(1241,3,'2022-03-30 21:28:28','2022-03-30 21:28:28','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Brownfield and Infill Sites\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Brownfield and Infill Development?</h2>\n<p>The reuse of urbanized brownfield and infill sites utilizes existing infrastructure and maximizes the value of existing resources. Brownfields consist of properties whose expansion, redevelopment, or reuse may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>These properties include sites with historical use as an industrial or commercial site and are often located in urban areas. According to the NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJ DEP), there are an estimated 10,000 brownfield sites located throughout the state.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Of the more than 10,000 sites, some 2,544 acres of brownfields fall into 267 sites that the NJ DEP calls<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">Brownfield Development Areas</a><span> </span>(BDAs). The NJ DEP has designated BDAs in communities that are affected by multiple brownfield sites in need of remediation. The BDA Initiative, a program of the NJ DEP, assembles large parcels of brownfields and coordinates clean up and redevelopment efforts to elicit a more significant impact environmentally, economically, and socially.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Once remediated, these sites find a reuse for any type of development, from parks and housing to new commercial and industrial development. As New Jersey reaches build-out, redeveloping brownfields emphasizes the benefit of maintaining undeveloped lands for use as farmland and open space – recognizing that diverse landscapes build value for the developed environment. Brownfield redevelopment revitalizes urban areas, improves adjacent property values and adds to the overall quality of life for residents and the community.</p>\n<p>Redevelopment of brownfields and infill development in existing developed areas provides opportunities for alternative transportation such as walking and bicycling and can reduce reliance on the automobile as a mode of transportation (see<span> </span><em>Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Design</em>). These sites gain value by locating in areas of existing infrastructure (i.e., public transportation, water, sewer, electricity). For developers, there are numerous incentives to redevelop these sites, offering compelling benefits for investors as well. As a community benefit, redevelopment restores economic and social value to the surrounding neighborhood adding value to the community at large.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_446\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"802\"]<img class=\"wp-image-446 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Lafayette Village, Jersey City, NJ Before (left) and After (right) (Source: NJ DEP)\" width=\"802\" height=\"318\" /> Figure 1 – Lafayette Village, Jersey City, NJ Before (left) and After (right) (Source: NJ DEP)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Develop Brownfield and Infill Sites</strong></h2>\n<p>Conducting an initial investigation of a brownfield site indicates the level of contamination on the property – and the level of cleanup required. This phase is often inexpensive and is a common element of due diligence in real estate development. It is important to realize that many brownfield sites are minimally contaminated, and it may be inexpensive to neutralize or stabilize the site.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>New technologies, such as<span> </span><em>the Triad Approach,</em><span> </span>assess a site both speedily and comprehensively – two significant issues of concern to investors and developers.  The Triad Approach focuses on three main principles and uses real-time environmental sensors:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Systematic Project Plans</li>\n<li>Dynamic Work Strategies</li>\n<li>Innovative rapid sampling and Analytical Technologies<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>New residential developments, especially single-family residential developments, are subject to strict cleanup measures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Developers may also want to consider planning a mixed-use development.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>To pursue the development of new residential construction on a contaminated or brownfield site, the developer may follow these steps:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Gain local support – speak with local zoning officials, planning officials, or community development department to confirm that the redevelopment plan is within the community’s neighborhood plan. Make sure to address the following questions:<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Is the brownfield or contaminated site located within a BDA?</li>\n<li>How is the parcel or area zoned according to municipal zoning ordinance?</li>\n<li>Is the proposed end-use consistent with the municipality’s master plan? If not, would they accept an end-use change?</li>\n</ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Gather community input – consult with the community and foster support for the project. Depending on the size of the site to be developed, host a public hearing.</li>\n<li>Consult with the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/state/planning/spc-redevelopment.html\">Brownfields Interagency Team</a><span> </span>(BRIT) of the NJ Department of State’s Business Action Center. BRIT brings together over a dozen agencies that may be relevant to a redevelopment project, including departments that offer financial incentives.</li>\n<li>Find an appropriate site –<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njbrownfieldsproperties.com/default.aspx\">New Jersey Brownfields Site Mart</a><span> </span>is an online searchable database of brownfield properties. The Location Assessment tool allows searching by land characteristics, demographics, and economic opportunity zones for any address in New Jersey.<sup> <span> </span></sup>Additionally, check the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">NJ DEP’s Known Contaminated Site Report</a>, which is more exhaustive. Known contaminated sites may be appropriate for redevelopment and eligible for incentives.</li>\n<li>Hire a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a>To oversee the clean-up process – The LSRP assists in conducting a preliminary assessment, site investigation, remedial investigation, and creation of a remedial action work plan by the Brownfield and Contaminated Site Remediation Act. The preliminary assessment is critical because a brownfield, by definition, does not necessarily have contamination. Instead, it “is perceived to have contamination.” As a result, some designated brownfields may require little or no clean-up effort and may not be costly.</li>\n<li>Investigate obtaining environmental insurance.</li>\n<li>Engage the services of an environmental or redevelopment attorney. These professionals support the developer in understanding their liability and obligations once they have acquired a contaminated site.</li>\n<li>Research funding sources and incentives and additional resources through the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/state/bac/dos_bac_advocates.html\">NJ Department of State’s Office of Business Advocacy</a></li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://nepis.epa.gov/\">Marina Village, Elizabeth, NJ</a></p>\n<p>Leveraging $6.2 million in state and federal funding, the city of Elizabeth was able to identify, remediate and develop ten contiguous contaminated sites in the Elizabeth port neighborhood. In addition to an initial grant from the EPA, sources of funding included the NJ Redevelopment Authority, the City of Elizabeth Home funds, the State of New Jersey Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program, the New Jersey Balance Housing Program, NJRA Brownfields Remediation Program, and the State Urban Enterprise Zone. The city hired Brand New Day, Inc., a local nonprofit housing developer to construct a 35-unit affordable housing development.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p><strong><em>Saves</em><em><span> </span>on infrastructure</em><em><span> </span>costs</em><em>/</em><em>Utilizes</em><span> </span><em>existing</em><em><span> </span>infrastructure</em></strong></p>\n<p>Brownfields, vacant or abandoned property, or underutilized parcels, are often located in dense urban areas near mass transit and other existing infrastructure, helping to avoid costs of building new utilities, roads, and other expensive infrastructure. Existing infrastructure also reduces the amount of land disturbance necessary for a project.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><strong><em>Saves on land costs/Increases property values</em></strong></p>\n<p>Brownfield sites, vacant or abandoned land, or underutilized property, can have substantially lower property costs than other properties, offsetting the cost of assessment and remediation. Due to low initial cost, property value can increase significantly after redevelopment. Also, the surrounding property values can increase by addressing brownfields and vacant or underutilized parcels in the area. According to the US EPA, addressing nearby brownfields can increase residential property values by 2 to 3 percent.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p><strong><em>Enjoys significant incentives</em></strong></p>\n<p>The State of New Jersey has created multiple funding streams for brownfield development that may be available to developers. The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/obr/\">Office of Brownfield Reuse</a><span> </span>administers the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/\">Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Program</a>, the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bf_reimbursement.htm\">Brownfield Reimbursement Fund Program</a>, and the Landfill Redevelopment Program. Federal tax incentive certifications may also be available. Incentives and programs are subject to change. To determine what incentives are available, developers should meet with a representative from the NJ Brownfields Redevelopment InterAgency Team.</p>\n<p>The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/\">New Jersey Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Fund (HDSRF)</a><span> </span>created a partnership between the NJDEP and New Jersey Economic Development Authority (NJEDA) to provide remediation funding for innocent purchasers. An innocent purchaser is an individual who, “by an honest agreement, buys property in the absence of sufficient knowledge to charge him or her with notice of any defect in the transaction.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>New Jersey designates Brownfield Development Areas (BDAs) in areas of planned redevelopment and existing brownfield sites. This competitive process provides management, technical and financial assistance. The BDA Initiative provides “funding to public entities (municipalities, counties, and redevelopment agencies), qualifying private entities (businesses, corporations, homeowners) and non-profit organizations for the investigation or remediation of a suspected or known discharge of a hazardous substance.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p>The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bf_reimbursement.htm\">Brownfield Reimbursement Program</a><span> </span>reimburses developers up to 75 percent of remediation costs based on new taxes developed from the brownfield project.</p>\n<p>The US EPA also funds assessment, cleanup for brownfield sites and provides technical and financing information (<a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm</a>).</p>\n<p><strong><em>Creates density and improves existing markets</em></strong></p>\n<p>Due to the location of most brownfield sites, there is the benefit of being close to existing markets. The same is true when pursuing infill development within already developed areas. Urban areas provide the necessary density that other areas cannot for certain types of businesses. Locating a business near an existing market or in a densely populated area can ease the costs of remediation, alleviate the higher cost of land in an urban area as opposed to a greenfield, and limit the costs associated with marketing and attracting business.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Revitalizes urban/former industrial areas</em></strong></p>\n<p>Cleaning up brownfield sites or redeveloping vacant, abandoned, or underutilized land can revitalize urban areas. By promoting infill and creating denser walkable communities, cities can improve the sense of community among residents.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Removes hazardous material from soil and groundwater and protects human health</em></strong></p>\n<p>Many brownfield sites contain some level of a contaminant in the soil. These contaminants can be harmful to human and environmental health for the surrounding area. Rainfall can transport pollutants into groundwater and negatively impact downstream sites. Brownfields can pose a health risk to the people living nearby and to waterways in the area or downstream. Remediating and stabilizing these sites can improve overall environmental quality and avoid potential environmental and human health risks (see<span> </span><em>Soil Test</em>).</p>\n<p><strong><em>Creates jobs</em></strong></p>\n<p>As of May 2017, assessment grants and other EPA Brownfields grants have contributed more than 124,759 jobs and $24 billion of public and private funding for brownfield and infill development. On average, $16.11 was leveraged for each EPA Brownfields dollar and 8.5 jobs leveraged per $100,000 of EPA brownfields funds expended on assessment, cleanup, and revolving loan fund cooperative agreements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a><span> </span>Also, finding uses for vacant, abandoned, or underutilized properties can create jobs both in the development of the project and afterward. Since these are in dense urban areas, developing mixed-use buildings on these sites can generate jobs even after the construction phase of the project.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Builds public support</em></strong></p>\n<p>There is often strong public support to remove brownfield sites and the potential health risks they might pose. Also, vacant, abandoned, underutilized land can bring down property values in the area and residents are often in favor of addressing these issues and improving the aesthetics of the community.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Benefits to Water Quality, Air Quality, and Lower Traffic Congestion</em></strong></p>\n<p>US EPA estimates that redevelopment projects can reduce stormwater impacts, especially if the redevelopment project incorporates green technologies, such as green roofs, stormwater harvest and reuse systems, and landscaping elements such as bioswales and rain gardens (see<span> </span><em>Vegetated Roofs and Rain Gardens</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p>By promoting development near existing infrastructure and services, brownfield and infill development can improve air quality by creating denser, pedestrian and bicycle-friendly communities (see<span> </span><em>Active Living</em>). In denser, urban areas people are more likely to walk, thus reducing traffic congestion, improving overall air quality, and improving public health by encouraging residents to walk.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of brownfield remediation varies substantially, depending on the extent of the contamination and the intended reuse. Because a brownfield is considered a site that<span> </span><em>may</em><span> </span>be contaminated, a remediation investigation may reveal limited contamination, in which case, the remediation cost is minimal. In cases where a heating fuel tank was buried and leaked, the damage can be extensive, but, again, may be relatively inexpensive ($10,000-$100,000).<sup>22</sup><span> </span>For more complex sites, which have multiple contaminants and higher levels of contaminants, costs can run in the millions.</p>\n<p>A significant area of cost is that of uncertainty. In instances where the property has been in industrial use for many years, there could be contaminants that predate any tracking systems, making them difficult to anticipate and requiring more than one investigation.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/triad/\">Triad</a><span> </span>is a recommended program because it fully characterizes the extent and type of spill all at once, whereas traditional approaches tested where they expected to be the extent of contamination, and, if they were wrong, had to go into the field a second time and test again. In some instances, these repeat tests could delay projects by months. Though<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/triad/\">Triad</a><span> </span>is more expensive initially, for complex sites where there is an extensive industrial history, it can expedite the clean up significantly. The level of cleanup required also determines the cost. In New Jersey, non-industrial cleanup requirements (such as would be required to build housing on a previously industrial property) must meet a higher standard than a cleanup for a property that returns to industrial use. Depending upon the project, some developed brownfield sites require ongoing monitoring by a responsible party as determined.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Brownfield reuse offers multiple environmental and resiliency benefits by reducing the number of impermeable surfaces in a given area, especially by preserving open space and park space, often lacking in many residential areas across New Jersey.  Instead of developing existing greenfields which can be critical natural habitats and create more stormwater runoff (through higher levels of asphalt, concrete, and other impermeable surfaces), brownfields use existing, impermeable sites.</p>\n<p>Redeveloped brownfield sites can serve as an emergency headquarters or storm shelter in underserved areas that could house mobile assistance; for example, serving as a location for food trucks or mobile health services. Other reuse may include warehouses with solar panels for backup power generation, or broadband and wireless access to support communications/dispatch mobile services.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US EPA.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/\">http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 2nd, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP Site Remediation Program.  Known Contaminated Sites in New Jersey Reports, Updated February 2017. <span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/</a>  (accessed March 2nd, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP Brownfield Development Area Initiative.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>USGBC LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>Triad Resource Center, Overview.<span> </span><a href=\"https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm\">https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm</a><span> </span>(accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Restrictions apply to the end use of a partially remediated site. While some restrictions may be allowed on residential uses, the NJ DEP does not like to see restrictions on single-family residences. For example, contamination capped with soil restricts residents from digging in the yard, placing a more substantial burden for single-family homeowners compared to townhomes or multi-family properties managed by a property management group. To determine the level of clean up necessary for the end user, developers work with a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (NJ DEP, 2010).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>A mixed-use development incorporates multiple uses within a building or neighborhood – a green building practice that places housing within walking distance of commercial and recreational activities. However, mixed-use developments on brownfields cause complications because commercial and residential uses require different cleanup measures.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Content for this section draws on two interviews, cited below. Kloo, Ken. Administrator, Site Remediation Program (NJ DEP). Interview by Caitlin Salemi. November 16, 2010. Rendiero, Donna. Director of Community Planning, New Jersey Redevelopment Authority (NJRA). Interview by Caitlin Salemi. November 19, 2010.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Answering these questions helps determine available incentives.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>In New Jersey, the Site Remediation Reform Act (SRRA) (2009) outlines how remediation takes place on contaminated sites. Under the SRRA, approval is not required by the NJDEP before beginning the remediation process. However, when the SRRA became fully active in 2012, any remediating party was required to use a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP) and must start the cleanup without NJ DEP approval. The SRRA established the LSRP program. Qualified professionals receive a license from an LSRP Board to conduct remediation of sites in New Jersey.  See<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/regs/statutes/srra.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/regs/statutes/srra.pdf</a><span> </span>for further information.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a>U.S. EPA, New Jersey Redevelopment Authority (NJRA)<span> </span><a href=\"https://nepis.epa.gov/\">https://nepis.epa.gov/</a><span> </span>(accessed April 1,2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>U.S. EPA “Brownfields.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields\">https://www.epa.gov/brownfields</a><span> </span>(accessed April 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>The Free Dictionary.<span> </span><a href=\"http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser\">http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser</a>. (Accessed April 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP HDSRF Fact Sheet website.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/factsheet.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/factsheet.htm</a>. (Accessed April 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a><span> </span>US EPA News Releases, May 2017.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-brownfields-funding-announced-three-communities-south-carolina\">https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-brownfields-funding-announced-three-communities-south-carolina</a>  (accessed April 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a><span> </span>US EPA, Brownfields Program Accomplishments and Benefits.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits\">https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits</a>  (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a><span> </span>LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction</p>\n<ol></ol>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-homeowner-training/\">Homeowner Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://ilsr.org/\">Institute for Local-Self Reliance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/stories/composting-way-easier-you-think\">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/docs/nyc-master-composter-manual-mcm.pdf\">NYC Master Composter Manual</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.asp?cat=5&amp;sub=36\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.compostingcouncil.org/education/resources.php\">US Composting Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</a></li>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Composting','','inherit','closed','closed','','1238-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:28:28','2022-03-30 21:28:28','',1238,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1241',0,'revision','',0),(1242,3,'2022-03-30 21:28:32','2022-03-30 21:28:32','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Brownfield and Infill Sites\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Brownfield and Infill Development?</h2>\n<p>The reuse of urbanized brownfield and infill sites utilizes existing infrastructure and maximizes the value of existing resources. Brownfields consist of properties whose expansion, redevelopment, or reuse may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>These properties include sites with historical use as an industrial or commercial site and are often located in urban areas. According to the NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJ DEP), there are an estimated 10,000 brownfield sites located throughout the state.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Of the more than 10,000 sites, some 2,544 acres of brownfields fall into 267 sites that the NJ DEP calls<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">Brownfield Development Areas</a><span> </span>(BDAs). The NJ DEP has designated BDAs in communities that are affected by multiple brownfield sites in need of remediation. The BDA Initiative, a program of the NJ DEP, assembles large parcels of brownfields and coordinates clean up and redevelopment efforts to elicit a more significant impact environmentally, economically, and socially.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Once remediated, these sites find a reuse for any type of development, from parks and housing to new commercial and industrial development. As New Jersey reaches build-out, redeveloping brownfields emphasizes the benefit of maintaining undeveloped lands for use as farmland and open space – recognizing that diverse landscapes build value for the developed environment. Brownfield redevelopment revitalizes urban areas, improves adjacent property values and adds to the overall quality of life for residents and the community.</p>\n<p>Redevelopment of brownfields and infill development in existing developed areas provides opportunities for alternative transportation such as walking and bicycling and can reduce reliance on the automobile as a mode of transportation (see<span> </span><em>Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Design</em>). These sites gain value by locating in areas of existing infrastructure (i.e., public transportation, water, sewer, electricity). For developers, there are numerous incentives to redevelop these sites, offering compelling benefits for investors as well. As a community benefit, redevelopment restores economic and social value to the surrounding neighborhood adding value to the community at large.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_446\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"802\"]<img class=\"wp-image-446 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Lafayette Village, Jersey City, NJ Before (left) and After (right) (Source: NJ DEP)\" width=\"802\" height=\"318\" /> Figure 1 – Lafayette Village, Jersey City, NJ Before (left) and After (right) (Source: NJ DEP)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Develop Brownfield and Infill Sites</strong></h2>\n<p>Conducting an initial investigation of a brownfield site indicates the level of contamination on the property – and the level of cleanup required. This phase is often inexpensive and is a common element of due diligence in real estate development. It is important to realize that many brownfield sites are minimally contaminated, and it may be inexpensive to neutralize or stabilize the site.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>New technologies, such as<span> </span><em>the Triad Approach,</em><span> </span>assess a site both speedily and comprehensively – two significant issues of concern to investors and developers.  The Triad Approach focuses on three main principles and uses real-time environmental sensors:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Systematic Project Plans</li>\n<li>Dynamic Work Strategies</li>\n<li>Innovative rapid sampling and Analytical Technologies<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>New residential developments, especially single-family residential developments, are subject to strict cleanup measures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Developers may also want to consider planning a mixed-use development.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>To pursue the development of new residential construction on a contaminated or brownfield site, the developer may follow these steps:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Gain local support – speak with local zoning officials, planning officials, or community development department to confirm that the redevelopment plan is within the community’s neighborhood plan. Make sure to address the following questions:<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Is the brownfield or contaminated site located within a BDA?</li>\n<li>How is the parcel or area zoned according to municipal zoning ordinance?</li>\n<li>Is the proposed end-use consistent with the municipality’s master plan? If not, would they accept an end-use change?</li>\n</ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Gather community input – consult with the community and foster support for the project. Depending on the size of the site to be developed, host a public hearing.</li>\n<li>Consult with the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/state/planning/spc-redevelopment.html\">Brownfields Interagency Team</a><span> </span>(BRIT) of the NJ Department of State’s Business Action Center. BRIT brings together over a dozen agencies that may be relevant to a redevelopment project, including departments that offer financial incentives.</li>\n<li>Find an appropriate site –<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njbrownfieldsproperties.com/default.aspx\">New Jersey Brownfields Site Mart</a><span> </span>is an online searchable database of brownfield properties. The Location Assessment tool allows searching by land characteristics, demographics, and economic opportunity zones for any address in New Jersey.<sup> <span> </span></sup>Additionally, check the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">NJ DEP’s Known Contaminated Site Report</a>, which is more exhaustive. Known contaminated sites may be appropriate for redevelopment and eligible for incentives.</li>\n<li>Hire a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a>To oversee the clean-up process – The LSRP assists in conducting a preliminary assessment, site investigation, remedial investigation, and creation of a remedial action work plan by the Brownfield and Contaminated Site Remediation Act. The preliminary assessment is critical because a brownfield, by definition, does not necessarily have contamination. Instead, it “is perceived to have contamination.” As a result, some designated brownfields may require little or no clean-up effort and may not be costly.</li>\n<li>Investigate obtaining environmental insurance.</li>\n<li>Engage the services of an environmental or redevelopment attorney. These professionals support the developer in understanding their liability and obligations once they have acquired a contaminated site.</li>\n<li>Research funding sources and incentives and additional resources through the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/state/bac/dos_bac_advocates.html\">NJ Department of State’s Office of Business Advocacy</a></li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://nepis.epa.gov/\">Marina Village, Elizabeth, NJ</a></p>\n<p>Leveraging $6.2 million in state and federal funding, the city of Elizabeth was able to identify, remediate and develop ten contiguous contaminated sites in the Elizabeth port neighborhood. In addition to an initial grant from the EPA, sources of funding included the NJ Redevelopment Authority, the City of Elizabeth Home funds, the State of New Jersey Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program, the New Jersey Balance Housing Program, NJRA Brownfields Remediation Program, and the State Urban Enterprise Zone. The city hired Brand New Day, Inc., a local nonprofit housing developer to construct a 35-unit affordable housing development.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p><strong><em>Saves</em><em><span> </span>on infrastructure</em><em><span> </span>costs</em><em>/</em><em>Utilizes</em><span> </span><em>existing</em><em><span> </span>infrastructure</em></strong></p>\n<p>Brownfields, vacant or abandoned property, or underutilized parcels, are often located in dense urban areas near mass transit and other existing infrastructure, helping to avoid costs of building new utilities, roads, and other expensive infrastructure. Existing infrastructure also reduces the amount of land disturbance necessary for a project.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><strong><em>Saves on land costs/Increases property values</em></strong></p>\n<p>Brownfield sites, vacant or abandoned land, or underutilized property, can have substantially lower property costs than other properties, offsetting the cost of assessment and remediation. Due to low initial cost, property value can increase significantly after redevelopment. Also, the surrounding property values can increase by addressing brownfields and vacant or underutilized parcels in the area. According to the US EPA, addressing nearby brownfields can increase residential property values by 2 to 3 percent.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p><strong><em>Enjoys significant incentives</em></strong></p>\n<p>The State of New Jersey has created multiple funding streams for brownfield development that may be available to developers. The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/obr/\">Office of Brownfield Reuse</a><span> </span>administers the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/\">Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Program</a>, the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bf_reimbursement.htm\">Brownfield Reimbursement Fund Program</a>, and the Landfill Redevelopment Program. Federal tax incentive certifications may also be available. Incentives and programs are subject to change. To determine what incentives are available, developers should meet with a representative from the NJ Brownfields Redevelopment InterAgency Team.</p>\n<p>The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/\">New Jersey Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Fund (HDSRF)</a><span> </span>created a partnership between the NJDEP and New Jersey Economic Development Authority (NJEDA) to provide remediation funding for innocent purchasers. An innocent purchaser is an individual who, “by an honest agreement, buys property in the absence of sufficient knowledge to charge him or her with notice of any defect in the transaction.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>New Jersey designates Brownfield Development Areas (BDAs) in areas of planned redevelopment and existing brownfield sites. This competitive process provides management, technical and financial assistance. The BDA Initiative provides “funding to public entities (municipalities, counties, and redevelopment agencies), qualifying private entities (businesses, corporations, homeowners) and non-profit organizations for the investigation or remediation of a suspected or known discharge of a hazardous substance.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p>The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bf_reimbursement.htm\">Brownfield Reimbursement Program</a><span> </span>reimburses developers up to 75 percent of remediation costs based on new taxes developed from the brownfield project.</p>\n<p>The US EPA also funds assessment, cleanup for brownfield sites and provides technical and financing information (<a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm</a>).</p>\n<p><strong><em>Creates density and improves existing markets</em></strong></p>\n<p>Due to the location of most brownfield sites, there is the benefit of being close to existing markets. The same is true when pursuing infill development within already developed areas. Urban areas provide the necessary density that other areas cannot for certain types of businesses. Locating a business near an existing market or in a densely populated area can ease the costs of remediation, alleviate the higher cost of land in an urban area as opposed to a greenfield, and limit the costs associated with marketing and attracting business.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Revitalizes urban/former industrial areas</em></strong></p>\n<p>Cleaning up brownfield sites or redeveloping vacant, abandoned, or underutilized land can revitalize urban areas. By promoting infill and creating denser walkable communities, cities can improve the sense of community among residents.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Removes hazardous material from soil and groundwater and protects human health</em></strong></p>\n<p>Many brownfield sites contain some level of a contaminant in the soil. These contaminants can be harmful to human and environmental health for the surrounding area. Rainfall can transport pollutants into groundwater and negatively impact downstream sites. Brownfields can pose a health risk to the people living nearby and to waterways in the area or downstream. Remediating and stabilizing these sites can improve overall environmental quality and avoid potential environmental and human health risks (see<span> </span><em>Soil Test</em>).</p>\n<p><strong><em>Creates jobs</em></strong></p>\n<p>As of May 2017, assessment grants and other EPA Brownfields grants have contributed more than 124,759 jobs and $24 billion of public and private funding for brownfield and infill development. On average, $16.11 was leveraged for each EPA Brownfields dollar and 8.5 jobs leveraged per $100,000 of EPA brownfields funds expended on assessment, cleanup, and revolving loan fund cooperative agreements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a><span> </span>Also, finding uses for vacant, abandoned, or underutilized properties can create jobs both in the development of the project and afterward. Since these are in dense urban areas, developing mixed-use buildings on these sites can generate jobs even after the construction phase of the project.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Builds public support</em></strong></p>\n<p>There is often strong public support to remove brownfield sites and the potential health risks they might pose. Also, vacant, abandoned, underutilized land can bring down property values in the area and residents are often in favor of addressing these issues and improving the aesthetics of the community.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Benefits to Water Quality, Air Quality, and Lower Traffic Congestion</em></strong></p>\n<p>US EPA estimates that redevelopment projects can reduce stormwater impacts, especially if the redevelopment project incorporates green technologies, such as green roofs, stormwater harvest and reuse systems, and landscaping elements such as bioswales and rain gardens (see<span> </span><em>Vegetated Roofs and Rain Gardens</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p>By promoting development near existing infrastructure and services, brownfield and infill development can improve air quality by creating denser, pedestrian and bicycle-friendly communities (see<span> </span><em>Active Living</em>). In denser, urban areas people are more likely to walk, thus reducing traffic congestion, improving overall air quality, and improving public health by encouraging residents to walk.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of brownfield remediation varies substantially, depending on the extent of the contamination and the intended reuse. Because a brownfield is considered a site that<span> </span><em>may</em><span> </span>be contaminated, a remediation investigation may reveal limited contamination, in which case, the remediation cost is minimal. In cases where a heating fuel tank was buried and leaked, the damage can be extensive, but, again, may be relatively inexpensive ($10,000-$100,000).<sup>22</sup><span> </span>For more complex sites, which have multiple contaminants and higher levels of contaminants, costs can run in the millions.</p>\n<p>A significant area of cost is that of uncertainty. In instances where the property has been in industrial use for many years, there could be contaminants that predate any tracking systems, making them difficult to anticipate and requiring more than one investigation.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/triad/\">Triad</a><span> </span>is a recommended program because it fully characterizes the extent and type of spill all at once, whereas traditional approaches tested where they expected to be the extent of contamination, and, if they were wrong, had to go into the field a second time and test again. In some instances, these repeat tests could delay projects by months. Though<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/triad/\">Triad</a><span> </span>is more expensive initially, for complex sites where there is an extensive industrial history, it can expedite the clean up significantly. The level of cleanup required also determines the cost. In New Jersey, non-industrial cleanup requirements (such as would be required to build housing on a previously industrial property) must meet a higher standard than a cleanup for a property that returns to industrial use. Depending upon the project, some developed brownfield sites require ongoing monitoring by a responsible party as determined.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Brownfield reuse offers multiple environmental and resiliency benefits by reducing the number of impermeable surfaces in a given area, especially by preserving open space and park space, often lacking in many residential areas across New Jersey.  Instead of developing existing greenfields which can be critical natural habitats and create more stormwater runoff (through higher levels of asphalt, concrete, and other impermeable surfaces), brownfields use existing, impermeable sites.</p>\n<p>Redeveloped brownfield sites can serve as an emergency headquarters or storm shelter in underserved areas that could house mobile assistance; for example, serving as a location for food trucks or mobile health services. Other reuse may include warehouses with solar panels for backup power generation, or broadband and wireless access to support communications/dispatch mobile services.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US EPA.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/\">http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 2nd, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP Site Remediation Program.  Known Contaminated Sites in New Jersey Reports, Updated February 2017. <span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/</a>  (accessed March 2nd, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP Brownfield Development Area Initiative.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>USGBC LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>Triad Resource Center, Overview.<span> </span><a href=\"https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm\">https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm</a><span> </span>(accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Restrictions apply to the end use of a partially remediated site. While some restrictions may be allowed on residential uses, the NJ DEP does not like to see restrictions on single-family residences. For example, contamination capped with soil restricts residents from digging in the yard, placing a more substantial burden for single-family homeowners compared to townhomes or multi-family properties managed by a property management group. To determine the level of clean up necessary for the end user, developers work with a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (NJ DEP, 2010).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>A mixed-use development incorporates multiple uses within a building or neighborhood – a green building practice that places housing within walking distance of commercial and recreational activities. However, mixed-use developments on brownfields cause complications because commercial and residential uses require different cleanup measures.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Content for this section draws on two interviews, cited below. Kloo, Ken. Administrator, Site Remediation Program (NJ DEP). Interview by Caitlin Salemi. November 16, 2010. Rendiero, Donna. Director of Community Planning, New Jersey Redevelopment Authority (NJRA). Interview by Caitlin Salemi. November 19, 2010.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Answering these questions helps determine available incentives.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>In New Jersey, the Site Remediation Reform Act (SRRA) (2009) outlines how remediation takes place on contaminated sites. Under the SRRA, approval is not required by the NJDEP before beginning the remediation process. However, when the SRRA became fully active in 2012, any remediating party was required to use a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP) and must start the cleanup without NJ DEP approval. The SRRA established the LSRP program. Qualified professionals receive a license from an LSRP Board to conduct remediation of sites in New Jersey.  See<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/regs/statutes/srra.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/regs/statutes/srra.pdf</a><span> </span>for further information.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a>U.S. EPA, New Jersey Redevelopment Authority (NJRA)<span> </span><a href=\"https://nepis.epa.gov/\">https://nepis.epa.gov/</a><span> </span>(accessed April 1,2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>U.S. EPA “Brownfields.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields\">https://www.epa.gov/brownfields</a><span> </span>(accessed April 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>The Free Dictionary.<span> </span><a href=\"http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser\">http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser</a>. (Accessed April 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP HDSRF Fact Sheet website.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/factsheet.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/factsheet.htm</a>. (Accessed April 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a><span> </span>US EPA News Releases, May 2017.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-brownfields-funding-announced-three-communities-south-carolina\">https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-brownfields-funding-announced-three-communities-south-carolina</a>  (accessed April 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a><span> </span>US EPA, Brownfields Program Accomplishments and Benefits.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits\">https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits</a>  (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a><span> </span>LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction</p>\n<ol></ol>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-homeowner-training/\">Homeowner Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://ilsr.org/\">Institute for Local-Self Reliance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/stories/composting-way-easier-you-think\">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/docs/nyc-master-composter-manual-mcm.pdf\">NYC Master Composter Manual</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.asp?cat=5&amp;sub=36\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.compostingcouncil.org/education/resources.php\">US Composting Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</a></li>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Brownfield and Infill Sites','','inherit','closed','closed','','1238-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:28:32','2022-03-30 21:28:32','',1238,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1242',0,'revision','',0);
