(2449,3,'2022-06-22 20:13:02','2022-06-22 20:13:02','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Information Modeling (BIM)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?</h2>\n<p>Building Information Modeling (BIM) forms a digital representation of a residential building’s physical and functional characteristics and calculates information about the building that can be used by all building stakeholders to make decisions about the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of a building throughout its life-cycle.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Combining graphical information, such as plans and elevations, and nongraphical information, such as costs, specifications, schedules and maintenance requirements, into a BIM model results in a single source of information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Large-scale builders, managing large amounts of data, often use BIM as are an increasing number of mid-size and small residential builders.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_20\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"wp-image-20 \" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-300x201.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)\" width=\"424\" height=\"192\" /> Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Building Information Modeling</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designate a ‘Project BIM Manager’ or a lead design and a lead construction ‘Project BIM Manager’ with knowledge and experience working with BIM and selected software. Provide ongoing BIM training to all building stakeholders responsible for inputting, extracting, modifying, and analyzing the data (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The National Institute of Building Science’s,<span> </span><em><i>The National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO),</i></em><span> </span>guides building owners on how to incorporate BIM into internal policies and contract documents.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>BIM coordinates information sharing among building stakeholders across multiple project phases that result in more informed decision making and eliminates the re-gathering and re-formatting of building information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM also serves as a “clash detection tool,” by identifying potential design, construction, and operational inconsistencies, and cuts costs and reduces waste by avoiding rework.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing BIM varies widely, depending on the project team’s expertise using BIM, the complexity of the project, and other building process considerations. Costs include training, software, and organizational changes required to implement BIM technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Lower building costs and efficient construction timelines often associated with BIM projects can help offset upfront costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>BIM enhances the resiliency of the built environment and construction industry in the “pre-disaster phase and post-disaster phases.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>In the design phase, BIM can conduct scenario forecasting to predict the performance of a facility during emergencies, such as fire, flood, evacuation, and others.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM can also enhance the post-disaster phase, for example, by providing building information to first responders and allowing them to direct building occupants to the nearest exit.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. 2011. “BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. National BIM Guide for Owners<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Jeff Marcus. “NAHB: More builders, architects are betting on BIM.” Construction Dive.  Dec 15, 2016<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/\">https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. “National BIM Guide for Owners.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide – Building Information Modeling (BIM)<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/bim\">https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Dippold, Cory. “Effective Implementation of BIM.” November 26, 2008.<span> </span><em><i>Engineering News-Record</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp\">http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp</a><span> </span>(accessed March 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences.<span> </span><em><i>Journal of Building Information Modeling</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-engineering\">https://www.epa.gov/green-engineering</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017. Building Information Modeling as a Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry. <em><i><span> </span>Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series</i></em>. 12(1): 9-18.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf\">https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Kreider, Ralph G., and Messner, John I. 2013. “The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting BIM Uses.” Version 0.9, September, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.probuilder.com/bim-home-builders\">BIM for Homebuilders</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nahb.org/en/members/committees-and-councils/nahb-global-member/global-opportunities-board/Documents/building-information-modeling-bim.aspx\">National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) – Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">National BIM Guide for Owners (2012) The National Institute of Building Sciences</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nationalbimstandard.org/\">National Institute of Building Sciences buildingSMART alliance®,<span> </span><em><i>National BIM Standard-United States® Version 3<span> </span></i></em>(2015).</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building Information Modeling','','inherit','closed','closed','','1181-revision-v1','','','2022-06-22 20:13:02','2022-06-22 20:13:02','',1181,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2449',0,'revision','',0),(2450,3,'2022-06-22 20:13:03','2022-06-22 20:13:03','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Information Modeling (BIM)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.17.3\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?</h2>\n<p>Building Information Modeling (BIM) forms a digital representation of a residential building’s physical and functional characteristics and calculates information about the building that can be used by all building stakeholders to make decisions about the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of a building throughout its life-cycle.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Combining graphical information, such as plans and elevations, and nongraphical information, such as costs, specifications, schedules and maintenance requirements, into a BIM model results in a single source of information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Large-scale builders, managing large amounts of data, often use BIM as are an increasing number of mid-size and small residential builders.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_20\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"968\"]<img class=\"wp-image-20 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)\" width=\"968\" height=\"648\" /> Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Building Information Modeling</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designate a ‘Project BIM Manager’ or a lead design and a lead construction ‘Project BIM Manager’ with knowledge and experience working with BIM and selected software. Provide ongoing BIM training to all building stakeholders responsible for inputting, extracting, modifying, and analyzing the data (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em> and <em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The National Institute of Building Science’s, <em><i>The National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO),</i></em> guides building owners on how to incorporate BIM into internal policies and contract documents.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>BIM coordinates information sharing among building stakeholders across multiple project phases that result in more informed decision making and eliminates the re-gathering and re-formatting of building information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> BIM also serves as a “clash detection tool,” by identifying potential design, construction, and operational inconsistencies, and cuts costs and reduces waste by avoiding rework.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing BIM varies widely, depending on the project team’s expertise using BIM, the complexity of the project, and other building process considerations. Costs include training, software, and organizational changes required to implement BIM technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Lower building costs and efficient construction timelines often associated with BIM projects can help offset upfront costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>BIM enhances the resiliency of the built environment and construction industry in the “pre-disaster phase and post-disaster phases.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> In the design phase, BIM can conduct scenario forecasting to predict the performance of a facility during emergencies, such as fire, flood, evacuation, and others.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> BIM can also enhance the post-disaster phase, for example, by providing building information to first responders and allowing them to direct building occupants to the nearest exit.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. 2011. “BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University.” <a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a> (accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. National BIM Guide for Owners <a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a> (accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Jeff Marcus. “NAHB: More builders, architects are betting on BIM.” Construction Dive.  Dec 15, 2016 <a href=\"https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/\">https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/</a> (accessed March 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. “National BIM Guide for Owners.” <a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a> (accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide – Building Information Modeling (BIM) <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/bim\">https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim</a> (accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory. <a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/</a> (accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Dippold, Cory. “Effective Implementation of BIM.” November 26, 2008. <em><i>Engineering News-Record</i></em>. <a href=\"http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp\">http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp</a> (accessed March 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> National Institute of Building Sciences. <em><i>Journal of Building Information Modeling</i></em>. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-engineering\">https://www.epa.gov/green-engineering</a> (accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017. Building Information Modeling as a Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry. <em><i> Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series</i></em>. 12(1): 9-18.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf\">https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf</a> (accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Kreider, Ralph G., and Messner, John I. 2013. “The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting BIM Uses.” Version 0.9, September, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. <a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.17.3\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.probuilder.com/bim-home-builders\">BIM for Homebuilders</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nahb.org/en/members/committees-and-councils/nahb-global-member/global-opportunities-board/Documents/building-information-modeling-bim.aspx\">National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) – Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">National BIM Guide for Owners (2012) The National Institute of Building Sciences</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nationalbimstandard.org/\">National Institute of Building Sciences buildingSMART alliance®, <em><i>National BIM Standard-United States® Version 3 </i></em>(2015).</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building Information Modeling','','inherit','closed','closed','','2340-revision-v1','','','2022-06-22 20:13:03','2022-06-22 20:13:03','',2340,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2450',0,'revision','',0),(2451,3,'2022-06-22 20:14:57','2022-06-22 20:14:57','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Information Modeling (BIM)\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?</strong></h2>\n<p>Building Information Modeling (BIM) forms a digital representation of a building’s physical and functional characteristics and calculates information about the facility that can be used by all project team stakeholders to make decisions about the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of a building throughout its life-cycle.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Combining graphical information, such as plans and elevations, and nongraphical information, such as costs, specifications, schedules and maintenance requirements, into a BIM model results in a single source of information.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_20\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"968\"]<img class=\"wp-image-20 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)\" width=\"968\" height=\"648\" /> Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Building Information Modeling (BIM)</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designate a ‘Project BIM Manager’ or a lead design and a lead construction ‘Project BIM Manager’ with knowledge and experience working with BIM and selected software. Provide ongoing BIM training to all building stakeholders responsible for inputting, extracting, modifying, and analyzing the data (see <em>Integrated Design Process and Energy Modeling</em>).</p>\n<p>The National Institute of Building Sciences’s, <em><i>The National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO),</i></em>guides building owners on how to incorporate BIM into internal policies and contract documents.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://group.skanska.com/projects/57101/MetLife-Stadium\">Metlife Stadium, East Rutherford, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Metlife Stadium project team used BIM to track and monitor supply chain performance, including production status, quality control, delivery, site preparation and installation of over 3,200 pre-cast concrete panels, reducing the construction period by 10 days and saving $1 million.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS.</a></p>\n<p>BIM was used in the construction of the Information Technology Laboratory to overlay design, construction, and subcontractor information, and identify and resolve potential issues of conflict before costly rework was necessary.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>BIM coordinates information sharing among building stakeholders across multiple project phases that result in more informed decision making and eliminates the re-gathering and re-formatting of building information.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a>BIM also serves as a “clash detection tool,” by identifying potential design, construction, and operational inconsistencies, and cuts costs and reduces waste by avoiding rework.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The following table highlights the results of a survey conducted by Dodge Data and Analytics on the benefits of BIM.</p>\n<p>Table 1. Five Top-Rated Positive Impacts of BIM<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_202\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1456\"]<img class=\"wp-image-202 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-BIM-Table-1-.png\" alt=\"Table 1. Five Top-Rated Positive Impacts of BIM\" width=\"1456\" height=\"594\" /> Table 1. Five Top-Rated Positive Impacts of BIM[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing BIM varies widely, depending on the project team’s expertise using BIM, the complexity of the project, and other building process considerations. Costs include training, software, and organizational changes required to implement BIM technology.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Lower building costs and efficient construction timelines associated with BIM projects can often offset these upfront costs.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>BIM enhances the resilience of the built environment and construction industry in the “pre-disaster phase and post-disaster phases.”<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> In the design phase, BIM can conduct scenario forecasting to predict the performance of a facility during emergencies, such as fire, flood, evacuation, and others.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> BIM also can enhance the post-disaster phase by providing building information to first responders and allowing them to direct building occupants to the nearest exit.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a>Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University (2011). <a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a> (accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>NIST. National BIM Guide for Owners (2012). <a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a> (accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a>NIST. National BIM Guide for Owners (2012).</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a>Skanska. Metlife Stadium Sustainability Case Study. <a href=\"https://group.skanska.com/projects/57101/MetLife-Stadium/sustainability\">https://group.skanska.com/projects/57101/MetLife-Stadium/sustainability</a> (accessed May 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a>Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory. <a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/</a> (accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a>National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide – Building Information Modeling (BIM) <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/bim\">https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim</a> (accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory. <a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/</a> (accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a>Dodge Data and Analytics. (2017). Measuring the Impact of BIM on Complex Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.usa.skanska.com/siteassets/what-we-deliver/services/bim--vdc/value-to-clients/measuring-the-impact-of-bim-on-complex-buildings-2015f.pdf\">https://www.usa.skanska.com/siteassets/what-we-deliver/services/bim--vdc/value-to-clients/measuring-the-impact-of-bim-on-complex-buildings-2015f.pdf</a> (accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a>Dippold, Cory. “Effective Implementation of BIM.” November 26, 2008. <em><i>Engineering News-Record</i></em>. <a href=\"http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp\">http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp</a> (accessed March 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a>National Institute of Building Sciences. <em><i>Journal of Building Information Modeling</i></em>. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-engineering\">https://www.epa.gov/green-engineering</a> (accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017. Building Information Modeling as a Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry. <em><i>Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series</i></em>. 12(1): 9-18.<a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180730021002/https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf\">https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf</a> (accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a>Kreider, Ralph G., and Messner, John I. (2013). “The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting BIM Uses.” Version 0.9, September, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. <a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nationalbimstandard.org/\">National Institute of Building Sciences buildingSMART alliance®, <em><i>National BIM Standard-United States® Version 3 </i></em>(2015).</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/bim\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">Penn State Computer Integrated Construction – BIM Execution Planning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Building Information Modeling (BIM)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1073-revision-v1','','','2022-06-22 20:14:57','2022-06-22 20:14:57','',1073,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2451',0,'revision','',0);
INSERT INTO `wp_posts` VALUES (2452,3,'2022-06-22 20:14:57','2022-06-22 20:14:57','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Information Modeling (BIM)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?</h2>\n<p>Building Information Modeling (BIM) forms a digital representation of a residential building’s physical and functional characteristics and calculates information about the building that can be used by all building stakeholders to make decisions about the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of a building throughout its life-cycle.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Combining graphical information, such as plans and elevations, and nongraphical information, such as costs, specifications, schedules and maintenance requirements, into a BIM model results in a single source of information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Large-scale builders, managing large amounts of data, often use BIM as are an increasing number of mid-size and small residential builders.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_20\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"wp-image-20 \" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-300x201.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)\" width=\"424\" height=\"192\" /> Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Building Information Modeling</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designate a ‘Project BIM Manager’ or a lead design and a lead construction ‘Project BIM Manager’ with knowledge and experience working with BIM and selected software. Provide ongoing BIM training to all building stakeholders responsible for inputting, extracting, modifying, and analyzing the data (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The National Institute of Building Science’s,<span> </span><em><i>The National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO),</i></em><span> </span>guides building owners on how to incorporate BIM into internal policies and contract documents.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>BIM coordinates information sharing among building stakeholders across multiple project phases that result in more informed decision making and eliminates the re-gathering and re-formatting of building information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM also serves as a “clash detection tool,” by identifying potential design, construction, and operational inconsistencies, and cuts costs and reduces waste by avoiding rework.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing BIM varies widely, depending on the project team’s expertise using BIM, the complexity of the project, and other building process considerations. Costs include training, software, and organizational changes required to implement BIM technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Lower building costs and efficient construction timelines often associated with BIM projects can help offset upfront costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>BIM enhances the resiliency of the built environment and construction industry in the “pre-disaster phase and post-disaster phases.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>In the design phase, BIM can conduct scenario forecasting to predict the performance of a facility during emergencies, such as fire, flood, evacuation, and others.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM can also enhance the post-disaster phase, for example, by providing building information to first responders and allowing them to direct building occupants to the nearest exit.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. 2011. “BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. National BIM Guide for Owners<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Jeff Marcus. “NAHB: More builders, architects are betting on BIM.” Construction Dive.  Dec 15, 2016<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/\">https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. “National BIM Guide for Owners.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide – Building Information Modeling (BIM)<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/bim\">https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Dippold, Cory. “Effective Implementation of BIM.” November 26, 2008.<span> </span><em><i>Engineering News-Record</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp\">http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp</a><span> </span>(accessed March 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences.<span> </span><em><i>Journal of Building Information Modeling</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-engineering\">https://www.epa.gov/green-engineering</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017. Building Information Modeling as a Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry. <em><i><span> </span>Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series</i></em>. 12(1): 9-18.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180730021002/https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf\">https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Kreider, Ralph G., and Messner, John I. 2013. “The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting BIM Uses.” Version 0.9, September, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.probuilder.com/bim-home-builders\">BIM for Homebuilders</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nahb.org/en/members/committees-and-councils/nahb-global-member/global-opportunities-board/Documents/building-information-modeling-bim.aspx\">National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) – Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">National BIM Guide for Owners (2012) The National Institute of Building Sciences</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nationalbimstandard.org/\">National Institute of Building Sciences buildingSMART alliance®,<span> </span><em><i>National BIM Standard-United States® Version 3<span> </span></i></em>(2015).</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building Information Modeling','','inherit','closed','closed','','1181-revision-v1','','','2022-06-22 20:14:57','2022-06-22 20:14:57','',1181,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2452',0,'revision','',0),(2453,3,'2022-06-22 20:14:58','2022-06-22 20:14:58','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Information Modeling (BIM)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.17.3\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?</h2>\n<p>Building Information Modeling (BIM) forms a digital representation of a residential building’s physical and functional characteristics and calculates information about the building that can be used by all building stakeholders to make decisions about the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of a building throughout its life-cycle.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Combining graphical information, such as plans and elevations, and nongraphical information, such as costs, specifications, schedules and maintenance requirements, into a BIM model results in a single source of information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Large-scale builders, managing large amounts of data, often use BIM as are an increasing number of mid-size and small residential builders.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_20\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"968\"]<img class=\"wp-image-20 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)\" width=\"968\" height=\"648\" /> Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Building Information Modeling</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designate a ‘Project BIM Manager’ or a lead design and a lead construction ‘Project BIM Manager’ with knowledge and experience working with BIM and selected software. Provide ongoing BIM training to all building stakeholders responsible for inputting, extracting, modifying, and analyzing the data (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em> and <em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The National Institute of Building Science’s, <em><i>The National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO),</i></em> guides building owners on how to incorporate BIM into internal policies and contract documents.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>BIM coordinates information sharing among building stakeholders across multiple project phases that result in more informed decision making and eliminates the re-gathering and re-formatting of building information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> BIM also serves as a “clash detection tool,” by identifying potential design, construction, and operational inconsistencies, and cuts costs and reduces waste by avoiding rework.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing BIM varies widely, depending on the project team’s expertise using BIM, the complexity of the project, and other building process considerations. Costs include training, software, and organizational changes required to implement BIM technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Lower building costs and efficient construction timelines often associated with BIM projects can help offset upfront costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>BIM enhances the resiliency of the built environment and construction industry in the “pre-disaster phase and post-disaster phases.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> In the design phase, BIM can conduct scenario forecasting to predict the performance of a facility during emergencies, such as fire, flood, evacuation, and others.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> BIM can also enhance the post-disaster phase, for example, by providing building information to first responders and allowing them to direct building occupants to the nearest exit.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. 2011. “BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University.” <a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a> (accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. National BIM Guide for Owners <a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a> (accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Jeff Marcus. “NAHB: More builders, architects are betting on BIM.” Construction Dive.  