(2691,3,'2022-06-23 19:22:53','2022-06-23 19:22:53','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Combined Heat and Power (CHP)\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Combined Heat and Power (CHP)?</strong></h2>\n<p>Combined Heat and Power (CHP), also known as cogeneration, is a type of distributed energy resource that produces both electricity and thermal energy onsite, using one primary fuel.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> CHP recovers heat usually wasted in conventional power generation as thermal energy for a building’s space heating and cooling, process heating and cooling, dehumidification, or the production of more electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> CHP system can use fossil or renewable fuels and typically utilize the following prime mover technologies to combust the fuel including reciprocating engines, gas turbines, microturbines, fuel cells, and boiler or steam turbines.</p>\n<p>For example, (see Figure 1) a prime mover, such as a reciprocating engine or gas turbine uses a fuel such as natural gas to power a generator that creates electricity and emits heat. Generated electricity supplies electrical loads in the building, feeds back to the grid, or utilizes energy storage for later use (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). A heat recovery unit captures the heat and processes it for use onsite, typically for building heating applications but also for absorption cooling, an application that utilizes heat energy to cool buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> CHP systems can utilize thermal energy storage to save excess heat energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, to increase energy efficiency, and to store low priced energy and use that energy during peak demand when prices climb (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_212\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"970\"]<img class=\"wp-image-212 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-CHP-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Reciprocating engine or gas turbine with heat recovery. (Source: US DOE CHP)\" width=\"970\" height=\"450\" /> Figure 1. Reciprocating engine or gas turbine with heat recovery. (Source: US DOE CHP)[/caption]<p>Microturbines use gaseous or liquid fuels, most commonly natural gas, to produce electricity and recover exhaust heat for direct use or use in a heat recovery boiler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Steam turbines do not consume fuel directly but use steam generated by natural gas, oil, coal or biomass driven boilers or heat recovery steam generators, to produce power and thermal energy (see <em>On-Site Renewable Energy Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Fuel cells used for CHP applications utilize an electrochemical process to reform natural gas or biogas into hydrogen and then react hydrogen to generate electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2>How to Integrate CHP</h2>\n<p>The practicality of integrating CHP into a project increases when considered early in the planning stages, including early engagement with the local utility to identify permitting issues and available incentives.</p>\n<p>Contact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current CHP programs, tools, and available funding. For example, the NJ Office of Clean Energy Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Program currently offers incentives for the following CHP technologies:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Powered by non-renewable (i.e., natural gas) or renewable fuel source (i.e., biomass).</li>\n<li>Gas internal combustion engine.</li>\n<li>Gas combustion turbine.</li>\n<li>Microturbine</li>\n<li>Fuel cells with heat recovery.</li>\n<li>Waste heat to power.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The use of Class 1 renewable fuel sources and installation of CHP with black-start and islanding capabilities at designated critical facilities may qualify projects for additional incentives.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example </strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/misc/success-story/westin\">Westin – Starwood Hotel, Jersey City, NJ </a></p>\n<p>The Westin Jersey City Newport qualified for the NJ Clean Energy Combined Heat &amp; Power Program by installing three Tecogen® Inc. 100-kW natural gas engine CHP units. The co-generation units are expected to produce 1,985 MWh of electricity and 132,962 therms of energy per year. The Westin Jersey City Newport qualified for $600,000 in NJCEP incentives, covering more than 27 percent of the $2,158,229 project cost, which includes ten years of maintenance service by the manufacturer. The co-generation units could potentially save the hotel, on average, 367,209 kWh of electricity and 91,198 therms of natural gas per year, resulting in annual savings ranging from $123,007 to $212,000. With the NJCEP incentives, the project expects to pay for itself within a decade when factoring in federal tax credits.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Inherently inefficient, conventional electricity generation converts only about a third of a fuel’s potential energy into usable energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> It is reasonable to expect CHP applications to operate at 65-75% efficiency, a large improvement over the national average of ~50% for these services when separately provided.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Since overgeneration of heat and electricity occurs frequently, CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> The significant increase in energy efficiency with CHP means lower fuel consumption and reduced greenhouse gas emissions for the same level of output when compared to the separate generation of heat and power. Biomass powered CHP systems have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently (see <em>On-Site Renewable Energy Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Other benefits include CHP’s proven track record and the versatility of CHP to work with existing and planned technologies for various industrial and commercial applications. CHP also localizes energy generation, avoiding congestion issues and improving grid transmission and distribution losses associated with centralized power stations, reducing the risk of electrical grid disruptions and enhancing energy reliability. As a distributed energy generator, CHP provides a reliable and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and grid outages and can help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>CHP makes the most economic sense when electricity prices are high, and natural gas prices are low. While the initial cost of CHP systems often exceed that of conventional heating or cooling systems, reduced energy and operating costs associated with cogeneration can often justify the investment.</p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>CHP can improve the resiliency of critical infrastructure, by acting as a self-sufficient microgrid keeping essential facilities and systems running without any interruption in electric or thermal service in the absence of utility sourced power due to storms or other events.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>For example, South Oaks Hospital in Amityville, New York remained open and operational during Superstorm Sandy while over 8.5 million Long Island Power Authority (LIPA) customers had no power for a week.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> South Oaks Hospital had five 250 kW units, which kept lights on and refrigeration units operational for 15 days, even allowing the hospital to admit new patients.</p>\n<p>A form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids with the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Combined with energy storage capabilities, CHP systems hold the potential to help diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of distributed energy resources and energy storage (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA and US DOE. Guide to Using Combined Heat and Power for Enhancing Reliability and Resiliency in Buildings. September 2013. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_for_reliability_guidance.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_for_reliability_guidance.pdf</a>  (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a>   (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Microturbines <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Microturbines_0.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Microturbines_0.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Steam Turbines. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Steam%20Turbine.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Steam%20Turbine.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Fuel Cells <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Fuel%20Cell.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Fuel%20Cell.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NJ Office of Clean Energy. 2018. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Program. <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power</a> (accessed Oct 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Electropaedia. <a href=\"http://www.mpoweruk.com/fossil_fuels.htm\">http://www.mpoweruk.com/fossil_fuels.htm</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> DOE. Combined Heat and Power Basics. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future.<a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> ICF International. 2013. “Combined Heat and Power: Enabling Resilient Energy Infrastructure for Critical Facilities.” Prepared for Oak Ridge National Laboratory. March 2013. Page 2. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_critical_facilities.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_critical_facilities.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> ACEEE. New and Improved Methods for Evaluating CHP Cost-Effectiveness. <a href=\"https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2016/data/papers/4_837.pdf\">https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2016/data/papers/4_837.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/\">On-Site Renewable Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://doe.icfwebservices.com/chpdb/state/NJ\">Combined Heat and Power Installations in New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org\">Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.iea.org\">International Energy Association (IEA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">New Jersey’s Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/chp\">US EPA Combined Power and Heat Partnership</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics\">US DOE Combined Heat and Power Basics</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Combined Heat and Power (CHP)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1978-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:22:53','2022-06-23 19:22:53','',1978,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2691',0,'revision','',0),(2692,3,'2022-06-23 19:22:55','2022-06-23 19:22:55','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation? </strong></h2>\n<p>In the last 20 years, an increase in the frequency and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, and ice storms in New Jersey and the associated costs of storm-related power outages, highlight the need for resilient energy systems that provide backup power in the event of a grid failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Historically, generators fueled by fossil fuels, such as diesel or natural gas, provide backup power in the event of a power outage or natural disaster. In New Jersey, Hurricane Sandy exposed the vulnerability of generators, as the storm disrupted access to fuel and competing fuel demands from the transportation sector quickly depleted local fuel reserves.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Energy storage refers to storing energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, or for energy arbitrage storing low priced energy and using that energy during peak demand when prices climb.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The following categories highlight current and emerging energy storage technologies applicable to the building sector:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flow Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flywheels</li>\n<li>Compressed Air Energy Storage</li>\n<li>Thermal(see <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Backup power provides energy required for supporting critical building functions by utilizing stored electrical or thermal energy (energy storage) from on-site power generation systems with islanding (generating power when the electrical grid is down) capabilities, or power from local microgrids and distributed energy generators. Energy storage systems could also help provide grid stabilization functionalities such as Contingency Reserve and Frequency Regulation.</p>\n<p>As the costs of energy storage and backup power generation systems continue to decline and the integration of these technologies continues to advance, several viable options exist for supplementing or replacing traditional standby generators, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Islandable Photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery storage (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV</em>)</li>\n<li>Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems with or without energy storage (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em> and <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n<li>Fuel Cells and hydrogen storage<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology and battery storage (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation </strong></h2>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from backup power in the event of power outage.</p>\n<p>Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, emergency and night-time lighting, water pumps, and phone or laptop charging, and online access via a cable modem or wireless router versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Figure 1 shows considerations for sizing solar and battery storage for backup power generation.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_245\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"878\"]<img class=\"wp-image-245 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Storage-and-Back-up-Power-Generation-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"878\" height=\"698\" /> Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)[/caption]<p>Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Note that configuring power systems to operate independently of the grid requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, energy storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful islanding to take place.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>As per the <a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">Insurance Institute for Business and Home and Safety’s (IBHS) FORTIFIED Commercial Hurricane Standard</a>, locate electrical connections for backup power generation and energy storage at an elevation above the 500-year flood level or 3 ft above the Base Flood Elevation (BFE) for the property or provide dry flood protection such as flood gates, walls or doors, inflatable barriers, or sand bags to prevent water intrusion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>Accounting for cost savings during regular business operations (demand response) and for the cost of electric grid power outages and lost business (resiliency benefit) lowers the payback period for energy storage and backup power investments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">PV and Battery Pilot Project, Hopewell Valley Central Highschool, Pennington, NJ</a></p>\n<p>As part of PSE&amp;G’s Solar 4 All Program, which supports solar technologies that also contribute to grid resiliency, the Hopewell Valley Central Highschool installed an 876 kilowatt-dc rooftop solar and parking lot solar canopy system with large lithium ion batteries.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> The system can connect to the grid or charge batteries, allowing the highschool to participate in the PJM Frequency Regulation Market. During power outages, the system provides critical functions including heating/cooling, emergency lighting, and food refrigeration.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">GAF Headquarters Building, Parsippany, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The GAF Headquarters Building led the way in 2016 becoming the first building to ever be awarded the LEED pilot credit for resilient design (now being incorporated into the RELi resilience standard).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> The project team designed the building to maintain critical functions in the event of a hurricane, by avoiding flood zones, designing flood preparation and backup capabilities for long-term power outages, reinforcing roof structures to hurricane wind standards, and developing a business continuity recovery plan that details employee and business procedures in the event of a disaster.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site energy storage and backup power generation provides a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>, and <em>Smart Metering</em>). For example, energy storage systems provide a way for customers to shift power demands to off-peak hours and to take advantage of time-of-day pricing and lower energy prices.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capabilities and battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, with the added benefit of increased power reliability. Battery storage helps to reduce common challenges with PV systems such as ramping, output variability, voltage and current inconsistencies that impact power quality, and a disconnect between the power supply (morning sun) and power demand (afternoon and evening air conditioning spikes).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Islandable PV systems with battery storage also provide value throughout the year, do not require refueling and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy resulting from the overgeneration of heat and electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> Typical cost savings and project cost associated with CHP applications can be found on the DOE IAC database.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>Fuel cells offer a clean, energy-efficient, grid-independent and reliable source of power provided adequate fuel supply from a variety of domestic energy sources such as hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol making them a viable alternative for backup power generation and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> Excess electricity produced by fuel cells can run an electrolyzer and extract hydrogen from water, providing hydrogen for storage and for later use in the fuel cell to produce electricity when it is needed.</p>\n<p>Vehicle-to-grid applications with bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional power generation systems, islandable systems with energy storage require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> As the cost of energy storage and backup power generation technologies decline and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy storage and backup power generation support energy resiliency in many ways. Backup power generation systems that utilize energy storage or islanding and microgrid ready capabilities can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand. Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats. Energy storage and backup power generation allow customers to take full advantage of demand response programs that signal when to use, store, or sell energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand.  Likewise, energy storage and on-site backup power help to support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Understanding New Jersey’s Vulnerability to Climate Change. <a href=\"http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file\">http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Energy Storage Technologies. <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE. 2018. Fuel Cells. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NREL. 2018. Vehicle to Grid Integration. Energy Systems Integration Facility. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021133358/https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS). 2017 FORTIFIED Commercial – Hurricane Standard.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf</a> (accessed October 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Clean Energy Group. 2016. Hopewell Valley Highschool. <a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> USGGB Center for Resilience. 2018. Profiles of Resilience. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Department of Energy. 2018. “CHP Applications.” Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) <a href=\"https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34\">https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34</a> (accessed Dec 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). 2016. Fuel Cells and Renewable Hydrogen. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen</a> (accessed October 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Power and Heat (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/ups\">Energy Storage Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200702200424/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/\">Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS) – FORTIFIED Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200606192915/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/\">NREL Energy Systems Integration Facility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1533-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:22:55','2022-06-23 19:22:55','',1533,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2692',0,'revision','',0),(2693,3,'2022-06-23 19:22:56','2022-06-23 19:22:56','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation? </strong></h2>\n<p>In the last 20 years, an increase in the frequency and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, and ice storms in New Jersey and the associated costs of storm-related power outages, highlight the need for resilient energy systems that provide backup power in the event of a grid failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Historically, generators fueled by fossil fuels, such as diesel or natural gas, provide backup power in the event of a power outage or natural disaster. In New Jersey, Hurricane Sandy exposed the vulnerability of generators, as the storm disrupted access to fuel and competing fuel demands from the transportation sector quickly depleted local fuel reserves.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Energy storage refers to storing energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, or for energy arbitrage storing low priced energy and using that energy during peak demand when prices climb.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The following categories highlight current and emerging energy storage technologies applicable to the building sector:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flow Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flywheels</li>\n<li>Compressed Air Energy Storage</li>\n<li>Thermal (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Backup power provides energy required for supporting critical building functions by utilizing stored electrical or thermal energy (energy storage) from on-site power generation systems with islanding (generating power when the electrical grid is down) capabilities, or power from local microgrids and distributed energy generators. Energy storage systems could also help provide grid stabilization functionalities such as Contingency Reserve and Frequency Regulation.</p>\n<p>As the costs of energy storage and backup power generation systems continue to decline and the integration of these technologies continues to advance, several viable options exist for supplementing or replacing traditional standby generators, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Islandable Photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery storage (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV</em>)</li>\n<li>Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems with or without energy storage (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em> and <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n<li>Fuel Cells and hydrogen storage<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology and battery storage (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation </strong></h2>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from backup power in the event of power outage.</p>\n<p>Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, emergency and night-time lighting, water pumps, and phone or laptop charging, and online access via a cable modem or wireless router versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Figure 1 shows considerations for sizing solar and battery storage for backup power generation.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_175\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"878\"]<img class=\"wp-image-175 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Storage-and-Back-up-Power-Generation-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"878\" height=\"698\" /> Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)[/caption]<p>Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Note that configuring power systems to operate independently of the grid requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, energy storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful islanding to take place.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>As per the <a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">Insurance Institute for Business and Home and Safety’s (IBHS) FORTIFIED Commercial Hurricane Standard</a>, locate electrical connections for backup power generation and energy storage at an elevation above the 500-year flood level or 3 ft above the Base Flood Elevation (BFE) for the property or provide dry flood protection such as flood gates, walls or doors, inflatable barriers, or sand bags to prevent water intrusion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>Accounting for cost savings during regular business operations (demand response) and for the cost of electric grid power outages and lost business (resiliency benefit) lowers the payback period for energy storage and backup power investments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">PV and Battery Pilot Project, Hopewell Valley Central Highschool, Pennington, NJ</a></p>\n<p>As part of PSE&amp;G’s Solar 4 All Program, which supports solar technologies that also contribute to grid resiliency, the Hopewell Valley Central Highschool installed an 876 kilowatt-dc rooftop solar and parking lot solar canopy system with large lithium ion batteries.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> The system can connect to the grid or charge batteries, allowing the highschool to participate in the PJM Frequency Regulation Market. During power outages, the system provides critical functions including heating/cooling, emergency lighting, and food refrigeration.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">GAF Headquarters Building, Parsippany, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The GAF Headquarters Building led the way in 2016 becoming the first building to ever be awarded the LEED pilot credit for resilient design (now being incorporated into the RELi resilience standard).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> The project team designed the building to maintain critical functions in the event of a hurricane, by avoiding flood zones, designing flood preparation and backup capabilities for long-term power outages, reinforcing roof structures to hurricane wind standards, and developing a business continuity recovery plan that details employee and business procedures in the event of a disaster.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site energy storage and backup power generation provides a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>, and <em>Smart Metering</em>). For example, energy storage systems provide a way for customers to shift power demands to off-peak hours and to take advantage of time-of-day pricing and lower energy prices.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capabilities and battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, with the added benefit of increased power reliability. Battery storage helps to reduce common challenges with PV systems such as ramping, output variability, voltage and current inconsistencies that impact power quality, and a disconnect between the power supply (morning sun) and power demand (afternoon and evening air conditioning spikes).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Islandable PV systems with battery storage also provide value throughout the year, do not require refueling and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy resulting from the overgeneration of heat and electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> Typical cost savings and project cost associated with CHP applications can be found on the DOE IAC database.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>Fuel cells offer a clean, energy-efficient, grid-independent and reliable source of power provided adequate fuel supply from a variety of domestic energy sources such as hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol making them a viable alternative for backup power generation and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> Excess electricity produced by fuel cells can run an electrolyzer and extract hydrogen from water, providing hydrogen for storage and for later use in the fuel cell to produce electricity when it is needed.</p>\n<p>Vehicle-to-grid applications with bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional power generation systems, islandable systems with energy storage require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> As the cost of energy storage and backup power generation technologies decline and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy storage and backup power generation support energy resiliency in many ways. Backup power generation systems that utilize energy storage or islanding and microgrid ready capabilities can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand. Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats. Energy storage and backup power generation allow customers to take full advantage of demand response programs that signal when to use, store, or sell energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand.  Likewise, energy storage and on-site backup power help to support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Understanding New Jersey’s Vulnerability to Climate Change. <a href=\"http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file\">http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Energy Storage Technologies. <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE. 2018. Fuel Cells. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NREL. 2018. Vehicle to Grid Integration. Energy Systems Integration Facility. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021133358/https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS). 2017 FORTIFIED Commercial – Hurricane Standard.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf</a> (accessed October 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Clean Energy Group. 2016. Hopewell Valley Highschool. <a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> USGGB Center for Resilience. 2018. Profiles of Resilience. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Department of Energy. 2018. “CHP Applications.” Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) <a href=\"https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34\">https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34</a> (accessed Dec 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). 2016. Fuel Cells and Renewable Hydrogen. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen</a> (accessed October 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Power and Heat (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/ups\">Energy Storage Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200702200424/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/\">Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS) – FORTIFIED Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200606192915/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/\">NREL Energy Systems Integration Facility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1997-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:22:56','2022-06-23 19:22:56','',1997,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2693',0,'revision','',0),(2694,3,'2022-06-23 19:22:57','2022-06-23 19:22:57','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Biomass Energy Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is a Biomass Energy System?</strong></h2>\n<p>Biomass energy systems utilize biomass, a renewable resource, to power facility heating, electric power generation, or combined heat and power (CHP) systems (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Biomass sources include organic material such as plant matter, wood, waste wood, residue from agriculture or forestry and organic matter from municipal or industrial waste. Fumes from landfills such as methane, a natural gas, provide biomass for electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_190\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"754\"]<img class=\"wp-image-190 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Biomass-Energy-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Monmouth County’s 1 MW biopower project (Source: NJ Clean Energy).\" width=\"754\" height=\"552\" /> Figure 1 – Monmouth County’s 1 MW biopower project (Source: NJ Clean Energy).[/caption]\n<div id=\"attachment_378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"> </div>\n<p>According to the Rutgers EcoComplex’s Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid waste makes up 72% of biomass. Agriculture and forestry management also produce potential sources of biomass.</li>\n<li>Technologies for converting solid waste to biomass include combustion, gasification and anaerobic digestion.</li>\n<li>The counties of central and northeastern New Jersey contain the largest biomass concentrations.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Biomass Energy Systems  </strong></h2>\n<p>Direct-fired combustion is the most common method of producing heat and electricity from biomass.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Commercial scale facilities typically use woody biomass in the form of whole logs or firewood, wood chips, and wood pellets. Two types of chip-fired direct combustion systems include fixed-bed and atmospheric fluidized-bed systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>A direct combustion system burns biomass to generate hot gas, which provides heat directly or feeds biomass into a boiler to generate hot water or steam. In a boiler system, the steam provides heat for process or space heating. It can also transfer heat to a facility through typical space heating methods. In a combined heat and power system (CHP), the boiler produces steam to run a turbine and power a generator to produce electricity. Excess steam and hot water support heating applications. Combined heat and power (CHP) systems significantly increase overall energy efficiency to approximately 80%, from the standard biomass electricity-only systems with efficiencies of approximately 20%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Cost-effect biomass energy systems utilize both electricity production and thermal energy.</p>\n<p>See <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program: Biopower</a> to find out more about the types of biomass energy systems currently supported in New Jersey. Installing a biomass energy system requires professional expertise. Evaluate the facility’s waste stream to identify opportunities to convert waste into energy.