(1864,2,'2022-04-18 18:33:26','2022-04-18 18:33:26','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Alternative Transportation\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Development (TOD)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Alternative transportation discourages dependence on the personal automobile and encourages public transportation options such as carpooling, vanpooling, busing, walking, and cycling.</p>\n<p>Telecommuting, informal transit options, compressed workweeks, and alternative fuel vehicles such as plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) also help reduce the number of greenhouse gases produced by single occupancy vehicles.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Commuting to and from an average office building built to modern energy codes consumes thirty percent more energy compared to the energy the building itself consumes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> The location of buildings and how people get to them are important factors to consider in a building’s overall environmental impact. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) concentrates development around transit stations, such as train, light rail, and bus stations, and other amenities to create places for people to live, work, and play without requiring the use of a car.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_184\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"678\"]<img class=\"wp-image-184 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Alternative-Transportation-and-TOD-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).\" width=\"678\" height=\"484\" /> Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Alternative Transportation and TOD </b></strong></h2>\n<p>There are several general topics regarding alternative transportation to consider when incorporating alternative transportation strategies into an existing commercial project that can also help to earn your project LEED credits.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proximity to existing public transportation, pedestrian, and bicycle networks and establishing a shuttle service if beyond a short walk away.</li>\n<li>Proximity to existing infrastructure, services and economic activity such as stores, schools, offices, and parks.</li>\n<li>Minimizing on-site parking and providing bicycle changing facilities and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Providing covered areas for people awaiting carpool/vanpool rides and drop-off/pick-up zones for vehicles.</li>\n<li>Providing facilities to encourage energy-efficient vehicle use, such as two-way electric plug-in charging stations that enable EVs to both draw electricity from and supply electricity to the grid, and liquid or gas alternative fueling facilities or a battery switching station.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Many local programs assist with alternative transportation options such as the <a href=\"http://www.hudsontma.org/index.php?page=ridesharecarpoo&amp;option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=44&amp;cat_id=18&amp;Itemid=54\">Hudson County Transportation Management Authority</a> that offers rideshare, carpool, and vanpool services as well as other useful information for commuters.</p>\n<p>Businesses and organizations can implement telecommuting policies that contribute to sustainable workplace practices by allowing employees to communicate via telephone and computers to accomplish tasks that traditionally occur in central office spaces, reducing traffic congestion and strain on transportation systems, fuel consumption, and associated emissions and air quality issues.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>TOD begins with site selection near transit hubs. Consider local regulations and interest in transit hub development to reduce delays and conflict. Identify special zoning and permit systems designed to expedite efficient redevelopment of urban centers.</p>\n<p>The New Jersey Department of Transportation and New Jersey Transit leads a multi-agency partnership known as the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">Transit Village Initiative</a> that encourages pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods and community revitalization. This program aims to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality and promote growth in areas where infrastructure and public transit already exist.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.njfuture.org/smart-growth-101/smart-growth-awards/2005-award/cranford-crossing/\">Cranford Crossing, Cranford, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Cranford Crossing, a mixed-use redevelopment integrated into Cranford’s pedestrian-friendly environment and located one block from Cranford’s train station.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://library.rpa.org/pdf/RPA-The-Fourth-Regional-Plan.pdf\">Regional Plan Association Report – The Fourth Regional Plan</a></p>\n<p>This report provides examples of several Transit Oriented Developments (TODs) throughout NJ that encourage alternative transportation.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Encouraging the use of alternative transportation options provides benefits for developers, property owners, and building occupants as well as benefits for the environment and the community. Alternative transportation reduces automobile congestion, fossil fuel consumption and carbon emissions.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[7]</a></sup> Some forms of alternative transportation also provide options for healthier lifestyle choices. Proximity to public transportation and neighborhood services can improve quality of life and reduce commuting stress, all of which provide positive marketing opportunities for a new commercial facility. Businesses can participate in programs that encourage alternative transportation strategies such as <a href=\"http://www.transoptions.org/new-jersey-smart-workplaces\">New Jersey Smart Workplaces</a>, a partnership between NJ DOT, NJ Transit, and the state’s Transportation Management Association, that recognizes organizations and individuals who help reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Including alternative transportation options in the initial design phase and locating projects near rapid transit helps to reduce upfront project costs. Transit-oriented design saves developers money by capitalizing on existing infrastructure and upgrades rather than relying on the developer to provide new infrastructure and parking, a significant redevelopment cost (see <em><i>Brownfield and Infill sites</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Building excessive parking adds to construction costs and may contribute to environmental problems such as the heat island effect and increased stormwater runoff (see <em><i>High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</i></em> and <em><i>Pervious Hardscape Materials</i></em>). Providing excessive parking also encourages driving, which causes congestion, air pollution, and contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases. The fewer spaces dedicated to parking, the more for open space, parks, community rooms, or additional building square footage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Costs associated with providing facilities and equipment that encourage alternative transportation options such as biking and walking vary by project and may include costs to provide shower and changing facilities. Bicycle racks can accommodate about ten bikes for the same space and cost as one parking space. The cost of adding bike lanes depends on the existing condition of the roads.  The cost of adding a sidewalk is about $70 per linear foot along existing roads<strong><b>, </b></strong>though it can be significantly less if included as part of the initial road construction work.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Locating buildings with access to a variety of alternative transportation options increases a building and its occupant’s resiliency by providing access to a seamless network of diverse mobility choices fueled by multiple energy sources and insulated from disruptions caused by extreme weather events, security threats, and disaster-related scenarios.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Telecommuting and flexible work schedules reduce congestion and strain on transportation systems, especially during vulnerable times such as storms and inclement weather. Providing bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations supports alternative fuel vehicle adoption, and vehicle-to-grid applications, which enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages (see <em><i>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<p>TOD encourages community interaction that can lead to better cultural understanding, stronger social ties, and in turn, more resilient communities that come together to support each other in times of need. Also, TOD helps reduce the number of cars on the road, an added benefit, especially during times of mandatory evacuations when roads need to be accessible to first responders.</p>\n<p>A study by the Federal Highway Administration, “The Post Hurricane Sandy Transportation Resilience Study in New York-New Jersey-Connecticut,” provides an assessment of the region’s transportation system’s resilience to climate, sea level rise and extreme weather leveraging lessons learned from Hurricane Sandy as well as future climate projections and identifies strategies to reduce and manage extreme weather vulnerabilities.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> USGBC. LEED O+M: Existing Buildings | LEED v4.  Alternative Transportation. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Alex Wilson and Rachel Navaro. Driving to Green Buildings: The Transportation Intensity of Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings\">https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJTOD.org. “What is Transit Oriented Development?” <a href=\"http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/\">http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/</a> (accessed March 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.  <a href=\"http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties\">http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US General Service Administration (GSA). “Resources for Managing Teleworkers.” <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers</a> (accessed Sept 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NJ DOT. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/</a> (accessed April 1, 2018).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Federal Transit Administration. Transit-Oriented and Joint Development. <a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment\">https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> NJ DOT. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/njsw/partners.shtm#tma\">http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/njsw/partners.shtm#tma</a> (accessed March 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> The Sidewalk Study. <a href=\"http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm\">http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Victoria Transport Policy Institute. (2017) “Evaluating Transportation Resilience&lt;</p>\n<p>Evaluating the Transportation System’s Ability to Accommodate Diverse, Variable and Unexpected Demands with Minimal Risk.” <a href=\"http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm\">http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Federal Highway Administration (FHA). “Post-Hurricane Sandy Transportation Resilience Study of NY, NJ, and CT.” October 2017. Final Report. <a href=\"http://www.njtpa.org/planning/regional-studies/completed-studies/post-hurricane-sandy-transportation-resilience/ny-nj-ct-hurricane-sandy-follow-up\">http://www.njtpa.org/planning/regional-studies/completed-studies/post-hurricane-sandy-transportation-resilience/ny-nj-ct-hurricane-sandy-follow-up</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://vtc.rutgers.edu\">Alan M. Vorhees Transportation Center (VTC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/TOD\">Federal Transit Administration – Transit Oriented Development</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njbikeped.org\">NJ Bicycle &amp; Pedestrian Resource Center (Complete Streets)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.njcleancities.com\">NJ Clean Cities Coalition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtod.org\">NJTOD.org (A partnership between NJ Transit and Rutgers University)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Department of Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njslom.org/\">NJ State League of Municipalities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Transit Village Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.rpa.org/regions/new-jersey\">Regional Plan Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">SmartGrid.Org</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth\">US EPA – Smart Growth</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers\">US GSA – Resources for Managing Teleworkers</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1860-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:33:26','2022-04-18 18:33:26','',1860,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1864',0,'revision','',0),(1865,2,'2022-04-18 18:33:30','2022-04-18 18:33:30','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Alternative Transportation\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Development (TOD)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Alternative transportation discourages dependence on the personal automobile and encourages public transportation options such as carpooling, vanpooling, busing, walking, and cycling.</p>\n<p>Telecommuting, informal transit options, compressed workweeks, and alternative fuel vehicles such as plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) also help reduce the number of greenhouse gases produced by single occupancy vehicles.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Commuting to and from an average office building built to modern energy codes consumes thirty percent more energy compared to the energy the building itself consumes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> The location of buildings and how people get to them are important factors to consider in a building’s overall environmental impact. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) concentrates development around transit stations, such as train, light rail, and bus stations, and other amenities to create places for people to live, work, and play without requiring the use of a car.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_184\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"678\"]<img class=\"wp-image-184 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Alternative-Transportation-and-TOD-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).\" width=\"678\" height=\"484\" /> Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Alternative Transportation and TOD </b></strong></h2>\n<p>There are several general topics regarding alternative transportation to consider when incorporating alternative transportation strategies into an existing commercial project that can also help to earn your project LEED credits.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proximity to existing public transportation, pedestrian, and bicycle networks and establishing a shuttle service if beyond a short walk away.</li>\n<li>Proximity to existing infrastructure, services and economic activity such as stores, schools, offices, and parks.</li>\n<li>Minimizing on-site parking and providing bicycle changing facilities and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Providing covered areas for people awaiting carpool/vanpool rides and drop-off/pick-up zones for vehicles.</li>\n<li>Providing facilities to encourage energy-efficient vehicle use, such as two-way electric plug-in charging stations that enable EVs to both draw electricity from and supply electricity to the grid, and liquid or gas alternative fueling facilities or a battery switching station.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Many local programs assist with alternative transportation options such as the <a href=\"http://www.hudsontma.org/index.php?page=ridesharecarpoo&amp;option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=44&amp;cat_id=18&amp;Itemid=54\">Hudson County Transportation Management Authority</a> that offers rideshare, carpool, and vanpool services as well as other useful information for commuters.</p>\n<p>Businesses and organizations can implement telecommuting policies that contribute to sustainable workplace practices by allowing employees to communicate via telephone and computers to accomplish tasks that traditionally occur in central office spaces, reducing traffic congestion and strain on transportation systems, fuel consumption, and associated emissions and air quality issues.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>TOD begins with site selection near transit hubs. Consider local regulations and interest in transit hub development to reduce delays and conflict. Identify special zoning and permit systems designed to expedite efficient redevelopment of urban centers.</p>\n<p>The New Jersey Department of Transportation and New Jersey Transit leads a multi-agency partnership known as the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">Transit Village Initiative</a> that encourages pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods and community revitalization. This program aims to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality and promote growth in areas where infrastructure and public transit already exist.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.njfuture.org/smart-growth-101/smart-growth-awards/2005-award/cranford-crossing/\">Cranford Crossing, Cranford, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Cranford Crossing, a mixed-use redevelopment integrated into Cranford’s pedestrian-friendly environment and located one block from Cranford’s train station.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://library.rpa.org/pdf/RPA-The-Fourth-Regional-Plan.pdf\">Regional Plan Association Report – The Fourth Regional Plan</a></p>\n<p>This report provides examples of several Transit Oriented Developments (TODs) throughout NJ that encourage alternative transportation.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Encouraging the use of alternative transportation options provides benefits for developers, property owners, and building occupants as well as benefits for the environment and the community. Alternative transportation reduces automobile congestion, fossil fuel consumption and carbon emissions.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[7]</a></sup> Some forms of alternative transportation also provide options for healthier lifestyle choices. Proximity to public transportation and neighborhood services can improve quality of life and reduce commuting stress, all of which provide positive marketing opportunities for a new commercial facility. Businesses can participate in programs that encourage alternative transportation strategies such as <a href=\"http://www.transoptions.org/new-jersey-smart-workplaces\">New Jersey Smart Workplaces</a>, a partnership between NJ DOT, NJ Transit, and the state’s Transportation Management Association, that recognizes organizations and individuals who help reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Including alternative transportation options in the initial design phase and locating projects near rapid transit helps to reduce upfront project costs. Transit-oriented design saves developers money by capitalizing on existing infrastructure and upgrades rather than relying on the developer to provide new infrastructure and parking, a significant redevelopment cost (see <em><i>Brownfield and Infill sites</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Building excessive parking adds to construction costs and may contribute to environmental problems such as the heat island effect and increased stormwater runoff (see <em><i>High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</i></em> and <em><i>Pervious Hardscape Materials</i></em>). Providing excessive parking also encourages driving, which causes congestion, air pollution, and contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases. The fewer spaces dedicated to parking, the more for open space, parks, community rooms, or additional building square footage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Costs associated with providing facilities and equipment that encourage alternative transportation options such as biking and walking vary by project and may include costs to provide shower and changing facilities. Bicycle racks can accommodate about ten bikes for the same space and cost as one parking space. The cost of adding bike lanes depends on the existing condition of the roads.  The cost of adding a sidewalk is about $70 per linear foot along existing roads<strong><b>, </b></strong>though it can be significantly less if included as part of the initial road construction work.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Locating buildings with access to a variety of alternative transportation options increases a building and its occupant’s resiliency by providing access to a seamless network of diverse mobility choices fueled by multiple energy sources and insulated from disruptions caused by extreme weather events, security threats, and disaster-related scenarios.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Telecommuting and flexible work schedules reduce congestion and strain on transportation systems, especially during vulnerable times such as storms and inclement weather. Providing bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations supports alternative fuel vehicle adoption, and vehicle-to-grid applications, which enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages (see <em><i>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<p>TOD encourages community interaction that can lead to better cultural understanding, stronger social ties, and in turn, more resilient communities that come together to support each other in times of need. Also, TOD helps reduce the number of cars on the road, an added benefit, especially during times of mandatory evacuations when roads need to be accessible to first responders.</p>\n<p>A study by the Federal Highway Administration, “The Post Hurricane Sandy Transportation Resilience Study in New York-New Jersey-Connecticut,” provides an assessment of the region’s transportation system’s resilience to climate, sea level rise and extreme weather leveraging lessons learned from Hurricane Sandy as well as future climate projections and identifies strategies to reduce and manage extreme weather vulnerabilities.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> USGBC. LEED O+M: Existing Buildings | LEED v4.  Alternative Transportation. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Alex Wilson and Rachel Navaro. Driving to Green Buildings: The Transportation Intensity of Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings\">https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJTOD.org. “What is Transit Oriented Development?” <a href=\"http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/\">http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/</a> (accessed March 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.  <a href=\"http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties\">http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US General Service Administration (GSA). “Resources for Managing Teleworkers.” <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers</a> (accessed Sept 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NJ DOT. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/</a> (accessed April 1, 2018).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Federal Transit Administration. Transit-Oriented and Joint Development. <a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment\">https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> NJ DOT. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/njsw/partners.shtm#tma\">http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/njsw/partners.shtm#tma</a> (accessed March 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> The Sidewalk Study. <a href=\"http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm\">http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Victoria Transport Policy Institute. (2017) “Evaluating Transportation Resilience&lt;</p>\n<p>Evaluating the Transportation System’s Ability to Accommodate Diverse, Variable and Unexpected Demands with Minimal Risk.” <a href=\"http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm\">http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Federal Highway Administration (FHA). “Post-Hurricane Sandy Transportation Resilience Study of NY, NJ, and CT.” October 2017. Final Report. <a href=\"http://www.njtpa.org/planning/regional-studies/completed-studies/post-hurricane-sandy-transportation-resilience/ny-nj-ct-hurricane-sandy-follow-up\">http://www.njtpa.org/planning/regional-studies/completed-studies/post-hurricane-sandy-transportation-resilience/ny-nj-ct-hurricane-sandy-follow-up</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://vtc.rutgers.edu\">Alan M. Vorhees Transportation Center (VTC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/TOD\">Federal Transit Administration – Transit Oriented Development</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njbikeped.org\">NJ Bicycle &amp; Pedestrian Resource Center (Complete Streets)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.njcleancities.com\">NJ Clean Cities Coalition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtod.org\">NJTOD.org (A partnership between NJ Transit and Rutgers University)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Department of Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njslom.org/\">NJ State League of Municipalities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Transit Village Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.rpa.org/regions/new-jersey\">Regional Plan Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">SmartGrid.Org</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth\">US EPA – Smart Growth</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers\">US GSA – Resources for Managing Teleworkers</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Alternative Transportation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1860-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:33:30','2022-04-18 18:33:30','',1860,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1865',0,'revision','',0),(1866,2,'2022-04-18 18:46:35','2022-04-18 18:46:35','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Composting\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What is Composting? </strong></h2>\n<p>Composting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms <em>Eisenia foetida)</em>. The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for offices and businesses with limited space.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_382\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"374\"]<img class=\"wp-image-382 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)\" width=\"374\" height=\"280\" /> Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Composting</strong></h2>\n<p>Organic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></sup> Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see <a href=\"https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/compost\">Hoboken – Composting</a>). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities: <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/classcfc.htm\">NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities</a>. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> If composting in-house, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.</p>\n<p><u>Outdoor Composting Process</u>:</p>\n<p>Compost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Indoor Composting Process</u>:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>If outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.</p>\n<p>Building a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.</li>\n<li>Add about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.</li>\n<li>Place food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.</li>\n<li>Keep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.</li>\n<li>Store the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.</li>\n<li>Harvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_285\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"592\"]<img class=\"wp-image-285 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)\" width=\"592\" height=\"440\" /> Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">Campbell Soup Company Headquarters, Camden, NJ</a></p>\n<p>Campbell initiated a comprehensive waste reduction program, including composting, in 2014. That year, they diverted 2,776 tons of waste from going to the landfill through composting.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves money on waste management</li>\n<li>Reduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).</li>\n<li>Improves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Provides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer.</p>\n<p>Full size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> or purchased (average $60-100 each)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>Composting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Composting <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm</a> (accessed April 7, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Vermicomposting. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: <em>A. Grass Clippings.