<li>Reduces life-cycle costs</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>In addition to contributing to poor indoor air quality, excessive moisture in a building can lead to structural damage, deterioration of the performance of building systems and components, and cosmetic damage, all of which can result in increased maintenance and repair costs. Designing for effective moisture management protects occupant health and can lower facility maintenance costs over the lifetime of the building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Strategies such as comprehensive waterproofing up to the design flood elevation, using moisture protective and inherent moisture-wicking materials, as well as materials resistant to excessive humidity such as glazed brick, concrete, stone, and decay-resistant lumber can all contribute to more resilient structures. Incorporating moisture control measures such as these into new construction can help develop a built environment that endures and recovers from hazardous events such as storms and flooding.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Mold and Moisture Dynamics. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health</a> (accessed December 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Mold and Moisture Dynamics <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health</a> (accessed May 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health</a> (accessed May 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA – Moisture Control, Part of Indoor Air Quality Design Tools for Schools <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/moisture-control-part-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools\">https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/moisture-control-part-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools</a> (accessed May 21, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USDOE. Better Buildings Initiative. Building Envelope. <a href=\"https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope\">https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope</a> (accessed November 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. Moisture Control for Building Design, Construction, and Maintenance. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/moisture-control.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/moisture-control.pdf</a> (accessed December 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> The National Academies Press. Building Envelope, Moisture Management, and Health. <a href=\"http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11574&amp;page=25\">http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11574&amp;page=25</a> (accessed May 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Hazard-Specific Building-Resilience Considerations. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/hazard-specific-building-resilience-considerations\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/hazard-specific-building-resilience-considerations</a> (accessed December 1, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-cleaning/\">Green Cleaning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-integrated-pest-management/\">Integrated Pest Management (IPM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/search?Query=moisture+control\">General Services Administration – Sustainable Facilities Tool – Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/iaq/largebldgs/i-beam/text/renovation_new_construction.html\">IAQ Building Education and Assessment Model (I-BEAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.shelterecology.com/articles/art_Moisture.html\">Moisture Control in Buildings: Putting Building Science in Green Building</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/health/ceohs/environmental-occupational/mold/index.shtml\">NJ Department of Health – Environmental and Indoor Health</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-air-quality-offices-and-other-large-buildings\">US EPA Indoor Air Quality in Offices and Other Large Buildings (see ASHRAE Indoor Air Quality Design Guide available for free download)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Environmental Protection Agency</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/moisture-control.pdf\">Moisture Control for Building Design, Construction and Maintenance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/mold/topics-related-mold-and-moisture\">Topics Related to Mold and Moisture</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/hazard-specific-building-resilience-considerations\">Hazard-Specific Building-Resilience Considerations</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/promote_health.php\">Promote Health and Well-Being</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Moisture Control','','inherit','closed','closed','','1712-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 17:31:44','2022-04-15 17:31:44','',1712,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1716',0,'revision','',0),(1717,2,'2022-04-15 17:31:48','2022-04-15 17:31:48','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Moisture Control\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Moisture Control?</strong></h2>\n<p>Moisture control is a strategy to minimize excessive moisture in the indoor environment. Excess moisture is at the center of many problems related to building durability and indoor air quality in all types of buildings in a wide range of climates. Excessive moisture in buildings can result from many causes: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rainwater leaks through roofs and walls</li>\n<li>Leakage of moist air</li>\n<li>Diffusion of moisture through walls, roofs, and floors</li>\n<li>Groundwater intrusion into basements and crawl spaces through walls and floors</li>\n<li>Leaking or burst water pipes</li>\n<li>Indoor moisture sources</li>\n<li>Construction moisture</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Moisture problems can lead to the growth of mold and mildew; individuals with allergies and other respiratory issues can be sensitive to mold and mildew spores in the air. Mold and mildew are part of the natural environment and are present in the air. However, they become an issue when their concentrations become high. It is challenging to prevent any mold or mildew growth, or to eliminate it; however, it is possible to control their presence within acceptable limits. In addition to mold, other microorganisms (e.g., bacteria), as well as pests (e.g., mites, cockroaches, and insects) that are known to infest buildings also depend on moisture to survive. Excessively high moisture content in thermal insulation can also reduce the effectiveness of insulation by as much as 50%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Implementing moisture control can both protect structures from rot and deterioration and protect occupants from exposure to mold and bacteria.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, the following are primary causes of indoor moisture problems in new buildings:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use of building materials that are repeatedly or deeply wetted before the building is fully enclosed.</li>\n<li>Poor control of rain and snow resulting in roof and flashing leaks.</li>\n<li>Wet or damp construction cavities.</li>\n<li>Moisture-laden outdoor air entering the building.</li>\n<li>Condensation on cool surfaces.</li>\n</ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_232\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1026\"]<img class=\"wp-image-232 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Moisture-Control-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Humidity can lead to mold. ( Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"1026\" height=\"410\" /> Figure 1 – Humidity can lead to mold. ( Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Moisture Control</strong></h2>\n<p>Proper construction of the building envelope to reduce the migration of warm and humid air from entering wall and other cavities is critical for controlling moisture. The building envelope is the physical barrier between indoors and outdoors that encloses the structure, including the foundation, roof, floor, ceiling, and walls.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Specific recommendations include proper use of vapor retarders on the warm, humid side of the insulation, using vapor barriers to isolate concrete slabs from moist soil, adequate ventilation of areas where moisture can accumulate, and ensuring proper flashing around windows, rooflines, and capillary breaks on footings.</p>\n<p>Critical strategies for reducing moisture in new construction include<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Keeping construction material dry before installation (and drying any materials that get wet within 24-48 hours).</li>\n<li>Designing roof systems that prevent accumulation of moisture from rain and snow from penetrating roof surfaces.</li>\n<li>Ensuring fresh air intakes for ventilation system have outwardly sloped louvers to reduce the introduction of water during rainfall.</li>\n<li>Grading soil around buildings to move water away from the building, reducing moisture seepage into foundation walls, and avoiding the addition of large areas of impervious surfaces (which can increase the cost and size of stormwater management systems).</li>\n<li>Incorporating covered entryways to reduce moisture introduction during wet weather.</li>\n<li>Right-sizing HVAC systems so that they operate long enough to reduce airborne humidity.</li>\n<li>Using dehumidifiers.</li>\n<li>Insulating ductwork, refrigeration and water lines to minimize condensation problems.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.achrnews.com/articles/136030-projects-highlight-air-quality-energy-efficiency-and-comfort-goals\">The Atlantic Club – Red Bank, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Atlantic Club’s new dehumidifier significantly improved the indoor air quality of the 33,000 sf club. The new system reduced maintenance costs, generated annual energy savings and increased indoor comfort.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases the longevity of the building, materials, and systems</li>\n<li>Reduces the costs of replacing or repairing materials and systems</li>\n<li>Protects the health of building occupants</li>\n<li>Reduces life-cycle costs</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>In addition to contributing to poor indoor air quality, excessive moisture in a building can lead to structural damage, deterioration of the performance of building systems and components, and cosmetic damage, all of which can result in increased maintenance and repair costs. Designing for effective moisture management protects occupant health and can lower facility maintenance costs over the lifetime of the building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Strategies such as comprehensive waterproofing up to the design flood elevation, using moisture protective and inherent moisture-wicking materials, as well as materials resistant to excessive humidity such as glazed brick, concrete, stone, and decay-resistant lumber can all contribute to more resilient structures. Incorporating moisture control measures such as these into new construction can help develop a built environment that endures and recovers from hazardous events such as storms and flooding.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Mold and Moisture Dynamics. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health</a> (accessed December 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Mold and Moisture Dynamics <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health</a> (accessed May 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health</a> (accessed May 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA – Moisture Control, Part of Indoor Air Quality Design Tools for Schools <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/moisture-control-part-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools\">https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/moisture-control-part-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools</a> (accessed May 21, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USDOE. Better Buildings Initiative. Building Envelope. <a href=\"https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope\">https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope</a> (accessed November 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. Moisture Control for Building Design, Construction, and Maintenance. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/moisture-control.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/moisture-control.pdf</a> (accessed December 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> The National Academies Press. Building Envelope, Moisture Management, and Health. <a href=\"http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11574&amp;page=25\">http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11574&amp;page=25</a> (accessed May 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Hazard-Specific Building-Resilience Considerations. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/hazard-specific-building-resilience-considerations\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/hazard-specific-building-resilience-considerations</a> (accessed December 1, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-cleaning/\">Green Cleaning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-integrated-pest-management/\">Integrated Pest Management (IPM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/search?Query=moisture+control\">General Services Administration – Sustainable Facilities Tool – Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/iaq/largebldgs/i-beam/text/renovation_new_construction.html\">IAQ Building Education and Assessment Model (I-BEAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.shelterecology.com/articles/art_Moisture.html\">Moisture Control in Buildings: Putting Building Science in Green Building</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/health/ceohs/environmental-occupational/mold/index.shtml\">NJ Department of Health – Environmental and Indoor Health</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-air-quality-offices-and-other-large-buildings\">US EPA Indoor Air Quality in Offices and Other Large Buildings (see ASHRAE Indoor Air Quality Design Guide available for free download)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Environmental Protection Agency</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/moisture-control.pdf\">Moisture Control for Building Design, Construction and Maintenance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/mold/topics-related-mold-and-moisture\">Topics Related to Mold and Moisture</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/hazard-specific-building-resilience-considerations\">Hazard-Specific Building-Resilience Considerations</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/promote_health.php\">Promote Health and Well-Being</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Moisture Control','','inherit','closed','closed','','1712-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 17:31:48','2022-04-15 17:31:48','',1712,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1717',0,'revision','',0),(1718,2,'2022-04-18 14:49:36','2022-04-18 14:49:36','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Incorporate Views and Operable Windows\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>Why Incorporate Views and Operable Windows?</strong></h2>\n<p>Indoor environments impact occupant well-being and productivity. Aspects of the indoor environment such as access to views and natural light, connection to nature, and personal control over environmental conditions all play a role in occupant comfort (see <em>Individual Comfort Controls</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Access to views of the outside contributes to occupant well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Many studies have found that people value daylight and prefer to be near windows, and there is an increasing understanding that being near a window can be psychologically and physiologically beneficial, mainly if views contain natural features. Visual contact with nature through window views enhances mood, reduces stress, and promotes a higher quality of life (see <em>Biophilic Design</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> A study by Roger Ulrich compared postoperative recovery rates of patients experiencing similar surgical procedures but having different window views of trees and a lake, no window views, or a view of a brick wall. The study found that the window view patients recovered significantly faster, required less pharmaceutical assistance, and had fewer post-operative complications, supporting the idea that enhanced opportunities for emotionally bonding with nature promote feelings of calm, confidence, and personal well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Operable windows can increase occupant comfort and provide psychological benefits through natural ventilation, connection to natural elements and individual control over the indoor environment (see <em>Natural Ventilation</em>). Operable windows can also contribute to improved indoor air quality, depending on the quality of the outdoor air. Monitor outdoor air quality through resources such as the US EPA “Air Now” online tool (<a href=\"https://www.airnow.gov/flag.\">airnow.gov</a>) that lists air quality conditions by zip code.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>One study compared naturally ventilated buildings (i.e., occupant-controlled operable windows) with centrally controlled HVAC systems (in which occupants had no control over their environment) found that occupants in the naturally ventilated buildings accepted a full range of temperatures compared to occupants who did not have operable windows. One hypothesis for this finding is that occupants with greater control over the indoor environment have a higher tolerance of temperature range.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_525\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"544\"]<img class=\"wp-image-525 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Views-and-Operable-Windows-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Office with operable windows and view of trees (Source: Flickr drewsaunders http://www.flickr.com/photos/drewbsaunders/116533602/ ).\" width=\"544\" height=\"410\" /> Figure 1 – Office with operable windows and view of trees (Source: Flickr drewsaunders http://www.flickr.com/photos/drewbsaunders/116533602/ ).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Views and Operable Windows</strong></h2>\n<p>The factors that define indoor environmental quality connect directly to each other. For example, the decision about the placement or type of window can impact access to natural light, connection to the outdoors, acoustics, thermal comfort, occupant control, and air quality (see <em>Energy-Efficient Windows</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> It is essential to consider all of these components in the design phase of a project. There are many resources available regarding design steps to consider for the placement of operable windows and to optimize views (see <strong>Resources </strong>section).</p>\n<p>Although there are many benefits associated with operable windows, they can also increase the threat of water and air leakage without careful window selection, design, and installation (see <em>Reduce Air Infiltration</em>). Operable windows can also increase noise and airborne pollutants in the interior space and make it harder to control thermal comfort with various types of HVAC systems (see <em>Acoustic Control</em>). Facilities staff and building occupants should be aware of the limitations and issues that can arise from operable window use and methods to mitigate these issues (see <strong>Resources</strong>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://architypereview.com/project/atlanticare-cancer-care-institute/\">AtlantiCare – The Cancer Institute, Egg Harbor Township, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>AtlantiCare designed and constructed its new Cancer Care Institute according to <a href=\"http://www.usgbc.org/\">US Green Building Council</a> LEED standards, achieving LEED Gold certification. The Cancer Institute was the first AtlantiCare building to achieve LEED certification.</p>\n<p>Highlights include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Natural lighting including an automatic light-monitoring system to reduce electricity usage.</li>\n<li>The facility features a natural theme, incorporating a healing arts program.</li>\n<li>Nature has been brought inside and trees are planted in several areas inside the facility.</li>\n<li>Three-quarters of the interior space provides natural daylight through the glass façade, skylights and large windows throughout the building.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.hermanmiller.com/About-Us/Environmental-Advocacy/Green-Buildings\">The Herman Miller Building, Holland, Michigan.</a></p>\n<p>Although people prefer being in windowed rather than windowless spaces, the view itself has consequences for well-being. Studies have found that views of nature are especially beneficial and reduce stress, provide mental relief, improve the perceived quality of life, and improve emotional functioning. A case study of the Herman Miller building in Holland, Michigan, shows improvements in social functioning and sense of belonging associated with including break areas; a centrally located cafeteria; an interior, daylit and tree-lined “street”; and high levels of internal glazing that offered views into the street and interior spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating views and operable windows:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Enhances occupant comfort and health</li>\n<li>Increases occupant satisfaction</li>\n<li>Increases productivity<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Offers natural ventilation<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></li>\n<li>Increases access to daylight and window views which can improve psychological functioning and well-being of occupants</li>\n<li>Reduces stress and promotes positive emotional states and may also influence cognitive functioning<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of incorporating operable windows and maximizing views from interior spaces vary by project, and these aspects should be considered early in the design phase to optimize cost efficiencies. Operable windows are generally more expensive than static windows. Expect to pay approximately 20-percent more for fully operable windows vs. fixed windows. Price also changes by type of operable window – sliders are cheaper than casements, for example. Many factors affect cost and designers need to think holistically about the project. Operable windows can be used to offset mechanical ventilation costs and can allow for downsizing fans (see <em>Properly-Sized HVAC Systems</em>). Installing a traditional mechanical HVAC unit on the roof and installing operable windows can lead to inefficiencies in running the system if occupants are not adequately aware of how the building systems function.