INSERT INTO `wp_posts` VALUES (1244,3,'2022-03-30 21:28:57','2022-03-30 21:28:57','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Brownfield and Infill Sites\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Brownfield and Infill Development?</h2>\n<p>The reuse of urbanized brownfield and infill sites utilizes existing infrastructure and maximizes the value of existing resources. Brownfields consist of properties whose expansion, redevelopment, or reuse may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>These properties include sites with historical use as an industrial or commercial site and are often located in urban areas. According to the NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJ DEP), there are an estimated 10,000 brownfield sites located throughout the state.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Of the more than 10,000 sites, some 2,544 acres of brownfields fall into 267 sites that the NJ DEP calls<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">Brownfield Development Areas</a><span> </span>(BDAs). The NJ DEP has designated BDAs in communities that are affected by multiple brownfield sites in need of remediation. The BDA Initiative, a program of the NJ DEP, assembles large parcels of brownfields and coordinates clean up and redevelopment efforts to elicit a more significant impact environmentally, economically, and socially.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Once remediated, these sites find a reuse for any type of development, from parks and housing to new commercial and industrial development. As New Jersey reaches build-out, redeveloping brownfields emphasizes the benefit of maintaining undeveloped lands for use as farmland and open space – recognizing that diverse landscapes build value for the developed environment. Brownfield redevelopment revitalizes urban areas, improves adjacent property values and adds to the overall quality of life for residents and the community.</p>\n<p>Redevelopment of brownfields and infill development in existing developed areas provides opportunities for alternative transportation such as walking and bicycling and can reduce reliance on the automobile as a mode of transportation (see<span> </span><em>Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Design</em>). These sites gain value by locating in areas of existing infrastructure (i.e., public transportation, water, sewer, electricity). For developers, there are numerous incentives to redevelop these sites, offering compelling benefits for investors as well. As a community benefit, redevelopment restores economic and social value to the surrounding neighborhood adding value to the community at large.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_446\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"802\"]<img class=\"wp-image-446 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Lafayette Village, Jersey City, NJ Before (left) and After (right) (Source: NJ DEP)\" width=\"802\" height=\"318\" /> Figure 1 – Lafayette Village, Jersey City, NJ Before (left) and After (right) (Source: NJ DEP)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Develop Brownfield and Infill Sites</strong></h2>\n<p>Conducting an initial investigation of a brownfield site indicates the level of contamination on the property – and the level of cleanup required. This phase is often inexpensive and is a common element of due diligence in real estate development. It is important to realize that many brownfield sites are minimally contaminated, and it may be inexpensive to neutralize or stabilize the site.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>New technologies, such as<span> </span><em>the Triad Approach,</em><span> </span>assess a site both speedily and comprehensively – two significant issues of concern to investors and developers.  The Triad Approach focuses on three main principles and uses real-time environmental sensors:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Systematic Project Plans</li>\n<li>Dynamic Work Strategies</li>\n<li>Innovative rapid sampling and Analytical Technologies<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>New residential developments, especially single-family residential developments, are subject to strict cleanup measures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Developers may also want to consider planning a mixed-use development.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>To pursue the development of new residential construction on a contaminated or brownfield site, the developer may follow these steps:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Gain local support – speak with local zoning officials, planning officials, or community development department to confirm that the redevelopment plan is within the community’s neighborhood plan. Make sure to address the following questions:<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Is the brownfield or contaminated site located within a BDA?</li>\n<li>How is the parcel or area zoned according to municipal zoning ordinance?</li>\n<li>Is the proposed end-use consistent with the municipality’s master plan? If not, would they accept an end-use change?</li>\n</ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Gather community input – consult with the community and foster support for the project. Depending on the size of the site to be developed, host a public hearing.</li>\n<li>Consult with the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/state/planning/spc-redevelopment.html\">Brownfields Interagency Team</a><span> </span>(BRIT) of the NJ Department of State’s Business Action Center. BRIT brings together over a dozen agencies that may be relevant to a redevelopment project, including departments that offer financial incentives.</li>\n<li>Find an appropriate site –<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njbrownfieldsproperties.com/default.aspx\">New Jersey Brownfields Site Mart</a><span> </span>is an online searchable database of brownfield properties. The Location Assessment tool allows searching by land characteristics, demographics, and economic opportunity zones for any address in New Jersey.<sup> <span> </span></sup>Additionally, check the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">NJ DEP’s Known Contaminated Site Report</a>, which is more exhaustive. Known contaminated sites may be appropriate for redevelopment and eligible for incentives.</li>\n<li>Hire a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a>To oversee the clean-up process – The LSRP assists in conducting a preliminary assessment, site investigation, remedial investigation, and creation of a remedial action work plan by the Brownfield and Contaminated Site Remediation Act. The preliminary assessment is critical because a brownfield, by definition, does not necessarily have contamination. Instead, it “is perceived to have contamination.” As a result, some designated brownfields may require little or no clean-up effort and may not be costly.</li>\n<li>Investigate obtaining environmental insurance.</li>\n<li>Engage the services of an environmental or redevelopment attorney. These professionals support the developer in understanding their liability and obligations once they have acquired a contaminated site.</li>\n<li>Research funding sources and incentives and additional resources through the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/state/bac/dos_bac_advocates.html\">NJ Department of State’s Office of Business Advocacy</a></li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://nepis.epa.gov/\">Marina Village, Elizabeth, NJ</a></p>\n<p>Leveraging $6.2 million in state and federal funding, the city of Elizabeth was able to identify, remediate and develop ten contiguous contaminated sites in the Elizabeth port neighborhood. In addition to an initial grant from the EPA, sources of funding included the NJ Redevelopment Authority, the City of Elizabeth Home funds, the State of New Jersey Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program, the New Jersey Balance Housing Program, NJRA Brownfields Remediation Program, and the State Urban Enterprise Zone. The city hired Brand New Day, Inc., a local nonprofit housing developer to construct a 35-unit affordable housing development.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p><strong><em>Saves</em><em><span> </span>on infrastructure</em><em><span> </span>costs</em><em>/</em><em>Utilizes</em><span> </span><em>existing</em><em><span> </span>infrastructure</em></strong></p>\n<p>Brownfields, vacant or abandoned property, or underutilized parcels, are often located in dense urban areas near mass transit and other existing infrastructure, helping to avoid costs of building new utilities, roads, and other expensive infrastructure. Existing infrastructure also reduces the amount of land disturbance necessary for a project.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><strong><em>Saves on land costs/Increases property values</em></strong></p>\n<p>Brownfield sites, vacant or abandoned land, or underutilized property, can have substantially lower property costs than other properties, offsetting the cost of assessment and remediation. Due to low initial cost, property value can increase significantly after redevelopment. Also, the surrounding property values can increase by addressing brownfields and vacant or underutilized parcels in the area. According to the US EPA, addressing nearby brownfields can increase residential property values by 2 to 3 percent.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p><strong><em>Enjoys significant incentives</em></strong></p>\n<p>The State of New Jersey has created multiple funding streams for brownfield development that may be available to developers. The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/obr/\">Office of Brownfield Reuse</a><span> </span>administers the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/\">Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Program</a>, the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bf_reimbursement.htm\">Brownfield Reimbursement Fund Program</a>, and the Landfill Redevelopment Program. Federal tax incentive certifications may also be available. Incentives and programs are subject to change. To determine what incentives are available, developers should meet with a representative from the NJ Brownfields Redevelopment InterAgency Team.</p>\n<p>The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/\">New Jersey Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Fund (HDSRF)</a><span> </span>created a partnership between the NJDEP and New Jersey Economic Development Authority (NJEDA) to provide remediation funding for innocent purchasers. An innocent purchaser is an individual who, “by an honest agreement, buys property in the absence of sufficient knowledge to charge him or her with notice of any defect in the transaction.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>New Jersey designates Brownfield Development Areas (BDAs) in areas of planned redevelopment and existing brownfield sites. This competitive process provides management, technical and financial assistance. The BDA Initiative provides “funding to public entities (municipalities, counties, and redevelopment agencies), qualifying private entities (businesses, corporations, homeowners) and non-profit organizations for the investigation or remediation of a suspected or known discharge of a hazardous substance.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p>The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bf_reimbursement.htm\">Brownfield Reimbursement Program</a><span> </span>reimburses developers up to 75 percent of remediation costs based on new taxes developed from the brownfield project.</p>\n<p>The US EPA also funds assessment, cleanup for brownfield sites and provides technical and financing information (<a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm</a>).</p>\n<p><strong><em>Creates density and improves existing markets</em></strong></p>\n<p>Due to the location of most brownfield sites, there is the benefit of being close to existing markets. The same is true when pursuing infill development within already developed areas. Urban areas provide the necessary density that other areas cannot for certain types of businesses. Locating a business near an existing market or in a densely populated area can ease the costs of remediation, alleviate the higher cost of land in an urban area as opposed to a greenfield, and limit the costs associated with marketing and attracting business.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Revitalizes urban/former industrial areas</em></strong></p>\n<p>Cleaning up brownfield sites or redeveloping vacant, abandoned, or underutilized land can revitalize urban areas. By promoting infill and creating denser walkable communities, cities can improve the sense of community among residents.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Removes hazardous material from soil and groundwater and protects human health</em></strong></p>\n<p>Many brownfield sites contain some level of a contaminant in the soil. These contaminants can be harmful to human and environmental health for the surrounding area. Rainfall can transport pollutants into groundwater and negatively impact downstream sites. Brownfields can pose a health risk to the people living nearby and to waterways in the area or downstream. Remediating and stabilizing these sites can improve overall environmental quality and avoid potential environmental and human health risks (see<span> </span><em>Soil Test</em>).</p>\n<p><strong><em>Creates jobs</em></strong></p>\n<p>As of May 2017, assessment grants and other EPA Brownfields grants have contributed more than 124,759 jobs and $24 billion of public and private funding for brownfield and infill development. On average, $16.11 was leveraged for each EPA Brownfields dollar and 8.5 jobs leveraged per $100,000 of EPA brownfields funds expended on assessment, cleanup, and revolving loan fund cooperative agreements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a><span> </span>Also, finding uses for vacant, abandoned, or underutilized properties can create jobs both in the development of the project and afterward. Since these are in dense urban areas, developing mixed-use buildings on these sites can generate jobs even after the construction phase of the project.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Builds public support</em></strong></p>\n<p>There is often strong public support to remove brownfield sites and the potential health risks they might pose. Also, vacant, abandoned, underutilized land can bring down property values in the area and residents are often in favor of addressing these issues and improving the aesthetics of the community.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Benefits to Water Quality, Air Quality, and Lower Traffic Congestion</em></strong></p>\n<p>US EPA estimates that redevelopment projects can reduce stormwater impacts, especially if the redevelopment project incorporates green technologies, such as green roofs, stormwater harvest and reuse systems, and landscaping elements such as bioswales and rain gardens (see<span> </span><em>Vegetated Roofs and Rain Gardens</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p>By promoting development near existing infrastructure and services, brownfield and infill development can improve air quality by creating denser, pedestrian and bicycle-friendly communities (see<span> </span><em>Active Living</em>). In denser, urban areas people are more likely to walk, thus reducing traffic congestion, improving overall air quality, and improving public health by encouraging residents to walk.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of brownfield remediation varies substantially, depending on the extent of the contamination and the intended reuse. Because a brownfield is considered a site that<span> </span><em>may</em><span> </span>be contaminated, a remediation investigation may reveal limited contamination, in which case, the remediation cost is minimal. In cases where a heating fuel tank was buried and leaked, the damage can be extensive, but, again, may be relatively inexpensive ($10,000-$100,000).<sup>22</sup><span> </span>For more complex sites, which have multiple contaminants and higher levels of contaminants, costs can run in the millions.</p>\n<p>A significant area of cost is that of uncertainty. In instances where the property has been in industrial use for many years, there could be contaminants that predate any tracking systems, making them difficult to anticipate and requiring more than one investigation.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/triad/\">Triad</a><span> </span>is a recommended program because it fully characterizes the extent and type of spill all at once, whereas traditional approaches tested where they expected to be the extent of contamination, and, if they were wrong, had to go into the field a second time and test again. In some instances, these repeat tests could delay projects by months. Though<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/triad/\">Triad</a><span> </span>is more expensive initially, for complex sites where there is an extensive industrial history, it can expedite the clean up significantly. The level of cleanup required also determines the cost. In New Jersey, non-industrial cleanup requirements (such as would be required to build housing on a previously industrial property) must meet a higher standard than a cleanup for a property that returns to industrial use. Depending upon the project, some developed brownfield sites require ongoing monitoring by a responsible party as determined.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Brownfield reuse offers multiple environmental and resiliency benefits by reducing the number of impermeable surfaces in a given area, especially by preserving open space and park space, often lacking in many residential areas across New Jersey.  Instead of developing existing greenfields which can be critical natural habitats and create more stormwater runoff (through higher levels of asphalt, concrete, and other impermeable surfaces), brownfields use existing, impermeable sites.</p>\n<p>Redeveloped brownfield sites can serve as an emergency headquarters or storm shelter in underserved areas that could house mobile assistance; for example, serving as a location for food trucks or mobile health services. Other reuse may include warehouses with solar panels for backup power generation, or broadband and wireless access to support communications/dispatch mobile services.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US EPA.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/\">http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 2nd, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP Site Remediation Program.  Known Contaminated Sites in New Jersey Reports, Updated February 2017. <span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/</a>  (accessed March 2nd, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP Brownfield Development Area Initiative.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>USGBC LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>Triad Resource Center, Overview.<span> </span><a href=\"https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm\">https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm</a><span> </span>(accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Restrictions apply to the end use of a partially remediated site. While some restrictions may be allowed on residential uses, the NJ DEP does not like to see restrictions on single-family residences. For example, contamination capped with soil restricts residents from digging in the yard, placing a more substantial burden for single-family homeowners compared to townhomes or multi-family properties managed by a property management group. To determine the level of clean up necessary for the end user, developers work with a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (NJ DEP, 2010).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>A mixed-use development incorporates multiple uses within a building or neighborhood – a green building practice that places housing within walking distance of commercial and recreational activities. However, mixed-use developments on brownfields cause complications because commercial and residential uses require different cleanup measures.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Content for this section draws on two interviews, cited below. Kloo, Ken. Administrator, Site Remediation Program (NJ DEP). Interview by Caitlin Salemi. November 16, 2010. Rendiero, Donna. Director of Community Planning, New Jersey Redevelopment Authority (NJRA). Interview by Caitlin Salemi. November 19, 2010.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Answering these questions helps determine available incentives.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>In New Jersey, the Site Remediation Reform Act (SRRA) (2009) outlines how remediation takes place on contaminated sites. Under the SRRA, approval is not required by the NJDEP before beginning the remediation process. However, when the SRRA became fully active in 2012, any remediating party was required to use a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP) and must start the cleanup without NJ DEP approval. The SRRA established the LSRP program. Qualified professionals receive a license from an LSRP Board to conduct remediation of sites in New Jersey.  See<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/regs/statutes/srra.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/regs/statutes/srra.pdf</a><span> </span>for further information.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a>U.S. EPA, New Jersey Redevelopment Authority (NJRA)<span> </span><a href=\"https://nepis.epa.gov/\">https://nepis.epa.gov/</a><span> </span>(accessed April 1,2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>U.S. EPA “Brownfields.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields\">https://www.epa.gov/brownfields</a><span> </span>(accessed April 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>The Free Dictionary.<span> </span><a href=\"http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser\">http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser</a>. (Accessed April 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP HDSRF Fact Sheet website.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/factsheet.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/factsheet.htm</a>. (Accessed April 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a><span> </span>US EPA News Releases, May 2017.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-brownfields-funding-announced-three-communities-south-carolina\">https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-brownfields-funding-announced-three-communities-south-carolina</a>  (accessed April 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a><span> </span>US EPA, Brownfields Program Accomplishments and Benefits.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits\">https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits</a>  (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a><span> </span>LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction</p>\n<ol></ol>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/\">Soil Test</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cclr.org/\">Center for Creative Land Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/state/planning/spc-redevelopment-brownfields-task-force.html\">NJ Department of State – Brownfields Redevelopment Task Force</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/obr/\">NJ DEP Office of Brownfield Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/\">NJ DEP Site Remediation Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">NJ DEP – New Jersey Known Contaminated Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-and-land-revitalization-new-jersey-new-york-puerto-rico-and-us-virgin\">US EPA Region 2 Brownfields Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-12/documents/state_brownfields_voluntary_response_program_report_508_11-2017_web.pdf\">US EPA State Brownfields and Voluntary Response Programs, New Jersey</a><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Brownfield and Infill Sites','','inherit','closed','closed','','1238-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:28:57','2022-03-30 21:28:57','',1238,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1244',0,'revision','',0),(1245,3,'2022-03-30 21:35:50','2022-03-30 21:35:50','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy-Efficient Landscaping\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Energy-Efficient Landscaping?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Energy-efficient landscaping reduces a household’s energy consumption through the strategic placement of trees, shrubs, and plants (see<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Heating and cooling comprise nearly half of a household’s energy consumption.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy-efficient landscaping provides a low-cost solution to reducing energy use with both economic and environmental benefits.</p>\n<p>Heat exchange occurs in three processes: air infiltration,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>conduction,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>solar-radiation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy-efficient landscaping uses four main strategies to moderate these processes.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to provide shade and reduce solar heat gain in the summer (see<span> </span><em><i>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to prevent heat loss in the winter.</li>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to deflect winter winds and maintain a warmer microclimate around the building.</li>\n<li>Consider a vegetated roof to provide extra thermal mass and insulation (see<span> </span><em><i>Vegetated Roof</i></em>).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement an Energy-Efficient Landscape</b></strong></h2>\n<p>When designing an energy-efficient landscape consider New Jersey’s temperate climate and your property’s unique micro-climate. Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees (see<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>). When possible, protect or enhance the diversity of native species and age of trees on the site and maintain them as necessary (see<span> </span><em><i>Native and Adapted Plants</i></em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_345\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"552\"]<img class=\"wp-image-345 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Tree placement for energy-efficiency (Source: The Morton Arboretum)\" width=\"552\" height=\"810\" /> Figure 1: Tree placement for energy-efficiency (Source: The Morton Arboretum)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The following table is a guide to help achieve energy efficiency.</p>\n<p>Table 1: Goals and Appropriate Landscape Types<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_29\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1154\"]<img class=\"wp-image-29 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Table-1.png\" alt=\"(Source: Adapted from US DOE Landscaping for Energy-Efficient Homes)\" width=\"1154\" height=\"644\" /> (Source: Adapted from US DOE Landscaping for Energy-Efficient Homes)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p><u>Tips and Maintenance</u></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_148\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1224\"]<img class=\"wp-image-148 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Windbreak (Source: Virginia Cooperative Extension)\" width=\"1224\" height=\"522\" /> Figure 2 – Windbreak (Source: Virginia Cooperative Extension)[/caption]<ul>\n<li>Consider mapping the sun’s path to understand the site’s <em><i>microclimate </i></em>better.</li>\n<li>Create a landscape and maintenance plan.</li>\n<li>Do not plant trees too close to the house because roots may grow into the foundation. Place medium to large trees at least 20 feet from the house. Place trees that result in small, full-grown crowns closer to the house to maintain both energy and aesthetic value. See the <a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/\">Arbor Day Tree Guide</a> for growth rate and crown size information for specific tree species.</li>\n<li>Review the <em><i>Native and Adapted Plants </i></em>strategy for plant selection guidance. Consider genetic diversity to minimize potential disease and insect problems.</li>\n<li>Consider using temporary measures to provide shade until trees reach maturity. For instance, vines growing on a trellis can shade air conditioning units. If using mature trees for shading or a windbreak, plant a temporary row of faster-growing shrubs upwind of the permanent row and remove before the roots interfere with the permanent planting.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>According to a Lawrence Berkeley National Labs study, landscapes that provided shade result in temperatures 3-6°F cooler can decrease the energy load required for buildings by 9-20%.</li>\n<li>Shading an air conditioning unit can increase its efficiency by up to 10% and allow units to operate more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Windbreaks can save up to 25% on heating costs by protecting the microclimate surrounding a building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Decreasing energy demand to heat and cool buildings also reduces carbon dioxide emissions from energy generation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Moderate upfront investments in energy-efficient landscaping can realize paybacks in as little as eight years as trees and shrubs reach full maturity, offering maximum energy-saving benefits.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup> Large, deep-rooted deciduous trees provide optimal shading benefits but depending on growth rate of the species, may take up to 5 or 10 years to reach full maturity.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Energy efficient landscaping offers a strong line of natural defense for buildings and the surrounding community.  Instead of implementing costly, time-consuming engineering projects, natural systems such as trees for windbreaks or shade, and wetlands for storm barriers offer protection from the elements, along with substantial energy savings. In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.</p>\n<p>Note that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lightning result in one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> US EIA. 2003.  <em><i>Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey, </i></em>Table E1A. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf\">https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Air infiltration occurs when outside air enters a house uncontrollably through cracks and openings. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a>Conduction is heat traveling through a solid material <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> <em>Solar radiation</em> is heat created from sunlight <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US DOE. Energy-Efficient Landscaping for Homes <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> US DOE. <em><i>Landscaping for Shade</i></em>. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade</a> (April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Walker, L. and Newman, S. <em><i>Landscaping for Energy Conservation</i></em>. Colorado State University Extension Publications. no.7.225. March 2009. <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/yard-garden/landscaping-for-energy-conservation-7-225/\">http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/yard-garden/landscaping-for-energy-conservation-7-225/</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> US DOE. <em><i>Landscaping for Shade</i></em>. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade</a> (April 10, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asla.org/resilientdesign.aspx\">American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) – Resilient Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.isa-arbor.com/\">International Society of Arboriculture</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20220308160142/https://landscapeforlife.org/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/\">National Arbor Day Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/index.htm\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/mastergardeners/\">New Jersey Master Gardeners</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/extension/\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://landscaping.sustainablesources.com/\">Sustainable Sources: Landscaping for Energy Savings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping\">US DOE: Energy Savers – Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy-Efficient Landscaping','','publish','closed','open','','nr-energy-efficient-landscaping','','','2022-06-23 18:02:49','2022-06-23 18:02:49','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1245',0,'post','',0),(1247,3,'2022-03-30 21:35:50','2022-03-30 21:35:50','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy-Efficient Landscaping\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Energy-Efficient Landscaping?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Energy-efficient landscaping reduces a household’s energy consumption through the strategic placement of trees, shrubs, and plants (see<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Heating and cooling comprise nearly half of a household’s energy consumption.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy-efficient landscaping provides a low-cost solution to reducing energy use with both economic and environmental benefits.</p>\n<p>Heat exchange occurs in three processes: air infiltration,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>conduction,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>solar-radiation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy-efficient landscaping uses four main strategies to moderate these processes.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to provide shade and reduce solar heat gain in the summer (see<span> </span><em><i>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to prevent heat loss in the winter.</li>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to deflect winter winds and maintain a warmer microclimate around the building.</li>\n<li>Consider a vegetated roof to provide extra thermal mass and insulation (see<span> </span><em><i>Vegetated Roof</i></em>).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement an Energy-Efficient Landscape</b></strong></h2>\n<p>When designing an energy-efficient landscape consider New Jersey’s temperate climate and your property’s unique micro-climate. Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees (see<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>). When possible, protect or enhance the diversity of native species and age of trees on the site and maintain them as necessary (see<span> </span><em><i>Native and Adapted Plants</i></em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_345\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"552\"]<img class=\"wp-image-345 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Tree placement for energy-efficiency (Source: The Morton Arboretum)\" width=\"552\" height=\"810\" /> Figure 1: Tree placement for energy-efficiency (Source: The Morton Arboretum)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The following table is a guide to help achieve energy efficiency.