</em> <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. <a href=\"https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/\">https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Based on a survey of several suppliers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics\">https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. <a href=\"https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf\">https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed May 7, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-operator-and-occupant-training/\">Operator and Occupant Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/\">Site and Stormwater Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://ilsr.org/\">Institute for Local-Self Reliance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/stories/composting-way-easier-you-think\">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/docs/nyc-master-composter-manual-mcm.pdf\">NYC Master Composter Manual</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.asp?cat=5&amp;sub=36\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20220620092328/https://www.compostingcouncil.org/page/Education\">US Composting Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Composting','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-composting','','','2022-06-23 19:43:19','2022-06-23 19:43:19','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1866',0,'post','',0),(1867,2,'2022-04-18 18:44:09','2022-04-18 18:44:09','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1866-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:44:09','2022-04-18 18:44:09','',1866,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1867',0,'revision','',0),(1869,2,'2022-04-18 18:46:35','2022-04-18 18:46:35','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Composting\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What is Composting? </strong></h2>\n<p>Composting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms <em>Eisenia foetida)</em>. The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for offices and businesses with limited space.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_382\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"374\"]<img class=\"wp-image-382 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)\" width=\"374\" height=\"280\" /> Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Composting</strong></h2>\n<p>Organic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></sup> Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see <a href=\"https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/compost\">Hoboken – Composting</a>). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities: <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/classcfc.htm\">NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities</a>. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> If composting in-house, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.</p>\n<p><u>Outdoor Composting Process</u>:</p>\n<p>Compost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Indoor Composting Process</u>:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>If outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.</p>\n<p>Building a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.</li>\n<li>Add about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.</li>\n<li>Place food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.</li>\n<li>Keep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.</li>\n<li>Store the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.</li>\n<li>Harvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_285\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"592\"]<img class=\"wp-image-285 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)\" width=\"592\" height=\"440\" /> Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">Campbell Soup Company Headquarters, Camden, NJ</a></p>\n<p>Campbell initiated a comprehensive waste reduction program, including composting, in 2014. That year, they diverted 2,776 tons of waste from going to the landfill through composting.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves money on waste management</li>\n<li>Reduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).</li>\n<li>Improves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Provides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer.</p>\n<p>Full size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> or purchased (average $60-100 each)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>Composting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Composting <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm</a> (accessed April 7, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Vermicomposting. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: <em>A. Grass Clippings.</em> <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. <a href=\"https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/\">https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Based on a survey of several suppliers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics\">https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. <a href=\"https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf\">https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed May 7, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-operator-and-occupant-training/\">Operator and Occupant Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/\">Site and Stormwater Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://ilsr.org/\">Institute for Local-Self Reliance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/stories/composting-way-easier-you-think\">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/docs/nyc-master-composter-manual-mcm.pdf\">NYC Master Composter Manual</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.asp?cat=5&amp;sub=36\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.compostingcouncil.org/education/resources.php\">US Composting Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Composting','','inherit','closed','closed','','1866-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:46:35','2022-04-18 18:46:35','',1866,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1869',0,'revision','',0),(1870,2,'2022-04-18 18:46:35','2022-04-18 18:46:35','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Composting\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What is Composting? </strong></h2>\n<p>Composting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms <em>Eisenia foetida)</em>. The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for offices and businesses with limited space.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_382\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"374\"]<img class=\"wp-image-382 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)\" width=\"374\" height=\"280\" /> Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Composting</strong></h2>\n<p>Organic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></sup> Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see <a href=\"https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/compost\">Hoboken – Composting</a>). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities: <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/classcfc.htm\">NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities</a>. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> If composting in-house, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.</p>\n<p><u>Outdoor Composting Process</u>:</p>\n<p>Compost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Indoor Composting Process</u>:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>If outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.</p>\n<p>Building a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.</li>\n<li>Add about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.</li>\n<li>Place food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.</li>\n<li>Keep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.</li>\n<li>Store the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.</li>\n<li>Harvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_285\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"592\"]<img class=\"wp-image-285 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)\" width=\"592\" height=\"440\" /> Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">Campbell Soup Company Headquarters, Camden, NJ</a></p>\n<p>Campbell initiated a comprehensive waste reduction program, including composting, in 2014. That year, they diverted 2,776 tons of waste from going to the landfill through composting.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves money on waste management</li>\n<li>Reduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).</li>\n<li>Improves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Provides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer.</p>\n<p>Full size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> or purchased (average $60-100 each)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>Composting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Composting <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm</a> (accessed April 7, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Vermicomposting. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: <em>A. Grass Clippings.</em> <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. <a href=\"https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/\">https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Based on a survey of several suppliers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics\">https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. <a href=\"https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf\">https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed May 7, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-operator-and-occupant-training/\">Operator and Occupant Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/\">Site and Stormwater Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://ilsr.org/\">Institute for Local-Self Reliance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/stories/composting-way-easier-you-think\">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/docs/nyc-master-composter-manual-mcm.pdf\">NYC Master Composter Manual</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.asp?cat=5&amp;sub=36\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.compostingcouncil.org/education/resources.php\">US Composting Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1866-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:46:35','2022-04-18 18:46:35','',1866,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1870',0,'revision','',0),(1872,2,'2022-04-18 18:46:39','2022-04-18 18:46:39','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Composting\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What is Composting? </strong></h2>\n<p>Composting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms <em>Eisenia foetida)</em>. The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for offices and businesses with limited space.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_382\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"374\"]<img class=\"wp-image-382 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)\" width=\"374\" height=\"280\" /> Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Composting</strong></h2>\n<p>Organic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></sup> Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see <a href=\"https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/compost\">Hoboken – Composting</a>). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities: <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/classcfc.htm\">NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities</a>. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> If composting in-house, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.</p>\n<p><u>Outdoor Composting Process</u>:</p>\n<p>Compost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Indoor Composting Process</u>:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>If outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.</p>\n<p>Building a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.</li>\n<li>Add about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.</li>\n<li>Place food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.</li>\n<li>Keep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.</li>\n<li>Store the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.</li>\n<li>Harvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_285\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"592\"]<img class=\"wp-image-285 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)\" width=\"592\" height=\"440\" /> Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">Campbell Soup Company Headquarters, Camden, NJ</a></p>\n<p>Campbell initiated a comprehensive waste reduction program, including composting, in 2014. That year, they diverted 2,776 tons of waste from going to the landfill through composting.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves money on waste management</li>\n<li>Reduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).</li>\n<li>Improves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Provides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer.</p>\n<p>Full size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> or purchased (average $60-100 each)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>Composting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Composting <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm</a> (accessed April 7, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Vermicomposting. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: <em>A. Grass Clippings.</em> <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. <a href=\"https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/\">https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Based on a survey of several suppliers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics\">https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. <a href=\"https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf\">https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed May 7, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-operator-and-occupant-training/\">Operator and Occupant Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/\">Site and Stormwater Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://ilsr.org/\">Institute for Local-Self Reliance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/stories/composting-way-easier-you-think\">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/docs/nyc-master-composter-manual-mcm.pdf\">NYC Master Composter Manual</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.asp?cat=5&amp;sub=36\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.compostingcouncil.org/education/resources.php\">US Composting Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Composting','','inherit','closed','closed','','1866-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:46:39','2022-04-18 18:46:39','',1866,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1872',0,'revision','',0),(1873,2,'2022-04-18 18:58:26','2022-04-18 18:58:26','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Site and Stormwater Management\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Site and Stormwater Management?</h2>\n<p>Site and stormwater management includes techniques for handling stormwater to avoid runoff, erosion, flooding and other harmful effects of uncontrolled water discharge as well as other site protection and resource conservation practices. Stormwater runoff occurs when precipitation, in all forms, falls on land or impervious surfaces and does not infiltrate into the ground. When the runoff flows over the land or impermeable surfaces, including paved surfaces and building rooftops, it combines with pollutants such as debris, chemicals, and sediments. This polluted stormwater can negatively affect the hydrology and water quality of local water sources, resulting in habitat modification and loss, increased flooding, decreased biological diversity, increased sedimentation and erosion, contaminated drinking water, and forced beach closings due to health threats to swimmers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_268\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"548\"]<img class=\"wp-image-268 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Site-and-Stormwater-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Chicago City Hall rooftop garden (Source: Flickr)\" width=\"548\" height=\"406\" /> Figure 1 – Chicago City Hall rooftop garden (Source: Flickr)[/caption]<p>Site and stormwater management includes both Low Impact Development (also known as nonstructural strategies) and Green Infrastructure. Low Impact Development is the concept of designing a site to reduce the negative environmental impacts. Design techniques include<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Preserving stream buffers</li>\n<li>Minimizing the number of trees cut down during construction</li>\n<li>Reducing the use of heavy equipment</li>\n<li>Selecting soils and vegetation beneficial to the site</li>\n<li>Utilizing green infrastructure practices that treat stormwater through soil and vegetation</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The NJ Department of Environmental Protection’s <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual2.htm\">Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual</a> provides guidance on Low Impact Development strategies for new and existing projects in New Jersey.</p>\n<p>Green Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> For example, green infrastructure can effectively turn parking lot islands, street medians, tree planter boxes, and landscaped areas near buildings into specialized stormwater treatment systems. Developers and property owners can redesign parking lots to reduce impervious coverage and increase stormwater infiltration. Innovative site and stormwater management designs may also include vegetated or green roofs, methods for capturing and reusing rainwater, and the use of pervious paving materials in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/More_Info.html\">NJ DEP’s Green Infrastructure for New Jersey</a> website provides informational fact sheets on common green infrastructure practices, including rain gardens/bioretention basins, grass swales, constructed gravel wetlands, and rain barrels. The <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</a> provides detailed information for the identification, design, and implementation of green infrastructure practices throughout New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Integrate Site and Stormwater Management </strong></h2>\n<p><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v4\">Both LEED v4.1 Operations &amp; Maintenance (O+M),</a> and <a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">SITES</a> require stormwater management as part of their certification systems. Under Sustainable Sites, LEED O+M awards points for rainwater and site management strategies. SITES offers a comprehensive, performance-based rating system for sustainable landscapes. SITES certification applies to new construction projects as well as existing sites that include significant renovations (with or without buildings). Projects constructed within the last two years with a minimum of 2,000 square feet qualify for certification.</p>\n<p>Existing commercial projects that impact the site should have a site protection plan included in the contract documents. A site protection plan protects the natural resources of a project site and adjacent areas and achieves compliance with local laws and codes. Existing trees and vegetation, healthy soils and natural hydrologic systems on a site are all valuable resources to consider protecting before a construction project begins.</p>\n<p>The sections below focus on the redesign of landscaping and incorporation of pervious paving materials, rain gardens, and vegetated roofs as ways to reduce a current commercial building’s stormwater runoff and incorporate best management practices for site development.</p>\n<p><u>Native and Adapted Plants</u></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_89\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"wp-image-89 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Native-and-Adapated-Plants-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)\" width=\"424\" height=\"608\" /> Figure 2 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)[/caption]<p>Consider incorporating a native NJ habitat with plants adapted for the site. A native plant species thrive naturally in a particular region, ecosystem or habitat without direct or indirect human actions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Adapted plants have evolved to the physical conditions such as soil, climate, and geology of a site but were not formally part of the natural ecosystem.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Invasive plants grow quickly and aggressively, often displacing native plants and adversely impacting native wildlife, local food sources, and pollination.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Landscaping with plants that are native and adapted to the Mid-Atlantic geographic region nurtures a diverse and healthy ecosystem and saves time and money on maintenance. Diverse native habitats resist disease and reduce the need for synthetic pesticides, increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife, reduce stormwater runoff and mitigate flooding, and provide an alternative to the time-consuming, energy-intensive, and water-inefficient practices of lawn and turf care.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a> provides a list of NJ native plants by County.</p>\n<p>Some projects may be eligible for the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/whipart03.htm#signup\">Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program</a>. Resources such as <a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friend-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a> offer plant information and an easily searchable plant database.</p>\n<p><u>Pervious Hardscape Materials</u></p>\n<p>Pervious paving systems absorb water rather than diverting water into underlying soils, reducing runoff and treating pollutants as water passes through soils and replenishes groundwater.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers. Review municipal regulations for permission to use pervious paving materials and consult with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.</p>\n<p>Using pervious hardscape materials reduces:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Decrease the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff</li>\n<li>Reduces pollution of total suspended solids and nutrients in the soil</li>\n<li>Eliminates the need for or reduces the size of detention ponds, protecting open space and wildlife habitats</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Three types of pervious pavement systems include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, and interlocking concrete pavers. Proper installation and base materials such as open-grade crushed stone maximize the surface’s ability to absorb and store water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>Maintenance and Tips:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider using salvaged bricks or recycled stone pavers</li>\n<li>Look for a regionally-quarried stone to reduce transportation costs</li>\n<li>Prevent clogging by cleaning any soil deposited on pavement and vacuum (as necessary) twice each year</li>\n<li>Maintain planted areas adjacent to the pavement</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong> </strong>For additional information regarding the design of pervious pavement, see the <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual2.htm\">NJ DEP Stormwater Best Practices Manual</a> and the <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for NJ</a>.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_383\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"690\"]<img class=\"wp-image-383 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Site-and-Stormwater-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 3- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute)\" width=\"690\" height=\"490\" /> Figure 3- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute)[/caption]<p><u>Rain Barrels and Cisterns</u></p>\n<p>Rain barrel and cistern systems collect, store, and distribute water for later use, providing a cost-effective and environmentally beneficial way to conserve water and minimize problems associated with stormwater runoff. Use rainwater collected in barrels and cisterns from catchment areas such as rooftops for irrigation, flushing toilets and other non-potable uses. Treat or filter the water depending on the intended use. Commercial applications often use cisterns or large-scale rain barrels.</p>\n<p>Standard components of a rain harvesting system include<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Catchment area such as a roof</li>\n<li>Gutters and downspouts</li>\n<li>Leaf screens</li>\n<li>Rain barrel or cistern for storage</li>\n<li>Conveyance system to deliver stored water via gravity or pump</li>\n<li>Water treatment or filter system</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Set aside sufficient space, either interior, above ground or underground, for the appropriately sized barrel or cistern. The size of rain barrels and cisterns varies from as small as 55-gallons to systems that hold thousands of gallons )which may require the use of an electric pump for distribution). To calculate the volume of water available for capture, assume that every 1,000 square feet of catchment area generates 600 gallons of runoff during a one-inch rainfall event.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Catchment Area * Inches of Rain * 600 gallons *0 .75</h3>\n<hr />\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">1,000 square feet</h3>\n<p>Consider combining rain barrels and cisterns with a drip irrigation system to direct overflow to a dry well, rain garden or bio-retention area.</p>\n<p>Rain barrels require maintenance. Use water within two weeks to prevent algae growth and clean barrels every few months. A screen with a cover prevents algae growth and mosquito breeding. Drain, disconnect and store rain barrels during the winter months.</p>\n<p>For more detailed information about the design and construction of rain barrels and cisterns see the Rutgers Water Resources Program’s – <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">Green Infrastructure Manual for New Jersey</a>.</p>\n<p><u>Rain Gardens</u></p>\n<p>Rain gardens, also referred to as vegetated swales and bioswales, consist of sloped depressions in the landscape planted densely with native plants that can soak up and filter stormwater runoff from rooftops, streets, or parking lots. Rain garden vegetation absorbs and filters stormwater before it enters storm drains.</p>\n<p>Place rain gardens to capture runoff from a site effectively. Observe the site during the next rain and note where runoff problems exist. Consider the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Does it come from a roof or downspout?</li>\n<li>Is there runoff from a parking lot?</li>\n<li>Does the runoff gravitate towards one place more than another?</li>\n</ul>\n<p>As a general rule of thumb, place the rain gardens at least 10 feet from building foundations if the structure has a basement; for buildings without basements, place rain gardens at least 2 feet from buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/demoraingardens.html\">Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station’s Water Resources Program</a> has installed over 125 demonstration rain gardens in New Jersey.</p>\n<p>For step-by-step guidance on installing a rain garden, see The Rutgers Water Resources Program and the Native Plant Society of New Jersey’s <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html\">Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey</a>.</p>\n<p><u>Vegetated Roofs </u></p>\n<p>A vegetated roof or green roof consists of vegetation in a lightweight growing medium placed on top of the drainage layer, root barrier, and waterproof membrane (see Figure 1). Vegetated roofs provide many environmental benefits such as decreased stormwater runoff and reduced energy use. They absorb air pollutants and provide a habitat for beneficial insects and birds, serve as a sound barrier, and mitigate the urban heat island effect. Use a pre-engineered green roof system or customize the green roof to achieve a project’s specific performance objectives. Vegetated roofs often weigh between 10-50 pounds per square foot. Consult a structural engineer and evaluate the strength of the roof before installing a vegetated roof on a building. Consider reinforcing the roof to support the added weight.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_455\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"924\"]<img class=\"wp-image-455 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Site-and-Stormwater-Fig-5.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – A cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual)\" width=\"924\" height=\"538\" /> Figure 5 – A cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual)[/caption]<p>The two primary categories of vegetated roofs include: extensive and intensive. Extensive vegetated roofs consist of lightweight systems with shallow soil (or other growing media)  depths usually less than 6 inches.