Dec 15, 2016 <a href=\"https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/\">https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/</a> (accessed March 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. “National BIM Guide for Owners.” <a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a> (accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide – Building Information Modeling (BIM) <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/bim\">https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim</a> (accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory. <a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/</a> (accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Dippold, Cory. “Effective Implementation of BIM.” November 26, 2008. <em><i>Engineering News-Record</i></em>. <a href=\"http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp\">http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp</a> (accessed March 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> National Institute of Building Sciences. <em><i>Journal of Building Information Modeling</i></em>. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-engineering\">https://www.epa.gov/green-engineering</a> (accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017. Building Information Modeling as a Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry. <em><i> Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series</i></em>. 12(1): 9-18.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180730021002/https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf\">https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf</a> (accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Kreider, Ralph G., and Messner, John I. 2013. “The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting BIM Uses.” Version 0.9, September, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. <a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.17.3\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.probuilder.com/bim-home-builders\">BIM for Homebuilders</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nahb.org/en/members/committees-and-councils/nahb-global-member/global-opportunities-board/Documents/building-information-modeling-bim.aspx\">National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) – Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">National BIM Guide for Owners (2012) The National Institute of Building Sciences</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nationalbimstandard.org/\">National Institute of Building Sciences buildingSMART alliance®, <em><i>National BIM Standard-United States® Version 3 </i></em>(2015).</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building Information Modeling','','inherit','closed','closed','','2340-revision-v1','','','2022-06-22 20:14:58','2022-06-22 20:14:58','',2340,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2453',0,'revision','',0),(2454,3,'2022-06-22 20:19:28','2022-06-22 20:19:28','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Integrated Design Process\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is an Integrated Design Process?</h2>\n<p>Building systems are interdependent and require cooperation and creative thinking across disciplines. An integrated design process identifies opportunities to achieve synergies across disciplines and building systems throughout the planning and design phases and beyond.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> For example, decision-making about building shape, orientation, and window placement relate to several green building considerations and relies on the knowledge of multiple disciplines; these building envelope strategies impact heating and cooling loads as well as occupant satisfaction and even productivity, a function of thermal comfort and daylighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> With an integrated design process that considers these multiple benefits, and sometimes trade-offs among them, it is much more likely that the building performs as intended and achieves projected cost savings.</p>\n<p>Many green building strategies also convey resiliency benefits or “the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> At the building level, these include an emphasis on daylighting, superior insulation values, thermal massing and on-site renewable energy, and water harvesting. These strategies reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling, and other critical functions, making buildings more resilient to power outages and disruptive events.</p>\n<p>A successful integrative design process challenges project teams to design, build, and manage high-performance buildings that are both green and resilient.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_173\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1298\"]<img class=\"wp-image-173 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Integrated-Design-Process-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1. A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process\" width=\"1298\" height=\"702\" /> Table 1. A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process[/caption]\n<h2>How to Implement an Integrated Design Process</h2>\n<p>A truly integrated design process includes ongoing interactions among the entire project team and uses tools and modeling software to support and reinforce design integration.</p>\n<p>The following are standards and guidelines for incorporating an integrated design process.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) <em><i>Integrative Process (IP) – ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© – Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities </i></em>identify best practices for developing an integrated process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></li>\n<li>The American Institute of Architect (AIA) <em><i>Integrated Project Delivery (IPD</i></em>) outlines a step-by-step process for the client, design, and construction teams to achieve IPD goals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction</i></em> credit requirements for the Integrative Process include an analysis of at least two energy-related systems (i.e., shading, renewable energy opportunities), and two water-related systems (i.e., on-site rainwater and graywater, cooling tower water demand), and documentation on how this analysis informed building site and design decisions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>RELi,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup><strong><b>[7]</b></strong></sup></a></i></em> a national consensus standard for resilient design requires a “Panoramic Approach” that includes “Pre-Planning and Discovery” and “Systems Thinking Design.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chesapeake Bay Brock Environmental Center, Virginia Beach, VA.</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_457\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"2560\"]<img class=\"wp-image-457 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/integrateddesignprocess-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"The Brock Environmental Center project team used an Integrative Design Process to incorporate green and resilient building features. (Source: Wikimedia Commons).\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1702\" /> The Brock Environmental Center project team used an Integrative Design Process to incorporate green and resilient building features. (Source: Wikimedia Commons).[/caption]<p>The integrated design process for the Brock Environmental Center included early charrettes with the client and neighbors, collaboration with the architect, engineer, owner, green consultant, and contractor throughout the design process, and a full-day, pre-design charrette with stakeholders from all design disciplines including local officials, community representatives, and Living Building Challenge (LBC) and LEED experts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Energy and climate simulation tools informed the decision to utilize on-site wind energy and early discussions with regulatory agencies made possible the collection of rainwater for potable use.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Early coordination regarding the interactions of complex building systems can maximize the effectiveness and output of these systems and reduce total project costs.</p>\n<p>An integrated design process can result in a project that:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases the opportunity to achieve more aggressive sustainability goals</li>\n<li>Optimizes energy efficiency and incorporates alternative energy solutions</li>\n<li>Recognizes and plans for synergies between green building and resilient design</li>\n<li>Moves beyond minimizing environmental impacts to creating positive, regenerative impacts on the environment</li>\n<li>Maximizes cost effectiveness</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The integrated design process can both minimize incremental capital cost and result in operational savings. Capital cost can be redistributed to achieve high-performance goals without incremental costs. For example, the opportunity to eliminate or reduce the size of equipment or systems can offset the higher first cost of some energy efficiency strategies.  An integrated approach can also reduce operational expenditures through increased communication among the project team, resulting in a more efficient design.</p>\n<p>Costs associated with an integrated design process may include things like additional consultant fees to facilitate a goal-setting workshop and time and associated costs of having project team members participate in additional meetings and coordination.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>An integrated design process provides an opportunity for project teams to incorporate resilient design strategies into green building practice. Project teams may want to consider the following when identifying and evaluating green building strategies that also offer resiliency benefits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li><em><i>Understand regional impacts:</i></em> Identify climate impacts for the building’s location.</li>\n<li><em><i>Evaluate performance targets</i>: </em>Understand how the building performs under current peak climate conditions.</li>\n<li><em><i>Conduct a scenario analysis:</i></em> Analyze how the building responds to projected climate impacts, modeling different system options under a variety of climatic conditions.</li>\n<li><em><i>Consider resilient design strategies:</i></em> Evaluate resilient design strategies that provide passive or efficient responses to more extreme climate events such as higher or lower temperatures, higher wind speeds, and increased or decreased precipitation levels, to maintain occupant comfort while preventing increased energy use.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. (Updated April 6, 2018). Credit. Integrative Process. Page 10. <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org\">https://new.usgbc.org</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> City of New York Department of Design and Construction. 1999. “High-Performance Building Guidelines.” Page 17. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable\">http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> National Academy of Sciences. 2012. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© <em><i>February 2, 2012, </i></em>for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://webstore.ansi.org\">https://webstore.ansi.org</a> (Search: Integrative Process)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> American Institute of Architects (AIA). 2007. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council. Version 1. <a href=\"http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf\">http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Ibid, Credit. Integrative Process, Page 10-11.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> The RELI Action List is a resource included in the RELi Green + Resilient Property Underwriting Standard. At the time of this publication, the USGBC was working to synthesize the LEED Resilient Design pilot credits with RELi’s Hazard Mitigation and Adaptation credits.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List <a href=\"http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783\">http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> The International Living Future Institute (ILFI). 2016. Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay Brock Environmental Center. <a href=\"https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/\">https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/\">Re-Commissioning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.17.3\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://webstore.ansi.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© <em><i>February 2, 2012, </i></em>for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities. (Search: Integrative Process)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council (2007). Version 1.</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/orr/index.page\">NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/whole-building-design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sustainable Facilities Tool Kit (GSA) -Integrative Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/plan/261/integrative-design-process\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Whole Building Design Guide (WGBD) – Whole Building Approach</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Green Building Rating Systems and Standards</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asce.org/envision/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Envision Rating System</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org/lbc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">International Living Future Institute (ILFI) – Living Building Challenge</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Integrated Design Process','','inherit','closed','closed','','1829-revision-v1','','','2022-06-22 20:19:28','2022-06-22 20:19:28','',1829,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2454',0,'revision','',0),(2455,3,'2022-06-22 20:19:30','2022-06-22 20:19:30','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"On-Site Wind Energy Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are On-Site Wind Energy Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site wind energy systems provide renewable energy in areas with sufficient wind speed. Prime locations for harvesting wind energy in New Jersey are along the shore.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>The two main types of wind turbines include horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT), the most common, and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Initially designed to be mounted on high poles in open or rural areas, small wind turbines (SWTs) include systems that are 100 kilowatts (kW) or less. Small wind energy systems can either be stand-alone (e.g., not connected to the utility grid) or grid-connected. Built-environment wind turbines (BEWT) refer to projects constructed on, in, or near buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The highly turbulent and variable wind directions often found in the built environment make VAWTs a viable option for these types of locations as VAWTs do not need to orient into the wind to generate power.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> VAWTs come in two different designs: the Savonius design, which generates power through drag, and the Darrieus, which generates power through an aerodynamic lift.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_573\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"666\"]<img class=\"wp-image-573 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).\" width=\"666\" height=\"624\" /> Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_303\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"662\"]<img class=\"wp-image-303 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).\" width=\"662\" height=\"450\" /> Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement an On-site Wind Energy System</strong></h2>\n<p>Renewable energy systems such as wind energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site wind energy expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> For example, siting turbines on the highest elevation on the site often correspond to the highest, unobstructed wind speeds. Wind speed increases with height, and small increases in speed boost a turbine’s generating-potential significantly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_255\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"233\"]<img class=\"wp-image-255 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-3--233x300.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Wind Speed Map at 30 meters (Source: US DOE | NREL – Wind Powering America).\" width=\"233\" height=\"300\" /> Figure 3 – Wind Speed Map at 30 meters (Source: US DOE | NREL – Wind Powering America).[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.acua.com/green-initiatives/renewable-energy/windfarm/\">Jersey Atlantic Wind Farm, Atlantic City, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jersey-Atlantic Wind Farm, a community-scale wind turbine installation, includes five, 380-foot turbines, producing a combined 7.5 megawatts of power. The wind turbines and on-site solar installation power the wastewater treatment plant, with surplus energy sent to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL.<em> “</em>Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices.”</a></p>\n<p>This study looks at several case studies of Built Environment Wind Turbines (BEWTs), documenting mixed-results in the BEWT industry. Main obstacles cited include, 1) insufficient and not well-defined project feasibility and planning processes, 2) high-cost projects related to additional expenses for installation and operations in the built environment, 3) a lack of certified manufacturers for ongoing service and parts, and 4) over-estimated project performance due to the complexity of conducting accurate resource and production assessments in the built environment. BEWT projects with the best outcomes had well developed and quantified project goals that included energy production as well as educational and sustainability marketing goals. These projects also conducted thorough feasibility investigations, used certified HAWTs with a proven track record, and were installed on tall buildings relative to surrounding obstacles.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Wind power reduces dependence on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Generating power from wind reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promotes the renewable energy industry in New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_233\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"490\"]<img class=\"wp-image-233 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-4.png\" alt=\"Figure 4 – A 10 kW wind turbine atop a lattice tower at Hamilton College, NY. (Source: Fortis Wind Energy).\" width=\"490\" height=\"690\" /> Figure 4 – A 10 kW wind turbine atop a lattice tower at Hamilton College, NY. (Source: Fortis Wind Energy).[/caption]<p>Rebates and tax credits base wind power incentives on expected energy production, rather than capacity. Commercial businesses or organizations may be eligible for the renewable Production Tax Credit (PTC), which provides a $0.019 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) benefit in 2017 (which is phased out over 2018 and 2019) for the first ten years of a renewable energy facility’s operation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>In New Jersey, between 2002 and 2013, wind turbine installation costs ranged from $19,000 for a 1 MW municipal project to $3.3 million for the ACUA Wind Farm in Atlantic City.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Nationwide, small wind turbines cost between $800/kW and $1100/kW and a typical 2 MW project costs between $1.6 and $2.2 million<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a>. Necessary fees include utility company fees, township and county permits, and installation, accounting for about 4% of the total project cost.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p>Depending on the strength of the wind resource and the cost of the system, the typical paybacks range from 6-15 years.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site wind energy systems rely on wind, a site-based resource and may operate independently from the power grid. Installed with additional hardware—including transfer switches, critical load panels, and appropriate controls—these systems can act as self-sufficient microgrids, generating energy and powering critical loads in the absence of utility sourced power. Wind energy systems provide additional protection from flooding events, based on elevated installations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> American Wind Energy Association.  “Wind 101: Wind Energy Basics.” <a href=\"https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101\">https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Jason Fields, Frank Oteri, Robert Press, and Ian Baring-Gould (2016) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> J. Smith, T. Forsyth, K. Sinclair, and F. Oteri. (2015) NREL. Built-Environment Wind Turbine Roadmap. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"></a>DOE. Small Wind Guidebook. <a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts\">https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> McCollum, David, and Christopher Yang. 2009. “Achieving deep reductions in US transport greenhouse gas emissions: Scenario analysis and policy implications.” Energy Policy 37: 5580-5596.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US DOE. Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/savings/renewable-electricity-production-tax-credit-ptc\">https://www.energy.gov/savings/renewable-electricity-production-tax-credit-ptc</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> NJCEP. Installation and Project Status Reports (REIP and CORE Programs). <a href=\"http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive\">http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US DOE. 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf</a> (accessed April 18. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Pacific Northwest National Lab (PNNL). Benchmarking US Small Wind Costs. <a href=\"https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf\">https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.17.3\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<section>\n<div id=\"ecoworld-item-entries\" class=\"ecoworld_row\">\n<article class=\"post-entry ecoworld_blog_post post-716 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-new-commercial\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_column_gap\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pf_no_thumb\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_content\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_content_block\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_text\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_summary\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_summary_text\">\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid mpc-row\">\n<div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 mpc-column\" data-column-id=\"mpc_column-416254a5af996d7\">\n<div class=\"vc_column-inner\">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<h4>General information and Starting Up</h4>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/files/docs/small_wind_economic_model.xls\">Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/downloads/2016-wind-technologies-market-report\">2016 Wind Technologies Market Report</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ Clean Energy Program</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=80&amp;start=1\">Trade-Ally: Residentia</a>l</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=84&amp;start=1\">Wind Site Assessor</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Technical Guidance</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://distributedwind.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Distributed-Wind-Toolkit-Nov2017.pdf\">Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) Distributed Wind Energy Zoning and Permitting: A Toolkit for Local Governments</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy<br /></strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts\">Small Wind Guidebook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/rrc/northeast\">Northeast Wind Resource Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practice</a>s</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Funding Sources</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://elpc.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/ELPC-Community-Wind-Book-09.pdf\">Community Wind Financing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DESIRE: Renewable Energy Incentives for New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/wind/wind\">NJ Clean Energy Program – see <em>Financing Your System</em></a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_bottom_meta\">\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</article>\n</div>\n</section>\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_single_pagination ecoworld_post_inner_bg\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pp_prev ecoworld_next_prev_box\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pp_arrow\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC On-Site Wind Energy Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1481-revision-v1','','','2022-06-22 20:19:30','2022-06-22 20:19:30','',1481,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2455',0,'revision','',0),(2456,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:15','2022-06-23 17:43:15','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Life Cycle Assessment?</strong></h2>\n<p>A life cycle assessment (LCA) is a “cradle-to-grave” or “cradle-to-cradle” evaluation method that assesses the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> In the commercial building sector, LCA is a tool that helps architects and building professionals understand the embodied energy and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of a building or building product as defined by the ISO 14040/44 standard including resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal or recycling (see Figure 1).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> The evaluation at each phase also includes the associated activities of a particular building product or design. For example, during the operational phase, the LCA for a deck includes the impact of the resources used for cleaning (e.g., energy, water, detergents), staining, or replacing boards.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_470\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"508\"]<img class=\"wp-image-470 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-LCA-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)\" width=\"508\" height=\"466\" /> Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)[/caption]<p>Defined environmental impact areas commonly include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Climate change (“carbon footprint”)</li>\n<li>Acidification (“acid rain”)</li>\n<li>Eutrophication (“algal bloom”)</li>\n<li>Photochemical oxidant creation (“summer smog”)</li>\n<li>Ozone depletion (“the ozone hole”)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>LCA’s support informed decision-making by providing a standardized system for verifying environmental footprints and claims, identifying environmental trade-offs, and making relative comparisons between different design paths or product choices.</p>\n<p>While LCA’s take into account environmental impacts, Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) evaluates the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems (see <em>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</em>).  Together, LCA’s and LCCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</strong></h2>\n<p>Increasingly, consumers and regulatory agencies are asking businesses and product manufacturers to provide environmental product declarations, which use LCA data to report the environmental impacts of their products, processes, and services (see <em>Sustainable Materials</em>).  In the building sector, green building programs such as LEED, offer credits for completing a whole building LCA as part of the integrated design process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> LEED credits are also offered to promote the reuse of historic buildings and the renovation of abandoned or blighted buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Likewise, the field of LCA continues to evolve as the quality and completeness of LCA data improves and LCA methodologies are tested and refined.</p>\n<p>The complete process of LCA includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Defining goals and assessment boundaries.</li>\n<li>Collecting information on materials and design alternative.</li>\n<li>Using accredited LCA assessment tools to perform impact calculations.</li>\n<li>Compiling and interpreting results.</li>\n<li>Documenting the process and providing assessment reports.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>LCA reports are often complex and technical in nature, but current tools attempt to summarize LCA information in a manageable format specifically targeted to design professionals. Tools are available for both whole building and product level LCA’s.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/our-software-data/ecocalculator/\">Athena EcoCalculator</a> is a free online LCA calculator that provides a streamlined report of building’s footprint using LCA data on hundreds of common building products.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings</a> is a free LCA-based software package for designers and building professionals that provides environmental impact data on over 1,000 structural and envelope assembly combinations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a> is a free online tool for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products and includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 200+ building products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>The main benefit to LCA is credible, transparent data that informs greener design and product decisions and the associated cost savings and environmental benefits from reduced resource consumption, pollution, and waste.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project, data availability and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and designers perform LCA’s (see <strong>Resources</strong>). Costs for performing an LCA typically include labor costs for data collection and data input and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>An LCA can identify and evaluate the environmental benefits of green building designs and products that enhance building resiliency. These may include specific design inputs for address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em>. </em></strong>For example, resilient strategies may include cooling and shading features (e.g., cool pavements and cool roofs), improving the efficiency of building envelopes (e.g., insulation, windows, exterior walls), planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems (e.g., battery storage), and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features (e.g., Properly-Sized HVAC systems).