</p>\n<p>See the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">NJ Office of Clean Energy’s Combined Heat and Power Program</a> also offers incentives for CHP systems, with bonus incentives for CHP systems fueled by renewable fuel sources.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180201005621/http://www.biomasscenter.org:80/resource-library/case-studies\">Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC)</a></p>\n<p>With funding from the US DOE, the Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC) developed a series of case studies illustrating the design and operational experiences of various community-scale facilities, including businesses, campuses, community buildings, schools, housing and government facilities, that employ biomass systems in the US, Canada, Europe, and Scandinavia.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/casestudy07_rex_lumber.pdf\">The Rex Lumber Company, Englishtown, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Rex Lumber Company, with a rebate for nearly 50% from the NJ Clean Energy Program, replaced a natural gas system with a wood-waste boiler biomass system to heat its kilns.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using biomass for energy turns waste into resources, provides a renewable source of electricity and reduces the use of and dependency on fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing fuel supply security. Biomass powered CHP technologies have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Biomass reduces waste management costs like tipping fees while promoting local business and farming. Replacing up to 20% of fossil fuel such as coal with bio-fuel also reduces nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide emissions. Capturing methane, a gas emitted by the decomposition of waste 28-36 times stronger than carbon dioxide, reduces emissions of a significant greenhouse gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The economics of biomass power generation depends on the availability of a predictable, local, sustainably-sourced, low-cost and long-term feedstock supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Differences in feedstock chemical composition impact the cost of the feedstock. For example, waste produced due to industrial processes can have a zero or even negative cost by avoiding waste disposal charges. Likewise, prices for dedicated energy crops can spike due to low productivity and high transportation costs. Lower cost options may include agricultural, and forestry residues collected and transported over short distances or available locally as a by-product.</p>\n<p>The wide range of bioenergy-fired power generation technologies translates into a broad range of installed costs. For example, installation costs for biomass heating plants average between $500 to $1500 per kW-thermal of installed heating rate capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Installation for small-scale biomass electric plants typically cost between $3,000 to $4,000 per kW.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Fixed operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) costs, such as labor, scheduled maintenance, routine component or equipment replacement, and insurance for bioenergy power plants typically range from 2-6% of total installed costs per year, while variable O&amp;M costs average 0.005/KWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Biomass offers several resiliency benefits including the ability to stockpile fuel for emergencies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Plans to recover, segregate, and process biomass fuel locally makes downed biomass from fallen trees and vegetation caused by storms and natural disasters a cost-saving resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Making use of downed biomass also frees up time and money for other recovery efforts, while at the same time providing short to long-term backup power for critical infrastructure and emergency services.</p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems with off-grid or islanding capabilities and thermal energy storage provide enhanced energy independence, security, and reliability in the event of natural disasters and security threats while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Battery Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Biomass-fired CHP systems promote the renewable energy industry in New Jersey by utilizing renewable sources of fuel, providing backup power and balancing the supply and demand of electricity from variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, biomass-fired CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids and the broader smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources and energy storage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Biomass to Heat. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. “Biopower.” <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers EcoComplex: Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey. Version 2.0 Updated July 2015. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190911083449/http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu:80/biomass-energy-potential/\">http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> WBDG: Biomass for Electricity Production <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas\">https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Electricity. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> IREA. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG). Benefits of Biomass.  <a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/default.asp\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experimental Station – Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">Federal Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG</a>)</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org/\">International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA)</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.iea.org/\">International Energy Agency (IEA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/renewable-energy-incentive-program/for-customers\">NJ Clean Energy: Getting Started</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program – Biopower</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program – CHP</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/\">Sustainable Energy Working Group</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy\">Bioenergy Technologies Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://bioenergykdf.net/\">Bioenergy Knowledge Discovery Framework (KDF)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">Biomass for Electricity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">Biomass for Heat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Biomass Energy Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1468-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:22:57','2022-06-23 19:22:57','',1468,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2694',0,'revision','',0);
INSERT INTO `wp_posts` VALUES (2695,3,'2022-06-23 19:22:58','2022-06-23 19:22:58','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"On-Site Renewable Energy Systems\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are On-Site Renewable Energy Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Renewable energy refers to energy produced from a fuel that regenerates or does not deplete natural resources. On-site renewable energy systems for existing commercial buildings include solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass. Electricity, heating, cooling, and other applications, including multi-purpose components can utilize renewable technologies. For example, installing solar photovoltaic (PV) panels on parking structures provides shading to cars and comfort to their occupants, while providing clean electricity.</p>\n<p>Many locations – building and/or site — can use on-site renewable energy systems. The practicality of most renewable energy systems or combination of systems for a specific construction project increases when considered early in the planning stages of the site and building design, although retrofits also may be advantageous as illustrated in Figure 1.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_120\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"494\"]<img class=\"wp-image-120 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewable-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Fire Station Solar Array, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green) Building).\" width=\"494\" height=\"500\" /> Figure 1 – Fire Station Solar Array, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green) Building).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Implementation of Renewable Energy Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Renewable energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>On-Site Renewable Energy Systems and Geothermal Systems</strong></h2>\n<p><u>Photovoltaics (PV) </u></p>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems refer to the use of renewable solar energy to create electricity. PV cells placed together in a module are grouped together electrically to form an array. Arrays of PVs applied to surfaces, such as a roof, capture light energy from the sun and produce electricity. The flexibility of installing this on-site renewable energy system makes it a suitable option for existing buildings. A specific PV system known as <em>Building-Integrated Photovoltaic </em>(BIPV)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> uses PV technology and applies it to building materials, serving multifunctional purposes. For example, a BIPV skylight not only captures energy, generating electricity for a building, but also provides daylighting (see <em>Daylighting</em>). Another strategy incorporates PV technology into an exterior wall for decorative purposes as well as collecting energy.</p>\n<p>New Jersey has one of the fastest growing markets in PV technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The availability of PV combined with available incentives facilitates the design and installation of PV systems in New Jersey. While projects can tailor PV systems to meet the needs of a particular site and building, south facing surfaces not shaded by nearby trees, buildings, and structures provide the best results. If possible, orient collectors at the angle of the location’s latitude (in New Jersey, this is approximately 40°N).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_453\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"606\"]<img class=\"wp-image-453 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Borough Hall, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"606\" height=\"380\" /> Figure 2 – Borough Hall, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]<p><u>Geothermal</u></p>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), also known as ground source heat pumps or geo-exchange systems, take advantage of the Earth’s relatively constant temperature (45°F- 75°F),<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> cooling buildings in the summer and warming them in the winter. Some geothermal systems have wells drilled vertically deep underground, while others have horizontal loops a shorter distance below ground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> ENERGY STAR qualified geothermal heat pumps use about 45% less energy than a standard heat pump.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Underground piping carries warranties of 25–50 years, heat pumps often last 20 years or more.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_538\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"678\"]<img class=\"wp-image-538 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)\" width=\"678\" height=\"462\" /> Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)[/caption]<p><u>Wind Power<br /></u></p>\n<p>Wind systems provide renewable energy in areas with sufficient wind speed. Prime locations for harvesting wind energy in New Jersey are along the shore. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>The two main types of wind turbines include horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT), the most common, and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Initially designed to be mounted on high poles in open or rural areas, small wind turbines (SWTs) include systems that are 100 kilowatts (kW) or less. Built-environment wind turbines (BEWT) refer to projects constructed on, in, or near buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> The highly turbulent and variable wind directions often found in the built environment make VAWTs a viable option as VAWTs do not need to orient into the wind to generate power.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> VAWTs come in two different design types: the Savonius design, which generates power through drag, and the Darrieus, which generates power through an aerodynamic lift.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_257\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"657\"]<img class=\"wp-image-257 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-4-e1553682158787.png\" alt=\"Figure 4. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).\" width=\"657\" height=\"604\" /> Figure 4. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).[/caption]<p><u>Solar Thermal</u></p>\n<p>Solar thermal, whether passive or active, utilizes solar power to heat water for domestic or process uses. Solar thermal water heating systems use tanks and solar collectors. Active water systems also use pumps and controls.  Three common types of solar collectors include flat-plate collectors, integral collectors, and evacuated tube collectors. Flat-plate collectors consist of insulated and weatherproof boxes with a dark absorber plate under glass or plastic covers that heats water. Integral collectors use the same system as a flat-plate collector, but the water continues on to a traditional hot water tank, ensuring a consistent supply of hot water. Evacuated tube collectors consist of rows of transparent tubes that allow water to pass through and heat quickly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_122\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"612\"]<img class=\"wp-image-122 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-5.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)\" width=\"612\" height=\"554\" /> Figure 5 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)[/caption]<p><u>Biomass</u></p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems utilize biomass, a renewable resource, to power facility heating, electric power generation, or combined heat and power (CHP) systems (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Biomass sources include organic material such as plant matter, wood, waste wood, residue from agriculture or forestry and organic matter from municipal or industrial waste. Fumes from landfills such as methane, a natural gas, provide biomass for electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>In addition to purely biomass-powered electricity generation, consider biomass co-firing, applicable to commercial buildings that already have coal-fired boilers. Coal-fired boilers can handle a pre-mixed combination of coal and biomass. Alternatively, retrofit existing coal-fired boilers with a separate feed system for the biomass allowing biomass and coal to mix inside the boiler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_35\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"590\"]<img class=\"wp-image-35 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-6.png\" alt=\"Figure 6 – Rex Lumber Biomass Facility, Englishtown, NJ. (Source: NJ Office of Clean Energy).\" width=\"590\" height=\"522\" /> Figure 6 – Rex Lumber Biomass Facility, Englishtown, NJ. (Source: NJ Office of Clean Energy).[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p>Geothermal: <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/success_stories/ACUA%202006%20Project%20of%20Year%20Award.pdf\">Atlantic County Utilities Authority (ACUA), Atlantic City/Egg Harbor Twp., NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The ACUA’s clean energy initiatives include a geothermal heating and cooling system at its GeoBuilding. The system depends on heating well water through fifty closed-looped wells on a field adjacent to the building. The system extracts heat from the water in the winter and transfers heat to the ground in the summer.</p>\n<p>PV: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Solar Islanding Project, Highland Park, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This report analyzes the power demands and associated functions potentially sustained by three existing solar installations in Highland Park, NJ if converted into solar power islands. The report includes recommendations in language consistent with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) standard for adoption by other municipalities who may already have solar islands.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/MC%20Marketing/NJ%20Case%20study%20-VinelandCopy2%20(2).pdf\">Vineland Solar One, Vineland, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Located on 14 acres at the Landis Sewage Authority (LSA), the Vineland Solar One generation facility includes 13,456 monocrystalline silicon panels that produce up to 5,500 MWh of energy annually. The NJ Office of Clean Energy Solar Renewable Energy Credit (SREC) Program and a Power Purchase Agreement between the Vineland Municipal Electric Utility (VMEU) and Conectiv Energy helped finance this public/private partnership.</p>\n<p>Wind: <a href=\"http://www.acua.com/green-initiatives/renewable-energy/windfarm/\">Jersey Atlantic Wind Farm, Atlantic City, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jersey-Atlantic Wind Farm, a community-scale wind turbine installation, includes five, 380-foot turbines, producing a combined 7.5 megawatts of power. The wind turbines and on-site solar installation power the wastewater treatment plant, with surplus energy sent to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL.<em> “</em>Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices.”</a></p>\n<p>This study looks at several case studies of Built Environment Wind Turbines (BEWTs), documenting mixed-results in the BEWT industry. Main obstacles cited include, 1) insufficient and not well-defined project feasibility and planning processes, 2) high-cost projects related to additional expenses for installation and operations in the built environment, 3) a lack of certified manufacturers for ongoing service and parts, and 4) over-estimated project performance due to the complexity of conducting accurate resource and production assessments in the built environment. BEWT projects with the best outcomes had well developed and quantified project goals that included energy production as well as educational and sustainability marketing goals. These projects also conducted thorough feasibility investigations, used certified HAWTs with a proven track record, and were installed on tall buildings relative to surrounding obstacles.</p>\n<p>Solar Thermal: <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/06/f32/solar-water-heating-case.pdf\">Solar Water Heating in Multifamily Building, Greenfield, MA.</a></p>\n<p>The Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB), a US DOE Building America team, installed a solar domestic hot water (SDHW) system (372 ft2 evacuated tub, 330 gallons storage) as part a major renovation project that converted an old school building into 12 high-performance apartments.</p>\n<p>Biomass: <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180201005621/http://www.biomasscenter.org:80/resource-library/case-studies\">Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC)</a></p>\n<p>With funding from the US DOE, the Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC) developed a series of 55 case studies illustrating the design and operational experiences of various community-scale facilities, including businesses, campuses, community buildings, schools, housing and government facilities, that employ biomass systems in the US, Canada, Europe, and Scandinavia.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/casestudy07_rex_lumber.pdf\">The Rex Lumber Company, Englishtown, NJ. </a></p>\n<p>The Rex Lumber Company, with a rebate for nearly 50% from the NJ Clean Energy Program, replaced a natural gas system with a wood-waste boiler biomass system to heat its kilns.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating on-site renewable energy systems reduces greenhouse gas emissions, protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits as detailed below.</p>\n<p>B<em>iomass</em> energy systems turn waste into resources, provide a renewable source of electricity and reduce the use of and dependency on fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing fuel supply security. Biomass powered CHP systems have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> Biomass reduces waste management costs like tipping fees while promoting local business and farming. Replacing up to 20% of fossil fuel such as coal with bio-fuel also reduces nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide emissions. Capturing methane, a gas emitted by the decomposition of waste 28-36 times stronger than carbon dioxide, reduces emissions of a significant greenhouse gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p><em>Geothermal pumps</em> have a higher efficiency than air pumps and produce less noise pollution as most of the moving parts are underground. Depending on the cost and type of fuel, heating with geothermal pumps can cost 25-50% less than that of conventional heating.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> Compared to air-source heat pumps, geothermal pumps last longer, require less maintenance and do not depend on outside air temperatures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></p>\n<p>The modularity of <em>PV systems</em> allows great flexibility in applying this technology to buildings. Solar PV can help manage peak demand and lower utility rates, while also providing shade and urban heat island reduction benefits.</p>\n<p><em>Solar thermal systems</em> reduce water consumption as well as the consumption of consumable, non-renewable, and often non-domestic energy sources such as natural gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a></p>\n<p><em>Wind power</em> reduces dependence on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a> Generating power from wind reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promotes the renewable energy industry in New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p><em>Geothermal </em>– The capital cost of geothermal systems average $7, 000.00 per ton including the bore field.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn23\" name=\"_ednref23\">[23]</a> Highly site-specific, well field costs can quickly add tens of thousands of dollars to overall system cost. Life-cycle costs can deliver a relatively quick payback beginning at 5 years, based on significant heating cost savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn24\" name=\"_ednref24\">[24]</a> Annual energy savings can vary from 25% to 50%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn25\" name=\"_ednref25\">[25]</a> Also, maintenance and upkeep cost less than traditional types of heating and cooling equipment.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Incremental cost (e.g., the cost of the green technology minus the cost of conventional technology) is around $3,957/ton.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn26\" name=\"_ednref26\">[26]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>Annual cost savings (e.g., annual kWh saved * $0.14/kWh [the price of electricity])</li>\n<li>According to US DOE Energy Savers, using GHPs reduce electricity consumption by 25-50%.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Scenario:</u> Consider a 20,000 SF commercial building using 50,000<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn27\" name=\"_ednref27\">[27]</a> btu/SF over five years.</p>\n<p>In <em>one</em> year:     50,000btu/SF ÷ 5 years = 10,000 btu</p>\n<p>10,000 btu/SF * 20,000 SF = 200,000,000 btu</p>\n<p>200,000,000 btu * (2.93×10<sup>-4 </sup>kWh/1 btu) = <strong>58,614kWh consumed</strong>.</p>\n<p>A reduction in electricity consumption of 50% means a savings of <strong>29,307 kWh</strong>, or:</p>\n<p><strong>29,307 kWh</strong> * $0.14/kWh = <strong>$ 4,102.98</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Payback (Capital Costs or Incremental Costs / annual cost savings)<br />Incremental Cost = $3,957</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Annual Cost Saving =             $4,102.98</p>\n<p>$3,957/$4,102.98 =                 0.96</p>\n<p>It will take <strong>less than one year </strong>to achieve a return on the investment in a geothermal heat pump.</p>\n<p><em>Photovoltaic</em> – PV systems have medium to high first costs, but like geothermal systems, have a quick payback, facilitated by various incentives and renewable energy credits. The New Jersey Office of Clean Energy Solar Renewable Energy Certificate (SREC) program provides renewable energy credits (RECs) during the first 15 years of the system’s life. Credits accumulate whenever a solar installation generates 1000 kWh of electricity. Prices for SREC credits sold through the SREC tracking system vary due to supply and demand.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn28\" name=\"_ednref28\">[28]</a> System costs vary depending on type of panel used, roof type, and size of the system. In New Jersey, a commercial system typically cost between $3 and $5 a Watt, including installation. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn29\" name=\"_ednref29\">[29]</a> Recent SREC pricing information can be found here: <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/project-activity-reports/srec-pricing/srec-pricing\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/project-activity-reports/srec-pricing/srec-pricing</a></p>\n<p><em>Small Wind </em>– Small wind installations cost about $800 to $1100 per kilowatt of generating capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn30\" name=\"_ednref30\">[30]</a> The price of a system varies depending on the size and details of the service agreement. Depending on the strength of the wind resource and the cost of the system, the typical paybacks range from 6-15 years.</p>\n<p><em>Solar Thermal –</em> The average price of solar thermal collector equipment varies depending on the type (low, medium, high temperature) and ranges from $1.94-$25.32 per square foot, averaging $7.01 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn31\" name=\"_ednref31\">[31]</a> The cost table below compares the average cost of solar thermal to conventional energy sources for 2017.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>New Jersey</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>Electricity</strong></td>\n<td width=\"120\"><strong>Natural Gas</strong></td>\n<td width=\"114\"><strong>Solar thermal</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>Average Cost per kilowatt-hour in commercial and industrial sectors:</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\">10.16-12.31¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn32\" name=\"_ednref32\">[32]</a></td>\n<td width=\"120\">9.05¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn33\" name=\"_ednref33\">[33]</a></td>\n<td width=\"114\">9.2-12¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn34\" name=\"_ednref34\">[34]</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p><em>Biomass –</em> The economics of biomass power generation depends on the availability of a predictable, local, sustainably-sourced, low-cost and long-term feedstock supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn35\" name=\"_ednref35\">[35]</a> Differences in feedstock chemical composition impact the cost of the feedstock. For example, waste produced due to industrial processes can have a zero or even negative cost by avoiding waste disposal charges. Likewise, prices for dedicated energy crops can spike due to low productivity and high transportation costs. Lower cost options may include agricultural, and forestry residues collected and transported over short distances or available locally as a by-product.</p>\n<p>The wide range of bioenergy-fired power generation technologies translates into a broad range of installed costs. For example, installation costs for biomass heating plants average between $500 to $1500 per kW-thermal of installed heating rate capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn36\" name=\"_ednref36\">[36]</a> Installation for small-scale biomass electric plants typically cost between $3,000 to $4,000 per kW.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn37\" name=\"_ednref37\">[37]</a></p>\n<p>Fixed operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) costs, such as labor, scheduled maintenance, routine component or equipment replacement, and insurance for bioenergy power plants typically range from 2-6% of total installed costs per year, while variable O&amp;M costs average 0.005/KWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn38\" name=\"_ednref38\">[38]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_376\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"992\"]<img class=\"wp-image-376 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-7.png\" alt=\"Biomass Co-firing Capital Costs Source: NREL\" width=\"992\" height=\"506\" /> Source: NREL[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site renewable energy systems promote resiliency in many ways. They tend to rely on site-based “fuel” and may island or operate independently from the power grid (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV, Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>). For example, solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems with battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, while also providing a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs. By providing localized power generation, islandable PV systems increase energy efficiency by reducing transmission and distribution losses typical of centralized grid systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn39\" name=\"_ednref39\">[39]</a> Unlike diesel and fossil-fueled generators, typically used only during emergencies, islandable PV systems with battery storage provide value throughout the year, do not require regular maintenance or refueling, and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn40\" name=\"_ednref40\">[40]</a> Some systems provide additional protection from flooding events, based on elevated installations, such as PV roof or pole-mounted systems.</p>\n<p>For recommendations on how to incorporate solar islanding capabilities into existing facilities, see the <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a>.</p>\n<p><em>Biomass</em> offers several resiliency benefits including the ability to stockpile fuel for emergencies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn41\" name=\"_ednref41\">[41]</a> Plans to recover, segregate, and process biomass fuel locally makes downed biomass from fallen trees and vegetation caused by storms and natural disasters a cost-saving resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn42\" name=\"_ednref42\">[42]</a> Making use of downed biomass also frees up time and money for other recovery efforts, while at the same time providing short to long-term backup power for critical infrastructure and emergency services.</p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems with off-grid or islanding capabilities and thermal energy storage provide enhanced energy independence, security, and reliability in the event of natural disasters and security threats while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Battery Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn43\" name=\"_ednref43\">[43]</a> Biomass-fired CHP systems promote the renewable energy industry in New Jersey by utilizing renewable sources of fuel, providing backup power and balancing the supply and demand of electricity from variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn44\" name=\"_ednref44\">[44]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, biomass-fired CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids and the broader smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources and energy storage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Eiffert Ph. D, Patrina and Gregory J. Kiss. NREL. Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Designs for Commercial and Institutional Structures: A Sourcebook for Architects.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf\">www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf</a> (accessed  April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. Renewable Energy: Programs: <em>SREC Registration Program. </em><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US DOE  “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a>  US DOE. “Guide to Geothermal Heat Pumps” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Heat Pumps, Geothermal for Consumers.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE. “Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a>American Wind Energy Association.  “Wind 101: Wind Energy Basics.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180903090547/http://www.awea.org:80/wind-power-101\">https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Jason Fields, Frank Oteri, Robert Press, and Ian Baring-Gould (2016) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> J. Smith, T. Forsyth, K. Sinclair, and F. Oteri. (2015) NREL. Built-Environment Wind Turbine Roadmap. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> US DOE. Solar Water Heaters. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Biomass to Heat. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. “Biopower.” <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> US EIA “Biomass for Electricity Generation.” 2002. <a href=\"http://www2.et.byu.edu/~tom/classes/733/Biomass/Biomass%20for%20electricity%20generation.pdf\">http://www2.et.byu.edu/~tom/classes/733/Biomass/Biomass%20for%20electricity%20generation.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas\">https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> US DOE. Energy Savers: Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pumps. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> US DOE | EERE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> Denholm, P. 2007. “The Technical Potential of Solar Water Heating to Reduce Fossil Fuel Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United States.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO.   <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> McCollum, David, and Christopher Yang. 2009. “Achieving deep reductions in US transport greenhouse gas emissions: Scenario analysis and policy implications.” Energy Policy 37: 5580-5596.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref23\" name=\"_edn23\">[23]</a> Rutgers University Facilities Department – Based on estimates received for new buildings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref24\" name=\"_edn24\">[24]</a> US DOE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref25\" name=\"_edn25\">[25]</a> US DOE. Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump System. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref26\" name=\"_edn26\">[26]</a> NEEP. “Mid-Atlantic Technical Reference Manual Version 7.” <a href=\"http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf\">http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref27\" name=\"_edn27\">[27]</a> US DOE | EERE. Planning, Budget &amp; Analysis: Commercial Buildings Total Energy Consumption. April 2008. <a href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/intensityindicators/total_commercial.html\">http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/intensityindicators/total_commercial.html</a><em> Assume an average of 50k btu for all sectors.</em> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref28\" name=\"_edn28\">[28]</a> NJ OCE. SREC Registration Program. <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref29\" name=\"_edn29\">[29]</a> NJ OCE. NJCEP Solar Project data</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref30\" name=\"_edn30\">[30]</a> US DOE. 