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a fire or other emergency in the building, operable windows (depending on their size) can act as a point of egress for occupants and can also serve as an access point for firefighters and their lifesaving equipment, especially if any other exits are blocked off and inaccessible to the building’s occupants. Operable windows can also help provide natural ventilation and thermal comfort during a power outage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <em>Promote Health and Well Being</em> <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being</a>  (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Occupant Comfort. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being</a> (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Judith H. Heerwagen, Ph.D. <em>Green Buildings, Organizational Success, and Occupant Productivity. </em>Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Ulrich, Roger S. <em>View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery. </em>The Center for Health Design. <a href=\"https://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/article-pdfs/Ulrich-1984-CHD-KPS.pdf\">https://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/article-pdfs/Ulrich-1984-CHD-KPS.pdf</a>  (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA. AirNow. <a href=\"https://www.airnow.gov/\">https://www.airnow.gov</a> (accessed December 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ASHRAE. <a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> California Sustainable Design Training. IEQ. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf</a>  (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Buildings.com “A Breath of Fresh Air.” <a href=\"http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx\">http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx</a> (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> The American Institute of Architects (AIA). <a href=\"http://www.aiatopten.org/node/169\">www.aiatopten.org/node/169</a> (accessed September 20, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> California Sustainable Design Training. IEQ. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf</a>  (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Buildings.com   “A Breath of Fresh Air.” <a href=\"http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx\">http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Judith H. Heerwagen, Ph.D. <em>Green Buildings, Organizational Success, and Occupant Productivity.</em> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Buildings. “A Breath of Fresh Air.” <a href=\"http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx\">http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx</a> (accessed January 12, 2019)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Building Green. Resilient Design: Natural Cooling. <a href=\"https://www.buildinggreen.com/blog/resilient-design-natural-cooling\">https://www.buildinggreen.com/blog/resilient-design-natural-cooling</a> (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/\">Acoustic Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf\">ASHRAE. Operable Windows, Personal Control, and Occupant Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort\">GSA – Sustainable Toolkit – Occupant Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20211223204535/https://living-future.org/biophilic-design-overview/\">International Living Building Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/leed\">USGBC LEED for New Construction Version 4</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Incorporate Views and Operable Windows','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-views-and-operable-windows','','','2022-06-23 19:07:09','2022-06-23 19:07:09','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1718',0,'post','',0),(1719,2,'2022-04-15 17:34:30','2022-04-15 17:34:30','','NC Incorporate Views and Operable Windows','','inherit','closed','closed','','1718-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 17:34:30','2022-04-15 17:34:30','',1718,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1719',0,'revision','',0),(1722,2,'2022-04-18 14:49:36','2022-04-18 14:49:36','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Incorporate Views and Operable Windows\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>Why Incorporate Views and Operable Windows?</strong></h2>\n<p>Indoor environments impact occupant well-being and productivity. Aspects of the indoor environment such as access to views and natural light, connection to nature, and personal control over environmental conditions all play a role in occupant comfort (see <em>Individual Comfort Controls</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Access to views of the outside contributes to occupant well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Many studies have found that people value daylight and prefer to be near windows, and there is an increasing understanding that being near a window can be psychologically and physiologically beneficial, mainly if views contain natural features. Visual contact with nature through window views enhances mood, reduces stress, and promotes a higher quality of life (see <em>Biophilic Design</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> A study by Roger Ulrich compared postoperative recovery rates of patients experiencing similar surgical procedures but having different window views of trees and a lake, no window views, or a view of a brick wall. The study found that the window view patients recovered significantly faster, required less pharmaceutical assistance, and had fewer post-operative complications, supporting the idea that enhanced opportunities for emotionally bonding with nature promote feelings of calm, confidence, and personal well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Operable windows can increase occupant comfort and provide psychological benefits through natural ventilation, connection to natural elements and individual control over the indoor environment (see <em>Natural Ventilation</em>). Operable windows can also contribute to improved indoor air quality, depending on the quality of the outdoor air. Monitor outdoor air quality through resources such as the US EPA “Air Now” online tool (<a href=\"https://www.airnow.gov/flag.\">airnow.gov</a>) that lists air quality conditions by zip code.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>One study compared naturally ventilated buildings (i.e., occupant-controlled operable windows) with centrally controlled HVAC systems (in which occupants had no control over their environment) found that occupants in the naturally ventilated buildings accepted a full range of temperatures compared to occupants who did not have operable windows. One hypothesis for this finding is that occupants with greater control over the indoor environment have a higher tolerance of temperature range.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_525\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"544\"]<img class=\"wp-image-525 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Views-and-Operable-Windows-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Office with operable windows and view of trees (Source: Flickr drewsaunders http://www.flickr.com/photos/drewbsaunders/116533602/ ).\" width=\"544\" height=\"410\" /> Figure 1 – Office with operable windows and view of trees (Source: Flickr drewsaunders http://www.flickr.com/photos/drewbsaunders/116533602/ ).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Views and Operable Windows</strong></h2>\n<p>The factors that define indoor environmental quality connect directly to each other. For example, the decision about the placement or type of window can impact access to natural light, connection to the outdoors, acoustics, thermal comfort, occupant control, and air quality (see <em>Energy-Efficient Windows</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> It is essential to consider all of these components in the design phase of a project. There are many resources available regarding design steps to consider for the placement of operable windows and to optimize views (see <strong>Resources </strong>section).</p>\n<p>Although there are many benefits associated with operable windows, they can also increase the threat of water and air leakage without careful window selection, design, and installation (see <em>Reduce Air Infiltration</em>). Operable windows can also increase noise and airborne pollutants in the interior space and make it harder to control thermal comfort with various types of HVAC systems (see <em>Acoustic Control</em>). Facilities staff and building occupants should be aware of the limitations and issues that can arise from operable window use and methods to mitigate these issues (see <strong>Resources</strong>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://architypereview.com/project/atlanticare-cancer-care-institute/\">AtlantiCare – The Cancer Institute, Egg Harbor Township, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>AtlantiCare designed and constructed its new Cancer Care Institute according to <a href=\"http://www.usgbc.org/\">US Green Building Council</a> LEED standards, achieving LEED Gold certification. The Cancer Institute was the first AtlantiCare building to achieve LEED certification.</p>\n<p>Highlights include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Natural lighting including an automatic light-monitoring system to reduce electricity usage.</li>\n<li>The facility features a natural theme, incorporating a healing arts program.</li>\n<li>Nature has been brought inside and trees are planted in several areas inside the facility.</li>\n<li>Three-quarters of the interior space provides natural daylight through the glass façade, skylights and large windows throughout the building.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.hermanmiller.com/About-Us/Environmental-Advocacy/Green-Buildings\">The Herman Miller Building, Holland, Michigan.</a></p>\n<p>Although people prefer being in windowed rather than windowless spaces, the view itself has consequences for well-being. Studies have found that views of nature are especially beneficial and reduce stress, provide mental relief, improve the perceived quality of life, and improve emotional functioning. A case study of the Herman Miller building in Holland, Michigan, shows improvements in social functioning and sense of belonging associated with including break areas; a centrally located cafeteria; an interior, daylit and tree-lined “street”; and high levels of internal glazing that offered views into the street and interior spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating views and operable windows:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Enhances occupant comfort and health</li>\n<li>Increases occupant satisfaction</li>\n<li>Increases productivity<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Offers natural ventilation<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></li>\n<li>Increases access to daylight and window views which can improve psychological functioning and well-being of occupants</li>\n<li>Reduces stress and promotes positive emotional states and may also influence cognitive functioning<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of incorporating operable windows and maximizing views from interior spaces vary by project, and these aspects should be considered early in the design phase to optimize cost efficiencies. Operable windows are generally more expensive than static windows. Expect to pay approximately 20-percent more for fully operable windows vs. fixed windows. Price also changes by type of operable window – sliders are cheaper than casements, for example. Many factors affect cost and designers need to think holistically about the project. Operable windows can be used to offset mechanical ventilation costs and can allow for downsizing fans (see <em>Properly-Sized HVAC Systems</em>). Installing a traditional mechanical HVAC unit on the roof and installing operable windows can lead to inefficiencies in running the system if occupants are not adequately aware of how the building systems function.