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> LCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> International Standard for Standardization (ISO). ISO14040 Standard (2006) provides LCA principles and framework; <a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019); ISO 14044 Standard (2006) provides LCA Requirements and Guidelines. <a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. 2018. About LCA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf\">http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Rajesh Kumar Singh. 2017. “Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment Through LEED v4.” GBCI</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4\">http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4</a> (accessed January 28, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C Beta. 2019. Building Life-cycle Impact Reduction  <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Sustainable Materials Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nist.gov/el/economics/BEESSoftware.cfm\">Building For Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES 4.0)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenblue.org/\">GreenBlue</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://thenaturalstep.org/\">The Natural Step</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide – Evaluating Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1086-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:15','2022-06-23 17:43:15','',1086,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2456',0,'revision','',0),(2457,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:16','2022-06-23 17:43:16','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a form of economic evaluation that compares the costs and savings of alternative building designs and systems over the life cycle of a building. Green building features generally have higher initial costs compared to conventional features but offer operational savings over time through decreased resource use (e.g., energy, water), maintenance, and disposal fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> LCCA takes into account the overall costs of purchasing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system, which the initial purchase price does not reflect. Comparing the life cycle costs of various options helps determine the most cost-effective choice for a comparable building design or system in terms of function and performance by translating this data into dollar amounts and providing information about how long it takes an investment to pay for itself (e.g., internal rate of return, savings-to-investment ratio, payback period).</p>\n<p>While LCCA’s take into account the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems, a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems (see <em><i>Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Perform the LCCA early in the project and as part of an integrated design process to allow sufficient time and resources to refine the design and ensure the highest quality product for the lowest cost (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). Depending on project team expertise, hire a consulting service or conduct the LCCA in-house. Project teams should refer to the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method, which covers the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and repair, and disposal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The first task of an LCCA involves determining the costs and benefits of alternative project options. Next, project teams can conduct several sensitivity analyses that include variations in the <em><i>discount rate, study period or building lifespan, and energy escalation rates.</i></em></p>\n<p><em><i>The discount rate</i></em> is a measure that decreases the value of dollars spent or received in the future, so future costs and returns are worth progressively less in terms of today’s dollars. The interest rate used for discounting is a rate that reflects an investor’s opportunity cost of money over time. The LCCA method converts cash flows to present values by discounting them to a common point in time, usually the base date.</p>\n<p>The US Department of Energy (US DOE) suggests a real discount rate of 3.0%, based on a 12-month average of long-term Treasury bond rates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p><em><i>Study period</i></em> or <em><i>building lifespan</i></em> refers to the length of time the LCC analysis covers. The study period for non-residential buildings typically falls between 20 and 40 years and may reflect a shorter period than the actual intended life of the facility.</p>\n<p><em><i>Energy escalation rates</i></em> refer to projected average annual energy price increases obtained either from the supplier or from energy price escalation rates published annually on April 1 by US DOE in <em><i>Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are several online tools for performing an LCCA and links to more information in the <strong><b>Resources </b></strong>section below.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/njmc-observatory-classroom-building-life-cycle-assessment/\">New Jersey Meadowlands Commission: Observatory and Classroom Building LCCA, Lyndhurst, NJ</a>.</p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building conducted an LCCA of the Meadowlands Environmental Center, a LEED Platinum building, modeling the building’s metabolic flows, including heating, lighting, ventilation, water, and power consumption, and waste production. The result was a quantification of any added capital investments encountered during construction and commissioning of the LEED-compliant structure, as well as a use-phase evaluation of the economic impacts of adherence to a green building standard.</p>\n<p>Besides the Photovoltaic System (PV), the study results showed that daylight sensors provided the most cost-effective green feature, providing savings under all of the modeled situations as well as the most significant savings compared to other green features. The HVAC system projected savings consistently, although of lower value than the daylight sensors. Insulation provided savings under a majority of circumstances but showed a low return value in all cases. The study noted that the value of SREC’s directly impacts the cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic (PV) system.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_551\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1462\"]<img class=\"wp-image-551 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Modeling-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"1462\" height=\"560\" /> Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can offer environmental and monetary benefits for new construction projects by revealing the most environmentally-friendly and cost-effective solutions for the long run that purchase price alone cannot quantify. Potential benefits include reduced energy, water, and fuel consumption and cost savings on utility bills, maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life disposal costs. While an LCCA cannot remove all uncertainty surrounding a building project, the results equip the design team with the means to identify the optimal balance between green design and economic efficiency.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and developers perform an initial LCC analysis (see <strong><b>Resources</b></strong>). Costs for performing an LCCA typically include labor costs for data collection, energy modeling (if necessary), LCCA calculations, and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p><em>An LCCA can </em>identify and evaluate the costs and benefits of green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While LCCAs and energy modeling typically use historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> For example, in the NJMC study mentioned above, the team ran an energy model scenario according to low-emissions mid-century predictions of climate change developed by the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>LCCA’s can take into account resiliency objectives. These may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em><b><i>, </i></b></em></strong>including cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> LCCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></sup></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLLC). <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc\">http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems. <a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> This rate for life-cycle cost analyses is valid through March 31, 2019, according to US DOE. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2018. Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – 2018: Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Krogmann, U., Minderman, N., Senick, J. and Andrews, C.J. “Life-Cycle Assessment of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental and Scientific Education Building.” 2008. Prepared by Rutgers Center for Green Building for New Jersey Meadowland Commission. At <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf</a>(accessed June 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a> – a free online tool developed by NIST for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/node/81412\">General Service Administration (GSA) Life Cycle Costing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">US DOE Building Life Cycle Cost Programs and Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.rsmeans.com/\">R. S. Means Company – Construction Cost Databases</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/Explore#workspaces\">The Sustainable Facilities Tool</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/design-for-maintainability\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Design for Maintainability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1092-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:16','2022-06-23 17:43:16','',1092,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2457',0,'revision','',0),(2458,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:17','2022-06-23 17:43:17','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Life Cycle Assessment?</strong></h2>\n<p>A life cycle assessment (LCA) is a “cradle-to-grave” or “cradle-to-cradle” evaluation method that assesses the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>In the residential building sector, LCA is a tool that helps architects, building professionals and homeowners understand the embodied energy and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of a building or building product as defined by the ISO 14040/44 standard including resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal or recycling (see Figure 1).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>The evaluation at each phase also includes the associated activities of a particular building product or design. For example, during the operational phase, the LCA for a deck includes the impact of the resources used for cleaning (e.g., energy, water, detergents), staining, or replacing boards.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_470\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"508\"]<img class=\"wp-image-470 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-LCA-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)\" width=\"508\" height=\"466\" /> Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Defined environmental impact areas commonly include:<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Climate change (“carbon footprint”)</li>\n<li>Acidification (“acid rain”)</li>\n<li>Eutrophication (“algal bloom”)</li>\n<li>Photochemical oxidant creation (“summer smog”)</li>\n<li>Ozone depletion (“the ozone hole”)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>LCA’s support informed decision-making by providing a standardized system for verifying environmental footprints and claims, identifying environmental trade-offs, and making relative comparisons between different design paths or product choices.</p>\n<p>While LCA’s take into account environmental impacts, Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) evaluates the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems (see<span> </span><em>Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</em>).  Together, LCA’s and LCCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.<strong> </strong></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</strong></h2>\n<p>Increasingly, consumers and regulatory agencies are asking businesses and product manufacturers to provide environmental product declarations, which use LCA data to report the environmental impacts of their products, processes, and services (see<span> </span><em>Sustainable Materials</em>). In the building sector, green building programs such as LEED, offer credits for environmentally preferable products that contain recycled and recyclable content, reclaimed materials (e.g., salvaged, refurbished or reused), or reduced life-cycle impacts (e.g., local production).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>Likewise, the field of LCA continues to evolve as the quality and completeness of LCA data improves and LCA methodologies are tested and refined.</p>\n<p>The complete process of LCA includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Defining goals and assessment boundaries.</li>\n<li>Collecting information on materials and design alternative.</li>\n<li>Using accredited LCA assessment tools to perform impact calculations.</li>\n<li>Compiling and interpreting results.</li>\n<li>Documenting the process and providing assessment reports.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>LCA reports are often complex and technical in nature, but current tools attempt to summarize LCA information in a manageable format specifically targeted to design professionals. Tools are available for both whole building and product level LCA’s.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/our-software-data/ecocalculator/\">Athena EcoCalculator</a><span> </span>is a free online LCA calculator that provides a streamlined report of building’s footprint using LCA data on hundreds of common building products.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings</a><span> </span>is a free LCA-based software package for designers and building professionals that provides environmental impact data on over 1,000 structural and envelope assembly combinations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a><span> </span>is a free online tool for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products and includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 200+ building products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>The main benefit to LCA is credible, transparent data that informs greener design and product decisions and the associated cost savings and environmental benefits from reduced resource consumption, pollution, and waste.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project, data availability and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and designers perform LCA’s (see<span> </span><strong>Resources</strong>). Costs for performing an LCA typically include labor costs for data collection and data input and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>An LCA can identify and evaluate the environmental benefits of green building designs and products that enhance building resiliency. These may include specific design inputs for address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em>.<span> </span></em></strong>For example, resilient strategies may include cooling and shading features (e.g., cool pavements and cool roofs), improving the efficiency of building envelopes (e.g., insulation, windows, exterior walls), planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems (e.g., battery storage), and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features (e.g., properly-sized HVAC systems).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>LCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions and the ability to shelter in place.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>International Standard for Standardization (ISO). ISO14040 Standard (2006) provides LCA principles and framework;<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019); ISO 14044 Standard (2006) provides LCA Requirements and Guidelines.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. 2018. About LCA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf\">http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Rajesh Kumar Singh. 2017. “Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment Through LEED v4.” GBCI</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4\">http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4</a><span> </span>(accessed January 28, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>USGBC LEED Version 4.1 Single Family. 2019. Environmentally Preferable Products. <span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C Beta. 2019. Building Life-cycle Impact Reduction. <span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Sustainable Materials Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nist.gov/el/economics/BEESSoftware.cfm\">Building For Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES 4.0)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenblue.org/\">GreenBlue</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://thenaturalstep.org/\">The Natural Step</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide – Evaluating Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1207-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:17','2022-06-23 17:43:17','',1207,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2458',0,'revision','',0),(2459,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:17','2022-06-23 17:43:17','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90.7%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a form of economic evaluation that compares the costs and savings of alternative building designs and systems over the life cycle of a building. Green building features generally have higher initial costs compared to conventional features but offer operational savings over time through decreased resource use (e.g., energy, water), maintenance and disposal fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>LCCA takes into account the overall costs of purchasing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system, which the initial purchase price does not reflect. Comparing the life cycle costs of various options helps determine the most cost-effective choice for a comparable building design or system in terms of function and performance by translating this data into dollar amounts and providing information about how long it takes an investment to pay for itself (e.g., internal rate of return, savings-to-investment ratio, payback period).</p>\n<p>While LCCA’s take into account the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems, a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems (see<span> </span><em><i>Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Perform the LCCA early in the project and as part of an integrated design process to allow sufficient time and resources to refine the design and ensure the highest quality product for the lowest cost (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). Depending on project team expertise, hire a consulting service or conduct the LCCA in-house.</p>\n<p>The first task of an LCCA involves determining the costs and benefits of alternative project options. Cost inputs for an LCCA are often broken down into the following categories:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Initial Costs—Purchase, Acquisition, Construction Costs</li>\n<li>Fuel Costs</li>\n<li>Operation, Maintenance, and Repair Costs</li>\n<li>Replacement Costs</li>\n<li>Residual Values—Resale or Salvage Values or Disposal Costs</li>\n<li>Finance Charges—Loan Interest Payments</li>\n<li>Non-Monetary Benefits or Costs</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Next, project teams can conduct several sensitivity analyses that include variations in the<span> </span><em><i>discount rate, study period or building lifespan, and energy escalation rates.</i></em></p>\n<p><em><i>The discount rate</i></em><span> </span>is a measure that decreases the value of dollars spent or received in the future, so future costs and returns are worth progressively less in terms of today’s dollars. The interest rate used for discounting is a rate that reflects an investor’s opportunity cost of money over time. The LCCA method converts cash flows to present values by discounting them to a common point in time, usually the base date.</p>\n<p>The US Department of Energy (US DOE) suggests a real discount rate of 3.0%, based on a 12-month average of long-term Treasury bond rates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p><em><i>Study period</i></em><span> </span>or<span> </span><em><i>building lifespan</i></em><span> </span>refers to the length of time the LCCA covers.</p>\n<p><em><i>Energy escalation rates</i></em><span> </span>refer to projected average annual energy price increases obtained either from the supplier or from energy price escalation rates published annually on April 1 by US DOE in<span> </span><em><i>Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are several online tools for performing an LCCA and links to more information in the<span> </span><strong><b>Resources<span> </span></b></strong>section below.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/new-jersey-association-of-realtors-njar-green-building-cost-benefit-analysis/\">New Jersey Association of Realtors (NJAR): Green Building Cost-Benefit Analysis</a></p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building in partnership with the New Jersey Association of Realtors completed a detailed analysis of the upfront costs, operating savings, payback period, and appraisal and valuation benefits of several residential green building features, including energy-efficient windows, appliances, heating  and cooling systems, ventilation systems, and use of sustainable and healthy materials. The research looked at the costs and benefits of purchasing a green home on a life-cycle basis, from upfront costs through expected resale value. The research aims to help the real estate industry understand the net economic benefits of green home building.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_313\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"694\"]<img class=\"wp-image-313 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-LCCA-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"694\" height=\"388\" /> Fig 1. LCCA of residential energy strategies. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can offer environmental and monetary benefits for new residential construction projects by revealing the most environmentally-friendly and cost-effective solutions for the long run that purchase price alone cannot quantify. Potential benefits include reduced energy, water, and fuel consumption and cost savings on utility bills, maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life disposal costs. While an LCCA cannot remove all uncertainty surrounding a building project, the results equip the design team with the means to identify the optimal balance between green design and economic efficiency.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and developers perform an initial LCCA (see<span> </span><strong><b>Resources</b></strong>). Costs for performing an LCCA typically include labor costs for data collection, energy modeling (if necessary), LCCA calculations, and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>An LCCA can identify and evaluate the costs and benefits of green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While LCCAs and energy modeling typically use historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>LCCA’s can take into account resiliency objectives. These may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em><b><i>,<span> </span></i></b></em></strong>including cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>LCCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions and the ability to shelter in place.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLLC).<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc\">http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA).<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca</a><span> </span>(accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>This rate for life-cycle cost analyses is valid through March 31, 2019, according to US DOE.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2018. Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – 2018: Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs</a><span> </span>(accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/node/81412\">General Service Administration (GSA) Life Cycle Costing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">US DOE Building Life Cycle Cost Programs and Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.rsmeans.com/\">R. S. Means Company – Construction Cost Databases</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/design-for-maintainability\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Design for Maintainability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1215-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:17','2022-06-23 17:43:17','',1215,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2459',0,'revision','',0),(2460,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:18','2022-06-23 17:43:18','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Onsite Alternative Water Reuse\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Onsite Alternative Water Reuse?  </strong></h2>\n<p>Onsite alternative water reuse intentionally captures, treats, and utilizes stormwater, graywater, and wastewater for reuse at the building site. Stormwater includes precipitation such as rainfall and snowmelt. Graywater (also spelled gray water, greywater and grey water) refers to untreated water from bathroom sinks, laundry, and bathing and does not include water contaminated with toilet waste, food and grease content from kitchen sinks, or dishwasher soap residue.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Graywater is of lesser quality than potable (drinking) water but of higher quality than blackwater, which in New Jersey refers to wastewater from water closets, toilets, and urinals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Potential sources of onsite alternative water include rainwater and treated graywater and blackwater. Figure 1 shows graywater reuse from washing machines and showering for outdoor landscaping. Graywater from showers can also be used to flush toilets.</p>\n<ul></ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_189\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1190\"]<img class=\"wp-image-189 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-OnSite-Alternative-Water-Reuse-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Graywater reuse for subsurface landscape irrigation. (Source: Alliance for Water Efficiency)\" width=\"1190\" height=\"298\" /> Figure 1 – Graywater reuse for subsurface landscape irrigation. (Source: Alliance for Water Efficiency)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Onsite Alternative Water Reuse</strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing onsite alternative water reuse starts with water conservation and includes identifying and evaluating opportunities to substitute or supplement potable water use with onsite alternative water sources based on the water quality and treatment requirements of the intended end-uses, and the feasibility of capturing and delivering alternative water sources to those end-uses (see<span> </span><em>Indoor Water Conservation</em>).</p>\n<p>Harvest and filter rainwater from rooftops to supplement or replace landscape irrigation and toilet flushing (see<span> </span><em>Rain Barrels and Cisterns, Vegetated Roofs, and Emergency Water Supply and Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Rainwater that flows over non-roof surfaces and filtered by rain gardens or captured by retention ponds also provides an alternative water source for landscape irrigation (see<span> </span><em>Rain Gardens</em>,<span> </span><em>Water-Efficient Landscaping</em>).</p>\n<p>Capture graywater from bathtubs, showers, bathroom sinks, and clothes washers by designating separate drain lines, storage units, and pumps to deliver graywater to desired locations. Graywater used for subsurface irrigation of trees, shrubs, and gardens requires filtering to remove suspended solids. Indoor uses for graywater such as toilet flushing, or above-ground irrigation for turf grass or edible gardens often require additional treatment through natural, mechanical or chemical applications.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Treatment systems include engineered systems, tailored to specific projects, and packaged systems designed to fit a wide range of project applications.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>Blackwater treatment systems requires a higher level of treatment to bring recycled water to acceptable standards for reuse. Constructed wetlands use a combination of plants, snails, clams, algae, and fish to filter and break down compounds in blackwater. Commercial treatment systems may include sedimentation, membrane filtration or UV sterilization. Composting toilets provide another way to reduce potable water use and reduce the need for wastewater treatment.</p>\n<p>Hire certified professionals familiar with the design, construction, and maintenance of onsite alternative water reuse systems. Review local ordinances, permitting requirements, and plumbing codes.</p>\n<p>The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.iapmo.org/westand/Pages/GreenPlumbingandMechanicalCodeSupplement.aspx\">International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials Green Plumbing &amp; Mechanical Code Supplement</a><span> </span>provides guidance on implementing onsite alternative water reuse for non-potable end-uses.</p>\n<p>The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nsf.org/services/by-industry/water-wastewater/onsite-wastewater/onsite-reuse-water-treatment-systems\">NSF International/American National Standards Institute (NSF/ANSI) 350,<span> </span><em>Onsite Residential and Commercial Reuse Treatment Systems</em></a><span> </span>establishes design, construction and performance requirements for onsite alternative reuse systems.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb1.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/JAWRA2007.pdf\">The Solaire, New York City</a></p>\n<p>The Solaire, a LEED Gold certified residential high-rise building in Battery Park completed in 2003 offers examples of onsite alternative water reuse and wastewater treatment technologies. Indoor water conservation measures include low-flow fixtures, toilets, and appliances that reduce potable water use by 43%. The building’s onsite wastewater treatment plant utilizes digestion, membrane filtration, and ultraviolet disinfection to processes 30,000 gallons of blackwater each day and reuses it as cooling water for two on-site cooling towers and to flush toilets in both the Solaire and an adjacent building, the Verdesian. The Solaire’s vegetated roof helps manage stormwater and diverts excess stormwater runoff to a 10,000-gallon basement water storage tank that stores the water for later use by the vegetated roofs drip irrigation system.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Onsite alternative water reuse reduces potable water use and the reliance on surface water, groundwater, and reclaimed water purchased from a third-party.