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref31\" name=\"_edn31\">[31]</a> US DOE | EIA. Form EIA-63A, “Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey.” From table 2.12 at <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/\">https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref32\" name=\"_edn32\">[32]</a> US DOE | EIA.   “Electricity Data Browser.”   <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin\">https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref33\" name=\"_edn33\">[33]</a> US DOE | EIA. “Natural Gas Prices.” 2017 Available for Commercial only <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm\">https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref34\" name=\"_edn34\">[34]</a> NREL. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/68925.pdf\">The U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmark: Q1 2017</a>. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html</a>   (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref35\" name=\"_edn35\">[35]</a> International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref36\" name=\"_edn36\">[36]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref37\" name=\"_edn37\">[37]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Electricity. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref38\" name=\"_edn38\">[38]</a> IREA. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref39\" name=\"_edn39\">[39]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref40\" name=\"_edn40\">[40]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref41\" name=\"_edn41\">[41]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref42\" name=\"_edn42\">[42]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref43\" name=\"_edn43\">[43]</a> Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG). Benefits of Biomass.  <a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref44\" name=\"_edn44\">[44]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/\">Roof Replacements and Upgrades</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org\">Database of State Incentives for Renewables &amp; Efficiency (DSIRE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">ENERGY STAR Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org\">International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ Clean Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">Commercial, Industrial and Local Government Programs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/home/home\">Renewable Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/tools-and-resources/links/renewable\">Tools and Resources</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy\">Bioenergy Technologies Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-energy-us-department-energy\">Geothermal Technologies Office</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/solar-energy-technologies-office\">Solar Energy Technologies Office</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/wind-energy-technologies-office\">Wind Energy Technologies Office</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program (FEMA)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">Biomass for Heat</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/building-integrated-photovoltaics-bipv\">Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/solar-water-heating\">Solar Water Heating</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">Wind Technology</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Tools </strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wunderground.com/calculators/solar.html?MR=1\">Weather Underground Tool: calculates potential electricity generated from your system</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/files/docs/small_wind_economic_model.xls\">Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC On-Site Renewable Energy Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1992-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:22:58','2022-06-23 19:22:58','',1992,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2695',0,'revision','',0),(2696,3,'2022-06-23 19:23:07','2022-06-23 19:23:07','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Biomass Energy Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is a Biomass Energy System?</strong></h2>\n<p>Biomass energy systems utilize biomass, a renewable resource, to power facility heating, electric power generation, or combined heat and power (CHP) systems (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Biomass sources include organic material such as plant matter, wood, waste wood, residue from agriculture or forestry and organic matter from municipal or industrial waste. Fumes from landfills such as methane, a natural gas, provide biomass for electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_190\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"754\"]<img class=\"wp-image-190 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Biomass-Energy-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Monmouth County’s 1 MW biopower project (Source: NJ Clean Energy).\" width=\"754\" height=\"552\" /> Figure 1 – Monmouth County’s 1 MW biopower project (Source: NJ Clean Energy).[/caption]\n<div id=\"attachment_378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"> </div>\n<p>According to the Rutgers EcoComplex’s Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid waste makes up 72% of biomass. Agriculture and forestry management also produce potential sources of biomass.</li>\n<li>Technologies for converting solid waste to biomass include combustion, gasification and anaerobic digestion.</li>\n<li>The counties of central and northeastern New Jersey contain the largest biomass concentrations.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Biomass Energy Systems  </strong></h2>\n<p>Direct-fired combustion is the most common method of producing heat and electricity from biomass.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Commercial scale facilities typically use woody biomass in the form of whole logs or firewood, wood chips, and wood pellets. Two types of chip-fired direct combustion systems include fixed-bed and atmospheric fluidized-bed systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>A direct combustion system burns biomass to generate hot gas, which provides heat directly or feeds biomass into a boiler to generate hot water or steam. In a boiler system, the steam provides heat for process or space heating. It can also transfer heat to a facility through typical space heating methods. In a combined heat and power system (CHP), the boiler produces steam to run a turbine and power a generator to produce electricity. Excess steam and hot water support heating applications. Combined heat and power (CHP) systems significantly increase overall energy efficiency to approximately 80%, from the standard biomass electricity-only systems with efficiencies of approximately 20%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Cost-effect biomass energy systems utilize both electricity production and thermal energy.</p>\n<p>See <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program: Biopower</a> to find out more about the types of biomass energy systems currently supported in New Jersey. Installing a biomass energy system requires professional expertise. Evaluate the facility’s waste stream to identify opportunities to convert waste into energy.</p>\n<p>See the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">NJ Office of Clean Energy’s Combined Heat and Power Program</a> also offers incentives for CHP systems, with bonus incentives for CHP systems fueled by renewable fuel sources.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180201005621/http://www.biomasscenter.org:80/resource-library/case-studies\">Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC)</a></p>\n<p>With funding from the US DOE, the Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC) developed a series of case studies illustrating the design and operational experiences of various community-scale facilities, including businesses, campuses, community buildings, schools, housing and government facilities, that employ biomass systems in the US, Canada, Europe, and Scandinavia.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/casestudy07_rex_lumber.pdf\">The Rex Lumber Company, Englishtown, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Rex Lumber Company, with a rebate for nearly 50% from the NJ Clean Energy Program, replaced a natural gas system with a wood-waste boiler biomass system to heat its kilns.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using biomass for energy turns waste into resources, provides a renewable source of electricity and reduces the use of and dependency on fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing fuel supply security. Biomass powered CHP technologies have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Biomass reduces waste management costs like tipping fees while promoting local business and farming. Replacing up to 20% of fossil fuel such as coal with bio-fuel also reduces nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide emissions. Capturing methane, a gas emitted by the decomposition of waste 28-36 times stronger than carbon dioxide, reduces emissions of a significant greenhouse gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The economics of biomass power generation depends on the availability of a predictable, local, sustainably-sourced, low-cost and long-term feedstock supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Differences in feedstock chemical composition impact the cost of the feedstock. For example, waste produced due to industrial processes can have a zero or even negative cost by avoiding waste disposal charges. Likewise, prices for dedicated energy crops can spike due to low productivity and high transportation costs. Lower cost options may include agricultural, and forestry residues collected and transported over short distances or available locally as a by-product.</p>\n<p>The wide range of bioenergy-fired power generation technologies translates into a broad range of installed costs. For example, installation costs for biomass heating plants average between $500 to $1500 per kW-thermal of installed heating rate capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Installation for small-scale biomass electric plants typically cost between $3,000 to $4,000 per kW.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Fixed operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) costs, such as labor, scheduled maintenance, routine component or equipment replacement, and insurance for bioenergy power plants typically range from 2-6% of total installed costs per year, while variable O&amp;M costs average 0.005/KWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Biomass offers several resiliency benefits including the ability to stockpile fuel for emergencies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Plans to recover, segregate, and process biomass fuel locally makes downed biomass from fallen trees and vegetation caused by storms and natural disasters a cost-saving resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Making use of downed biomass also frees up time and money for other recovery efforts, while at the same time providing short to long-term backup power for critical infrastructure and emergency services.</p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems with off-grid or islanding capabilities and thermal energy storage provide enhanced energy independence, security, and reliability in the event of natural disasters and security threats while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Battery Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Biomass-fired CHP systems promote the renewable energy industry in New Jersey by utilizing renewable sources of fuel, providing backup power and balancing the supply and demand of electricity from variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, biomass-fired CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids and the broader smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources and energy storage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Biomass to Heat. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. “Biopower.” <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers EcoComplex: Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey. Version 2.0 Updated July 2015. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190911083449/http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu:80/biomass-energy-potential/\">http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> WBDG: Biomass for Electricity Production <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas\">https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Electricity. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> IREA. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG). Benefits of Biomass.  <a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20150906113629/http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/default.asp\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experimental Station – Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">Federal Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG</a>)</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org/\">International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA)</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.iea.org/\">International Energy Agency (IEA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/renewable-energy-incentive-program/for-customers\">NJ Clean Energy: Getting Started</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program – Biopower</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program – CHP</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/\">Sustainable Energy Working Group</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy\">Bioenergy Technologies Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://bioenergykdf.net/\">Bioenergy Knowledge Discovery Framework (KDF)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">Biomass for Electricity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">Biomass for Heat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Biomass Energy Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1468-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:23:07','2022-06-23 19:23:07','',1468,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2696',0,'revision','',0),(2697,3,'2022-06-23 19:23:14','2022-06-23 19:23:14','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Biomass Energy Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is a Biomass Energy System?</strong></h2>\n<p>Biomass energy systems utilize biomass, a renewable resource, to power facility heating, electric power generation, or combined heat and power (CHP) systems (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Biomass sources include organic material such as plant matter, wood, waste wood, residue from agriculture or forestry and organic matter from municipal or industrial waste. Fumes from landfills such as methane, a natural gas, provide biomass for electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_190\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"754\"]<img class=\"wp-image-190 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Biomass-Energy-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Monmouth County’s 1 MW biopower project (Source: NJ Clean Energy).\" width=\"754\" height=\"552\" /> Figure 1 – Monmouth County’s 1 MW biopower project (Source: NJ Clean Energy).[/caption]\n<div id=\"attachment_378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"> </div>\n<p>According to the Rutgers EcoComplex’s Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid waste makes up 72% of biomass. Agriculture and forestry management also produce potential sources of biomass.</li>\n<li>Technologies for converting solid waste to biomass include combustion, gasification and anaerobic digestion.</li>\n<li>The counties of central and northeastern New Jersey contain the largest biomass concentrations.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Biomass Energy Systems  </strong></h2>\n<p>Direct-fired combustion is the most common method of producing heat and electricity from biomass.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Commercial scale facilities typically use woody biomass in the form of whole logs or firewood, wood chips, and wood pellets. Two types of chip-fired direct combustion systems include fixed-bed and atmospheric fluidized-bed systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>A direct combustion system burns biomass to generate hot gas, which provides heat directly or feeds biomass into a boiler to generate hot water or steam. In a boiler system, the steam provides heat for process or space heating. It can also transfer heat to a facility through typical space heating methods. In a combined heat and power system (CHP), the boiler produces steam to run a turbine and power a generator to produce electricity. Excess steam and hot water support heating applications. Combined heat and power (CHP) systems significantly increase overall energy efficiency to approximately 80%, from the standard biomass electricity-only systems with efficiencies of approximately 20%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Cost-effect biomass energy systems utilize both electricity production and thermal energy.</p>\n<p>See <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program: Biopower</a> to find out more about the types of biomass energy systems currently supported in New Jersey. Installing a biomass energy system requires professional expertise. Evaluate the facility’s waste stream to identify opportunities to convert waste into energy.</p>\n<p>See the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">NJ Office of Clean Energy’s Combined Heat and Power Program</a> also offers incentives for CHP systems, with bonus incentives for CHP systems fueled by renewable fuel sources.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180201005621/http://www.biomasscenter.org:80/resource-library/case-studies\">Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC)</a></p>\n<p>With funding from the US DOE, the Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC) developed a series of case studies illustrating the design and operational experiences of various community-scale facilities, including businesses, campuses, community buildings, schools, housing and government facilities, that employ biomass systems in the US, Canada, Europe, and Scandinavia.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/casestudy07_rex_lumber.pdf\">The Rex Lumber Company, Englishtown, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Rex Lumber Company, with a rebate for nearly 50% from the NJ Clean Energy Program, replaced a natural gas system with a wood-waste boiler biomass system to heat its kilns.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using biomass for energy turns waste into resources, provides a renewable source of electricity and reduces the use of and dependency on fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing fuel supply security. Biomass powered CHP technologies have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Biomass reduces waste management costs like tipping fees while promoting local business and farming. Replacing up to 20% of fossil fuel such as coal with bio-fuel also reduces nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide emissions. Capturing methane, a gas emitted by the decomposition of waste 28-36 times stronger than carbon dioxide, reduces emissions of a significant greenhouse gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The economics of biomass power generation depends on the availability of a predictable, local, sustainably-sourced, low-cost and long-term feedstock supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Differences in feedstock chemical composition impact the cost of the feedstock. For example, waste produced due to industrial processes can have a zero or even negative cost by avoiding waste disposal charges. Likewise, prices for dedicated energy crops can spike due to low productivity and high transportation costs. Lower cost options may include agricultural, and forestry residues collected and transported over short distances or available locally as a by-product.</p>\n<p>The wide range of bioenergy-fired power generation technologies translates into a broad range of installed costs. For example, installation costs for biomass heating plants average between $500 to $1500 per kW-thermal of installed heating rate capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Installation for small-scale biomass electric plants typically cost between $3,000 to $4,000 per kW.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Fixed operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) costs, such as labor, scheduled maintenance, routine component or equipment replacement, and insurance for bioenergy power plants typically range from 2-6% of total installed costs per year, while variable O&amp;M costs average 0.005/KWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Biomass offers several resiliency benefits including the ability to stockpile fuel for emergencies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Plans to recover, segregate, and process biomass fuel locally makes downed biomass from fallen trees and vegetation caused by storms and natural disasters a cost-saving resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Making use of downed biomass also frees up time and money for other recovery efforts, while at the same time providing short to long-term backup power for critical infrastructure and emergency services.</p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems with off-grid or islanding capabilities and thermal energy storage provide enhanced energy independence, security, and reliability in the event of natural disasters and security threats while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Battery Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Biomass-fired CHP systems promote the renewable energy industry in New Jersey by utilizing renewable sources of fuel, providing backup power and balancing the supply and demand of electricity from variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, biomass-fired CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids and the broader smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources and energy storage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Biomass to Heat. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. “Biopower.” <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers EcoComplex: Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey. Version 2.0 Updated July 2015. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190911083449/http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu:80/biomass-energy-potential/\">http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> WBDG: Biomass for Electricity Production <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas\">https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Electricity. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> IREA. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG). Benefits of Biomass.  <a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20150906113629/http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/default.asp\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experimental Station – Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">Federal Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG</a>)</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org/\">International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA)</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.iea.org/\">International Energy Agency (IEA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/renewable-energy-incentive-program/for-customers\">NJ Clean Energy: Getting Started</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program – Biopower</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program – CHP</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20220126174750/http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/\">Sustainable Energy Working Group</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy\">Bioenergy Technologies Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://bioenergykdf.net/\">Bioenergy Knowledge Discovery Framework (KDF)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">Biomass for Electricity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">Biomass for Heat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Biomass Energy Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1468-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:23:14','2022-06-23 19:23:14','',1468,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2697',0,'revision','',0),(2698,3,'2022-06-23 19:25:08','2022-06-23 19:25:08','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Geothermal Heat Pumps\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Geothermal Heat Pumps?</strong></h2>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), also known as ground source heat pumps or geo-exchange systems, use the constant temperature (45°F- 75°F) of the earth to cool buildings in the summer and warm them in the winter. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Geothermal technology consists of open-loop or closed-loop systems. Open-loop systems draw water from a well or a surface water body to circulate as a heat exchange fluid through the system and then returns the water to the ground through a well or surface discharge.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Closed-loop systems, configured as horizontal, vertical, or pond/lake systems, use a non-toxic antifreeze solution as the heat exchanger.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Some GHPs have wells drilled vertically deep underground and can fit into space constricted areas, while others have horizontal loops a shorter distance below ground that require adequate space or land.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_356\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1378\"]<img class=\"wp-image-356 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Geothermal-Heat-Pumps-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Summer and Winter scenarios of GHPs (Source: NYSERDA)\" width=\"1378\" height=\"612\" /> Figure 1- Summer and Winter scenarios of GHPs (Source: NYSERDA)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Geothermal Heat Pumps</strong></h2>\n<p>The practicality of a geothermal heat pump for a specific project increases when considered early in the planning stages of the site and building design. Renewable energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> For example, site assessments include analysis of geology, hydrology, and land availability to determine whether to install vertical or horizontal ground loops and opportunities to utilize local water bodies. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Look for ENERGY STAR qualified geothermal heat pumps that use about 45% less energy than a standard heat pump.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Find qualified installers through your local utility company, the <a href=\"https://igshpa.org/business-directory\">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association,</a> or the <a href=\"https://www.geoexchange.org/directory/\">Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium</a>.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/success_stories/ACUA%202006%20Project%20of%20Year%20Award.pdf\">Atlantic County Utilities Authority (ACUA), Atlantic City and Egg Harbor Township, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The ACUA’s clean energy initiatives include a geothermal heating and cooling system at its GeoBuilding. The system depends on heating well water through fifty closed-looped wells on a field adjacent to the building. The system extracts heat from the water in the winter and transfers heat to the ground in the summer.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/Montclair_SS.pdf\">Township of Montclair Clean Energy Municipality, Montclair, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Rand School, serving grades K-5, in Montclair, NJ uses a geothermal heating and cooling system. A pump house manages the heat supplied from deep in the ground. The geothermal system heats and cools the building by utilizing liquid-filled tubes, cooled to 54 degrees Fahrenheit (cave temperature.)</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating a geothermal system reduces greenhouse gas emissions, protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. Geothermal pumps have a higher efficiency than air pumps and produce less noise pollution as most of the moving parts are underground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Depending on the cost and type of fuel, heating with geothermal pumps can cost 25-50% less than that of conventional heating.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Compared to air-source heat pumps, geothermal pumps last longer, require less maintenance and do not depend on outside air temperatures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The capital cost of geothermal systems averages $7, 000.00 per ton including the bore field.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Highly site-specific, well field costs can quickly add tens of thousands of dollars to overall system cost. Life-cycle costs can deliver a relatively quick payback beginning at 5 years, based on significant heating cost savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Annual energy savings can vary from 25% to 50%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Also, maintenance and upkeep cost less than traditional types of heating and cooling equipment.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Incremental cost (e.g., the cost of the green technology minus the cost of conventional technology) is around $3,957/ton.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>Annual cost savings (e.g., annual kWh saved * $0.14/kWh [the price of electricity])</li>\n<li>According to US DOE Energy Savers, using GHPs reduce electricity consumption by 25-50%.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Scenario:</u> Consider a 20,000 SF commercial building using 50,000<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> btu/SF over five years.</p>\n<p>In <em>one</em> year:</p>\n<p>50,000btu/SF ÷ 5 years = 10,000 btu</p>\n<p>10,000 btu/SF * 20,000 SF = 200,000,000 btu</p>\n<p>200,000,000 btu * (2.93×10<sup>-4 </sup>kWh/1 btu) = <strong>58,614kWh consumed</strong>.</p>\n<p>A reduction in electricity consumption of 50% means a savings of <strong>29,307 kWh</strong>, or:</p>\n<p><strong>29,307 kWh</strong> * $0.14/kWh = <strong>$ 4,102.98</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Payback (Capital Costs or Incremental Costs / annual cost savings)<br />Incremental Cost = $3,957</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Annual Cost Saving =             $4,102.98</p>\n<p>$3,957/$4,102.98 =                 0.96</p>\n<p>It will take <strong>less than one year </strong>to achieve a return on the investment in a geothermal heat pump.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps increase grid resiliency by helping to diversify sources of clean and renewable energy and by providing a consistent and energy-efficient source of renewable energy to supply the grid in the absence of wind or solar. Geothermal heat pumps with thermal energy storage can operate off the grid and supply energy to emergency services and infrastructure during power outages.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US DOE  “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US DOE “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a>  US DOE. “Guide to Geothermal Heat Pumps” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Heat Pumps, Geothermal for Consumers.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US DOE. Energy Savers: Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pumps. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> US DOE | EERE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Rutgers University Facilities Department – Based on estimates received for new buildings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US DOE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> US DOE. Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump System. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> NEEP. “Mid-Atlantic Technical Reference Manual Version 7.” <a href=\"http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf\">http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US DOE | EERE. Planning, Budget &amp; Analysis: Commercial Buildings Total Energy Consumption. April 2008. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/analysis/energy-intensity-indicators\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/analysis/energy-intensity-indicators</a><em> Assume an average of 50k btu for all sectors.</em> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://geoexchange.us/\">Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.geothermal.org/index.html\">Geothermal Resource Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://igshpa.org/\">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ’s Clean Energy Program</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/heat-pumps#COOLAdvanage_rebate_table\"><em>COOL</em>Advantage Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/tools-and-resources/equipment-incentives/equi\">C&amp;I Equipment Incentives</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">Geothermal Heat Pump Introduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Geothermal Technologies Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>National Resources</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/rhc/geothermal-heating-and-cooling-technologies\">US EPA – Geothermal Heating and Cooling Technologies</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/c1249/\">USGS Geothermal Energy—Clean Power from the Earth’s Heat</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Whole Building Design Guide – Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Geothermal Heat Pumps','','inherit','closed','closed','','1476-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:25:08','2022-06-23 19:25:08','',1476,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2698',0,'revision','',0),(2699,3,'2022-06-23 19:25:09','2022-06-23 19:25:09','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"On-Site Renewable Energy Systems\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are On-Site Renewable Energy Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Renewable energy refers to energy produced from a fuel that regenerates or does not deplete natural resources. On-site renewable energy systems for existing commercial buildings include solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass. Electricity, heating, cooling, and other applications, including multi-purpose components can utilize renewable technologies. For example, installing solar photovoltaic (PV) panels on parking structures provides shading to cars and comfort to their occupants, while providing clean electricity.</p>\n<p>Many locations – building and/or site — can use on-site renewable energy systems. The practicality of most renewable energy systems or combination of systems for a specific construction project increases when considered early in the planning stages of the site and building design, although retrofits also may be advantageous as illustrated in Figure 1.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_120\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"494\"]<img class=\"wp-image-120 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewable-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Fire Station Solar Array, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green) Building).\" width=\"494\" height=\"500\" /> Figure 1 – Fire Station Solar Array, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green) Building).