</p>\n<p>Table 1: Goals and Appropriate Landscape Types<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_29\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1154\"]<img class=\"wp-image-29 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Table-1.png\" alt=\"(Source: Adapted from US DOE Landscaping for Energy-Efficient Homes)\" width=\"1154\" height=\"644\" /> (Source: Adapted from US DOE Landscaping for Energy-Efficient Homes)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><u>Tips and Maintenance</u></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_148\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1224\"]<img class=\"wp-image-148 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Windbreak (Source: Virginia Cooperative Extension)\" width=\"1224\" height=\"522\" /> Figure 2 – Windbreak (Source: Virginia Cooperative Extension)[/caption]<ul>\n<li>Consider mapping the sun’s path to understand the site’s <em><i>microclimate </i></em>better.</li>\n<li>Create a landscape and maintenance plan.</li>\n<li>Do not plant trees too close to the house because roots may grow into the foundation. Place medium to large trees at least 20 feet from the house. Place trees that result in small, full-grown crowns closer to the house to maintain both energy and aesthetic value. See the <a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/\">Arbor Day Tree Guide</a> for growth rate and crown size information for specific tree species.</li>\n<li>Review the <em><i>Native and Adapted Plants </i></em>strategy for plant selection guidance. Consider genetic diversity to minimize potential disease and insect problems.</li>\n<li>Consider using temporary measures to provide shade until trees reach maturity. For instance, vines growing on a trellis can shade air conditioning units. If using mature trees for shading or a windbreak, plant a temporary row of faster-growing shrubs upwind of the permanent row and remove before the roots interfere with the permanent planting.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>According to a Lawrence Berkeley National Labs study, landscapes that provided shade result in temperatures 3-6°F cooler can decrease the energy load required for buildings by 9-20%.</li>\n<li>Shading an air conditioning unit can increase its efficiency by up to 10% and allow units to operate more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Windbreaks can save up to 25% on heating costs by protecting the microclimate surrounding a building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Decreasing energy demand to heat and cool buildings also reduces carbon dioxide emissions from energy generation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Moderate upfront investments in energy-efficient landscaping can realize paybacks in as little as eight years as trees and shrubs reach full maturity, offering maximum energy-saving benefits.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup> Large, deep-rooted deciduous trees provide optimal shading benefits but depending on growth rate of the species, may take up to 5 or 10 years to reach full maturity.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Energy efficient landscaping offers a strong line of natural defense for buildings and the surrounding community.  Instead of implementing costly, time-consuming engineering projects, natural systems such as trees for windbreaks or shade, and wetlands for storm barriers offer protection from the elements, along with substantial energy savings. In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.</p>\n<p>Note that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lightning result in one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> US EIA. 2003.  <em><i>Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey, </i></em>Table E1A. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf\">https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Air infiltration occurs when outside air enters a house uncontrollably through cracks and openings. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a>Conduction is heat traveling through a solid material <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> <em>Solar radiation</em> is heat created from sunlight <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US DOE. Energy-Efficient Landscaping for Homes <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> US DOE. <em><i>Landscaping for Shade</i></em>. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade</a> (April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Walker, L. and Newman, S. <em><i>Landscaping for Energy Conservation</i></em>. Colorado State University Extension Publications. no.7.225. March 2009. <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/yard-garden/landscaping-for-energy-conservation-7-225/\">http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/yard-garden/landscaping-for-energy-conservation-7-225/</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> US DOE. <em><i>Landscaping for Shade</i></em>. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade</a> (April 10, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asla.org/resilientdesign.aspx\">American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) – Resilient Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.isa-arbor.com/\">International Society of Arboriculture</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://landscapeforlife.org/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/\">National Arbor Day Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/index.htm\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/mastergardeners/\">New Jersey Master Gardeners</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/extension/\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://landscaping.sustainablesources.com/\">Sustainable Sources: Landscaping for Energy Savings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping\">US DOE: Energy Savers – Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>\n<span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy-Efficient Landscaping','','inherit','closed','closed','','1245-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:35:50','2022-03-30 21:35:50','',1245,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1247',0,'revision','',0),(1248,3,'2022-03-30 21:35:50','2022-03-30 21:35:50','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy-Efficient Landscaping\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Energy-Efficient Landscaping?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Energy-efficient landscaping reduces a household’s energy consumption through the strategic placement of trees, shrubs, and plants (see<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Heating and cooling comprise nearly half of a household’s energy consumption.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy-efficient landscaping provides a low-cost solution to reducing energy use with both economic and environmental benefits.</p>\n<p>Heat exchange occurs in three processes: air infiltration,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>conduction,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>solar-radiation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy-efficient landscaping uses four main strategies to moderate these processes.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to provide shade and reduce solar heat gain in the summer (see<span> </span><em><i>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to prevent heat loss in the winter.</li>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to deflect winter winds and maintain a warmer microclimate around the building.</li>\n<li>Consider a vegetated roof to provide extra thermal mass and insulation (see<span> </span><em><i>Vegetated Roof</i></em>).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement an Energy-Efficient Landscape</b></strong></h2>\n<p>When designing an energy-efficient landscape consider New Jersey’s temperate climate and your property’s unique micro-climate. Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees (see<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>). When possible, protect or enhance the diversity of native species and age of trees on the site and maintain them as necessary (see<span> </span><em><i>Native and Adapted Plants</i></em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_345\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"552\"]<img class=\"wp-image-345 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Tree placement for energy-efficiency (Source: The Morton Arboretum)\" width=\"552\" height=\"810\" /> Figure 1: Tree placement for energy-efficiency (Source: The Morton Arboretum)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The following table is a guide to help achieve energy efficiency.</p>\n<p>Table 1: Goals and Appropriate Landscape Types<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_29\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1154\"]<img class=\"wp-image-29 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Table-1.png\" alt=\"(Source: Adapted from US DOE Landscaping for Energy-Efficient Homes)\" width=\"1154\" height=\"644\" /> (Source: Adapted from US DOE Landscaping for Energy-Efficient Homes)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><u>Tips and Maintenance</u></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_148\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1224\"]<img class=\"wp-image-148 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Windbreak (Source: Virginia Cooperative Extension)\" width=\"1224\" height=\"522\" /> Figure 2 – Windbreak (Source: Virginia Cooperative Extension)[/caption]<ul>\n<li>Consider mapping the sun’s path to understand the site’s <em><i>microclimate </i></em>better.</li>\n<li>Create a landscape and maintenance plan.</li>\n<li>Do not plant trees too close to the house because roots may grow into the foundation. Place medium to large trees at least 20 feet from the house. Place trees that result in small, full-grown crowns closer to the house to maintain both energy and aesthetic value. See the <a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/\">Arbor Day Tree Guide</a> for growth rate and crown size information for specific tree species.</li>\n<li>Review the <em><i>Native and Adapted Plants </i></em>strategy for plant selection guidance. Consider genetic diversity to minimize potential disease and insect problems.</li>\n<li>Consider using temporary measures to provide shade until trees reach maturity. For instance, vines growing on a trellis can shade air conditioning units. If using mature trees for shading or a windbreak, plant a temporary row of faster-growing shrubs upwind of the permanent row and remove before the roots interfere with the permanent planting.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>According to a Lawrence Berkeley National Labs study, landscapes that provided shade result in temperatures 3-6°F cooler can decrease the energy load required for buildings by 9-20%.</li>\n<li>Shading an air conditioning unit can increase its efficiency by up to 10% and allow units to operate more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Windbreaks can save up to 25% on heating costs by protecting the microclimate surrounding a building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Decreasing energy demand to heat and cool buildings also reduces carbon dioxide emissions from energy generation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Moderate upfront investments in energy-efficient landscaping can realize paybacks in as little as eight years as trees and shrubs reach full maturity, offering maximum energy-saving benefits.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup> Large, deep-rooted deciduous trees provide optimal shading benefits but depending on growth rate of the species, may take up to 5 or 10 years to reach full maturity.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Energy efficient landscaping offers a strong line of natural defense for buildings and the surrounding community.  Instead of implementing costly, time-consuming engineering projects, natural systems such as trees for windbreaks or shade, and wetlands for storm barriers offer protection from the elements, along with substantial energy savings. In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.</p>\n<p>Note that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lightning result in one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> US EIA. 2003.  <em><i>Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey, </i></em>Table E1A. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf\">https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Air infiltration occurs when outside air enters a house uncontrollably through cracks and openings. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a>Conduction is heat traveling through a solid material <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> <em>Solar radiation</em> is heat created from sunlight <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US DOE. Energy-Efficient Landscaping for Homes <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> US DOE. <em><i>Landscaping for Shade</i></em>. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade</a> (April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Walker, L. and Newman, S. <em><i>Landscaping for Energy Conservation</i></em>. Colorado State University Extension Publications. no.7.225. March 2009. <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/yard-garden/landscaping-for-energy-conservation-7-225/\">http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/yard-garden/landscaping-for-energy-conservation-7-225/</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> US DOE. <em><i>Landscaping for Shade</i></em>. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade</a> (April 10, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asla.org/resilientdesign.aspx\">American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) – Resilient Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.isa-arbor.com/\">International Society of Arboriculture</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://landscapeforlife.org/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/\">National Arbor Day Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/index.htm\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/mastergardeners/\">New Jersey Master Gardeners</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/extension/\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://landscaping.sustainablesources.com/\">Sustainable Sources: Landscaping for Energy Savings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping\">US DOE: Energy Savers – Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>\n<span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Brownfield and Infill Sites','','inherit','closed','closed','','1245-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:35:50','2022-03-30 21:35:50','',1245,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1248',0,'revision','',0),(1249,3,'2022-03-30 21:35:53','2022-03-30 21:35:53','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy-Efficient Landscaping\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Energy-Efficient Landscaping?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Energy-efficient landscaping reduces a household’s energy consumption through the strategic placement of trees, shrubs, and plants (see<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Heating and cooling comprise nearly half of a household’s energy consumption.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy-efficient landscaping provides a low-cost solution to reducing energy use with both economic and environmental benefits.</p>\n<p>Heat exchange occurs in three processes: air infiltration,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>conduction,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>solar-radiation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy-efficient landscaping uses four main strategies to moderate these processes.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to provide shade and reduce solar heat gain in the summer (see<span> </span><em><i>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to prevent heat loss in the winter.</li>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to deflect winter winds and maintain a warmer microclimate around the building.</li>\n<li>Consider a vegetated roof to provide extra thermal mass and insulation (see<span> </span><em><i>Vegetated Roof</i></em>).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement an Energy-Efficient Landscape</b></strong></h2>\n<p>When designing an energy-efficient landscape consider New Jersey’s temperate climate and your property’s unique micro-climate. Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees (see<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>). When possible, protect or enhance the diversity of native species and age of trees on the site and maintain them as necessary (see<span> </span><em><i>Native and Adapted Plants</i></em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_345\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"552\"]<img class=\"wp-image-345 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Tree placement for energy-efficiency (Source: The Morton Arboretum)\" width=\"552\" height=\"810\" /> Figure 1: Tree placement for energy-efficiency (Source: The Morton Arboretum)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The following table is a guide to help achieve energy efficiency.</p>\n<p>Table 1: Goals and Appropriate Landscape Types<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_29\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1154\"]<img class=\"wp-image-29 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Table-1.png\" alt=\"(Source: Adapted from US DOE Landscaping for Energy-Efficient Homes)\" width=\"1154\" height=\"644\" /> (Source: Adapted from US DOE Landscaping for Energy-Efficient Homes)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><u>Tips and Maintenance</u></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_148\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1224\"]<img class=\"wp-image-148 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Windbreak (Source: Virginia Cooperative Extension)\" width=\"1224\" height=\"522\" /> Figure 2 – Windbreak (Source: Virginia Cooperative Extension)[/caption]<ul>\n<li>Consider mapping the sun’s path to understand the site’s <em><i>microclimate </i></em>better.</li>\n<li>Create a landscape and maintenance plan.</li>\n<li>Do not plant trees too close to the house because roots may grow into the foundation. Place medium to large trees at least 20 feet from the house. Place trees that result in small, full-grown crowns closer to the house to maintain both energy and aesthetic value. See the <a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/\">Arbor Day Tree Guide</a> for growth rate and crown size information for specific tree species.</li>\n<li>Review the <em><i>Native and Adapted Plants </i></em>strategy for plant selection guidance. Consider genetic diversity to minimize potential disease and insect problems.</li>\n<li>Consider using temporary measures to provide shade until trees reach maturity. For instance, vines growing on a trellis can shade air conditioning units. If using mature trees for shading or a windbreak, plant a temporary row of faster-growing shrubs upwind of the permanent row and remove before the roots interfere with the permanent planting.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>According to a Lawrence Berkeley National Labs study, landscapes that provided shade result in temperatures 3-6°F cooler can decrease the energy load required for buildings by 9-20%.</li>\n<li>Shading an air conditioning unit can increase its efficiency by up to 10% and allow units to operate more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Windbreaks can save up to 25% on heating costs by protecting the microclimate surrounding a building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Decreasing energy demand to heat and cool buildings also reduces carbon dioxide emissions from energy generation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Moderate upfront investments in energy-efficient landscaping can realize paybacks in as little as eight years as trees and shrubs reach full maturity, offering maximum energy-saving benefits.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup> Large, deep-rooted deciduous trees provide optimal shading benefits but depending on growth rate of the species, may take up to 5 or 10 years to reach full maturity.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Energy efficient landscaping offers a strong line of natural defense for buildings and the surrounding community.  Instead of implementing costly, time-consuming engineering projects, natural systems such as trees for windbreaks or shade, and wetlands for storm barriers offer protection from the elements, along with substantial energy savings. In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.</p>\n<p>Note that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lightning result in one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> US EIA. 2003.  <em><i>Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey, </i></em>Table E1A. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf\">https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Air infiltration occurs when outside air enters a house uncontrollably through cracks and openings. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a>Conduction is heat traveling through a solid material <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> <em>Solar radiation</em> is heat created from sunlight <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US DOE. Energy-Efficient Landscaping for Homes <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> US DOE. <em><i>Landscaping for Shade</i></em>. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade</a> (April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Walker, L. and Newman, S. <em><i>Landscaping for Energy Conservation</i></em>. Colorado State University Extension Publications. no.7.225. March 2009. <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/yard-garden/landscaping-for-energy-conservation-7-225/\">http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/yard-garden/landscaping-for-energy-conservation-7-225/</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> US DOE. <em><i>Landscaping for Shade</i></em>. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade</a> (April 10, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asla.org/resilientdesign.aspx\">American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) – Resilient Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.isa-arbor.com/\">International Society of Arboriculture</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://landscapeforlife.org/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/\">National Arbor Day Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/index.htm\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/mastergardeners/\">New Jersey Master Gardeners</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/extension/\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://landscaping.sustainablesources.com/\">Sustainable Sources: Landscaping for Energy Savings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping\">US DOE: Energy Savers – Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>\n<span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy-Efficient Landscaping','','inherit','closed','closed','','1245-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:35:53','2022-03-30 21:35:53','',1245,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1249',0,'revision','',0),(1250,3,'2022-03-30 21:40:59','2022-03-30 21:40:59','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Site Protection Plan\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is a Site Protection Plan?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A site protection plan helps protect the natural resources of a project site and adjacent areas and achieve compliance with local laws and codes. Existing trees and vegetation, healthy soils and natural hydrologic systems on a site are all valuable resources to consider protecting before a construction project begins. The site protection plan’s essential elements include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>A protection plan for vegetation/trees and healthy soils</li>\n<li>A tree rescue plan for those trees and plantings identified for removal (a park, community garden, nursery, or some other entity may want them)</li>\n<li>A site access plan, including a designated staging or ‘lay down’ area designed to minimize damage to the environment</li>\n<li>Storage areas for salvaged materials and collection areas for recyclable materials, including day-to-day construction waste (e.g., packaging, bottles)</li>\n<li>Defined sensitive areas where staging, stockpiling, and soil compaction are prohibited</li>\n<li>Wastewater runoff and erosion control measures</li>\n<li>Measures to salvage existing clean topsoil on site for reuse</li>\n<li>Plans to mitigate dust, smoke, and odors.</li>\n<li>Noise control measures, including schedules for particularly disruptive, high decibel operations</li>\n<li>Designated wash-down area for construction equipment</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Minimizing site disturbance reduces the impact that the construction of a new building has on the site and the regional ecosystem by minimizing the portion of the site that is impacted by development, reducing grading, preventing soil erosion, protecting existing vegetation, and other natural resources.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_80\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"602\"]<img class=\"wp-image-80 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Site-Protection-Plan-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"602\" height=\"448\" /> Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement a Site Protection Plan</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Conduct a site analysis that inventories site conditions and natural resources such as existing soils, vegetation, and hydrology early in the design process to provide information about how to minimize negative site impacts and identify any ecosystem impacts. Include a site protection plan in the contract documents.</p>\n<p>Follow the Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control when developing plans for controlling e<em><i>rosion during constructio</i></em>n.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> A soil erosion control permit, issued by one of the state’s 15 soil conservation districts is one of the many permits required by New Jersey laws to build and develop in the state.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The Standards manual includes design guidance for structural practices, such as grass waterways or detention basins as well as a comprehensive list of plant species used for vegetative stabilization of disturbed soils.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a>Obtain the Standards through any <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Soil Conservation District</a>.</p>\n<p>Projects also need to comply with the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">NJ DEP Construction Stormwater Phase II program</a>. Construction activities including clearing, grading and excavating that disturb one acre require a Storm Water Discharge Permit, administered through the NJ Soil Conservation Districts in conjunction with the NJ DEP Division of Water Quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>A site protection plan should define procedures for protecting existing trees and vegetation on site. Take an inventory of existing vegetation to determine the health and species composition. It is also essential to use the following resources to identify and protect any endangered or threatened species that may exist on-site. NJ DEP maintains a <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a>. Search the <a href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/threat.html\">USDA by the state for a list for endangered and threatened plant species</a>. In addition to protecting endangered species, minimizing vegetation removal also reduces the effects of soil erosion from the site because plant roots help stabilize the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The three leading causes of tree damage, decline, and death as a result of construction are soil compaction caused by equipment driving too near the tree, root damage caused by adding or removing soil, and the severing of roots caused by trenching (see <em><i>Tree Protection and Placement </i></em>strategy).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>Include a certified arborist on the project team and consult them early in the process to help protect trees during construction. An arborist can assess existing trees on a project site, outline steps for protection, and advise on best practices. The following is a list of significant considerations for a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>During construction, the largest single killer of tree roots – and thus of trees – is soil compaction by heavy machinery (compaction by construction equipment also degrades soil structure and reduces infiltration);<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n<li>The roots of most species of large, woody trees grow primarily horizontally;</li>\n<li>These roots are predominantly located in the top 12″ of soil and do not usually extend to depths greater than 3′ to 7’ yet extend outward to an average diameter of 1 to 2 times the height of that tree.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Tree guards should be erected to protect trees during construction, but since it would be impractical in most cases to establish a complete protection zone for all root systems tree guards should reach at least to the drip line of the tree’s crown. The drip line is the vertical plane going from the perimeter of the tree’s branch system to the ground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Protects the ecological services and natural resources of the site and the region</li>\n<li>Improves community relations through reduced environmental degradation<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Developing, implementing and enforcing a site protection plan can save money through avoiding fines by meeting local codes and regulations and protecting the natural resources of the site.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Site protection plans foster ecological resilience by preserving noninvasive trees, native plants, and pervious surfaces, which provide valuable ecosystem services, that in turn, enhance the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines. <a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf\">http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJ Soil Conservation Districts. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html\">http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> NJ DEP Division of Water Quality  <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Hopper, Leonard J. 2007. <u>Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards</u>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ. Google Books Link: <a href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> C. Dennis, W.R. Jacobi.  <em><i>Protecting Trees During Construction Projects.</i></em> Colorado State University Extension <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf\">http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf</a>  (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> University of Alabama Cooperative Extension. <em><i>A Guide to Preventing Soil Compaction During Construction. </i></em><a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf\">http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>NJ DEP\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">Construction Storm Water Permit Phase II</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_2%20print.pdf\">NJ Storm Water Best Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/national-menu-best-management-practices-bmps-stormwater#edu\">US EPA – National Menu of Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Storm Water</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustland.umn.edu/implement/protecting_trees.html\">University of Minnesota Extension – Protecting Existing Trees During Construction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Site Protection Plan','','publish','closed','open','','nr-site-protection-plan','','','2022-04-15 17:17:05','2022-04-15 17:17:05','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1250',0,'post','',0),(1252,3,'2022-03-30 21:40:59','2022-03-30 21:40:59','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Site Protection Plan\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is a Site Protection Plan?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A site protection plan helps protect the natural resources of a project site and adjacent areas and achieve compliance with local laws and codes. Existing trees and vegetation, healthy soils and natural hydrologic systems on a site are all valuable resources to consider protecting before a construction project begins. The site protection plan’s essential elements include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>A protection plan for vegetation/trees and healthy soils</li>\n<li>A tree rescue plan for those trees and plantings identified for removal (a park, community garden, nursery, or some other entity may want them)</li>\n<li>A site access plan, including a designated staging or ‘lay down’ area designed to minimize damage to the environment</li>\n<li>Storage areas for salvaged materials and collection areas for recyclable materials, including day-to-day construction waste (e.g., packaging, bottles)</li>\n<li>Defined sensitive areas where staging, stockpiling, and soil compaction are prohibited</li>\n<li>Wastewater runoff and erosion control measures</li>\n<li>Measures to salvage existing clean topsoil on site for reuse</li>\n<li>Plans to mitigate dust, smoke, and odors.</li>\n<li>Noise control measures, including schedules for particularly disruptive, high decibel operations</li>\n<li>Designated wash-down area for construction equipment</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Minimizing site disturbance reduces the impact that the construction of a new building has on the site and the regional ecosystem by minimizing the portion of the site that is impacted by development, reducing grading, preventing soil erosion, protecting existing vegetation, and other natural resources.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_80\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"602\"]<img class=\"wp-image-80 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Site-Protection-Plan-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"602\" height=\"448\" /> Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement a Site Protection Plan</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Conduct a site analysis that inventories site conditions and natural resources such as existing soils, vegetation, and hydrology early in the design process to provide information about how to minimize negative site impacts and identify any ecosystem impacts. Include a site protection plan in the contract documents.</p>\n<p>Follow the Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control when developing plans for controlling e<em><i>rosion during constructio</i></em>n.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> A soil erosion control permit, issued by one of the state’s 15 soil conservation districts is one of the many permits required by New Jersey laws to build and develop in the state.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The Standards manual includes design guidance for structural practices, such as grass waterways or detention basins as well as a comprehensive list of plant species used for vegetative stabilization of disturbed soils.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a>Obtain the Standards through any <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Soil Conservation District</a>.</p>\n<p>Projects also need to comply with the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">NJ DEP Construction Stormwater Phase II program</a>. Construction activities including clearing, grading and excavating that disturb one acre require a Storm Water Discharge Permit, administered through the NJ Soil Conservation Districts in conjunction with the NJ DEP Division of Water Quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>A site protection plan should define procedures for protecting existing trees and vegetation on site. Take an inventory of existing vegetation to determine the health and species composition. It is also essential to use the following resources to identify and protect any endangered or threatened species that may exist on-site. NJ DEP maintains a <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a>. Search the <a href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/threat.html\">USDA by the state for a list for endangered and threatened plant species</a>. In addition to protecting endangered species, minimizing vegetation removal also reduces the effects of soil erosion from the site because plant roots help stabilize the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The three leading causes of tree damage, decline, and death as a result of construction are soil compaction caused by equipment driving too near the tree, root damage caused by adding or removing soil, and the severing of roots caused by trenching (see <em><i>Tree Protection and Placement </i></em>strategy).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>Include a certified arborist on the project team and consult them early in the process to help protect trees during construction. An arborist can assess existing trees on a project site, outline steps for protection, and advise on best practices. The following is a list of significant considerations for a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>During construction, the largest single killer of tree roots – and thus of trees – is soil compaction by heavy machinery (compaction by construction equipment also degrades soil structure and reduces infiltration);<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n<li>The roots of most species of large, woody trees grow primarily horizontally;</li>\n<li>These roots are predominantly located in the top 12″ of soil and do not usually extend to depths greater than 3′ to 7’ yet extend outward to an average diameter of 1 to 2 times the height of that tree.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Tree guards should be erected to protect trees during construction, but since it would be impractical in most cases to establish a complete protection zone for all root systems tree guards should reach at least to the drip line of the tree’s crown. The drip line is the vertical plane going from the perimeter of the tree’s branch system to the ground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Protects the ecological services and natural resources of the site and the region</li>\n<li>Improves community relations through reduced environmental degradation<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Developing, implementing and enforcing a site protection plan can save money through avoiding fines by meeting local codes and regulations and protecting the natural resources of the site.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Site protection plans foster ecological resilience by preserving noninvasive trees, native plants, and pervious surfaces, which provide valuable ecosystem services, that in turn, enhance the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines. <a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf\">http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJ Soil Conservation Districts. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html\">http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> NJ DEP Division of Water Quality  <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Hopper, Leonard J. 2007. <u>Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards</u>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ. Google Books Link: <a href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> C. Dennis, W.R. Jacobi.  <em><i>Protecting Trees During Construction Projects.</i></em> Colorado State University Extension <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf\">http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf</a>  (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> University of Alabama Cooperative Extension. <em><i>A Guide to Preventing Soil Compaction During Construction. </i></em><a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf\">http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>NJ DEP\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">Construction Storm Water Permit Phase II</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_2%20print.pdf\">NJ Storm Water Best Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/national-menu-best-management-practices-bmps-stormwater#edu\">US EPA – National Menu of Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Storm Water</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustland.umn.edu/implement/protecting_trees.html\">University of Minnesota Extension – Protecting Existing Trees During Construction</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Site Protection PlanSite Protection Plan','','inherit','closed','closed','','1250-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:40:59','2022-03-30 21:40:59','',1250,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1252',0,'revision','',0),(1253,3,'2022-03-30 21:41:00','2022-03-30 21:41:00','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Site Protection Plan\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is a Site Protection Plan?