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Harvesting rainwater can reduce stormwater runoff, flooding, and pollution. Graywater and blackwater reuse reduces the strain on municipal water and wastewater treatment plants. Compared to potable water, recycled water used for irrigation often contains higher levels of nutrients, such as nitrogen, that lessens the need for synthetic fertilizers. Onsite alternative water reuse reduces the energy required to transport water or pump water from deep underground sources. Using recycled water for applications that do not require water treated to potable or drinkable water quality standards saves energy and money by reducing treatment requirements.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and onsite alternative water use technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods. As onsite alternative water technologies evolve, and costs decline, and water shortages and water quality issues become more common, the resiliency benefits of a local and reliable water resource on the ability to shelter in place, health and safety hazards, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>For more information see the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-reuse-systems-report.aspx\">Alliance for Water Efficiency’s Report: Water Savings &amp; Financial Benefits of Single-Family Packaged Graywater Systems</a>.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Using onsite alternative water resources enhances resiliency by utilizing safe, reliable, redundant and locally controlled water supplies, by reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity, and by protecting sensitive, natural water bodies. Reducing potable water use reduces the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure (see<span> </span><em>Emergency Water Supply and Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Many water pumps run on electricity, and without a source of backup power, fail to operate during power outages highlighting the importance of onsite alternative water sources and treatment options that cover all or part of onsite water use and wastewater treatment needs (see<span> </span><em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). Compostable toilets also increase resiliency by continuing to operate during water shortages and by preventing sewage backups.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Alliance for Water Efficiency. 2018. Graywater Introduction.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx\">http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx</a><span> </span>(accessed Nov 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP. Division of Water Quality.<span> </span><em>Standards for Individual Subsurface Sewage Disposal Systems.</em><span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dwq/pdf/njac79a.pdf\">www.state.nj.us/dep/dwq/pdf/njac79a.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed October 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Nov 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Nov 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>Alliance for Water Efficiency. 2018. Graywater Introduction.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx\">http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx</a><span> </span>(accessed Nov 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Nov 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/\">Emergency Water Supply and Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-indoor-water-conservation/\">Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/default.aspx\">Alliance for Water Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/center-for-resilience\">The Center for Resilience</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/\">New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection – Division of Water Quality</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.resilientdesign.org/\">Resilient Design Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/\">Rutgers University NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense\">WaterSense</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/region9/water/recycling/#benefits\">Water Recycling</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://watereuse.org/\">WaterReuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">Whole Building Design Guide – Water Conservation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Onsite Alternative Water Reuse','','inherit','closed','closed','','1347-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:18','2022-06-23 17:43:18','',1347,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2460',0,'revision','',0),(2461,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:19','2022-06-23 17:43:19','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation?</strong></h2>\n<p>In the last 20 years, an increase in the frequency and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, and ice storms in New Jersey and the associated costs of storm-related power outages, highlight the need for resilient energy systems that provide backup power in the event of a grid failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Historically, generators fueled by fossil fuels, such as diesel or natural gas, provide backup power in the event of a power outage or natural disaster. In New Jersey, Hurricane Sandy exposed the vulnerability of generators, as the storm disrupted access to fuel and competing fuel demands from the transportation sector quickly depleted local fuel reserves.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Energy storage refers to storing energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, or for energy arbitrage storing low priced energy and using that energy during peak demand when prices climb.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Energy storage technologies most applicable to the residential building sector include battery storage and fuel cells.</p>\n<p>Backup power provides energy required for  supporting critical building functions by utilizing stored electrical or thermal energy (energy storage) from on-site power generation systems with islanding (generating power when the electrical grid is down) capabilities, or power from local microgrids and distributed energy generators.  Energy storage systems could also help provide grid stabilization functionalities such as Contingency Reserve and Frequency Regulation.</p>\n<p>As the costs of energy storage and backup power generation systems continue to decline and the integration of these technologies continues to advance, several viable options exist for supplementing or replacing traditional standby generators, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Islandable Photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery storage (see<span> </span><em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV</em>)</li>\n<li>Small Wind Energy Systems with battery storage (see On-Site Small Wind Energy Systems)</li>\n<li>Fuel Cells and hydrogen storage</li>\n<li>Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology and battery storage (see<span> </span><em>Alternative Transportation</em>)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><strong><br /></strong></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</strong></h2>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from backup power in the event of power outage.</p>\n<p>Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, emergency and night-time lighting, water pumps, and phone or laptop charging, and online access via a cable modem or wireless router versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Figure 1 shows considerations for sizing solar and battery storage for backup power generation.</p>\n<ul></ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_175\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"878\"]<img class=\"wp-image-175 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Storage-and-Back-up-Power-Generation-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"878\" height=\"698\" /> Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Note that configuring power systems to operate independently of the grid requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, energy storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful islanding to take place.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Accounting for cost savings through the year (demand response) and for the cost of electric grid power outages (resiliency benefit) lowers the payback period for energy storage and backup power investments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>Contact the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://hydrogenhouseproject.org/the-hydrogen-house.html\">Hydrogen House Project, Hopewell, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Hydrogen House, designed by homeowner Mike Striki with a grant from the NJ Board of Public Utilities, features a 21-kilowatt PV system with battery storage used to run a low-pressure electrolyzer, which extracts hydrogen and oxygen from water. Low-pressure propane tanks store hydrogen, which can be burned for cooking and heating applications or used in a fuel cell to produce electricity, with only water and oxygen as by-products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site energy storage and backup power generation provides a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see<span> </span><em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>, and<span> </span><em>Smart Metering</em>). For example, energy storage systems provide a way for customers to shift power demands to off-peak hours and to take advantage of time-of-day pricing and lower energy prices.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capabilities and battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, with the added benefit of increased power reliability. Battery storage helps to reduce common challenges with PV systems such as ramping, output variability, voltage and current inconsistencies that impact power quality, and a disconnect between the power supply (morning sun) and power demand (afternoon and evening air conditioning spikes).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Islandable PV systems with battery storage also provide value throughout the year, do not require refueling and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>Small wind energy systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak. High wind speeds during severe storms may cause wind turbines to “cut-out” to protect the blades. Islandable wind turbines with added dynamic inverters and transfer switches can serve as a local, reliable, distributed energy resource that provides power to a storm affected home. Battery storage increases small wind power reliability by helping to balance the mismatch between the power supply (night) with power demand (daytime).</p>\n<p>Fuel cells offer a clean, energy-efficient, grid-independent and reliable source of power provided adequate fuel supply from a variety of domestic energy sources such as hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol making them a viable alternative for backup power generation and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a><span> </span>Excess electricity produced by fuel cells can run an electrolyzer and extract hydrogen from water, providing hydrogen for storage and for later use in the fuel cell to produce electricity when it is needed.</p>\n<p>Vehicle-to-grid applications with bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during power emergencies or supply shortages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional power generation systems, islandable systems with energy storage require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a><span> </span>As the cost of energy storage and backup power generation technologies decline, and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy storage and backup power generation support energy resiliency in many ways. Backup power generation systems that utilize energy storage or islanding and microgrid ready capabilities can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand. Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats. Energy storage and backup power generation allow customers to take full advantage of demand response programs that signal when to use, store, or sell energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand.  Likewise, energy storage and on-site backup power help to support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Understanding New Jersey’s Vulnerability to Climate Change.<span> </span><a href=\"http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file\">http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration<span> </span><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Ibid. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>NREL. 2018. Vehicle to Grid Integration. Energy Systems Integration Facility.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html</a><span> </span>(</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At:<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid. <span> </span><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>NREL. 2018. Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration<span> </span><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). 2016. Fuel Cells and Renewable Hydrogen.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen</a><span> </span>(accessed October 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a><span> </span>(accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a><span> </span>DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/ups\">Energy Storage Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org/\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/\">NREL Energy Systems Integration Facility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org/\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us/\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1353-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:19','2022-06-23 17:43:19','',1353,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2461',0,'revision','',0),(2462,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:19','2022-06-23 17:43:19','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"On-site Alternative Water Reuse\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is On-site Alternative Water Reuse?<br /></strong></h2>\n<p>On-site alternative water reuse intentionally captures, treats, and utilizes stormwater, graywater, and wastewater for reuse at the building site. Stormwater includes precipitation such as rainfall and snowmelt. Graywater (also spelled gray water, greywater and grey water) refers to untreated water from bathroom sinks, laundry, and bathing and does not include water contaminated with toilet waste, food and grease content from kitchen sinks, or dishwasher soap residue.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Graywater is of lesser quality than potable (drinking) water but of higher quality than blackwater, which in New Jersey refers to wastewater from water closets, toilets, and urinals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Potential sources of onsite alternative water include rainwater, treated graywater and blackwater, condensate from air conditioners, reject water from water treatment systems, and cooling equipment blowdown.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Figure 1 shows examples of end-uses for on-site alternative water reuse such as irrigation, cooling tower make-up water, and toilet and urinal flushing.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_291\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"840\"]<img class=\"wp-image-291 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Alternative-Water-Reuse-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Examples of On-site Alternative Water Reuse. (Source: US EPA WaterSense at Work)\" width=\"840\" height=\"644\" /> Figure 1 – Examples of On-site Alternative Water Reuse. (Source: US EPA WaterSense at Work)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Onsite Alternative Water Reuse </strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing on-site alternative water reuse starts with water conservation and includes identifying and evaluating opportunities to substitute or supplement potable water use with on-site alternative water sources based on the water quality and treatment requirements of the intended end-uses, and the feasibility of capturing and delivering alternative water sources to those end-uses (see <em>Indoor Water Conservation</em>).</p>\n<p>Harvest and filter rainwater from rooftops to supplement or replace landscape irrigation and toilet and urinal flushing (see <em>Rain Barrels and Cisterns, Vegetated Roofs, and Emergency Water Supply and Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Rainwater that flows over parking lots and impervious hardscapes and filtered by rain gardens or captured by retention ponds also provides an alternative water source for landscape irrigation (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>, <em>Water Efficient Landscaping</em>).</p>\n<p>Capture graywater from fixtures and appliances by designating separate drain lines, storage units, and pumps to deliver graywater to desired locations. Graywater used for subsurface irrigation of trees, shrubs, and flower gardens requires filtering to remove suspended solids. Indoor uses for graywater such as toilet and urinal flushing, or above-ground irrigation for turf grass or edible gardens often require additional treatment through natural, mechanical or chemical applications.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Treatment systems include engineered systems, tailored to specific projects, and packaged systems designed to fit a wide range of project applications.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Reuse wastewater from building applications and processes for use in another onsite applications. For example, use condensate from air conditioners for cooling tower make-up water or subsurface irrigation. Use water rejected from water treatment systems for a range of end-uses that do not require potable water such as toilet and urinal flushing, cooling tower make-up water, above-ground irrigation, and decorative water features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>Blackwater treatment systems require a higher level of treatment to bring recycled water to acceptable standards for reuse. Constructed wetlands use a combination of plants, snails, clams, algae, and fish to filter and break down compounds in blackwater. Commercial treatment systems may include sedimentation, membrane filtration or UV sterilization. Composting toilets provide another way to reduce potable water use and reduce the need for wastewater treatment.</p>\n<p>Hire certified professionals familiar with the design, construction, and maintenance of onsite alternative water reuse systems. Review local ordinances, permitting requirements, and plumbing codes.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.iapmo.org/westand/Pages/GreenPlumbingandMechanicalCodeSupplement.aspx\">International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials Green Plumbing &amp; Mechanical Code Supplement</a> provides guidance on implementing onsite alternative water reuse for non-potable end-uses.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.nsf.org/services/by-industry/water-wastewater/onsite-wastewater/onsite-reuse-water-treatment-systems\">NSF International/American National Standards Institute (NSF/ANSI) 350, <em>Onsite Residential and Commercial Reuse Treatment Systems</em></a> establishes design, construction and performance requirements for onsite alternative reuse systems.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb1.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/JAWRA2007.pdf\">The Solaire, New York City</a></p>\n<p>The Solaire, a LEED Gold certified residential high-rise building in Battery Park completed in 2003 offers examples of on-site alternative water reuse and wastewater treatment technologies applicable to new commercial buildings. Indoor water conservation measures include low-flow fixtures, toilets, and appliances that reduce potable water use by 43%. The building’s onsite wastewater treatment plant utilizes digestion, membrane filtration, and ultraviolet disinfection to processes 30,000 gallons of blackwater each day and reuses it as cooling water for two on-site cooling towers and to flush toilets in both the Solaire and an adjacent building, the Verdesian. The Solaire’s vegetated roof helps manage stormwater and diverts excess stormwater runoff to a 10,000-gallon basement water storage tank that stores the water for later use by the vegetated roofs drip irrigation system.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site alternative water reuse reduces potable water use and the reliance on surface water, groundwater, and reclaimed water purchased from a third-party.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Harvesting rainwater can reduce stormwater runoff, flooding, and pollution. Graywater and blackwater reuse reduces the strain on municipal water and wastewater treatment plants. Compared to potable water, recycled water used for irrigation often contains higher levels of nutrients, such as nitrogen, that lessens the need for synthetic fertilizers. On-site alternative water reuse reduces the energy required to transport water or pump water from deep underground sources. Using recycled water for applications that do not require water treated to potable or drinkable water quality standards saves energy and money by reducing treatment requirements.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and onsite alternative water use technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods. As on-site alternative water technologies evolve, and costs decline, and water shortages and water quality issues become more common, the resiliency benefits of a local and reliable water resource on reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Using on-site alternative water resources enhances resiliency by utilizing safe, reliable, redundant and locally controlled water supplies, by reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity, and by protecting sensitive, natural water bodies. Reducing potable water use reduces the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure (see <em>Emergency Water Supply and Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Many water pumps run on electricity, and without a source of backup power, fail to operate during power outages highlighting the importance of on-site alternative water sources and treatment options that cover all or part of onsite water use and wastewater treatment needs (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). Compostable toilets also increase resiliency by continuing to operate during water shortages and by preventing sewage backups.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Alliance for Water Efficiency. 2018. Graywater Introduction. <a href=\"http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx\">http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx</a> (accessed Nov 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ DEP. Division of Water Quality. <em>Standards for Individual Subsurface Sewage Disposal Systems.</em> <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dwq/pdf/njac79a.pdf\">www.state.nj.us/dep/dwq/pdf/njac79a.pdf</a> (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Alliance for Water Efficiency. 2018. Graywater Introduction. <a href=\"http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx\">http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx</a> (accessed Nov 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/\">Emergency Water Supply and Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/\">Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/rain-gardens-and-cisterns/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/default.aspx\">Alliance for Water Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/center-for-resilience\">The Center for Resilience</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/\">New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection – Division of Water Quality</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.resilientdesign.org\">Resilient Design Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/\">Rutgers University NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Environmental Protection Agency</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/commercial-buildings\">WaterSense for Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-conservation-epa\">Water Conservation at EPA</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/region9/water/recycling/#benefits\">Water Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://watereuse.org\">WaterReuse</a></li>\n<li>Whole Building Design Guide – Water Conservation</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC On-site Alternative Water Reuse','','inherit','closed','closed','','1527-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:19','2022-06-23 17:43:19','',1527,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2462',0,'revision','',0),(2463,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:20','2022-06-23 17:43:20','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation? </strong></h2>\n<p>In the last 20 years, an increase in the frequency and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, and ice storms in New Jersey and the associated costs of storm-related power outages, highlight the need for resilient energy systems that provide backup power in the event of a grid failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Historically, generators fueled by fossil fuels, such as diesel or natural gas, provide backup power in the event of a power outage or natural disaster. In New Jersey, Hurricane Sandy exposed the vulnerability of generators, as the storm disrupted access to fuel and competing fuel demands from the transportation sector quickly depleted local fuel reserves.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Energy storage refers to storing energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, or for energy arbitrage storing low priced energy and using that energy during peak demand when prices climb.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The following categories highlight current and emerging energy storage technologies applicable to the building sector:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flow Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flywheels</li>\n<li>Compressed Air Energy Storage</li>\n<li>Thermal(see <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Backup power provides energy required for supporting critical building functions by utilizing stored electrical or thermal energy (energy storage) from on-site power generation systems with islanding (generating power when the electrical grid is down) capabilities, or power from local microgrids and distributed energy generators. Energy storage systems could also help provide grid stabilization functionalities such as Contingency Reserve and Frequency Regulation.</p>\n<p>As the costs of energy storage and backup power generation systems continue to decline and the integration of these technologies continues to advance, several viable options exist for supplementing or replacing traditional standby generators, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Islandable Photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery storage (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV</em>)</li>\n<li>Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems with or without energy storage (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em> and <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n<li>Fuel Cells and hydrogen storage<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology and battery storage (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation </strong></h2>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from backup power in the event of power outage.</p>\n<p>Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, emergency and night-time lighting, water pumps, and phone or laptop charging, and online access via a cable modem or wireless router versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Figure 1 shows considerations for sizing solar and battery storage for backup power generation.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_245\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"878\"]<img class=\"wp-image-245 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Storage-and-Back-up-Power-Generation-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"878\" height=\"698\" /> Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)[/caption]<p>Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Note that configuring power systems to operate independently of the grid requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, energy storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful islanding to take place.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>As per the <a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">Insurance Institute for Business and Home and Safety’s (IBHS) FORTIFIED Commercial Hurricane Standard</a>, locate electrical connections for backup power generation and energy storage at an elevation above the 500-year flood level or 3 ft above the Base Flood Elevation (BFE) for the property or provide dry flood protection such as flood gates, walls or doors, inflatable barriers, or sand bags to prevent water intrusion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>Accounting for cost savings during regular business operations (demand response) and for the cost of electric grid power outages and lost business (resiliency benefit) lowers the payback period for energy storage and backup power investments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">PV and Battery Pilot Project, Hopewell Valley Central Highschool, Pennington, NJ</a></p>\n<p>As part of PSE&amp;G’s Solar 4 All Program, which supports solar technologies that also contribute to grid resiliency, the Hopewell Valley Central Highschool installed an 876 kilowatt-dc rooftop solar and parking lot solar canopy system with large lithium ion batteries.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> The system can connect to the grid or charge batteries, allowing the highschool to participate in the PJM Frequency Regulation Market. During power outages, the system provides critical functions including heating/cooling, emergency lighting, and food refrigeration.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">GAF Headquarters Building, Parsippany, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The GAF Headquarters Building led the way in 2016 becoming the first building to ever be awarded the LEED pilot credit for resilient design (now being incorporated into the RELi resilience standard).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> The project team designed the building to maintain critical functions in the event of a hurricane, by avoiding flood zones, designing flood preparation and backup capabilities for long-term power outages, reinforcing roof structures to hurricane wind standards, and developing a business continuity recovery plan that details employee and business procedures in the event of a disaster.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site energy storage and backup power generation provides a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>, and <em>Smart Metering</em>). For example, energy storage systems provide a way for customers to shift power demands to off-peak hours and to take advantage of time-of-day pricing and lower energy prices.