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Implementation of Renewable Energy Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Renewable energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>On-Site Renewable Energy Systems and Geothermal Systems</strong></h2>\n<p><u>Photovoltaics (PV) </u></p>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems refer to the use of renewable solar energy to create electricity. PV cells placed together in a module are grouped together electrically to form an array. Arrays of PVs applied to surfaces, such as a roof, capture light energy from the sun and produce electricity. The flexibility of installing this on-site renewable energy system makes it a suitable option for existing buildings. A specific PV system known as <em>Building-Integrated Photovoltaic </em>(BIPV)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> uses PV technology and applies it to building materials, serving multifunctional purposes. For example, a BIPV skylight not only captures energy, generating electricity for a building, but also provides daylighting (see <em>Daylighting</em>). Another strategy incorporates PV technology into an exterior wall for decorative purposes as well as collecting energy.</p>\n<p>New Jersey has one of the fastest growing markets in PV technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The availability of PV combined with available incentives facilitates the design and installation of PV systems in New Jersey. While projects can tailor PV systems to meet the needs of a particular site and building, south facing surfaces not shaded by nearby trees, buildings, and structures provide the best results. If possible, orient collectors at the angle of the location’s latitude (in New Jersey, this is approximately 40°N).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_453\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"606\"]<img class=\"wp-image-453 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Borough Hall, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"606\" height=\"380\" /> Figure 2 – Borough Hall, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]<p><u>Geothermal</u></p>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), also known as ground source heat pumps or geo-exchange systems, take advantage of the Earth’s relatively constant temperature (45°F- 75°F),<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> cooling buildings in the summer and warming them in the winter. Some geothermal systems have wells drilled vertically deep underground, while others have horizontal loops a shorter distance below ground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> ENERGY STAR qualified geothermal heat pumps use about 45% less energy than a standard heat pump.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Underground piping carries warranties of 25–50 years, heat pumps often last 20 years or more.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_538\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"678\"]<img class=\"wp-image-538 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)\" width=\"678\" height=\"462\" /> Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)[/caption]<p><u>Wind Power<br /></u></p>\n<p>Wind systems provide renewable energy in areas with sufficient wind speed. Prime locations for harvesting wind energy in New Jersey are along the shore. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>The two main types of wind turbines include horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT), the most common, and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Initially designed to be mounted on high poles in open or rural areas, small wind turbines (SWTs) include systems that are 100 kilowatts (kW) or less. Built-environment wind turbines (BEWT) refer to projects constructed on, in, or near buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> The highly turbulent and variable wind directions often found in the built environment make VAWTs a viable option as VAWTs do not need to orient into the wind to generate power.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> VAWTs come in two different design types: the Savonius design, which generates power through drag, and the Darrieus, which generates power through an aerodynamic lift.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_257\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"657\"]<img class=\"wp-image-257 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-4-e1553682158787.png\" alt=\"Figure 4. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).\" width=\"657\" height=\"604\" /> Figure 4. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).[/caption]<p><u>Solar Thermal</u></p>\n<p>Solar thermal, whether passive or active, utilizes solar power to heat water for domestic or process uses. Solar thermal water heating systems use tanks and solar collectors. Active water systems also use pumps and controls.  Three common types of solar collectors include flat-plate collectors, integral collectors, and evacuated tube collectors. Flat-plate collectors consist of insulated and weatherproof boxes with a dark absorber plate under glass or plastic covers that heats water. Integral collectors use the same system as a flat-plate collector, but the water continues on to a traditional hot water tank, ensuring a consistent supply of hot water. Evacuated tube collectors consist of rows of transparent tubes that allow water to pass through and heat quickly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_122\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"612\"]<img class=\"wp-image-122 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-5.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)\" width=\"612\" height=\"554\" /> Figure 5 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)[/caption]<p><u>Biomass</u></p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems utilize biomass, a renewable resource, to power facility heating, electric power generation, or combined heat and power (CHP) systems (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Biomass sources include organic material such as plant matter, wood, waste wood, residue from agriculture or forestry and organic matter from municipal or industrial waste. Fumes from landfills such as methane, a natural gas, provide biomass for electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>In addition to purely biomass-powered electricity generation, consider biomass co-firing, applicable to commercial buildings that already have coal-fired boilers. Coal-fired boilers can handle a pre-mixed combination of coal and biomass. Alternatively, retrofit existing coal-fired boilers with a separate feed system for the biomass allowing biomass and coal to mix inside the boiler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_35\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"590\"]<img class=\"wp-image-35 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-6.png\" alt=\"Figure 6 – Rex Lumber Biomass Facility, Englishtown, NJ. (Source: NJ Office of Clean Energy).\" width=\"590\" height=\"522\" /> Figure 6 – Rex Lumber Biomass Facility, Englishtown, NJ. (Source: NJ Office of Clean Energy).[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p>Geothermal: <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/success_stories/ACUA%202006%20Project%20of%20Year%20Award.pdf\">Atlantic County Utilities Authority (ACUA), Atlantic City/Egg Harbor Twp., NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The ACUA’s clean energy initiatives include a geothermal heating and cooling system at its GeoBuilding. The system depends on heating well water through fifty closed-looped wells on a field adjacent to the building. The system extracts heat from the water in the winter and transfers heat to the ground in the summer.</p>\n<p>PV: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Solar Islanding Project, Highland Park, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This report analyzes the power demands and associated functions potentially sustained by three existing solar installations in Highland Park, NJ if converted into solar power islands. The report includes recommendations in language consistent with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) standard for adoption by other municipalities who may already have solar islands.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/MC%20Marketing/NJ%20Case%20study%20-VinelandCopy2%20(2).pdf\">Vineland Solar One, Vineland, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Located on 14 acres at the Landis Sewage Authority (LSA), the Vineland Solar One generation facility includes 13,456 monocrystalline silicon panels that produce up to 5,500 MWh of energy annually. The NJ Office of Clean Energy Solar Renewable Energy Credit (SREC) Program and a Power Purchase Agreement between the Vineland Municipal Electric Utility (VMEU) and Conectiv Energy helped finance this public/private partnership.</p>\n<p>Wind: <a href=\"http://www.acua.com/green-initiatives/renewable-energy/windfarm/\">Jersey Atlantic Wind Farm, Atlantic City, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jersey-Atlantic Wind Farm, a community-scale wind turbine installation, includes five, 380-foot turbines, producing a combined 7.5 megawatts of power. The wind turbines and on-site solar installation power the wastewater treatment plant, with surplus energy sent to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL.<em> “</em>Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices.”</a></p>\n<p>This study looks at several case studies of Built Environment Wind Turbines (BEWTs), documenting mixed-results in the BEWT industry. Main obstacles cited include, 1) insufficient and not well-defined project feasibility and planning processes, 2) high-cost projects related to additional expenses for installation and operations in the built environment, 3) a lack of certified manufacturers for ongoing service and parts, and 4) over-estimated project performance due to the complexity of conducting accurate resource and production assessments in the built environment. BEWT projects with the best outcomes had well developed and quantified project goals that included energy production as well as educational and sustainability marketing goals. These projects also conducted thorough feasibility investigations, used certified HAWTs with a proven track record, and were installed on tall buildings relative to surrounding obstacles.</p>\n<p>Solar Thermal: <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/06/f32/solar-water-heating-case.pdf\">Solar Water Heating in Multifamily Building, Greenfield, MA.</a></p>\n<p>The Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB), a US DOE Building America team, installed a solar domestic hot water (SDHW) system (372 ft2 evacuated tub, 330 gallons storage) as part a major renovation project that converted an old school building into 12 high-performance apartments.</p>\n<p>Biomass: <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180201005621/http://www.biomasscenter.org:80/resource-library/case-studies\">Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC)</a></p>\n<p>With funding from the US DOE, the Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC) developed a series of 55 case studies illustrating the design and operational experiences of various community-scale facilities, including businesses, campuses, community buildings, schools, housing and government facilities, that employ biomass systems in the US, Canada, Europe, and Scandinavia.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/casestudy07_rex_lumber.pdf\">The Rex Lumber Company, Englishtown, NJ. </a></p>\n<p>The Rex Lumber Company, with a rebate for nearly 50% from the NJ Clean Energy Program, replaced a natural gas system with a wood-waste boiler biomass system to heat its kilns.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating on-site renewable energy systems reduces greenhouse gas emissions, protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits as detailed below.</p>\n<p>B<em>iomass</em> energy systems turn waste into resources, provide a renewable source of electricity and reduce the use of and dependency on fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing fuel supply security. Biomass powered CHP systems have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> Biomass reduces waste management costs like tipping fees while promoting local business and farming. Replacing up to 20% of fossil fuel such as coal with bio-fuel also reduces nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide emissions. Capturing methane, a gas emitted by the decomposition of waste 28-36 times stronger than carbon dioxide, reduces emissions of a significant greenhouse gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p><em>Geothermal pumps</em> have a higher efficiency than air pumps and produce less noise pollution as most of the moving parts are underground. Depending on the cost and type of fuel, heating with geothermal pumps can cost 25-50% less than that of conventional heating.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> Compared to air-source heat pumps, geothermal pumps last longer, require less maintenance and do not depend on outside air temperatures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></p>\n<p>The modularity of <em>PV systems</em> allows great flexibility in applying this technology to buildings. Solar PV can help manage peak demand and lower utility rates, while also providing shade and urban heat island reduction benefits.</p>\n<p><em>Solar thermal systems</em> reduce water consumption as well as the consumption of consumable, non-renewable, and often non-domestic energy sources such as natural gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a></p>\n<p><em>Wind power</em> reduces dependence on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a> Generating power from wind reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promotes the renewable energy industry in New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p><em>Geothermal </em>– The capital cost of geothermal systems average $7, 000.00 per ton including the bore field.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn23\" name=\"_ednref23\">[23]</a> Highly site-specific, well field costs can quickly add tens of thousands of dollars to overall system cost. Life-cycle costs can deliver a relatively quick payback beginning at 5 years, based on significant heating cost savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn24\" name=\"_ednref24\">[24]</a> Annual energy savings can vary from 25% to 50%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn25\" name=\"_ednref25\">[25]</a> Also, maintenance and upkeep cost less than traditional types of heating and cooling equipment.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Incremental cost (e.g., the cost of the green technology minus the cost of conventional technology) is around $3,957/ton.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn26\" name=\"_ednref26\">[26]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>Annual cost savings (e.g., annual kWh saved * $0.14/kWh [the price of electricity])</li>\n<li>According to US DOE Energy Savers, using GHPs reduce electricity consumption by 25-50%.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Scenario:</u> Consider a 20,000 SF commercial building using 50,000<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn27\" name=\"_ednref27\">[27]</a> btu/SF over five years.</p>\n<p>In <em>one</em> year:     50,000btu/SF ÷ 5 years = 10,000 btu</p>\n<p>10,000 btu/SF * 20,000 SF = 200,000,000 btu</p>\n<p>200,000,000 btu * (2.93×10<sup>-4 </sup>kWh/1 btu) = <strong>58,614kWh consumed</strong>.</p>\n<p>A reduction in electricity consumption of 50% means a savings of <strong>29,307 kWh</strong>, or:</p>\n<p><strong>29,307 kWh</strong> * $0.14/kWh = <strong>$ 4,102.98</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Payback (Capital Costs or Incremental Costs / annual cost savings)<br />Incremental Cost = $3,957</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Annual Cost Saving =             $4,102.98</p>\n<p>$3,957/$4,102.98 =                 0.96</p>\n<p>It will take <strong>less than one year </strong>to achieve a return on the investment in a geothermal heat pump.</p>\n<p><em>Photovoltaic</em> – PV systems have medium to high first costs, but like geothermal systems, have a quick payback, facilitated by various incentives and renewable energy credits. The New Jersey Office of Clean Energy Solar Renewable Energy Certificate (SREC) program provides renewable energy credits (RECs) during the first 15 years of the system’s life. Credits accumulate whenever a solar installation generates 1000 kWh of electricity. Prices for SREC credits sold through the SREC tracking system vary due to supply and demand.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn28\" name=\"_ednref28\">[28]</a> System costs vary depending on type of panel used, roof type, and size of the system. In New Jersey, a commercial system typically cost between $3 and $5 a Watt, including installation. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn29\" name=\"_ednref29\">[29]</a> Recent SREC pricing information can be found here: <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/project-activity-reports/srec-pricing/srec-pricing\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/project-activity-reports/srec-pricing/srec-pricing</a></p>\n<p><em>Small Wind </em>– Small wind installations cost about $800 to $1100 per kilowatt of generating capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn30\" name=\"_ednref30\">[30]</a> The price of a system varies depending on the size and details of the service agreement. Depending on the strength of the wind resource and the cost of the system, the typical paybacks range from 6-15 years.</p>\n<p><em>Solar Thermal –</em> The average price of solar thermal collector equipment varies depending on the type (low, medium, high temperature) and ranges from $1.94-$25.32 per square foot, averaging $7.01 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn31\" name=\"_ednref31\">[31]</a> The cost table below compares the average cost of solar thermal to conventional energy sources for 2017.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>New Jersey</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>Electricity</strong></td>\n<td width=\"120\"><strong>Natural Gas</strong></td>\n<td width=\"114\"><strong>Solar thermal</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>Average Cost per kilowatt-hour in commercial and industrial sectors:</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\">10.16-12.31¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn32\" name=\"_ednref32\">[32]</a></td>\n<td width=\"120\">9.05¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn33\" name=\"_ednref33\">[33]</a></td>\n<td width=\"114\">9.2-12¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn34\" name=\"_ednref34\">[34]</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p><em>Biomass –</em> The economics of biomass power generation depends on the availability of a predictable, local, sustainably-sourced, low-cost and long-term feedstock supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn35\" name=\"_ednref35\">[35]</a> Differences in feedstock chemical composition impact the cost of the feedstock. For example, waste produced due to industrial processes can have a zero or even negative cost by avoiding waste disposal charges. Likewise, prices for dedicated energy crops can spike due to low productivity and high transportation costs. Lower cost options may include agricultural, and forestry residues collected and transported over short distances or available locally as a by-product.</p>\n<p>The wide range of bioenergy-fired power generation technologies translates into a broad range of installed costs. For example, installation costs for biomass heating plants average between $500 to $1500 per kW-thermal of installed heating rate capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn36\" name=\"_ednref36\">[36]</a> Installation for small-scale biomass electric plants typically cost between $3,000 to $4,000 per kW.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn37\" name=\"_ednref37\">[37]</a></p>\n<p>Fixed operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) costs, such as labor, scheduled maintenance, routine component or equipment replacement, and insurance for bioenergy power plants typically range from 2-6% of total installed costs per year, while variable O&amp;M costs average 0.005/KWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn38\" name=\"_ednref38\">[38]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_376\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"992\"]<img class=\"wp-image-376 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-7.png\" alt=\"Biomass Co-firing Capital Costs Source: NREL\" width=\"992\" height=\"506\" /> Source: NREL[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site renewable energy systems promote resiliency in many ways. They tend to rely on site-based “fuel” and may island or operate independently from the power grid (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV, Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>). For example, solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems with battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, while also providing a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs. By providing localized power generation, islandable PV systems increase energy efficiency by reducing transmission and distribution losses typical of centralized grid systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn39\" name=\"_ednref39\">[39]</a> Unlike diesel and fossil-fueled generators, typically used only during emergencies, islandable PV systems with battery storage provide value throughout the year, do not require regular maintenance or refueling, and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn40\" name=\"_ednref40\">[40]</a> Some systems provide additional protection from flooding events, based on elevated installations, such as PV roof or pole-mounted systems.</p>\n<p>For recommendations on how to incorporate solar islanding capabilities into existing facilities, see the <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a>.</p>\n<p><em>Biomass</em> offers several resiliency benefits including the ability to stockpile fuel for emergencies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn41\" name=\"_ednref41\">[41]</a> Plans to recover, segregate, and process biomass fuel locally makes downed biomass from fallen trees and vegetation caused by storms and natural disasters a cost-saving resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn42\" name=\"_ednref42\">[42]</a> Making use of downed biomass also frees up time and money for other recovery efforts, while at the same time providing short to long-term backup power for critical infrastructure and emergency services.</p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems with off-grid or islanding capabilities and thermal energy storage provide enhanced energy independence, security, and reliability in the event of natural disasters and security threats while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Battery Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn43\" name=\"_ednref43\">[43]</a> Biomass-fired CHP systems promote the renewable energy industry in New Jersey by utilizing renewable sources of fuel, providing backup power and balancing the supply and demand of electricity from variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn44\" name=\"_ednref44\">[44]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, biomass-fired CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids and the broader smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources and energy storage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Eiffert Ph. D, Patrina and Gregory J. Kiss. NREL. Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Designs for Commercial and Institutional Structures: A Sourcebook for Architects.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf\">www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf</a> (accessed  April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. Renewable Energy: Programs: <em>SREC Registration Program. </em><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US DOE  “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a>  US DOE. “Guide to Geothermal Heat Pumps” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Heat Pumps, Geothermal for Consumers.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE. “Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a>American Wind Energy Association.  “Wind 101: Wind Energy Basics.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180903090547/http://www.awea.org:80/wind-power-101\">https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Jason Fields, Frank Oteri, Robert Press, and Ian Baring-Gould (2016) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> J. Smith, T. Forsyth, K. Sinclair, and F. Oteri. (2015) NREL. Built-Environment Wind Turbine Roadmap. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> US DOE. Solar Water Heaters. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Biomass to Heat. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. “Biopower.” <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> US EIA “Biomass for Electricity Generation.” 2002. <a href=\"http://www2.et.byu.edu/~tom/classes/733/Biomass/Biomass%20for%20electricity%20generation.pdf\">http://www2.et.byu.edu/~tom/classes/733/Biomass/Biomass%20for%20electricity%20generation.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas\">https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> US DOE. Energy Savers: Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pumps. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> US DOE | EERE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> Denholm, P. 2007. “The Technical Potential of Solar Water Heating to Reduce Fossil Fuel Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United States.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO.   <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> McCollum, David, and Christopher Yang. 2009. “Achieving deep reductions in US transport greenhouse gas emissions: Scenario analysis and policy implications.” Energy Policy 37: 5580-5596.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref23\" name=\"_edn23\">[23]</a> Rutgers University Facilities Department – Based on estimates received for new buildings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref24\" name=\"_edn24\">[24]</a> US DOE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref25\" name=\"_edn25\">[25]</a> US DOE. Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump System. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref26\" name=\"_edn26\">[26]</a> NEEP. “Mid-Atlantic Technical Reference Manual Version 7.” <a href=\"http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf\">http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref27\" name=\"_edn27\">[27]</a> US DOE | EERE. Planning, Budget &amp; Analysis: Commercial Buildings Total Energy Consumption. April 2008. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/analysis/energy-intensity-indicators\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/analysis/energy-intensity-indicators</a><em> Assume an average of 50k btu for all sectors.</em> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref28\" name=\"_edn28\">[28]</a> NJ OCE. SREC Registration Program. <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref29\" name=\"_edn29\">[29]</a> NJ OCE. NJCEP Solar Project data</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref30\" name=\"_edn30\">[30]</a> US DOE. 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref31\" name=\"_edn31\">[31]</a> US DOE | EIA. Form EIA-63A, “Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey.” From table 2.12 at <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/\">https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref32\" name=\"_edn32\">[32]</a> US DOE | EIA.   “Electricity Data Browser.”   <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin\">https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref33\" name=\"_edn33\">[33]</a> US DOE | EIA. “Natural Gas Prices.” 2017 Available for Commercial only <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm\">https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref34\" name=\"_edn34\">[34]</a> NREL. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/68925.pdf\">The U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmark: Q1 2017</a>. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html</a>   (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref35\" name=\"_edn35\">[35]</a> International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref36\" name=\"_edn36\">[36]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref37\" name=\"_edn37\">[37]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Electricity. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref38\" name=\"_edn38\">[38]</a> IREA. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref39\" name=\"_edn39\">[39]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref40\" name=\"_edn40\">[40]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref41\" name=\"_edn41\">[41]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref42\" name=\"_edn42\">[42]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref43\" name=\"_edn43\">[43]</a> Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG). Benefits of Biomass.  <a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref44\" name=\"_edn44\">[44]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/\">Roof Replacements and Upgrades</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org\">Database of State Incentives for Renewables &amp; Efficiency (DSIRE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">ENERGY STAR Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org\">International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ Clean Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">Commercial, Industrial and Local Government Programs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/home/home\">Renewable Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/tools-and-resources/links/renewable\">Tools and Resources</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy\">Bioenergy Technologies Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-energy-us-department-energy\">Geothermal Technologies Office</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/solar-energy-technologies-office\">Solar Energy Technologies Office</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/wind-energy-technologies-office\">Wind Energy Technologies Office</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program (FEMA)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">Biomass for Heat</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/building-integrated-photovoltaics-bipv\">Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/solar-water-heating\">Solar Water Heating</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">Wind Technology</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Tools </strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wunderground.com/calculators/solar.html?MR=1\">Weather Underground Tool: calculates potential electricity generated from your system</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/files/docs/small_wind_economic_model.xls\">Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC On-Site Renewable Energy Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1992-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:25:09','2022-06-23 19:25:09','',1992,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2699',0,'revision','',0),(2700,3,'2022-06-23 19:25:37','2022-06-23 19:25:37','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"On-Site Wind Energy Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are On-Site Wind Energy Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site wind energy systems provide renewable energy in areas with sufficient wind speed. Prime locations for harvesting wind energy in New Jersey are along the shore.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>The two main types of wind turbines include horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT), the most common, and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Initially designed to be mounted on high poles in open or rural areas, small wind turbines (SWTs) include systems that are 100 kilowatts (kW) or less. Small wind energy systems can either be stand-alone (e.g., not connected to the utility grid) or grid-connected. Built-environment wind turbines (BEWT) refer to projects constructed on, in, or near buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The highly turbulent and variable wind directions often found in the built environment make VAWTs a viable option for these types of locations as VAWTs do not need to orient into the wind to generate power.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> VAWTs come in two different designs: the Savonius design, which generates power through drag, and the Darrieus, which generates power through an aerodynamic lift.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_573\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"666\"]<img class=\"wp-image-573 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).\" width=\"666\" height=\"624\" /> Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_303\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"662\"]<img class=\"wp-image-303 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).\" width=\"662\" height=\"450\" /> Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement an On-site Wind Energy System</strong></h2>\n<p>Renewable energy systems such as wind energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site wind energy expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> For example, siting turbines on the highest elevation on the site often correspond to the highest, unobstructed wind speeds. Wind speed increases with height, and small increases in speed boost a turbine’s generating-potential significantly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_255\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"233\"]<img class=\"wp-image-255 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-3--233x300.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Wind Speed Map at 30 meters (Source: US DOE | NREL – Wind Powering America).\" width=\"233\" height=\"300\" /> Figure 3 – Wind Speed Map at 30 meters (Source: US DOE | NREL – Wind Powering America).[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.acua.com/green-initiatives/renewable-energy/windfarm/\">Jersey Atlantic Wind Farm, Atlantic City, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jersey-Atlantic Wind Farm, a community-scale wind turbine installation, includes five, 380-foot turbines, producing a combined 7.5 megawatts of power. The wind turbines and on-site solar installation power the wastewater treatment plant, with surplus energy sent to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL.<em> “</em>Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices.”</a></p>\n<p>This study looks at several case studies of Built Environment Wind Turbines (BEWTs), documenting mixed-results in the BEWT industry. Main obstacles cited include, 1) insufficient and not well-defined project feasibility and planning processes, 2) high-cost projects related to additional expenses for installation and operations in the built environment, 3) a lack of certified manufacturers for ongoing service and parts, and 4) over-estimated project performance due to the complexity of conducting accurate resource and production assessments in the built environment. BEWT projects with the best outcomes had well developed and quantified project goals that included energy production as well as educational and sustainability marketing goals. These projects also conducted thorough feasibility investigations, used certified HAWTs with a proven track record, and were installed on tall buildings relative to surrounding obstacles.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Wind power reduces dependence on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Generating power from wind reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promotes the renewable energy industry in New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_233\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"490\"]<img class=\"wp-image-233 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-4.png\" alt=\"Figure 4 – A 10 kW wind turbine atop a lattice tower at Hamilton College, NY. (Source: Fortis Wind Energy).