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A site protection plan helps protect the natural resources of a project site and adjacent areas and achieve compliance with local laws and codes. Existing trees and vegetation, healthy soils and natural hydrologic systems on a site are all valuable resources to consider protecting before a construction project begins. The site protection plan’s essential elements include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>A protection plan for vegetation/trees and healthy soils</li>\n<li>A tree rescue plan for those trees and plantings identified for removal (a park, community garden, nursery, or some other entity may want them)</li>\n<li>A site access plan, including a designated staging or ‘lay down’ area designed to minimize damage to the environment</li>\n<li>Storage areas for salvaged materials and collection areas for recyclable materials, including day-to-day construction waste (e.g., packaging, bottles)</li>\n<li>Defined sensitive areas where staging, stockpiling, and soil compaction are prohibited</li>\n<li>Wastewater runoff and erosion control measures</li>\n<li>Measures to salvage existing clean topsoil on site for reuse</li>\n<li>Plans to mitigate dust, smoke, and odors.</li>\n<li>Noise control measures, including schedules for particularly disruptive, high decibel operations</li>\n<li>Designated wash-down area for construction equipment</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Minimizing site disturbance reduces the impact that the construction of a new building has on the site and the regional ecosystem by minimizing the portion of the site that is impacted by development, reducing grading, preventing soil erosion, protecting existing vegetation, and other natural resources.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_80\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"602\"]<img class=\"wp-image-80 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Site-Protection-Plan-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"602\" height=\"448\" /> Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement a Site Protection Plan</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Conduct a site analysis that inventories site conditions and natural resources such as existing soils, vegetation, and hydrology early in the design process to provide information about how to minimize negative site impacts and identify any ecosystem impacts. Include a site protection plan in the contract documents.</p>\n<p>Follow the Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control when developing plans for controlling e<em><i>rosion during constructio</i></em>n.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> A soil erosion control permit, issued by one of the state’s 15 soil conservation districts is one of the many permits required by New Jersey laws to build and develop in the state.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The Standards manual includes design guidance for structural practices, such as grass waterways or detention basins as well as a comprehensive list of plant species used for vegetative stabilization of disturbed soils.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a>Obtain the Standards through any <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Soil Conservation District</a>.</p>\n<p>Projects also need to comply with the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">NJ DEP Construction Stormwater Phase II program</a>. Construction activities including clearing, grading and excavating that disturb one acre require a Storm Water Discharge Permit, administered through the NJ Soil Conservation Districts in conjunction with the NJ DEP Division of Water Quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>A site protection plan should define procedures for protecting existing trees and vegetation on site. Take an inventory of existing vegetation to determine the health and species composition. It is also essential to use the following resources to identify and protect any endangered or threatened species that may exist on-site. NJ DEP maintains a <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a>. Search the <a href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/threat.html\">USDA by the state for a list for endangered and threatened plant species</a>. In addition to protecting endangered species, minimizing vegetation removal also reduces the effects of soil erosion from the site because plant roots help stabilize the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The three leading causes of tree damage, decline, and death as a result of construction are soil compaction caused by equipment driving too near the tree, root damage caused by adding or removing soil, and the severing of roots caused by trenching (see <em><i>Tree Protection and Placement </i></em>strategy).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>Include a certified arborist on the project team and consult them early in the process to help protect trees during construction. An arborist can assess existing trees on a project site, outline steps for protection, and advise on best practices. The following is a list of significant considerations for a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>During construction, the largest single killer of tree roots – and thus of trees – is soil compaction by heavy machinery (compaction by construction equipment also degrades soil structure and reduces infiltration);<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n<li>The roots of most species of large, woody trees grow primarily horizontally;</li>\n<li>These roots are predominantly located in the top 12″ of soil and do not usually extend to depths greater than 3′ to 7’ yet extend outward to an average diameter of 1 to 2 times the height of that tree.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Tree guards should be erected to protect trees during construction, but since it would be impractical in most cases to establish a complete protection zone for all root systems tree guards should reach at least to the drip line of the tree’s crown. The drip line is the vertical plane going from the perimeter of the tree’s branch system to the ground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Protects the ecological services and natural resources of the site and the region</li>\n<li>Improves community relations through reduced environmental degradation<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Developing, implementing and enforcing a site protection plan can save money through avoiding fines by meeting local codes and regulations and protecting the natural resources of the site.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Site protection plans foster ecological resilience by preserving noninvasive trees, native plants, and pervious surfaces, which provide valuable ecosystem services, that in turn, enhance the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines. <a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf\">http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJ Soil Conservation Districts. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html\">http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> NJ DEP Division of Water Quality  <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Hopper, Leonard J. 2007. <u>Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards</u>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ. Google Books Link: <a href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> C. Dennis, W.R. Jacobi.  <em><i>Protecting Trees During Construction Projects.</i></em> Colorado State University Extension <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf\">http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf</a>  (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> University of Alabama Cooperative Extension. <em><i>A Guide to Preventing Soil Compaction During Construction. </i></em><a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf\">http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>NJ DEP\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">Construction Storm Water Permit Phase II</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_2%20print.pdf\">NJ Storm Water Best Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/national-menu-best-management-practices-bmps-stormwater#edu\">US EPA – National Menu of Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Storm Water</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustland.umn.edu/implement/protecting_trees.html\">University of Minnesota Extension – Protecting Existing Trees During Construction</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy-Efficient Landscaping','','inherit','closed','closed','','1250-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:41:00','2022-03-30 21:41:00','',1250,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1253',0,'revision','',0),(1255,3,'2022-03-30 21:41:02','2022-03-30 21:41:02','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Site Protection Plan\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is a Site Protection Plan?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A site protection plan helps protect the natural resources of a project site and adjacent areas and achieve compliance with local laws and codes. Existing trees and vegetation, healthy soils and natural hydrologic systems on a site are all valuable resources to consider protecting before a construction project begins. The site protection plan’s essential elements include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>A protection plan for vegetation/trees and healthy soils</li>\n<li>A tree rescue plan for those trees and plantings identified for removal (a park, community garden, nursery, or some other entity may want them)</li>\n<li>A site access plan, including a designated staging or ‘lay down’ area designed to minimize damage to the environment</li>\n<li>Storage areas for salvaged materials and collection areas for recyclable materials, including day-to-day construction waste (e.g., packaging, bottles)</li>\n<li>Defined sensitive areas where staging, stockpiling, and soil compaction are prohibited</li>\n<li>Wastewater runoff and erosion control measures</li>\n<li>Measures to salvage existing clean topsoil on site for reuse</li>\n<li>Plans to mitigate dust, smoke, and odors.</li>\n<li>Noise control measures, including schedules for particularly disruptive, high decibel operations</li>\n<li>Designated wash-down area for construction equipment</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Minimizing site disturbance reduces the impact that the construction of a new building has on the site and the regional ecosystem by minimizing the portion of the site that is impacted by development, reducing grading, preventing soil erosion, protecting existing vegetation, and other natural resources.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_80\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"602\"]<img class=\"wp-image-80 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Site-Protection-Plan-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"602\" height=\"448\" /> Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement a Site Protection Plan</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Conduct a site analysis that inventories site conditions and natural resources such as existing soils, vegetation, and hydrology early in the design process to provide information about how to minimize negative site impacts and identify any ecosystem impacts. Include a site protection plan in the contract documents.</p>\n<p>Follow the Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control when developing plans for controlling e<em><i>rosion during constructio</i></em>n.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> A soil erosion control permit, issued by one of the state’s 15 soil conservation districts is one of the many permits required by New Jersey laws to build and develop in the state.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The Standards manual includes design guidance for structural practices, such as grass waterways or detention basins as well as a comprehensive list of plant species used for vegetative stabilization of disturbed soils.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a>Obtain the Standards through any <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Soil Conservation District</a>.</p>\n<p>Projects also need to comply with the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">NJ DEP Construction Stormwater Phase II program</a>. Construction activities including clearing, grading and excavating that disturb one acre require a Storm Water Discharge Permit, administered through the NJ Soil Conservation Districts in conjunction with the NJ DEP Division of Water Quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>A site protection plan should define procedures for protecting existing trees and vegetation on site. Take an inventory of existing vegetation to determine the health and species composition. It is also essential to use the following resources to identify and protect any endangered or threatened species that may exist on-site. NJ DEP maintains a <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a>. Search the <a href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/threat.html\">USDA by the state for a list for endangered and threatened plant species</a>. In addition to protecting endangered species, minimizing vegetation removal also reduces the effects of soil erosion from the site because plant roots help stabilize the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The three leading causes of tree damage, decline, and death as a result of construction are soil compaction caused by equipment driving too near the tree, root damage caused by adding or removing soil, and the severing of roots caused by trenching (see <em><i>Tree Protection and Placement </i></em>strategy).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>Include a certified arborist on the project team and consult them early in the process to help protect trees during construction. An arborist can assess existing trees on a project site, outline steps for protection, and advise on best practices. The following is a list of significant considerations for a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>During construction, the largest single killer of tree roots – and thus of trees – is soil compaction by heavy machinery (compaction by construction equipment also degrades soil structure and reduces infiltration);<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n<li>The roots of most species of large, woody trees grow primarily horizontally;</li>\n<li>These roots are predominantly located in the top 12″ of soil and do not usually extend to depths greater than 3′ to 7’ yet extend outward to an average diameter of 1 to 2 times the height of that tree.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Tree guards should be erected to protect trees during construction, but since it would be impractical in most cases to establish a complete protection zone for all root systems tree guards should reach at least to the drip line of the tree’s crown. The drip line is the vertical plane going from the perimeter of the tree’s branch system to the ground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Protects the ecological services and natural resources of the site and the region</li>\n<li>Improves community relations through reduced environmental degradation<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Developing, implementing and enforcing a site protection plan can save money through avoiding fines by meeting local codes and regulations and protecting the natural resources of the site.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Site protection plans foster ecological resilience by preserving noninvasive trees, native plants, and pervious surfaces, which provide valuable ecosystem services, that in turn, enhance the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines. <a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf\">http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJ Soil Conservation Districts. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html\">http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> NJ DEP Division of Water Quality  <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Hopper, Leonard J. 2007. <u>Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards</u>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ. Google Books Link: <a href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> C. Dennis, W.R. Jacobi.  <em><i>Protecting Trees During Construction Projects.</i></em> Colorado State University Extension <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf\">http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf</a>  (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> University of Alabama Cooperative Extension. <em><i>A Guide to Preventing Soil Compaction During Construction. </i></em><a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf\">http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>NJ DEP\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">Construction Storm Water Permit Phase II</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_2%20print.pdf\">NJ Storm Water Best Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/national-menu-best-management-practices-bmps-stormwater#edu\">US EPA – National Menu of Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Storm Water</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustland.umn.edu/implement/protecting_trees.html\">University of Minnesota Extension – Protecting Existing Trees During Construction</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Site Protection PlanSite Protection Plan','','inherit','closed','closed','','1250-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:41:02','2022-03-30 21:41:02','',1250,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1255',0,'revision','',0),(1256,3,'2022-03-30 21:41:15','2022-03-30 21:41:15','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Site Protection Plan\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is a Site Protection Plan?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A site protection plan helps protect the natural resources of a project site and adjacent areas and achieve compliance with local laws and codes. Existing trees and vegetation, healthy soils and natural hydrologic systems on a site are all valuable resources to consider protecting before a construction project begins. The site protection plan’s essential elements include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>A protection plan for vegetation/trees and healthy soils</li>\n<li>A tree rescue plan for those trees and plantings identified for removal (a park, community garden, nursery, or some other entity may want them)</li>\n<li>A site access plan, including a designated staging or ‘lay down’ area designed to minimize damage to the environment</li>\n<li>Storage areas for salvaged materials and collection areas for recyclable materials, including day-to-day construction waste (e.g., packaging, bottles)</li>\n<li>Defined sensitive areas where staging, stockpiling, and soil compaction are prohibited</li>\n<li>Wastewater runoff and erosion control measures</li>\n<li>Measures to salvage existing clean topsoil on site for reuse</li>\n<li>Plans to mitigate dust, smoke, and odors.</li>\n<li>Noise control measures, including schedules for particularly disruptive, high decibel operations</li>\n<li>Designated wash-down area for construction equipment</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Minimizing site disturbance reduces the impact that the construction of a new building has on the site and the regional ecosystem by minimizing the portion of the site that is impacted by development, reducing grading, preventing soil erosion, protecting existing vegetation, and other natural resources.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_80\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"602\"]<img class=\"wp-image-80 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Site-Protection-Plan-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"602\" height=\"448\" /> Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement a Site Protection Plan</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Conduct a site analysis that inventories site conditions and natural resources such as existing soils, vegetation, and hydrology early in the design process to provide information about how to minimize negative site impacts and identify any ecosystem impacts. Include a site protection plan in the contract documents.</p>\n<p>Follow the Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control when developing plans for controlling e<em><i>rosion during constructio</i></em>n.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> A soil erosion control permit, issued by one of the state’s 15 soil conservation districts is one of the many permits required by New Jersey laws to build and develop in the state.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The Standards manual includes design guidance for structural practices, such as grass waterways or detention basins as well as a comprehensive list of plant species used for vegetative stabilization of disturbed soils.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a>Obtain the Standards through any <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Soil Conservation District</a>.</p>\n<p>Projects also need to comply with the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">NJ DEP Construction Stormwater Phase II program</a>. Construction activities including clearing, grading and excavating that disturb one acre require a Storm Water Discharge Permit, administered through the NJ Soil Conservation Districts in conjunction with the NJ DEP Division of Water Quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>A site protection plan should define procedures for protecting existing trees and vegetation on site. Take an inventory of existing vegetation to determine the health and species composition. It is also essential to use the following resources to identify and protect any endangered or threatened species that may exist on-site. NJ DEP maintains a <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a>. Search the <a href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/threat.html\">USDA by the state for a list for endangered and threatened plant species</a>. In addition to protecting endangered species, minimizing vegetation removal also reduces the effects of soil erosion from the site because plant roots help stabilize the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The three leading causes of tree damage, decline, and death as a result of construction are soil compaction caused by equipment driving too near the tree, root damage caused by adding or removing soil, and the severing of roots caused by trenching (see <em><i>Tree Protection and Placement </i></em>strategy).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>Include a certified arborist on the project team and consult them early in the process to help protect trees during construction. An arborist can assess existing trees on a project site, outline steps for protection, and advise on best practices. The following is a list of significant considerations for a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>During construction, the largest single killer of tree roots – and thus of trees – is soil compaction by heavy machinery (compaction by construction equipment also degrades soil structure and reduces infiltration);<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n<li>The roots of most species of large, woody trees grow primarily horizontally;</li>\n<li>These roots are predominantly located in the top 12″ of soil and do not usually extend to depths greater than 3′ to 7’ yet extend outward to an average diameter of 1 to 2 times the height of that tree.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Tree guards should be erected to protect trees during construction, but since it would be impractical in most cases to establish a complete protection zone for all root systems tree guards should reach at least to the drip line of the tree’s crown. The drip line is the vertical plane going from the perimeter of the tree’s branch system to the ground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Protects the ecological services and natural resources of the site and the region</li>\n<li>Improves community relations through reduced environmental degradation<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Developing, implementing and enforcing a site protection plan can save money through avoiding fines by meeting local codes and regulations and protecting the natural resources of the site.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Site protection plans foster ecological resilience by preserving noninvasive trees, native plants, and pervious surfaces, which provide valuable ecosystem services, that in turn, enhance the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines. <a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf\">http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJ Soil Conservation Districts. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html\">http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> NJ DEP Division of Water Quality  <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Hopper, Leonard J. 2007. <u>Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards</u>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ. Google Books Link: <a href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> C. Dennis, W.R. Jacobi.  <em><i>Protecting Trees During Construction Projects.</i></em> Colorado State University Extension <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf\">http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf</a>  (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> University of Alabama Cooperative Extension. <em><i>A Guide to Preventing Soil Compaction During Construction. </i></em><a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf\">http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>NJ DEP\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">Construction Storm Water Permit Phase II</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_2%20print.pdf\">NJ Storm Water Best Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/national-menu-best-management-practices-bmps-stormwater#edu\">US EPA – National Menu of Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Storm Water</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustland.umn.edu/implement/protecting_trees.html\">University of Minnesota Extension – Protecting Existing Trees During Construction</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Site Protection PlanSite Protection Plan','','inherit','closed','closed','','1250-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:41:15','2022-03-30 21:41:15','',1250,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1256',0,'revision','',0),(1257,3,'2022-03-30 21:41:18','2022-03-30 21:41:18','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Site Protection Plan\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is a Site Protection Plan?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A site protection plan helps protect the natural resources of a project site and adjacent areas and achieve compliance with local laws and codes. Existing trees and vegetation, healthy soils and natural hydrologic systems on a site are all valuable resources to consider protecting before a construction project begins. The site protection plan’s essential elements include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>A protection plan for vegetation/trees and healthy soils</li>\n<li>A tree rescue plan for those trees and plantings identified for removal (a park, community garden, nursery, or some other entity may want them)</li>\n<li>A site access plan, including a designated staging or ‘lay down’ area designed to minimize damage to the environment</li>\n<li>Storage areas for salvaged materials and collection areas for recyclable materials, including day-to-day construction waste (e.g., packaging, bottles)</li>\n<li>Defined sensitive areas where staging, stockpiling, and soil compaction are prohibited</li>\n<li>Wastewater runoff and erosion control measures</li>\n<li>Measures to salvage existing clean topsoil on site for reuse</li>\n<li>Plans to mitigate dust, smoke, and odors.</li>\n<li>Noise control measures, including schedules for particularly disruptive, high decibel operations</li>\n<li>Designated wash-down area for construction equipment</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Minimizing site disturbance reduces the impact that the construction of a new building has on the site and the regional ecosystem by minimizing the portion of the site that is impacted by development, reducing grading, preventing soil erosion, protecting existing vegetation, and other natural resources.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_80\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"602\"]<img class=\"wp-image-80 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Site-Protection-Plan-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"602\" height=\"448\" /> Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement a Site Protection Plan</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Conduct a site analysis that inventories site conditions and natural resources such as existing soils, vegetation, and hydrology early in the design process to provide information about how to minimize negative site impacts and identify any ecosystem impacts. Include a site protection plan in the contract documents.</p>\n<p>Follow the Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control when developing plans for controlling e<em><i>rosion during constructio</i></em>n.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> A soil erosion control permit, issued by one of the state’s 15 soil conservation districts is one of the many permits required by New Jersey laws to build and develop in the state.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The Standards manual includes design guidance for structural practices, such as grass waterways or detention basins as well as a comprehensive list of plant species used for vegetative stabilization of disturbed soils.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a>Obtain the Standards through any <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Soil Conservation District</a>.</p>\n<p>Projects also need to comply with the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">NJ DEP Construction Stormwater Phase II program</a>. Construction activities including clearing, grading and excavating that disturb one acre require a Storm Water Discharge Permit, administered through the NJ Soil Conservation Districts in conjunction with the NJ DEP Division of Water Quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>A site protection plan should define procedures for protecting existing trees and vegetation on site. Take an inventory of existing vegetation to determine the health and species composition. It is also essential to use the following resources to identify and protect any endangered or threatened species that may exist on-site. NJ DEP maintains a <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a>. Search the <a href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/threat.html\">USDA by the state for a list for endangered and threatened plant species</a>. In addition to protecting endangered species, minimizing vegetation removal also reduces the effects of soil erosion from the site because plant roots help stabilize the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The three leading causes of tree damage, decline, and death as a result of construction are soil compaction caused by equipment driving too near the tree, root damage caused by adding or removing soil, and the severing of roots caused by trenching (see <em><i>Tree Protection and Placement </i></em>strategy).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>Include a certified arborist on the project team and consult them early in the process to help protect trees during construction. An arborist can assess existing trees on a project site, outline steps for protection, and advise on best practices. The following is a list of significant considerations for a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>During construction, the largest single killer of tree roots – and thus of trees – is soil compaction by heavy machinery (compaction by construction equipment also degrades soil structure and reduces infiltration);<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n<li>The roots of most species of large, woody trees grow primarily horizontally;</li>\n<li>These roots are predominantly located in the top 12″ of soil and do not usually extend to depths greater than 3′ to 7’ yet extend outward to an average diameter of 1 to 2 times the height of that tree.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Tree guards should be erected to protect trees during construction, but since it would be impractical in most cases to establish a complete protection zone for all root systems tree guards should reach at least to the drip line of the tree’s crown. The drip line is the vertical plane going from the perimeter of the tree’s branch system to the ground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Protects the ecological services and natural resources of the site and the region</li>\n<li>Improves community relations through reduced environmental degradation<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Developing, implementing and enforcing a site protection plan can save money through avoiding fines by meeting local codes and regulations and protecting the natural resources of the site.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Site protection plans foster ecological resilience by preserving noninvasive trees, native plants, and pervious surfaces, which provide valuable ecosystem services, that in turn, enhance the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines. <a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf\">http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJ Soil Conservation Districts. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html\">http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> NJ DEP Division of Water Quality  <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Hopper, Leonard J. 2007. <u>Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards</u>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ. Google Books Link: <a href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> C. Dennis, W.R. Jacobi.  <em><i>Protecting Trees During Construction Projects.</i></em> Colorado State University Extension <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf\">http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf</a>  (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> University of Alabama Cooperative Extension. <em><i>A Guide to Preventing Soil Compaction During Construction. </i></em><a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf\">http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>NJ DEP\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">Construction Storm Water Permit Phase II</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_2%20print.pdf\">NJ Storm Water Best Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/national-menu-best-management-practices-bmps-stormwater#edu\">US EPA – National Menu of Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Storm Water</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustland.umn.edu/implement/protecting_trees.html\">University of Minnesota Extension – Protecting Existing Trees During Construction</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Site Protection Plan','','inherit','closed','closed','','1250-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:41:18','2022-03-30 21:41:18','',1250,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1257',0,'revision','',0),(1258,3,'2022-03-30 21:48:25','2022-03-30 21:48:25','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Tree Protection and Placement\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Tree Protection and Placement?</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees play an essential role in the overall environmental quality of a property. Protecting existing trees and properly siting new trees can increase the energy efficiency of a building design before considering mechanical enhancements or upgrades. Trees protect buildings by reducing energy loads, reducing interior glare, and blocking potentially harsh winds (see<span> </span><em>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</em>). Trees also add aesthetic appeal, reduce stormwater runoff and soil erosion, and can improve air quality. It is essential to locate trees strategically. Trees can take 10-15 years to mature to a size that provides significant shade and protection, therefore protecting existing trees during construction is very important.</p>\n<p>Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees. Symptoms of tree damage from construction may not be visible immediately but may appear years later. In planning for tree protection and determining necessary tree removals, consider the species, size, maturity, location, and condition of each tree.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Sometimes saving a younger tree is more beneficial than saving a mature tree because they are better able to adapt to the disturbances of construction. It is essential to maintain a diversity of species and age of trees on the site.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_432\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"596\"]<img class=\"wp-image-432 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Tree-Protection-and-Placement-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”\" width=\"596\" height=\"572\" /> Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Tree Protection and Placement</strong></h2>\n<p>A tree protection plan should be created during design and enforced during construction. The plan should define parameters such as materials and dimensions of tree protection fencing required for all trees in the site protection plan. Fencing helps protect trees by keeping construction vehicles, equipment, and materials away from the tree. Penalties, such as a fine proportional to damages accrued, help construction workers adhere to the tree protection plan.</p>\n<p>When developing a strategy to preserve existing trees during site construction, it is essential to consider both the aboveground and belowground components of the trees. Machinery can damage the trunk and crown of a tree by breaking branches and gashing the trunk. When digging to install a foundation and utilities, roots are susceptible to being severed.  The majority of the roots of a tree are no more than a foot deep in the soil. However, in a mature tree, the root system can extend as far as 1 to 3 times the height of the tree.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>As Figure 1 illustrates, the drip line, a vertical plane extending from the perimeter of the crown to the ground, is the minimum area that should be left undisturbed when preserving a tree. Extending that boundary increases the likelihood of the tree’s survival. The closer the cut is made to the tree, the more damage the tree suffers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Removing roots also makes the tree more prone to falling over as they stabilize the tree in the ground.  If a utility line must run through the area of a tree, the International Society of Arboriculture recommends tunneling under the tree’s roots as opposed to running through them if possible.</p>\n<p>Although equipment may not always actually cut or physically damage a tree, it should never go within the drip line of a tree because the weight can cause the soil above the roots to compact and impair root development.  Adding or removing soil above the root system should be avoided to prevent smothering or rotting. When making changes to the grade of the soil, stay as far away from the trunk as possible. Exposing trees to the elements by removing nearby trees makes them vulnerable to damage from the sun and to breaking from wind and ice. All of these factors are important as trees require years to adjust to stresses caused by construction.  Continue to monitor and maintain trees and look out for any signs of poor health or safety hazards.  An arborist can provide guidance on how to properly maintain and treat any trees that have suffered damage.</p>\n<p><strong> </strong>Select trees carefully and maintain them as necessary to achieve maximum benefits.  To maximize energy savings associated with trees, plant deciduous trees on the south and west sides of the building to lower air-conditioning costs in the summer.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Locate trees so that they shade as much hardscape as possible. A commitment to the long-term care of trees is essential to maintaining their health. Consult an ISA-certified arborist for consultation and care.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><u>Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge</u></p>\n<p>A reconstruction project at Washington’s Headquarters included taking an inventory of existing trees, protecting historic trees, removing invasive species, and pruning and fertilizing remaining trees on the property.