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capabilities and battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, with the added benefit of increased power reliability. Battery storage helps to reduce common challenges with PV systems such as ramping, output variability, voltage and current inconsistencies that impact power quality, and a disconnect between the power supply (morning sun) and power demand (afternoon and evening air conditioning spikes).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Islandable PV systems with battery storage also provide value throughout the year, do not require refueling and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy resulting from the overgeneration of heat and electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> Typical cost savings and project cost associated with CHP applications can be found on the DOE IAC database.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>Fuel cells offer a clean, energy-efficient, grid-independent and reliable source of power provided adequate fuel supply from a variety of domestic energy sources such as hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol making them a viable alternative for backup power generation and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> Excess electricity produced by fuel cells can run an electrolyzer and extract hydrogen from water, providing hydrogen for storage and for later use in the fuel cell to produce electricity when it is needed.</p>\n<p>Vehicle-to-grid applications with bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional power generation systems, islandable systems with energy storage require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> As the cost of energy storage and backup power generation technologies decline and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy storage and backup power generation support energy resiliency in many ways. Backup power generation systems that utilize energy storage or islanding and microgrid ready capabilities can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand. Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats. Energy storage and backup power generation allow customers to take full advantage of demand response programs that signal when to use, store, or sell energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand.  Likewise, energy storage and on-site backup power help to support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Understanding New Jersey’s Vulnerability to Climate Change. <a href=\"http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file\">http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Energy Storage Technologies. <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE. 2018. Fuel Cells. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NREL. 2018. Vehicle to Grid Integration. Energy Systems Integration Facility. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS). 2017 FORTIFIED Commercial – Hurricane Standard.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf</a> (accessed October 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Clean Energy Group. 2016. Hopewell Valley Highschool. <a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> USGGB Center for Resilience. 2018. Profiles of Resilience. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Department of Energy. 2018. “CHP Applications.” Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) <a href=\"https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34\">https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34</a> (accessed Dec 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). 2016. Fuel Cells and Renewable Hydrogen. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen</a> (accessed October 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Power and Heat (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/ups\">Energy Storage Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/\">Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS) – FORTIFIED Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/\">NREL Energy Systems Integration Facility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1533-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:20','2022-06-23 17:43:20','',1533,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2463',0,'revision','',0),(2464,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:21','2022-06-23 17:43:21','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV? </strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity (see <em>Photovoltaic (PV) systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Most grid-tied PV systems connect to the traditional centralized grid or macrogrid and loose power whenever the large-scale electric power system goes down.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Islanding refers to when a distributed energy resource (DER), such as a PV system, continues to power a location with available solar even after a grid outage. Laws typically require grid-tied PV systems to have a grid-tie inverter with an anti-islanding capability, which can sense when a power outage occurs, automatically disconnect from the grid, and shut itself off, protecting utility workers from live wires and preventing power surges.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_400\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1132\"]<img class=\"wp-image-400 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Islanding-Micrgrid-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Diagram of a typical microgrid configuration. (Source: NREL https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\" width=\"1132\" height=\"744\" /> Figure 1. Diagram of a typical microgrid configuration. (Source: NREL https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0[/caption]<p>Unlike the traditional macrogrid, microgrids function as locally controlled systems (see Figure 1) and can allow for intentional solar islanding or operating independently of the grid.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> The United States Department of Energy Microgrid Exchange Group defines a microgrid as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<blockquote><p>“A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (DER)     within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode.”</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Microgrids can operate at different scales or classifications based on the size and organization of the Distributed Energy Resources (DER) connected to the grid. For example, Level 1 or single customer microgrids may include PV systems that serve one customer or building through a single meter.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capability and battery storage can provide emergency power for critical building functions during grid outages and emergency situations (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). They can also function independently of the traditional grid during the year to manage peak demand and energy prices through participation in Demand Response (DR) programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). Likewise, PV systems designed to connect to local or future microgrid connections helps support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage power outages, peak demand, and the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid (see <em>Smart Metering, and Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV </strong></h2>\n<p>Reconfiguring PV systems to operate independently of the grid and serve as self-sufficient microgrids requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, battery storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful solar islanding to take place (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from solar islanding. Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, lighting, and phone or laptop charging versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> See the <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding</a> example below for advice on calculating critical loads and determining capacity requirements for an islandable PV and battery storage system.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_134\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1038\"]<img class=\"wp-image-134 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Islanding-Microgrid-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.\" width=\"1038\" height=\"684\" /> Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.[/caption]<p>Hire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Funding and incentive programs may require islandable PV and battery storage systems to blackstart or startup without a direct connection to the electric utility grid and operate at critical load for a set minimum period.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Solar Islanding Project, Highland Park, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This report analyzes the power demands and associated functions potentially sustained by three existing solar installations in Highland Park, NJ if converted into solar power islands. The report includes recommendations in language consistent with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) standard for adoption by other municipalities who may already have solar islands.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems with battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, while also providing a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs. By providing localized power generation, islandable PV systems increase energy efficiency by reducing transmission and distribution losses typical of centralized grid systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Unlike diesel and fossil-fueled generators, typically used only during emergencies, islandable PV systems with battery storage provide value throughout the year, do not require regular maintenance or refueling, and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional grid-tied PV systems, islandable PV and battery storage systems require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs (see <em>Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> As the cost of solar and battery storage declines and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, may offset these incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NREL (2017) Microgrid-Ready Solar PV – Planning for Resiliency. Updated September 2017. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. 2018. Microgrids at Berkeley Labs. <a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0</a>  (accessed Oct 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2018. Energy Resilience Bank. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html</a> (accessed Oct 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ Office of Clean Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/der-microgrid-feasibility-studies\">Town Center Distributed Energy Resource Microgrid Feasibility Study Incentive Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV','','inherit','closed','closed','','1546-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:21','2022-06-23 17:43:21','',1546,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2464',0,'revision','',0),(2465,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:21','2022-06-23 17:43:21','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB)\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings? </strong></h2>\n<p>A Grid-interactive Efficient Building (GEB) refers to an energy efficient building with smart technologies (e.g., smart meters, appliances, sensors and controls) designed to utilize multiple distributed energy resources (DERs) including solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, combined heat and power (CHP), energy storage, demand response (DR), electric vehicles (EVs), microgrids, and energy efficiency in an integrated way to optimize energy use for grid services (i.e., generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity from utility to consumer) and building occupants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Figure 1 shows several key features of GEBs. They are <em>energy-efficient</em> with high-performance features designed to reduce both net energy consumption and peak demand. Second, they are <em>connected</em>, with two-way communication capabilities that allow for response to grid conditions. Next, they are also <em>smart</em> with sensors and controls to optimize energy use for occupant patterns and preferences, utility price signals, weather forecasts, and available on-site generation and storage. Finally, they are <em>flexible </em>with the ability to reduce, shed, shift, modulate or generate electricity.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_51\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"830\"]<img class=\"wp-image-51 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Grid-Interactive-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Grid-interactive Efficient Building Key Characteristics (Source: U.S. DOE Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings 2019).\" width=\"830\" height=\"394\" /> Figure 1 – Grid-interactive Efficient Building Key Characteristics (Source: U.S. DOE Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings 2019).[/caption]<p>Traditional buildings do not interact with the grid or exchange energy data information. Smart buildings with advanced sensors and controls, and connected devices can utilize a variety of distribute energy resources (DERs) but often manage them separately. For example, smart metered buildings employ advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advanced monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply (see <em>Smart Meters</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Smart metered buildings with on-site renewable energy generation (see <em>Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems</em>) and energy storage (see<em> Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>) can signal consumers to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated on-site or from the grid when electricity demand is low (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB) move beyond the siloed smart building approach to integrate across DERs, managing interactions and benefiting from synergies. Table 1 illustrates the integrated approach of GEBs. In this example, GEB is the sum (i.e., integrated DER approach) of the energy-efficiency and demand response columns (i.e., single DER approaches) and the additional capabilities of the GEB column.</p>\n<p><strong>Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach</strong></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_334\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"826\"]<img class=\"wp-image-334 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NC-Grid-Interactive-Table-1-.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach\" width=\"826\" height=\"826\" /> Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach Source: US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: GEB Overview. 11 Note: GEB is meant to be additive of EE and DR columns- GEB is the sum of efficiency, demand response, and the additional capabilities listed in the GEB column.[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Implementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Building (GEB)</strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Building starts with optimizing energy efficiency, assessing DER opportunities and utilizing smart building technologies, which typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.</p>\n<p>The decision to install smart sensors and controls and the type of technologies selected depends on the size of the building and the building’s intended use. Smart system set-up and installation requires expert assistance. Look for devices with interoperability between smart building technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.</p>\n<p>While sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.</p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart building technologies that increase energy-efficiency.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.smartneighbor.com/pages/reynolds-landing\">Connected Neighborhoods Project</a></p>\n<p>The Connected Neighborhoods Project recognizes the opportunities for maximizing building-to-grid interaction across a set of buildings. The first Smart Neighborhood, located in Birmingham, Alabama, is a joint project between Alabama Power, Signature Homes, and researchers at Southern Company, U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge Laboratory and the Electric Power Research Institute. This project integrates 62 high-performance homes with energy efficient systems and smart technologies, and a community-scale microgrid with PV panels, battery storage, and a backup natural gas generator to optimize grid services, cost savings, and resiliency.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>GEBs provide benefits to the grid by shifting energy loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from renewable sources thus reducing the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and preventing supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> GEBs also help to balance new loads such as electric vehicles (EVs) and to support the electrification of transportation by hosting two-way EV charging locations. Also, GEBs can provide utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>GEBs add value to building owners by transforming traditional but flexible building energy demands like lighting and HVAC, along with DERs into energy assets.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> GEBs equipped with smart technologies can respond to electric grid conditions, which helps avert system stress, enhancing the reliability of the entire grid. For building owners and operators, the benefits include cost-savings and efficiency gains from a better understanding of energy consumption patterns, advanced load and asset control mechanisms, and increased demand response and DER opportunities.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The initial cost, energy savings, and payback of GEB varies depending on the building’s technological features, size, layout, and existing building capabilities. In general, whole building applications benefit from economies of scale and cost less to install per square foot in larger buildings than in smaller ones. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation and commissioning costs compared to wired devices. Savings from the reduced utility demand charges often help cover the costs of building automatic systems and smart sensors and controls.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>GEBs increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, GEBs help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently dispatching work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times, limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf</a>  (accessed April 29, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. <a href=\"https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes\">https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes</a> (accessed August 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. <a href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/\">https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/</a>  (accessed May 3, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> 2006 FERC Report, 18 <a href=\"http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf\">http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf</a>  (accessed April 29, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> EPRI. “Estimating the Cost and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf</a> (accessed May 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/\">Energy Star Equipment and Plug Load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/\">Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak-Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://newbuildings.org/resource/gridoptimal/\">New Buildings Institute (NBI) GridOptimal Buildings Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/project-ev-grid-integration.html\">NREL Electric Vehicle Grid Integration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings\">US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings GEB','','inherit','closed','closed','','1785-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:21','2022-06-23 17:43:21','',1785,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2465',0,'revision','',0),(2466,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:22','2022-06-23 17:43:22','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Smart Meters\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What are Smart Meters?</h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_405\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-405 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Smart-Metering-Fig-1-300x276.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Electric smart meter (Source: Rutgers University Facilities).\" width=\"300\" height=\"276\" /> Figure 1 – Electric smart meter (Source: Rutgers University Facilities).[/caption]<p>Smart meters or advanced meters, a component of the broader smart grid<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a>, use digital meters to record and transmit energy consumption and generation data, namely electricity, but also natural gas or water usage in intervals of an hour or less through a secure wireless network back to the utility and consumer at least daily.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> As opposed to traditional analog or automated meter readers, smart meter technology includes remote reading, two-way communication, support of dynamic pricing<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a>, and remote disablement and enablement of supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Energy companies can use data from smart meters to better monitor and manage energy supply and demand, power outages and the integration of clean energy sources into the electric grid. Smart meters provide documentation for participation in utility-sponsored demand response programs, which incentivize consumers to interrupt or adjust energy use by reducing or shifting loads or storing energy during peak demand and periods of higher energy costs or enable utilities to remotely switch electricity services on or off based on the cost or availability of energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> For example, consumption data from smart meters can signal a utility or consumer to remotely turn off air-conditioning units to avoid peak load issues or to run appliances during lower demand, lower-cost times of the day (see <em>Smart Sensors and Controls</em>).</p>\n<p>Data collected from smart meters connected to a smart grid supports the advancement and adoption of distributed energy generation and energy storage technologies, such as wind and solar, and plug-in electric vehicles (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> By measuring both electricity generated as well as delivered, smart meters can help utilities better manage and control the storage and transmission of renewable power from distributed energy sources and micro-grids to end-users. Smart meter data can also provide consumers with information on when to use, store, or sell on-site renewable energy generation back to the grid and encourage smart electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement a Smart Metering System </strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a smart metering system begins with identifying the intended use and goals of the system as this determines the system’s requirements and features. Smart meter systems typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.</p>\n<p>Non-sub-metered systems bill tenants based on a percentage of the total usage for the entire building. A smart sub-metered system makes billing tenants for their actual usage possible.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> In commercial buildings with multiple tenants or businesses, smart meters provide individual tenants and the utility company information on electricity, natural gas, and water usage, providing the opportunity to track progress on conservation strategies and participation in demand response programs and to identify opportunities to increase energy efficiency and cost savings.</p>\n<p>Contact local electricity, natural gas, and water service providers for information on smart metering opportunities and demand response programs. In the absence of a utility run program, smart meters can be implemented by business owners to provide building operators with instant energy and water data for making informed energy choices or to help identify potential equipment issues and leaks, saving energy and money.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en/our-energy-future/technology-innovation/smart-meters\">Orange &amp; Rockland Smart Meter Program</a></p>\n<p>The Orange &amp; Rockland Electric Utility plans to install 400,000 smart meters to residential and commercial customers by 2020. The smart metering program aims to utilize the data from smart meters to boost grid reliability and cut the length of power outages by automatically notifying the utility when outages occur leading to faster restoration. Potential benefits to customers include data on energy use habits to promote behavior change or to signal customers to run building equipment and devices at off-peak hours or when cleaner, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are available.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart meters provide benefits to both utility companies and consumers. Data gathered from smart meters provides utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Via demand response, smart meters support the shift of loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from cleaner or renewable sources, reduce the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and prevent supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Benefits to consumers include enhanced customer service, reduced theft due to the remote and real-time meter reading, and the establishment of time-based rates. Smart meters also inform consumers of their real-time energy usage, providing them with data to make informed energy use decisions and potentially change behavior. Smart metering water lines allow commercial facility managers to see consumption trends within the building and to target areas for improvement.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>One study estimated that the average commercial customer would pay $7,000 to $10,000 for smart meter technology, which includes transmission and distribution upgrades and various customer costs (primarily the costs of the in-building technologies).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> As an example, Rockland Electric predicts deployment costs of $16.5 million and estimates operational and management expenses over 20 years at $12 million. The utility projects to save $82 million over two decades in reduced labor and outage costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>For smart water meters, project costs range widely based on the number of customers, the specific metering, and communications technologies selected, the level of software integration, and the state of the metering system before smart metering system implementation.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>Smart meters increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, smart meters help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently sending work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times and limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Smart grids are electricity supply networks that use digital communications technology to detect and react to changes in energy supply and demand and manage the transport of electricity from generation sources to end users.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2017. Frequently Asked Questions: Smart Meters. Updated December 7, 2017. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1\">https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1</a> (accessed Sept 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Dynamic pricing includes time-of-use pricing, real-time pricing, variable peak pricing, critical peak pricing, and critical or peak time rebates.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative. “Do smart meters help the environment?” <a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment\">http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment</a> (accessed Sept 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> National Conference of State Legislatures “Utility Submetering” <a href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx\">http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> 2006 FERC Report, 18 <a href=\"http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf\">http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> EPRI, “Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Tom Johnson. 2017. NJ Spotlight. “Is New Jersey Finally Getting Smarter about Smart Meters?” <a href=\"http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/\">http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/</a> (accessed Sept 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Smart Meters','','inherit','closed','closed','','1802-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:22','2022-06-23 17:43:22','',1802,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2466',0,'revision','',0),(2467,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:22','2022-06-23 17:43:22','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\" Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Life Cycle Assessment? </strong></h2>\n<p>A life cycle assessment (LCA) is a “cradle-to-grave” or “cradle-to-cradle” evaluation method that assesses the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> In the commercial building sector, LCA is a tool that helps architects and building professionals understand the embodied energy and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of a building or building product as defined by the ISO 14040/44 standard including resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal or recycling (see Figure 1).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> The evaluation at each phase also includes the associated activities of a particular building product or design. For example, during the operational phase, the LCA for a deck includes the impact of the resources used for cleaning (e.g., energy, water, detergents), staining, or replacing boards.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_470\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"508\"]<img class=\"wp-image-470 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-LCA-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)\" width=\"508\" height=\"466\" /> Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)[/caption]<p>Defined environmental impact areas commonly include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Climate change (“carbon footprint”)</li>\n<li>Acidification (“acid rain”)</li>\n<li>Eutrophication (“algal bloom”)</li>\n<li>Photochemical oxidant creation (“summer smog”)</li>\n<li>Ozone depletion (“the ozone hole”)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>LCA’s support informed decision-making by providing a standardized system for verifying environmental footprints and claims, identifying environmental trade-offs, and making relative comparisons between different design paths or product choices.</p>\n<p>While LCA’s take into account environmental impacts, Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) evaluates the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems (see <em>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</em>).  