\" width=\"490\" height=\"690\" /> Figure 4 – A 10 kW wind turbine atop a lattice tower at Hamilton College, NY. (Source: Fortis Wind Energy).[/caption]<p>Rebates and tax credits base wind power incentives on expected energy production, rather than capacity. Commercial businesses or organizations may be eligible for the renewable Production Tax Credit (PTC), which provides a $0.019 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) benefit in 2017 (which is phased out over 2018 and 2019) for the first ten years of a renewable energy facility’s operation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>In New Jersey, between 2002 and 2013, wind turbine installation costs ranged from $19,000 for a 1 MW municipal project to $3.3 million for the ACUA Wind Farm in Atlantic City.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Nationwide, small wind turbines cost between $800/kW and $1100/kW and a typical 2 MW project costs between $1.6 and $2.2 million<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a>. Necessary fees include utility company fees, township and county permits, and installation, accounting for about 4% of the total project cost.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p>Depending on the strength of the wind resource and the cost of the system, the typical paybacks range from 6-15 years.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site wind energy systems rely on wind, a site-based resource and may operate independently from the power grid. Installed with additional hardware—including transfer switches, critical load panels, and appropriate controls—these systems can act as self-sufficient microgrids, generating energy and powering critical loads in the absence of utility sourced power. Wind energy systems provide additional protection from flooding events, based on elevated installations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> American Wind Energy Association.  “Wind 101: Wind Energy Basics.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180903090547/http://www.awea.org:80/wind-power-101\">https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Jason Fields, Frank Oteri, Robert Press, and Ian Baring-Gould (2016) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> J. Smith, T. Forsyth, K. Sinclair, and F. Oteri. (2015) NREL. Built-Environment Wind Turbine Roadmap. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"></a>DOE. Small Wind Guidebook. <a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts\">https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> McCollum, David, and Christopher Yang. 2009. “Achieving deep reductions in US transport greenhouse gas emissions: Scenario analysis and policy implications.” Energy Policy 37: 5580-5596.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US DOE. Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190614181127/https://www.energy.gov/savings/renewable-electricity-production-tax-credit-ptc\">https://www.energy.gov/savings/renewable-electricity-production-tax-credit-ptc</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> NJCEP. Installation and Project Status Reports (REIP and CORE Programs). <a href=\"http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive\">http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US DOE. 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf</a> (accessed April 18. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Pacific Northwest National Lab (PNNL). Benchmarking US Small Wind Costs. <a href=\"https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf\">https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.17.3\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<section>\n<div id=\"ecoworld-item-entries\" class=\"ecoworld_row\">\n<article class=\"post-entry ecoworld_blog_post post-716 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-new-commercial\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_column_gap\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pf_no_thumb\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_content\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_content_block\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_text\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_summary\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_summary_text\">\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid mpc-row\">\n<div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 mpc-column\" data-column-id=\"mpc_column-416254a5af996d7\">\n<div class=\"vc_column-inner\">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<h4>General information and Starting Up</h4>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/files/docs/small_wind_economic_model.xls\">Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/downloads/2016-wind-technologies-market-report\">2016 Wind Technologies Market Report</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ Clean Energy Program</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=80&amp;start=1\">Trade-Ally: Residentia</a>l</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=84&amp;start=1\">Wind Site Assessor</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Technical Guidance</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://distributedwind.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Distributed-Wind-Toolkit-Nov2017.pdf\">Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) Distributed Wind Energy Zoning and Permitting: A Toolkit for Local Governments</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy<br /></strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts\">Small Wind Guidebook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/\">Northeast Wind Resource Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practice</a>s</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Funding Sources</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://elpc.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/ELPC-Community-Wind-Book-09.pdf\">Community Wind Financing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DESIRE: Renewable Energy Incentives for New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/wind/wind\">NJ Clean Energy Program – see <em>Financing Your System</em></a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_bottom_meta\">\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</article>\n</div>\n</section>\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_single_pagination ecoworld_post_inner_bg\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pp_prev ecoworld_next_prev_box\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pp_arrow\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC On-Site Wind Energy Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1481-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:25:37','2022-06-23 19:25:37','',1481,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2700',0,'revision','',0),(2701,3,'2022-06-23 19:25:48','2022-06-23 19:25:48','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Photovoltaic (PV) Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Photovoltaic (PV) Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> PV cells placed together in a module are grouped together electrically to form an array applied to surfaces such as roofs, parking structures, utility poles, or ground mounts and capture light energy from the sun and produce electricity. For example, installing solar photovoltaic (PV) panels on parking structures provides shading to cars and comfort to their occupants, while providing clean electricity.</p>\n<p>A specific PV system, known as Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) uses PV technology and applies it to building materials, serving multifunctional purposes. For example, a BIPV skylight not only captures energy, generating electricity for a building but also provides daylighting (see <em>Daylighting</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Another strategy incorporates PV technology into an exterior wall for decorative purposes as well as collecting energy.</p>\n<p>The availability of PV combined with available incentives makes New Jersey one of the fastest growing markets for PV technology. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_218\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"718\"]<img class=\"wp-image-218 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-PV-System-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Solar array on Maplewood, NJ Police Station (Source: Image Up Studio Metuchen, NJ).\" width=\"718\" height=\"524\" /> Figure 1 – Solar array on Maplewood, NJ Police Station (Source: Image Up Studio Metuchen, NJ).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Photovoltaic Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic systems are complex and require project team members with renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding for Photovoltaic Systems. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>While projects can tailor PV systems to meet the needs of a particular site and building, south facing surfaces not shaded by nearby trees, buildings, and structures provide the best results (see <em>Building Orientation</em>). If possible, orient collectors at the angle of the location’s latitude (in New Jersey, this is approximately 40°N). Flat roofs also work well for solar electric systems, allowing PV modules to tilt at an optimal angle toward the sun. Solar panels are usually roof mounted, but they can also be mounted on a pole or on the ground. Ground systems work well for projects with large sites and can be mounted on trackers to follow the sun.</p>\n<p>Hire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/MC%20Marketing/NJ%20Case%20study%20-VinelandCopy2%20(2).pdf\">Vineland Solar One, Vineland, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Located on 14 acres at the Landis Sewage Authority (LSA), the Vineland Solar One generation facility includes 13,456 monocrystalline silicon panels that produce up to 5,500 MWh of energy annually. The NJ Office of Clean Energy Solar Renewable Energy Credit (SREC) Program and a Power Purchase Agreement between the Vineland Municipal Electric Utility (VMEU) and Conectiv Energy helped finance this public/private partnership.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating on-site renewable energy systems reduces greenhouse gas emissions,</p>\n<p>protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. The modularity of PV systems allows great flexibility in applying this technology to buildings. Solar PV can help manage peak demand and lower utility rates, while also providing shade and urban heat island reduction benefits (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). Additional benefits include low-cost operations and maintenance, and US-based manufacturers and installers that provide domestic jobs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Capital cost – PV systems can have a high first cost. Non-residential solar project costs were about $4000/kW for projects &lt;500 kW and $3000/kW for projects &gt;500 kW in 2016.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n<li>Incentives<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>The <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/project-activity-reports/srec-pricing/srec-pricing\">value of renewable energy certificates</a> varies with trades of up to $700/MWh recorded. In April 2018, they are trading at $229.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></li>\n<li>Maximum Incentive: 2018-2019 compliance year $300 per MWh (~$0.300 per kWh)</li>\n<li>Terms: Systems must be registered with NJ Board of Public Utilities; facilities qualify to generate SRECs for 15 years after the date of interconnection</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Incremental cost – (e.g., cost of green technology – cost of conventional technology)\n<ul>\n<li>Conventional Cost = $0.14/kWh (http://www.solarbuzz.com/statsCosts.htm)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Annual Cost Savings (e.g., annual kWh saved *.14 (price of electricity))</li>\n<li>Payback (Capital Costs or Incremental Costs / annual cost savings)</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV and Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Eiffert Ph. D, Patrina, and Gregory J. Kiss. NREL. Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Designs for Commercial and Institutional Structures: A Sourcebook for Architects.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf\">www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf</a> (accessed  April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. Renewable Energy: Programs: <em>SREC Registration Program. </em><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Renewable Energy World. Advantages and disadvantages of Solar Photovoltaic – Quick Pros and Cons of Solar PV <a href=\"http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ugc/articles/2012/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-photovoltaic--quick-pros-and-cons-of-solar-pv.html\">http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ugc/articles/2012/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-photovoltaic–quick-pros-and-cons-of-solar-pv.html</a> (accessed  April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJCEP Solar Project data</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> DSIRE. New Jersey Incentives/Policies for Renewables <a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?zipcode=08730\">http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?zipcode=08730</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> FlettExchange Spot Price New Jersey <a href=\"https://www.flettexchange.com/markets/new-jersey/market-data\">https://www.flettexchange.com/markets/new-jersey/market-data</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<h4>General information and Starting Up</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20191208073723/https://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/solar_basics/how.php\">Go Solar California: How Small Solar Electric Systems Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/workingwithus/re-photovoltaics.html\">NREL: Solar Photovoltaic Technology Basics</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun (US DOE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-photovoltaic-technology-basics\">PV Basics</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Technical Guidance</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210305043249/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/articles/so-you-want-go-solar-3-things-consider-when-installing-solar-power-home\">US DOE: Things to Consider when installing a Solar Electric System</a><a href=\"http://www.wunderground.com/calculators/solar.html?MR=1\">Weather Underground Tool: calculate electricity generated from your system</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nabcep.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/NABCEP-PV-Guide-7-16-13-W.pdf\">NABCEP: PV Installation Professional Research Guide</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Funding Sources</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/srec-registration-program/how-participate\">NJ Clean Energy Program: SREC Registration and How to Participate</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Photovoltaic (PV) Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1488-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:25:48','2022-06-23 19:25:48','',1488,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2701',0,'revision','',0),(2702,3,'2022-06-23 19:27:07','2022-06-23 19:27:07','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Photovoltaic (PV) Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Photovoltaic (PV) Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> PV cells placed together in a module are grouped together electrically to form an array applied to surfaces such as roofs, parking structures, utility poles, or ground mounts and capture light energy from the sun and produce electricity. For example, installing solar photovoltaic (PV) panels on parking structures provides shading to cars and comfort to their occupants, while providing clean electricity.</p>\n<p>A specific PV system, known as Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) uses PV technology and applies it to building materials, serving multifunctional purposes. For example, a BIPV skylight not only captures energy, generating electricity for a building but also provides daylighting (see <em>Daylighting</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Another strategy incorporates PV technology into an exterior wall for decorative purposes as well as collecting energy.</p>\n<p>The availability of PV combined with available incentives makes New Jersey one of the fastest growing markets for PV technology. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_218\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"718\"]<img class=\"wp-image-218 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-PV-System-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Solar array on Maplewood, NJ Police Station (Source: Image Up Studio Metuchen, NJ).\" width=\"718\" height=\"524\" /> Figure 1 – Solar array on Maplewood, NJ Police Station (Source: Image Up Studio Metuchen, NJ).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Photovoltaic Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic systems are complex and require project team members with renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding for Photovoltaic Systems. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>While projects can tailor PV systems to meet the needs of a particular site and building, south facing surfaces not shaded by nearby trees, buildings, and structures provide the best results (see <em>Building Orientation</em>). If possible, orient collectors at the angle of the location’s latitude (in New Jersey, this is approximately 40°N). Flat roofs also work well for solar electric systems, allowing PV modules to tilt at an optimal angle toward the sun. Solar panels are usually roof mounted, but they can also be mounted on a pole or on the ground. Ground systems work well for projects with large sites and can be mounted on trackers to follow the sun.</p>\n<p>Hire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/MC%20Marketing/NJ%20Case%20study%20-VinelandCopy2%20(2).pdf\">Vineland Solar One, Vineland, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Located on 14 acres at the Landis Sewage Authority (LSA), the Vineland Solar One generation facility includes 13,456 monocrystalline silicon panels that produce up to 5,500 MWh of energy annually. The NJ Office of Clean Energy Solar Renewable Energy Credit (SREC) Program and a Power Purchase Agreement between the Vineland Municipal Electric Utility (VMEU) and Conectiv Energy helped finance this public/private partnership.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating on-site renewable energy systems reduces greenhouse gas emissions,</p>\n<p>protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. The modularity of PV systems allows great flexibility in applying this technology to buildings. Solar PV can help manage peak demand and lower utility rates, while also providing shade and urban heat island reduction benefits (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). Additional benefits include low-cost operations and maintenance, and US-based manufacturers and installers that provide domestic jobs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Capital cost – PV systems can have a high first cost. Non-residential solar project costs were about $4000/kW for projects &lt;500 kW and $3000/kW for projects &gt;500 kW in 2016.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n<li>Incentives<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>The <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/project-activity-reports/srec-pricing/srec-pricing\">value of renewable energy certificates</a> varies with trades of up to $700/MWh recorded. In April 2018, they are trading at $229.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></li>\n<li>Maximum Incentive: 2018-2019 compliance year $300 per MWh (~$0.300 per kWh)</li>\n<li>Terms: Systems must be registered with NJ Board of Public Utilities; facilities qualify to generate SRECs for 15 years after the date of interconnection</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Incremental cost – (e.g., cost of green technology – cost of conventional technology)\n<ul>\n<li>Conventional Cost = $0.14/kWh (http://www.solarbuzz.com/statsCosts.htm)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Annual Cost Savings (e.g., annual kWh saved *.14 (price of electricity))</li>\n<li>Payback (Capital Costs or Incremental Costs / annual cost savings)</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV and Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Eiffert Ph. D, Patrina, and Gregory J. Kiss. NREL. Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Designs for Commercial and Institutional Structures: A Sourcebook for Architects.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf\">www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf</a> (accessed  April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. Renewable Energy: Programs: <em>SREC Registration Program. </em><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Renewable Energy World. Advantages and disadvantages of Solar Photovoltaic – Quick Pros and Cons of Solar PV <a href=\"http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ugc/articles/2012/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-photovoltaic--quick-pros-and-cons-of-solar-pv.html\">http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ugc/articles/2012/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-photovoltaic–quick-pros-and-cons-of-solar-pv.html</a> (accessed  April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJCEP Solar Project data</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> DSIRE. New Jersey Incentives/Policies for Renewables <a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?zipcode=08730\">http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?zipcode=08730</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> FlettExchange Spot Price New Jersey <a href=\"https://www.flettexchange.com/markets/new-jersey/market-data\">https://www.flettexchange.com/markets/new-jersey/market-data</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<h4>General information and Starting Up</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20191208073723/https://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/solar_basics/how.php\">Go Solar California: How Small Solar Electric Systems Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/pv/\">NREL: Solar Photovoltaic Technology Basics</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun (US DOE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-photovoltaic-technology-basics\">PV Basics</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Technical Guidance</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210305043249/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/articles/so-you-want-go-solar-3-things-consider-when-installing-solar-power-home\">US DOE: Things to Consider when installing a Solar Electric System</a><a href=\"http://www.wunderground.com/calculators/solar.html?MR=1\">Weather Underground Tool: calculate electricity generated from your system</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nabcep.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/NABCEP-PV-Guide-7-16-13-W.pdf\">NABCEP: PV Installation Professional Research Guide</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Funding Sources</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/srec-registration-program/how-participate\">NJ Clean Energy Program: SREC Registration and How to Participate</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Photovoltaic (PV) Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1488-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:27:07','2022-06-23 19:27:07','',1488,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2702',0,'revision','',0),(2703,3,'2022-06-23 19:29:17','2022-06-23 19:29:17','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Solar Thermal Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Solar Thermal Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar thermal systems, whether passive or active, utilize solar power or energy from the sun to heat water for domestic or process uses. Solar thermal water heating systems use tanks and solar collectors. Active water systems also use pumps and controls. Three common types of solar collectors include flat-plate collectors, integral collectors, and evacuated tube collectors. Flat-plate collectors consist of insulated and weatherproof boxes with a dark absorber plate under glass or plastic covers that heats water. Integral collectors use the same system as a flat-plate collector, but the water continues to a traditional hot water tank, ensuring a consistent supply of hot water. Evacuated tube collectors consist of rows of transparent tubes that allow water to pass through and heat quickly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_278\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"602\"]<img class=\"wp-image-278 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Solar-Thermal-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)\" width=\"602\" height=\"568\" /> Figure 1 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)[/caption]<p>Two main categories of solar thermal systems include concentrating versus non-concentrating, and low-, medium-, and high-temperature collectors. Concentrating collectors use lenses or mirrors to focus the rays of the sun. Non-concentrating collectors consist of a flat panel with the collector area equal to that of the absorber area. Low-, medium- or high-temperature refers to the operating temperature above the ambient temperature required or desired.</p>\n<p><strong>Table 1 – Solar Thermal Heating Systems by Level.</strong><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-445 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Thermal-Systems-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1244\" height=\"322\" /></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Install Solar Thermal Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar Thermal Systems are complex and require project team members with renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Hire an experienced solar thermal system installer, certified by the North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP) to properly site and size the thermal solar system in coordination with standard plumbing trade work.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/showcase-projects/health-professions-and-athletics-center\">Health Professions and Athletics Center, Wye Mills, MD.</a></p>\n<p>Two high-efficiency propane-fired water heaters preheated by a solar thermal system generate hot water for this LEED Platinum facility.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/06/f32/solar-water-heating-case.pdf\">Solar Water Heating in Multifamily Building, Greenfield, MA.</a></p>\n<p>The Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB), a US DOE Building America team, installed a solar domestic hot water (SDHW) system (372 ft2 evacuated tube, 330 gallons storage) as part a major renovation project that converted an old school building into 12 high-performance apartments.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar thermal systems reduce greenhouse gas emissions, protect against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and save on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. Solar thermal systems reduce water consumption as well as the consumption of consumable, non-renewable, and often non-domestic energy sources such as natural gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar thermal systems prove most cost-effective in locations with a consistent demand for heated water and high electric or natural gas prices. The average price of solar collector equipment varies depending on the type (low, medium, high temperature) and ranges from $1.94-$25.32 per square foot, averaging $7.01 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> The cost table below compares the average cost of solar thermal to conventional energy sources for 2017.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>New Jersey</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>Electricity</strong></td>\n<td width=\"120\"><strong>Natural Gas</strong></td>\n<td width=\"114\"><strong>Solar thermal</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>Average Cost per kilowatt-hour in commercial and industrial sectors:</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\">10.16-12.31¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></td>\n<td width=\"120\">9.05¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></td>\n<td width=\"114\">9.2-12¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar water heaters offer energy system resiliency in that they can provide hot water needs without a need for electricity or natural gas when installed with additional hardware—including transfer switches, critical load panels, and appropriate controls.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US DOE. Solar Water Heaters. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> EIA. Solar Thermal Manufacturing Activities. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/\">https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Denholm, P. 2007. “The Technical Potential of Solar Water Heating to Reduce Fossil Fuel Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United States.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO.   <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE | EIA. Form EIA-63A, “Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey.” From table 2.12 at <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/\">https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE | EIA.   “Electricity Data Browser.”   <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin\">https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE | EIA. “Natural Gas Prices.” 2017 Available for Commercial only <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm\">https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NREL. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/68925.pdf\">The U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmark: Q1 2017</a>. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html</a>   (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientbuildings.org/\">Commercial Building Tax Deduction Coalition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?state=NJ\">Database of Incentives for Renewables &amp; Efficiency – New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WSE\">ENERGY STAR solar water heaters</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/research/solarthermal/\">Florida Solar Energy Center: Solar Thermal projects and programs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">NJ Clean Energy Program – SREC Registration Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWatts Simulator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.solar-estimate.org/\">Solar Estimate.org</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters\">US Department of Energy Solar Water Heater Information</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/swheating.php\">Whole Building Design Guide: Introduction to Solar Water Heating</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Solar Thermal Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1494-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:29:17','2022-06-23 19:29:17','',1494,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2703',0,'revision','',0),(2704,3,'2022-06-23 19:30:09','2022-06-23 19:30:09','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Recovery Systems\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Energy Recovery Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems transfer heat from outgoing air to incoming air in the winter and from incoming air to outgoing air in the summer, lowering heating and cooling costs and overall energy use. There are different types of systems, all featuring a heat exchanger, controls, and one or more fans to move air through a machine.</p>\n<p>Energy recovery technologies include heat-recovery ventilators (HRV) and energy-recovery ventilators (ERV). Energy-efficient, tightly sealed, homes require proper ventilation. Energy recovery ventilators (ERV) minimize energy loss while ventilating the home. Most systems include central, whole-house ventilators, but some smaller models can be mounted on walls or windows.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_221\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"962\"]<img class=\"wp-image-221 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Recovery-Systems-Fig-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram (Source: DPoint Technologies)\" width=\"962\" height=\"566\" /> Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram (Source: DPoint Technologies)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Recovery Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Select ERV systems certified by the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.hvi.org/\">Home Ventilating Institute</a><span> </span>that comply with local building codes for HVAC systems. Most energy recovery systems can share existing ductwork, which reduces maintenance and installation costs. Each room requires a supply and return duct. Proper installation, sizing, and placement of ducts as well as regular maintenance can impact performance.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></sup><span> </span>In cold climates, energy recovery ventilators must have a device to prevent freezing and frost formation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Experienced and qualified HVAC contractors should install, properly test, and balance the system. Improperly balanced systems can lead to negatively pressurized homes that backdraft from combustion appliances, drawing carbon monoxide and gases, such as radon, into the home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/showcase-projects/jche-golda-meir-house\">Golda Meir House, Newton, MA.</a></p>\n<p>This multifamily project demonstrates significant energy improvements as well as annual energy savings by installing energy-efficient measures including an Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV) system.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems can recover about 70-80% of the energy in exiting air and transfer it to incoming air reducing energy consumption and costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>By controlling humidity and cycling in fresh air to replace stale or contaminated indoor air, ERV’s improve indoor air quality and comfort in the home.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While costs vary according to quality, capacity, controls, efficiency, and type, medium-sized (70-120cfm) energy recovery ventilators generally cost between $600 and $1100, not including installation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>These systems are most cost-effective in climates with cold winters and hot summers, such as New Jersey, or where fuel costs are high.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Generally, energy recovery systems cost more to install than conventional systems and require more maintenance over their lifetime, but when correctly installed, can help reduce energy bills, and provide a healthier indoor environment.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems offer an indirect resiliency benefit to buildings by reducing heating and cooling loads, thereby reducing stress on the grid, and the likelihood of brownouts.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>University of Minnesota (UMN). Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>D. Kosar. 2016. Laboratory Evaluation of Energy Recovery Ventilators Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/66560.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/66560.