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Extensive vegetated roofs require less structural support than an intensive system and support a limited palette of hardy plants adapted to extreme environments that need little maintenance. Intensive vegetated roofs have deeper soil typically have more than 6″ of soil or other growing media, weigh more than extensive vegetated roofs, and can support a greater variety of plants. Intensive systems require more maintenance and a higher initial investment than an extensive roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can host a variety of plant species but typically include drought-tolerant species such as hardy succulents, sedums, and perennials. Consider low-maintenance, native species capable of living in the shallow soil. For a list of species indigenous to the Northeast, see <a href=\"https://www.nycgovparks.org/greening/greenbelt-native-plant-center/garden-species-lists/garden-green-roof\">NYC Greenbelt Native Plant Center</a> or <a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">List of NJ Native Plants by County</a>.</p>\n<p>Vegetated roof requires some maintenance such as watering during the establishment period and occasional weeding. Seasonal pruning and cutting of grasses and annual plants reduce the accumulation of combustible material on the roof. Regularly inspect and maintain the components of the roof’s drainage system such as gutters, underdrains, and downspouts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Blue roofs</strong> are systems designed to store and slowly release stormwater. Orifices, weirs, or other outlet devices manage and control the discharge rate of rooftop runoff, thereby reducing the size of downstream detention basins. Locations where the roof makes up a majority of the impervious surface area of the site, and where there is little room at the site for other stormwater management strategies make blue roofs most effective. </p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>For more information on blue roofs, see the <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual2.htm\">NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 9.8 Blue Roofs</a>.</p>\n<p><strong> </strong><u>Water-Efficient Landscaping </u></p>\n<p>Design landscapes that rely on natural rainfall and only require supplemental irrigation during the plants’ initial establishment period. Use native and appropriate non-native vegetation adapted to site conditions and climate. Group plants with similar water requirements to maximize irrigation efficiency and use climate-based controllers for irrigation systems to lower water consumption. Collect non-potable water for irrigation from sources such as rooftops, greywater, air conditioner condensate, or stormwater basins.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>For more information, refer to US EPA’s WaterSense Water-Smart Landscaping Design Guide.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example of Site and Stormwater Management </strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.hobokennj.gov/swpark/\">Southwest Park, Hoboken, NJ</a></p>\n<p>A one-acre park designed with green infrastructure such as bioswales, rain gardens, permeable pavement, and underground chambers that can store 200,000 gallons of stormwater runoff, South Park in Hoboken NJ helps reduce localized flooding in the surrounding neighborhood.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Effective stormwater management can;<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Alleviate the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff, thus mitigates flooding.</li>\n<li>Protect wetlands and aquatic ecosystems</li>\n<li>Improve quality of receiving waterbodies</li>\n<li>Conserve water resources</li>\n<li>Protect public health</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>Natural areas lost to development and replaced with impervious surfaces require new and costly levees, pipes, and pollution-control technology to perform displaced ecosystem functions.</p>\n<p>The cost of site and stormwater management systems varies depending on the type of landscape and selection of strategies. For example, rain gardens vary in cost depending on the size of the roof and the selection of plants. According to the US EPA, estimated costs of installing a green roof average $10/sf for extensive roofing, and $25/sf for intensive roofs. Maintenance costs vary for either type of roof and may range from $0.75–$1.50/sf.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> The typical cost for institutional rain gardens ranges from $30-$40 per square foot depending on existing soil conditions, the selection of plants, and whether or not the project requires professional installation, organizes volunteers, or uses in-house personnel.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Green infrastructure integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure.</p>\n<p>In coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, native and adapted plants act as an essential buffer to encroaching water during flood periods while acting as a routine defense against beach erosion.  For example, American Beachgrass considered one of the best lines of shoreline defense against storms and may also help prevent increasing levels of brackish water from infiltrating water tables close to a salt-water body.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> In general, the root systems of native plants can reduce runoff and mitigate flooding.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a>  In the event of droughts, water-efficient landscapes designed with native and adapted plants add layers of protection against water scarcity. Rain gardens designed with native and adapted plants support ecological resilience by increasing the biological diversity of plants and animals in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p>When massive storms, hurricanes, or droughts cause municipal water sources to shut down or pollute wells, rain barrels and cisterns can provide stockpiled water. Filter and purify before using the water to irrigate edible gardens, wash dishes, and or provide water for drinking and showering.</p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can provide thermal insulation throughout all four seasons, reducing energy consumption and reliance on the electrical grid. In the event of a power outage, they can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season. During heavy rainfalls and flooding events, vegetated roofs can help reduce stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure and reduce combined sewer overflows.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> Vegetated roofs can also offer local communities the opportunity to grow some of their food, reducing dependency on supply chains and transportation networks often disrupted or compromised from storms and other events.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Stormwater Program <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program\">https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ DEP. Green Infrastructure in NJ. Pervious Pavement. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – <em>Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</em> <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Audubon. Plant Natives. <a href=\"http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html\">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2010. National Park Service and U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service. “Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas.”  Washington, D.C. <a href=\"http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf\">http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.  “Invasive Plants” <a href=\"http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx\">http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx</a>  (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJ DEP. Green Infrastructure in NJ. Pervious Pavement. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NJ DEP. New Jersey Stormwater Best Practices Manual. “Best Practices Standard for Pervious Paving Systems” <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US DOE | EERE. “Best Management Practices:  Alternate Water Sources.”  <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practice-14-alternative-water-sources\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practice-14-alternative-water-sources</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Rutgers Water Resources Program. Green Infrastructure Manual for NJ. <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> The Rutgers Cooperative Extension Water Resources Program and the Native Plant Society of New Jersey’s Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> WBDG. Extensive Green Roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands</a>  (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques. <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2%20print.pdf\">http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2 print.pdf</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> Dr. Steve Windhager, University of Texas School of Architecture.  <em>Sustainable Sites </em> <a href=\"https://soa.utexas.edu/sites/default/disk/urban_ecosystems/urban_ecosystems/09_03_fa_windhager_calaci_ml.pdf\">https://soa.utexas.edu/sites/default/disk/urban_ecosystems/urban_ecosystems/09_03_fa_windhager_calaci_ml.pdf</a> (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> US EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System – Problems with Stormwater Pollution. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program\">https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> US EPA Heat Island Effect – Green Roofs <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> Sustainble Jersey. 2017. Rain Gardens Action. <a href=\"http://www.sustainablejersey.com\">http://www.sustainablejersey.com</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. StormSmart Properties Fact Sheet 1: Artificial Dunes and Dune Nourishment.  <a href=\"http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html\">http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> USDA Forest Service. Native Gardening. <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml\">https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml</a> (accessed November 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenvalues.cnt.org/national/calculator.php\">Center for Neighborhood Technology – Green Values Calculator</a></li>\n<li>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2018). <em>Estimating the environmental effects of green roofs: A case study in Kansas City, Missouri. </em>EPA 430-S-18-001. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands</a></li>\n<li>Gaffin, S. R., Kong, A.Y.Y., De Mel, J.M., and Rosenzweig, C. 2017. <em>Green, White and Dark Roofs – The energy perspective. </em>New York, NY, USA: Center for Climate Systems Research at Columbia University and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenroofs.org/about-green-roofs/\">Green Roofs for Healthy Cities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friendly-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CEAM\">Native Plant Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wef.org\">Water Environment Federation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://developersguide.njfuture.org\">NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>NJ DEP</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/raingardens.html\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>US EPA</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainability/giwiz\">Green Infrastructure Wizard</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Site and Stormwater Management','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-site-and-stormwater-management','','','2022-06-23 19:33:02','2022-06-23 19:33:02','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1873',0,'post','',0),(1874,2,'2022-04-18 18:47:51','2022-04-18 18:47:51','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1873-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:47:51','2022-04-18 18:47:51','',1873,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1874',0,'revision','',0),(1876,2,'2022-04-18 18:58:26','2022-04-18 18:58:26','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Site and Stormwater Management\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Site and Stormwater Management?</h2>\n<p>Site and stormwater management includes techniques for handling stormwater to avoid runoff, erosion, flooding and other harmful effects of uncontrolled water discharge as well as other site protection and resource conservation practices. Stormwater runoff occurs when precipitation, in all forms, falls on land or impervious surfaces and does not infiltrate into the ground. When the runoff flows over the land or impermeable surfaces, including paved surfaces and building rooftops, it combines with pollutants such as debris, chemicals, and sediments. This polluted stormwater can negatively affect the hydrology and water quality of local water sources, resulting in habitat modification and loss, increased flooding, decreased biological diversity, increased sedimentation and erosion, contaminated drinking water, and forced beach closings due to health threats to swimmers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_268\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"548\"]<img class=\"wp-image-268 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Site-and-Stormwater-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Chicago City Hall rooftop garden (Source: Flickr)\" width=\"548\" height=\"406\" /> Figure 1 – Chicago City Hall rooftop garden (Source: Flickr)[/caption]<p>Site and stormwater management includes both Low Impact Development (also known as nonstructural strategies) and Green Infrastructure. Low Impact Development is the concept of designing a site to reduce the negative environmental impacts. Design techniques include<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Preserving stream buffers</li>\n<li>Minimizing the number of trees cut down during construction</li>\n<li>Reducing the use of heavy equipment</li>\n<li>Selecting soils and vegetation beneficial to the site</li>\n<li>Utilizing green infrastructure practices that treat stormwater through soil and vegetation</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The NJ Department of Environmental Protection’s <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual2.htm\">Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual</a> provides guidance on Low Impact Development strategies for new and existing projects in New Jersey.</p>\n<p>Green Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> For example, green infrastructure can effectively turn parking lot islands, street medians, tree planter boxes, and landscaped areas near buildings into specialized stormwater treatment systems. Developers and property owners can redesign parking lots to reduce impervious coverage and increase stormwater infiltration. Innovative site and stormwater management designs may also include vegetated or green roofs, methods for capturing and reusing rainwater, and the use of pervious paving materials in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/More_Info.html\">NJ DEP’s Green Infrastructure for New Jersey</a> website provides informational fact sheets on common green infrastructure practices, including rain gardens/bioretention basins, grass swales, constructed gravel wetlands, and rain barrels. The <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</a> provides detailed information for the identification, design, and implementation of green infrastructure practices throughout New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Integrate Site and Stormwater Management </strong></h2>\n<p><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v4\">Both LEED v4.1 Operations &amp; Maintenance (O+M),</a> and <a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">SITES</a> require stormwater management as part of their certification systems. Under Sustainable Sites, LEED O+M awards points for rainwater and site management strategies. SITES offers a comprehensive, performance-based rating system for sustainable landscapes. SITES certification applies to new construction projects as well as existing sites that include significant renovations (with or without buildings). Projects constructed within the last two years with a minimum of 2,000 square feet qualify for certification.</p>\n<p>Existing commercial projects that impact the site should have a site protection plan included in the contract documents. A site protection plan protects the natural resources of a project site and adjacent areas and achieves compliance with local laws and codes. Existing trees and vegetation, healthy soils and natural hydrologic systems on a site are all valuable resources to consider protecting before a construction project begins.</p>\n<p>The sections below focus on the redesign of landscaping and incorporation of pervious paving materials, rain gardens, and vegetated roofs as ways to reduce a current commercial building’s stormwater runoff and incorporate best management practices for site development.</p>\n<p><u>Native and Adapted Plants</u></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_89\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"wp-image-89 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Native-and-Adapated-Plants-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)\" width=\"424\" height=\"608\" /> Figure 2 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)[/caption]<p>Consider incorporating a native NJ habitat with plants adapted for the site. A native plant species thrive naturally in a particular region, ecosystem or habitat without direct or indirect human actions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Adapted plants have evolved to the physical conditions such as soil, climate, and geology of a site but were not formally part of the natural ecosystem.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Invasive plants grow quickly and aggressively, often displacing native plants and adversely impacting native wildlife, local food sources, and pollination.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Landscaping with plants that are native and adapted to the Mid-Atlantic geographic region nurtures a diverse and healthy ecosystem and saves time and money on maintenance. Diverse native habitats resist disease and reduce the need for synthetic pesticides, increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife, reduce stormwater runoff and mitigate flooding, and provide an alternative to the time-consuming, energy-intensive, and water-inefficient practices of lawn and turf care.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a> provides a list of NJ native plants by County.</p>\n<p>Some projects may be eligible for the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/whipart03.htm#signup\">Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program</a>. Resources such as <a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friend-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a> offer plant information and an easily searchable plant database.</p>\n<p><u>Pervious Hardscape Materials</u></p>\n<p>Pervious paving systems absorb water rather than diverting water into underlying soils, reducing runoff and treating pollutants as water passes through soils and replenishes groundwater.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers. Review municipal regulations for permission to use pervious paving materials and consult with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.</p>\n<p>Using pervious hardscape materials reduces:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Decrease the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff</li>\n<li>Reduces pollution of total suspended solids and nutrients in the soil</li>\n<li>Eliminates the need for or reduces the size of detention ponds, protecting open space and wildlife habitats</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Three types of pervious pavement systems include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, and interlocking concrete pavers. Proper installation and base materials such as open-grade crushed stone maximize the surface’s ability to absorb and store water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>Maintenance and Tips:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider using salvaged bricks or recycled stone pavers</li>\n<li>Look for a regionally-quarried stone to reduce transportation costs</li>\n<li>Prevent clogging by cleaning any soil deposited on pavement and vacuum (as necessary) twice each year</li>\n<li>Maintain planted areas adjacent to the pavement</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong> </strong>For additional information regarding the design of pervious pavement, see the <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual2.htm\">NJ DEP Stormwater Best Practices Manual</a> and the <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for NJ</a>.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_383\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"690\"]<img class=\"wp-image-383 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Site-and-Stormwater-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 3- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute)\" width=\"690\" height=\"490\" /> Figure 3- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute)[/caption]<p><u>Rain Barrels and Cisterns</u></p>\n<p>Rain barrel and cistern systems collect, store, and distribute water for later use, providing a cost-effective and environmentally beneficial way to conserve water and minimize problems associated with stormwater runoff. Use rainwater collected in barrels and cisterns from catchment areas such as rooftops for irrigation, flushing toilets and other non-potable uses. Treat or filter the water depending on the intended use. Commercial applications often use cisterns or large-scale rain barrels.</p>\n<p>Standard components of a rain harvesting system include<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Catchment area such as a roof</li>\n<li>Gutters and downspouts</li>\n<li>Leaf screens</li>\n<li>Rain barrel or cistern for storage</li>\n<li>Conveyance system to deliver stored water via gravity or pump</li>\n<li>Water treatment or filter system</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Set aside sufficient space, either interior, above ground or underground, for the appropriately sized barrel or cistern. The size of rain barrels and cisterns varies from as small as 55-gallons to systems that hold thousands of gallons )which may require the use of an electric pump for distribution). To calculate the volume of water available for capture, assume that every 1,000 square feet of catchment area generates 600 gallons of runoff during a one-inch rainfall event.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Catchment Area * Inches of Rain * 600 gallons *0 .75</h3>\n<hr />\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">1,000 square feet</h3>\n<p>Consider combining rain barrels and cisterns with a drip irrigation system to direct overflow to a dry well, rain garden or bio-retention area.</p>\n<p>Rain barrels require maintenance. Use water within two weeks to prevent algae growth and clean barrels every few months. A screen with a cover prevents algae growth and mosquito breeding. Drain, disconnect and store rain barrels during the winter months.</p>\n<p>For more detailed information about the design and construction of rain barrels and cisterns see the Rutgers Water Resources Program’s – <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">Green Infrastructure Manual for New Jersey</a>.</p>\n<p><u>Rain Gardens</u></p>\n<p>Rain gardens, also referred to as vegetated swales and bioswales, consist of sloped depressions in the landscape planted densely with native plants that can soak up and filter stormwater runoff from rooftops, streets, or parking lots. Rain garden vegetation absorbs and filters stormwater before it enters storm drains.</p>\n<p>Place rain gardens to capture runoff from a site effectively. Observe the site during the next rain and note where runoff problems exist. Consider the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Does it come from a roof or downspout?</li>\n<li>Is there runoff from a parking lot?</li>\n<li>Does the runoff gravitate towards one place more than another?</li>\n</ul>\n<p>As a general rule of thumb, place the rain gardens at least 10 feet from building foundations if the structure has a basement; for buildings without basements, place rain gardens at least 2 feet from buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/demoraingardens.html\">Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station’s Water Resources Program</a> has installed over 125 demonstration rain gardens in New Jersey.</p>\n<p>For step-by-step guidance on installing a rain garden, see The Rutgers Water Resources Program and the Native Plant Society of New Jersey’s <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html\">Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey</a>.</p>\n<p><u>Vegetated Roofs </u></p>\n<p>A vegetated roof or green roof consists of vegetation in a lightweight growing medium placed on top of the drainage layer, root barrier, and waterproof membrane (see Figure 1). Vegetated roofs provide many environmental benefits such as decreased stormwater runoff and reduced energy use. They absorb air pollutants and provide a habitat for beneficial insects and birds, serve as a sound barrier, and mitigate the urban heat island effect. Use a pre-engineered green roof system or customize the green roof to achieve a project’s specific performance objectives. Vegetated roofs often weigh between 10-50 pounds per square foot. Consult a structural engineer and evaluate the strength of the roof before installing a vegetated roof on a building. Consider reinforcing the roof to support the added weight.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_455\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"924\"]<img class=\"wp-image-455 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Site-and-Stormwater-Fig-5.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – A cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual)\" width=\"924\" height=\"538\" /> Figure 5 – A cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual)[/caption]<p>The two primary categories of vegetated roofs include: extensive and intensive. Extensive vegetated roofs consist of lightweight systems with shallow soil (or other growing media)  depths usually less than 6 inches.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Extensive vegetated roofs require less structural support than an intensive system and support a limited palette of hardy plants adapted to extreme environments that need little maintenance. Intensive vegetated roofs have deeper soil typically have more than 6″ of soil or other growing media, weigh more than extensive vegetated roofs, and can support a greater variety of plants. Intensive systems require more maintenance and a higher initial investment than an extensive roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can host a variety of plant species but typically include drought-tolerant species such as hardy succulents, sedums, and perennials. Consider low-maintenance, native species capable of living in the shallow soil. For a list of species indigenous to the Northeast, see <a href=\"https://www.nycgovparks.org/greening/greenbelt-native-plant-center/garden-species-lists/garden-green-roof\">NYC Greenbelt Native Plant Center</a> or <a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">List of NJ Native Plants by County</a>.</p>\n<p>Vegetated roof requires some maintenance such as watering during the establishment period and occasional weeding. Seasonal pruning and cutting of grasses and annual plants reduce the accumulation of combustible material on the roof. Regularly inspect and maintain the components of the roof’s drainage system such as gutters, underdrains, and downspouts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Blue roofs</strong> are systems designed to store and slowly release stormwater. Orifices, weirs, or other outlet devices manage and control the discharge rate of rooftop runoff, thereby reducing the size of downstream detention basins. Locations where the roof makes up a majority of the impervious surface area of the site, and where there is little room at the site for other stormwater management strategies make blue roofs most effective. </p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>For more information on blue roofs, see the <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual2.htm\">NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 9.8 Blue Roofs</a>.</p>\n<p><strong> </strong><u>Water-Efficient Landscaping </u></p>\n<p>Design landscapes that rely on natural rainfall and only require supplemental irrigation during the plants’ initial establishment period. Use native and appropriate non-native vegetation adapted to site conditions and climate. Group plants with similar water requirements to maximize irrigation efficiency and use climate-based controllers for irrigation systems to lower water consumption. Collect non-potable water for irrigation from sources such as rooftops, greywater, air conditioner condensate, or stormwater basins.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>For more information, refer to US EPA’s WaterSense Water-Smart Landscaping Design Guide.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example of Site and Stormwater Management </strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.hobokennj.gov/swpark/\">Southwest Park, Hoboken, NJ</a></p>\n<p>A one-acre park designed with green infrastructure such as bioswales, rain gardens, permeable pavement, and underground chambers that can store 200,000 gallons of stormwater runoff, South Park in Hoboken NJ helps reduce localized flooding in the surrounding neighborhood.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Effective stormwater management can;<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Alleviate the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff, thus mitigates flooding.