Together, LCA’s and LCCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</strong></h2>\n<p>Increasingly, consumers and regulatory agencies are asking businesses and product manufacturers to provide environmental product declarations, which use LCA data to report the environmental impacts of their products, processes, and services (see <em>Sustainable Materials</em>).  In the building sector, green building programs such as LEED, offer credits for completing a whole building LCA as part of the integrated design process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> LEED credits are also offered to promote the reuse of historic buildings and the renovation of abandoned or blighted buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Likewise, the field of LCA continues to evolve as the quality and completeness of LCA data improves and LCA methodologies are tested and refined.</p>\n<p>The complete process of LCA includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Defining goals and assessment boundaries.</li>\n<li>Collecting information on materials and design alternative.</li>\n<li>Using accredited LCA assessment tools to perform impact calculations.</li>\n<li>Compiling and interpreting results.</li>\n<li>Documenting the process and providing assessment reports.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>LCA reports are often complex and technical in nature, but current tools attempt to summarize LCA information in a manageable format specifically targeted to design professionals. Tools are available for both whole building and product level LCA’s.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/our-software-data/ecocalculator/\">Athena EcoCalculator</a> is a free online LCA calculator that provides a streamlined report of building’s footprint using LCA data on hundreds of common building products.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings</a> is a free LCA-based software package for designers and building professionals that provides environmental impact data on over 1,000 structural and envelope assembly combinations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a> is a free online tool for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products and includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 200+ building products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits </strong></h2>\n<p>The main benefit to LCA is credible, transparent data that informs greener design and product decisions and the associated cost savings and environmental benefits from reduced resource consumption, pollution, and waste.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project, data availability and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and designers perform LCA’s (see <strong>Resources</strong>). Costs for performing an LCA typically include labor costs for data collection and data input and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>An LCA can identify and evaluate the environmental benefits of green building designs and products that enhance building resiliency. These may include specific design inputs for address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em>. </em></strong>For example, resilient strategies may include cooling and shading features (e.g., cool pavements and cool roofs), improving the efficiency of building envelopes (e.g., insulation, windows, exterior walls), planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems (e.g., battery storage), and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features (e.g., Properly-Sized HVAC systems).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> LCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> International Standard for Standardization (ISO). ISO14040 Standard (2006) provides LCA principles and framework; <a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019); ISO 14044 Standard (2006) provides LCA Requirements and Guidelines. <a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. 2018. About LCA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf\">http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Rajesh Kumar Singh. 2017. “Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment Through LEED v4.” GBCI</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4\">http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4</a> (accessed January 28, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C Beta. 2019. Building Life-cycle Impact Reduction  <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org\">Athena Sustainable Materials Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nist.gov/el/economics/BEESSoftware.cfm\">Building For Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES 4.0)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenblue.org\">GreenBlue</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://thenaturalstep.org\">The Natural Step</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide – Evaluating Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1835-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:22','2022-06-23 17:43:22','',1835,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2467',0,'revision','',0),(2468,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:23','2022-06-23 17:43:23','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a form of economic evaluation that compares the costs and savings of alternative building designs and systems over the life cycle of a building. Green building features generally have higher initial costs compared to conventional features but offer operational savings over time through decreased resource use (e.g., energy, water), maintenance, and disposal fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> LCCA takes into account the overall costs of purchasing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system, which the initial purchase price does not reflect. Comparing the life cycle costs of various options helps to determine the most cost-effective choice for a comparable building design or system in terms of function and performance by translating this data into dollar amounts and providing information about how long it takes an investment to pay for itself (e.g., internal rate of return, savings-to-investment ratio, payback period).  For existing buildings, LCC also compares the costs of not doing something (e.g., replacing windows) by considering any future maintenance and operational costs.</p>\n<p>While LCCA’s take into account the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems, a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems (see <em><i>Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Perform the LCCA early in the renovation or upgrade project and as part of an integrated design process to allow sufficient time and resources to refine the design and ensure the highest quality product for the lowest cost (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). Depending on project team expertise, hire a consulting service or conduct the LCCA in-house. Project teams should refer to the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method, which covers the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and repair, and disposal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The first task of an LCCA involves determining the costs and benefits of alternative project options. Next, project teams can conduct several sensitivity analyses that include variations in the <em><i>discount rate, study period or building lifespan, and energy escalation rates.</i></em></p>\n<p><em><i>The discount rate</i></em> is a measure that decreases the value of dollars spent or received in the future, so future costs and returns are worth progressively less in terms of today’s dollars. The interest rate used for discounting is a rate that reflects an investor’s opportunity cost of money over time. The LCCA method converts cash flows to present values by discounting them to a common point in time, usually the base date.</p>\n<p>The US Department of Energy (US DOE) suggests a real discount rate of 3.0%, based on a 12-month average of long-term Treasury bond rates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p><em><i>Study period</i></em> or <em><i>building lifespan</i></em> refers to the length of time the LCCA covers. The study period for non-residential buildings typically falls between 20 and 40 years and may reflect a shorter period than the actual intended life of the facility.</p>\n<p><em><i>Energy escalation rates</i></em> refer to projected average annual energy price increases obtained either from the supplier or from energy price escalation rates published annually on April 1 by US DOE in <em><i>Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are several online tools for performing an LCCA and links to more information in the <strong><b>Resources </b></strong>section below.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/njmc-observatory-classroom-building-life-cycle-assessment/\">New Jersey Meadowlands Commission: Observatory and Classroom Building LCCA, Lyndhurst, NJ</a>.</p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building conducted an LCCA of the Meadowlands Environmental Center, a LEED Platinum building, modeling the building’s metabolic flows, including heating, lighting, ventilation, water, and power consumption, and waste production. The result was a quantification of any added capital investments encountered during construction and commissioning of the LEED-compliant structure, as well as a use-phase evaluation of the economic impacts of adherence to a green building standard.</p>\n<p>Besides the Photovoltaic System (PV), the study results showed that daylight sensors provided the most cost-effective green feature, providing savings under all of the modeled situations as well as the most significant savings compared to other green features. The HVAC system projected savings consistently, although of lower value than the daylight sensors. Insulation provided savings under a majority of circumstances but showed a low return value in all cases. The study noted that the value of SREC’s directly impacts the cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic (PV) system.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_551\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1462\"]<img class=\"wp-image-551 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Modeling-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"1462\" height=\"560\" /> Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can offer environmental and monetary benefits for existing building upgrades and renovations by revealing the most environmentally-friendly and cost-effective solutions for the long run that purchase price alone cannot quantify. Potential benefits include reduced energy, water, and fuel consumption and cost savings on utility bills, maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life disposal costs. While an LCCA cannot remove all uncertainty surrounding a building project, the results equip the design team with the means to identify the optimal balance between green design and economic efficiency.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building upgrade and renovation project and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and developers perform an initial LCCA (see <strong><b>Resources</b></strong>). Costs for performing an LCCA typically include labor costs for data collection, energy modeling (if necessary), LCCA calculations, and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can identify and evaluate the costs and benefits of green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While LCCAs and energy modeling typically use historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> For example, in the NJMC study mentioned above, the team ran an energy model scenario according to low-emissions mid-century predictions of climate change developed by the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>LCCA’s can take into account resiliency objectives. These may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em><b><i>, </i></b></em></strong>including cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> LCCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></sup></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLLC). <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc\">http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems. <a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> This rate for life-cycle cost analyses is valid through March 31, 2019, according to US DOE. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2018. Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – 2018: Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Krogmann, U., Minderman, N., Senick, J. and Andrews, C.J. “Life-Cycle Assessment of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental and Scientific Education Building.” 2008. Prepared by Rutgers Center for Green Building for New Jersey Meadowland Commission. At <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf</a> (accessed June 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a> – a free online tool developed by NIST for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/node/81412\">General Service Administration (GSA) Life Cycle Costing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">US DOE Building Life Cycle Cost Programs and Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.rsmeans.com\">R. S. Means Company – Construction Cost Databases</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/Explore#workspaces\">The Sustainable Facilities Tool</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/design-for-maintainability\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Design for Maintainability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1840-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:23','2022-06-23 17:43:23','',1840,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2468',0,'revision','',0),(2469,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:24','2022-06-23 17:43:24','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation? </strong></h2>\n<p>In the last 20 years, an increase in the frequency and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, and ice storms in New Jersey and the associated costs of storm-related power outages, highlight the need for resilient energy systems that provide backup power in the event of a grid failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Historically, generators fueled by fossil fuels, such as diesel or natural gas, provide backup power in the event of a power outage or natural disaster. In New Jersey, Hurricane Sandy exposed the vulnerability of generators, as the storm disrupted access to fuel and competing fuel demands from the transportation sector quickly depleted local fuel reserves.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Energy storage refers to storing energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, or for energy arbitrage storing low priced energy and using that energy during peak demand when prices climb.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The following categories highlight current and emerging energy storage technologies applicable to the building sector:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flow Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flywheels</li>\n<li>Compressed Air Energy Storage</li>\n<li>Thermal (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Backup power provides energy required for supporting critical building functions by utilizing stored electrical or thermal energy (energy storage) from on-site power generation systems with islanding (generating power when the electrical grid is down) capabilities, or power from local microgrids and distributed energy generators. Energy storage systems could also help provide grid stabilization functionalities such as Contingency Reserve and Frequency Regulation.</p>\n<p>As the costs of energy storage and backup power generation systems continue to decline and the integration of these technologies continues to advance, several viable options exist for supplementing or replacing traditional standby generators, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Islandable Photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery storage (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV</em>)</li>\n<li>Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems with or without energy storage (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em> and <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n<li>Fuel Cells and hydrogen storage<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology and battery storage (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation </strong></h2>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from backup power in the event of power outage.</p>\n<p>Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, emergency and night-time lighting, water pumps, and phone or laptop charging, and online access via a cable modem or wireless router versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Figure 1 shows considerations for sizing solar and battery storage for backup power generation.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_175\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"878\"]<img class=\"wp-image-175 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Storage-and-Back-up-Power-Generation-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"878\" height=\"698\" /> Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)[/caption]<p>Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Note that configuring power systems to operate independently of the grid requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, energy storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful islanding to take place.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>As per the <a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">Insurance Institute for Business and Home and Safety’s (IBHS) FORTIFIED Commercial Hurricane Standard</a>, locate electrical connections for backup power generation and energy storage at an elevation above the 500-year flood level or 3 ft above the Base Flood Elevation (BFE) for the property or provide dry flood protection such as flood gates, walls or doors, inflatable barriers, or sand bags to prevent water intrusion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>Accounting for cost savings during regular business operations (demand response) and for the cost of electric grid power outages and lost business (resiliency benefit) lowers the payback period for energy storage and backup power investments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">PV and Battery Pilot Project, Hopewell Valley Central Highschool, Pennington, NJ</a></p>\n<p>As part of PSE&amp;G’s Solar 4 All Program, which supports solar technologies that also contribute to grid resiliency, the Hopewell Valley Central Highschool installed an 876 kilowatt-dc rooftop solar and parking lot solar canopy system with large lithium ion batteries.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> The system can connect to the grid or charge batteries, allowing the highschool to participate in the PJM Frequency Regulation Market. During power outages, the system provides critical functions including heating/cooling, emergency lighting, and food refrigeration.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">GAF Headquarters Building, Parsippany, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The GAF Headquarters Building led the way in 2016 becoming the first building to ever be awarded the LEED pilot credit for resilient design (now being incorporated into the RELi resilience standard).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> The project team designed the building to maintain critical functions in the event of a hurricane, by avoiding flood zones, designing flood preparation and backup capabilities for long-term power outages, reinforcing roof structures to hurricane wind standards, and developing a business continuity recovery plan that details employee and business procedures in the event of a disaster.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site energy storage and backup power generation provides a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>, and <em>Smart Metering</em>). For example, energy storage systems provide a way for customers to shift power demands to off-peak hours and to take advantage of time-of-day pricing and lower energy prices.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capabilities and battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, with the added benefit of increased power reliability. Battery storage helps to reduce common challenges with PV systems such as ramping, output variability, voltage and current inconsistencies that impact power quality, and a disconnect between the power supply (morning sun) and power demand (afternoon and evening air conditioning spikes).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Islandable PV systems with battery storage also provide value throughout the year, do not require refueling and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy resulting from the overgeneration of heat and electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> Typical cost savings and project cost associated with CHP applications can be found on the DOE IAC database.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>Fuel cells offer a clean, energy-efficient, grid-independent and reliable source of power provided adequate fuel supply from a variety of domestic energy sources such as hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol making them a viable alternative for backup power generation and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> Excess electricity produced by fuel cells can run an electrolyzer and extract hydrogen from water, providing hydrogen for storage and for later use in the fuel cell to produce electricity when it is needed.</p>\n<p>Vehicle-to-grid applications with bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional power generation systems, islandable systems with energy storage require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> As the cost of energy storage and backup power generation technologies decline and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy storage and backup power generation support energy resiliency in many ways. Backup power generation systems that utilize energy storage or islanding and microgrid ready capabilities can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand. Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats. Energy storage and backup power generation allow customers to take full advantage of demand response programs that signal when to use, store, or sell energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand.  Likewise, energy storage and on-site backup power help to support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Understanding New Jersey’s Vulnerability to Climate Change. <a href=\"http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file\">http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Energy Storage Technologies. <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE. 2018. Fuel Cells. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NREL. 2018. Vehicle to Grid Integration. Energy Systems Integration Facility. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS). 2017 FORTIFIED Commercial – Hurricane Standard.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf</a> (accessed October 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Clean Energy Group. 2016. Hopewell Valley Highschool. <a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> USGGB Center for Resilience. 2018. Profiles of Resilience. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Department of Energy. 2018. “CHP Applications.” Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) <a href=\"https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34\">https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34</a> (accessed Dec 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). 2016. Fuel Cells and Renewable Hydrogen. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen</a> (accessed October 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Power and Heat (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/ups\">Energy Storage Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/\">Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS) – FORTIFIED Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/\">NREL Energy Systems Integration Facility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1997-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:24','2022-06-23 17:43:24','',1997,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2469',0,'revision','',0),(2470,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:24','2022-06-23 17:43:24','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Emergency Water Supply and Storage\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Emergency Water Supply and Storage? </strong></h2>\n<p>New Jersey receives ample rainfall, and the state’s geology supports the storage of large quantities of groundwater and surface water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> However, water conservation and planning for water scarcity when water is plentiful can reduce the risk and the costs associated with increasing population growth, aging water infrastructure, and climate change impacts such as droughts on future water quality and availability. An increase in extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, ice storms, and flooding in New Jersey has highlighted the importance of having access to clean and safe water to meet drinking, sanitation and hygiene needs during and after natural disasters, extended power outages, and other emergencies. For example, flooding can overwhelm municipal water and wastewater treatment plants and storm-related power outages can impact plant operations. Flood waters can contaminate local water supplies and private wells with raw sewage and stormwater runoff containing chemicals, debris, and other contaminants that can cause serious illness.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> While backup generators at municipal water and wastewater treatment plants can prevent power outages and elevating equipment can protect plant operations, individual building owners and operators can also take steps to safeguard water for emergencies.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_67\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"768\"]<img class=\"wp-image-67 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Emergency-Water-Supply-and-Storage-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Flooding (Source: NJ DEP Flood Control)\" width=\"768\" height=\"498\" /> Figure 1 – Flooding (Source: NJ DEP Flood Control)[/caption]<p>Strategies to safeguard water at the building level include designating back-up power for water pumps, providing on-site water storage, and designing redundant water supply and treatment systems that utilize captured rainwater or recycled wastewater as the primary or backup water supply (see <em>Rain Barrels and Cisterns, and On-site Alternative Water Reuse</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Provide for Emergency Water Supply and Storage </strong></h2>\n<p>Planning for access to potable water during a power outage or storm-related event, starts with water conservation, and can include reusing water on-site, such as harvested rainwater or recycled greywater for storage and later use during emergencies to cover operations such as toilet flushing, mechanical equipment, and irrigation (see <em>Water-Efficient Landscaping, Indoor Water Conservation, On-site Alternative Water Reuse</em>).</p>\n<p>The specifics depend on whether or not the building utilizes the municipal water system. During a water emergency, a building on municipal water may still have access to clean potable water due to the municipal water and treatment plant’s backup water storage or backup power system.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> In this situation, planning for emergency water supply and storage requires providing backup power generation to operate water pumps and to distribute water throughout a building (see <em>Energy Storage and Back-Up Power Generation</em>).</p>\n<p>Buildings with deep-well pumps that do not rely on the municipal water supply can utilize energy storage and back-power generation, or hand pumps to power the deep-well pump. Gravity-fed water from an on-site spring or cistern part of a rainwater harvesting system, which includes adequate water storage can provide a redundant or backup water supply to complement public or deep-well water resources. Where there is no option for on-site water replenishment, look to provide emergency water storage that can gravity-feed water to the building, such as rooftop water tanks or water storage with pumps powered by stored energy or off-grid generators.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://thewatershed.org/visit/\">Stony Brook-Millstone Watershed Association Center</a></p>\n<p>Rainwater collected from the building’s rooftop supplies water for flushing toilets, reducing municipal potable water, stormwater runoff, and energy used to pump and treat water.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>The benefits of planning for emergency water supply and storage become most apparent during an emergency or disaster. Proper preparations can reduce business closures and avoid health and safety hazards associated with water emergencies. Planning for access to potable water during emergencies can also benefit overall water conservation efforts during normal operations, as alternative solutions and reuse scenarios are considered to utilize and manage water on a site.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and back-up technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods. As the cost of water storage and backup power generation technologies decline and power outages and water emergencies become more common, the resiliency benefits of reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Providing for emergency water supply and storage enhances resiliency by utilizing redundant and local water supplies and reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity. Ensuring access to potable water during emergencies decreases the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2017, New Jersey Water Supply Plan 2017-2022: 484p, <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018. Healthy Water – Water-Related Emergencies and Outbreaks. <a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/\">https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/</a> (accessed Nov 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Wilson, Alex. 2015. LEED Pilot Credits on Resilient Design Adopted! <a href=\"http://www.resilientdesign.org/leed-pilot-credits-on-resilient-design-adopted/\">http://www.resilientdesign.org/leed-pilot-credits-on-resilient-design-adopted/</a> (accessed Nov 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-indoor-water-conservation/\">Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/\">On-site Alternative Water Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/\">Site and Stormwater Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/\">Center for Disease Control – Healthy Water</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/center-for-resilience\">The Center for Resilience</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.resilientdesign.org\">Resilient Design Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/commercial-buildings\">US EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-conservation-epa\">US EPA – Water Conservation at EPA</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">Whole Building Design Guide – Water Conservation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Emergency Water Supply and Storage','','inherit','closed','closed','','2002-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:24','2022-06-23 17:43:24','',2002,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2470',0,'revision','',0),(2471,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:25','2022-06-23 17:43:25','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"On-site Alternative Water Reuse\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is On-site Alternative Water Reuse?