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>University of Minnesota (UMN). Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Sustainable Sources. “Energy Recovery Ventilation Systems.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://sustainablesources.com/\">http://sustainablesources.com</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.hvi.org/\">Home Ventilating Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/categories/cooling-ventilating/ventilating/hrv/16197\">National Resources Canada (NRCan): Heat/Energy Recovery Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS)+ 2015 Project Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">University of Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">US DOE: Energy Savers Whole House Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE: Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoorairplus\">US EPA Indoor AirPLUS</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy Recovery Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1514-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:30:09','2022-06-23 19:30:09','',1514,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2704',0,'revision','',0),(2705,3,'2022-06-23 19:30:19','2022-06-23 19:30:19','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Recovery Systems\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Energy Recovery Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems transfer heat from outgoing air to incoming air in the winter and from incoming air to outgoing air in the summer, lowering heating and cooling costs and overall energy use. There are different types of systems, all featuring a heat exchanger, controls, and one or more fans to move air through a machine.</p>\n<p>Energy recovery technologies include heat-recovery ventilators (HRV) and energy-recovery ventilators (ERV). Energy-efficient, tightly sealed, homes require proper ventilation. Energy recovery ventilators (ERV) minimize energy loss while ventilating the home. Most systems include central, whole-house ventilators, but some smaller models can be mounted on walls or windows.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_221\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"962\"]<img class=\"wp-image-221 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Recovery-Systems-Fig-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram (Source: DPoint Technologies)\" width=\"962\" height=\"566\" /> Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram (Source: DPoint Technologies)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Recovery Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Select ERV systems certified by the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.hvi.org/\">Home Ventilating Institute</a><span> </span>that comply with local building codes for HVAC systems. Most energy recovery systems can share existing ductwork, which reduces maintenance and installation costs. Each room requires a supply and return duct. Proper installation, sizing, and placement of ducts as well as regular maintenance can impact performance.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></sup><span> </span>In cold climates, energy recovery ventilators must have a device to prevent freezing and frost formation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Experienced and qualified HVAC contractors should install, properly test, and balance the system. Improperly balanced systems can lead to negatively pressurized homes that backdraft from combustion appliances, drawing carbon monoxide and gases, such as radon, into the home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/showcase-projects/jche-golda-meir-house\">Golda Meir House, Newton, MA.</a></p>\n<p>This multifamily project demonstrates significant energy improvements as well as annual energy savings by installing energy-efficient measures including an Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV) system.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems can recover about 70-80% of the energy in exiting air and transfer it to incoming air reducing energy consumption and costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>By controlling humidity and cycling in fresh air to replace stale or contaminated indoor air, ERV’s improve indoor air quality and comfort in the home.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While costs vary according to quality, capacity, controls, efficiency, and type, medium-sized (70-120cfm) energy recovery ventilators generally cost between $600 and $1100, not including installation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>These systems are most cost-effective in climates with cold winters and hot summers, such as New Jersey, or where fuel costs are high.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Generally, energy recovery systems cost more to install than conventional systems and require more maintenance over their lifetime, but when correctly installed, can help reduce energy bills, and provide a healthier indoor environment.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems offer an indirect resiliency benefit to buildings by reducing heating and cooling loads, thereby reducing stress on the grid, and the likelihood of brownouts.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>University of Minnesota (UMN). Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210512135007/http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>D. Kosar. 2016. Laboratory Evaluation of Energy Recovery Ventilators Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/66560.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/66560.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>University of Minnesota (UMN). Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210512135007/http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Sustainable Sources. “Energy Recovery Ventilation Systems.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://sustainablesources.com/\">http://sustainablesources.com</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.hvi.org/\">Home Ventilating Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/categories/cooling-ventilating/ventilating/hrv/16197\">National Resources Canada (NRCan): Heat/Energy Recovery Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS)+ 2015 Project Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210512135007/http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">University of Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">US DOE: Energy Savers Whole House Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE: Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoorairplus\">US EPA Indoor AirPLUS</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy Recovery Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1514-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:30:19','2022-06-23 19:30:19','',1514,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2705',0,'revision','',0),(2706,3,'2022-06-23 19:30:20','2022-06-23 19:30:20','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Recovery Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Energy Recovery Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems transfer heat from outgoing air to incoming air in the winter and from incoming air to outgoing air in the summer, lowering heating and cooling costs and overall energy use. There are different types of systems, all featuring a heat exchanger, controls, and one or more fans to move air through the machine.</p>\n<p>Energy recovery technologies include heat-recovery ventilators (HRV) and energy-recovery ventilators (ERV). Large ventilation systems with dedicated or shared duct systems may contain small, wall or window-mounted units. ERVs transfer a portion of the water vapor, along with heat energy, while HRVs transfer heat only.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Common design configurations include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Flat-plate heat exchanger systems that transfer energy between the incoming and exhaust air streams using a fixed heat exchanger.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Run-around coil systems utilize waste heat in the process cooling water from an application such as laboratory equipment and supply domestic hot water and space heating for facilities.</li>\n<li>Regenerative heat wheels consist of revolving discs filled with an air-permeable medium that transfer heat and moisture from one air stream to the next reducing warm air infiltration or heat and moisture loss from buildings.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>[caption id=\"attachment_243\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"962\"]<img class=\"wp-image-243 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Recovery-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram[3] (Source: DPoint Technologies)\" width=\"962\" height=\"566\" /> Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram[3] (Source: DPoint Technologies)[/caption]<br />\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Recovery Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Proper installation, sizing, and placement of ducts and regular maintenance impacts performance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> In cold climates, energy recovery ventilators must have a device to prevent freezing and frost formation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Experienced and qualified HVAC contractors should install, properly test, and balance the system. Regularly clean exchangers to ensure high performance and prevent mold and bacteria buildup.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/newcommercial/casestudies/eda.php\">Waterfront Technology Center – Camden, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The LEED-Core &amp; Shell Gold Certified Waterfront Technology Center in Camden, NJ, includes an ERV incorporated into its rooftop mechanical room. This five-story, 100,000 square foot facility leases to a range of tenants including offices and wet labs.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/misc/success-story/panasonic\">Panasonic Corporation of North America, Newark, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The Panasonic building utilized expert guidance and financial incentives offered through the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/pay-performance\">NJ Clean Energy Pay for Performance Program</a> and incorporated an energy recovery ventilation thermal wheel system, resulting in 15 percent less energy use compared to a minimally code-compliant building.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems can recover about 70-80% of the energy in exiting air and transfer it to incoming air reducing energy consumption and costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> By controlling humidity and cycling in fresh air to replace stale or contaminated indoor air, ERV’s can improve indoor air quality and occupant thermal comfort, which is often linked to increased occupant satisfaction and productivity.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Climates with extreme temperatures or areas with high heating and cooling costs make energy recovery systems most cost-effective.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Properly designed systems can reduce the size of the HVAC system by 50%, and energy use by 33%, achieving a life-cycle cost savings of zero to three years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><sup>  </sup>Typical cost savings and project cost associated with various heat recovery systems, both industrial and commercial, can be found on the DOE IAC database.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></sup></p>\n<p>Financial paybacks depend on the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Added capital costs for ERV equipment</li>\n<li>Avoided capital costs that result from HVAC equipment downsizing</li>\n<li>Net annual energy savings provided by ERV systems</li>\n<li>Incremental annual maintenance cost increases due to ERV systems<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems offer an indirect resiliency benefit to buildings by reducing heating and cooling loads, thereby reducing stress on the grid, and the likelihood of brownouts.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> National Resources Canada (NRCan): Heat/Energy Recovery Systems</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/categories/cooling-ventilating/ventilating/hrv/16197\">https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/categories/cooling-ventilating/ventilating/hrv/16197</a> (accessed Dec 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> US EPA. School Advanced Ventilation Engineering Software. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/school-advanced-ventilation-engineering-software-saves\">https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/school-advanced-ventilation-engineering-software-saves</a>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> University of Minnesota (UMN). Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210512135007/http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory. Energy Recovery. <a href=\"http://ateam.lbl.gov/Design-Guide/DGHtm/energyrecovery.htm\">http://ateam.lbl.gov/Design-Guide/DGHtm/energyrecovery.htm</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> US DOE. 2018. “Energy Recovery Systems.” Industrial Assessment Center.   <a href=\"https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.24\">https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.24</a> &amp; <a href=\"https://iac.university/recommendationTypes/2.24\">https://iac.university/recommendationTypes/2.24</a> (accessed Dec 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> US EPA. School Advanced Ventilation Engineering Software. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/school-advanced-ventilation-engineering-software-saves\">https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/school-advanced-ventilation-engineering-software-saves</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/categories/cooling-ventilating/ventilating/hrv/16197\">National Resources Canada (NRCan): Heat/Energy Recovery Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/pay-performance\">NJ Office of Clean Energy: Pay for Performance Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Environmental Protection Agency</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/heating-ventilation-and-air-conditioning-systems-part-indoor-air-quality-design-tools#EnergyRecoveryVentilation\">Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV) for Schools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/school-advanced-ventilation-engineering-software-saves\">The School Advanced Ventilation Engineering Software (SAVES) – helps assess cost savings and benefits of ERV systems in schools</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Energy Recovery Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1677-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:30:20','2022-06-23 19:30:20','',1677,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2706',0,'revision','',0),(2708,3,'2022-06-23 19:32:02','2022-06-23 19:32:02','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Indoor Water Conservation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Indoor Water Conservation?</h2>\n<p>Indoor water conservation refers to building operations, occupant behaviors and water-efficient fixtures and appliances that help to reduce overall water consumption in a building. The commercial and industrial building sector uses large quantities of water, with office buildings representing 9% of water use.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Figure 1 shows that the three most significant areas for potential water savings in office buildings are restrooms, cooling and heating, and landscape irrigation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_76\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"800\"]<img class=\"wp-image-76 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Indoor-Water-Conservation-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- End used of water in Commercial Office Buildings. (Source: US EPA WaterSense).\" width=\"800\" height=\"472\" /> Figure 1- End used of water in Commercial Office Buildings. (Source: US EPA WaterSense).[/caption]<p>New Jersey receives ample average rainfall of 45 inches per year, and the state’s geology supports the storage of large quantities of groundwater and surface water reservoirs. However, ongoing conservation efforts and water-efficient equipment upgrades can reduce the risk of water shortages and reduce costs associated with increasing population growth, aging water infrastructure, and climate change impacts such as droughts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Indoor water conservation generally addresses water use reductions in four areas:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reducing water losses associated with leaks.</li>\n<li>Increasing the water efficiency of fixtures, equipment, systems, and processes.</li>\n<li>Educating staff and occupants about water conservation to encourage water-saving behaviors.</li>\n<li>Reusing onsite wastewater for irrigation and non-potable uses.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>How to Implement Indoor Water Conservation</h2>\n<p>Implementing indoor water conservation depends on the functions of the building but typically includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Installing water meters and sub-meters and leak detection sensors to track water usage, find and fix leaks and equipment failures, and identify opportunities for water savings (see <em>Smart Meters, and Smart Sensors and Controls</em>).</li>\n<li>Specifying low-flow, <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/watersense-products\">WaterSense</a> certified fixtures such as toilets, showers, faucets, and aerators, and energy-efficient, <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products?s=mega\">EnergyStar</a> certified appliances, such as dishwashers and clothes washers, that also conserve water (see <em>Energy Star Equipment and Plug Load</em>).</li>\n<li>Properly maintaining HVAC systems to minimize water used for cooling equipment, eliminating single-pass cooling, and optimizing boiler and steam systems by reusing excess steam.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Minimizing irrigation or recovering wastewater for irrigation and uses that do not require potable water such as toilet and urinal flushing, and cooling tower make-up water (see <em>Water Efficient Landscaping, Rain Barrels and Cisterns, On-Site Alternative Water Reuse</em>).</li>\n<li>Educating staff and occupants on water conservation efforts and procedures to ensure the proper use of water-saving equipment (e.g., instructions for dual flush toilets) and to help identify water saving opportunities (e.g., hotlines for leak reporting).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Example</h3>\n<p>US EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings – Case Studies</p>\n<p>The US EPA WaterSense program provides case studies from across the country and within the commercial and industrial sector that document water efficiency efforts and best practices outlined in <em><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities</a></em> including detailed descriptions of the project and associated water, energy and cost savings.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Indoor water conservation reduces the strain on natural water resources and ensures future water supplies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Water saving fixtures and appliances save money on water and energy bills without sacrificing performance, the latter savings due to the significant amount of energy often used to heat water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> For example, WaterSense certified fixtures and appliances save 20% more water than standard products.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> EnergyStar certified commercial dishwashers use 40% less water and energy than standard models.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Indoor water conservation can also reduce the costs and the amount of energy required to treat, pump, and transport water and wastewater.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-indoor-water-conservation/\" name=\"_ednref12\">12</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Indoor water conservation enhances resiliency by reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity. Water use reductions also decrease the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2018. Types of Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities\">https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2012. Saving Water in Office Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-offices.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-offices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2017, New Jersey Water Supply Plan 2017-2022: 484p, <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a>   (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2018. Types of Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities\">https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. 2017. Water Management and Best Practices at EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-management-plans-and-best-practices-epa\">https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-management-plans-and-best-practices-epa</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience. 2018. The Case for Water Conservation in New Jersey. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm\">https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2012. Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-general-ci.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-general-ci.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2017. Statistics and Facts: WaterSense and Water Savings. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/statistics-and-facts\">https://www.epa.gov/watersense/statistics-and-facts</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US DOE EnergyStar. 2018. Dishwashers. <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/dishwashers\">https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/dishwashers</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience. 2018. The Case for Water Conservation in New Jersey. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm\">https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/\">ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plugload</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/\">On-Site Alternative Water Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Meters</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm\">NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/opsc/docs/guide_indoor_water_conservation.pdf\">NJ DEP Creating Sustainable Communities – Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njwatersavers.rutgers.edu\">NJ WaterSavers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/commercial-buildings\">US EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-conservation-epa\">US EPA – Water Conservation at EPA</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Water Conservation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Indoor Water Conservation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1521-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:32:02','2022-06-23 19:32:02','',1521,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2708',0,'revision','',0),(2709,3,'2022-06-23 19:32:59','2022-06-23 19:32:59','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Indoor Water Conservation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Indoor Water Conservation?</h2>\n<p>Indoor water conservation refers to building operations, occupant behaviors and water-efficient fixtures and appliances that help to reduce overall water consumption in a building. The commercial and industrial building sector uses large quantities of water, with office buildings representing 9% of water use.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Figure 1 shows that the three most significant areas for potential water savings in office buildings are restrooms, cooling and heating, and landscape irrigation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_76\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"800\"]<img class=\"wp-image-76 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Indoor-Water-Conservation-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- End used of water in Commercial Office Buildings. (Source: US EPA WaterSense).\" width=\"800\" height=\"472\" /> Figure 1- End used of water in Commercial Office Buildings. (Source: US EPA WaterSense).[/caption]<p>New Jersey receives ample average rainfall of 45 inches per year, and the state’s geology supports the storage of large quantities of groundwater and surface water reservoirs. However, ongoing conservation efforts and water-efficient equipment upgrades can reduce the risk of water shortages and reduce costs associated with increasing population growth, aging water infrastructure, and climate change impacts such as droughts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Indoor water conservation generally addresses water use reductions in four areas:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reducing water losses associated with leaks.</li>\n<li>Increasing the water efficiency of fixtures, equipment, systems, and processes.</li>\n<li>Educating staff and occupants about water conservation to encourage water-saving behaviors.</li>\n<li>Reusing onsite wastewater for irrigation and non-potable uses.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>How to Implement Indoor Water Conservation</h2>\n<p>Implementing indoor water conservation depends on the functions of the building but typically includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Installing water meters and sub-meters and leak detection sensors to track water usage, find and fix leaks and equipment failures, and identify opportunities for water savings (see <em>Smart Meters, and Smart Sensors and Controls</em>).</li>\n<li>Specifying low-flow, <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/watersense-products\">WaterSense</a> certified fixtures such as toilets, showers, faucets, and aerators, and energy-efficient, <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products?s=mega\">EnergyStar</a> certified appliances, such as dishwashers and clothes washers, that also conserve water (see <em>Energy Star Equipment and Plug Load</em>).</li>\n<li>Properly maintaining HVAC systems to minimize water used for cooling equipment, eliminating single-pass cooling, and optimizing boiler and steam systems by reusing excess steam.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Minimizing irrigation or recovering wastewater for irrigation and uses that do not require potable water such as toilet and urinal flushing, and cooling tower make-up water (see <em>Water Efficient Landscaping, Rain Barrels and Cisterns, On-Site Alternative Water Reuse</em>).</li>\n<li>Educating staff and occupants on water conservation efforts and procedures to ensure the proper use of water-saving equipment (e.g., instructions for dual flush toilets) and to help identify water saving opportunities (e.g., hotlines for leak reporting).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Example</h3>\n<p>US EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings – Case Studies</p>\n<p>The US EPA WaterSense program provides case studies from across the country and within the commercial and industrial sector that document water efficiency efforts and best practices outlined in <em><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities</a></em> including detailed descriptions of the project and associated water, energy and cost savings.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Indoor water conservation reduces the strain on natural water resources and ensures future water supplies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Water saving fixtures and appliances save money on water and energy bills without sacrificing performance, the latter savings due to the significant amount of energy often used to heat water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> For example, WaterSense certified fixtures and appliances save 20% more water than standard products.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> EnergyStar certified commercial dishwashers use 40% less water and energy than standard models.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Indoor water conservation can also reduce the costs and the amount of energy required to treat, pump, and transport water and wastewater.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-indoor-water-conservation/\" name=\"_ednref12\">12</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Indoor water conservation enhances resiliency by reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity. Water use reductions also decrease the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2018. Types of Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities\">https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2012. Saving Water in Office Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-offices.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-offices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2017, New Jersey Water Supply Plan 2017-2022: 484p, <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a>   (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2018. Types of Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities\">https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. 2017. Water Management and Best Practices at EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-management-plans-and-best-practices-epa\">https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-management-plans-and-best-practices-epa</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience. 2018. The Case for Water Conservation in New Jersey. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm\">https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2012. Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-general-ci.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-general-ci.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2017. Statistics and Facts: WaterSense and Water Savings. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/statistics-and-facts\">https://www.epa.gov/watersense/statistics-and-facts</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US DOE EnergyStar. 2018. Dishwashers. <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/dishwashers\">https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/dishwashers</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience. 2018. The Case for Water Conservation in New Jersey. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm\">https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/\">ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plugload</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/\">On-Site Alternative Water Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Meters</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm\">NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/opsc/docs/guide_indoor_water_conservation.pdf\">NJ DEP Creating Sustainable Communities – Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njwatersavers.rutgers.edu\">NJ WaterSavers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/commercial-buildings\">US EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-conservation-epa\">US EPA – Water Conservation at EPA</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Water Conservation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Indoor Water Conservation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1521-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:32:59','2022-06-23 19:32:59','',1521,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2709',0,'revision','',0),(2710,3,'2022-06-23 19:33:00','2022-06-23 19:33:00','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"On-site Alternative Water Reuse\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is On-site Alternative Water Reuse?<br /></strong></h2>\n<p>On-site alternative water reuse intentionally captures, treats, and utilizes stormwater, graywater, and wastewater for reuse at the building site. Stormwater includes precipitation such as rainfall and snowmelt. Graywater (also spelled gray water, greywater and grey water) refers to untreated water from bathroom sinks, laundry, and bathing and does not include water contaminated with toilet waste, food and grease content from kitchen sinks, or dishwasher soap residue.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Graywater is of lesser quality than potable (drinking) water but of higher quality than blackwater, which in New Jersey refers to wastewater from water closets, toilets, and urinals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Potential sources of onsite alternative water include rainwater, treated graywater and blackwater, condensate from air conditioners, reject water from water treatment systems, and cooling equipment blowdown.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Figure 1 shows examples of end-uses for on-site alternative water reuse such as irrigation, cooling tower make-up water, and toilet and urinal flushing.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_291\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"840\"]<img class=\"wp-image-291 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Alternative-Water-Reuse-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Examples of On-site Alternative Water Reuse. (Source: US EPA WaterSense at Work)\" width=\"840\" height=\"644\" /> Figure 1 – Examples of On-site Alternative Water Reuse. (Source: US EPA WaterSense at Work)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Onsite Alternative Water Reuse </strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing on-site alternative water reuse starts with water conservation and includes identifying and evaluating opportunities to substitute or supplement potable water use with on-site alternative water sources based on the water quality and treatment requirements of the intended end-uses, and the feasibility of capturing and delivering alternative water sources to those end-uses (see <em>Indoor Water Conservation</em>).</p>\n<p>Harvest and filter rainwater from rooftops to supplement or replace landscape irrigation and toilet and urinal flushing (see <em>Rain Barrels and Cisterns, Vegetated Roofs, and Emergency Water Supply and Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Rainwater that flows over parking lots and impervious hardscapes and filtered by rain gardens or captured by retention ponds also provides an alternative water source for landscape irrigation (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>, <em>Water Efficient Landscaping</em>).</p>\n<p>Capture graywater from fixtures and appliances by designating separate drain lines, storage units, and pumps to deliver graywater to desired locations. Graywater used for subsurface irrigation of trees, shrubs, and flower gardens requires filtering to remove suspended solids. Indoor uses for graywater such as toilet and urinal flushing, or above-ground irrigation for turf grass or edible gardens often require additional treatment through natural, mechanical or chemical applications.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Treatment systems include engineered systems, tailored to specific projects, and packaged systems designed to fit a wide range of project applications.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Reuse wastewater from building applications and processes for use in another onsite applications. For example, use condensate from air conditioners for cooling tower make-up water or subsurface irrigation. Use water rejected from water treatment systems for a range of end-uses that do not require potable water such as toilet and urinal flushing, cooling tower make-up water, above-ground irrigation, and decorative water features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>Blackwater treatment systems require a higher level of treatment to bring recycled water to acceptable standards for reuse. Constructed wetlands use a combination of plants, snails, clams, algae, and fish to filter and break down compounds in blackwater. Commercial treatment systems may include sedimentation, membrane filtration or UV sterilization. Composting toilets provide another way to reduce potable water use and reduce the need for wastewater treatment.