</li>\n<li>Protect wetlands and aquatic ecosystems</li>\n<li>Improve quality of receiving waterbodies</li>\n<li>Conserve water resources</li>\n<li>Protect public health</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>Natural areas lost to development and replaced with impervious surfaces require new and costly levees, pipes, and pollution-control technology to perform displaced ecosystem functions.</p>\n<p>The cost of site and stormwater management systems varies depending on the type of landscape and selection of strategies. For example, rain gardens vary in cost depending on the size of the roof and the selection of plants. According to the US EPA, estimated costs of installing a green roof average $10/sf for extensive roofing, and $25/sf for intensive roofs. Maintenance costs vary for either type of roof and may range from $0.75–$1.50/sf.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> The typical cost for institutional rain gardens ranges from $30-$40 per square foot depending on existing soil conditions, the selection of plants, and whether or not the project requires professional installation, organizes volunteers, or uses in-house personnel.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Green infrastructure integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure.</p>\n<p>In coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, native and adapted plants act as an essential buffer to encroaching water during flood periods while acting as a routine defense against beach erosion.  For example, American Beachgrass considered one of the best lines of shoreline defense against storms and may also help prevent increasing levels of brackish water from infiltrating water tables close to a salt-water body.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> In general, the root systems of native plants can reduce runoff and mitigate flooding.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a>  In the event of droughts, water-efficient landscapes designed with native and adapted plants add layers of protection against water scarcity. Rain gardens designed with native and adapted plants support ecological resilience by increasing the biological diversity of plants and animals in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p>When massive storms, hurricanes, or droughts cause municipal water sources to shut down or pollute wells, rain barrels and cisterns can provide stockpiled water. Filter and purify before using the water to irrigate edible gardens, wash dishes, and or provide water for drinking and showering.</p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can provide thermal insulation throughout all four seasons, reducing energy consumption and reliance on the electrical grid. In the event of a power outage, they can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season. During heavy rainfalls and flooding events, vegetated roofs can help reduce stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure and reduce combined sewer overflows.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> Vegetated roofs can also offer local communities the opportunity to grow some of their food, reducing dependency on supply chains and transportation networks often disrupted or compromised from storms and other events.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Stormwater Program <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program\">https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ DEP. Green Infrastructure in NJ. Pervious Pavement. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – <em>Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</em> <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Audubon. Plant Natives. <a href=\"http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html\">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2010. National Park Service and U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service. “Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas.”  Washington, D.C. <a href=\"http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf\">http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.  “Invasive Plants” <a href=\"http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx\">http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx</a>  (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJ DEP. Green Infrastructure in NJ. Pervious Pavement. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NJ DEP. New Jersey Stormwater Best Practices Manual. “Best Practices Standard for Pervious Paving Systems” <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US DOE | EERE. “Best Management Practices:  Alternate Water Sources.”  <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practice-14-alternative-water-sources\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practice-14-alternative-water-sources</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Rutgers Water Resources Program. Green Infrastructure Manual for NJ. <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> The Rutgers Cooperative Extension Water Resources Program and the Native Plant Society of New Jersey’s Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> WBDG. Extensive Green Roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands</a>  (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques. <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2%20print.pdf\">http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2 print.pdf</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> Dr. Steve Windhager, University of Texas School of Architecture.  <em>Sustainable Sites </em> <a href=\"https://soa.utexas.edu/sites/default/disk/urban_ecosystems/urban_ecosystems/09_03_fa_windhager_calaci_ml.pdf\">https://soa.utexas.edu/sites/default/disk/urban_ecosystems/urban_ecosystems/09_03_fa_windhager_calaci_ml.pdf</a> (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> US EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System – Problems with Stormwater Pollution. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program\">https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> US EPA Heat Island Effect – Green Roofs <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> Sustainble Jersey. 2017. Rain Gardens Action. <a href=\"http://www.sustainablejersey.com\">http://www.sustainablejersey.com</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. StormSmart Properties Fact Sheet 1: Artificial Dunes and Dune Nourishment.  <a href=\"http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html\">http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> USDA Forest Service. Native Gardening. <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml\">https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml</a> (accessed November 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenvalues.cnt.org/national/calculator.php\">Center for Neighborhood Technology – Green Values Calculator</a></li>\n<li>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2018). <em>Estimating the environmental effects of green roofs: A case study in Kansas City, Missouri. </em>EPA 430-S-18-001. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands</a></li>\n<li>Gaffin, S. R., Kong, A.Y.Y., De Mel, J.M., and Rosenzweig, C. 2017. <em>Green, White and Dark Roofs – The energy perspective. </em>New York, NY, USA: Center for Climate Systems Research at Columbia University and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenroofs.org/about-green-roofs/\">Green Roofs for Healthy Cities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friendly-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CEAM\">Native Plant Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wef.org\">Water Environment Federation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://developersguide.njfuture.org\">NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>NJ DEP</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/raingardens.html\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>US EPA</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainability/giwiz\">Green Infrastructure Wizard</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Site and Stormwater Management','','inherit','closed','closed','','1873-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:58:26','2022-04-18 18:58:26','',1873,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1876',0,'revision','',0),(1877,2,'2022-04-18 18:58:26','2022-04-18 18:58:26','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Site and Stormwater Management\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Site and Stormwater Management?</h2>\n<p>Site and stormwater management includes techniques for handling stormwater to avoid runoff, erosion, flooding and other harmful effects of uncontrolled water discharge as well as other site protection and resource conservation practices. Stormwater runoff occurs when precipitation, in all forms, falls on land or impervious surfaces and does not infiltrate into the ground. When the runoff flows over the land or impermeable surfaces, including paved surfaces and building rooftops, it combines with pollutants such as debris, chemicals, and sediments. This polluted stormwater can negatively affect the hydrology and water quality of local water sources, resulting in habitat modification and loss, increased flooding, decreased biological diversity, increased sedimentation and erosion, contaminated drinking water, and forced beach closings due to health threats to swimmers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_268\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"548\"]<img class=\"wp-image-268 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Site-and-Stormwater-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Chicago City Hall rooftop garden (Source: Flickr)\" width=\"548\" height=\"406\" /> Figure 1 – Chicago City Hall rooftop garden (Source: Flickr)[/caption]<p>Site and stormwater management includes both Low Impact Development (also known as nonstructural strategies) and Green Infrastructure. Low Impact Development is the concept of designing a site to reduce the negative environmental impacts. Design techniques include<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Preserving stream buffers</li>\n<li>Minimizing the number of trees cut down during construction</li>\n<li>Reducing the use of heavy equipment</li>\n<li>Selecting soils and vegetation beneficial to the site</li>\n<li>Utilizing green infrastructure practices that treat stormwater through soil and vegetation</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The NJ Department of Environmental Protection’s <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual2.htm\">Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual</a> provides guidance on Low Impact Development strategies for new and existing projects in New Jersey.</p>\n<p>Green Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> For example, green infrastructure can effectively turn parking lot islands, street medians, tree planter boxes, and landscaped areas near buildings into specialized stormwater treatment systems. Developers and property owners can redesign parking lots to reduce impervious coverage and increase stormwater infiltration. Innovative site and stormwater management designs may also include vegetated or green roofs, methods for capturing and reusing rainwater, and the use of pervious paving materials in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/More_Info.html\">NJ DEP’s Green Infrastructure for New Jersey</a> website provides informational fact sheets on common green infrastructure practices, including rain gardens/bioretention basins, grass swales, constructed gravel wetlands, and rain barrels. The <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</a> provides detailed information for the identification, design, and implementation of green infrastructure practices throughout New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Integrate Site and Stormwater Management </strong></h2>\n<p><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v4\">Both LEED v4.1 Operations &amp; Maintenance (O+M),</a> and <a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">SITES</a> require stormwater management as part of their certification systems. Under Sustainable Sites, LEED O+M awards points for rainwater and site management strategies. SITES offers a comprehensive, performance-based rating system for sustainable landscapes. SITES certification applies to new construction projects as well as existing sites that include significant renovations (with or without buildings). Projects constructed within the last two years with a minimum of 2,000 square feet qualify for certification.</p>\n<p>Existing commercial projects that impact the site should have a site protection plan included in the contract documents. A site protection plan protects the natural resources of a project site and adjacent areas and achieves compliance with local laws and codes. Existing trees and vegetation, healthy soils and natural hydrologic systems on a site are all valuable resources to consider protecting before a construction project begins.</p>\n<p>The sections below focus on the redesign of landscaping and incorporation of pervious paving materials, rain gardens, and vegetated roofs as ways to reduce a current commercial building’s stormwater runoff and incorporate best management practices for site development.</p>\n<p><u>Native and Adapted Plants</u></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_89\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"wp-image-89 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Native-and-Adapated-Plants-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)\" width=\"424\" height=\"608\" /> Figure 2 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)[/caption]<p>Consider incorporating a native NJ habitat with plants adapted for the site. A native plant species thrive naturally in a particular region, ecosystem or habitat without direct or indirect human actions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Adapted plants have evolved to the physical conditions such as soil, climate, and geology of a site but were not formally part of the natural ecosystem.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Invasive plants grow quickly and aggressively, often displacing native plants and adversely impacting native wildlife, local food sources, and pollination.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Landscaping with plants that are native and adapted to the Mid-Atlantic geographic region nurtures a diverse and healthy ecosystem and saves time and money on maintenance. Diverse native habitats resist disease and reduce the need for synthetic pesticides, increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife, reduce stormwater runoff and mitigate flooding, and provide an alternative to the time-consuming, energy-intensive, and water-inefficient practices of lawn and turf care.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a> provides a list of NJ native plants by County.</p>\n<p>Some projects may be eligible for the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/whipart03.htm#signup\">Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program</a>. Resources such as <a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friend-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a> offer plant information and an easily searchable plant database.</p>\n<p><u>Pervious Hardscape Materials</u></p>\n<p>Pervious paving systems absorb water rather than diverting water into underlying soils, reducing runoff and treating pollutants as water passes through soils and replenishes groundwater.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers. Review municipal regulations for permission to use pervious paving materials and consult with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.</p>\n<p>Using pervious hardscape materials reduces:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Decrease the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff</li>\n<li>Reduces pollution of total suspended solids and nutrients in the soil</li>\n<li>Eliminates the need for or reduces the size of detention ponds, protecting open space and wildlife habitats</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Three types of pervious pavement systems include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, and interlocking concrete pavers. Proper installation and base materials such as open-grade crushed stone maximize the surface’s ability to absorb and store water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>Maintenance and Tips:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider using salvaged bricks or recycled stone pavers</li>\n<li>Look for a regionally-quarried stone to reduce transportation costs</li>\n<li>Prevent clogging by cleaning any soil deposited on pavement and vacuum (as necessary) twice each year</li>\n<li>Maintain planted areas adjacent to the pavement</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong> </strong>For additional information regarding the design of pervious pavement, see the <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual2.htm\">NJ DEP Stormwater Best Practices Manual</a> and the <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for NJ</a>.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_383\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"690\"]<img class=\"wp-image-383 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Site-and-Stormwater-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 3- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute)\" width=\"690\" height=\"490\" /> Figure 3- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute)[/caption]<p><u>Rain Barrels and Cisterns</u></p>\n<p>Rain barrel and cistern systems collect, store, and distribute water for later use, providing a cost-effective and environmentally beneficial way to conserve water and minimize problems associated with stormwater runoff. Use rainwater collected in barrels and cisterns from catchment areas such as rooftops for irrigation, flushing toilets and other non-potable uses. Treat or filter the water depending on the intended use. Commercial applications often use cisterns or large-scale rain barrels.</p>\n<p>Standard components of a rain harvesting system include<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Catchment area such as a roof</li>\n<li>Gutters and downspouts</li>\n<li>Leaf screens</li>\n<li>Rain barrel or cistern for storage</li>\n<li>Conveyance system to deliver stored water via gravity or pump</li>\n<li>Water treatment or filter system</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Set aside sufficient space, either interior, above ground or underground, for the appropriately sized barrel or cistern. The size of rain barrels and cisterns varies from as small as 55-gallons to systems that hold thousands of gallons )which may require the use of an electric pump for distribution). To calculate the volume of water available for capture, assume that every 1,000 square feet of catchment area generates 600 gallons of runoff during a one-inch rainfall event.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Catchment Area * Inches of Rain * 600 gallons *0 .75</h3>\n<hr />\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">1,000 square feet</h3>\n<p>Consider combining rain barrels and cisterns with a drip irrigation system to direct overflow to a dry well, rain garden or bio-retention area.</p>\n<p>Rain barrels require maintenance. Use water within two weeks to prevent algae growth and clean barrels every few months. A screen with a cover prevents algae growth and mosquito breeding. Drain, disconnect and store rain barrels during the winter months.</p>\n<p>For more detailed information about the design and construction of rain barrels and cisterns see the Rutgers Water Resources Program’s – <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">Green Infrastructure Manual for New Jersey</a>.</p>\n<p><u>Rain Gardens</u></p>\n<p>Rain gardens, also referred to as vegetated swales and bioswales, consist of sloped depressions in the landscape planted densely with native plants that can soak up and filter stormwater runoff from rooftops, streets, or parking lots. Rain garden vegetation absorbs and filters stormwater before it enters storm drains.</p>\n<p>Place rain gardens to capture runoff from a site effectively. Observe the site during the next rain and note where runoff problems exist. Consider the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Does it come from a roof or downspout?</li>\n<li>Is there runoff from a parking lot?</li>\n<li>Does the runoff gravitate towards one place more than another?</li>\n</ul>\n<p>As a general rule of thumb, place the rain gardens at least 10 feet from building foundations if the structure has a basement; for buildings without basements, place rain gardens at least 2 feet from buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/demoraingardens.html\">Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station’s Water Resources Program</a> has installed over 125 demonstration rain gardens in New Jersey.</p>\n<p>For step-by-step guidance on installing a rain garden, see The Rutgers Water Resources Program and the Native Plant Society of New Jersey’s <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html\">Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey</a>.</p>\n<p><u>Vegetated Roofs </u></p>\n<p>A vegetated roof or green roof consists of vegetation in a lightweight growing medium placed on top of the drainage layer, root barrier, and waterproof membrane (see Figure 1). Vegetated roofs provide many environmental benefits such as decreased stormwater runoff and reduced energy use. They absorb air pollutants and provide a habitat for beneficial insects and birds, serve as a sound barrier, and mitigate the urban heat island effect. Use a pre-engineered green roof system or customize the green roof to achieve a project’s specific performance objectives. Vegetated roofs often weigh between 10-50 pounds per square foot. Consult a structural engineer and evaluate the strength of the roof before installing a vegetated roof on a building. Consider reinforcing the roof to support the added weight.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_455\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"924\"]<img class=\"wp-image-455 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Site-and-Stormwater-Fig-5.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – A cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual)\" width=\"924\" height=\"538\" /> Figure 5 – A cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual)[/caption]<p>The two primary categories of vegetated roofs include: extensive and intensive. Extensive vegetated roofs consist of lightweight systems with shallow soil (or other growing media)  depths usually less than 6 inches.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Extensive vegetated roofs require less structural support than an intensive system and support a limited palette of hardy plants adapted to extreme environments that need little maintenance. Intensive vegetated roofs have deeper soil typically have more than 6″ of soil or other growing media, weigh more than extensive vegetated roofs, and can support a greater variety of plants. Intensive systems require more maintenance and a higher initial investment than an extensive roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can host a variety of plant species but typically include drought-tolerant species such as hardy succulents, sedums, and perennials. Consider low-maintenance, native species capable of living in the shallow soil. For a list of species indigenous to the Northeast, see <a href=\"https://www.nycgovparks.org/greening/greenbelt-native-plant-center/garden-species-lists/garden-green-roof\">NYC Greenbelt Native Plant Center</a> or <a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">List of NJ Native Plants by County</a>.</p>\n<p>Vegetated roof requires some maintenance such as watering during the establishment period and occasional weeding. Seasonal pruning and cutting of grasses and annual plants reduce the accumulation of combustible material on the roof. Regularly inspect and maintain the components of the roof’s drainage system such as gutters, underdrains, and downspouts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Blue roofs</strong> are systems designed to store and slowly release stormwater. Orifices, weirs, or other outlet devices manage and control the discharge rate of rooftop runoff, thereby reducing the size of downstream detention basins. Locations where the roof makes up a majority of the impervious surface area of the site, and where there is little room at the site for other stormwater management strategies make blue roofs most effective. </p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>For more information on blue roofs, see the <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual2.htm\">NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 9.8 Blue Roofs</a>.</p>\n<p><strong> </strong><u>Water-Efficient Landscaping </u></p>\n<p>Design landscapes that rely on natural rainfall and only require supplemental irrigation during the plants’ initial establishment period. Use native and appropriate non-native vegetation adapted to site conditions and climate. Group plants with similar water requirements to maximize irrigation efficiency and use climate-based controllers for irrigation systems to lower water consumption. Collect non-potable water for irrigation from sources such as rooftops, greywater, air conditioner condensate, or stormwater basins.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>For more information, refer to US EPA’s WaterSense Water-Smart Landscaping Design Guide.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example of Site and Stormwater Management </strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.hobokennj.gov/swpark/\">Southwest Park, Hoboken, NJ</a></p>\n<p>A one-acre park designed with green infrastructure such as bioswales, rain gardens, permeable pavement, and underground chambers that can store 200,000 gallons of stormwater runoff, South Park in Hoboken NJ helps reduce localized flooding in the surrounding neighborhood.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Effective stormwater management can;<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Alleviate the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff, thus mitigates flooding.</li>\n<li>Protect wetlands and aquatic ecosystems</li>\n<li>Improve quality of receiving waterbodies</li>\n<li>Conserve water resources</li>\n<li>Protect public health</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>Natural areas lost to development and replaced with impervious surfaces require new and costly levees, pipes, and pollution-control technology to perform displaced ecosystem functions.</p>\n<p>The cost of site and stormwater management systems varies depending on the type of landscape and selection of strategies. For example, rain gardens vary in cost depending on the size of the roof and the selection of plants. According to the US EPA, estimated costs of installing a green roof average $10/sf for extensive roofing, and $25/sf for intensive roofs. Maintenance costs vary for either type of roof and may range from $0.75–$1.50/sf.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> The typical cost for institutional rain gardens ranges from $30-$40 per square foot depending on existing soil conditions, the selection of plants, and whether or not the project requires professional installation, organizes volunteers, or uses in-house personnel.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Green infrastructure integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure.</p>\n<p>In coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, native and adapted plants act as an essential buffer to encroaching water during flood periods while acting as a routine defense against beach erosion.  For example, American Beachgrass considered one of the best lines of shoreline defense against storms and may also help prevent increasing levels of brackish water from infiltrating water tables close to a salt-water body.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> In general, the root systems of native plants can reduce runoff and mitigate flooding.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a>  In the event of droughts, water-efficient landscapes designed with native and adapted plants add layers of protection against water scarcity. Rain gardens designed with native and adapted plants support ecological resilience by increasing the biological diversity of plants and animals in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p>When massive storms, hurricanes, or droughts cause municipal water sources to shut down or pollute wells, rain barrels and cisterns can provide stockpiled water. Filter and purify before using the water to irrigate edible gardens, wash dishes, and or provide water for drinking and showering.</p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can provide thermal insulation throughout all four seasons, reducing energy consumption and reliance on the electrical grid. In the event of a power outage, they can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season. During heavy rainfalls and flooding events, vegetated roofs can help reduce stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure and reduce combined sewer overflows.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> Vegetated roofs can also offer local communities the opportunity to grow some of their food, reducing dependency on supply chains and transportation networks often disrupted or compromised from storms and other events.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Stormwater Program <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program\">https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ DEP. Green Infrastructure in NJ. Pervious Pavement. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – <em>Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</em> <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Audubon. Plant Natives. <a href=\"http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html\">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2010. National Park Service and U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service. “Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas.”  Washington, D.C. <a href=\"http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf\">http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.  “Invasive Plants” <a href=\"http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx\">http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx</a>  (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJ DEP. Green Infrastructure in NJ. Pervious Pavement. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NJ DEP. New Jersey Stormwater Best Practices Manual. “Best Practices Standard for Pervious Paving Systems” <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US DOE | EERE. “Best Management Practices:  Alternate Water Sources.”  <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practice-14-alternative-water-sources\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practice-14-alternative-water-sources</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Rutgers Water Resources Program. Green Infrastructure Manual for NJ. <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> The Rutgers Cooperative Extension Water Resources Program and the Native Plant Society of New Jersey’s Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> WBDG. Extensive Green Roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands</a>  (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques. <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2%20print.pdf\">http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2 print.pdf</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> Dr. Steve Windhager, University of Texas School of Architecture.  <em>Sustainable Sites </em> <a href=\"https://soa.utexas.edu/sites/default/disk/urban_ecosystems/urban_ecosystems/09_03_fa_windhager_calaci_ml.pdf\">https://soa.utexas.edu/sites/default/disk/urban_ecosystems/urban_ecosystems/09_03_fa_windhager_calaci_ml.pdf</a> (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> US EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System – Problems with Stormwater Pollution. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program\">https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> US EPA Heat Island Effect – Green Roofs <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> Sustainble Jersey. 2017. Rain Gardens Action. <a href=\"http://www.sustainablejersey.com\">http://www.sustainablejersey.com</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. StormSmart Properties Fact Sheet 1: Artificial Dunes and Dune Nourishment.  <a href=\"http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html\">http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> USDA Forest Service. Native Gardening. <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml\">https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml</a> (accessed November 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenvalues.cnt.org/national/calculator.php\">Center for Neighborhood Technology – Green Values Calculator</a></li>\n<li>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2018). <em>Estimating the environmental effects of green roofs: A case study in Kansas City, Missouri. </em>EPA 430-S-18-001. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands</a></li>\n<li>Gaffin, S. R., Kong, A.Y.Y., De Mel, J.M., and Rosenzweig, C. 2017. <em>Green, White and Dark Roofs – The energy perspective. </em>New York, NY, USA: Center for Climate Systems Research at Columbia University and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenroofs.org/about-green-roofs/\">Green Roofs for Healthy Cities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friendly-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CEAM\">Native Plant Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wef.org\">Water Environment Federation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://developersguide.njfuture.org\">NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>NJ DEP</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/raingardens.html\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>US EPA</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainability/giwiz\">Green Infrastructure Wizard</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1873-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:58:26','2022-04-18 18:58:26','',1873,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1877',0,'revision','',0),(1879,2,'2022-04-18 18:58:29','2022-04-18 18:58:29','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Site and Stormwater Management\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Site and Stormwater Management?</h2>\n<p>Site and stormwater management includes techniques for handling stormwater to avoid runoff, erosion, flooding and other harmful effects of uncontrolled water discharge as well as other site protection and resource conservation practices. Stormwater runoff occurs when precipitation, in all forms, falls on land or impervious surfaces and does not infiltrate into the ground. When the runoff flows over the land or impermeable surfaces, including paved surfaces and building rooftops, it combines with pollutants such as debris, chemicals, and sediments. This polluted stormwater can negatively affect the hydrology and water quality of local water sources, resulting in habitat modification and loss, increased flooding, decreased biological diversity, increased sedimentation and erosion, contaminated drinking water, and forced beach closings due to health threats to swimmers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_268\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"548\"]<img class=\"wp-image-268 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Site-and-Stormwater-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Chicago City Hall rooftop garden (Source: Flickr)\" width=\"548\" height=\"406\" /> Figure 1 – Chicago City Hall rooftop garden (Source: Flickr)[/caption]<p>Site and stormwater management includes both Low Impact Development (also known as nonstructural strategies) and Green Infrastructure. Low Impact Development is the concept of designing a site to reduce the negative environmental impacts. Design techniques include<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Preserving stream buffers</li>\n<li>Minimizing the number of trees cut down during construction</li>\n<li>Reducing the use of heavy equipment</li>\n<li>Selecting soils and vegetation beneficial to the site</li>\n<li>Utilizing green infrastructure practices that treat stormwater through soil and vegetation</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The NJ Department of Environmental Protection’s <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual2.htm\">Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual</a> provides guidance on Low Impact Development strategies for new and existing projects in New Jersey.</p>\n<p>Green Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> For example, green infrastructure can effectively turn parking lot islands, street medians, tree planter boxes, and landscaped areas near buildings into specialized stormwater treatment systems. Developers and property owners can redesign parking lots to reduce impervious coverage and increase stormwater infiltration. Innovative site and stormwater management designs may also include vegetated or green roofs, methods for capturing and reusing rainwater, and the use of pervious paving materials in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/More_Info.html\">NJ DEP’s Green Infrastructure for New Jersey</a> website provides informational fact sheets on common green infrastructure practices, including rain gardens/bioretention basins, grass swales, constructed gravel wetlands, and rain barrels. The <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</a> provides detailed information for the identification, design, and implementation of green infrastructure practices throughout New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Integrate Site and Stormwater Management </strong></h2>\n<p><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v4\">Both LEED v4.1 Operations &amp; Maintenance (O+M),</a> and <a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">SITES</a> require stormwater management as part of their certification systems. Under Sustainable Sites, LEED O+M awards points for rainwater and site management strategies. SITES offers a comprehensive, performance-based rating system for sustainable landscapes. SITES certification applies to new construction projects as well as existing sites that include significant renovations (with or without buildings). Projects constructed within the last two years with a minimum of 2,000 square feet qualify for certification.</p>\n<p>Existing commercial projects that impact the site should have a site protection plan included in the contract documents. A site protection plan protects the natural resources of a project site and adjacent areas and achieves compliance with local laws and codes. Existing trees and vegetation, healthy soils and natural hydrologic systems on a site are all valuable resources to consider protecting before a construction project begins.</p>\n<p>The sections below focus on the redesign of landscaping and incorporation of pervious paving materials, rain gardens, and vegetated roofs as ways to reduce a current commercial building’s stormwater runoff and incorporate best management practices for site development.</p>\n<p><u>Native and Adapted Plants</u></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_89\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"wp-image-89 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Native-and-Adapated-Plants-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)\" width=\"424\" height=\"608\" /> Figure 2 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)[/caption]<p>Consider incorporating a native NJ habitat with plants adapted for the site. A native plant species thrive naturally in a particular region, ecosystem or habitat without direct or indirect human actions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Adapted plants have evolved to the physical conditions such as soil, climate, and geology of a site but were not formally part of the natural ecosystem.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Invasive plants grow quickly and aggressively, often displacing native plants and adversely impacting native wildlife, local food sources, and pollination.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Landscaping with plants that are native and adapted to the Mid-Atlantic geographic region nurtures a diverse and healthy ecosystem and saves time and money on maintenance. Diverse native habitats resist disease and reduce the need for synthetic pesticides, increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife, reduce stormwater runoff and mitigate flooding, and provide an alternative to the time-consuming, energy-intensive, and water-inefficient practices of lawn and turf care.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a> provides a list of NJ native plants by County.</p>\n<p>Some projects may be eligible for the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/whipart03.htm#signup\">Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program</a>. Resources such as <a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friend-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a> offer plant information and an easily searchable plant database.</p>\n<p><u>Pervious Hardscape Materials</u></p>\n<p>Pervious paving systems absorb water rather than diverting water into underlying soils, reducing runoff and treating pollutants as water passes through soils and replenishes groundwater.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers. Review municipal regulations for permission to use pervious paving materials and consult with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.</p>\n<p>Using pervious hardscape materials reduces:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Decrease the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff</li>\n<li>Reduces pollution of total suspended solids and nutrients in the soil</li>\n<li>Eliminates the need for or reduces the size of detention ponds, protecting open space and wildlife habitats</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Three types of pervious pavement systems include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, and interlocking concrete pavers. Proper installation and base materials such as open-grade crushed stone maximize the surface’s ability to absorb and store water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>Maintenance and Tips:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider using salvaged bricks or recycled stone pavers</li>\n<li>Look for a regionally-quarried stone to reduce transportation costs</li>\n<li>Prevent clogging by cleaning any soil deposited on pavement and vacuum (as necessary) twice each year</li>\n<li>Maintain planted areas adjacent to the pavement</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong> </strong>For additional information regarding the design of pervious pavement, see the <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual2.htm\">NJ DEP Stormwater Best Practices Manual</a> and the <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for NJ</a>.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_383\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"690\"]<img class=\"wp-image-383 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Site-and-Stormwater-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 3- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute)\" width=\"690\" height=\"490\" /> Figure 3- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute)[/caption]<p><u>Rain Barrels and Cisterns</u></p>\n<p>Rain barrel and cistern systems collect, store, and distribute water for later use, providing a cost-effective and environmentally beneficial way to conserve water and minimize problems associated with stormwater runoff. Use rainwater collected in barrels and cisterns from catchment areas such as rooftops for irrigation, flushing toilets and other non-potable uses. Treat or filter the water depending on the intended use. Commercial applications often use cisterns or large-scale rain barrels.</p>\n<p>Standard components of a rain harvesting system include<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Catchment area such as a roof</li>\n<li>Gutters and downspouts</li>\n<li>Leaf screens</li>\n<li>Rain barrel or cistern for storage</li>\n<li>Conveyance system to deliver stored water via gravity or pump</li>\n<li>Water treatment or filter system</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Set aside sufficient space, either interior, above ground or underground, for the appropriately sized barrel or cistern. The size of rain barrels and cisterns varies from as small as 55-gallons to systems that hold thousands of gallons )which may require the use of an electric pump for distribution). To calculate the volume of water available for capture, assume that every 1,000 square feet of catchment area generates 600 gallons of runoff during a one-inch rainfall event.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Catchment Area * Inches of Rain * 600 gallons *0 .75</h3>\n<hr />\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">1,000 square feet</h3>\n<p>Consider combining rain barrels and cisterns with a drip irrigation system to direct overflow to a dry well, rain garden or bio-retention area.</p>\n<p>Rain barrels require maintenance. Use water within two weeks to prevent algae growth and clean barrels every few months. A screen with a cover prevents algae growth and mosquito breeding. Drain, disconnect and store rain barrels during the winter months.</p>\n<p>For more detailed information about the design and construction of rain barrels and cisterns see the Rutgers Water Resources Program’s – <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">Green Infrastructure Manual for New Jersey</a>.</p>\n<p><u>Rain Gardens</u></p>\n<p>Rain gardens, also referred to as vegetated swales and bioswales, consist of sloped depressions in the landscape planted densely with native plants that can soak up and filter stormwater runoff from rooftops, streets, or parking lots. Rain garden vegetation absorbs and filters stormwater before it enters storm drains.</p>\n<p>Place rain gardens to capture runoff from a site effectively. Observe the site during the next rain and note where runoff problems exist. Consider the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Does it come from a roof or downspout?</li>\n<li>Is there runoff from a parking lot?</li>\n<li>Does the runoff gravitate towards one place more than another?</li>\n</ul>\n<p>As a general rule of thumb, place the rain gardens at least 10 feet from building foundations if the structure has a basement; for buildings without basements, place rain gardens at least 2 feet from buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/demoraingardens.html\">Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station’s Water Resources Program</a> has installed over 125 demonstration rain gardens in New Jersey.</p>\n<p>For step-by-step guidance on installing a rain garden, see The Rutgers Water Resources Program and the Native Plant Society of New Jersey’s <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html\">Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey</a>.</p>\n<p><u>Vegetated Roofs </u></p>\n<p>A vegetated roof or green roof consists of vegetation in a lightweight growing medium placed on top of the drainage layer, root barrier, and waterproof membrane (see Figure 1). Vegetated roofs provide many environmental benefits such as decreased stormwater runoff and reduced energy use. They absorb air pollutants and provide a habitat for beneficial insects and birds, serve as a sound barrier, and mitigate the urban heat island effect. Use a pre-engineered green roof system or customize the green roof to achieve a project’s specific performance objectives. Vegetated roofs often weigh between 10-50 pounds per square foot. Consult a structural engineer and evaluate the strength of the roof before installing a vegetated roof on a building. Consider reinforcing the roof to support the added weight.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_455\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"924\"]<img class=\"wp-image-455 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Site-and-Stormwater-Fig-5.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – A cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual)\" width=\"924\" height=\"538\" /> Figure 5 – A cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual)[/caption]<p>The two primary categories of vegetated roofs include: extensive and intensive. Extensive vegetated roofs consist of lightweight systems with shallow soil (or other growing media)  depths usually less than 6 inches.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Extensive vegetated roofs require less structural support than an intensive system and support a limited palette of hardy plants adapted to extreme environments that need little maintenance. Intensive vegetated roofs have deeper soil typically have more than 6″ of soil or other growing media, weigh more than extensive vegetated roofs, and can support a greater variety of plants. Intensive systems require more maintenance and a higher initial investment than an extensive roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can host a variety of plant species but typically include drought-tolerant species such as hardy succulents, sedums, and perennials. Consider low-maintenance, native species capable of living in the shallow soil. For a list of species indigenous to the Northeast, see <a href=\"https://www.nycgovparks.org/greening/greenbelt-native-plant-center/garden-species-lists/garden-green-roof\">NYC Greenbelt Native Plant Center</a> or <a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">List of NJ Native Plants by County</a>.</p>\n<p>Vegetated roof requires some maintenance such as watering during the establishment period and occasional weeding. Seasonal pruning and cutting of grasses and annual plants reduce the accumulation of combustible material on the roof. Regularly inspect and maintain the components of the roof’s drainage system such as gutters, underdrains, and downspouts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Blue roofs</strong> are systems designed to store and slowly release stormwater. Orifices, weirs, or other outlet devices manage and control the discharge rate of rooftop runoff, thereby reducing the size of downstream detention basins. Locations where the roof makes up a majority of the impervious surface area of the site, and where there is little room at the site for other stormwater management strategies make blue roofs most effective. </p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>For more information on blue roofs, see the <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual2.htm\">NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 9.8 Blue Roofs</a>.</p>\n<p><strong> </strong><u>Water-Efficient Landscaping </u></p>\n<p>Design landscapes that rely on natural rainfall and only require supplemental irrigation during the plants’ initial establishment period. Use native and appropriate non-native vegetation adapted to site conditions and climate. Group plants with similar water requirements to maximize irrigation efficiency and use climate-based controllers for irrigation systems to lower water consumption. Collect non-potable water for irrigation from sources such as rooftops, greywater, air conditioner condensate, or stormwater basins.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>For more information, refer to US EPA’s WaterSense Water-Smart Landscaping Design Guide.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example of Site and Stormwater Management </strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.hobokennj.gov/swpark/\">Southwest Park, Hoboken, NJ</a></p>\n<p>A one-acre park designed with green infrastructure such as bioswales, rain gardens, permeable pavement, and underground chambers that can store 200,000 gallons of stormwater runoff, South Park in Hoboken NJ helps reduce localized flooding in the surrounding neighborhood.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Effective stormwater management can;<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Alleviate the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff, thus mitigates flooding.</li>\n<li>Protect wetlands and aquatic ecosystems</li>\n<li>Improve quality of receiving waterbodies</li>\n<li>Conserve water resources</li>\n<li>Protect public health</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>Natural areas lost to development and replaced with impervious surfaces require new and costly levees, pipes, and pollution-control technology to perform displaced ecosystem functions.</p>\n<p>The cost of site and stormwater management systems varies depending on the type of landscape and selection of strategies. For example, rain gardens vary in cost depending on the size of the roof and the selection of plants. According to the US EPA, estimated costs of installing a green roof average $10/sf for extensive roofing, and $25/sf for intensive roofs. Maintenance costs vary for either type of roof and may range from $0.75–$1.50/sf.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> The typical cost for institutional rain gardens ranges from $30-$40 per square foot depending on existing soil conditions, the selection of plants, and whether or not the project requires professional installation, organizes volunteers, or uses in-house personnel.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Green infrastructure integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure.</p>\n<p>In coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, native and adapted plants act as an essential buffer to encroaching water during flood periods while acting as a routine defense against beach erosion.  For example, American Beachgrass considered one of the best lines of shoreline defense against storms and may also help prevent increasing levels of brackish water from infiltrating water tables close to a salt-water body.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> In general, the root systems of native plants can reduce runoff and mitigate flooding.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a>  In the event of droughts, water-efficient landscapes designed with native and adapted plants add layers of protection against water scarcity. Rain gardens designed with native and adapted plants support ecological resilience by increasing the biological diversity of plants and animals in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p>When massive storms, hurricanes, or droughts cause municipal water sources to shut down or pollute wells, rain barrels and cisterns can provide stockpiled water. Filter and purify before using the water to irrigate edible gardens, wash dishes, and or provide water for drinking and showering.</p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can provide thermal insulation throughout all four seasons, reducing energy consumption and reliance on the electrical grid. In the event of a power outage, they can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season. During heavy rainfalls and flooding events, vegetated roofs can help reduce stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure and reduce combined sewer overflows.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> Vegetated roofs can also offer local communities the opportunity to grow some of their food, reducing dependency on supply chains and transportation networks often disrupted or compromised from storms and other events.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Stormwater Program <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program\">https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ DEP. Green Infrastructure in NJ. Pervious Pavement. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – <em>Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</em> <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Audubon. Plant Natives. <a href=\"http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html\">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2010. National Park Service and U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service. “Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas.”  Washington, D.C. <a href=\"http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf\">http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.  “Invasive Plants” <a href=\"http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx\">http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx</a>  (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJ DEP. Green Infrastructure in NJ. Pervious Pavement. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NJ DEP. New Jersey Stormwater Best Practices Manual. “Best Practices Standard for Pervious Paving Systems” <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US DOE | EERE. “Best Management Practices:  Alternate Water Sources.”  <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practice-14-alternative-water-sources\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practice-14-alternative-water-sources</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Rutgers Water Resources Program. Green Infrastructure Manual for NJ. <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> The Rutgers Cooperative Extension Water Resources Program and the Native Plant Society of New Jersey’s Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> WBDG. Extensive Green Roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands</a>  (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques. <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2%20print.pdf\">http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2 print.pdf</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> Dr. Steve Windhager, University of Texas School of Architecture.  <em>Sustainable Sites </em> <a href=\"https://soa.utexas.edu/sites/default/disk/urban_ecosystems/urban_ecosystems/09_03_fa_windhager_calaci_ml.pdf\">https://soa.utexas.edu/sites/default/disk/urban_ecosystems/urban_ecosystems/09_03_fa_windhager_calaci_ml.pdf</a> (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> US EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System – Problems with Stormwater Pollution. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program\">https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> US EPA Heat Island Effect – Green Roofs <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> Sustainble Jersey. 2017. Rain Gardens Action. <a href=\"http://www.sustainablejersey.com\">http://www.sustainablejersey.com</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. StormSmart Properties Fact Sheet 1: Artificial Dunes and Dune Nourishment.  <a href=\"http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html\">http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> USDA Forest Service. Native Gardening. <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml\">https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml</a> (accessed November 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenvalues.cnt.org/national/calculator.php\">Center for Neighborhood Technology – Green Values Calculator</a></li>\n<li>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2018). <em>Estimating the environmental effects of green roofs: A case study in Kansas City, Missouri. </em>EPA 430-S-18-001. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands</a></li>\n<li>Gaffin, S. R., Kong, A.Y.Y., De Mel, J.M., and Rosenzweig, C. 2017. <em>Green, White and Dark Roofs – The energy perspective. </em>New York, NY, USA: Center for Climate Systems Research at Columbia University and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenroofs.org/about-green-roofs/\">Green Roofs for Healthy Cities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friendly-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CEAM\">Native Plant Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wef.org\">Water Environment Federation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://developersguide.njfuture.org\">NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>NJ DEP</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/raingardens.html\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>US EPA</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainability/giwiz\">Green Infrastructure Wizard</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Site and Stormwater Management','','inherit','closed','closed','','1873-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 18:58:29','2022-04-18 18:58:29','',1873,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1879',0,'revision','',0),(1881,2,'2022-04-18 19:06:18','2022-04-18 19:06:18','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Existing Commercial Buildings\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The Manual supports the greening of existing commercial buildings, which continue to represent untapped potential in common green building areas such as energy efficiency, environmental performance, indoor air quality, and occupant comfort.</p>\n<p>The Manual organizes existing commercial building upgrade strategies by focus areas such as “energy &amp; resilience” or “environment &amp; health.” Each strategy includes a short explanation or definition, implementation recommendations, New Jersey specific examples (when available), and sections on strategy benefits, costs, resiliency (if applicable), and additional resources.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Planning & Site Design\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf568;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" hover_enabled=\"0\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operational Tools\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe035;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-life-cycle-costs-analysis-lcca/\">Life-Cycle-Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-re-commissioning/\">Re-Commissioning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-composting/\">Composting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/\">Site and Stormwater Management</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Energy & Resilience\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf5ba;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" hover_enabled=\"0\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Envelope\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf17a;||fa||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Lighting\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0eb;||fa||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"HVAC\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf3fd;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy Supply\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Back-up Systems\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf242;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Environment & Health\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf21e;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" hover_enabled=\"0\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Water\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf043;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Waste & Materials\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Air Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Occupant Health and Productivity\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf406;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Building Performance\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf201;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" hover_enabled=\"0\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operations & Maintenance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf274;||fa||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Evaluation\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf080;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Smart Infrastructure\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1eb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.03)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Case Studies</h2>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"30%\" module_alignment=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_divider][et_pb_portfolio fullwidth=\"off\" include_categories=\"4\" show_categories=\"off\" show_pagination=\"off\" hover_overlay_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_portfolio][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Existing Commercial','','inherit','closed','closed','','1013-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 19:06:18','2022-04-18 19:06:18','',1013,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1881',0,'revision','',0),(1882,2,'2022-04-18 20:00:18','2022-04-18 20:00:18','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Air Infiltration\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Air Infiltration?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Air infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_480\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"480\"]<img class=\"wp-image-480 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-e1553095049426.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"480\" height=\"493\" /> Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Manage Air Infiltration</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Minimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see <em>Exterior Wall Systems<i>, Moisture Control, </i></em>and <em><i>Natural Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Many green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2015-project-certification/phius-certification-overview\">Passive House Institute US Certification Program</a> (also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.</li>\n<li>An airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.</li>\n<li>Well installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.</li>\n<li>Balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.</li>\n<li>Passive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/case-studies/rmi-innovation-center\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.</a></p>\n<p>The RMI Innovation Center achieved<em><i> </i></em><em>Passive House</em> US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value<em>, </em>0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft<sup>2</sup>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Airtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see <em>Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Continuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings</a> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration. <a href=\"https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration\">https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration</a>  (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration. <a href=\"http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf\">http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> <em>Lstiburek, </em>Joseph<em>. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.  <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers</a> (accessed March 19, 2018). </em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511112921/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.” <a href=\"https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952\">https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952</a> (accessed March 19. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide.<a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php</a> (accessed Mach 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of</p>\n<p>Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.” <a href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf\">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf</a>(accessed Mach 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/\">Exterior Wall Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)\\</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/blower-door-tests\"> Blower Door Test</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energyplus.net\">EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511112921/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Air Infiltration','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-air-infiltration','','','2022-06-23 19:21:25','2022-06-23 19:21:25','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1882',0,'post','',0),(1883,2,'2022-04-18 19:57:15','2022-04-18 19:57:15','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1882-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 19:57:15','2022-04-18 19:57:15','',1882,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1883',0,'revision','',0),(1885,2,'2022-04-18 20:00:18','2022-04-18 20:00:18','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Air Infiltration\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Air Infiltration?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Air infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_480\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"480\"]<img class=\"wp-image-480 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-e1553095049426.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"480\" height=\"493\" /> Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Manage Air Infiltration</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Minimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see <em>Exterior Wall Systems<i>, Moisture Control, </i></em>and <em><i>Natural Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Many green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2015-project-certification/phius-certification-overview\">Passive House Institute US Certification Program</a> (also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.</li>\n<li>An airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.</li>\n<li>Well installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.</li>\n<li>Balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.</li>\n<li>Passive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/case-studies/rmi-innovation-center\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.</a></p>\n<p>The RMI Innovation Center achieved<em><i> </i></em><em>Passive House</em> US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value<em>, </em>0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft<sup>2</sup>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Airtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see <em>Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Continuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings</a> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration. <a href=\"https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration\">https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration</a>  (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration. <a href=\"http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf\">http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> <em>Lstiburek, </em>Joseph<em>. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.  <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers</a> (accessed March 19, 2018). </em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.” <a href=\"https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952\">https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952</a> (accessed March 19. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide.<a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php</a> (accessed Mach 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of</p>\n<p>Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.” <a href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf\">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf</a>(accessed Mach 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/\">Exterior Wall Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)\\</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/blower-door-tests\"> Blower Door Test</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energyplus.net\">EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique#313826-tab-1\">PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Air Infiltration','','inherit','closed','closed','','1882-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 20:00:18','2022-04-18 20:00:18','',1882,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1885',0,'revision','',0),(1886,2,'2022-04-18 20:00:18','2022-04-18 20:00:18','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Air Infiltration\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Air Infiltration?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Air infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_480\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"480\"]<img class=\"wp-image-480 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-e1553095049426.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"480\" height=\"493\" /> Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Manage Air Infiltration</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Minimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see <em>Exterior Wall Systems<i>, Moisture Control, </i></em>and <em><i>Natural Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Many green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2015-project-certification/phius-certification-overview\">Passive House Institute US Certification Program</a> (also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.</li>\n<li>An airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.</li>\n<li>Well installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.</li>\n<li>Balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.</li>\n<li>Passive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/case-studies/rmi-innovation-center\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.</a></p>\n<p>The RMI Innovation Center achieved<em><i> </i></em><em>Passive House</em> US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value<em>, </em>0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft<sup>2</sup>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Airtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see <em>Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Continuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings</a> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration. <a href=\"https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration\">https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration</a>  (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration. <a href=\"http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf\">http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> <em>Lstiburek, </em>Joseph<em>. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.  <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers</a> (accessed March 19, 2018). </em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.” <a href=\"https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952\">https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952</a> (accessed March 19. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide.<a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php</a> (accessed Mach 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of</p>\n<p>Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.” <a href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf\">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf</a>(accessed Mach 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/\">Exterior Wall Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)\\</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/blower-door-tests\"> Blower Door Test</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energyplus.net\">EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique#313826-tab-1\">PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1882-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 20:00:18','2022-04-18 20:00:18','',1882,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1886',0,'revision','',0),(1888,2,'2022-04-18 20:00:22','2022-04-18 20:00:22','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Air Infiltration\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Air Infiltration?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Air infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_480\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"480\"]<img class=\"wp-image-480 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-e1553095049426.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"480\" height=\"493\" /> Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Manage Air Infiltration</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Minimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see <em>Exterior Wall Systems<i>, Moisture Control, </i></em>and <em><i>Natural Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Many green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2015-project-certification/phius-certification-overview\">Passive House Institute US Certification Program</a> (also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.</li>\n<li>An airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.</li>\n<li>Well installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.</li>\n<li>Balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.</li>\n<li>Passive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/case-studies/rmi-innovation-center\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.</a></p>\n<p>The RMI Innovation Center achieved<em><i> </i></em><em>Passive House</em> US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value<em>, </em>0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft<sup>2</sup>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Airtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see <em>Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Continuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings</a> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration. <a href=\"https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration\">https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration</a>  (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration. <a href=\"http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf\">http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> <em>Lstiburek, </em>Joseph<em>. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.  <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers</a> (accessed March 19, 2018). </em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.” <a href=\"https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952\">https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952</a> (accessed March 19. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide.<a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php</a> (accessed Mach 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of</p>\n<p>Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.” <a href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf\">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf</a>(accessed Mach 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/\">Exterior Wall Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)\\</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/blower-door-tests\"> Blower Door Test</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energyplus.net\">EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique#313826-tab-1\">PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Air Infiltration','','inherit','closed','closed','','1882-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 20:00:22','2022-04-18 20:00:22','',1882,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1888',0,'revision','',0),(1889,2,'2022-04-18 20:06:20','2022-04-18 20:06:20','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Daylighting\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Daylighting?</b></strong></h2>\nDaylighting combines building orientation, fenestration (e.g., the location of windows and openings in a building), shading devices, interior design, and lighting and controls.  Daylighting illuminates indoor spaces with appropriate levels of natural light, minimizes glare and heat gain, and reduces electrical lighting needs (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process, Building Orientation, High-Efficiency Lighting Systems, and Networked Lighting Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction and Sensor Controls</i></em>).\n\nBuilding orientation, in combination with window selection and placement and reflection and glare from adjacent buildings, impacts daylighting levels, thermal comfort, ventilation, and views to nature (see <em><i>Natural Ventilation </i></em>and <em><i>Views and Operable Windows</i></em>). A daylighting-optimized building maximizes south and north exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive more favorable sources of direct and indirect natural light, respectively.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></sup> The design and choice of window glazing also affect the amount, distribution, and quality of daylight.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> For example, glazing systems with tinted glass and low-solar low-E coatings reduce solar heat gain with little reduction in visible transmittance or the amount of light in the visible portion of the spectrum.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Introducing daylight from skylights or solar tubes can also help balance daylight in a room. Utilize the upper portion of windows to introduce high levels of daylight and avoid glare issues, while taking advantage of views from the lower portion of windows, balanced by proper shading.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, louvers, and reflecting systems and self-shading elements of building form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light. Interior designs that incorporate open layouts and light-colored surfaces also bounce light throughout interior spaces. For example, dark interior finishes can compromise an otherwise successful daylighting design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Furniture, cubicles, and workstations can block light and have a substantial impact on the light levels in a given space. Model any partition systems or permanent furniture in the design phase as they can have a significant impact on interior light levels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Reduce electrical lighting consumption and costs, and associated waste heat by pairing harvested daylight with automated dimmers and photosensors (see <em><i>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</i></em>).\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_116\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"692\"]<img class=\"wp-image-116 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Daylighting-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Daylighting strategies incorporated into Atrium II, an office building in Secaucus, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"692\" height=\"518\" /> Figure 1 – Daylighting strategies incorporated into Atrium II, an office building in Secaucus, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Daylighting</b></strong></h2>\nDesigning for daylighting in existing buildings involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process. Renovations provide an opportunity to assess current daylight levels and identify opportunities for improvement.\n\nThe first step to a daylighting and lighting upgrade is to conduct a lighting audit or survey that establishes information about all the lighting technologies and consumption patterns in a building.  Use <u><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/use-portfolio-manager\">Energy Star Portfolio Manager</a></u> to benchmark energy usage and identify lighting upgrade opportunities.\n\nThe following steps outline strategies to integrate daylighting and electrical lighting into lighting upgrade projects.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>\n<ol>\n	<li>Set a Maximum Lighting Power Density (LPD) goal to avoid overlit spaces and to achieve an appropriate level of lighting per area lit or watts per square foot.</li>\n	<li>Set a Daylight Sufficiency Goal that establishes the amount of daylighting, measured in lumens or foot-candles, required to perform a typical task in each space without electrical lighting.</li>\n	<li>Develop a layered lighting strategy that first utilizes daylight to provide basic or ambient lighting levels, and then adds electrical lighting options and controls to vary lighting levels for a variety of tasks and occupant preferences.</li>\n</ol>\nWhile daylighting strategies, such as maximizing southern building orientation, may not be technically or financially feasible for a renovation project, many daylighting strategies are available for existing buildings, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a>\n<ul>\n	<li>Opening the building perimeter to office space.</li>\n	<li>Transferring light through perimeter spaces through lower partitions or by replacing opaque panels with transparent or translucent panels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n	<li>Exposing closed-off overhead glazing.</li>\n	<li>Creating light shelves for high spaces.</li>\n	<li>Adding skylights, clerestories, atria, or roof monitors.</li>\n	<li>Improving reflectance values for ceiling tiles, walls, and carpet.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\nDaylighting guidelines provide general principles and examples, but project specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools, which can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a>\n\n<u><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190112120531/https://www.commercialwindows.org/fdt.php\">The Facade Design Tool</a></u> by the Efficient Windows Collaborative compares several design parameters including orientation, window area, controls, shading, and window type to predict performance outcomes such as annual energy use and savings, daylight levels, glare, and thermal comfort.\n\n<u><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/software\">Low Energy – High Performance:  Building Façade Solutions</a></u> by Berkeley Lab offers a list of simulation software for modeling window system performance.\n\nFor daylighting strategies specific to existing commercial projects, see Guide 5 of the <u><a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines</a></u><em>. </em>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<u><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/existingcommercial/casestudies/atriumii.php\">Atrium II, Secaucus, NJ </a></u>\n\nRenovations to Atrium II, a 260,000 square foot office building in Secaucus, NJ, included improved daylighting through upgrades to the building envelope and the installation of lighting controls such as timers, photocells, and motion sensors.\n\n<u><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119122730/https://www.commercialwindows.org/factsheets/WashingtonDesignGuideOffice.pdf\">Perimeter Office Zones, Washington, DC</a></u>\n\nThis case study and design guide examine the best combination of window area, shading device and glazing type to save energy.\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits </b></strong></h2>\nControlled, natural lighting can lead to many improvements:\n<ul>\n	<li>Reduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></li>\n	<li>Reduced cooling loads and downsized HVAC systems through less heat gain from electrical lighting (see <em><i>Properly-Sized, High-Efficiency HVAC and Controls</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></li>\n	<li>Improved employee productivity and satisfaction based on a shared preference for naturally daylit spaces, reinforcement of circadian rhythms, and connection to nature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a></li>\n	<li>Above average lease rates and lower tenant turnover.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\nThe cost associated with integrating daylighting strategies into an existing building varies depending on the scope of the project. The design and material selected for interior or exterior shading and solar control devices, for example, impacts the cost. There is a range of options available from very low-cost solutions such as rearranging the layout of a room to a more comprehensive approach of adding integrated lighting controls and shading devices. The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\nIn the event of a power outage, a daylighting-optimized building continues to provide interior light to building occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid and providing energy savings.\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32. <u><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf</a></u> (accessed July 6, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylighting. <u><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190112123505/https://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php</a></u> (accessed July 6, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Window Technologies: Transmittance. <u><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201031043434/https://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php</a></u> (accessed July 6, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” <u><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a></u>  (accessed Dec 11, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US DOE. <em><i>Lighting Design.