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a fire or other emergency in the building, operable windows (depending on their size) can act as a point of egress for occupants and can also serve as an access point for firefighters and their lifesaving equipment, especially if any other exits are blocked off and inaccessible to the building’s occupants. Operable windows can also help provide natural ventilation and thermal comfort during a power outage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <em>Promote Health and Well Being</em> <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being</a>  (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Occupant Comfort. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being\">http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being</a> (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Judith H. Heerwagen, Ph.D. <em>Green Buildings, Organizational Success, and Occupant Productivity. </em>Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Ulrich, Roger S. <em>View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery. </em>The Center for Health Design. <a href=\"https://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/article-pdfs/Ulrich-1984-CHD-KPS.pdf\">https://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/article-pdfs/Ulrich-1984-CHD-KPS.pdf</a>  (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA. AirNow. <a href=\"https://www.airnow.gov/\">https://www.airnow.gov</a> (accessed December 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ASHRAE. <a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf\">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> California Sustainable Design Training. IEQ. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf</a>  (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Buildings.com “A Breath of Fresh Air.” <a href=\"http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx\">http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx</a> (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> The American Institute of Architects (AIA). <a href=\"http://www.aiatopten.org/node/169\">www.aiatopten.org/node/169</a> (accessed September 20, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> California Sustainable Design Training. IEQ. <a href=\"https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf\">https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf</a>  (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Buildings.com   “A Breath of Fresh Air.” <a href=\"http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx\">http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Judith H. Heerwagen, Ph.D. <em>Green Buildings, Organizational Success, and Occupant Productivity.</em> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Buildings. “A Breath of Fresh Air.” <a href=\"http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx\">http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx</a> (accessed January 12, 2019)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Building Green. Resilient Design: Natural Cooling. <a href=\"https://www.buildinggreen.com/blog/resilient-design-natural-cooling\">https://www.buildinggreen.com/blog/resilient-design-natural-cooling</a> (accessed January 12, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/\">Acoustic Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf\">ASHRAE. Operable Windows, Personal Control, and Occupant Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort\">GSA – Sustainable Toolkit – Occupant Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org/biophilic-design-overview/\">International Living Building Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/LEED%20v4%20BDC_07.2.18_current.pdf\">USGBC LEED for New Construction Version 4</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Incorporate Views and Operable Windows','','inherit','closed','closed','','1718-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 14:49:36','2022-04-18 14:49:36','',1718,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1722',0,'revision','',0),(1724,2,'2022-04-18 14:50:27','2022-04-18 14:50:27','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"New Commercial Buildings\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The Manual supports the construction of new green commercial buildings with diminished energy and environmental footprints and the greening of existing commercial buildings. This approach limits the impact of the built environment on the natural environment, while sensitivity to the location of building activities helps to prevent urban sprawl and preserves natural resources.</p>\n<p>Best practice strategies include all aspects of green building and design with an added focus on those that jointly promote energy efficiency and resiliency in keeping with the State of New Jersey policy objectives. The Manual organizes best practice strategies according to an operational framework based on a design-build-operate-evaluate process. Each strategy includes a short explanation or definition, implementation recommendations, New Jersey specific examples (when available), and sections on strategy benefits, costs, resiliency (if applicable), and additional resources.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Design\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf568;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operational Tools\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe035;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/building-information-modeling-bim/\">Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/\">Brownfield and Infill Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/\">Site Protection Plan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p><strong>Envelope</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Mechanicals and Equipment</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Energy Supply</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/\">Biomass Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/\">On-Site Wind Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/\">Photovoltaic Systems (PV)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Water\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf043;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/\">Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/\">On-Site Alternative Water Re-use</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Backup Systems\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf5df;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/\">Emergency Water Supply and Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-storm-preparation-and-emergency-planning/\">Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/\">Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/\">Flexible Workspaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/\">Non-Toxic Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Build\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf6e3;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/\">Construction &amp; Demolition Waste Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/\">High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/\">Light Pollution Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p><strong>Envelope</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Mechanicals and Equipment</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/\">Chilled Beams</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/\">Demand Control Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/\">Energy Recovery Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/n/\">Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-acoustic-control/\">Acoustic Comfort</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-entryway-systems-2/\">Entryway Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Operate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf085;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operations & Maintenance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe038;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Smart Infrastructure\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1eb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Evaluate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf3fd;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Building Performance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf080;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.03)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Case Studies</h2>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"30%\" module_alignment=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_divider][et_pb_portfolio fullwidth=\"off\" include_categories=\"3\" show_categories=\"off\" show_pagination=\"off\" hover_overlay_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_portfolio][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','New Commercial','','inherit','closed','closed','','659-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 14:50:27','2022-04-18 14:50:27','',659,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1724',0,'revision','',0),(1726,2,'2022-04-18 15:05:19','2022-04-18 15:05:19','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Composting\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Composting? </strong></h2>\n<p>Composting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms <em>Eisenia foetida)</em>. The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for offices and businesses with limited space.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_382\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"374\"]<img class=\"wp-image-382 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)\" width=\"374\" height=\"280\" /> Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Composting</strong></h2>\n<p>Organic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></sup> Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see <a href=\"https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/compost\">Hoboken – Composting</a>). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities: <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/classcfc.htm\">NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities</a>. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> If composting in-house, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.</p>\n<p><u>Outdoor Composting Process</u>:</p>\n<p>Compost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Indoor Composting Process</u>:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>If outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.</p>\n<p>Building a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.</li>\n<li>Add about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.</li>\n<li>Place food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.</li>\n<li>Keep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.</li>\n<li>Store the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.</li>\n<li>Harvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_285\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"592\"]<img class=\"wp-image-285 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)\" width=\"592\" height=\"440\" /> Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">Campbell Soup Company Headquarters, Camden, NJ</a></p>\n<p>Campbell initiated a comprehensive waste reduction program, including composting, in 2014. That year, they diverted 2,776 tons of waste from going to the landfill through composting.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves money on waste management</li>\n<li>Reduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).</li>\n<li>Improves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Provides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer.</p>\n<p>Full size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> or purchased (average $60-100 each)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>Composting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Composting <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm</a> (accessed April 7, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Vermicomposting. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: <em>A. Grass Clippings.</em> <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. <a href=\"https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/\">https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Based on a survey of several suppliers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics\">https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. <a href=\"https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf\">https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed May 7, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/\">Operator and Occupant Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/rain-gardens-and-cisterns/\">Rain gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://ilsr.org/\">Institute for Local-Self Reliance</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/stories/composting-way-easier-you-think\">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/docs/nyc-master-composter-manual-mcm.pdf\">NYC Master Composter Manual</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.asp?cat=5&amp;sub=36\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20220620092328/https://www.compostingcouncil.org/page/Education\">US Composting Council</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Composting','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-composting','','','2022-06-23 19:43:19','2022-06-23 19:43:19','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1726',0,'post','',0),(1727,2,'2022-04-18 14:57:22','2022-04-18 14:57:22','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1726-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 14:57:22','2022-04-18 14:57:22','',1726,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1727',0,'revision','',0),(1729,2,'2022-04-18 15:05:19','2022-04-18 15:05:19','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Composting\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Composting? </strong></h2>\n<p>Composting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms <em>Eisenia foetida)</em>. The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for offices and businesses with limited space.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_382\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"374\"]<img class=\"wp-image-382 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)\" width=\"374\" height=\"280\" /> Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Composting</strong></h2>\n<p>Organic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></sup> Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see <a href=\"https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/compost\">Hoboken – Composting</a>). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities: <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/classcfc.htm\">NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities</a>. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> If composting in-house, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.</p>\n<p><u>Outdoor Composting Process</u>:</p>\n<p>Compost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Indoor Composting Process</u>:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>If outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.</p>\n<p>Building a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.</li>\n<li>Add about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.</li>\n<li>Place food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.</li>\n<li>Keep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.</li>\n<li>Store the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.</li>\n<li>Harvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_285\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"592\"]<img class=\"wp-image-285 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)\" width=\"592\" height=\"440\" /> Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">Campbell Soup Company Headquarters, Camden, NJ</a></p>\n<p>Campbell initiated a comprehensive waste reduction program, including composting, in 2014. That year, they diverted 2,776 tons of waste from going to the landfill through composting.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves money on waste management</li>\n<li>Reduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).</li>\n<li>Improves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Provides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer.</p>\n<p>Full size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> or purchased (average $60-100 each)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>Composting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Composting <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm</a> (accessed April 7, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Vermicomposting. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: <em>A. Grass Clippings.</em> <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. <a href=\"https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/\">https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Based on a survey of several suppliers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics\">https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. <a href=\"https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf\">https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed May 7, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/\">Operator and Occupant Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/rain-gardens-and-cisterns/\">Rain gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://ilsr.org/\">Institute for Local-Self Reliance</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/stories/composting-way-easier-you-think\">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/docs/nyc-master-composter-manual-mcm.pdf\">NYC Master Composter Manual</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.asp?cat=5&amp;sub=36\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.compostingcouncil.org/education/resources.php\">US Composting Council</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Composting','','inherit','closed','closed','','1726-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 15:05:19','2022-04-18 15:05:19','',1726,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1729',0,'revision','',0),(1730,2,'2022-04-18 15:05:19','2022-04-18 15:05:19','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Composting\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Composting? </strong></h2>\n<p>Composting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms <em>Eisenia foetida)</em>. The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for offices and businesses with limited space.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_382\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"374\"]<img class=\"wp-image-382 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)\" width=\"374\" height=\"280\" /> Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Composting</strong></h2>\n<p>Organic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></sup> Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see <a href=\"https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/compost\">Hoboken – Composting</a>). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities: <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/classcfc.htm\">NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities</a>. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> If composting in-house, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.</p>\n<p><u>Outdoor Composting Process</u>:</p>\n<p>Compost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Indoor Composting Process</u>:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>If outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.</p>\n<p>Building a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.</li>\n<li>Add about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.</li>\n<li>Place food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.</li>\n<li>Keep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.</li>\n<li>Store the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.</li>\n<li>Harvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_285\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"592\"]<img class=\"wp-image-285 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)\" width=\"592\" height=\"440\" /> Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">Campbell Soup Company Headquarters, Camden, NJ</a></p>\n<p>Campbell initiated a comprehensive waste reduction program, including composting, in 2014. That year, they diverted 2,776 tons of waste from going to the landfill through composting.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves money on waste management</li>\n<li>Reduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).</li>\n<li>Improves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Provides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer.</p>\n<p>Full size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> or purchased (average $60-100 each)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>Composting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Composting <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm</a> (accessed April 7, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Vermicomposting. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: <em>A. Grass Clippings.</em> <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. <a href=\"https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/\">https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Based on a survey of several suppliers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics\">https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. <a href=\"https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf\">https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed May 7, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/\">Operator and Occupant Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/rain-gardens-and-cisterns/\">Rain gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://ilsr.org/\">Institute for Local-Self Reliance</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/stories/composting-way-easier-you-think\">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/docs/nyc-master-composter-manual-mcm.pdf\">NYC Master Composter Manual</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.asp?cat=5&amp;sub=36\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.compostingcouncil.org/education/resources.php\">US Composting Council</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1726-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 15:05:19','2022-04-18 15:05:19','',1726,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1730',0,'revision','',0),(1731,2,'2022-04-18 15:05:23','2022-04-18 15:05:23','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Composting\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Composting? </strong></h2>\n<p>Composting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms <em>Eisenia foetida)</em>. The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for offices and businesses with limited space.