</p>\n<p>Hire certified professionals familiar with the design, construction, and maintenance of onsite alternative water reuse systems. Review local ordinances, permitting requirements, and plumbing codes.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.iapmo.org/westand/Pages/GreenPlumbingandMechanicalCodeSupplement.aspx\">International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials Green Plumbing &amp; Mechanical Code Supplement</a> provides guidance on implementing onsite alternative water reuse for non-potable end-uses.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.nsf.org/services/by-industry/water-wastewater/onsite-wastewater/onsite-reuse-water-treatment-systems\">NSF International/American National Standards Institute (NSF/ANSI) 350, <em>Onsite Residential and Commercial Reuse Treatment Systems</em></a> establishes design, construction and performance requirements for onsite alternative reuse systems.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb1.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/JAWRA2007.pdf\">The Solaire, New York City</a></p>\n<p>The Solaire, a LEED Gold certified residential high-rise building in Battery Park completed in 2003 offers examples of on-site alternative water reuse and wastewater treatment technologies applicable to new commercial buildings. Indoor water conservation measures include low-flow fixtures, toilets, and appliances that reduce potable water use by 43%. The building’s onsite wastewater treatment plant utilizes digestion, membrane filtration, and ultraviolet disinfection to processes 30,000 gallons of blackwater each day and reuses it as cooling water for two on-site cooling towers and to flush toilets in both the Solaire and an adjacent building, the Verdesian. The Solaire’s vegetated roof helps manage stormwater and diverts excess stormwater runoff to a 10,000-gallon basement water storage tank that stores the water for later use by the vegetated roofs drip irrigation system.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site alternative water reuse reduces potable water use and the reliance on surface water, groundwater, and reclaimed water purchased from a third-party.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Harvesting rainwater can reduce stormwater runoff, flooding, and pollution. Graywater and blackwater reuse reduces the strain on municipal water and wastewater treatment plants. Compared to potable water, recycled water used for irrigation often contains higher levels of nutrients, such as nitrogen, that lessens the need for synthetic fertilizers. On-site alternative water reuse reduces the energy required to transport water or pump water from deep underground sources. Using recycled water for applications that do not require water treated to potable or drinkable water quality standards saves energy and money by reducing treatment requirements.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and onsite alternative water use technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods. As on-site alternative water technologies evolve, and costs decline, and water shortages and water quality issues become more common, the resiliency benefits of a local and reliable water resource on reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Using on-site alternative water resources enhances resiliency by utilizing safe, reliable, redundant and locally controlled water supplies, by reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity, and by protecting sensitive, natural water bodies. Reducing potable water use reduces the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure (see <em>Emergency Water Supply and Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Many water pumps run on electricity, and without a source of backup power, fail to operate during power outages highlighting the importance of on-site alternative water sources and treatment options that cover all or part of onsite water use and wastewater treatment needs (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). Compostable toilets also increase resiliency by continuing to operate during water shortages and by preventing sewage backups.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Alliance for Water Efficiency. 2018. Graywater Introduction. <a href=\"http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx\">http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx</a> (accessed Nov 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ DEP. Division of Water Quality. <em>Standards for Individual Subsurface Sewage Disposal Systems.</em> <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dwq/pdf/njac79a.pdf\">www.state.nj.us/dep/dwq/pdf/njac79a.pdf</a> (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Alliance for Water Efficiency. 2018. Graywater Introduction. <a href=\"http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx\">http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx</a> (accessed Nov 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a> (accessed Nov 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/\">Emergency Water Supply and Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/\">Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/rain-gardens-and-cisterns/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/default.aspx\">Alliance for Water Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/center-for-resilience\">The Center for Resilience</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/\">New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection – Division of Water Quality</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.resilientdesign.org\">Resilient Design Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/\">Rutgers University NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Environmental Protection Agency</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/commercial-buildings\">WaterSense for Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-conservation-epa\">Water Conservation at EPA</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/region9/water/recycling/#benefits\">Water Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://watereuse.org\">WaterReuse</a></li>\n<li>Whole Building Design Guide – Water Conservation</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC On-site Alternative Water Reuse','','inherit','closed','closed','','1527-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:33:00','2022-06-23 19:33:00','',1527,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2710',0,'revision','',0),(2711,3,'2022-06-23 19:33:01','2022-06-23 19:33:01','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Emergency Water Supply and Storage\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Emergency Water Supply and Storage? </strong></h2>\n<p>New Jersey receives ample rainfall, and the state’s geology supports the storage of large quantities of groundwater and surface water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> However, water conservation and planning for water scarcity when water is plentiful can reduce the risk and the costs associated with increasing population growth, aging water infrastructure, and climate change impacts such as droughts on future water quality and availability. An increase in extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, ice storms, and flooding in New Jersey has highlighted the importance of having access to clean and safe water to meet drinking, sanitation and hygiene needs during and after natural disasters, extended power outages, and other emergencies. For example, flooding can overwhelm municipal water and wastewater treatment plants and storm-related power outages can impact plant operations. Flood waters can contaminate local water supplies and private wells with raw sewage and stormwater runoff containing chemicals, debris, and other contaminants that can cause serious illness.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> While backup generators at municipal water and wastewater treatment plants can prevent power outages and elevating equipment can protect plant operations, individual building owners and operators can also take steps to safeguard water for emergencies.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_67\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"768\"]<img class=\"wp-image-67 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Emergency-Water-Supply-and-Storage-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Flooding (Source: NJ DEP Flood Control)\" width=\"768\" height=\"498\" /> Figure 1 – Flooding (Source: NJ DEP Flood Control)[/caption]<p>Strategies to safeguard water at the building level include designating back-up power for water pumps, providing on-site water storage, and designing redundant water supply and treatment systems that utilize captured rainwater or recycled wastewater as the primary or backup water supply (see <em>Rain Barrels and Cisterns, and On-site Alternative Water Reuse</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Provide for Emergency Water Supply and Storage </strong></h2>\n<p>Planning for access to potable water during a power outage or storm-related event, starts with water conservation, and can include reusing water on-site, such as harvested rainwater or recycled greywater for storage and later use during emergencies to cover operations such as toilet flushing, mechanical equipment, and irrigation (see <em>Water-Efficient Landscaping, Indoor Water Conservation, On-site Alternative Water Reuse</em>).</p>\n<p>The specifics depend on whether or not the building utilizes the municipal water system. During a water emergency, a building on municipal water may still have access to clean potable water due to the municipal water and treatment plant’s backup water storage or backup power system.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> In this situation, planning for emergency water supply and storage requires providing backup power generation to operate water pumps and to distribute water throughout a building (see <em>Energy Storage and Back-Up Power Generation</em>).</p>\n<p>Buildings with deep-well pumps that do not rely on the municipal water supply can utilize energy storage and back-power generation, or hand pumps to power the deep-well pump. Gravity-fed water from an on-site spring or cistern part of a rainwater harvesting system, which includes adequate water storage can provide a redundant or backup water supply to complement public or deep-well water resources. Where there is no option for on-site water replenishment, look to provide emergency water storage that can gravity-feed water to the building, such as rooftop water tanks or water storage with pumps powered by stored energy or off-grid generators.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://thewatershed.org/visit/\">Stony Brook-Millstone Watershed Association Center</a></p>\n<p>Rainwater collected from the building’s rooftop supplies water for flushing toilets, reducing municipal potable water, stormwater runoff, and energy used to pump and treat water.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>The benefits of planning for emergency water supply and storage become most apparent during an emergency or disaster. Proper preparations can reduce business closures and avoid health and safety hazards associated with water emergencies. Planning for access to potable water during emergencies can also benefit overall water conservation efforts during normal operations, as alternative solutions and reuse scenarios are considered to utilize and manage water on a site.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and back-up technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods. As the cost of water storage and backup power generation technologies decline and power outages and water emergencies become more common, the resiliency benefits of reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Providing for emergency water supply and storage enhances resiliency by utilizing redundant and local water supplies and reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity. Ensuring access to potable water during emergencies decreases the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2017, New Jersey Water Supply Plan 2017-2022: 484p, <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018. Healthy Water – Water-Related Emergencies and Outbreaks. <a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/\">https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/</a> (accessed Nov 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Wilson, Alex. 2015. LEED Pilot Credits on Resilient Design Adopted! <a href=\"http://www.resilientdesign.org/leed-pilot-credits-on-resilient-design-adopted/\">http://www.resilientdesign.org/leed-pilot-credits-on-resilient-design-adopted/</a> (accessed Nov 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/\">Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/\">On-site Alternative Water Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/\">Center for Disease Control – Healthy Water</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/center-for-resilience\">The Center for Resilience</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.resilientdesign.org\">Resilient Design Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/commercial-buildings\">US EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-conservation-epa\">US EPA – Water Conservation at EPA</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">Whole Building Design Guide – Water Conservation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Emergency Water Supply and Storage','','inherit','closed','closed','','1539-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:33:01','2022-06-23 19:33:01','',1539,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2711',0,'revision','',0),(2712,3,'2022-06-23 19:33:01','2022-06-23 19:33:01','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Site and Stormwater Management\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Site and Stormwater Management?</h2>\n<p>Site and stormwater management includes techniques for handling stormwater to avoid runoff, erosion, flooding and other harmful effects of uncontrolled water discharge as well as other site protection and resource conservation practices. Stormwater runoff occurs when precipitation, in all forms, falls on land or impervious surfaces and does not infiltrate into the ground. When the runoff flows over the land or impermeable surfaces, including paved surfaces and building rooftops, it combines with pollutants such as debris, chemicals, and sediments. This polluted stormwater can negatively affect the hydrology and water quality of local water sources, resulting in habitat modification and loss, increased flooding, decreased biological diversity, increased sedimentation and erosion, contaminated drinking water, and forced beach closings due to health threats to swimmers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_268\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"548\"]<img class=\"wp-image-268 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Site-and-Stormwater-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Chicago City Hall rooftop garden (Source: Flickr)\" width=\"548\" height=\"406\" /> Figure 1 – Chicago City Hall rooftop garden (Source: Flickr)[/caption]<p>Site and stormwater management includes both Low Impact Development (also known as nonstructural strategies) and Green Infrastructure. Low Impact Development is the concept of designing a site to reduce the negative environmental impacts. Design techniques include<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Preserving stream buffers</li>\n<li>Minimizing the number of trees cut down during construction</li>\n<li>Reducing the use of heavy equipment</li>\n<li>Selecting soils and vegetation beneficial to the site</li>\n<li>Utilizing green infrastructure practices that treat stormwater through soil and vegetation</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The NJ Department of Environmental Protection’s <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual2.htm\">Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual</a> provides guidance on Low Impact Development strategies for new and existing projects in New Jersey.</p>\n<p>Green Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> For example, green infrastructure can effectively turn parking lot islands, street medians, tree planter boxes, and landscaped areas near buildings into specialized stormwater treatment systems. Developers and property owners can redesign parking lots to reduce impervious coverage and increase stormwater infiltration. Innovative site and stormwater management designs may also include vegetated or green roofs, methods for capturing and reusing rainwater, and the use of pervious paving materials in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/More_Info.html\">NJ DEP’s Green Infrastructure for New Jersey</a> website provides informational fact sheets on common green infrastructure practices, including rain gardens/bioretention basins, grass swales, constructed gravel wetlands, and rain barrels. The <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</a> provides detailed information for the identification, design, and implementation of green infrastructure practices throughout New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Integrate Site and Stormwater Management </strong></h2>\n<p><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v4\">Both LEED v4.1 Operations &amp; Maintenance (O+M),</a> and <a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">SITES</a> require stormwater management as part of their certification systems. Under Sustainable Sites, LEED O+M awards points for rainwater and site management strategies. SITES offers a comprehensive, performance-based rating system for sustainable landscapes. SITES certification applies to new construction projects as well as existing sites that include significant renovations (with or without buildings). Projects constructed within the last two years with a minimum of 2,000 square feet qualify for certification.</p>\n<p>Existing commercial projects that impact the site should have a site protection plan included in the contract documents. A site protection plan protects the natural resources of a project site and adjacent areas and achieves compliance with local laws and codes. Existing trees and vegetation, healthy soils and natural hydrologic systems on a site are all valuable resources to consider protecting before a construction project begins.</p>\n<p>The sections below focus on the redesign of landscaping and incorporation of pervious paving materials, rain gardens, and vegetated roofs as ways to reduce a current commercial building’s stormwater runoff and incorporate best management practices for site development.</p>\n<p><u>Native and Adapted Plants</u></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_89\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"wp-image-89 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Native-and-Adapated-Plants-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)\" width=\"424\" height=\"608\" /> Figure 2 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)[/caption]<p>Consider incorporating a native NJ habitat with plants adapted for the site. A native plant species thrive naturally in a particular region, ecosystem or habitat without direct or indirect human actions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Adapted plants have evolved to the physical conditions such as soil, climate, and geology of a site but were not formally part of the natural ecosystem.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Invasive plants grow quickly and aggressively, often displacing native plants and adversely impacting native wildlife, local food sources, and pollination.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Landscaping with plants that are native and adapted to the Mid-Atlantic geographic region nurtures a diverse and healthy ecosystem and saves time and money on maintenance. Diverse native habitats resist disease and reduce the need for synthetic pesticides, increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife, reduce stormwater runoff and mitigate flooding, and provide an alternative to the time-consuming, energy-intensive, and water-inefficient practices of lawn and turf care.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a> provides a list of NJ native plants by County.</p>\n<p>Some projects may be eligible for the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/whipart03.htm#signup\">Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program</a>. Resources such as <a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friend-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a> offer plant information and an easily searchable plant database.</p>\n<p><u>Pervious Hardscape Materials</u></p>\n<p>Pervious paving systems absorb water rather than diverting water into underlying soils, reducing runoff and treating pollutants as water passes through soils and replenishes groundwater.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers. Review municipal regulations for permission to use pervious paving materials and consult with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.</p>\n<p>Using pervious hardscape materials reduces:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Decrease the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff</li>\n<li>Reduces pollution of total suspended solids and nutrients in the soil</li>\n<li>Eliminates the need for or reduces the size of detention ponds, protecting open space and wildlife habitats</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Three types of pervious pavement systems include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, and interlocking concrete pavers. Proper installation and base materials such as open-grade crushed stone maximize the surface’s ability to absorb and store water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>Maintenance and Tips:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider using salvaged bricks or recycled stone pavers</li>\n<li>Look for a regionally-quarried stone to reduce transportation costs</li>\n<li>Prevent clogging by cleaning any soil deposited on pavement and vacuum (as necessary) twice each year</li>\n<li>Maintain planted areas adjacent to the pavement</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong> </strong>For additional information regarding the design of pervious pavement, see the <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual2.htm\">NJ DEP Stormwater Best Practices Manual</a> and the <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for NJ</a>.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_383\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"690\"]<img class=\"wp-image-383 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Site-and-Stormwater-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 3- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute)\" width=\"690\" height=\"490\" /> Figure 3- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute)[/caption]<p><u>Rain Barrels and Cisterns</u></p>\n<p>Rain barrel and cistern systems collect, store, and distribute water for later use, providing a cost-effective and environmentally beneficial way to conserve water and minimize problems associated with stormwater runoff. Use rainwater collected in barrels and cisterns from catchment areas such as rooftops for irrigation, flushing toilets and other non-potable uses. Treat or filter the water depending on the intended use. Commercial applications often use cisterns or large-scale rain barrels.</p>\n<p>Standard components of a rain harvesting system include<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Catchment area such as a roof</li>\n<li>Gutters and downspouts</li>\n<li>Leaf screens</li>\n<li>Rain barrel or cistern for storage</li>\n<li>Conveyance system to deliver stored water via gravity or pump</li>\n<li>Water treatment or filter system</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Set aside sufficient space, either interior, above ground or underground, for the appropriately sized barrel or cistern. The size of rain barrels and cisterns varies from as small as 55-gallons to systems that hold thousands of gallons )which may require the use of an electric pump for distribution). To calculate the volume of water available for capture, assume that every 1,000 square feet of catchment area generates 600 gallons of runoff during a one-inch rainfall event.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Catchment Area * Inches of Rain * 600 gallons *0 .75</h3>\n<hr />\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">1,000 square feet</h3>\n<p>Consider combining rain barrels and cisterns with a drip irrigation system to direct overflow to a dry well, rain garden or bio-retention area.</p>\n<p>Rain barrels require maintenance. Use water within two weeks to prevent algae growth and clean barrels every few months. A screen with a cover prevents algae growth and mosquito breeding. Drain, disconnect and store rain barrels during the winter months.</p>\n<p>For more detailed information about the design and construction of rain barrels and cisterns see the Rutgers Water Resources Program’s – <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">Green Infrastructure Manual for New Jersey</a>.</p>\n<p><u>Rain Gardens</u></p>\n<p>Rain gardens, also referred to as vegetated swales and bioswales, consist of sloped depressions in the landscape planted densely with native plants that can soak up and filter stormwater runoff from rooftops, streets, or parking lots. Rain garden vegetation absorbs and filters stormwater before it enters storm drains.</p>\n<p>Place rain gardens to capture runoff from a site effectively. Observe the site during the next rain and note where runoff problems exist. Consider the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Does it come from a roof or downspout?</li>\n<li>Is there runoff from a parking lot?</li>\n<li>Does the runoff gravitate towards one place more than another?</li>\n</ul>\n<p>As a general rule of thumb, place the rain gardens at least 10 feet from building foundations if the structure has a basement; for buildings without basements, place rain gardens at least 2 feet from buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/demoraingardens.html\">Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station’s Water Resources Program</a> has installed over 125 demonstration rain gardens in New Jersey.</p>\n<p>For step-by-step guidance on installing a rain garden, see The Rutgers Water Resources Program and the Native Plant Society of New Jersey’s <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html\">Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey</a>.</p>\n<p><u>Vegetated Roofs </u></p>\n<p>A vegetated roof or green roof consists of vegetation in a lightweight growing medium placed on top of the drainage layer, root barrier, and waterproof membrane (see Figure 1). Vegetated roofs provide many environmental benefits such as decreased stormwater runoff and reduced energy use. They absorb air pollutants and provide a habitat for beneficial insects and birds, serve as a sound barrier, and mitigate the urban heat island effect. Use a pre-engineered green roof system or customize the green roof to achieve a project’s specific performance objectives. Vegetated roofs often weigh between 10-50 pounds per square foot. Consult a structural engineer and evaluate the strength of the roof before installing a vegetated roof on a building. Consider reinforcing the roof to support the added weight.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_455\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"924\"]<img class=\"wp-image-455 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Site-and-Stormwater-Fig-5.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – A cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual)\" width=\"924\" height=\"538\" /> Figure 5 – A cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual)[/caption]<p>The two primary categories of vegetated roofs include: extensive and intensive. Extensive vegetated roofs consist of lightweight systems with shallow soil (or other growing media)  depths usually less than 6 inches.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Extensive vegetated roofs require less structural support than an intensive system and support a limited palette of hardy plants adapted to extreme environments that need little maintenance. Intensive vegetated roofs have deeper soil typically have more than 6″ of soil or other growing media, weigh more than extensive vegetated roofs, and can support a greater variety of plants. Intensive systems require more maintenance and a higher initial investment than an extensive roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can host a variety of plant species but typically include drought-tolerant species such as hardy succulents, sedums, and perennials. Consider low-maintenance, native species capable of living in the shallow soil. For a list of species indigenous to the Northeast, see <a href=\"https://www.nycgovparks.org/greening/greenbelt-native-plant-center/garden-species-lists/garden-green-roof\">NYC Greenbelt Native Plant Center</a> or <a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">List of NJ Native Plants by County</a>.</p>\n<p>Vegetated roof requires some maintenance such as watering during the establishment period and occasional weeding. Seasonal pruning and cutting of grasses and annual plants reduce the accumulation of combustible material on the roof. Regularly inspect and maintain the components of the roof’s drainage system such as gutters, underdrains, and downspouts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Blue roofs</strong> are systems designed to store and slowly release stormwater. Orifices, weirs, or other outlet devices manage and control the discharge rate of rooftop runoff, thereby reducing the size of downstream detention basins. Locations where the roof makes up a majority of the impervious surface area of the site, and where there is little room at the site for other stormwater management strategies make blue roofs most effective. </p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>For more information on blue roofs, see the <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual2.htm\">NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 9.8 Blue Roofs</a>.</p>\n<p><strong> </strong><u>Water-Efficient Landscaping </u></p>\n<p>Design landscapes that rely on natural rainfall and only require supplemental irrigation during the plants’ initial establishment period. Use native and appropriate non-native vegetation adapted to site conditions and climate. Group plants with similar water requirements to maximize irrigation efficiency and use climate-based controllers for irrigation systems to lower water consumption. Collect non-potable water for irrigation from sources such as rooftops, greywater, air conditioner condensate, or stormwater basins.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>For more information, refer to US EPA’s WaterSense Water-Smart Landscaping Design Guide.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example of Site and Stormwater Management </strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.hobokennj.gov/swpark/\">Southwest Park, Hoboken, NJ</a></p>\n<p>A one-acre park designed with green infrastructure such as bioswales, rain gardens, permeable pavement, and underground chambers that can store 200,000 gallons of stormwater runoff, South Park in Hoboken NJ helps reduce localized flooding in the surrounding neighborhood.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Effective stormwater management can;<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Alleviate the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff, thus mitigates flooding.</li>\n<li>Protect wetlands and aquatic ecosystems</li>\n<li>Improve quality of receiving waterbodies</li>\n<li>Conserve water resources</li>\n<li>Protect public health</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>Natural areas lost to development and replaced with impervious surfaces require new and costly levees, pipes, and pollution-control technology to perform displaced ecosystem functions.</p>\n<p>The cost of site and stormwater management systems varies depending on the type of landscape and selection of strategies. For example, rain gardens vary in cost depending on the size of the roof and the selection of plants. According to the US EPA, estimated costs of installing a green roof average $10/sf for extensive roofing, and $25/sf for intensive roofs. Maintenance costs vary for either type of roof and may range from $0.75–$1.50/sf.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> The typical cost for institutional rain gardens ranges from $30-$40 per square foot depending on existing soil conditions, the selection of plants, and whether or not the project requires professional installation, organizes volunteers, or uses in-house personnel.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Green infrastructure integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure.</p>\n<p>In coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, native and adapted plants act as an essential buffer to encroaching water during flood periods while acting as a routine defense against beach erosion.  For example, American Beachgrass considered one of the best lines of shoreline defense against storms and may also help prevent increasing levels of brackish water from infiltrating water tables close to a salt-water body.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> In general, the root systems of native plants can reduce runoff and mitigate flooding.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a>  In the event of droughts, water-efficient landscapes designed with native and adapted plants add layers of protection against water scarcity. Rain gardens designed with native and adapted plants support ecological resilience by increasing the biological diversity of plants and animals in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p>When massive storms, hurricanes, or droughts cause municipal water sources to shut down or pollute wells, rain barrels and cisterns can provide stockpiled water. Filter and purify before using the water to irrigate edible gardens, wash dishes, and or provide water for drinking and showering.</p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can provide thermal insulation throughout all four seasons, reducing energy consumption and reliance on the electrical grid. In the event of a power outage, they can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season. During heavy rainfalls and flooding events, vegetated roofs can help reduce stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure and reduce combined sewer overflows.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> Vegetated roofs can also offer local communities the opportunity to grow some of their food, reducing dependency on supply chains and transportation networks often disrupted or compromised from storms and other events.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Stormwater Program <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program\">https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ DEP. Green Infrastructure in NJ. Pervious Pavement. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – <em>Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</em> <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Audubon. Plant Natives. <a href=\"http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html\">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2010. National Park Service and U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service. “Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas.”  Washington, D.C. <a href=\"http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf\">http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.  “Invasive Plants” <a href=\"http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx\">http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx</a>  (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJ DEP. Green Infrastructure in NJ. Pervious Pavement. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NJ DEP. New Jersey Stormwater Best Practices Manual. “Best Practices Standard for Pervious Paving Systems” <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US DOE | EERE. “Best Management Practices:  Alternate Water Sources.”  <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practice-14-alternative-water-sources\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practice-14-alternative-water-sources</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Rutgers Water Resources Program. Green Infrastructure Manual for NJ. <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> The Rutgers Cooperative Extension Water Resources Program and the Native Plant Society of New Jersey’s Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> WBDG. Extensive Green Roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands</a>  (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques. <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2%20print.pdf\">http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2 print.pdf</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> Dr. Steve Windhager, University of Texas School of Architecture.  <em>Sustainable Sites </em> <a href=\"https://soa.utexas.edu/sites/default/disk/urban_ecosystems/urban_ecosystems/09_03_fa_windhager_calaci_ml.pdf\">https://soa.utexas.edu/sites/default/disk/urban_ecosystems/urban_ecosystems/09_03_fa_windhager_calaci_ml.pdf</a> (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> US EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System – Problems with Stormwater Pollution. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program\">https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> US EPA Heat Island Effect – Green Roofs <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> Sustainble Jersey. 2017. Rain Gardens Action. <a href=\"http://www.sustainablejersey.com\">http://www.sustainablejersey.com</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. StormSmart Properties Fact Sheet 1: Artificial Dunes and Dune Nourishment.  <a href=\"http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html\">http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> USDA Forest Service. Native Gardening. <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml\">https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml</a> (accessed November 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenvalues.cnt.org/national/calculator.php\">Center for Neighborhood Technology – Green Values Calculator</a></li>\n<li>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2018). <em>Estimating the environmental effects of green roofs: A case study in Kansas City, Missouri. </em>EPA 430-S-18-001. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands</a></li>\n<li>Gaffin, S. R., Kong, A.Y.Y., De Mel, J.M., and Rosenzweig, C. 2017. <em>Green, White and Dark Roofs – The energy perspective. </em>New York, NY, USA: Center for Climate Systems Research at Columbia University and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenroofs.org/about-green-roofs/\">Green Roofs for Healthy Cities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friendly-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CEAM\">Native Plant Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wef.org\">Water Environment Federation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://developersguide.njfuture.org\">NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>NJ DEP</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/raingardens.html\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>US EPA</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainability/giwiz\">Green Infrastructure Wizard</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Site and Stormwater Management','','inherit','closed','closed','','1873-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:33:01','2022-06-23 19:33:01','',1873,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2712',0,'revision','',0),(2713,3,'2022-06-23 19:33:02','2022-06-23 19:33:02','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Pervious Hardscape Materials\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Pervious Hardscape Materials? </strong></h2>\n<p>Pervious paving systems absorb water rather than diverting water into underlying soils, reducing runoff and treating pollutants as water passes through soils and replenishes groundwater.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Stormwater runoff occurs when precipitation, of all forms, falls on land or impervious surfaces and does not infiltrate into the ground. When the runoff flows over the land or impermeable surfaces, including impervious paved surfaces, it combines with pollutants such as debris, chemicals, and sediments. This polluted stormwater can negatively affect the hydrology and water quality of local water sources, resulting in habitat modification and loss, increased flooding, decreased biological diversity, increased sedimentation and erosion, contaminated drinking water, and forced beach closings due to health threats to swimmers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Green Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices, such as pervious hardscape materials, that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration (see <em>Rain Barrels and Cisterns and Vegetated Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers for use in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.</p>\n<p>The essential components of pervious surfaces include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Uncompacted subgrade (original, undisturbed soil)</li>\n<li>Base layer/filter fabric/geotextile</li>\n<li>Uniform crushed stone base</li>\n<li>Porous layer (pavement/paver/brick/stone)</li>\n</ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_577\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"880\"]<img class=\"wp-image-577 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-FIg-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Pervious hardscape (Source: Design New Jersey/Cambridge Pavers).\" width=\"880\" height=\"586\" /> Figure 1 – Pervious hardscape (Source: Design New Jersey/Cambridge Pavers).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Use Pervious Hardscape Materials</strong></h2>\n<p>Review municipal regulations for permission to use pervious paving materials and consult with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.</p>\n<p>Proper installation and base materials such as open-grade crushed stone maximize the surface’s ability to absorb and store water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the components of typical permeable concrete paver systems.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_424\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"734\"]<img class=\"wp-image-424 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010).\" width=\"734\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 2- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_106\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1142\"]<img class=\"wp-image-106 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 3- Typical construction of pervious paving (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems).\" width=\"1142\" height=\"498\" /> Figure 3- Typical construction of pervious paving (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems).[/caption]<p><u>Maintenance and Tips</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider using salvaged bricks or recycled stone pavers.</li>\n<li>Look for a regionally-quarried stone to reduce transportation costs and environmental footprint.</li>\n<li>To prevent clogging, immediately clean any soil deposited on pavement and vacuum (as necessary) twice each year.</li>\n<li>Maintain planted areas adjacent to the pavement.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>For additional information regarding the design of pervious pavement, see the <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual2.htm\">NJ DEP Stormwater Best Practices Manual</a> and the <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for NJ</a>.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/water-research/experimental-permeable-pavement-parking-lot-and-rain-garden-stormwater-management\">US EPA Region 2 Laboratory Parking Lot, Edison, NJ</a></p>\n<p>This demonstration project in Edison NJ included three types of permeable surfaces for a 110-vehicle-capacity parking lot. The project leveraged funding from US EPA’s <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-research-and-development-ord\">Office of Research and Development (ORD)</a> long-term research project examining various stormwater management practices and installed  instrumentation to study the impact of permeable surfaces on stormwater quanitity and quality, erosion, and threats to aquatic life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.farleypavers.com/downloads/Downtown-Altoona-Pennsylvania-Pavingstone-Project.pdf\">Altoona Downtown Revitalization – Altoona, PA</a></p>\n<p>A collaborative effort initiated by downtown business owners and other stakeholders resulted in over 42,000 SF of pervious pavers. A combination of pervious hardscapes was chosen depending on the application, from pavers to withstand traffic loads to compact stone for pedestrians.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.mortonarb.org/\">Morton Arboretum Visitor’s Center Parking Lot – Lisle, IL</a></p>\n<p>Rather than create detention facilities to address water runoff from required hardscapes (entrance road, passenger drop-off, parking lot), Morton Arboretum opted for permeable pavers covering 173,000 SF, allowing the site design to protect water quality and facilitate water management.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/southwest-park\">Southwest Park, Hoboken, NJ</a></p>\n<p>A one-acre park designed with green infrastructure such as bioswales, rain gardens, permeable pavement, and underground chambers that can store 200,000 gallons of stormwater runoff, South Park in Hoboken NJ helps reduce localized flooding in the surrounding neighborhood (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using pervious hardscape materials:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Alleviates the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff, thus mitigates flooding.</li>\n<li>Reduces pollution of total suspended solids and nutrients in the soil.</li>\n<li>Helps reduce the need for and size of detention ponds<strong>, </strong>thereby reducing the need to clear more land and wildlife habitats.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Costs for pervious paving materials vary by the project. The size of the project, local labor expenses, and the type of material all influence the final costs. Cost comparisons for paving materials can be misleading. For example, on average, a standard asphalt installation costs between $3.00 – $3.25 per square foot requires additional stormwater management systems, whereas pervious paving systems incorporate stormwater management.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>A more accurate cost comparison considers stormwater management costs. When asphalt projects consider stormwater management costs, for example, the cost rises to between $7 and $15 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Gravel pavers typically cost between $3.00 and $10.00 per square foot, while interlocking concrete pavers cost between $6.00 and $15.00 per square foot, and porous concrete cost ranges from $4.00 to $6.00 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> While these pervious paving materials may cost more initially than conventional asphalt, longer lifespans due to the higher durability inherent in concrete, reduce long-term maintenance costs and reduce repair costs and premature replacement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Green infrastructure, such as pervious hardscape materials, integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure. For example, pervious hardscape materials help to increase stormwater infiltration, reducing stress on municipal sewer systems during heavy rain events and help to recharge groundwater, during periods of drought.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> NJ DEP. Green Infrastructure in NJ. Pervious Pavement. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Stormwater Program <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program\">https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – <em>Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</em> <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. New Jersey Stormwater Best Practices Manual. “Best Practices Standard for Pervious Paving Systems.” <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018)<em>.</em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> NJ DEP. New Jersey Stormwater Best Practices Manual. “Best Practices Standard for Pervious Paving Systems” <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/water-research/experimental-permeable-pavement-parking-lot-and-rain-garden-stormwater-management\">https://www.epa.gov/water-research/experimental-permeable-pavement-parking-lot-and-rain-garden-stormwater-management</a>  (accessed March 24, 2018).<sup>  </sup></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Costs provided by a significant asphalt supplier in NJ (May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.” <a href=\"https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines_Permeable-Pavement_042120.pdf\">https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines_Permeable-Pavement_042120.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Homeadvisor.com. <a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/</a>   (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Improvenet.com.  <a href=\"https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers\">https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.”</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/rain-gardens-and-cisterns/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://developersguide.njfuture.org\">NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.icpi.org/\">Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lafoundation.org\">Landscape Architecture Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://wefstormwaterinstitute.org\">Water Environment Federation</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ Department of Environmental Protection</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Environmental Protection Agency</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-10/documents/draftlongtermstormwaterguide_508.pdf\">Community Solutions for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainability/giwiz\">Green Infrastructure Wizard</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Pervious Hardscape Materials','','inherit','closed','closed','','1628-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:33:02','2022-06-23 19:33:02','',1628,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2713',0,'revision','',0),(2714,3,'2022-06-23 19:35:06','2022-06-23 19:35:06','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Source Reduction and Recycling\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Source Reduction and Recycling?</h2>\n<p>Source reduction or waste reduction refers to reducing the amount (by weight or volume) or toxicity of waste that enters the solid waste stream. Recycling turns materials that would otherwise become waste into new resources.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Additionally, source reduction is the first tier in the waste management process. Source reduction decreases the amount of waste that enters the solid waste stream as well as decreases the disposal of toxic materials by sourcing fewer products out of toxic materials. Many steps can be taken to minimize household waste through reducing, reusing, and then recycling.</p>\n<h2>How to Implement Source Reduction and Recycling</h2>\n<p>Source reduction includes taking steps such as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Buying durable, reusable and repairable products</li>\n<li>Avoiding single-use items (plastic straws, plastic bags, etc.)</li>\n<li>Selecting products with less package and/or buy in bulk</li>\n<li>Buying used items</li>\n<li>Maintaining and repairing household items</li>\n<li>Sharing, borrowing or renting items</li>\n<li>Avoiding the use of toxic and hazardous products and materials</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Check with local laws and regulations about recycling and give careful consideration to the type of recycling containers, space allocations for containers and storage, and the movement of recyclables from inside to outside. It is mandatory to recycle certain materials in New Jersey and important to be aware of the local recycling rules. For more information about solid waste and recycling in NJ, visit the <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/\">NJ DEP Solid Hazardous Waste Management program website.</a></p>\n<h3><strong><img class=\"wp-image-486 size-medium alignright\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NR-Source-Reduction-Fig-1-300x97.png\" alt=\"Jersey City Make it Green\" width=\"300\" height=\"97\" />Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.jcmakeitgreen.org/reduce-waste/\">Jersey City Make It Green</a></p>\n<p>Education is an important aspect of waste prevention, and many municipalities provide guidance materials related to source reduction and recycling. Jersey City Make It Green provides educational information about the how and why of waste prevention and offers resources such as <a href=\"https://recyclecoach.com/cities/usa-nj-city-of-jersey-city/\">Recycle Coach</a>, a searchable website that provides information about what to recycle, where to drop off materials, and a customized waste pick up calendar.</p>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>Source reduction and recycling can save money and reduce the amount of material entering the solid waste stream. Recycling reduces the amount of strain put on landfills and incinerators, which decreases air and water contamination as well as preserving open space. Additionally, recycling conserves resources and reduces the need for new resources to be extracted from forests, oil wells, and mines, among others.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Recycling also has many indirect benefits. Recycling can lead to the creation of jobs and tax revenues that can make communities stronger and more prone to start environmentally responsible initiatives. Also, recycling can reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG’s) because the production, transport, and disposing of solid waste produces GHG’s.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>EPA’s WasteWise partners have documented that source reduction can lead to cost savings, particularly in shipping and receiving, office operations, and manufacturing.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Recycling can help reduce disposal costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> While the individual cost of purchasing reusable items may be more than disposable products, realizing the long-term benefits of reusable items and life-cycle cost comparisons can balance the initial costs. The life cycle costs include not only the purchase price but also its use, distribution, sterilization of reusable products, and the cost for waste disposal. Consider factors such as its effects on health and impacts on the environment. Some source reduction and recycling practices require a change in habits rather than a change in cost.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Source reduction can decrease the quantity of waste generated when a natural or human-caused disaster occurs. Proactive strategies for waste-related issues associated with disasters is an integral part of resilience planning.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Reducing waste and reusing or recycling materials can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Recycling. <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm</a> (accessed March 24, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Reducing and Reusing Basics. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/reducing-and-reusing-basics#ideas\">https://www.epa.gov/recycle/reducing-and-reusing-basics#ideas</a> (accessed May 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NERC. “New Jersey Environmental Benefits Fact Sheet on Recycling.” <a href=\"http://www.nerc.org/documents/fsheets/nj-factsht.html%20\">http://www.nerc.org/documents/fsheets/nj-factsht.html</a> (accessed March 24, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Stopwaste.org. Recycling and Climate Protection. <a href=\"http://www.stopwaste.org/recycling/business/recycling-and-climate-protection\">http://www.stopwaste.org/recycling/business/recycling-and-climate-protection</a>  (accessed March 24, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA. Wastes – WasteWise Program.  <a href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/smm/wastewise/web/html/cost.html\">https://archive.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/smm/wastewise/web/html/cost.html</a> (accessed March 24, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. Managing and Reducing Wastes: A Guide for Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/smm/managing-and-reducing-wastes-guide-commercial-buildings\">https://www.epa.gov/smm/managing-and-reducing-wastes-guide-commercial-buildings</a> (accessed March 24, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Life Cycle Approach. <a href=\"https://sftool.gov/plan/399/life-cycle-approach\">https://sftool.gov/plan/399/life-cycle-approach</a> (accessed March 24, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Waste Management Planning to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/homeland-security-waste/waste-management-planning-mitigate-impact-climate-change\">https://www.epa.gov/homeland-security-waste/waste-management-planning-mitigate-impact-climate-change</a> (accessed March 24, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/\">Composting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-recycling-centers/\">Recycling Centers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/plan/399/life-cycle-approach\">GSA – Sustainable Facilities Tool – Life Cycle Approach</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/residential.html\">NJ DEP – Recycling Information – Residential</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/reducing-and-reusing-basics\">US EPA – Reducing and Reusing Basics</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle\">US EPA – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-3.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Source Reduction and Recycling','','inherit','closed','closed','','2265-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:35:06','2022-06-23 19:35:06','',2265,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2714',0,'revision','',0),(2715,3,'2022-06-23 19:37:42','2022-06-23 19:37:42','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls (NLCs)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What are High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and NLCs?</h2>\n<p>A high-efficiency lighting system integrates daylighting and energy efficient electrical lighting with networked lighting controls (NLCs), to provide a comfortable environment for occupants while reducing energy consumption and costs (see<span> </span><em>Daylighting, and Smart Sensors and Controls</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Lighting accounts for about 5% of the annual energy costs in a typical household and contributes to a household’s cooling load by emitting waste heat.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>More stringent building codes, a phasing out of traditional lighting technologies (e.g., incandescents), utility incentives and rebates, and more energy efficient federal standards for lighting applications (e.g., screw-in light bulbs) have helped to drive the market for energy-efficient lighting in the residential sector.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_559\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1354\"]<img class=\"wp-image-559 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-High-Efficiency-Lighting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Fig 1. Common Bulb Technologies with Annual Electric Cost (Source: EnergyStar.gov).\" width=\"1354\" height=\"412\" /> Fig 1. Common Bulb Technologies with Annual Electric Cost (Source: EnergyStar.gov).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Fig 1 shows the evolution in energy use, cost savings, and lifespan of light bulbs  from standard incandescent to more energy efficient options. The least efficient replacement option is halogen incandescent which are 30% more efficient, followed by compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) which are 75% more efficient, topped by light emitting diodes (LEDs) which are 90% more efficient than traditional incandescent light bulbs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Currently available smart bulbs equipped with smart sensors and paired with networked lighting controls that allow for lighting customization and control such as scheduling, daylight harvesting, vacancy sensing, and control of light color and brightness, promise to offer additional performance and efficiency gains and an enhanced occupant experience (see<span> </span><em>Smart Sensors and Controls</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>By providing a foundation for future applications of the IoT (Internet of Things), high-efficiency lighting and networked lighting controls hold the potential to create new benefits and functions beyond supplying basic illumination, such as enhanced security, indoor environmental quality monitoring, and remote maintenance and service through.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<h2>How to Implement a High-Efficiency Lighting System and NLCs</h2>\n<p>High-efficiency lighting design involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process (see<span> </span><em>Integrated Design Process</em>). For example, window selection and placement influences daylighting and electrical lighting design, sizing of mechanical systems, and interior design layouts (see<span> </span><em>Energy-Efficient Windows, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, and Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</em>).</p>\n<p>Lighting guidelines provide general principles and examples, but project specific solutions often require hiring a lighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools that can simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>The following provides general best practice guidance on how to optimize daylighting and electrical lighting in new residential buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a>Set a Maximum Lighting Power Density (LPD) goal to avoid overlit spaces and to achieve an appropriate level of lighting per area lit or watts per square foot.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Set a Daylight Sufficiency Goal that establishes the amount of daylighting, measured in lumens or foot-candles, required to perform a typical task in each space without electrical lighting.</li>\n<li>Develop a layered lighting strategy that first utilizes daylight to provide primary or ambient lighting levels, and then adds electrical lighting options and controls to vary lighting levels for a variety of tasks and occupant preferences.</li>\n<li>Specify<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans\">ENERGY STAR</a><span> </span>qualified lighting products that are at least 75% more efficient and last 25% longer than incandescent lighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></li>\n<li>Use the Federal Trade Commission’s “Lighting Facts Label” to determine a light’s brightness, measured in lumens, annual energy cost, lifespan, and light appearance, measured from warm to cool.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a><span> </span><strong> </strong></li>\n<li>Use vacancy sensors (manual on, automatic off) as opposed to occupancy sensors (automatic on, automatic off) to save energy by requiring occupants to flip a switch if they require additional light.</li>\n<li>Provide adjustable task lighting such as under cabinet lighting to save energy by reducing ambient lighting needs and directing appropriate lighting to specific tasks.</li>\n<li>Incorporate exterior motion sensors to save energy and enhance security and safety.</li>\n<li>Consider installing solar powered outdoor LED lights for lighting outdoor pathways.</li>\n<li>Plan for backup power for critical lighting needs during a power outage, such as emergency and night-time lighting (see<span> </span><em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usled.com/case-studies\">Residential lighting upgrade, Southbury, CT.</a></p>\n<p>There were 124 individual lights changed in the home, delivering a savings of over $200 per month amounting to $2,533 per year.  The total investment was  $6,024 and the payback period is 2.4 years. The savings are based on the total delivered power cost of $0.16/kw‐hr.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/delta/pdf/OutdoorEntry.pdf\">Outdoor entry lighting on a residential home, Albany, NY.</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>The ceiling-mounted incandescent luminaire in front door entry replaced with motion sensor and Energy Star-rated CFL luminaires</li>\n<li>Reduced glare</li>\n<li>Lit the entry at dusk, improving safety without leaving lights on all day</li>\n<li>Reduced energy use</li>\n<li>Estimated annual energy savings of 208 kW l and an energy bill savings of $30</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>Supplementing natural daylight with high-efficiency lighting systems and NLCs provides multiple benefits:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduced utility bills through energy efficiency gains and reduced maintenance and replacement cost through longer-lasting bulbs and fixtures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></li>\n<li>Reduced cooling loads and downsized HVAC systems through less heat gain from electrical lighting (see<span> </span><em>Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></li>\n<li>Reduced number of toxic chemicals released into the waste stream and reduced light pollution.</li>\n<li>Improved occupant satisfaction based on a shared preference for naturally daylit spaces, reinforcement of circadian rhythms, and connection to nature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></li>\n<li>Increased resale value of the home (1%-3%).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>EnergyStar certified LED light bulbs in common replacement sizes for traditional lighting (40 and 60W) cost around $2 per bulb and pay for themselves in energy saved in a few months.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a><span> </span>Utility incentive programs and product manufacturer rebate programs can also help offset upfront costs. See the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/home/home\">NJ Clean Energy Office</a><span> </span>for available incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing high-efficiency lighting and NCLs provides energy savings and reduces reliance and stress on the electricity grid. Daylit-optimized homes paired with high-efficiency lighting systems and built-in backup power for critical lighting needs further reduce stress on the grid, especially in the event of a power outage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide. (WBDG). Energy Efficient Lighting.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/efficientlighting.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/efficientlighting.php</a><span> </span>(accessed May 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>US DOE. 2018. LEDs.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/led-lighting\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/led-lighting</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) requires general service lighting products sold as of January 1, 2020, to have an efficacy of at least 45 lumens per watt.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>EnergyStar. 2017. “The Light Bulb Revolution: EPA Predicts Widespread Adoption of LED Lighting by 2020 if Utility Programs Persist.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/asset/document/LBR_2017-LED-Takeover.pdf\">https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/asset/document/LBR_2017-LED-Takeover.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>US DOE. 2017. “Guiding SSL Technology Advances.” Department of Solid-State Lighting.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/guiding-ssl-technology-advances_sep2016.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/guiding-ssl-technology-advances_sep2016.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Iain Campbell et al. 2017. “A New Way to Think About Office Lighting.” Harvard Business Review. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Buildings Program.<span> </span><a href=\"https://hbr.org/2017/06/a-new-way-to-think-about-office-lighting\">https://hbr.org/2017/06/a-new-way-to-think-about-office-lighting</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>WBDG. Daylighting.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a>  (accessed Dec 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>US DOE. 2018. LEDs.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/led-lighting\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/led-lighting</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>Federal Trade Commission. 2017. “The FTC “Lighting Facts” Label: Questions and Answers for Manufacturers.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/ftc-lighting-facts-label-questions-answers-manufacturers\">https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/ftc-lighting-facts-label-questions-answers-manufacturers</a><span> </span> (accessed Dec 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>Ibid WBDG.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylight Controls. Windows for High-Performance Buildings.<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119123555/https://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php</a><span> </span>(accessed July 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>California Energy Commission and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf\">http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a><span> </span>Consumer Reports. “8 Ways to Boost Your Home Value”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.consumerreports.org/home-improvement/8-ways-to-boost-your-home-value/\">https://www.consumerreports.org/home-improvement/8-ways-to-boost-your-home-value/</a><span> </span>(accessed May 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a><span> </span>EnergyStar. 2017. “The Light Bulb Revolution: EPA Predicts Widespread Adoption of LED Lighting by 2020 if Utility Programs Persist.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/asset/document/LBR_2017-LED-Takeover.pdf\">https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/asset/document/LBR_2017-LED-Takeover.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bldrs_lenders_raters.ALP_Builder\">Energy Star Advanced Lighting Package</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/researchAreas/reducingbarriers/index.asp\">Illuminating Energy-Efficient Options</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/energy-efficient-products/lighting\">NJ Clean Energy Program Energy Efficient Lighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/efficientlighting.php\">National Institute of Building Sciences: Introduction to Energy Efficient Lighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/fluorescent_bulbs.htm\">NJ DEP Fluorescent Bulb Recycling Resources</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://recycleabulb.veoliaes.com/home\">Recycleabulb.com</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_section]','NR High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and NLCs','','inherit','closed','closed','','2281-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 19:37:42','2022-06-23 19:37:42','',2281,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2715',0,'revision','',0),