<br /></strong></h2>\n<p>On-site alternative water reuse intentionally captures, treats, and utilizes stormwater, graywater, and wastewater for reuse at the building site. Stormwater includes precipitation such as rainfall and snowmelt. Graywater (also spelled gray water, greywater and grey water) refers to untreated water from bathroom sinks, laundry, and bathing and does not include water contaminated with toilet waste, food and grease content from kitchen sinks, or dishwasher soap residue.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Graywater is of lesser quality than potable (drinking) water but of higher quality than blackwater, which in New Jersey refers to wastewater from water closets, toilets, and urinals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Potential sources of onsite alternative water include rainwater, treated graywater and blackwater, condensate from air conditioners, reject water from water treatment systems, and cooling equipment blowdown.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Figure 1 shows examples of end-uses for onsite alternative water reuse such as irrigation, cooling tower make-up water, and toilet and urinal flushing.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_291\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"840\"]<img class=\"wp-image-291 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Alternative-Water-Reuse-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Examples of On-site Alternative Water Reuse. (Source: US EPA WaterSense at Work)\" width=\"840\" height=\"644\" /> Figure 1 – Examples of On-site Alternative Water Reuse. (Source: US EPA WaterSense at Work)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement On-site Alternative Water Reuse </strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing on-site alternative water reuse starts with water conservation and includes identifying and evaluating opportunities to substitute or supplement potable water use with on-site alternative water sources based on the water quality and treatment requirements of the intended end-uses, and the feasibility of capturing and delivering alternative water sources to those end-uses (see <em>Indoor Water Conservation</em>).</p>\n<p>Harvest and filter rainwater from rooftops to supplement or replace landscape irrigation and toilet and urinal flushing (see <em>Emergency Water Supply and Storage and Site and Stormwater Management</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Rainwater that flows over parking lots and impervious hardscapes and filtered by rain gardens or captured by retention ponds also provides an alternative water source for landscape irrigation.</p>\n<p>Capture graywater from fixtures and appliances by designating separate drain lines, storage units, and pumps to deliver graywater to desired locations. Graywater used for subsurface irrigation of trees, shrubs, and flower gardens requires filtering to remove suspended solids. Indoor uses for graywater such as toilet and urinal flushing, or above-ground irrigation for turf grass or edible gardens often require additional treatment through natural, mechanical or chemical applications.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Treatment systems include engineered systems, tailored to specific projects, and packaged systems designed to fit a wide range of project applications.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Reuse wastewater from building applications and processes for use in another onsite applications. For example, use condensate from air conditioners for cooling tower make-up water or subsurface irrigation. Use water rejected from water treatment systems for a range of end-uses that do not require potable water such as toilet and urinal flushing, cooling tower make-up water, above-ground irrigation, and decorative water features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>Blackwater treatment systems require a higher level of treatment to bring recycled water to acceptable standards for reuse. Constructed wetlands use a combination of plants, snails, clams, algae, and fish to filter and break down compounds in blackwater. Commercial treatment systems may include sedimentation, membrane filtration or UV sterilization. Composting toilets provide another way to reduce potable water use and reduce the need for wastewater treatment.</p>\n<p>Hire certified professionals familiar with the design, construction, and maintenance of onsite alternative water reuse systems. Review local ordinances, permitting requirements, and plumbing codes.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.iapmo.org/westand/Pages/GreenPlumbingandMechanicalCodeSupplement.aspx\">International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials Green Plumbing &amp; Mechanical Code Supplement</a> provides guidance on implementing onsite alternative water reuse for non-potable end-uses.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.nsf.org/services/by-industry/water-wastewater/onsite-wastewater/onsite-reuse-water-treatment-systems\">NSF International/American National Standards Institute (NSF/ANSI) 350, <em>Onsite Residential and Commercial Reuse Treatment Systems</em></a> establishes design, construction and performance requirements for onsite alternative reuse systems.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb1.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/JAWRA2007.pdf\">The Solaire, New York City</a></p>\n<p>The Solaire, a LEED Gold certified residential high-rise building in Battery Park completed in 2003 offers examples of onsite alternative water reuse and wastewater treatment technologies applicable to new commercial buildings. Indoor water conservation measures include low-flow fixtures, toilets, and appliances that reduce potable water use by 43%. The building’s onsite wastewater treatment plant utilizes digestion, membrane filtration, and ultraviolet disinfection to processes 30,000 gallons of blackwater each day and reuses it as cooling water for two on-site cooling towers and to flush toilets in both the Solaire and an adjacent building, the Verdesian. The Solaire’s vegetated roof helps manage stormwater and diverts excess stormwater runoff to a 10,000-gallon basement water storage tank that stores the water for later use by the vegetated roofs drip irrigation system.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>On-0site alternative water reuse reduces potable water use and the reliance on surface water, groundwater, and reclaimed water purchased from a third-party.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Harvesting rainwater can reduce stormwater runoff, flooding, and pollution. Graywater and blackwater reuse reduces the strain on municipal water and wastewater treatment plants. Compared to potable water, recycled water used for irrigation often contains higher levels of nutrients, such as nitrogen, that lessens the need for synthetic fertilizers. Onsite alternative water reuse reduces the energy required to transport water or pump water from deep underground sources. Using recycled water for applications that do not require water treated to potable or drinkable water quality standards saves energy and money by reducing treatment requirements.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and onsite alternative water use technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods. As on-site alternative water technologies evolve, and costs decline, and water shortages and water quality issues become more common, the resiliency benefits of a local and reliable water resource on reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Using on-site alternative water resources enhances resiliency by utilizing safe, reliable, redundant and locally controlled water supplies, by reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity, and by protecting sensitive, natural water bodies. Reducing potable water use reduces the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure (see <em>Emergency Water Supply and Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Many water pumps run on electricity, and without a source of backup power, fail to operate during power outages highlighting the importance of on-site alternative water sources and treatment options that cover all or part of onsite water use and wastewater treatment needs (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). Compostable toilets also increase resiliency by continuing to operate during water shortages and by preventing sewage backups.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Alliance for Water Efficiency. 2018. Graywater Introduction. <a href=\"http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx\">http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx</a> (accessed Nov 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ DEP. Division of Water Quality. <em>Standards for Individual Subsurface Sewage Disposal Systems.</em> <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dwq/pdf/njac79a.pdf\">www.state.nj.us/dep/dwq/pdf/njac79a.pdf</a> (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Alliance for Water Efficiency. 2018. Graywater Introduction. <a href=\"http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx\">http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx</a> (accessed Nov 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/\">Emergency Water Supply and Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-indoor-water-conservation/\">Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/\">Site and Stormwater Management</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/default.aspx\">Alliance for Water Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/center-for-resilience\">The Center for Resilience</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/\">New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection – Division of Water Quality</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.resilientdesign.org\">Resilient Design Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/\">Rutgers University NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://watereuse.org\">WaterReuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">Whole Building Design Guide – Water Conservation</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US EPA</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/commercial-buildings\">WaterSense for Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-conservation-epa\">Water Conservation at EPA</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/region9/water/recycling/#benefits\">Water Recycling</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC On-site Alternative Water Reuse','','inherit','closed','closed','','2018-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:25','2022-06-23 17:43:25','',2018,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2471',0,'revision','',0),(2472,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:26','2022-06-23 17:43:26','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB)\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What are Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings? </strong></h2>\n<p>A Grid-interactive Efficient Building (GEB) refers to an energy efficient building with smart technologies (e.g., smart meters, appliances, sensors and controls) designed to utilize multiple distributed energy resources (DERs) including solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, combined heat and power (CHP), energy storage, demand response (DR), electric vehicles (EVs), microgrids, and energy efficiency in an integrated way to optimize energy use for grid services (i.e., generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity from utility to consumer) and building occupants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Figure 1 shows several key features of GEBs. They are <em>energy-efficient</em> with high-performance features designed to reduce both net energy consumption and peak demand. Second, they are <em>connected</em>, with two-way communication capabilities that allow for response to grid conditions. Next, they are also <em>smart</em> with sensors and controls to optimize energy use for occupant patterns and preferences, utility price signals, weather forecasts, and available on-site generation and storage. Finally, they are <em>flexible </em>with the ability to reduce, shed, shift, modulate or generate electricity.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_51\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"830\"]<img class=\"wp-image-51 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Grid-Interactive-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Grid-interactive Efficient Building Key Characteristics (Source: U.S. DOE Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings 2019).\" width=\"830\" height=\"394\" /> Figure 1 – Grid-interactive Efficient Building Key Characteristics (Source: U.S. DOE Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings 2019).[/caption]<p>Traditional buildings do not interact with the grid or exchange energy data information. Smart buildings with advanced sensors and controls, and connected devices can utilize a variety of distribute energy resources (DERs) but often manage them separately. For example, smart metered buildings employ advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advanced monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply (see <em>Smart Meters</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Smart metered buildings with on-site renewable energy generation (see <em>Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems</em>) and energy storage (see<em> Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>) can signal consumers to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated on-site or from the grid when electricity demand is low (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB) move beyond the siloed smart building approach to integrate across DERs, managing interactions and benefiting from synergies. Table 1 illustrates the integrated approach of GEBs. In this example, GEB is the sum (i.e., integrated DER approach) of the energy-efficiency and demand response columns (i.e., single DER approaches) and the additional capabilities of the GEB column.</p>\n<p><strong>Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach</strong></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_334\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"826\"]<img class=\"wp-image-334 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NC-Grid-Interactive-Table-1-.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach\" width=\"826\" height=\"826\" /> Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach Source: US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: GEB Overview. 11 Note: GEB is meant to be additive of EE and DR columns- GEB is the sum of efficiency, demand response, and the additional capabilities listed in the GEB column.[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Implementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Building (GEB)</strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Building starts with optimizing energy efficiency, assessing DER opportunities and utilizing smart building technologies, which typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.</p>\n<p>The decision to install smart sensors and controls and the type of technologies selected depends on the size of the building and the building’s intended use. Smart system set-up and installation requires expert assistance. Look for devices with interoperability between smart building technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.</p>\n<p>While sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.</p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart building technologies that increase energy-efficiency.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.smartneighbor.com/pages/reynolds-landing\">Connected Neighborhoods Project</a></p>\n<p>The Connected Neighborhoods Project recognizes the opportunities for maximizing building-to-grid interaction across a set of buildings. The first Smart Neighborhood, located in Birmingham, Alabama, is a joint project between Alabama Power, Signature Homes, and researchers at Southern Company, U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge Laboratory and the Electric Power Research Institute. This project integrates 62 high-performance homes with energy efficient systems and smart technologies, and a community-scale microgrid with PV panels, battery storage, and a backup natural gas generator to optimize grid services, cost savings, and resiliency.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>GEBs provide benefits to the grid by shifting energy loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from renewable sources thus reducing the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and preventing supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> GEBs also help to balance new loads such as electric vehicles (EVs) and to support the electrification of transportation by hosting two-way EV charging locations. Also, GEBs can provide utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>GEBs add value to building owners by transforming traditional but flexible building energy demands like lighting and HVAC, along with DERs into energy assets.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> GEBs equipped with smart technologies can respond to electric grid conditions, which helps avert system stress, enhancing the reliability of the entire grid. For building owners and operators, the benefits include cost-savings and efficiency gains from a better understanding of energy consumption patterns, advanced load and asset control mechanisms, and increased demand response and DER opportunities.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The initial cost, energy savings, and payback of GEB varies depending on the building’s technological features, size, layout, and existing building capabilities. In general, whole building applications benefit from economies of scale and cost less to install per square foot in larger buildings than in smaller ones. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation and commissioning costs compared to wired devices. Savings from the reduced utility demand charges often help cover the costs of building automatic systems and smart sensors and controls.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>GEBs increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, GEBs help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently dispatching work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times, limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf</a>  (accessed April 29, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. <a href=\"https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes\">https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes</a> (accessed August 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. <a href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/\">https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/</a>  (accessed May 3, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> 2006 FERC Report, 18 <a href=\"http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf\">http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf</a>  (accessed April 29, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> EPRI. “Estimating the Cost and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf</a> (accessed May 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-grid-integrated-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/\">Energy Star Equipment and Plug Load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-recovery-systems/\">Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak-Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://newbuildings.org/resource/gridoptimal/\">New Buildings Institute (NBI) GridOptimal Buildings Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/project-ev-grid-integration.html\">NREL Electric Vehicle Grid Integration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings\">US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB)','','inherit','closed','closed','','2227-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:26','2022-06-23 17:43:26','',2227,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2472',0,'revision','',0),(2473,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:26','2022-06-23 17:43:26','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Smart Meters\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>What are Smart Meters?</h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_405\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-405 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Smart-Metering-Fig-1-300x276.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Electric smart meter (Source: Rutgers University Facilities).\" width=\"300\" height=\"276\" /> Figure 1 – Electric smart meter (Source: Rutgers University Facilities).[/caption]<p>Smart meters or advanced meters, a component of the broader smart grid<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a>, use digital meters to record and transmit energy consumption and generation data, namely electricity, but also natural gas or water usage in intervals of an hour or less through a secure wireless network back to the utility and consumer at least daily.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> As opposed to traditional analog or automated meter readers, smart meter technology includes remote reading, two-way communication, support of dynamic pricing<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a>, and remote disablement and enablement of supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Energy companies can use data from smart meters to better monitor and manage energy supply and demand, power outages and the integration of clean energy sources into the electric grid. Smart meters provide documentation for participation in utility-sponsored demand response programs, which incentivize consumers to interrupt or adjust energy use by reducing or shifting loads or storing energy during peak demand and periods of higher energy costs or enable utilities to remotely switch electricity services on or off based on the cost or availability of energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> For example, consumption data from smart meters can signal a utility or consumer to remotely turn off air-conditioning units to avoid peak load issues or to run appliances during lower demand, lower-cost times of the day (see <em>Smart Sensors and Controls</em>).</p>\n<p>Data collected from smart meters connected to a smart grid supports the advancement and adoption of distributed energy generation and energy storage technologies, such as wind and solar, and plug-in electric vehicles (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> By measuring both electricity generated as well as delivered, smart meters can help utilities better manage and control the storage and transmission of renewable power from distributed energy sources and micro-grids to end-users. Smart meter data can also provide consumers with information on when to use, store, or sell on-site renewable energy generation back to the grid and encourage smart electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement a Smart Metering System </strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a smart metering system begins with identifying the intended use and goals of the system as this determines the system’s requirements and features. Smart meter systems typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.</p>\n<p>Non-sub-metered systems bill tenants based on a percentage of the total usage for the entire building. A smart sub-metered system makes billing tenants for their actual usage possible.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> In commercial buildings with multiple tenants or businesses, smart meters provide individual tenants and the utility company information on electricity, natural gas, and water usage, providing the opportunity to track progress on conservation strategies and participation in demand response programs and to identify opportunities to increase energy efficiency and cost savings.</p>\n<p>Contact local electricity, natural gas, and water service providers for information on smart metering opportunities and demand response programs. In the absence of a utility run program, smart meters can be implemented by business owners to provide building operators with instant energy and water data for making informed energy choices or to help identify potential equipment issues and leaks, saving energy and money.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en/our-energy-future/technology-innovation/smart-meters\">Orange &amp; Rockland Smart Meter Program</a></p>\n<p>The Orange &amp; Rockland Electric Utility plans to install 400,000 smart meters to residential and commercial customers by 2020. The smart metering program aims to utilize the data from smart meters to boost grid reliability and cut the length of power outages by automatically notifying the utility when outages occur leading to faster restoration. Potential benefits to customers include data on energy use habits to promote behavior change or to signal customers to run building equipment and devices at off-peak hours or when cleaner, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are available.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart meters provide benefits to both utility companies and consumers. Data gathered from smart meters provides utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Via demand response, smart meters support the shift of loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from cleaner or renewable sources, reduce the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and prevent supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Benefits to consumers include enhanced customer service, reduced theft due to the remote and real-time meter reading, and the establishment of time-based rates. Smart meters also inform consumers of their real-time energy usage, providing them with data to make informed energy use decisions and potentially change behavior. Smart metering water lines allow commercial facility managers to see consumption trends within the building and to target areas for improvement.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>One study estimated that the average commercial customer would pay $7,000 to $10,000 for smart meter technology, which includes transmission and distribution upgrades and various customer costs (primarily the costs of the in-building technologies).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> As an example, Rockland Electric predicts deployment costs of $16.5 million and estimates operational and management expenses over 20 years at $12 million. The utility projects to save $82 million over two decades in reduced labor and outage costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>For smart water meters, project costs range widely based on the number of customers, the specific metering, and communications technologies selected, the level of software integration, and the state of the metering system before smart metering system implementation.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>Smart meters increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, smart meters help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently sending work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times and limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Smart grids are electricity supply networks that use digital communications technology to detect and react to changes in energy supply and demand and manage the transport of electricity from generation sources to end users.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2017. Frequently Asked Questions: Smart Meters. Updated December 7, 2017. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1\">https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1</a> (accessed Sept 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Dynamic pricing includes time-of-use pricing, real-time pricing, variable peak pricing, critical peak pricing, and critical or peak time rebates.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative. “Do smart meters help the environment?” <a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment\">http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment</a> (accessed Sept 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> National Conference of State Legislatures “Utility Submetering” <a href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx\">http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> 2006 FERC Report, 18 <a href=\"http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf\">http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> EPRI, “Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Tom Johnson. 2017. NJ Spotlight. “Is New Jersey Finally Getting Smarter about Smart Meters?” <a href=\"http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/\">http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/</a> (accessed Sept 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Smart Meters','','inherit','closed','closed','','2234-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:26','2022-06-23 17:43:26','',2234,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2473',0,'revision','',0),(2474,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:27','2022-06-23 17:43:27','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What is Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV? </strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity (see <em>Photovoltaic (PV) systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Most grid-tied PV systems connect to the traditional centralized grid or macrogrid and loose power whenever the large-scale electric power system goes down.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Islanding refers to when a distributed energy resource (DER), such as a PV system, continues to power a location with available solar even after a grid outage. Laws typically require grid-tied PV systems to have a grid-tie inverter with an anti-islanding capability, which can sense when a power outage occurs, automatically disconnect from the grid, and shut itself off, protecting utility workers from live wires and preventing power surges.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_400\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1132\"]<img class=\"wp-image-400 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Islanding-Micrgrid-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Diagram of a typical microgrid configuration. (Source: NREL https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\" width=\"1132\" height=\"744\" /> Figure 1. Diagram of a typical microgrid configuration. (Source: NREL https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0[/caption]<p>Unlike the traditional macrogrid, microgrids function as locally controlled systems (see Figure 1) and can allow for intentional solar islanding or operating independently of the grid.