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_382\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"374\"]<img class=\"wp-image-382 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)\" width=\"374\" height=\"280\" /> Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Composting</strong></h2>\n<p>Organic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></sup> Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see <a href=\"https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/compost\">Hoboken – Composting</a>). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities: <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/classcfc.htm\">NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities</a>. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> If composting in-house, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.</p>\n<p><u>Outdoor Composting Process</u>:</p>\n<p>Compost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Indoor Composting Process</u>:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>If outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.</p>\n<p>Building a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.</li>\n<li>Add about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.</li>\n<li>Place food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.</li>\n<li>Keep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.</li>\n<li>Store the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.</li>\n<li>Harvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_285\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"592\"]<img class=\"wp-image-285 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)\" width=\"592\" height=\"440\" /> Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">Campbell Soup Company Headquarters, Camden, NJ</a></p>\n<p>Campbell initiated a comprehensive waste reduction program, including composting, in 2014. That year, they diverted 2,776 tons of waste from going to the landfill through composting.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves money on waste management</li>\n<li>Reduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).</li>\n<li>Improves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Provides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer.</p>\n<p>Full size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> or purchased (average $60-100 each)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>Composting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Composting <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm</a> (accessed April 7, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Vermicomposting. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: <em>A. Grass Clippings.</em> <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. <a href=\"https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/\">https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Based on a survey of several suppliers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics\">https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. <a href=\"https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf\">https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed May 7, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/\">Operator and Occupant Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/rain-gardens-and-cisterns/\">Rain gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://ilsr.org/\">Institute for Local-Self Reliance</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/stories/composting-way-easier-you-think\">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/docs/nyc-master-composter-manual-mcm.pdf\">NYC Master Composter Manual</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.asp?cat=5&amp;sub=36\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.compostingcouncil.org/education/resources.php\">US Composting Council</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Composting','','inherit','closed','closed','','1726-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 15:05:23','2022-04-18 15:05:23','',1726,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1731',0,'revision','',0),(1732,2,'2022-04-18 15:20:42','2022-04-18 15:20:42','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Demand Response and Peak Load Management\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Demand Response and Peak Load Management? </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Demand response refers to strategies employed by utilities that use time-based financial incentives to modify consumer electricity consumption during periods of peak demand, power scarcity, grid congestion or an anticipated grid outage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> The cost of electricity from the consumer’s perspective usually reflects the average cost to generate electricity throughout the day or year. Reducing peak demand reduces the cost of electricity by reducing the need for additional generation capacity and avoiding the construction and maintenance costs associated with “peakers” or standby energy plants. Utility companies often charge flat rates for energy consumption. These flat rates do not factor in the different costs of supplying energy during different times or usage levels. Energy usage peaks from air conditioner use on hot days and when people come home from work between the hours of 2 pm and 7 pm. Figure 1 illustrates the results of shifting energy use away from peak hours.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_269\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1198\"]<img class=\"wp-image-269 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Demand-Response-and-Peak-Load-Management-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Shifting Demand (Source: MIT).\" width=\"1198\" height=\"760\" /> Figure 1 – Shifting Demand (Source: MIT).[/caption]<p>Increased peak demand strains the electric system, increases emissions, and adds to energy costs. In a demand response program, building operators manage the amount and timing of energy consumption to maximize energy efficiency and reduce energy costs by shedding loads or shifting activities to off-peak hours, which often coincide with lower energy prices or incentive payments. Demand response may include interrupting demand for a short period or adjusting demand levels by shedding or shifting loads or storing energy. For example, building operators can manually adjust or automatically set HVAC systems to cycle off during periods of peak demand and to cycle back on during off-peak hours, potentially lowering energy use and electricity bills. Advances in smart grid infrastructure including smart metering technologies has expanded the range of available demand response programs and dynamic price offerings.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></sup> Demand response programs often utilize dynamic pricing models such as time-of-use pricing, real-time pricing, variable peak pricing, critical peak pricing, critical time rebates or peak time rebates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Smart metering and energy management systems provide detailed consumption and cost information, allowing building managers to make informed decisions concerning overall energy usage and energy use patterns at various time intervals. Demand response enabled devices such as smart thermostats and smart water heaters can signal consumers to adjust electricity consumption manually or allow utilities or aggregators to automatically turn off air-conditioning units or water heaters to avoid peak load issues (see <em><i>Smart Sensors and Controls, and Smart Meters</i></em>). Demand response programs can also signal buildings with on-site distributed energy generation, such as Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems and islandable photovoltaics, and energy storage capabilities to use, store, or sell renewable energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand (see <em><i>Alternative Transportation, Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation, Combined Heat and Power (CHP), Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV, and Thermal Energy Storage</i></em>). Additionally, utilities can notify demand response participants of a potential grid failure, and incentivize participants to reduce energy use, switch to on-site generation, backup power or a combination of these load management strategies.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate a Demand Response Program or Peak Load Management? </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Check with your local utility or regional transmission organization such as PJM, to find out about available demand response programs, eligibility requirements, and offerings in your building’s service area. For example, PJM offers a list of Curtailment Service Providers (CSPs) that can assess available demand response offerings and customer eligibility. Smart energy management systems and smart metering technologies provide the data and two-way communication necessary for participation in many demand response programs (see <em><i>Smart Metering</i></em>). Other demand response enable devices may include lighting controls, thermostats, motors, pumps, and HVAC systems (see <em><i>Smart Sensors and Controls</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Peak load management strategies may include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Activating, or turning on equipment sequentially, rather than all at once.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><strong><sup><b>[5]</b></sup></strong></a></li>\n<li>“Coasting” the last hours of operation – turning down or off systems (such as temperature control, ventilation) while maintaining adequate levels of comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><strong><sup><b>[6]</b></sup></strong></a></li>\n<li>Load shedding or switching non-critical loads such as HVAC systems, non-sensitive machines, and some lighting off during periods of maximum peak demands.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></sup></li>\n<li>Load shifting or moving consumption to off-peak periods, such as pre-cooling refrigerators or temperature set-points to a lower temperature and then allowing the temperature to rise naturally during a load reduction.</li>\n<li>Load-displacement or offsetting peak demand with on-site generation such as renewable sources and energy storage (see <em><i>Battery Storage and Backup Power, and</i></em> <em><i>Thermal Energy Storage</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Demand flexibility or communication and control technologies that allow significant loads to continuously respond to changing renewable supply levels, particularly wind and solar, and other market signals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.libertygreenguide.com/\">Liberty Property Trust – Demand Response</a></p>\n<p>Liberty Property Trust implemented smart grid technology including smart metering into their existing building portfolio to optimize energy efficiency and enable participation in demand response programs. A study conducted by the Rutgers Center for Green Building found that tenants do not notice or are not negatively affected by load shedding associated with participation in a demand response event.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.pjm.com/\">The PJM Interconnection (PJM)</a></p>\n<p>The PJM Interconnection (PJM), a regional transmission organization (RTO), offers two programs to New Jersey customers, the Economic Load Response Program and Emergency Capacity Program. In both programs, participants provide load reductions either through curtailing electricity use or operating on-site generation in exchange for wholesale electricity prices.