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_420\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"912\"]<img class=\"wp-image-420 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Tree-Protection-and-Placement-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).\" width=\"912\" height=\"612\" /> Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees are essential to healthy, livable communities as they provide beauty, shade, and enhance a community’s quality of life. As described in further detail below, trees provide numerous benefits such as cleaning our air, reducing stormwater runoff, cooling buildings, and can even stimulate business in downtown areas by creating a more inviting and comfortable environment.</p>\n<p><u>Environment</u></p>\n<p><em>Absorption of Air Pollutants – </em>Preserving and increasing trees on site is a simple strategy for improving local air quality. Trees remove pollutants from the air by absorbing airborne particles and gaseous pollution. According to the US Forestry Service, 100 trees remove 53 tons of carbon dioxide and 430 pounds of other air pollutants per year.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><em>Carbon Sequestration – </em>Trees reduce greenhouse gases by storing carbon dioxide in their leaves, branches, trunks, and roots. They use carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and cellulose for plant structure and function and release oxygen back into the atmosphere.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup></p>\n<p><em>Reducing the Urban Heat Island Effect – </em>The high percentage of impervious surfaces in urban areas absorb heat and create what is known as the urban heat island effect; this causes the annual, mean air temperature of cities to be 5.4°F warmer than surrounding areas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Trees help cool urban areas by shading pavement and absorbing excess urban heat, reducing the urban heat island effect. This same strategy can be applied in less densely built areas by shading hardscaped areas.</p>\n<p><em>Energy Conservation – </em>Trees strategically placed on-site can reduce the energy needed to cool and heat buildings. In the summertime, large trees on the west and east side of a building can save up to 30% of air-conditioning costs and allow units to operate more efficiently (see <em>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><em>Capturing Storm Water Runoff and Preventing Erosion – </em>Trees capture and absorb rainwater, reducing stormwater runoff. Tree roots also hold soil in place, preventing erosion (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><u>People</u></p>\n<p><em>Biophilia – </em>The presence of trees nurtures the inherent affinity that humans are believed to have with nature known as biophilia (see <em>Biophilic Design</em>). Well-treed environments have also been shown to reduce stressors in urban environments due to the beauty and serenity they convey. For instance, a study in a Chicago public housing development showed reduced crime levels in apartment buildings that were surrounded by greenery compared to the same buildings in barren landscapes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Another study showed that exposure to greener play environments reduced ADHD symptoms in children in the United States.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Also, studies find a connection between the presence of trees and lower levels of violence.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><em>Noise Reduction, Traffic Calming, and Pedestrian Safety – </em>Trees can serve as useful sound buffers. For example, a 98-foot-wide by 49-foot-tall tree belt can reduce highway noise pollution by 6 to 10 decibels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Trees also serve as physical barriers which protect pedestrians in high traffic areas. Since the presence of trees often indicates the presence of pedestrians, trees near roads help suppress the notion of a transportation corridor meant only for vehicles and can help calm traffic.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p><u>Economy</u></p>\n<p><em>Increased property values – </em>Property values have been found to increase by as much as 10%, according to the U.S. Forest Service, while the International Society of Arboriculture estimates a 5-20% increase in property value due to street trees.</p>\n<p><em>Increased Business in Shopping Districts – </em>A study conducted by University of Washington’s Center for Urban Horticulture found that the presence of trees and other vegetation positively influenced consumers’ perception of retail districts. Furthermore, shoppers spent more time shopping in downtown business districts that were well landscaped compared to those areas with little vegetation. Shoppers were also willing to pay more for parking and spend up to 11% more for goods and services in highly treed retail areas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>On average, caring for a large tree costs $13/year but returns about $65 in energy savings, improved stormwater management, and higher property values.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>The cost benefits of large, medium and small trees are as follows:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a></p>\n<p><em>Large Tree                                                         Medium Tree</em></p>\n<p>Total benefits/year = $55                                   Total benefits/year = $33</p>\n<p>Total costs/year = $18                                       Total costs/year = $17</p>\n<p>Net benefits/year = $37                                     Net benefits/year = $16</p>\n<p>Life expectancy = 120 years                              Life expectancy = 60 years</p>\n<p>Lifetime benefits = $6,600                               Lifetime benefits = $1,980</p>\n<p>Lifetime costs = $2,160                                     Lifetime costs = $1,020</p>\n<p>Value to community = $4,440                         Value to community = $960</p>\n<p><em>Small Tree</em></p>\n<p>Total benefits/year = $23</p>\n<p>Total costs/year = $14</p>\n<p>Net benefits/year = $9</p>\n<p>Life expectancy = 30 years</p>\n<p>Lifetime benefits = $690</p>\n<p>Lifetime costs = $420</p>\n<p>Value to community = $270</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees provide multiple resiliency benefits. During severe storms, tree roots help to manage flooding and coastal/riparian erosion by soaking up water and stabilizing soil. Trees help reduce strain on local sewer systems, especially combined sewer systems where flooding events can negatively affect water quality and lead to public health concerns.  By infiltrating water where it falls, trees help replenish groundwater reserves, relieving stress on local water supplies and reducing the need to import potable water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a> Consequently, trees can lessen the impact of droughts.</p>\n<p>In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.</p>\n<p>Note that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lighting is often one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> International Society of Arboriculture (ISA). Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210413063426/https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018.)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ISA. Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210413063426/https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> ISA. Trees are Good. “Tree Care Information:  Benefits of Trees.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210616160250/https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” <a href=\"http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf\">http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US Forestry Service: Benefits of Trees. <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees\">https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Colorado Tree Coalition.  “Education: Why Plant a Tree?”  <a href=\"http://coloradotrees.org/education/\">http://coloradotrees.org/education/</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” <a href=\"http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf\">http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA.   “Heat Island Effect.”   <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Arbor Day Foundation.  “Benefits of Trees.” <a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm\">https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). <em>Environment and crime in the inner city: Does vegetation reduce crime?</em><em> </em><em>Environment and Behavior</em><em>,</em> 33(3), 343-367. <a href=\"http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm\">http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm</a> (accessed April 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Faber Taylor, A., Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). “Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings.” <em>Environment and Behavior</em>, 33(1), 54-77. <a href=\"http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm\">http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Sullivan, W.C. &amp; F. E. Kuo.  Human-Environment Research Laboratory Department of Natural Resources and the Environmental Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.  “Do Trees Strengthen Urban Communities, Reduce Domestic Violence?”  January 1996.  <a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html\">http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> National Forest Foundation.  “New Research Proves Just How Green Urban Forests Are.” <a href=\"https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests\">https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Jacobs, Allan B.  <em>Great Streets</em>.  Cambridge MA: MIT Press.  1995.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources.  “Fact Sheet #5: Trees in Business Districts.”  <a href=\"http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf\">http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Forest Service, Center for Urban Forestry Research and Information.  “The Large Tree Argument.”  <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf\">https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> US EPA. Green Infrastructure: Climate Resiliency. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency\">https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency</a> (accessed April 25, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/\">Arbor Day Foundation Tree Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.treesaregood.org/\">International Society of Arboriculture – Trees Are Good</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.itreetools.org/\">I-Tree Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://global.nature.org/?intc=glob_sol.topnav.logo\">The Nature Conservancy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/forest/community/\">NJ DEP Division of Parks and Forestry – Community Forestry</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtrees.org/\">NJ Tree Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phillywatersheds.org/what_were_doing/community_partnerships/programs/soak-it-adoption/green-stormwater-tools\">Philadelphia Water Department</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/extension/\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/topics/urban-forests-and-climate-change\">Urban Forests and Climate Change</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg0604.html\">University of Minnesota Extension Service: Fitting Trees and Shrubs into the Landscape</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">US EPA Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/fs-tags/watershed\">US Forest Service Watershed Forestry</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Tree Protection and Placement','','publish','closed','open','','nr-tree-protection-and-placement','','','2022-06-23 17:50:22','2022-06-23 17:50:22','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1258',0,'post','',0),(1260,3,'2022-03-30 21:48:25','2022-03-30 21:48:25','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Tree Protection and Placement\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Tree Protection and Placement?</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees play an essential role in the overall environmental quality of a property. Protecting existing trees and properly siting new trees can increase the energy efficiency of a building design before considering mechanical enhancements or upgrades. Trees protect buildings by reducing energy loads, reducing interior glare, and blocking potentially harsh winds (see<span> </span><em>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</em>). Trees also add aesthetic appeal, reduce stormwater runoff and soil erosion, and can improve air quality. It is essential to locate trees strategically. Trees can take 10-15 years to mature to a size that provides significant shade and protection, therefore protecting existing trees during construction is very important.</p>\n<p>Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees. Symptoms of tree damage from construction may not be visible immediately but may appear years later. In planning for tree protection and determining necessary tree removals, consider the species, size, maturity, location, and condition of each tree.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Sometimes saving a younger tree is more beneficial than saving a mature tree because they are better able to adapt to the disturbances of construction. It is essential to maintain a diversity of species and age of trees on the site.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_432\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"596\"]<img class=\"wp-image-432 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Tree-Protection-and-Placement-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”\" width=\"596\" height=\"572\" /> Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Tree Protection and Placement</strong></h2>\n<p>A tree protection plan should be created during design and enforced during construction. The plan should define parameters such as materials and dimensions of tree protection fencing required for all trees in the site protection plan. Fencing helps protect trees by keeping construction vehicles, equipment, and materials away from the tree. Penalties, such as a fine proportional to damages accrued, help construction workers adhere to the tree protection plan.</p>\n<p>When developing a strategy to preserve existing trees during site construction, it is essential to consider both the aboveground and belowground components of the trees. Machinery can damage the trunk and crown of a tree by breaking branches and gashing the trunk. When digging to install a foundation and utilities, roots are susceptible to being severed.  The majority of the roots of a tree are no more than a foot deep in the soil. However, in a mature tree, the root system can extend as far as 1 to 3 times the height of the tree.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>As Figure 1 illustrates, the drip line, a vertical plane extending from the perimeter of the crown to the ground, is the minimum area that should be left undisturbed when preserving a tree. Extending that boundary increases the likelihood of the tree’s survival. The closer the cut is made to the tree, the more damage the tree suffers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Removing roots also makes the tree more prone to falling over as they stabilize the tree in the ground.  If a utility line must run through the area of a tree, the International Society of Arboriculture recommends tunneling under the tree’s roots as opposed to running through them if possible.</p>\n<p>Although equipment may not always actually cut or physically damage a tree, it should never go within the drip line of a tree because the weight can cause the soil above the roots to compact and impair root development.  Adding or removing soil above the root system should be avoided to prevent smothering or rotting. When making changes to the grade of the soil, stay as far away from the trunk as possible. Exposing trees to the elements by removing nearby trees makes them vulnerable to damage from the sun and to breaking from wind and ice. All of these factors are important as trees require years to adjust to stresses caused by construction.  Continue to monitor and maintain trees and look out for any signs of poor health or safety hazards.  An arborist can provide guidance on how to properly maintain and treat any trees that have suffered damage.</p>\n<p><strong> </strong>Select trees carefully and maintain them as necessary to achieve maximum benefits.  To maximize energy savings associated with trees, plant deciduous trees on the south and west sides of the building to lower air-conditioning costs in the summer.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Locate trees so that they shade as much hardscape as possible. A commitment to the long-term care of trees is essential to maintaining their health. Consult an ISA-certified arborist for consultation and care.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><u>Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge</u></p>\n<p>A reconstruction project at Washington’s Headquarters included taking an inventory of existing trees, protecting historic trees, removing invasive species, and pruning and fertilizing remaining trees on the property.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_420\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"912\"]<img class=\"wp-image-420 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Tree-Protection-and-Placement-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).\" width=\"912\" height=\"612\" /> Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees are essential to healthy, livable communities as they provide beauty, shade, and enhance a community’s quality of life. As described in further detail below, trees provide numerous benefits such as cleaning our air, reducing stormwater runoff, cooling buildings, and can even stimulate business in downtown areas by creating a more inviting and comfortable environment.</p>\n<p><u>Environment</u></p>\n<p><em>Absorption of Air Pollutants – </em>Preserving and increasing trees on site is a simple strategy for improving local air quality. Trees remove pollutants from the air by absorbing airborne particles and gaseous pollution. According to the US Forestry Service, 100 trees remove 53 tons of carbon dioxide and 430 pounds of other air pollutants per year.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><em>Carbon Sequestration – </em>Trees reduce greenhouse gases by storing carbon dioxide in their leaves, branches, trunks, and roots. They use carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and cellulose for plant structure and function and release oxygen back into the atmosphere.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup></p>\n<p><em>Reducing the Urban Heat Island Effect – </em>The high percentage of impervious surfaces in urban areas absorb heat and create what is known as the urban heat island effect; this causes the annual, mean air temperature of cities to be 5.4°F warmer than surrounding areas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Trees help cool urban areas by shading pavement and absorbing excess urban heat, reducing the urban heat island effect. This same strategy can be applied in less densely built areas by shading hardscaped areas.</p>\n<p><em>Energy Conservation – </em>Trees strategically placed on-site can reduce the energy needed to cool and heat buildings. In the summertime, large trees on the west and east side of a building can save up to 30% of air-conditioning costs and allow units to operate more efficiently (see <em>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><em>Capturing Storm Water Runoff and Preventing Erosion – </em>Trees capture and absorb rainwater, reducing stormwater runoff. Tree roots also hold soil in place, preventing erosion (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><u>People</u></p>\n<p><em>Biophilia – </em>The presence of trees nurtures the inherent affinity that humans are believed to have with nature known as biophilia (see <em>Biophilic Design</em>). Well-treed environments have also been shown to reduce stressors in urban environments due to the beauty and serenity they convey. For instance, a study in a Chicago public housing development showed reduced crime levels in apartment buildings that were surrounded by greenery compared to the same buildings in barren landscapes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Another study showed that exposure to greener play environments reduced ADHD symptoms in children in the United States.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Also, studies find a connection between the presence of trees and lower levels of violence.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><em>Noise Reduction, Traffic Calming, and Pedestrian Safety – </em>Trees can serve as useful sound buffers. For example, a 98-foot-wide by 49-foot-tall tree belt can reduce highway noise pollution by 6 to 10 decibels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Trees also serve as physical barriers which protect pedestrians in high traffic areas. Since the presence of trees often indicates the presence of pedestrians, trees near roads help suppress the notion of a transportation corridor meant only for vehicles and can help calm traffic.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p><u>Economy</u></p>\n<p><em>Increased property values – </em>Property values have been found to increase by as much as 10%, according to the U.S. Forest Service, while the International Society of Arboriculture estimates a 5-20% increase in property value due to street trees.</p>\n<p><em>Increased Business in Shopping Districts – </em>A study conducted by University of Washington’s Center for Urban Horticulture found that the presence of trees and other vegetation positively influenced consumers’ perception of retail districts. Furthermore, shoppers spent more time shopping in downtown business districts that were well landscaped compared to those areas with little vegetation. Shoppers were also willing to pay more for parking and spend up to 11% more for goods and services in highly treed retail areas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>On average, caring for a large tree costs $13/year but returns about $65 in energy savings, improved stormwater management, and higher property values.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>The cost benefits of large, medium and small trees are as follows:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a></p>\n<p><em>Large Tree                                                         Medium Tree</em></p>\n<p>Total benefits/year = $55                                   Total benefits/year = $33</p>\n<p>Total costs/year = $18                                       Total costs/year = $17</p>\n<p>Net benefits/year = $37                                     Net benefits/year = $16</p>\n<p>Life expectancy = 120 years                              Life expectancy = 60 years</p>\n<p>Lifetime benefits = $6,600                               Lifetime benefits = $1,980</p>\n<p>Lifetime costs = $2,160                                     Lifetime costs = $1,020</p>\n<p>Value to community = $4,440                         Value to community = $960</p>\n<p><em>Small Tree</em></p>\n<p>Total benefits/year = $23</p>\n<p>Total costs/year = $14</p>\n<p>Net benefits/year = $9</p>\n<p>Life expectancy = 30 years</p>\n<p>Lifetime benefits = $690</p>\n<p>Lifetime costs = $420</p>\n<p>Value to community = $270</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees provide multiple resiliency benefits. During severe storms, tree roots help to manage flooding and coastal/riparian erosion by soaking up water and stabilizing soil. Trees help reduce strain on local sewer systems, especially combined sewer systems where flooding events can negatively affect water quality and lead to public health concerns.  By infiltrating water where it falls, trees help replenish groundwater reserves, relieving stress on local water supplies and reducing the need to import potable water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a> Consequently, trees can lessen the impact of droughts.</p>\n<p>In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.</p>\n<p>Note that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lighting is often one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> International Society of Arboriculture (ISA). Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018.)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ISA. Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> ISA. Trees are Good. “Tree Care Information:  Benefits of Trees.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” <a href=\"http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf\">http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US Forestry Service: Benefits of Trees. <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees\">https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Colorado Tree Coalition.  “Education: Why Plant a Tree?”  <a href=\"http://coloradotrees.org/education/\">http://coloradotrees.org/education/</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” <a href=\"http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf\">http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA.   “Heat Island Effect.”   <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Arbor Day Foundation.  “Benefits of Trees.” <a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm\">https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). <em>Environment and crime in the inner city: Does vegetation reduce crime?</em><em> </em><em>Environment and Behavior</em><em>,</em> 33(3), 343-367. <a href=\"http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm\">http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm</a> (accessed April 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Faber Taylor, A., Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). “Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings.” <em>Environment and Behavior</em>, 33(1), 54-77. <a href=\"http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm\">http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Sullivan, W.C. &amp; F. E. Kuo.  Human-Environment Research Laboratory Department of Natural Resources and the Environmental Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.  “Do Trees Strengthen Urban Communities, Reduce Domestic Violence?”  January 1996.  <a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html\">http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> National Forest Foundation.  “New Research Proves Just How Green Urban Forests Are.” <a href=\"https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests\">https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Jacobs, Allan B.  <em>Great Streets</em>.  Cambridge MA: MIT Press.  1995.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources.  “Fact Sheet #5: Trees in Business Districts.”  <a href=\"http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf\">http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Forest Service, Center for Urban Forestry Research and Information.  “The Large Tree Argument.”  <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf\">https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> US EPA. Green Infrastructure: Climate Resiliency. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency\">https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency</a> (accessed April 25, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/\">Arbor Day Foundation Tree Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.treesaregood.org/\">International Society of Arboriculture – Trees Are Good</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.itreetools.org/\">I-Tree Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://global.nature.org/?intc=glob_sol.topnav.logo\">The Nature Conservancy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/forest/community/\">NJ DEP Division of Parks and Forestry – Community Forestry</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtrees.org/\">NJ Tree Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phillywatersheds.org/what_were_doing/community_partnerships/programs/soak-it-adoption/green-stormwater-tools\">Philadelphia Water Department</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/extension/\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/topics/urban-forests-and-climate-change\">Urban Forests and Climate Change</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg0604.html\">University of Minnesota Extension Service: Fitting Trees and Shrubs into the Landscape</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">US EPA Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/spf/coop/programs/wf/\">US Forest Service Watershed Forestry</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Tree Protection and Placement','','inherit','closed','closed','','1258-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:48:25','2022-03-30 21:48:25','',1258,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1260',0,'revision','',0),(1261,3,'2022-03-30 21:48:25','2022-03-30 21:48:25','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Tree Protection and Placement\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Tree Protection and Placement?</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees play an essential role in the overall environmental quality of a property. Protecting existing trees and properly siting new trees can increase the energy efficiency of a building design before considering mechanical enhancements or upgrades. Trees protect buildings by reducing energy loads, reducing interior glare, and blocking potentially harsh winds (see<span> </span><em>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</em>). Trees also add aesthetic appeal, reduce stormwater runoff and soil erosion, and can improve air quality. It is essential to locate trees strategically. Trees can take 10-15 years to mature to a size that provides significant shade and protection, therefore protecting existing trees during construction is very important.</p>\n<p>Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees. Symptoms of tree damage from construction may not be visible immediately but may appear years later. In planning for tree protection and determining necessary tree removals, consider the species, size, maturity, location, and condition of each tree.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Sometimes saving a younger tree is more beneficial than saving a mature tree because they are better able to adapt to the disturbances of construction. It is essential to maintain a diversity of species and age of trees on the site.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_432\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"596\"]<img class=\"wp-image-432 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Tree-Protection-and-Placement-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”\" width=\"596\" height=\"572\" /> Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Tree Protection and Placement</strong></h2>\n<p>A tree protection plan should be created during design and enforced during construction. The plan should define parameters such as materials and dimensions of tree protection fencing required for all trees in the site protection plan. Fencing helps protect trees by keeping construction vehicles, equipment, and materials away from the tree. Penalties, such as a fine proportional to damages accrued, help construction workers adhere to the tree protection plan.</p>\n<p>When developing a strategy to preserve existing trees during site construction, it is essential to consider both the aboveground and belowground components of the trees. Machinery can damage the trunk and crown of a tree by breaking branches and gashing the trunk. When digging to install a foundation and utilities, roots are susceptible to being severed.  The majority of the roots of a tree are no more than a foot deep in the soil. However, in a mature tree, the root system can extend as far as 1 to 3 times the height of the tree.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>As Figure 1 illustrates, the drip line, a vertical plane extending from the perimeter of the crown to the ground, is the minimum area that should be left undisturbed when preserving a tree. Extending that boundary increases the likelihood of the tree’s survival. The closer the cut is made to the tree, the more damage the tree suffers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Removing roots also makes the tree more prone to falling over as they stabilize the tree in the ground.  If a utility line must run through the area of a tree, the International Society of Arboriculture recommends tunneling under the tree’s roots as opposed to running through them if possible.</p>\n<p>Although equipment may not always actually cut or physically damage a tree, it should never go within the drip line of a tree because the weight can cause the soil above the roots to compact and impair root development.  Adding or removing soil above the root system should be avoided to prevent smothering or rotting. When making changes to the grade of the soil, stay as far away from the trunk as possible. Exposing trees to the elements by removing nearby trees makes them vulnerable to damage from the sun and to breaking from wind and ice. All of these factors are important as trees require years to adjust to stresses caused by construction.  Continue to monitor and maintain trees and look out for any signs of poor health or safety hazards.  An arborist can provide guidance on how to properly maintain and treat any trees that have suffered damage.</p>\n<p><strong> </strong>Select trees carefully and maintain them as necessary to achieve maximum benefits.  To maximize energy savings associated with trees, plant deciduous trees on the south and west sides of the building to lower air-conditioning costs in the summer.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Locate trees so that they shade as much hardscape as possible. A commitment to the long-term care of trees is essential to maintaining their health. Consult an ISA-certified arborist for consultation and care.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><u>Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge</u></p>\n<p>A reconstruction project at Washington’s Headquarters included taking an inventory of existing trees, protecting historic trees, removing invasive species, and pruning and fertilizing remaining trees on the property.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_420\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"912\"]<img class=\"wp-image-420 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Tree-Protection-and-Placement-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).\" width=\"912\" height=\"612\" /> Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees are essential to healthy, livable communities as they provide beauty, shade, and enhance a community’s quality of life. As described in further detail below, trees provide numerous benefits such as cleaning our air, reducing stormwater runoff, cooling buildings, and can even stimulate business in downtown areas by creating a more inviting and comfortable environment.</p>\n<p><u>Environment</u></p>\n<p><em>Absorption of Air Pollutants – </em>Preserving and increasing trees on site is a simple strategy for improving local air quality. Trees remove pollutants from the air by absorbing airborne particles and gaseous pollution. According to the US Forestry Service, 100 trees remove 53 tons of carbon dioxide and 430 pounds of other air pollutants per year.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><em>Carbon Sequestration – </em>Trees reduce greenhouse gases by storing carbon dioxide in their leaves, branches, trunks, and roots. They use carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and cellulose for plant structure and function and release oxygen back into the atmosphere.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup></p>\n<p><em>Reducing the Urban Heat Island Effect – </em>The high percentage of impervious surfaces in urban areas absorb heat and create what is known as the urban heat island effect; this causes the annual, mean air temperature of cities to be 5.4°F warmer than surrounding areas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Trees help cool urban areas by shading pavement and absorbing excess urban heat, reducing the urban heat island effect. This same strategy can be applied in less densely built areas by shading hardscaped areas.</p>\n<p><em>Energy Conservation – </em>Trees strategically placed on-site can reduce the energy needed to cool and heat buildings. In the summertime, large trees on the west and east side of a building can save up to 30% of air-conditioning costs and allow units to operate more efficiently (see <em>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><em>Capturing Storm Water Runoff and Preventing Erosion – </em>Trees capture and absorb rainwater, reducing stormwater runoff. Tree roots also hold soil in place, preventing erosion (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><u>People</u></p>\n<p><em>Biophilia – </em>The presence of trees nurtures the inherent affinity that humans are believed to have with nature known as biophilia (see <em>Biophilic Design</em>). Well-treed environments have also been shown to reduce stressors in urban environments due to the beauty and serenity they convey. For instance, a study in a Chicago public housing development showed reduced crime levels in apartment buildings that were surrounded by greenery compared to the same buildings in barren landscapes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Another study showed that exposure to greener play environments reduced ADHD symptoms in children in the United States.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Also, studies find a connection between the presence of trees and lower levels of violence.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><em>Noise Reduction, Traffic Calming, and Pedestrian Safety – </em>Trees can serve as useful sound buffers. For example, a 98-foot-wide by 49-foot-tall tree belt can reduce highway noise pollution by 6 to 10 decibels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Trees also serve as physical barriers which protect pedestrians in high traffic areas. Since the presence of trees often indicates the presence of pedestrians, trees near roads help suppress the notion of a transportation corridor meant only for vehicles and can help calm traffic.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p><u>Economy</u></p>\n<p><em>Increased property values – </em>Property values have been found to increase by as much as 10%, according to the U.S. Forest Service, while the International Society of Arboriculture estimates a 5-20% increase in property value due to street trees.</p>\n<p><em>Increased Business in Shopping Districts – </em>A study conducted by University of Washington’s Center for Urban Horticulture found that the presence of trees and other vegetation positively influenced consumers’ perception of retail districts. Furthermore, shoppers spent more time shopping in downtown business districts that were well landscaped compared to those areas with little vegetation. Shoppers were also willing to pay more for parking and spend up to 11% more for goods and services in highly treed retail areas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>On average, caring for a large tree costs $13/year but returns about $65 in energy savings, improved stormwater management, and higher property values.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>The cost benefits of large, medium and small trees are as follows:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a></p>\n<p><em>Large Tree                                                         Medium Tree</em></p>\n<p>Total benefits/year = $55                                   Total benefits/year = $33</p>\n<p>Total costs/year = $18                                       Total costs/year = $17</p>\n<p>Net benefits/year = $37                                     Net benefits/year = $16</p>\n<p>Life expectancy = 120 years                              Life expectancy = 60 years</p>\n<p>Lifetime benefits = $6,600                               Lifetime benefits = $1,980</p>\n<p>Lifetime costs = $2,160                                     Lifetime costs = $1,020</p>\n<p>Value to community = $4,440                         Value to community = $960</p>\n<p><em>Small Tree</em></p>\n<p>Total benefits/year = $23</p>\n<p>Total costs/year = $14</p>\n<p>Net benefits/year = $9</p>\n<p>Life expectancy = 30 years</p>\n<p>Lifetime benefits = $690</p>\n<p>Lifetime costs = $420</p>\n<p>Value to community = $270</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees provide multiple resiliency benefits. During severe storms, tree roots help to manage flooding and coastal/riparian erosion by soaking up water and stabilizing soil. Trees help reduce strain on local sewer systems, especially combined sewer systems where flooding events can negatively affect water quality and lead to public health concerns.  By infiltrating water where it falls, trees help replenish groundwater reserves, relieving stress on local water supplies and reducing the need to import potable water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a> Consequently, trees can lessen the impact of droughts.</p>\n<p>In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.</p>\n<p>Note that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lighting is often one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> International Society of Arboriculture (ISA). Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018.)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ISA. Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> ISA. Trees are Good. “Tree Care Information:  Benefits of Trees.