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> The United States Department of Energy Microgrid Exchange Group defines a microgrid as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<blockquote><p>“A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (DER)     within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode.”</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Microgrids can operate at different scales or classifications based on the size and organization of the Distributed Energy Resources (DER) connected to the grid. For example, Level 1 or single customer microgrids may include PV systems that serve one customer or building through a single meter.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capability and battery storage can provide emergency power for critical building functions during grid outages and emergency situations (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). They can also function independently of the traditional grid during the year to manage peak demand and energy prices through participation in Demand Response (DR) programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). Likewise, PV systems designed to connect to local or future microgrid connections helps support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage power outages, peak demand, and the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid (see <em>Smart Metering, and Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV </strong></h2>\n<p>Reconfiguring PV systems to operate independently of the grid and serve as self-sufficient microgrids requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, battery storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful solar islanding to take place (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from solar islanding. Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, lighting, and phone or laptop charging versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> See the <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding</a> example below for advice on calculating critical loads and determining capacity requirements for an islandable PV and battery storage system.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_134\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1038\"]<img class=\"wp-image-134 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Islanding-Microgrid-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.\" width=\"1038\" height=\"684\" /> Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.[/caption]<p>Hire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Funding and incentive programs may require islandable PV and battery storage systems to blackstart or startup without a direct connection to the electric utility grid and operate at critical load for a set minimum period.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Solar Islanding Project, Highland Park, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This report analyzes the power demands and associated functions potentially sustained by three existing solar installations in Highland Park, NJ if converted into solar power islands. The report includes recommendations in language consistent with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) standard for adoption by other municipalities who may already have solar islands.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems with battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, while also providing a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs. By providing localized power generation, islandable PV systems increase energy efficiency by reducing transmission and distribution losses typical of centralized grid systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Unlike diesel and fossil-fueled generators, typically used only during emergencies, islandable PV systems with battery storage provide value throughout the year, do not require regular maintenance or refueling, and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional grid-tied PV systems, islandable PV and battery storage systems require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs (see <em>Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> As the cost of solar and battery storage declines and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, may offset these incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NREL (2017) Microgrid-Ready Solar PV – Planning for Resiliency. Updated September 2017. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. 2018. Microgrids at Berkeley Labs. <a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0</a>  (accessed Oct 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2018. Energy Resilience Bank. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html</a> (accessed Oct 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/\">On-Site Renewable Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><strong>NJ Office of Clean Energy - </strong><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/der-microgrid-feasibility-studies\">Town Center Distributed Energy Resource Microgrid Feasibility Study Incentive Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV','','inherit','closed','closed','','2247-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:27','2022-06-23 17:43:27','',2247,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2474',0,'revision','',0),(2475,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:28','2022-06-23 17:43:28','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Grid-interactive Efficient Homes\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Grid-interactive Efficient Homes?</strong></h2>\n<p>A Grid-interactive Efficient Home refers to an energy efficient home with smart technologies (e.g., smart meters, appliances, sensors and controls) designed to utilize multiple distributed energy resources (DERs) including solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, energy storage, demand response (DR), electric vehicles (EVs), microgrids, and energy efficiency in an integrated way to optimize energy use for grid services (i.e., generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity from utility to consumer) and occupants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Figure 1 shows several key features of GEBs. They are<span> </span><em>energy-efficient</em><span> </span>with high-performance features designed to reduce both net energy consumption and peak demand. Second, they are<span> </span><em>connected</em>, with two-way communication capabilities that allow for response to grid conditions. Next, they are also<span> </span><em>smart</em><span> </span>with sensors and controls to optimize energy use for occupant patterns and preferences, utility price signals, weather forecasts, and available on-site generation and storage. Finally, they are<span> </span><em>flexible<span> </span></em>with the ability to reduce, shed, shift, modulate or generate electricity.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_51\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"830\"]<img class=\"wp-image-51 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Grid-Interactive-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Grid-interactive Efficient Building Key Characteristics (Source: U.S. DOE Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings 2019).\" width=\"830\" height=\"394\" /> Figure 1 – Grid-interactive Efficient Building Key Characteristics (Source: U.S. DOE Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings 2019).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Traditional homes do not interact with the grid or exchange energy data information. Smart homes with advanced sensors and controls, and connected devices can utilize a variety of distribute energy resources (DERs) but often manage them separately. For example, smart metered homes employ advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advanced monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply (see <em>Smart Meters</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Smart metered homes with on-site renewable energy generation (see <em>Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems</em>) and energy storage (see<em> Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>) can signal consumers to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated on-site or from the grid when electricity demand is low (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB) move beyond the siloed smart home approach to integrate across DERs, managing interactions and benefiting from synergies. Table 1 illustrates the integrated approach of GEB. In this example, grid-interactive efficient homes is the sum (i.e., integrated DER approach) of the energy-efficiency and demand response columns (i.e., single DER approaches) and the additional capabilities of the GEB column.</p>\n<p><strong>Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach</strong></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_334\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"826\"]<img class=\"wp-image-334 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NC-Grid-Interactive-Table-1-.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach\" width=\"826\" height=\"826\" /> Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach Source: US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: GEB Overview. 11 Note: GEB is meant to be additive of EE and DR columns- GEB is the sum of efficiency, demand response, and the additional capabilities listed in the GEB column.[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Implementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Home<br /></strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Home starts with optimizing energy efficiency, assessing DER opportunities and utilizing smart building technologies, which typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.</p>\n<p>The decision to install smart sensors and controls and the type of technologies selected depends on the size of the home and the occupants user profile. Smart system set-up and installation requires expert assistance. Look for devices with interoperability between smart home technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.</p>\n<p>While sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.</p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart building technologies that increase energy-efficiency.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.smartneighbor.com/pages/reynolds-landing\">Connected Neighborhoods Project</a></p>\n<p>The Connected Neighborhoods Project recognizes the opportunities for maximizing building-to-grid interaction across a set of buildings. The first Smart Neighborhood, located in Birmingham, Alabama, is a joint project between Alabama Power, Signature Homes, and researchers at Southern Company, U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge Laboratory and the Electric Power Research Institute. This project integrates 62 high-performance homes with energy efficient systems and smart technologies, and a community-scale microgrid with PV panels, battery storage, and a backup natural gas generator to optimize grid services, cost savings, and resiliency.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>GEBs provide benefits to the grid by shifting energy loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from renewable sources thus reducing the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and preventing supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> GEBs also help to balance new loads such as electric vehicles (EVs) and to support the electrification of transportation by hosting two-way EV charging locations. Also, GEBs can provide utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>GEBs add value to homeowners by transforming traditional but flexible building energy demands like lighting and HVAC, along with DERs into energy assets.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> GEBs equipped with smart technologies can respond to electric grid conditions, which helps avert system stress, enhancing the reliability of the entire grid. For homeowners, the benefits include cost-savings and efficiency gains from a better understanding of energy consumption patterns, advanced load and asset control mechanisms, and increased demand response and DER opportunities.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The initial cost, energy savings, and payback of GEB varies depending on the home’s technological features, size, layout, and existing capabilities. In general, whole building applications benefit from economies of scale and cost less to install per square foot in larger buildings than in smaller ones. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation and commissioning costs compared to wired devices. Savings from the reduced utility demand charges often help cover the costs of building automatic systems and smart sensors and controls.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>GEBs increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, GEBs help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently dispatching work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times, limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-geb/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf</a>  (accessed April 29, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. <a href=\"https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes\">https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes</a> (accessed August 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. <a href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/\">https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/</a>  (accessed May 3, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> 2006 FERC Report, 18 <a href=\"http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf\">http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf</a>  (accessed April 29, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> EPRI. “Estimating the Cost and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf</a> (accessed May 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-geb/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-star-appliances-and-plug-load/\">Energy Star Equipment and Plug Load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak-Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org/\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://newbuildings.org/resource/gridoptimal/\">New Buildings Institute (NBI) GridOptimal Buildings Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/project-ev-grid-integration.html\">NREL Electric Vehicle Grid Integration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org/\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings\">US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_section]','NR Grid-interactive Efficient Homes','','inherit','closed','closed','','2274-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:28','2022-06-23 17:43:28','',2274,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2475',0,'revision','',0),(2476,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:28','2022-06-23 17:43:28','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Smart Metering\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What are Smart Meters?</h2>\n<p>Smart meters or advanced meters, a component of the broader smart grid<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a>, use digital meters to record and transmit energy consumption and generation data, namely electricity, but also natural gas or water usage in intervals of an hour or less through a secure wireless network back to the utility and consumer at least daily.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>As opposed to traditional analog or automated meter readers, smart meter technology includes remote reading, two-way communication, support of dynamic pricing,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>and remote disablement and enablement of supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Energy companies can use data from smart meters to better monitor and manage energy supply and demand, power outages and the integration of clean energy sources into the electric grid. Smart meters provide documentation for participation in utility-sponsored demand response programs, which incentivize consumers to interrupt or adjust energy use by reducing or shifting loads or storing energy during peak demand and periods of higher energy costs or enable utilities to remotely switch electricity services on or off based on the cost or availability of energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>For example, consumption data from smart meters can signal a utility or consumer to remotely turn off air-conditioning units to avoid peak load issues or to run appliances during lower demand, lower-cost times of the day (see<span> </span><em>Smart Sensors and Controls</em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_18\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"814\"]<img class=\"wp-image-18 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Smart-Metering-Fig-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Smart water and gas meters (Source: Pacific Gas and Electric Company).\" width=\"814\" height=\"396\" /> Figure 1 – Smart water and gas meters (Source: Pacific Gas and Electric Company).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Data collected from smart meters connected to a smart grid supports the advancement and adoption of distributed energy generation and energy storage technologies, such as wind and solar, and plug-in electric vehicles (see<span> </span><em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>By measuring both electricity generated as well as delivered, smart meters can help utilities better manage and control the storage and transmission of renewable power from distributed energy sources and micro-grids to end-users. Smart meter data can also provide consumers with information on when to use, store, or sell on-site renewable energy generation back to the grid and encourage smart electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours (see<span> </span><em>Alternative Transportation</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>Implementing a Smart Meter System</strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a smart metering system begins with identifying the intended use and goals of the system as this determines the system’s requirements and features. Smart meter systems typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.</p>\n<p>Non-sub-metered systems bill tenants based on a percentage of the total usage for the entire building. A smart sub-metered system makes billing tenants for their actual usage possible.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>In residential buildings with multiple tenants, smart meters provide individual tenants and the utility company information on electricity, natural gas, and water usage, providing the opportunity to track progress on conservation strategies and participation in demand response programs and to identify opportunities to increase energy efficiency and cost savings.</p>\n<p>Contact local electricity, natural gas, and water service providers for information on smart metering opportunities and demand response programs. In the absence of a utility run program, smart meters can be implemented by homeowners to supply real-time energy and water data for making informed energy choices or to help identify potential equipment issues and leaks, providing energy, water, and cost savings.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en/our-energy-future/technology-innovation/smart-meters\">Orange &amp; Rockland Smart Meter Program</a></p>\n<p>The Orange &amp; Rockland Electric Utility plans to install 400,000 smart meters to residential and commercial customers by 2020. The smart metering program aims to utilize the data from smart meters to boost grid reliability and cut the length of power outages by automatically notifying the utility when outages occur leading to faster restoration. Potential benefits to customers include data on energy use habits to promote behavior change or to signal customers to run building equipment and devices at off-peak hours or when cleaner, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are available.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart meters provide benefits to both utility companies and consumers. Data gathered from smart meters provides utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Via demand response, smart meters support the shift of loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from cleaner or renewable sources, reduce the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and prevent supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Benefits to consumers include enhanced customer service, reduced theft due to the remote and real-time meter reading, and the establishment of time-based rates. Smart meters also inform consumers of their real-time energy usage, providing them with data to make informed energy use decisions and potentially change behavior. Smart metering water lines allow homeowners to see consumption trends within the residence and to target areas for improvement.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>One study estimated that the average commercial customer would pay $7,000 to $10,000 for smart meter technology, which includes transmission and distribution upgrades and various customer costs (primarily the costs of the in-building technologies).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a><span> </span>As an example, Rockland Electric predicts deployment costs of $16.5 million and estimates operational and management expenses over 20 years at $12 million. The utility projects to save $82 million over two decades in reduced labor and outage costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>For smart water meters, project costs range widely based on the number of customers, the specific metering, and communications technologies selected, the level of software integration, and the state of the metering system before smart metering system implementation.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Smart meters increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, smart meters help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently sending work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times and limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Smart grids are electricity supply networks that use digital communications technology to detect and react to changes in energy supply and demand and manage the transport of electricity from generation sources to end users.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2017. Frequently Asked Questions: Smart Meters. Updated December 7, 2017.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1\">https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1</a><span> </span>(accessed Sept 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Dynamic pricing includes time-of-use pricing, real-time pricing, variable peak pricing, critical peak pricing, and critical or peak time rebates.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative. “Do smart meters help the environment?”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment\">http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment</a><span> </span>(accessed Sept 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>National Conference of State Legislatures “Utility Submetering”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx\">http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>2006 FERC Report, 18<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf\">http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>EPRI, “Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>Tom Johnson. 2017. NJ Spotlight. “Is New Jersey Finally Getting Smarter about Smart Meters?”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/\">http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/</a><span> </span>(accessed Sept 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/grid-interactive-efficient-buildings-geb/\">Grid-interactive Efficient Homes</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org/\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org/\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us/\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/2017/DR-AM-Report2017.pdf\">US FERC, “Assessment of Demand Response and Advanced Metering: December 2017”</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_section]','NR Smart Metering','','inherit','closed','closed','','2287-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:28','2022-06-23 17:43:28','',2287,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2476',0,'revision','',0),(2477,3,'2022-06-23 17:43:29','2022-06-23 17:43:29','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV?</strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Most grid-tied PV systems connect to the traditional centralized grid or macrogrid and loose power whenever the large-scale electric power system goes down.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Islanding refers to when a distributed energy resource (DER), such as a PV system, continues to power a location with available solar even after a grid outage. Laws typically require grid-tied PV systems to have a grid-tie inverter with an anti-islanding capability, which can sense when a power outage occurs, automatically disconnect from the grid, and shut itself off, protecting utility workers from live wires and preventing power surges.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Unlike the traditional macrogrid, microgrids function as locally controlled systems (see Figure 1) and can allow for intentional solar islanding or operating independently of the grid.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>The United States Department of Energy Microgrid Exchange Group defines a microgrid as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (DER) within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single  controllable entity to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode.</p>\n<p>Microgrids can operate at different scales or classifications based on the size and organization of the Distributed Energy Resources (DER) connected to the grid. For example, Level 1 or single customer microgrids may include PV systems that serve one customer through a single meter.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capability and battery storage can provide emergency power for critical building functions during grid outages and emergency situations (see<span> </span><em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). They can also function independently of the traditional grid during the year to manage peak demand and energy prices through participation in Demand Response (DR) programs (see<span> </span><em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). Likewise, PV systems designed to connect to local or future microgrid connections helps support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage power outages, peak demand, and the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid (see<span> </span><em>Smart Metering, and Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_400\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1132\"]<img class=\"wp-image-400 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Islanding-Micrgrid-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Diagram of a typical microgrid configuration. (Source: NREL https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\" width=\"1132\" height=\"744\" /> Figure 1. Diagram of a typical microgrid configuration. (Source: NREL https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</strong></h2>\n<p>Configuring PV systems to operate independently of the grid and serve as self-sufficient microgrids requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, battery storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful solar islanding to take place (see<span> </span><em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from solar islanding. Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, lighting, and phone or laptop charging versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>See the<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding</a><span> </span>example below for advice on calculating critical loads and determining capacity requirements for an islandable PV and battery storage system.</p>\n<p>Hire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Contact the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Funding and incentive programs may require islandable PV and battery storage systems to blackstart or startup without a direct connection to the electric utility grid and operate at critical load for a set minimum period.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_134\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1038\"]<img class=\"wp-image-134 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Islanding-Microgrid-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.\" width=\"1038\" height=\"684\" /> Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Solar Islanding Project, Highland Park, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This report analyzes the power demands and associated functions potentially sustained by three existing solar installations in Highland Park, NJ if converted into solar power islands. The report includes recommendations in language consistent with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) standard for adoption by other municipalities who may already have solar islands.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems with battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, while also providing a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs. By providing localized power generation, islandable PV systems increase energy efficiency by reducing transmission and distribution losses typical of centralized grid systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Unlike diesel and fossil-fueled generators, typically used only during emergencies, islandable PV systems with battery storage provide value throughout the year, do not require regular maintenance or refueling, and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional grid-tied PV systems, islandable PV and battery storage systems require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs (see <em>Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> As the cost of solar and battery storage declines and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions and the ability to shelter in place, may offset these incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NREL (2017) Microgrid-Ready Solar PV – Planning for Resiliency. Updated September 2017. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. 2018. Microgrids at Berkeley Labs. <a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0</a>  (accessed Oct 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2018. Energy Resilience Bank. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html</a> (accessed Oct 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org/\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/der-microgrid-feasibility-studies\">Town Center Distributed Energy Resource Microgrid Feasibility Study Incentive Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org/\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us/\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_section]','NR Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV','','inherit','closed','closed','','2299-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:43:29','2022-06-23 17:43:29','',2299,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2477',0,'revision','',0),