</i></em> <u><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/lighting-design\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/lighting-design</a></u>  (accessed September 10, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) <em><i>Daylighting. </i></em>September 2016. <u><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting</a></u> (accessed September 10, 2018)\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” <u><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a></u>  (accessed Dec 11, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines. <u><a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf</a></u><em> (accessed April 4, 2018).</em>\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> California Energy Commission (CEC) and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”\n\n<u><a href=\"http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf\">http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf</a></u> (accessed April 5, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid. CEC and Heschong Mahone Group.\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> WBDG. Daylighting. <u><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php</a></u> (accessed April 4, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Ibid WBDG.\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylight Controls. Windows for High-Performance Buildings. <u><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119123555/https://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php</a></u> (accessed July 5, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> California Energy Commission and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”\n\n<u><a href=\"http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf\">http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf</a></u> (accessed April 5, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a> Daylight Dividends, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. “Daylighting Resources – Productivity.” <u><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/dr_productivity.asp\">http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/dr_productivity.asp</a></u> (accessed April 4, 2018).[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-high-efficiency-lighting-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Efficiency HVAC and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/\">Windows and Skylights</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windows.lbl.gov/software\">Berkeley Lab – Building Technology and Urban Systems- Windows and Daylighting – Software Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org\">Efficient Windows Collaborative. Windows for High-Performance Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.iesna.org/\">Illuminating Engineering Society of North America</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">LBNL and US DOE. The Integrated Approach – Tips for Daylighting with Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119080957/http://www.seventhwave.org/daylighting\">Seventhwave</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/videos/energy-101-daylighting\">US DOE – Energy Savers – Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/fenestration-systems/glazing\">Glazing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sun-control-and-shading-devices\">Sun Control and Shading Devices</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/fenestration-systems/windows\">Windows</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>New Buildings Institute (NBI)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://patternguide.advancedbuildings.net\">Daylighting Pattern Guide</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Daylighting','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-daylighting','','','2022-06-23 17:58:46','2022-06-23 17:58:46','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1889',0,'post','',0),(1890,2,'2022-04-18 20:01:18','2022-04-18 20:01:18','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1889-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 20:01:18','2022-04-18 20:01:18','',1889,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1890',0,'revision','',0),(1892,2,'2022-04-18 20:06:20','2022-04-18 20:06:20','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Daylighting\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Daylighting?</b></strong></h2>\nDaylighting combines building orientation, fenestration (e.g., the location of windows and openings in a building), shading devices, interior design, and lighting and controls.  Daylighting illuminates indoor spaces with appropriate levels of natural light, minimizes glare and heat gain, and reduces electrical lighting needs (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process, Building Orientation, High-Efficiency Lighting Systems, and Networked Lighting Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction and Sensor Controls</i></em>).\n\nBuilding orientation, in combination with window selection and placement and reflection and glare from adjacent buildings, impacts daylighting levels, thermal comfort, ventilation, and views to nature (see <em><i>Natural Ventilation </i></em>and <em><i>Views and Operable Windows</i></em>). A daylighting-optimized building maximizes south and north exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive more favorable sources of direct and indirect natural light, respectively.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></sup> The design and choice of window glazing also affect the amount, distribution, and quality of daylight.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> For example, glazing systems with tinted glass and low-solar low-E coatings reduce solar heat gain with little reduction in visible transmittance or the amount of light in the visible portion of the spectrum.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Introducing daylight from skylights or solar tubes can also help balance daylight in a room. Utilize the upper portion of windows to introduce high levels of daylight and avoid glare issues, while taking advantage of views from the lower portion of windows, balanced by proper shading.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, louvers, and reflecting systems and self-shading elements of building form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light. Interior designs that incorporate open layouts and light-colored surfaces also bounce light throughout interior spaces. For example, dark interior finishes can compromise an otherwise successful daylighting design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Furniture, cubicles, and workstations can block light and have a substantial impact on the light levels in a given space. Model any partition systems or permanent furniture in the design phase as they can have a significant impact on interior light levels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Reduce electrical lighting consumption and costs, and associated waste heat by pairing harvested daylight with automated dimmers and photosensors (see <em><i>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</i></em>).\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_116\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"692\"]<img class=\"wp-image-116 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Daylighting-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Daylighting strategies incorporated into Atrium II, an office building in Secaucus, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"692\" height=\"518\" /> Figure 1 – Daylighting strategies incorporated into Atrium II, an office building in Secaucus, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Daylighting</b></strong></h2>\nDesigning for daylighting in existing buildings involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process. Renovations provide an opportunity to assess current daylight levels and identify opportunities for improvement.\n\nThe first step to a daylighting and lighting upgrade is to conduct a lighting audit or survey that establishes information about all the lighting technologies and consumption patterns in a building.  Use <u><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/use-portfolio-manager\">Energy Star Portfolio Manager</a></u> to benchmark energy usage and identify lighting upgrade opportunities.\n\nThe following steps outline strategies to integrate daylighting and electrical lighting into lighting upgrade projects.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>\n<ol>\n	<li>Set a Maximum Lighting Power Density (LPD) goal to avoid overlit spaces and to achieve an appropriate level of lighting per area lit or watts per square foot.</li>\n	<li>Set a Daylight Sufficiency Goal that establishes the amount of daylighting, measured in lumens or foot-candles, required to perform a typical task in each space without electrical lighting.</li>\n	<li>Develop a layered lighting strategy that first utilizes daylight to provide basic or ambient lighting levels, and then adds electrical lighting options and controls to vary lighting levels for a variety of tasks and occupant preferences.</li>\n</ol>\nWhile daylighting strategies, such as maximizing southern building orientation, may not be technically or financially feasible for a renovation project, many daylighting strategies are available for existing buildings, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a>\n<ul>\n	<li>Opening the building perimeter to office space.</li>\n	<li>Transferring light through perimeter spaces through lower partitions or by replacing opaque panels with transparent or translucent panels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n	<li>Exposing closed-off overhead glazing.</li>\n	<li>Creating light shelves for high spaces.</li>\n	<li>Adding skylights, clerestories, atria, or roof monitors.</li>\n	<li>Improving reflectance values for ceiling tiles, walls, and carpet.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\nDaylighting guidelines provide general principles and examples, but project specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools, which can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a>\n\n<u><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/fdt.php\">The Facade Design Tool</a></u> by the Efficient Windows Collaborative compares several design parameters including orientation, window area, controls, shading, and window type to predict performance outcomes such as annual energy use and savings, daylight levels, glare, and thermal comfort.\n\n<u><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/software\">Low Energy – High Performance:  Building Façade Solutions</a></u> by Berkeley Lab offers a list of simulation software for modeling window system performance.\n\nFor daylighting strategies specific to existing commercial projects, see Guide 5 of the <u><a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines</a></u><em>. </em>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<u><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/existingcommercial/casestudies/atriumii.php\">Atrium II, Secaucus, NJ </a></u>\n\nRenovations to Atrium II, a 260,000 square foot office building in Secaucus, NJ, included improved daylighting through upgrades to the building envelope and the installation of lighting controls such as timers, photocells, and motion sensors.\n\n<u><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/factsheets/WashingtonDesignGuideOffice.pdf\">Perimeter Office Zones, Washington, DC</a></u>\n\nThis case study and design guide examine the best combination of window area, shading device and glazing type to save energy.\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits </b></strong></h2>\nControlled, natural lighting can lead to many improvements:\n<ul>\n	<li>Reduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></li>\n	<li>Reduced cooling loads and downsized HVAC systems through less heat gain from electrical lighting (see <em><i>Properly-Sized, High-Efficiency HVAC and Controls</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></li>\n	<li>Improved employee productivity and satisfaction based on a shared preference for naturally daylit spaces, reinforcement of circadian rhythms, and connection to nature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a></li>\n	<li>Above average lease rates and lower tenant turnover.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\nThe cost associated with integrating daylighting strategies into an existing building varies depending on the scope of the project. The design and material selected for interior or exterior shading and solar control devices, for example, impacts the cost. There is a range of options available from very low-cost solutions such as rearranging the layout of a room to a more comprehensive approach of adding integrated lighting controls and shading devices. The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\nIn the event of a power outage, a daylighting-optimized building continues to provide interior light to building occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid and providing energy savings.\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32. <u><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf</a></u> (accessed July 6, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylighting. <u><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php</a></u> (accessed July 6, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Window Technologies: Transmittance. <u><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php</a></u> (accessed July 6, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” <u><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a></u>  (accessed Dec 11, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US DOE. <em><i>Lighting Design.</i></em> <u><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/lighting-design\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/lighting-design</a></u>  (accessed September 10, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) <em><i>Daylighting. </i></em>September 2016. <u><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting</a></u> (accessed September 10, 2018)\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” <u><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a></u>  (accessed Dec 11, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines. <u><a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf</a></u><em> (accessed April 4, 2018).</em>\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> California Energy Commission (CEC) and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”\n\n<u><a href=\"http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf\">http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf</a></u> (accessed April 5, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid. CEC and Heschong Mahone Group.\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> WBDG. Daylighting. <u><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php</a></u> (accessed April 4, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Ibid WBDG.\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylight Controls. Windows for High-Performance Buildings. <u><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php</a></u> (accessed July 5, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> California Energy Commission and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”\n\n<u><a href=\"http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf\">http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf</a></u> (accessed April 5, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a> Daylight Dividends, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. “Daylighting Resources – Productivity.” <u><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/dr_productivity.asp\">http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/dr_productivity.asp</a></u> (accessed April 4, 2018).[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-high-efficiency-lighting-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Efficiency HVAC and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/\">Windows and Skylights</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windows.lbl.gov/software\">Berkeley Lab – Building Technology and Urban Systems- Windows and Daylighting – Software Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org\">Efficient Windows Collaborative. Windows for High-Performance Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.iesna.org/\">Illuminating Engineering Society of North America</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">LBNL and US DOE. The Integrated Approach – Tips for Daylighting with Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/daylighting\">Seventhwave</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/videos/energy-101-daylighting\">US DOE – Energy Savers – Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/fenestration-systems/glazing\">Glazing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sun-control-and-shading-devices\">Sun Control and Shading Devices</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/fenestration-systems/windows\">Windows</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>New Buildings Institute (NBI)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://patternguide.advancedbuildings.net\">Daylighting Pattern Guide</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1889-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 20:06:20','2022-04-18 20:06:20','',1889,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1892',0,'revision','',0),(1894,2,'2022-04-18 20:07:27','2022-04-18 20:07:27','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Daylighting\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Daylighting?</b></strong></h2>\nDaylighting combines building orientation, fenestration (e.g., the location of windows and openings in a building), shading devices, interior design, and lighting and controls.  Daylighting illuminates indoor spaces with appropriate levels of natural light, minimizes glare and heat gain, and reduces electrical lighting needs (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process, Building Orientation, High-Efficiency Lighting Systems, and Networked Lighting Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction and Sensor Controls</i></em>).\n\nBuilding orientation, in combination with window selection and placement and reflection and glare from adjacent buildings, impacts daylighting levels, thermal comfort, ventilation, and views to nature (see <em><i>Natural Ventilation </i></em>and <em><i>Views and Operable Windows</i></em>). A daylighting-optimized building maximizes south and north exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive more favorable sources of direct and indirect natural light, respectively.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></sup> The design and choice of window glazing also affect the amount, distribution, and quality of daylight.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> For example, glazing systems with tinted glass and low-solar low-E coatings reduce solar heat gain with little reduction in visible transmittance or the amount of light in the visible portion of the spectrum.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Introducing daylight from skylights or solar tubes can also help balance daylight in a room. Utilize the upper portion of windows to introduce high levels of daylight and avoid glare issues, while taking advantage of views from the lower portion of windows, balanced by proper shading.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, louvers, and reflecting systems and self-shading elements of building form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light. Interior designs that incorporate open layouts and light-colored surfaces also bounce light throughout interior spaces. For example, dark interior finishes can compromise an otherwise successful daylighting design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Furniture, cubicles, and workstations can block light and have a substantial impact on the light levels in a given space. Model any partition systems or permanent furniture in the design phase as they can have a significant impact on interior light levels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Reduce electrical lighting consumption and costs, and associated waste heat by pairing harvested daylight with automated dimmers and photosensors (see <em><i>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</i></em>).\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_116\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"692\"]<img class=\"wp-image-116 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Daylighting-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Daylighting strategies incorporated into Atrium II, an office building in Secaucus, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"692\" height=\"518\" /> Figure 1 – Daylighting strategies incorporated into Atrium II, an office building in Secaucus, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Daylighting</b></strong></h2>\nDesigning for daylighting in existing buildings involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process. Renovations provide an opportunity to assess current daylight levels and identify opportunities for improvement.\n\nThe first step to a daylighting and lighting upgrade is to conduct a lighting audit or survey that establishes information about all the lighting technologies and consumption patterns in a building.  Use <u><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/use-portfolio-manager\">Energy Star Portfolio Manager</a></u> to benchmark energy usage and identify lighting upgrade opportunities.\n\nThe following steps outline strategies to integrate daylighting and electrical lighting into lighting upgrade projects.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>\n<ol>\n	<li>Set a Maximum Lighting Power Density (LPD) goal to avoid overlit spaces and to achieve an appropriate level of lighting per area lit or watts per square foot.</li>\n	<li>Set a Daylight Sufficiency Goal that establishes the amount of daylighting, measured in lumens or foot-candles, required to perform a typical task in each space without electrical lighting.</li>\n	<li>Develop a layered lighting strategy that first utilizes daylight to provide basic or ambient lighting levels, and then adds electrical lighting options and controls to vary lighting levels for a variety of tasks and occupant preferences.</li>\n</ol>\nWhile daylighting strategies, such as maximizing southern building orientation, may not be technically or financially feasible for a renovation project, many daylighting strategies are available for existing buildings, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a>\n<ul>\n	<li>Opening the building perimeter to office space.</li>\n	<li>Transferring light through perimeter spaces through lower partitions or by replacing opaque panels with transparent or translucent panels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n	<li>Exposing closed-off overhead glazing.</li>\n	<li>Creating light shelves for high spaces.</li>\n	<li>Adding skylights, clerestories, atria, or roof monitors.</li>\n	<li>Improving reflectance values for ceiling tiles, walls, and carpet.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\nDaylighting guidelines provide general principles and examples, but project specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools, which can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a>\n\n<u><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/fdt.php\">The Facade Design Tool</a></u> by the Efficient Windows Collaborative compares several design parameters including orientation, window area, controls, shading, and window type to predict performance outcomes such as annual energy use and savings, daylight levels, glare, and thermal comfort.\n\n<u><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/software\">Low Energy – High Performance:  Building Façade Solutions</a></u> by Berkeley Lab offers a list of simulation software for modeling window system performance.\n\nFor daylighting strategies specific to existing commercial projects, see Guide 5 of the <u><a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines</a></u><em>. </em>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<u><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/existingcommercial/casestudies/atriumii.php\">Atrium II, Secaucus, NJ </a></u>\n\nRenovations to Atrium II, a 260,000 square foot office building in Secaucus, NJ, included improved daylighting through upgrades to the building envelope and the installation of lighting controls such as timers, photocells, and motion sensors.\n\n<u><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/factsheets/WashingtonDesignGuideOffice.pdf\">Perimeter Office Zones, Washington, DC</a></u>\n\nThis case study and design guide examine the best combination of window area, shading device and glazing type to save energy.\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits </b></strong></h2>\nControlled, natural lighting can lead to many improvements:\n<ul>\n	<li>Reduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></li>\n	<li>Reduced cooling loads and downsized HVAC systems through less heat gain from electrical lighting (see <em><i>Properly-Sized, High-Efficiency HVAC and Controls</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></li>\n	<li>Improved employee productivity and satisfaction based on a shared preference for naturally daylit spaces, reinforcement of circadian rhythms, and connection to nature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a></li>\n	<li>Above average lease rates and lower tenant turnover.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\nThe cost associated with integrating daylighting strategies into an existing building varies depending on the scope of the project. The design and material selected for interior or exterior shading and solar control devices, for example, impacts the cost. There is a range of options available from very low-cost solutions such as rearranging the layout of a room to a more comprehensive approach of adding integrated lighting controls and shading devices. The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\nIn the event of a power outage, a daylighting-optimized building continues to provide interior light to building occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid and providing energy savings.\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32. <u><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf</a></u> (accessed July 6, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylighting. <u><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php</a></u> (accessed July 6, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Window Technologies: Transmittance. <u><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php</a></u> (accessed July 6, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” <u><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a></u>  (accessed Dec 11, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US DOE. <em><i>Lighting Design.</i></em> <u><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/lighting-design\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/lighting-design</a></u>  (accessed September 10, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) <em><i>Daylighting. </i></em>September 2016. <u><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting</a></u> (accessed September 10, 2018)\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” <u><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a></u>  (accessed Dec 11, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines. <u><a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf</a></u><em> (accessed April 4, 2018).</em>\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> California Energy Commission (CEC) and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”\n\n<u><a href=\"http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf\">http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf</a></u> (accessed April 5, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid. CEC and Heschong Mahone Group.\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> WBDG. Daylighting. <u><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php</a></u> (accessed April 4, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Ibid WBDG.\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylight Controls. Windows for High-Performance Buildings. <u><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php</a></u> (accessed July 5, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> California Energy Commission and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”\n\n<u><a href=\"http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf\">http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf</a></u> (accessed April 5, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a> Daylight Dividends, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. “Daylighting Resources – Productivity.” <u><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/dr_productivity.asp\">http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/dr_productivity.asp</a></u> (accessed April 4, 2018).