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” <a href=\"http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf\">http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US Forestry Service: Benefits of Trees. <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees\">https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Colorado Tree Coalition.  “Education: Why Plant a Tree?”  <a href=\"http://coloradotrees.org/education/\">http://coloradotrees.org/education/</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” <a href=\"http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf\">http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA.   “Heat Island Effect.”   <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Arbor Day Foundation.  “Benefits of Trees.” <a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm\">https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). <em>Environment and crime in the inner city: Does vegetation reduce crime?</em><em> </em><em>Environment and Behavior</em><em>,</em> 33(3), 343-367. <a href=\"http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm\">http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm</a> (accessed April 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Faber Taylor, A., Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). “Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings.” <em>Environment and Behavior</em>, 33(1), 54-77. <a href=\"http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm\">http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Sullivan, W.C. &amp; F. E. Kuo.  Human-Environment Research Laboratory Department of Natural Resources and the Environmental Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.  “Do Trees Strengthen Urban Communities, Reduce Domestic Violence?”  January 1996.  <a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html\">http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> National Forest Foundation.  “New Research Proves Just How Green Urban Forests Are.” <a href=\"https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests\">https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Jacobs, Allan B.  <em>Great Streets</em>.  Cambridge MA: MIT Press.  1995.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources.  “Fact Sheet #5: Trees in Business Districts.”  <a href=\"http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf\">http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Forest Service, Center for Urban Forestry Research and Information.  “The Large Tree Argument.”  <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf\">https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> US EPA. Green Infrastructure: Climate Resiliency. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency\">https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency</a> (accessed April 25, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/\">Arbor Day Foundation Tree Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.treesaregood.org/\">International Society of Arboriculture – Trees Are Good</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.itreetools.org/\">I-Tree Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://global.nature.org/?intc=glob_sol.topnav.logo\">The Nature Conservancy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/forest/community/\">NJ DEP Division of Parks and Forestry – Community Forestry</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtrees.org/\">NJ Tree Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phillywatersheds.org/what_were_doing/community_partnerships/programs/soak-it-adoption/green-stormwater-tools\">Philadelphia Water Department</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/extension/\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/topics/urban-forests-and-climate-change\">Urban Forests and Climate Change</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg0604.html\">University of Minnesota Extension Service: Fitting Trees and Shrubs into the Landscape</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">US EPA Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/spf/coop/programs/wf/\">US Forest Service Watershed Forestry</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Site Protection Plan','','inherit','closed','closed','','1258-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:48:25','2022-03-30 21:48:25','',1258,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1261',0,'revision','',0),(1262,3,'2022-03-30 21:48:28','2022-03-30 21:48:28','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Tree Protection and Placement\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Tree Protection and Placement?</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees play an essential role in the overall environmental quality of a property. Protecting existing trees and properly siting new trees can increase the energy efficiency of a building design before considering mechanical enhancements or upgrades. Trees protect buildings by reducing energy loads, reducing interior glare, and blocking potentially harsh winds (see<span> </span><em>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</em>). Trees also add aesthetic appeal, reduce stormwater runoff and soil erosion, and can improve air quality. It is essential to locate trees strategically. Trees can take 10-15 years to mature to a size that provides significant shade and protection, therefore protecting existing trees during construction is very important.</p>\n<p>Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees. Symptoms of tree damage from construction may not be visible immediately but may appear years later. In planning for tree protection and determining necessary tree removals, consider the species, size, maturity, location, and condition of each tree.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Sometimes saving a younger tree is more beneficial than saving a mature tree because they are better able to adapt to the disturbances of construction. It is essential to maintain a diversity of species and age of trees on the site.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_432\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"596\"]<img class=\"wp-image-432 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Tree-Protection-and-Placement-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”\" width=\"596\" height=\"572\" /> Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Tree Protection and Placement</strong></h2>\n<p>A tree protection plan should be created during design and enforced during construction. The plan should define parameters such as materials and dimensions of tree protection fencing required for all trees in the site protection plan. Fencing helps protect trees by keeping construction vehicles, equipment, and materials away from the tree. Penalties, such as a fine proportional to damages accrued, help construction workers adhere to the tree protection plan.</p>\n<p>When developing a strategy to preserve existing trees during site construction, it is essential to consider both the aboveground and belowground components of the trees. Machinery can damage the trunk and crown of a tree by breaking branches and gashing the trunk. When digging to install a foundation and utilities, roots are susceptible to being severed.  The majority of the roots of a tree are no more than a foot deep in the soil. However, in a mature tree, the root system can extend as far as 1 to 3 times the height of the tree.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>As Figure 1 illustrates, the drip line, a vertical plane extending from the perimeter of the crown to the ground, is the minimum area that should be left undisturbed when preserving a tree. Extending that boundary increases the likelihood of the tree’s survival. The closer the cut is made to the tree, the more damage the tree suffers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Removing roots also makes the tree more prone to falling over as they stabilize the tree in the ground.  If a utility line must run through the area of a tree, the International Society of Arboriculture recommends tunneling under the tree’s roots as opposed to running through them if possible.</p>\n<p>Although equipment may not always actually cut or physically damage a tree, it should never go within the drip line of a tree because the weight can cause the soil above the roots to compact and impair root development.  Adding or removing soil above the root system should be avoided to prevent smothering or rotting. When making changes to the grade of the soil, stay as far away from the trunk as possible. Exposing trees to the elements by removing nearby trees makes them vulnerable to damage from the sun and to breaking from wind and ice. All of these factors are important as trees require years to adjust to stresses caused by construction.  Continue to monitor and maintain trees and look out for any signs of poor health or safety hazards.  An arborist can provide guidance on how to properly maintain and treat any trees that have suffered damage.</p>\n<p><strong> </strong>Select trees carefully and maintain them as necessary to achieve maximum benefits.  To maximize energy savings associated with trees, plant deciduous trees on the south and west sides of the building to lower air-conditioning costs in the summer.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Locate trees so that they shade as much hardscape as possible. A commitment to the long-term care of trees is essential to maintaining their health. Consult an ISA-certified arborist for consultation and care.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><u>Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge</u></p>\n<p>A reconstruction project at Washington’s Headquarters included taking an inventory of existing trees, protecting historic trees, removing invasive species, and pruning and fertilizing remaining trees on the property.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_420\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"912\"]<img class=\"wp-image-420 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Tree-Protection-and-Placement-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).\" width=\"912\" height=\"612\" /> Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees are essential to healthy, livable communities as they provide beauty, shade, and enhance a community’s quality of life. As described in further detail below, trees provide numerous benefits such as cleaning our air, reducing stormwater runoff, cooling buildings, and can even stimulate business in downtown areas by creating a more inviting and comfortable environment.</p>\n<p><u>Environment</u></p>\n<p><em>Absorption of Air Pollutants – </em>Preserving and increasing trees on site is a simple strategy for improving local air quality. Trees remove pollutants from the air by absorbing airborne particles and gaseous pollution. According to the US Forestry Service, 100 trees remove 53 tons of carbon dioxide and 430 pounds of other air pollutants per year.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><em>Carbon Sequestration – </em>Trees reduce greenhouse gases by storing carbon dioxide in their leaves, branches, trunks, and roots. They use carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and cellulose for plant structure and function and release oxygen back into the atmosphere.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup></p>\n<p><em>Reducing the Urban Heat Island Effect – </em>The high percentage of impervious surfaces in urban areas absorb heat and create what is known as the urban heat island effect; this causes the annual, mean air temperature of cities to be 5.4°F warmer than surrounding areas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Trees help cool urban areas by shading pavement and absorbing excess urban heat, reducing the urban heat island effect. This same strategy can be applied in less densely built areas by shading hardscaped areas.</p>\n<p><em>Energy Conservation – </em>Trees strategically placed on-site can reduce the energy needed to cool and heat buildings. In the summertime, large trees on the west and east side of a building can save up to 30% of air-conditioning costs and allow units to operate more efficiently (see <em>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><em>Capturing Storm Water Runoff and Preventing Erosion – </em>Trees capture and absorb rainwater, reducing stormwater runoff. Tree roots also hold soil in place, preventing erosion (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><u>People</u></p>\n<p><em>Biophilia – </em>The presence of trees nurtures the inherent affinity that humans are believed to have with nature known as biophilia (see <em>Biophilic Design</em>). Well-treed environments have also been shown to reduce stressors in urban environments due to the beauty and serenity they convey. For instance, a study in a Chicago public housing development showed reduced crime levels in apartment buildings that were surrounded by greenery compared to the same buildings in barren landscapes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Another study showed that exposure to greener play environments reduced ADHD symptoms in children in the United States.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Also, studies find a connection between the presence of trees and lower levels of violence.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><em>Noise Reduction, Traffic Calming, and Pedestrian Safety – </em>Trees can serve as useful sound buffers. For example, a 98-foot-wide by 49-foot-tall tree belt can reduce highway noise pollution by 6 to 10 decibels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Trees also serve as physical barriers which protect pedestrians in high traffic areas. Since the presence of trees often indicates the presence of pedestrians, trees near roads help suppress the notion of a transportation corridor meant only for vehicles and can help calm traffic.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p><u>Economy</u></p>\n<p><em>Increased property values – </em>Property values have been found to increase by as much as 10%, according to the U.S. Forest Service, while the International Society of Arboriculture estimates a 5-20% increase in property value due to street trees.</p>\n<p><em>Increased Business in Shopping Districts – </em>A study conducted by University of Washington’s Center for Urban Horticulture found that the presence of trees and other vegetation positively influenced consumers’ perception of retail districts. Furthermore, shoppers spent more time shopping in downtown business districts that were well landscaped compared to those areas with little vegetation. Shoppers were also willing to pay more for parking and spend up to 11% more for goods and services in highly treed retail areas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>On average, caring for a large tree costs $13/year but returns about $65 in energy savings, improved stormwater management, and higher property values.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>The cost benefits of large, medium and small trees are as follows:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a></p>\n<p><em>Large Tree                                                         Medium Tree</em></p>\n<p>Total benefits/year = $55                                   Total benefits/year = $33</p>\n<p>Total costs/year = $18                                       Total costs/year = $17</p>\n<p>Net benefits/year = $37                                     Net benefits/year = $16</p>\n<p>Life expectancy = 120 years                              Life expectancy = 60 years</p>\n<p>Lifetime benefits = $6,600                               Lifetime benefits = $1,980</p>\n<p>Lifetime costs = $2,160                                     Lifetime costs = $1,020</p>\n<p>Value to community = $4,440                         Value to community = $960</p>\n<p><em>Small Tree</em></p>\n<p>Total benefits/year = $23</p>\n<p>Total costs/year = $14</p>\n<p>Net benefits/year = $9</p>\n<p>Life expectancy = 30 years</p>\n<p>Lifetime benefits = $690</p>\n<p>Lifetime costs = $420</p>\n<p>Value to community = $270</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees provide multiple resiliency benefits. During severe storms, tree roots help to manage flooding and coastal/riparian erosion by soaking up water and stabilizing soil. Trees help reduce strain on local sewer systems, especially combined sewer systems where flooding events can negatively affect water quality and lead to public health concerns.  By infiltrating water where it falls, trees help replenish groundwater reserves, relieving stress on local water supplies and reducing the need to import potable water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a> Consequently, trees can lessen the impact of droughts.</p>\n<p>In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.</p>\n<p>Note that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lighting is often one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> International Society of Arboriculture (ISA). Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018.)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ISA. Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> ISA. Trees are Good. “Tree Care Information:  Benefits of Trees.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” <a href=\"http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf\">http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US Forestry Service: Benefits of Trees. <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees\">https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Colorado Tree Coalition.  “Education: Why Plant a Tree?”  <a href=\"http://coloradotrees.org/education/\">http://coloradotrees.org/education/</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” <a href=\"http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf\">http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA.   “Heat Island Effect.”   <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Arbor Day Foundation.  “Benefits of Trees.” <a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm\">https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). <em>Environment and crime in the inner city: Does vegetation reduce crime?</em><em> </em><em>Environment and Behavior</em><em>,</em> 33(3), 343-367. <a href=\"http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm\">http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm</a> (accessed April 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Faber Taylor, A., Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). “Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings.” <em>Environment and Behavior</em>, 33(1), 54-77. <a href=\"http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm\">http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Sullivan, W.C. &amp; F. E. Kuo.  Human-Environment Research Laboratory Department of Natural Resources and the Environmental Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.  “Do Trees Strengthen Urban Communities, Reduce Domestic Violence?”  January 1996.  <a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html\">http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> National Forest Foundation.  “New Research Proves Just How Green Urban Forests Are.” <a href=\"https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests\">https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Jacobs, Allan B.  <em>Great Streets</em>.  Cambridge MA: MIT Press.  1995.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources.  “Fact Sheet #5: Trees in Business Districts.”  <a href=\"http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf\">http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Forest Service, Center for Urban Forestry Research and Information.  “The Large Tree Argument.”  <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf\">https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> US EPA. Green Infrastructure: Climate Resiliency. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency\">https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency</a> (accessed April 25, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/\">Arbor Day Foundation Tree Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.treesaregood.org/\">International Society of Arboriculture – Trees Are Good</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.itreetools.org/\">I-Tree Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://global.nature.org/?intc=glob_sol.topnav.logo\">The Nature Conservancy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/forest/community/\">NJ DEP Division of Parks and Forestry – Community Forestry</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtrees.org/\">NJ Tree Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phillywatersheds.org/what_were_doing/community_partnerships/programs/soak-it-adoption/green-stormwater-tools\">Philadelphia Water Department</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/extension/\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/topics/urban-forests-and-climate-change\">Urban Forests and Climate Change</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg0604.html\">University of Minnesota Extension Service: Fitting Trees and Shrubs into the Landscape</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">US EPA Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/spf/coop/programs/wf/\">US Forest Service Watershed Forestry</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Tree Protection and Placement','','inherit','closed','closed','','1258-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:48:28','2022-03-30 21:48:28','',1258,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1262',0,'revision','',0),(1263,3,'2022-03-30 21:53:41','2022-03-30 21:53:41','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Turfgrass Reduction\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Turfgrass?</h2>\n<p>Turfgrass refers to a form of grass used when growing a lawn and typically includes species such as bluegrass, rye, and fescue.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>These species, referred to as conventional turf grass, grow evenly and to a uniform height when maintained. Conventional turf grass requires high levels of maintenance, irrigation, and fertilization to achieve a consistently green and manicured look. Turfgrass had become common in the United States after post-World War II when it became a mainstream middle-class status symbol. At that time many types of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers were becoming commercially available.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Alternatives to conventional turf grass lawns include replacing the lawn with native grasses or groundcover and reducing the size of the lawn by incorporating other types of natural landscaping or garden beds (see<span> </span><em>Native and Adapted Plants,<span> </span></em><em>and Wildlife Habitat</em>). There are many varieties of groundcovers, including those that are edible or flowering. Groundcover refers to plants that, once established, form a uniform layer over the ground and require little to no maintenance. Native grasses are species of grass that are native to a particular area and climate. These grasses require less maintenance and are less susceptible to pests (see<span> </span><em>Integrated Pest Management</em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_309\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"468\"]<img class=\"wp-image-309 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Turf-Grass-Reduction-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Blue Wood Sedge (Source: Courtesy of North Creek Nurseries)\" width=\"468\" height=\"494\" /> Figure 1 – Blue Wood Sedge (Source: Courtesy of North Creek Nurseries)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Reasons to consider reducing the use of turfgrass include:</p>\n<p><u>High Maintenance Requirements</u></p>\n<p>Lawns require frequent and sometimes costly maintenance. Lawn maintenance often involves hiring lawn care employees, purchasing fertilizers, and maintaining lawn care equipment. Lawns may require mowing multiple times a week during the peak growing season. During a drought, lawns require irrigation. Landscapes consume 9 billion gallons of water each day in the United States, mostly to irrigate lawns (see<span> </span><em>Water-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p><u>High Pollution Outputs that Create Public Health Risks</u></p>\n<p>Lawn care chemicals can pose a threat to people, pets and the environment. Studies have found numerous adverse health consequences associated with the synthetic chemicals found in traditional lawn care products, especially for children due to their size, physiological development and proximity to the ground.</p>\n<p>Lawns can also contribute to water pollution as chemicals used to treat lawns combine with stormwater runoff and flow into freshwater supplies, adversely affecting plants and animal life. Many commercial lawns require frequent fertilization to maintain quality turf grass. Excessive fertilizer use can also lead to fertilizers entering sources of drinking water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Note that while conventional turf grass does help remove carbon dioxide from the air, the amount sequestered does not cancel out the greenhouse gas emissions produced from fertilizer production, mowing, leaf blowing and other lawn management practices (see<span> </span><em>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p><u>Lack of Biodiversity</u></p>\n<p>Conventional turfgrass lawns lack biodiversity, an essential component of healthy ecosystems, and do not support a wide variety of birds, beneficial insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<h2>How to Reduce the Use of Turf Grass</h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, homeowners account for 76 percent of the state’s 880,542 acres of turf grass.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>On average, lawns take up half of an average lot size.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Many fiscally and environmentally responsible alternatives to lawns exist such as minimizing turfgrass areas, using more eco-friendly grass species for remaining turf areas, and planting a wide variety of low-maintenance trees, shrubs, and perennials to create garden spaces, rain gardens, and native habitats (see Rain Gardens). When designing an alternative lawn, select eco-friendly grass and grass-like species such as native sedges and meadow mixes and limit turf areas for defining garden edges, active recreation areas, pathways between planting beds and other structural and functional purposes.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Native grasses and sedges can provide a low maintenance alternative with high ecological value.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><u>Use Groundcover or Native Grasses</u></p>\n<p>Groundcovers refer to low-growing plants including native grasses and sedges but also include taller trees and shrubs that grow together to form dense vegetation. Choose groundcovers that require little maintenance and support wildlife.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a><span> </span> Increasing the size of shrub beds and adding groundcovers can facilitate the reduction of erosion and water runoff (see<span> </span><em>Erosion Control</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Select non-invasive groundcovers that do not threaten plant biodiversity or affect wildlife that depends on native species as a food source.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">10</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>To select an appropriate groundcover, talk with the local cooperative extension agent and refer to the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">NJ Native Plant Society’s</a><span> </span>listing of native and invasive species and the Native Plant Finder. Native species often vary across regions, even within New Jersey. Note that the USDA identifies New Jersey as being in Hardiness Zones 5 through 7.</li>\n<li>To contain groundcovers, install an edge barrier such as a row of low bricks or wood frame. Extend edging a few inches into the soil to contain roots.</li>\n<li>Weed and mulch groundcover regularly, especially in the first year of planting.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">County Extension Offices</a><span> </span>trains volunteer in each county through its Master Gardeners Program to provide guidance on lawn alternatives.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Tips on Removing Lawn</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use a sod cutter to remove sections of existing lawn gradually.</li>\n<li>Remove existing lawn but do not disturb the soil as turning the soil allows weeds to compete with the new native seedlings.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Tips for Caring for Existing Lawns</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Keep mower at 2 1⁄2 inches, water in the early morning and de-thatch if thatch reaches more than 1⁄2 inch in thickness. Cutting lawns too short decreases root growth.</li>\n<li>Leave clippings on the lawn as a natural source of nitrogen for the soil, recycle the clippings or start a compost pile.</li>\n<li>Reduce water needs by mulching the garden beds around an existing lawn.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Economic</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Decreases maintenance costs and reduces water bills. Once established, groundcovers appropriate to the site conditions require less upkeep than conventional turf grass.</li>\n<li>Reduces costs spent on fertilizers and pesticides.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Environmental</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases in biodiversity and support of wildlife such as birds, insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.</li>\n<li>Dense and short growing groundcover plants eliminate weeds, preserve moisture in the soil, and do not require mowing.</li>\n<li>Reduces the need for lawn irrigation.</li>\n<li>Groundcovers act as mulch, enhancing the soil.</li>\n<li>Groundcovers and native grasses require less maintenance to prevent soil erosion compared to turfgrass.</li>\n<li>Reduces toxic emissions released into the environment from lawnmowers.</li>\n<li>Reduces use of fossil fuels required by lawn and irrigation equipment.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Personal Wellness</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves time and labor.</li>\n<li>Connects people to the natural landscape.</li>\n<li>Creates a diverse and aesthetically pleasing outdoor environment.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of lawn alternatives varies depending on the type and size of the landscape. For example, cost per square foot of alternative groundcovers depends upon the type of plants chosen and the size of the groundcover. The higher initial cost of selecting plants specific to the site pays for itself over time through reduced maintenance costs compared to less adaptive and higher-maintenance turfgrass.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Replacing conventional turf grass with native plants and water-efficient landscaping promotes resiliency by decreasing water use and reducing the reliance and stress on municipal water infrastructure. Alternatives to turf grass can also increase groundwater infiltration, helping to slow stormwater runoff and reduce erosion during flooding events. Also, replacing turf grass with diverse native plants, increases the biological diversity in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>American-Lawns. “Mixtures and Blends.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html\">http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a>  University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Turf Grass Madness: Reasons to Reduce the Lawn in Your Landscape.” <span> </span><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf\">http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>U.S. EPA.  Outdoor Water Use in the United States. <span> </span><a href=\"https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html\">https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>US EPA, University of West Virginia. “Managing Turfgrass and Garden Fertilizer Application to Prevent Contamination of Drinking Water.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf\">http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>University of California, Irvine.  Turfgrass.<span> </span><a href=\"https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/\">https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/</a>  (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP. 2015. New Jersey Natural Heritage Program.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/\">https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/</a><span> </span>(accessed Sept 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>880,542 acres is equal to 18 percent of NJ’s total land area.<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160604161433/http://turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf\">www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>The Center for Turf grass Science. The New Jersey Turf grass Industry Economic Survey. February 2007.<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160604161433/http://turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf\">www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Less Lawn. “Native Grass Lawns.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html\">http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>The Nature Conservancy. Habitat Network. Native Grasses for Your Native Lawn.<span> </span><a href=\"http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/\">http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/</a><span> </span>(accessed November 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Groundcover Alternatives to Turf Grass.” <span> </span><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf\">http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-erosion-control/\">Erosion Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-pest-management-ipm/\">Integrated Pest Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-wildlife-habitat/\">Wildlife Habitat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.audubon.org/bird/at_home/pdf/AAHPA-21-32-Lawn.pdf\">Audubon Society – Lawn Alternatives</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cleanwaternj.org/garden.html\">Clean Water NJ – In the Garden</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friendly-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nwf.org/NativePlantFinder/About\">Native Plant Finder</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/\">Nature Conservancy – Habitat Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/watershedrestoration/waterbook_chp6.html\">NJ DEP Lawn and Garden Care</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">Rutgers NJ Agriculture Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.php?cat=5&amp;sub=35\">Commercial Turfgrass and Landscape Maintenance Fact Sheets &amp; Bulletins</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://turf.rutgers.edu/\">Center for Turfgrass Science</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html\">Rutgers Water Resource Program – Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li>University Extension Services – Groundcovers\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf\">Delaware</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170911143317/http://extension.umd.edu:80/hgic/groundcover-list\">Maryland</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/greenbuilding/web/pdf/brochure.pdf\">US EPA Greenscapes: Environmentally Beneficial Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Turfgrass Reduction','','publish','closed','open','','nr-turf-grass-reduction','','','2022-06-23 18:03:23','2022-06-23 18:03:23','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1263',0,'post','',0),(1265,3,'2022-03-30 21:53:41','2022-03-30 21:53:41','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Turfgrass Reduction\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Turfgrass?</h2>\n<p>Turfgrass refers to a form of grass used when growing a lawn and typically includes species such as bluegrass, rye, and fescue.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>These species, referred to as conventional turf grass, grow evenly and to a uniform height when maintained. Conventional turf grass requires high levels of maintenance, irrigation, and fertilization to achieve a consistently green and manicured look. Turfgrass had become common in the United States after post-World War II when it became a mainstream middle-class status symbol. At that time many types of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers were becoming commercially available.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Alternatives to conventional turf grass lawns include replacing the lawn with native grasses or groundcover and reducing the size of the lawn by incorporating other types of natural landscaping or garden beds (see<span> </span><em>Native and Adapted Plants,<span> </span></em><em>and Wildlife Habitat</em>). There are many varieties of groundcovers, including those that are edible or flowering. Groundcover refers to plants that, once established, form a uniform layer over the ground and require little to no maintenance. Native grasses are species of grass that are native to a particular area and climate. These grasses require less maintenance and are less susceptible to pests (see<span> </span><em>Integrated Pest Management</em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_309\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"468\"]<img class=\"wp-image-309 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Turf-Grass-Reduction-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Blue Wood Sedge (Source: Courtesy of North Creek Nurseries)\" width=\"468\" height=\"494\" /> Figure 1 – Blue Wood Sedge (Source: Courtesy of North Creek Nurseries)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Reasons to consider reducing the use of turfgrass include:</p>\n<p><u>High Maintenance Requirements</u></p>\n<p>Lawns require frequent and sometimes costly maintenance. Lawn maintenance often involves hiring lawn care employees, purchasing fertilizers, and maintaining lawn care equipment. Lawns may require mowing multiple times a week during the peak growing season. During a drought, lawns require irrigation. Landscapes consume 9 billion gallons of water each day in the United States, mostly to irrigate lawns (see<span> </span><em>Water-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p><u>High Pollution Outputs that Create Public Health Risks</u></p>\n<p>Lawn care chemicals can pose a threat to people, pets and the environment. Studies have found numerous adverse health consequences associated with the synthetic chemicals found in traditional lawn care products, especially for children due to their size, physiological development and proximity to the ground.</p>\n<p>Lawns can also contribute to water pollution as chemicals used to treat lawns combine with stormwater runoff and flow into freshwater supplies, adversely affecting plants and animal life. Many commercial lawns require frequent fertilization to maintain quality turf grass. Excessive fertilizer use can also lead to fertilizers entering sources of drinking water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Note that while conventional turf grass does help remove carbon dioxide from the air, the amount sequestered does not cancel out the greenhouse gas emissions produced from fertilizer production, mowing, leaf blowing and other lawn management practices (see<span> </span><em>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p><u>Lack of Biodiversity</u></p>\n<p>Conventional turfgrass lawns lack biodiversity, an essential component of healthy ecosystems, and do not support a wide variety of birds, beneficial insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<h2>How to Reduce the Use of Turf Grass</h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, homeowners account for 76 percent of the state’s 880,542 acres of turf grass.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>On average, lawns take up half of an average lot size.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Many fiscally and environmentally responsible alternatives to lawns exist such as minimizing turfgrass areas, using more eco-friendly grass species for remaining turf areas, and planting a wide variety of low-maintenance trees, shrubs, and perennials to create garden spaces, rain gardens, and native habitats (see Rain Gardens). When designing an alternative lawn, select eco-friendly grass and grass-like species such as native sedges and meadow mixes and limit turf areas for defining garden edges, active recreation areas, pathways between planting beds and other structural and functional purposes.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Native grasses and sedges can provide a low maintenance alternative with high ecological value.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><u>Use Groundcover or Native Grasses</u></p>\n<p>Groundcovers refer to low-growing plants including native grasses and sedges but also include taller trees and shrubs that grow together to form dense vegetation. Choose groundcovers that require little maintenance and support wildlife.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a><span> </span> Increasing the size of shrub beds and adding groundcovers can facilitate the reduction of erosion and water runoff (see<span> </span><em>Erosion Control</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Select non-invasive groundcovers that do not threaten plant biodiversity or affect wildlife that depends on native species as a food source.