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Demand Response programs supported by smart grid and smart metering infrastructure provide multiple benefits to utilities, energy consumers, and the grid. By accounting for the real-time cost, availability, and source of electricity, and reducing peak consumption, demand response programs:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Encourage energy conservation and reduce overall energy consumption eliminating the need for building new or maintaining older, less-efficient standby energy plants, passing savings onto ratepayers in the form of reduced electrical bills or incentive payments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Reduce strain on the grid and increases grid reliability by reducing grid congestion, better balancing of supply and demand, and decreasing supply interruptions and losses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Facilitate the use and integration of cleaner energy sources by adjusting demand to match intermittent wind and solar supplies.</li>\n<li>Promote energy storage technologies, such as Vehicle-to-Grid (see <em><i>Battery Storage and Backup Power Generation and Thermal Energy Storage</i></em>) that can shift load consumption to optimal times or provide backup power to the grid like a generator and support distributed renewables generation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Establishing a demand response program and offering dynamic pricing to reduce peak demand may be cheaper and faster for a utility than building a peaker plant to meet increased demand. Demand response programs can encourage customers to modify their consumption behavior and reduce electric bills. Smart building and demand response enabling technologies, including smart energy management systems and smart metering are becoming more user-friendly, cost-competitive and widespread in the marketplace. As distributed energy resource capacity, including battery storage, grows so does the ability to shift loads and take advantage of potential cost savings and incentives offered by demand response and dynamic pricing programs.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Demand response reduces stress on the electricity grid during times of prolonged disaster or shifts in weather. Demand response programs enable utility programs to reduce electricity demand, especially at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by avoiding system outages. Demand response programs also increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Connected Devices Alliance. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. <a href=\"https://cda.iea-4e.org\">https://cda.iea-4e.org</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Applied Energy Journal  “Demand Side Management in a Day-Ahead Wholesale Market: A Comparison of Industrial &amp; Social Welfare Approaches” (MIT) <a href=\"https://amfarid.scripts.mit.edu/wpblog/tag/graph-theory/Flex\">https://amfarid.scripts.mit.edu/wpblog/tag/graph-theory/Flex</a> (accessed  April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Smart grids are electricity supply networks that use digital communications technology to detect and react to changes in energy supply and demand and manage the transport of electricity from generation sources to end users.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Smart Electric Power Alliance. 2017. “2017 Utility Demand Response Market Snapshot.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://sepapower.org/resource/2017-utility-demand-response-market-snapshot/thank-you/\">https://sepapower.org/resource/2017-utility-demand-response-market-snapshot/thank-you/</a> (accessed September 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> BOMA International. “30 Ways to Save Energy – for little or no cost.” <a href=\"http://www.boma.org/research/Documents/Find%20a%20Resource/BEEPChecklist_final.pdf\">http://www.boma.org/research/Documents/Find%20a%20Resource/BEEPChecklist_final.pdf</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Energy Exchange. Peak Shaving. <a href=\"https://www.eex.gov.au/opportunity/peak-shaving\">https://www.eex.gov.au/opportunity/peak-shaving</a> (accessed May 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI). “Demand Flexibility: The Key to Enabling a Low-Cost, Low-Carbon Grid.” Insight Brief. Feb 2018. <a href=\"https://www.rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Insight_Brief_Demand_Flexibility_2018.pdf\">https://www.rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Insight_Brief_Demand_Flexibility_2018.pdf</a> (accessed May 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Handi Chandra Putra, Clinton J. Andrews, Jennifer A. Senick (2017). An agent-based model of building occupant behavior during load shedding. Building Simulation. An International Journal. DOI 10.1007/s12273-017-0384-x</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> ACEEE. “Demand response programs can reduce utilities’ peak demand an average of 10%, complementing savings from energy efficiency programs” <a href=\"http://aceee.org/blog/2017/02/demand-response-programs-can-reduce\">http://aceee.org/blog/2017/02/demand-response-programs-can-reduce</a>  (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> US DOE. “Benefits of Demand Response in Electricity Markets and Recommendations for Achieving Them.” <a href=\"https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/report-lbnl-1252d.pdf\">https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/report-lbnl-1252d.pdf</a>  (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ieadsm.org\">The IEA Demand-Side Management Programme</a><em><i> - An international collaboration of 20 countries working together to develop and promote opportunities for demand-side management (DSM)</i></em></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://drrc.lbl.gov/tools/demand-response-quick-assessment-tool-drqat\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory – Demand Response Quick Assessment Tool</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/bpu/commercial/demandresponse.html\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities – Commercial Demand Response Filings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://rmi.org/insights/reports/economics-demand-flexibility/\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) – Economics of Demand Flexibility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sepapower.org/about/\">Smart Electric Power Alliance (SEPA)</a><em><i> - The trade association for companies that provide products and services in the areas of demand response, smart meters and smart grid technologies</i></em></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/oe/services/electricity-policy-coordination-and-implementation/state-and-regional-policy-assistanc-4\">US DOE Demand Response</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>PJM</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.pjm.com/markets-and-operations/demand-response.aspx\">Demand Response – Data and Reports</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://learn.pjm.com/three-priorities/buying-and-selling-energy/markets-faqs/what-is-demand-response.aspx\">Demand Response FAQs</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>NJ Utility Demand Response Information</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.pseg.com/home/save/manage_costs/cycling_events.jsp\">PSEG</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.firstenergycorp.com/csp.html\">JCPL</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energywiserewards.atlanticcityelectric.com/\">ACE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en/save-money/rebates-incentives-credits/rebates-incentives-tax-credits-for-commercial-and-industrial-customers/choose-smart-usage-rewards\">RECO</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Demand Response and Peak Load Management','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management','','','2022-04-18 15:20:46','2022-04-18 15:20:46','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1732',0,'post','',0),(1733,2,'2022-04-18 15:08:47','2022-04-18 15:08:47','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1732-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 15:08:47','2022-04-18 15:08:47','',1732,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1733',0,'revision','',0),(1735,2,'2022-04-18 15:20:42','2022-04-18 15:20:42','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Demand Response and Peak Load Management\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Demand Response and Peak Load Management? </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Demand response refers to strategies employed by utilities that use time-based financial incentives to modify consumer electricity consumption during periods of peak demand, power scarcity, grid congestion or an anticipated grid outage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> The cost of electricity from the consumer’s perspective usually reflects the average cost to generate electricity throughout the day or year. Reducing peak demand reduces the cost of electricity by reducing the need for additional generation capacity and avoiding the construction and maintenance costs associated with “peakers” or standby energy plants. Utility companies often charge flat rates for energy consumption. These flat rates do not factor in the different costs of supplying energy during different times or usage levels. Energy usage peaks from air conditioner use on hot days and when people come home from work between the hours of 2 pm and 7 pm. Figure 1 illustrates the results of shifting energy use away from peak hours.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_269\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1198\"]<img class=\"wp-image-269 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Demand-Response-and-Peak-Load-Management-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Shifting Demand (Source: MIT).\" width=\"1198\" height=\"760\" /> Figure 1 – Shifting Demand (Source: MIT).[/caption]<p>Increased peak demand strains the electric system, increases emissions, and adds to energy costs. In a demand response program, building operators manage the amount and timing of energy consumption to maximize energy efficiency and reduce energy costs by shedding loads or shifting activities to off-peak hours, which often coincide with lower energy prices or incentive payments. Demand response may include interrupting demand for a short period or adjusting demand levels by shedding or shifting loads or storing energy. For example, building operators can manually adjust or automatically set HVAC systems to cycle off during periods of peak demand and to cycle back on during off-peak hours, potentially lowering energy use and electricity bills. Advances in smart grid infrastructure including smart metering technologies has expanded the range of available demand response programs and dynamic price offerings.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></sup> Demand response programs often utilize dynamic pricing models such as time-of-use pricing, real-time pricing, variable peak pricing, critical peak pricing, critical time rebates or peak time rebates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Smart metering and energy management systems provide detailed consumption and cost information, allowing building managers to make informed decisions concerning overall energy usage and energy use patterns at various time intervals. Demand response enabled devices such as smart thermostats and smart water heaters can signal consumers to adjust electricity consumption manually or allow utilities or aggregators to automatically turn off air-conditioning units or water heaters to avoid peak load issues (see <em><i>Smart Sensors and Controls, and Smart Meters</i></em>). Demand response programs can also signal buildings with on-site distributed energy generation, such as Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems and islandable photovoltaics, and energy storage capabilities to use, store, or sell renewable energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand (see <em><i>Alternative Transportation, Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation, Combined Heat and Power (CHP), Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV, and Thermal Energy Storage</i></em>). Additionally, utilities can notify demand response participants of a potential grid failure, and incentivize participants to reduce energy use, switch to on-site generation, backup power or a combination of these load management strategies.