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">10</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>To select an appropriate groundcover, talk with the local cooperative extension agent and refer to the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">NJ Native Plant Society’s</a><span> </span>listing of native and invasive species and the Native Plant Finder. Native species often vary across regions, even within New Jersey. Note that the USDA identifies New Jersey as being in Hardiness Zones 5 through 7.</li>\n<li>To contain groundcovers, install an edge barrier such as a row of low bricks or wood frame. Extend edging a few inches into the soil to contain roots.</li>\n<li>Weed and mulch groundcover regularly, especially in the first year of planting.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">County Extension Offices</a><span> </span>trains volunteer in each county through its Master Gardeners Program to provide guidance on lawn alternatives.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Tips on Removing Lawn</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use a sod cutter to remove sections of existing lawn gradually.</li>\n<li>Remove existing lawn but do not disturb the soil as turning the soil allows weeds to compete with the new native seedlings.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Tips for Caring for Existing Lawns</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Keep mower at 2 1⁄2 inches, water in the early morning and de-thatch if thatch reaches more than 1⁄2 inch in thickness. Cutting lawns too short decreases root growth.</li>\n<li>Leave clippings on the lawn as a natural source of nitrogen for the soil, recycle the clippings or start a compost pile.</li>\n<li>Reduce water needs by mulching the garden beds around an existing lawn.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Economic</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Decreases maintenance costs and reduces water bills. Once established, groundcovers appropriate to the site conditions require less upkeep than conventional turf grass.</li>\n<li>Reduces costs spent on fertilizers and pesticides.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Environmental</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases in biodiversity and support of wildlife such as birds, insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.</li>\n<li>Dense and short growing groundcover plants eliminate weeds, preserve moisture in the soil, and do not require mowing.</li>\n<li>Reduces the need for lawn irrigation.</li>\n<li>Groundcovers act as mulch, enhancing the soil.</li>\n<li>Groundcovers and native grasses require less maintenance to prevent soil erosion compared to turfgrass.</li>\n<li>Reduces toxic emissions released into the environment from lawnmowers.</li>\n<li>Reduces use of fossil fuels required by lawn and irrigation equipment.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Personal Wellness</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves time and labor.</li>\n<li>Connects people to the natural landscape.</li>\n<li>Creates a diverse and aesthetically pleasing outdoor environment.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of lawn alternatives varies depending on the type and size of the landscape. For example, cost per square foot of alternative groundcovers depends upon the type of plants chosen and the size of the groundcover. The higher initial cost of selecting plants specific to the site pays for itself over time through reduced maintenance costs compared to less adaptive and higher-maintenance turfgrass.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Replacing conventional turf grass with native plants and water-efficient landscaping promotes resiliency by decreasing water use and reducing the reliance and stress on municipal water infrastructure. Alternatives to turf grass can also increase groundwater infiltration, helping to slow stormwater runoff and reduce erosion during flooding events. Also, replacing turf grass with diverse native plants, increases the biological diversity in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>American-Lawns. “Mixtures and Blends.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html\">http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a>  University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Turf Grass Madness: Reasons to Reduce the Lawn in Your Landscape.” <span> </span><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf\">http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>U.S. EPA.  Outdoor Water Use in the United States. <span> </span><a href=\"https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html\">https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>US EPA, University of West Virginia. “Managing Turfgrass and Garden Fertilizer Application to Prevent Contamination of Drinking Water.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf\">http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>University of California, Irvine.  Turfgrass.<span> </span><a href=\"https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/\">https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/</a>  (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP. 2015. New Jersey Natural Heritage Program.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/\">https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/</a><span> </span>(accessed Sept 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>880,542 acres is equal to 18 percent of NJ’s total land area.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf\">www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>The Center for Turf grass Science. The New Jersey Turf grass Industry Economic Survey. February 2007.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf\">www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Less Lawn. “Native Grass Lawns.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html\">http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>The Nature Conservancy. Habitat Network. Native Grasses for Your Native Lawn.<span> </span><a href=\"http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/\">http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/</a><span> </span>(accessed November 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Groundcover Alternatives to Turf Grass.” <span> </span><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf\">http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-erosion-control/\">Erosion Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-pest-management-ipm/\">Integrated Pest Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-wildlife-habitat/\">Wildlife Habitat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.audubon.org/bird/at_home/pdf/AAHPA-21-32-Lawn.pdf\">Audubon Society – Lawn Alternatives</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cleanwaternj.org/garden.html\">Clean Water NJ – In the Garden</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friendly-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nwf.org/NativePlantFinder/About\">Native Plant Finder</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/\">Nature Conservancy – Habitat Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/watershedrestoration/waterbook_chp6.html\">NJ DEP Lawn and Garden Care</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">Rutgers NJ Agriculture Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.php?cat=5&amp;sub=35\">Commercial Turfgrass and Landscape Maintenance Fact Sheets &amp; Bulletins</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.turf.rutgers.edu/\">Center for Turfgrass Science</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html\">Rutgers Water Resource Program – Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li>University Extension Services – Groundcovers\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf\">Delaware</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://extension.umd.edu/hgic/groundcover-list\">Maryland</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/greenbuilding/web/pdf/brochure.pdf\">US EPA Greenscapes: Environmentally Beneficial Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Turfgrass Reduction','','inherit','closed','closed','','1263-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:53:41','2022-03-30 21:53:41','',1263,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1265',0,'revision','',0),(1266,3,'2022-03-30 21:53:42','2022-03-30 21:53:42','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Turfgrass Reduction\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Turfgrass?</h2>\n<p>Turfgrass refers to a form of grass used when growing a lawn and typically includes species such as bluegrass, rye, and fescue.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>These species, referred to as conventional turf grass, grow evenly and to a uniform height when maintained. Conventional turf grass requires high levels of maintenance, irrigation, and fertilization to achieve a consistently green and manicured look. Turfgrass had become common in the United States after post-World War II when it became a mainstream middle-class status symbol. At that time many types of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers were becoming commercially available.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Alternatives to conventional turf grass lawns include replacing the lawn with native grasses or groundcover and reducing the size of the lawn by incorporating other types of natural landscaping or garden beds (see<span> </span><em>Native and Adapted Plants,<span> </span></em><em>and Wildlife Habitat</em>). There are many varieties of groundcovers, including those that are edible or flowering. Groundcover refers to plants that, once established, form a uniform layer over the ground and require little to no maintenance. Native grasses are species of grass that are native to a particular area and climate. These grasses require less maintenance and are less susceptible to pests (see<span> </span><em>Integrated Pest Management</em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_309\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"468\"]<img class=\"wp-image-309 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Turf-Grass-Reduction-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Blue Wood Sedge (Source: Courtesy of North Creek Nurseries)\" width=\"468\" height=\"494\" /> Figure 1 – Blue Wood Sedge (Source: Courtesy of North Creek Nurseries)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Reasons to consider reducing the use of turfgrass include:</p>\n<p><u>High Maintenance Requirements</u></p>\n<p>Lawns require frequent and sometimes costly maintenance. Lawn maintenance often involves hiring lawn care employees, purchasing fertilizers, and maintaining lawn care equipment. Lawns may require mowing multiple times a week during the peak growing season. During a drought, lawns require irrigation. Landscapes consume 9 billion gallons of water each day in the United States, mostly to irrigate lawns (see<span> </span><em>Water-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p><u>High Pollution Outputs that Create Public Health Risks</u></p>\n<p>Lawn care chemicals can pose a threat to people, pets and the environment. Studies have found numerous adverse health consequences associated with the synthetic chemicals found in traditional lawn care products, especially for children due to their size, physiological development and proximity to the ground.</p>\n<p>Lawns can also contribute to water pollution as chemicals used to treat lawns combine with stormwater runoff and flow into freshwater supplies, adversely affecting plants and animal life. Many commercial lawns require frequent fertilization to maintain quality turf grass. Excessive fertilizer use can also lead to fertilizers entering sources of drinking water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Note that while conventional turf grass does help remove carbon dioxide from the air, the amount sequestered does not cancel out the greenhouse gas emissions produced from fertilizer production, mowing, leaf blowing and other lawn management practices (see<span> </span><em>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p><u>Lack of Biodiversity</u></p>\n<p>Conventional turfgrass lawns lack biodiversity, an essential component of healthy ecosystems, and do not support a wide variety of birds, beneficial insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<h2>How to Reduce the Use of Turf Grass</h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, homeowners account for 76 percent of the state’s 880,542 acres of turf grass.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>On average, lawns take up half of an average lot size.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Many fiscally and environmentally responsible alternatives to lawns exist such as minimizing turfgrass areas, using more eco-friendly grass species for remaining turf areas, and planting a wide variety of low-maintenance trees, shrubs, and perennials to create garden spaces, rain gardens, and native habitats (see Rain Gardens). When designing an alternative lawn, select eco-friendly grass and grass-like species such as native sedges and meadow mixes and limit turf areas for defining garden edges, active recreation areas, pathways between planting beds and other structural and functional purposes.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Native grasses and sedges can provide a low maintenance alternative with high ecological value.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><u>Use Groundcover or Native Grasses</u></p>\n<p>Groundcovers refer to low-growing plants including native grasses and sedges but also include taller trees and shrubs that grow together to form dense vegetation. Choose groundcovers that require little maintenance and support wildlife.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a><span> </span> Increasing the size of shrub beds and adding groundcovers can facilitate the reduction of erosion and water runoff (see<span> </span><em>Erosion Control</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Select non-invasive groundcovers that do not threaten plant biodiversity or affect wildlife that depends on native species as a food source.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">10</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>To select an appropriate groundcover, talk with the local cooperative extension agent and refer to the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">NJ Native Plant Society’s</a><span> </span>listing of native and invasive species and the Native Plant Finder. Native species often vary across regions, even within New Jersey. Note that the USDA identifies New Jersey as being in Hardiness Zones 5 through 7.</li>\n<li>To contain groundcovers, install an edge barrier such as a row of low bricks or wood frame. Extend edging a few inches into the soil to contain roots.</li>\n<li>Weed and mulch groundcover regularly, especially in the first year of planting.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">County Extension Offices</a><span> </span>trains volunteer in each county through its Master Gardeners Program to provide guidance on lawn alternatives.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Tips on Removing Lawn</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use a sod cutter to remove sections of existing lawn gradually.</li>\n<li>Remove existing lawn but do not disturb the soil as turning the soil allows weeds to compete with the new native seedlings.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Tips for Caring for Existing Lawns</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Keep mower at 2 1⁄2 inches, water in the early morning and de-thatch if thatch reaches more than 1⁄2 inch in thickness. Cutting lawns too short decreases root growth.</li>\n<li>Leave clippings on the lawn as a natural source of nitrogen for the soil, recycle the clippings or start a compost pile.</li>\n<li>Reduce water needs by mulching the garden beds around an existing lawn.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Economic</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Decreases maintenance costs and reduces water bills. Once established, groundcovers appropriate to the site conditions require less upkeep than conventional turf grass.</li>\n<li>Reduces costs spent on fertilizers and pesticides.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Environmental</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases in biodiversity and support of wildlife such as birds, insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.</li>\n<li>Dense and short growing groundcover plants eliminate weeds, preserve moisture in the soil, and do not require mowing.</li>\n<li>Reduces the need for lawn irrigation.</li>\n<li>Groundcovers act as mulch, enhancing the soil.</li>\n<li>Groundcovers and native grasses require less maintenance to prevent soil erosion compared to turfgrass.</li>\n<li>Reduces toxic emissions released into the environment from lawnmowers.</li>\n<li>Reduces use of fossil fuels required by lawn and irrigation equipment.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Personal Wellness</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves time and labor.</li>\n<li>Connects people to the natural landscape.</li>\n<li>Creates a diverse and aesthetically pleasing outdoor environment.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of lawn alternatives varies depending on the type and size of the landscape. For example, cost per square foot of alternative groundcovers depends upon the type of plants chosen and the size of the groundcover. The higher initial cost of selecting plants specific to the site pays for itself over time through reduced maintenance costs compared to less adaptive and higher-maintenance turfgrass.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Replacing conventional turf grass with native plants and water-efficient landscaping promotes resiliency by decreasing water use and reducing the reliance and stress on municipal water infrastructure. Alternatives to turf grass can also increase groundwater infiltration, helping to slow stormwater runoff and reduce erosion during flooding events. Also, replacing turf grass with diverse native plants, increases the biological diversity in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>American-Lawns. “Mixtures and Blends.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html\">http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a>  University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Turf Grass Madness: Reasons to Reduce the Lawn in Your Landscape.” <span> </span><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf\">http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>U.S. EPA.  Outdoor Water Use in the United States. <span> </span><a href=\"https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html\">https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>US EPA, University of West Virginia. “Managing Turfgrass and Garden Fertilizer Application to Prevent Contamination of Drinking Water.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf\">http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>University of California, Irvine.  Turfgrass.<span> </span><a href=\"https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/\">https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/</a>  (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP. 2015. New Jersey Natural Heritage Program.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/\">https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/</a><span> </span>(accessed Sept 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>880,542 acres is equal to 18 percent of NJ’s total land area.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf\">www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>The Center for Turf grass Science. The New Jersey Turf grass Industry Economic Survey. February 2007.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf\">www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Less Lawn. “Native Grass Lawns.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html\">http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>The Nature Conservancy. Habitat Network. Native Grasses for Your Native Lawn.<span> </span><a href=\"http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/\">http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/</a><span> </span>(accessed November 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Groundcover Alternatives to Turf Grass.” <span> </span><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf\">http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-erosion-control/\">Erosion Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-pest-management-ipm/\">Integrated Pest Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-wildlife-habitat/\">Wildlife Habitat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.audubon.org/bird/at_home/pdf/AAHPA-21-32-Lawn.pdf\">Audubon Society – Lawn Alternatives</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cleanwaternj.org/garden.html\">Clean Water NJ – In the Garden</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friendly-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nwf.org/NativePlantFinder/About\">Native Plant Finder</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/\">Nature Conservancy – Habitat Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/watershedrestoration/waterbook_chp6.html\">NJ DEP Lawn and Garden Care</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">Rutgers NJ Agriculture Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.php?cat=5&amp;sub=35\">Commercial Turfgrass and Landscape Maintenance Fact Sheets &amp; Bulletins</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.turf.rutgers.edu/\">Center for Turfgrass Science</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html\">Rutgers Water Resource Program – Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li>University Extension Services – Groundcovers\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf\">Delaware</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://extension.umd.edu/hgic/groundcover-list\">Maryland</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/greenbuilding/web/pdf/brochure.pdf\">US EPA Greenscapes: Environmentally Beneficial Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Tree Protection and Placement','','inherit','closed','closed','','1263-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:53:42','2022-03-30 21:53:42','',1263,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1266',0,'revision','',0),(1267,3,'2022-03-30 21:53:45','2022-03-30 21:53:45','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Turfgrass Reduction\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Turfgrass?</h2>\n<p>Turfgrass refers to a form of grass used when growing a lawn and typically includes species such as bluegrass, rye, and fescue.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>These species, referred to as conventional turf grass, grow evenly and to a uniform height when maintained. Conventional turf grass requires high levels of maintenance, irrigation, and fertilization to achieve a consistently green and manicured look. Turfgrass had become common in the United States after post-World War II when it became a mainstream middle-class status symbol. At that time many types of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers were becoming commercially available.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Alternatives to conventional turf grass lawns include replacing the lawn with native grasses or groundcover and reducing the size of the lawn by incorporating other types of natural landscaping or garden beds (see<span> </span><em>Native and Adapted Plants,<span> </span></em><em>and Wildlife Habitat</em>). There are many varieties of groundcovers, including those that are edible or flowering. Groundcover refers to plants that, once established, form a uniform layer over the ground and require little to no maintenance. Native grasses are species of grass that are native to a particular area and climate. These grasses require less maintenance and are less susceptible to pests (see<span> </span><em>Integrated Pest Management</em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_309\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"468\"]<img class=\"wp-image-309 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Turf-Grass-Reduction-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Blue Wood Sedge (Source: Courtesy of North Creek Nurseries)\" width=\"468\" height=\"494\" /> Figure 1 – Blue Wood Sedge (Source: Courtesy of North Creek Nurseries)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Reasons to consider reducing the use of turfgrass include:</p>\n<p><u>High Maintenance Requirements</u></p>\n<p>Lawns require frequent and sometimes costly maintenance. Lawn maintenance often involves hiring lawn care employees, purchasing fertilizers, and maintaining lawn care equipment. Lawns may require mowing multiple times a week during the peak growing season. During a drought, lawns require irrigation. Landscapes consume 9 billion gallons of water each day in the United States, mostly to irrigate lawns (see<span> </span><em>Water-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p><u>High Pollution Outputs that Create Public Health Risks</u></p>\n<p>Lawn care chemicals can pose a threat to people, pets and the environment. Studies have found numerous adverse health consequences associated with the synthetic chemicals found in traditional lawn care products, especially for children due to their size, physiological development and proximity to the ground.</p>\n<p>Lawns can also contribute to water pollution as chemicals used to treat lawns combine with stormwater runoff and flow into freshwater supplies, adversely affecting plants and animal life. Many commercial lawns require frequent fertilization to maintain quality turf grass. Excessive fertilizer use can also lead to fertilizers entering sources of drinking water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Note that while conventional turf grass does help remove carbon dioxide from the air, the amount sequestered does not cancel out the greenhouse gas emissions produced from fertilizer production, mowing, leaf blowing and other lawn management practices (see<span> </span><em>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p><u>Lack of Biodiversity</u></p>\n<p>Conventional turfgrass lawns lack biodiversity, an essential component of healthy ecosystems, and do not support a wide variety of birds, beneficial insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<h2>How to Reduce the Use of Turf Grass</h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, homeowners account for 76 percent of the state’s 880,542 acres of turf grass.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>On average, lawns take up half of an average lot size.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Many fiscally and environmentally responsible alternatives to lawns exist such as minimizing turfgrass areas, using more eco-friendly grass species for remaining turf areas, and planting a wide variety of low-maintenance trees, shrubs, and perennials to create garden spaces, rain gardens, and native habitats (see Rain Gardens). When designing an alternative lawn, select eco-friendly grass and grass-like species such as native sedges and meadow mixes and limit turf areas for defining garden edges, active recreation areas, pathways between planting beds and other structural and functional purposes.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Native grasses and sedges can provide a low maintenance alternative with high ecological value.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><u>Use Groundcover or Native Grasses</u></p>\n<p>Groundcovers refer to low-growing plants including native grasses and sedges but also include taller trees and shrubs that grow together to form dense vegetation. Choose groundcovers that require little maintenance and support wildlife.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a><span> </span> Increasing the size of shrub beds and adding groundcovers can facilitate the reduction of erosion and water runoff (see<span> </span><em>Erosion Control</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Select non-invasive groundcovers that do not threaten plant biodiversity or affect wildlife that depends on native species as a food source.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">10</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>To select an appropriate groundcover, talk with the local cooperative extension agent and refer to the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">NJ Native Plant Society’s</a><span> </span>listing of native and invasive species and the Native Plant Finder. Native species often vary across regions, even within New Jersey. Note that the USDA identifies New Jersey as being in Hardiness Zones 5 through 7.</li>\n<li>To contain groundcovers, install an edge barrier such as a row of low bricks or wood frame. Extend edging a few inches into the soil to contain roots.</li>\n<li>Weed and mulch groundcover regularly, especially in the first year of planting.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">County Extension Offices</a><span> </span>trains volunteer in each county through its Master Gardeners Program to provide guidance on lawn alternatives.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Tips on Removing Lawn</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use a sod cutter to remove sections of existing lawn gradually.</li>\n<li>Remove existing lawn but do not disturb the soil as turning the soil allows weeds to compete with the new native seedlings.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Tips for Caring for Existing Lawns</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Keep mower at 2 1⁄2 inches, water in the early morning and de-thatch if thatch reaches more than 1⁄2 inch in thickness. Cutting lawns too short decreases root growth.</li>\n<li>Leave clippings on the lawn as a natural source of nitrogen for the soil, recycle the clippings or start a compost pile.</li>\n<li>Reduce water needs by mulching the garden beds around an existing lawn.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Economic</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Decreases maintenance costs and reduces water bills. Once established, groundcovers appropriate to the site conditions require less upkeep than conventional turf grass.</li>\n<li>Reduces costs spent on fertilizers and pesticides.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Environmental</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases in biodiversity and support of wildlife such as birds, insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.</li>\n<li>Dense and short growing groundcover plants eliminate weeds, preserve moisture in the soil, and do not require mowing.</li>\n<li>Reduces the need for lawn irrigation.</li>\n<li>Groundcovers act as mulch, enhancing the soil.</li>\n<li>Groundcovers and native grasses require less maintenance to prevent soil erosion compared to turfgrass.</li>\n<li>Reduces toxic emissions released into the environment from lawnmowers.</li>\n<li>Reduces use of fossil fuels required by lawn and irrigation equipment.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Personal Wellness</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves time and labor.</li>\n<li>Connects people to the natural landscape.</li>\n<li>Creates a diverse and aesthetically pleasing outdoor environment.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of lawn alternatives varies depending on the type and size of the landscape. For example, cost per square foot of alternative groundcovers depends upon the type of plants chosen and the size of the groundcover. The higher initial cost of selecting plants specific to the site pays for itself over time through reduced maintenance costs compared to less adaptive and higher-maintenance turfgrass.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Replacing conventional turf grass with native plants and water-efficient landscaping promotes resiliency by decreasing water use and reducing the reliance and stress on municipal water infrastructure. Alternatives to turf grass can also increase groundwater infiltration, helping to slow stormwater runoff and reduce erosion during flooding events. Also, replacing turf grass with diverse native plants, increases the biological diversity in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>American-Lawns. “Mixtures and Blends.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html\">http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a>  University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Turf Grass Madness: Reasons to Reduce the Lawn in Your Landscape.” <span> </span><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf\">http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>U.S. EPA.  Outdoor Water Use in the United States. <span> </span><a href=\"https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html\">https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>US EPA, University of West Virginia. “Managing Turfgrass and Garden Fertilizer Application to Prevent Contamination of Drinking Water.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf\">http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>University of California, Irvine.  Turfgrass.<span> </span><a href=\"https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/\">https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/</a>  (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP. 2015. New Jersey Natural Heritage Program.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/\">https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/</a><span> </span>(accessed Sept 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>880,542 acres is equal to 18 percent of NJ’s total land area.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf\">www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>The Center for Turf grass Science. The New Jersey Turf grass Industry Economic Survey. February 2007.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf\">www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Less Lawn. “Native Grass Lawns.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html\">http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>The Nature Conservancy. Habitat Network. Native Grasses for Your Native Lawn.<span> </span><a href=\"http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/\">http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/</a><span> </span>(accessed November 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Groundcover Alternatives to Turf Grass.” <span> </span><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf\">http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-erosion-control/\">Erosion Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-pest-management-ipm/\">Integrated Pest Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-wildlife-habitat/\">Wildlife Habitat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.audubon.org/bird/at_home/pdf/AAHPA-21-32-Lawn.pdf\">Audubon Society – Lawn Alternatives</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cleanwaternj.org/garden.html\">Clean Water NJ – In the Garden</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friendly-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nwf.org/NativePlantFinder/About\">Native Plant Finder</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/\">Nature Conservancy – Habitat Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/watershedrestoration/waterbook_chp6.html\">NJ DEP Lawn and Garden Care</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">Rutgers NJ Agriculture Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.php?cat=5&amp;sub=35\">Commercial Turfgrass and Landscape Maintenance Fact Sheets &amp; Bulletins</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.turf.rutgers.edu/\">Center for Turfgrass Science</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html\">Rutgers Water Resource Program – Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li>University Extension Services – Groundcovers\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf\">Delaware</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://extension.umd.edu/hgic/groundcover-list\">Maryland</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/greenbuilding/web/pdf/brochure.pdf\">US EPA Greenscapes: Environmentally Beneficial Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Turfgrass Reduction','','inherit','closed','closed','','1263-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:53:45','2022-03-30 21:53:45','',1263,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1267',0,'revision','',0),(1268,3,'2022-03-30 22:06:32','2022-03-30 22:06:32','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Orientation\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Building Orientation?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building orientation describes a building’s placement on a site and the positioning of windows, rooflines, and other features. A building oriented for solar design takes advantage of passive and active solar strategies. Passive solar strategies use energy from the sun to heat and illuminate buildings without the use of external energy sources and mechanical systems. Building orientation combined with the proper selection of building materials and the placement of windows, openings and shading devices influences heating and cooling loads, natural daylighting levels, and air flows within the building (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, Natural Ventilation,</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Thermal Mass</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Passive solar strategies use building components to collect, store, distribute, and control solar heat gains (see Table 1). Strategies include implementing large, south-facing windows, sourcing building materials that absorb and slowly release heat, manipulating building form to influence ventilation, and minimizing unwanted heat gain through proper window selection and glazing. Shading devices such as roof overhangs or landscaping also reduce solar load (See<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_12\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1170\"]<img class=\"wp-image-12 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Orientation-Table-1.png\" alt=\"Source: Adapted from the Whole Building Design Guide, Passive Solar Heating\" width=\"1170\" height=\"438\" /> Source: Adapted from the Whole Building Design Guide, Passive Solar Heating[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Active solar strategies capture and store the sun’s energy through mechanical or electrical means. Solar photovoltaic systems generate and store electricity, while solar thermal systems heat liquid directly and transfer thermal energy for heating water or air (see<span> </span><em><i>Photovoltaic Systems</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Solar Thermal Systems</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Solar ready buildings have south-facing roofs not shaded by nearby trees, structures or buildings.<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWattsâ Calculator</a></u><span> </span>can estimate energy production and costs of a photovoltaic (PV) system at your location.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Optimize Building Orientation</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Decisions about building orientation begin early in the design phase, inform the entire building process, and involve all project team members (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). It helps to have input from experienced passive solar design architects and builders and to consider site conditions, such as temperature, solar access, and wind to evaluate passive design opportunities.</p>\n<p>Building orientation impacts daylighting which also relates to building geometry, window selection, interior layout, HVAC sizing, and electrical lighting design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Utilizing computer simulation software and energy modeling tools help to assess how building orientation and passive design considerations affect overall building performance (see<span> </span><em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The project team may also consider pursuing the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a><span> </span>building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for zero-energy, high-performance buildings.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/showcase-projects/discovery-elementary-school\">Discovery Elementary School, Arlington, VA.</a></p>\n<p>The Discovery Elementary School is one of the first Zero Energy schools on the East Coast. The project team adopted passive solar design by orienting the building with its longest facades facing north and south, took advantage of shading opportunities to reduce summer cooling loads, selected construction materials with high thermal mass, and utilized occupancy sensors for temperature settings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/34931.pdf\">Cambria Office Facility, Ebensburg, PA.</a></p>\n<p>The original plan for the Cambria Office Facility was to maximize curb appeal with a flat-roofed, square box building orientated along the road near the edge of the property. Instead, the location of the building on the site was changed to optimize solar orientation and preserve wetlands on the property.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Buildings oriented for passive and active solar provide multiple benefits:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Utilize solar, a renewable energy source, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and slowing fossil fuel depletion.</li>\n<li>Connect occupants to the natural environment by responding to changing weather conditions and providing window views.</li>\n<li>Provide daylighting, which decreases electrical lighting requirements and increases occupant satisfaction and productivity.</li>\n<li>Employ thermal massing, which reduces temperature swings and produces a higher degree of temperature stability and thermal comfort.</li>\n<li>Reduce heating and cooling costs through natural heating/cooling and ventilation.</li>\n<li>Lower operation and maintenance costs by requiring fewer moving parts and opportunities for mechanical failure.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Considering life-cycle costs and annual energy and maintenance savings, buildings designed to maximize solar access are often less expensive than conventional buildings. Passive solar features, such as south-facing windows, thermal mass, and roof overhangs, can pay for themselves by reducing mechanical heating and cooling loads, unit size, installation, operation and maintenance costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Compared to passive solar systems, active solar systems often have a higher initial cost and longer payback period depending on the size and the type of technology but may be offset with currently available federal and state tax credits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Check the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency</a><span> </span>and the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>and for available incentives, rebates and tax credits.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building’s oriented for passive and active solar design enhance a building’s resiliency by maintaining livable conditions in the event of power interruption and loss of heating fuel.</p>\n<p>Daylight-optimized buildings provide interior light, and highly insulated buildings with natural ventilation maintain thermal comfort for building occupants. Photovoltaic systems with battery storage and islanding inverters provide emergency “power islands” during times of storm or other grid outages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE | Energy Savers: Active Solar Heating.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating-systems/active-solar-heating\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating-systems/active-solar-heating</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed July 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>NREL. Passive Solar Design Fact Sheet.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29236.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29236.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>WBDG. Passive Solar Heating.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php</a><span> </span>(accessed March 21, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Jennifer Senick et al. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015)<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf\">Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWatts<u>â</u><u> Calculator</u></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines\">Sustainable Sources: Passive Solar Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Passive Solar Heating</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building Orientation','','publish','closed','open','','nr-building-orientation','','\nhttp://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/','2022-04-15 17:17:05','2022-04-15 17:17:05','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1268',0,'post','',0),(1270,3,'2022-03-30 21:57:01','2022-03-30 21:57:01','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"New Residential Buildings\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The Manual supports the construction of new green homes with diminished energy and environmental footprints and the greening of existing homes. This approach limits the impact of the built environment on the natural environment, while sensitivity to the location of building activities helps to prevent urban sprawl and preserves natural resources.</p>\n<p>The Residential Buildings section includes strategies for new single-family homes. Many of the strategies also pertain to existing single-family homes and support energy-efficient and green home improvement projects that provide resiliency benefits. Whether building a new home or upgrading old systems, new and existing homeowners have the opportunity to select ENERGY STAR equipment, including high-efficiency water heaters, and HVAC equipment. Likewise, all homeowners can incorporate grid back-up capabilities (based on individualized risk factors and site opportunities) and consider storm preparation and planning for disruptive events.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Design\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf568;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operational Tools\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe035;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/\">Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-composting/\">Composting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/\">Brownfield and Infill Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-site-protection-plan/\">Site Protection Plan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Water\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf043;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Backup Systems\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf5df;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Build\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf6e3;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Operate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf085;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operations & Maintenance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe038;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Smart Infrastructure\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1eb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Evaluate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf3fd;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Building Performance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf080;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.03)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Case Studies</h2>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"30%\" module_alignment=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_divider][et_pb_portfolio fullwidth=\"off\" include_categories=\"5\" show_categories=\"off\" show_pagination=\"off\" hover_overlay_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_portfolio][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','New Residential','','inherit','closed','closed','','1003-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:57:01','2022-03-30 21:57:01','',1003,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1270',0,'revision','',0),(1273,3,'2022-03-30 22:06:32','2022-03-30 22:06:32','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Orientation\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Building Orientation?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building orientation describes a building’s placement on a site and the positioning of windows, rooflines, and other features. A building oriented for solar design takes advantage of passive and active solar strategies. Passive solar strategies use energy from the sun to heat and illuminate buildings without the use of external energy sources and mechanical systems. Building orientation combined with the proper selection of building materials and the placement of windows, openings and shading devices influences heating and cooling loads, natural daylighting levels, and air flows within the building (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, Natural Ventilation,</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Thermal Mass</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Passive solar strategies use building components to collect, store, distribute, and control solar heat gains (see Table 1). Strategies include implementing large, south-facing windows, sourcing building materials that absorb and slowly release heat, manipulating building form to influence ventilation, and minimizing unwanted heat gain through proper window selection and glazing. Shading devices such as roof overhangs or landscaping also reduce solar load (See<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_12\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1170\"]<img class=\"wp-image-12 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Orientation-Table-1.png\" alt=\"Source: Adapted from the Whole Building Design Guide, Passive Solar Heating\" width=\"1170\" height=\"438\" /> Source: Adapted from the Whole Building Design Guide, Passive Solar Heating[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Active solar strategies capture and store the sun’s energy through mechanical or electrical means. Solar photovoltaic systems generate and store electricity, while solar thermal systems heat liquid directly and transfer thermal energy for heating water or air (see<span> </span><em><i>Photovoltaic Systems</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Solar Thermal Systems</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Solar ready buildings have south-facing roofs not shaded by nearby trees, structures or buildings.<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWattsâ Calculator</a></u><span> </span>can estimate energy production and costs of a photovoltaic (PV) system at your location.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Optimize Building Orientation</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Decisions about building orientation begin early in the design phase, inform the entire building process, and involve all project team members (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). It helps to have input from experienced passive solar design architects and builders and to consider site conditions, such as temperature, solar access, and wind to evaluate passive design opportunities.</p>\n<p>Building orientation impacts daylighting which also relates to building geometry, window selection, interior layout, HVAC sizing, and electrical lighting design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Utilizing computer simulation software and energy modeling tools help to assess how building orientation and passive design considerations affect overall building performance (see<span> </span><em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The project team may also consider pursuing the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a><span> </span>building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for zero-energy, high-performance buildings.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/showcase-projects/discovery-elementary-school\">Discovery Elementary School, Arlington, VA.</a></p>\n<p>The Discovery Elementary School is one of the first Zero Energy schools on the East Coast. The project team adopted passive solar design by orienting the building with its longest facades facing north and south, took advantage of shading opportunities to reduce summer cooling loads, selected construction materials with high thermal mass, and utilized occupancy sensors for temperature settings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/34931.pdf\">Cambria Office Facility, Ebensburg, PA.</a></p>\n<p>The original plan for the Cambria Office Facility was to maximize curb appeal with a flat-roofed, square box building orientated along the road near the edge of the property. Instead, the location of the building on the site was changed to optimize solar orientation and preserve wetlands on the property.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Buildings oriented for passive and active solar provide multiple benefits:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Utilize solar, a renewable energy source, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and slowing fossil fuel depletion.</li>\n<li>Connect occupants to the natural environment by responding to changing weather conditions and providing window views.</li>\n<li>Provide daylighting, which decreases electrical lighting requirements and increases occupant satisfaction and productivity.</li>\n<li>Employ thermal massing, which reduces temperature swings and produces a higher degree of temperature stability and thermal comfort.</li>\n<li>Reduce heating and cooling costs through natural heating/cooling and ventilation.</li>\n<li>Lower operation and maintenance costs by requiring fewer moving parts and opportunities for mechanical failure.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Considering life-cycle costs and annual energy and maintenance savings, buildings designed to maximize solar access are often less expensive than conventional buildings. Passive solar features, such as south-facing windows, thermal mass, and roof overhangs, can pay for themselves by reducing mechanical heating and cooling loads, unit size, installation, operation and maintenance costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Compared to passive solar systems, active solar systems often have a higher initial cost and longer payback period depending on the size and the type of technology but may be offset with currently available federal and state tax credits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Check the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency</a><span> </span>and the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>and for available incentives, rebates and tax credits.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building’s oriented for passive and active solar design enhance a building’s resiliency by maintaining livable conditions in the event of power interruption and loss of heating fuel.</p>\n<p>Daylight-optimized buildings provide interior light, and highly insulated buildings with natural ventilation maintain thermal comfort for building occupants. Photovoltaic systems with battery storage and islanding inverters provide emergency “power islands” during times of storm or other grid outages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE | Energy Savers: Active Solar Heating.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating-systems/active-solar-heating\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating-systems/active-solar-heating</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed July 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>NREL. Passive Solar Design Fact Sheet.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29236.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29236.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>WBDG. Passive Solar Heating.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php</a><span> </span>(accessed March 21, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Jennifer Senick et al. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015)<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf\">Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWatts<u>â</u><u><span> </span>Calculator</u></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines\">Sustainable Sources: Passive Solar Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Passive Solar Heating</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building OrientationBuilding Orientation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1268-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:06:32','2022-03-30 22:06:32','',1268,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1273',0,'revision','',0),(1274,3,'2022-03-30 22:06:32','2022-03-30 22:06:32','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Orientation\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Building Orientation?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building orientation describes a building’s placement on a site and the positioning of windows, rooflines, and other features. A building oriented for solar design takes advantage of passive and active solar strategies. Passive solar strategies use energy from the sun to heat and illuminate buildings without the use of external energy sources and mechanical systems. Building orientation combined with the proper selection of building materials and the placement of windows, openings and shading devices influences heating and cooling loads, natural daylighting levels, and air flows within the building (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, Natural Ventilation,</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Thermal Mass</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Passive solar strategies use building components to collect, store, distribute, and control solar heat gains (see Table 1). Strategies include implementing large, south-facing windows, sourcing building materials that absorb and slowly release heat, manipulating building form to influence ventilation, and minimizing unwanted heat gain through proper window selection and glazing. Shading devices such as roof overhangs or landscaping also reduce solar load (See<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_12\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1170\"]<img class=\"wp-image-12 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Orientation-Table-1.png\" alt=\"Source: Adapted from the Whole Building Design Guide, Passive Solar Heating\" width=\"1170\" height=\"438\" /> Source: Adapted from the Whole Building Design Guide, Passive Solar Heating[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Active solar strategies capture and store the sun’s energy through mechanical or electrical means. Solar photovoltaic systems generate and store electricity, while solar thermal systems heat liquid directly and transfer thermal energy for heating water or air (see<span> </span><em><i>Photovoltaic Systems</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Solar Thermal Systems</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Solar ready buildings have south-facing roofs not shaded by nearby trees, structures or buildings.<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWattsâ Calculator</a></u><span> </span>can estimate energy production and costs of a photovoltaic (PV) system at your location.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Optimize Building Orientation</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Decisions about building orientation begin early in the design phase, inform the entire building process, and involve all project team members (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). It helps to have input from experienced passive solar design architects and builders and to consider site conditions, such as temperature, solar access, and wind to evaluate passive design opportunities.</p>\n<p>Building orientation impacts daylighting which also relates to building geometry, window selection, interior layout, HVAC sizing, and electrical lighting design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Utilizing computer simulation software and energy modeling tools help to assess how building orientation and passive design considerations affect overall building performance (see<span> </span><em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The project team may also consider pursuing the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a><span> </span>building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for zero-energy, high-performance buildings.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/showcase-projects/discovery-elementary-school\">Discovery Elementary School, Arlington, VA.</a></p>\n<p>The Discovery Elementary School is one of the first Zero Energy schools on the East Coast. The project team adopted passive solar design by orienting the building with its longest facades facing north and south, took advantage of shading opportunities to reduce summer cooling loads, selected construction materials with high thermal mass, and utilized occupancy sensors for temperature settings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/34931.pdf\">Cambria Office Facility, Ebensburg, PA.</a></p>\n<p>The original plan for the Cambria Office Facility was to maximize curb appeal with a flat-roofed, square box building orientated along the road near the edge of the property. Instead, the location of the building on the site was changed to optimize solar orientation and preserve wetlands on the property.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Buildings oriented for passive and active solar provide multiple benefits:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Utilize solar, a renewable energy source, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and slowing fossil fuel depletion.</li>\n<li>Connect occupants to the natural environment by responding to changing weather conditions and providing window views.</li>\n<li>Provide daylighting, which decreases electrical lighting requirements and increases occupant satisfaction and productivity.</li>\n<li>Employ thermal massing, which reduces temperature swings and produces a higher degree of temperature stability and thermal comfort.</li>\n<li>Reduce heating and cooling costs through natural heating/cooling and ventilation.</li>\n<li>Lower operation and maintenance costs by requiring fewer moving parts and opportunities for mechanical failure.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Considering life-cycle costs and annual energy and maintenance savings, buildings designed to maximize solar access are often less expensive than conventional buildings. Passive solar features, such as south-facing windows, thermal mass, and roof overhangs, can pay for themselves by reducing mechanical heating and cooling loads, unit size, installation, operation and maintenance costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Compared to passive solar systems, active solar systems often have a higher initial cost and longer payback period depending on the size and the type of technology but may be offset with currently available federal and state tax credits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Check the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency</a><span> </span>and the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>and for available incentives, rebates and tax credits.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building’s oriented for passive and active solar design enhance a building’s resiliency by maintaining livable conditions in the event of power interruption and loss of heating fuel.</p>\n<p>Daylight-optimized buildings provide interior light, and highly insulated buildings with natural ventilation maintain thermal comfort for building occupants. Photovoltaic systems with battery storage and islanding inverters provide emergency “power islands” during times of storm or other grid outages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE | Energy Savers: Active Solar Heating.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating-systems/active-solar-heating\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating-systems/active-solar-heating</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed July 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>NREL. Passive Solar Design Fact Sheet.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29236.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29236.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>WBDG. Passive Solar Heating.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php</a><span> </span>(accessed March 21, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Jennifer Senick et al. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015)<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf\">Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWatts<u>â</u><u><span> </span>Calculator</u></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines\">Sustainable Sources: Passive Solar Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Passive Solar Heating</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Turfgrass Reduction','','inherit','closed','closed','','1268-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:06:32','2022-03-30 22:06:32','',1268,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1274',0,'revision','',0),(1275,3,'2022-03-30 22:06:35','2022-03-30 22:06:35','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Orientation\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Building Orientation?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building orientation describes a building’s placement on a site and the positioning of windows, rooflines, and other features. A building oriented for solar design takes advantage of passive and active solar strategies. Passive solar strategies use energy from the sun to heat and illuminate buildings without the use of external energy sources and mechanical systems. Building orientation combined with the proper selection of building materials and the placement of windows, openings and shading devices influences heating and cooling loads, natural daylighting levels, and air flows within the building (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, Natural Ventilation,</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Thermal Mass</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Passive solar strategies use building components to collect, store, distribute, and control solar heat gains (see Table 1). Strategies include implementing large, south-facing windows, sourcing building materials that absorb and slowly release heat, manipulating building form to influence ventilation, and minimizing unwanted heat gain through proper window selection and glazing. Shading devices such as roof overhangs or landscaping also reduce solar load (See<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_12\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1170\"]<img class=\"wp-image-12 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Orientation-Table-1.png\" alt=\"Source: Adapted from the Whole Building Design Guide, Passive Solar Heating\" width=\"1170\" height=\"438\" /> Source: Adapted from the Whole Building Design Guide, Passive Solar Heating[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Active solar strategies capture and store the sun’s energy through mechanical or electrical means. Solar photovoltaic systems generate and store electricity, while solar thermal systems heat liquid directly and transfer thermal energy for heating water or air (see<span> </span><em><i>Photovoltaic Systems</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Solar Thermal Systems</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Solar ready buildings have south-facing roofs not shaded by nearby trees, structures or buildings.<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWattsâ Calculator</a></u><span> </span>can estimate energy production and costs of a photovoltaic (PV) system at your location.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Optimize Building Orientation</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Decisions about building orientation begin early in the design phase, inform the entire building process, and involve all project team members (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). It helps to have input from experienced passive solar design architects and builders and to consider site conditions, such as temperature, solar access, and wind to evaluate passive design opportunities.</p>\n<p>Building orientation impacts daylighting which also relates to building geometry, window selection, interior layout, HVAC sizing, and electrical lighting design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Utilizing computer simulation software and energy modeling tools help to assess how building orientation and passive design considerations affect overall building performance (see<span> </span><em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The project team may also consider pursuing the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a><span> </span>building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for zero-energy, high-performance buildings.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/showcase-projects/discovery-elementary-school\">Discovery Elementary School, Arlington, VA.</a></p>\n<p>The Discovery Elementary School is one of the first Zero Energy schools on the East Coast. The project team adopted passive solar design by orienting the building with its longest facades facing north and south, took advantage of shading opportunities to reduce summer cooling loads, selected construction materials with high thermal mass, and utilized occupancy sensors for temperature settings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/34931.pdf\">Cambria Office Facility, Ebensburg, PA.</a></p>\n<p>The original plan for the Cambria Office Facility was to maximize curb appeal with a flat-roofed, square box building orientated along the road near the edge of the property. Instead, the location of the building on the site was changed to optimize solar orientation and preserve wetlands on the property.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Buildings oriented for passive and active solar provide multiple benefits:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Utilize solar, a renewable energy source, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and slowing fossil fuel depletion.</li>\n<li>Connect occupants to the natural environment by responding to changing weather conditions and providing window views.</li>\n<li>Provide daylighting, which decreases electrical lighting requirements and increases occupant satisfaction and productivity.</li>\n<li>Employ thermal massing, which reduces temperature swings and produces a higher degree of temperature stability and thermal comfort.</li>\n<li>Reduce heating and cooling costs through natural heating/cooling and ventilation.</li>\n<li>Lower operation and maintenance costs by requiring fewer moving parts and opportunities for mechanical failure.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Considering life-cycle costs and annual energy and maintenance savings, buildings designed to maximize solar access are often less expensive than conventional buildings. Passive solar features, such as south-facing windows, thermal mass, and roof overhangs, can pay for themselves by reducing mechanical heating and cooling loads, unit size, installation, operation and maintenance costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Compared to passive solar systems, active solar systems often have a higher initial cost and longer payback period depending on the size and the type of technology but may be offset with currently available federal and state tax credits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Check the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency</a><span> </span>and the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>and for available incentives, rebates and tax credits.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building’s oriented for passive and active solar design enhance a building’s resiliency by maintaining livable conditions in the event of power interruption and loss of heating fuel.</p>\n<p>Daylight-optimized buildings provide interior light, and highly insulated buildings with natural ventilation maintain thermal comfort for building occupants. Photovoltaic systems with battery storage and islanding inverters provide emergency “power islands” during times of storm or other grid outages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE | Energy Savers: Active Solar Heating.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating-systems/active-solar-heating\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating-systems/active-solar-heating</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed July 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>NREL. Passive Solar Design Fact Sheet.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29236.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29236.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>WBDG. Passive Solar Heating.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php</a><span> </span>(accessed March 21, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Jennifer Senick et al. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015)<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf\">Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWatts<u>â</u><u><span> </span>Calculator</u></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines\">Sustainable Sources: Passive Solar Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Passive Solar Heating</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building OrientationBuilding Orientation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1268-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:06:35','2022-03-30 22:06:35','',1268,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1275',0,'revision','',0),(1276,3,'2022-03-30 22:09:05','2022-03-30 22:09:05','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Daylighting\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Daylighting?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Daylighting combines building orientation, fenestration (e.g., the location of windows and openings in a building), shading devices, interior design, and lighting and controls.  Daylighting design illuminates indoor spaces with appropriate levels of natural light, minimizes glare and heat gain, and reduces electrical lighting needs (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>,<span> </span><em><i>Building Orientation, High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction<span> </span></i></em>and<span> </span><em><i>Sensor Controls).</i></em></p>\n<p>Building orientation, in combination with window selection and placement, impacts daylighting levels, thermal comfort, ventilation, and views to nature (see<span> </span><em><i>Natural Ventilation<span> </span></i></em>and<span> </span><em><i>Energy Efficient Windows</i></em>). A daylighting-optimized building maximizes south and north exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive direct and indirect natural light, respectively.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></sup><span> </span>The design and choice of window glazing affect the amount, distribution, and quality of daylight.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>For example, glazing systems with tinted glass and low-solar low-E coatings reduce solar heat gain with little reduction in visible transmittance or the amount of light in the visible portion of the spectrum.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Skylights, solar tubes, clerestory windows, and cupolas can also help introduce and balance daylight in a room. Utilize the upper portion of windows to introduce high levels of daylight and avoid glare issues, while taking advantage of views from the lower portion of windows, balanced by proper shading.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, awnings, and self-shading elements of building form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light. Interior designs that incorporate open layouts and light-colored surfaces also help distribute natural light. Reduce electrical lighting consumption and costs, and associated waste heat by pairing harvested daylight with automated dimmers and photosensors (see<span> </span><em><i>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</i></em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_316\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"600\"]<img class=\"wp-image-316 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Daylighting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – House with cupola (Source: The Cupola House http://www.cupolahouse.org/)\" width=\"600\" height=\"716\" /> Figure 1 – House with cupola (Source: The Cupola House http://www.cupolahouse.org/)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Daylighting</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for daylighting involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process. For example, window glazing influences interior electrical lighting design, sizing of mechanical systems, and interior design layouts. The following outlines steps to integrate daylighting and electrical lighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Set a Maximum Lighting Power Density (LPD) goal to avoid overlit spaces and to achieve an appropriate level of lighting per area lit or watts per square foot.</li>\n<li>Set a Daylight Sufficiency Goal that establishes the amount of daylighting, measured in lumens or foot-candles, required to perform a typical task in each space without electrical lighting.</li>\n<li>Develop a layered lighting strategy that first utilizes daylight to provide basic or ambient lighting levels, and then adds electrical lighting options and controls to vary lighting levels for a variety of tasks and occupant preferences.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Daylighting guidelines provide general principles and examples, but project specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools, which can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190112120531/https://www.commercialwindows.org/fdt.php\">The Facade Design Tool</a><span> </span>by the Efficient Windows Collaborative compares several design parameters including orientation, window area, controls, shading, and window type to predict performance outcomes such as annual energy use and savings, daylight levels, glare, and thermal comfort.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/software\">Low Energy – High Performance:  Building Façade Solutions</a><span> </span>by Berkeley Lab offers a list of simulation software for modeling window system performance.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Improved life-cycle cost, reduced emissions, and reduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.</li>\n<li>Reduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Reduced cooling loads and downsized HVAC systems through less heat gain from electrical lighting (see<span> </span><em><i>Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improved occupant satisfaction and comfort based on a shared preference for naturally daylit spaces, reinforcement of circadian rhythms, and connection to nature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Planning for daylighting should be integral to the design process and should not impose a significant impact on project costs if considered from the early stages of design. Windows with more than one pane and glazing to control temperature fluctuations and reduce UV exposure tend to cost more than conventional windows. Increasing the window to wall ratio to promote natural daylighting cost more than the construction of standard walls. The average national cost of window installation is $5,040, with most homeowners spending between $2,584 and $7,497 depending on materials, features, and size.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Structures such as a copula require more materials and are more technically challenging to build and incur additional costs.  Additional upfront costs associated with daylighting strategies or hiring a daylighting consultant typically pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a power outage, a daylighting-optimized home continues to provide interior light to occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid and providing energy savings.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32.<span> </span><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylighting.<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190112123505/https://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php</a><span> </span>(accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Window Technologies: Transmittance.<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201031043434/https://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php</a><span> </span>(accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>WBDG. Daylighting.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Ibid WBDG.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylight Controls. Windows for High-Performance Buildings.<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119123555/https://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php</a><span> </span>(accessed July 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>California Energy Commission and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf\">http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>HomeAdvisor – True Cost Guide – Installing Windows<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/doors-and-windows/install-windows/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/doors-and-windows/install-windows/</a><span> </span>(accessed April 6, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/design_daylight.php\">Efficient Windows Collaborative – Providing Natural Light</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">LBNL and US DOE – Tips for Daylighting With Windows: The Integrated Approach</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/patternBook.asp?id=13306\">Leslie, Russell P.; Conway, Kathryn M. (2007 online) <em><i>The Lighting Pattern Book for Homes.</i></em></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute -Lighting Research Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/daylighting\">US DOE Energy Savers – Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) Daylighting</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Daylighting','','publish','closed','open','','nr-daylighting','','','2022-06-23 17:58:18','2022-06-23 17:58:18','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1276',0,'post','',0),