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate a Demand Response Program or Peak Load Management? </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Check with your local utility or regional transmission organization such as PJM, to find out about available demand response programs, eligibility requirements, and offerings in your building’s service area. For example, PJM offers a list of Curtailment Service Providers (CSPs) that can assess available demand response offerings and customer eligibility. Smart energy management systems and smart metering technologies provide the data and two-way communication necessary for participation in many demand response programs (see <em><i>Smart Metering</i></em>). Other demand response enable devices may include lighting controls, thermostats, motors, pumps, and HVAC systems (see <em><i>Smart Sensors and Controls</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Peak load management strategies may include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Activating, or turning on equipment sequentially, rather than all at once.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><strong><sup><b>[5]</b></sup></strong></a></li>\n<li>“Coasting” the last hours of operation – turning down or off systems (such as temperature control, ventilation) while maintaining adequate levels of comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><strong><sup><b>[6]</b></sup></strong></a></li>\n<li>Load shedding or switching non-critical loads such as HVAC systems, non-sensitive machines, and some lighting off during periods of maximum peak demands.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></sup></li>\n<li>Load shifting or moving consumption to off-peak periods, such as pre-cooling refrigerators or temperature set-points to a lower temperature and then allowing the temperature to rise naturally during a load reduction.</li>\n<li>Load-displacement or offsetting peak demand with on-site generation such as renewable sources and energy storage (see <em><i>Battery Storage and Backup Power, and</i></em> <em><i>Thermal Energy Storage</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Demand flexibility or communication and control technologies that allow significant loads to continuously respond to changing renewable supply levels, particularly wind and solar, and other market signals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.libertygreenguide.com/\">Liberty Property Trust – Demand Response</a></p>\n<p>Liberty Property Trust implemented smart grid technology including smart metering into their existing building portfolio to optimize energy efficiency and enable participation in demand response programs. A study conducted by the Rutgers Center for Green Building found that tenants do not notice or are not negatively affected by load shedding associated with participation in a demand response event.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.pjm.com/\">The PJM Interconnection (PJM)</a></p>\n<p>The PJM Interconnection (PJM), a regional transmission organization (RTO), offers two programs to New Jersey customers, the Economic Load Response Program and Emergency Capacity Program. In both programs, participants provide load reductions either through curtailing electricity use or operating on-site generation in exchange for wholesale electricity prices.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Demand Response programs supported by smart grid and smart metering infrastructure provide multiple benefits to utilities, energy consumers, and the grid. By accounting for the real-time cost, availability, and source of electricity, and reducing peak consumption, demand response programs:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Encourage energy conservation and reduce overall energy consumption eliminating the need for building new or maintaining older, less-efficient standby energy plants, passing savings onto ratepayers in the form of reduced electrical bills or incentive payments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Reduce strain on the grid and increases grid reliability by reducing grid congestion, better balancing of supply and demand, and decreasing supply interruptions and losses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Facilitate the use and integration of cleaner energy sources by adjusting demand to match intermittent wind and solar supplies.</li>\n<li>Promote energy storage technologies, such as Vehicle-to-Grid (see <em><i>Battery Storage and Backup Power Generation and Thermal Energy Storage</i></em>) that can shift load consumption to optimal times or provide backup power to the grid like a generator and support distributed renewables generation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Establishing a demand response program and offering dynamic pricing to reduce peak demand may be cheaper and faster for a utility than building a peaker plant to meet increased demand. Demand response programs can encourage customers to modify their consumption behavior and reduce electric bills. Smart building and demand response enabling technologies, including smart energy management systems and smart metering are becoming more user-friendly, cost-competitive and widespread in the marketplace. As distributed energy resource capacity, including battery storage, grows so does the ability to shift loads and take advantage of potential cost savings and incentives offered by demand response and dynamic pricing programs.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Demand response reduces stress on the electricity grid during times of prolonged disaster or shifts in weather. Demand response programs enable utility programs to reduce electricity demand, especially at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by avoiding system outages. Demand response programs also increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Connected Devices Alliance. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. <a href=\"https://cda.iea-4e.org\">https://cda.iea-4e.org</a> (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Applied Energy Journal  “Demand Side Management in a Day-Ahead Wholesale Market: A Comparison of Industrial &amp; Social Welfare Approaches” (MIT) <a href=\"https://amfarid.scripts.mit.edu/wpblog/tag/graph-theory/Flex\">https://amfarid.scripts.mit.edu/wpblog/tag/graph-theory/Flex</a> (accessed  April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Smart grids are electricity supply networks that use digital communications technology to detect and react to changes in energy supply and demand and manage the transport of electricity from generation sources to end users.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Smart Electric Power Alliance. 2017. “2017 Utility Demand Response Market Snapshot.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://sepapower.org/resource/2017-utility-demand-response-market-snapshot/thank-you/\">https://sepapower.org/resource/2017-utility-demand-response-market-snapshot/thank-you/</a> (accessed September 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> BOMA International. “30 Ways to Save Energy – for little or no cost.” <a href=\"http://www.boma.org/research/Documents/Find%20a%20Resource/BEEPChecklist_final.pdf\">http://www.boma.org/research/Documents/Find%20a%20Resource/BEEPChecklist_final.pdf</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Energy Exchange. Peak Shaving. <a href=\"https://www.eex.gov.au/opportunity/peak-shaving\">https://www.eex.gov.au/opportunity/peak-shaving</a> (accessed May 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI). “Demand Flexibility: The Key to Enabling a Low-Cost, Low-Carbon Grid.” Insight Brief. Feb 2018. <a href=\"https://www.rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Insight_Brief_Demand_Flexibility_2018.pdf\">https://www.rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Insight_Brief_Demand_Flexibility_2018.pdf</a> (accessed May 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Handi Chandra Putra, Clinton J. Andrews, Jennifer A. Senick (2017). An agent-based model of building occupant behavior during load shedding. Building Simulation. An International Journal. DOI 10.1007/s12273-017-0384-x</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> ACEEE. “Demand response programs can reduce utilities’ peak demand an average of 10%, complementing savings from energy efficiency programs” <a href=\"http://aceee.org/blog/2017/02/demand-response-programs-can-reduce\">http://aceee.org/blog/2017/02/demand-response-programs-can-reduce</a>  (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> US DOE. “Benefits of Demand Response in Electricity Markets and Recommendations for Achieving Them.” <a href=\"https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/report-lbnl-1252d.pdf\">https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/report-lbnl-1252d.pdf</a>  (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ieadsm.org\">The IEA Demand-Side Management Programme</a><em><i> - An international collaboration of 20 countries working together to develop and promote opportunities for demand-side management (DSM)</i></em></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://drrc.lbl.gov/tools/demand-response-quick-assessment-tool-drqat\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory – Demand Response Quick Assessment Tool</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/bpu/commercial/demandresponse.html\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities – Commercial Demand Response Filings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://rmi.org/insights/reports/economics-demand-flexibility/\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) – Economics of Demand Flexibility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sepapower.org/about/\">Smart Electric Power Alliance (SEPA)</a><em><i> - The trade association for companies that provide products and services in the areas of demand response, smart meters and smart grid technologies</i></em></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/oe/services/electricity-policy-coordination-and-implementation/state-and-regional-policy-assistanc-4\">US DOE Demand Response</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>PJM</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.pjm.com/markets-and-operations/demand-response.aspx\">Demand Response – Data and Reports</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://learn.pjm.com/three-priorities/buying-and-selling-energy/markets-faqs/what-is-demand-response.aspx\">Demand Response FAQs</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>NJ Utility Demand Response Information</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.pseg.com/home/save/manage_costs/cycling_events.jsp\">PSEG</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.firstenergycorp.com/csp.html\">JCPL</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energywiserewards.atlanticcityelectric.com/\">ACE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en/save-money/rebates-incentives-credits/rebates-incentives-tax-credits-for-commercial-and-industrial-customers/choose-smart-usage-rewards\">RECO</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Demand Response and Peak Load Management','','inherit','closed','closed','','1732-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 15:20:42','2022-04-18 15:20:42','',1732,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1735',0,'revision','',0),