[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-high-efficiency-lighting-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Efficiency HVAC and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/\">Windows and Skylights</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windows.lbl.gov/software\">Berkeley Lab – Building Technology and Urban Systems- Windows and Daylighting – Software Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org\">Efficient Windows Collaborative. Windows for High-Performance Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.iesna.org/\">Illuminating Engineering Society of North America</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">LBNL and US DOE. The Integrated Approach – Tips for Daylighting with Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/daylighting\">Seventhwave</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/videos/energy-101-daylighting\">US DOE – Energy Savers – Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/fenestration-systems/glazing\">Glazing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sun-control-and-shading-devices\">Sun Control and Shading Devices</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/fenestration-systems/windows\">Windows</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>New Buildings Institute (NBI)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://patternguide.advancedbuildings.net\">Daylighting Pattern Guide</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1889-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 20:07:27','2022-04-18 20:07:27','',1889,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1894',0,'revision','',0),(1895,2,'2022-04-18 20:07:30','2022-04-18 20:07:30','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Daylighting\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Daylighting?</b></strong></h2>\nDaylighting combines building orientation, fenestration (e.g., the location of windows and openings in a building), shading devices, interior design, and lighting and controls.  Daylighting illuminates indoor spaces with appropriate levels of natural light, minimizes glare and heat gain, and reduces electrical lighting needs (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process, Building Orientation, High-Efficiency Lighting Systems, and Networked Lighting Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction and Sensor Controls</i></em>).\n\nBuilding orientation, in combination with window selection and placement and reflection and glare from adjacent buildings, impacts daylighting levels, thermal comfort, ventilation, and views to nature (see <em><i>Natural Ventilation </i></em>and <em><i>Views and Operable Windows</i></em>). A daylighting-optimized building maximizes south and north exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive more favorable sources of direct and indirect natural light, respectively.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></sup> The design and choice of window glazing also affect the amount, distribution, and quality of daylight.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> For example, glazing systems with tinted glass and low-solar low-E coatings reduce solar heat gain with little reduction in visible transmittance or the amount of light in the visible portion of the spectrum.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Introducing daylight from skylights or solar tubes can also help balance daylight in a room. Utilize the upper portion of windows to introduce high levels of daylight and avoid glare issues, while taking advantage of views from the lower portion of windows, balanced by proper shading.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, louvers, and reflecting systems and self-shading elements of building form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light. Interior designs that incorporate open layouts and light-colored surfaces also bounce light throughout interior spaces. For example, dark interior finishes can compromise an otherwise successful daylighting design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Furniture, cubicles, and workstations can block light and have a substantial impact on the light levels in a given space. Model any partition systems or permanent furniture in the design phase as they can have a significant impact on interior light levels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Reduce electrical lighting consumption and costs, and associated waste heat by pairing harvested daylight with automated dimmers and photosensors (see <em><i>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</i></em>).\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_116\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"692\"]<img class=\"wp-image-116 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Daylighting-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Daylighting strategies incorporated into Atrium II, an office building in Secaucus, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"692\" height=\"518\" /> Figure 1 – Daylighting strategies incorporated into Atrium II, an office building in Secaucus, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Daylighting</b></strong></h2>\nDesigning for daylighting in existing buildings involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process. Renovations provide an opportunity to assess current daylight levels and identify opportunities for improvement.\n\nThe first step to a daylighting and lighting upgrade is to conduct a lighting audit or survey that establishes information about all the lighting technologies and consumption patterns in a building.  Use <u><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/use-portfolio-manager\">Energy Star Portfolio Manager</a></u> to benchmark energy usage and identify lighting upgrade opportunities.\n\nThe following steps outline strategies to integrate daylighting and electrical lighting into lighting upgrade projects.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>\n<ol>\n	<li>Set a Maximum Lighting Power Density (LPD) goal to avoid overlit spaces and to achieve an appropriate level of lighting per area lit or watts per square foot.</li>\n	<li>Set a Daylight Sufficiency Goal that establishes the amount of daylighting, measured in lumens or foot-candles, required to perform a typical task in each space without electrical lighting.</li>\n	<li>Develop a layered lighting strategy that first utilizes daylight to provide basic or ambient lighting levels, and then adds electrical lighting options and controls to vary lighting levels for a variety of tasks and occupant preferences.</li>\n</ol>\nWhile daylighting strategies, such as maximizing southern building orientation, may not be technically or financially feasible for a renovation project, many daylighting strategies are available for existing buildings, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a>\n<ul>\n	<li>Opening the building perimeter to office space.</li>\n	<li>Transferring light through perimeter spaces through lower partitions or by replacing opaque panels with transparent or translucent panels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n	<li>Exposing closed-off overhead glazing.</li>\n	<li>Creating light shelves for high spaces.</li>\n	<li>Adding skylights, clerestories, atria, or roof monitors.</li>\n	<li>Improving reflectance values for ceiling tiles, walls, and carpet.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\nDaylighting guidelines provide general principles and examples, but project specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools, which can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a>\n\n<u><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/fdt.php\">The Facade Design Tool</a></u> by the Efficient Windows Collaborative compares several design parameters including orientation, window area, controls, shading, and window type to predict performance outcomes such as annual energy use and savings, daylight levels, glare, and thermal comfort.\n\n<u><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/software\">Low Energy – High Performance:  Building Façade Solutions</a></u> by Berkeley Lab offers a list of simulation software for modeling window system performance.\n\nFor daylighting strategies specific to existing commercial projects, see Guide 5 of the <u><a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines</a></u><em>. </em>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<u><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/existingcommercial/casestudies/atriumii.php\">Atrium II, Secaucus, NJ </a></u>\n\nRenovations to Atrium II, a 260,000 square foot office building in Secaucus, NJ, included improved daylighting through upgrades to the building envelope and the installation of lighting controls such as timers, photocells, and motion sensors.\n\n<u><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/factsheets/WashingtonDesignGuideOffice.pdf\">Perimeter Office Zones, Washington, DC</a></u>\n\nThis case study and design guide examine the best combination of window area, shading device and glazing type to save energy.\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits </b></strong></h2>\nControlled, natural lighting can lead to many improvements:\n<ul>\n	<li>Reduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></li>\n	<li>Reduced cooling loads and downsized HVAC systems through less heat gain from electrical lighting (see <em><i>Properly-Sized, High-Efficiency HVAC and Controls</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></li>\n	<li>Improved employee productivity and satisfaction based on a shared preference for naturally daylit spaces, reinforcement of circadian rhythms, and connection to nature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a></li>\n	<li>Above average lease rates and lower tenant turnover.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\nThe cost associated with integrating daylighting strategies into an existing building varies depending on the scope of the project. The design and material selected for interior or exterior shading and solar control devices, for example, impacts the cost. There is a range of options available from very low-cost solutions such as rearranging the layout of a room to a more comprehensive approach of adding integrated lighting controls and shading devices. The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\nIn the event of a power outage, a daylighting-optimized building continues to provide interior light to building occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid and providing energy savings.\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32. <u><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf</a></u> (accessed July 6, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylighting. <u><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php</a></u> (accessed July 6, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Window Technologies: Transmittance. <u><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php</a></u> (accessed July 6, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” <u><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a></u>  (accessed Dec 11, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US DOE. <em><i>Lighting Design.</i></em> <u><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/lighting-design\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/lighting-design</a></u>  (accessed September 10, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) <em><i>Daylighting. </i></em>September 2016. <u><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting</a></u> (accessed September 10, 2018)\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” <u><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a></u>  (accessed Dec 11, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines. <u><a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf</a></u><em> (accessed April 4, 2018).</em>\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> California Energy Commission (CEC) and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”\n\n<u><a href=\"http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf\">http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf</a></u> (accessed April 5, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid. CEC and Heschong Mahone Group.\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> WBDG. Daylighting. <u><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php</a></u> (accessed April 4, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Ibid WBDG.\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylight Controls. Windows for High-Performance Buildings. <u><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php</a></u> (accessed July 5, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> California Energy Commission and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”\n\n<u><a href=\"http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf\">http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf</a></u> (accessed April 5, 2018).\n\n<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a> Daylight Dividends, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. “Daylighting Resources – Productivity.” <u><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/dr_productivity.asp\">http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/dr_productivity.asp</a></u> (accessed April 4, 2018).[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-high-efficiency-lighting-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Efficiency HVAC and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/\">Windows and Skylights</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windows.lbl.gov/software\">Berkeley Lab – Building Technology and Urban Systems- Windows and Daylighting – Software Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org\">Efficient Windows Collaborative. Windows for High-Performance Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.iesna.org/\">Illuminating Engineering Society of North America</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">LBNL and US DOE. The Integrated Approach – Tips for Daylighting with Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/daylighting\">Seventhwave</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/videos/energy-101-daylighting\">US DOE – Energy Savers – Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/fenestration-systems/glazing\">Glazing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sun-control-and-shading-devices\">Sun Control and Shading Devices</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/fenestration-systems/windows\">Windows</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>New Buildings Institute (NBI)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://patternguide.advancedbuildings.net\">Daylighting Pattern Guide</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Daylighting','','inherit','closed','closed','','1889-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 20:07:30','2022-04-18 20:07:30','',1889,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1895',0,'revision','',0),(1896,2,'2022-04-18 20:11:49','2022-04-18 20:11:49','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Exterior Wall Systems\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Upgrading Exterior Wall Systems? </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Conditions that may lead to an upgrade of an exterior wall system include but are not limited to: water damage, mold, inadequate insulation, holes, cracks or other fractures that compromise structural integrity. Upgrading exterior walls provides the opportunity to fix structural or cosmetic damages, control moisture, improve insulation, and increase daylighting. Common wall system upgrades include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Adding insulation</li>\n<li>Air sealing doors and windows</li>\n<li>Repairing holes, cracks and gaps</li>\n<li>Upgrading windows and glazing</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The building envelope or the physical structure between the inside of the building and the outside environment includes walls, windows, doors, roof systems, and the foundation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Exterior wall systems often comprise the majority of the building envelope, playing a pivotal role in determining levels of comfort, natural lighting and ventilation, and the energy required to heat and cool a building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_26\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"658\"]<img class=\"wp-image-26 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Exterior-Walls-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Window energy flows (Source: ENERGY STAR)\" width=\"658\" height=\"820\" /> Figure 1 – Window energy flows (Source: ENERGY STAR)[/caption]<p>Building R-values assess a wall’s thermal resistance. The higher the R-value, the better the building in reducing heat loss.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Air leakage contributes to 25- 40% of a building’s heat loss (see <em><i>Air Infiltration</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Maintaining and investing in well-insulated (high R-value rating) walls/wall systems yields energy savings.</p>\n<p>The following includes examples of insulation materials and wall systems:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><i>Continuous and Cavity Insulation. </i></em>Continuous insulation runs uninterrupted over structural membranes, avoids thermal bridging and is installed on the exterior surface of the building envelope.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Cavity insulation is installed between structural components such as wood studs.</li>\n<li><em><i>Composite Metal Panels</i></em> consist of two sheets of metal adhered to a core material and include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>\n<ul>\n<li>Foamed-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n<li>Laminated-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n<li>Honeycomb Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><em><i>Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFs)</i></em> consists of exterior wall cladding made of rigid insulation boards. The polymer-based (PB) system is most popular and consists of closed expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation finished with a polymeric (organic) bonded aggregate and cement reinforced with a glass mesh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Being lightweight and low cost, and the ability to achieve different aesthetic effects make EIFs a popular choice.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs) </i></em>consists of concrete walls poured inside foam insulation forms with steel reinforcing and stacked as interlocking blocks.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Insulated concrete block or <em><i>concrete masonry units (CMUs)</i></em> form prefabricated blocks applied like traditional block wall construction.</li>\n<li><em><i>Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs)</i></em> consist of an insulating foam core placed between two structural panels, typically oriented strand board (OSB) or fiber cement panels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs)</i></em> consist of an interior, solid layer of a high R-value material wrapped in an exterior layer of airtight foil with a vacuum drawn inside the airtight foil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> They can achieve an R-value of 50 without adding bulk, making them cost-effective on roofs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Upgrade Exterior Wall Systems</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Assess the building’s existing insulation and daylighting levels. Consider hiring a building envelope contractor experienced in air sealing and insulation. Perform an energy audit including a blower door test to measures the airtightness of the building and identify problem areas. Hire a daylighting professional to identify cost-effective opportunities to improve daylighting (see <em><i>Daylighting </i></em>and <em><i>Windows and Skylights</i></em>).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_328\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"586\"]<img class=\"wp-image-328 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Exterior-Walls-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2. EIFs and metal panel assembly with an R-value of 16 and continuous insulation. (Source: US DOE Better Buildings Solution Center)\" width=\"586\" height=\"378\" /> Figure 2. EIFs and metal panel assembly with an R-value of 16 and continuous insulation. (Source: US DOE Better Buildings Solution Center)[/caption]<p>The US DOE recommends reducing envelope leakage and minimizing air infiltration by sealing, caulking and placing weather-strip to the following areas:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Joints around fenestration and door frames.</li>\n<li>Junctions between walls and foundations, between walls at building corners, between walls and structural floors or roofs, and between walls and roof or wall panels.</li>\n<li>Openings at penetrations of utility services through roofs, walls, and floors.</li>\n<li>Site-built fenestration and doors.</li>\n<li>Building assemblies used as ducts or plenums.</li>\n<li>Joints, seams, and penetrations of vapor retarders.</li>\n<li>All other openings in the building envelope.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Re-caulking and weather stripping windows and doors provide a low-cost option for upgrading the exterior wall system by minimizing air leakage. Poorly sealed buildings lack humidity control, contributing to moisture damage and mold growth that damages building materials and impacts the structural integrity of the building. Airtight buildings improve the effectiveness of insulation. Balancing airtightness with controlled ventilation helps to supply the appropriate level of fresh air into the building.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.passivehouse.us/\">Passive House Institute, US</a> strategies applicable to commercial building retrofits, include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>A combination of internal and external insulation to reduce thermal bridging</li>\n<li>Whole building air barriers, with commissioning before occupancy</li>\n<li>Moisture management in enclosure assemblies</li>\n<li>“Cool walls” that have optimum reflectivity and ventilation against solar gain</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A properly designed exterior wall system offers the following benefits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces energy costs</li>\n<li>Prevents moisture condensation</li>\n<li>Reduces capacity and size of new mechanical equipment</li>\n<li>Reduces noise levels</li>\n<li>Increases indoor environmental quality and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Provides fire protection</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of adding insulation, air sealing doors and windows, and filling gaps and holes vary based on the conditions and scope of the project. There are often incentives available for upgrading exterior wall systems. See the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a>for available incentives and financing programs.</p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Expertly designed and installed exterior wall systems offer several essential resiliency benefits. In the event of a power outage, well-insulated buildings protect against heat loss in the winter and heat gain in the summer, helping to maintain comfortable internal temperatures for building occupants, and reducing stress on the grid. A daylighting-optimized building continues to provide interior light to building occupants when the power goes out. Wall assembly systems (with insulating properties) such as precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), and structural insulated panels (SIPs) offer resistance to hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Arnold, Chris. 2016. “Building Envelop Design Guide.” Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Vivian Loftness et al. (2012) State of the Art in Enclosure Technologies and Integrated Systems for 50% Energy Savings in Existing Commercial Buildings. Consortium for Building Energy Innovation. <a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf\">http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf</a> (accessed June 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> US DOE | Energy Savers: Insulation. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation</a> (accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> US EPA Energy Star. Reduce Air Infiltration. <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_homes_features.hm_f_reduced_air_infiltration\">https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_homes_features.hm_f_reduced_air_infiltration</a> (accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US DOE: Better Building Solution Center. Building Envelope Webinars for Walls</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/toolkits/building-envelope-webinars-walls\">https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/toolkits/building-envelope-webinars-walls</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> US DOE Building Energy Codes Resource Center. “Cavity and Continuous Insulation.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_cavity_and_continuous_insulation_in_rescheck.pdf\">https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_cavity_and_continuous_insulation_in_rescheck.pdf</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Zwayer, Gary L. 2016 “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences.<a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Lstiburek, Joseph. 2007. “EIFs: Problems and Solutions.” Building Science Corporation. https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-146-eifs-problems-and-solutions (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Zwayer, Gary L. 2016. “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences.<a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> US DOE: Building America Solution Center: ICFs. <a href=\"https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/insulated-concrete-forms-icfs#quicktabs-guides=1\">https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/insulated-concrete-forms-icfs#quicktabs-guides=1</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Structural Insulated Panel Association (SIPA). “What are SIPS?” <a href=\"https://www.sips.org/about/what-are-sips\">https://www.sips.org/about/what-are-sips</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Dan Howell et al. “Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) in a roofing application of US Post Office and Courthouse Camden, NJ.” March 2014. ORNL <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> GSA. Green Proving Ground Program. “Vacuum Insulated Panels in Roofing Applications.” March 2016. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels</a>(accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> US DOE Advanced Energy Retrofit Guides. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/advanced-energy-retrofit-guides\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/advanced-energy-retrofit-guides</a>(accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a> National Insulation Association. Benefits of Insulation. <a href=\"https://insulation.org/about-insulation/benefits-of-insulation/\">https://insulation.org/about-insulation/benefits-of-insulation/</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. “HVAC Integration of the Building Envelope.” <a href=\"http://wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction\">http://wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/\">Windows and Skylights</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.airbarrier.org\">Air Barrier Association of America</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.continuousinsulation.org\">Continuous Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://insulationinstitute.org/im-a-building-or-facility-professional/commercial/comparing-insulation-types/\">Insulation Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.mbma.com\">Metal Building Manufacturers Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.naima.org/\">North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/nj-smartstart-buildings#custom\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/home-page\">Passive House Institute US</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines – Guide 3</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu\">Penn State Consortium for Building Energy Innovation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sips.org\">Structural Insulated Panel Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/envelope.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Envelope</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/advanced-energy-retrofit-guides\">Advanced Energy Retrofit Guides</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope\">Better Buildings – Building Envelope</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Exterior Wall Systems','','publish','closed','closed','','ec-exterior-walls','','','2022-04-27 14:14:00','2022-04-27 14:14:00','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1896',0,'post','',0),(1897,2,'2022-04-18 20:08:21','2022-04-18 20:08:21','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1896-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 20:08:21','2022-04-18 20:08:21','',1896,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1897',0,'revision','',0),(1899,2,'2022-04-18 20:11:49','2022-04-18 20:11:49','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Exterior Wall Systems\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Upgrading Exterior Wall Systems? </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Conditions that may lead to an upgrade of an exterior wall system include but are not limited to: water damage, mold, inadequate insulation, holes, cracks or other fractures that compromise structural integrity. Upgrading exterior walls provides the opportunity to fix structural or cosmetic damages, control moisture, improve insulation, and increase daylighting. Common wall system upgrades include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Adding insulation</li>\n<li>Air sealing doors and windows</li>\n<li>Repairing holes, cracks and gaps</li>\n<li>Upgrading windows and glazing</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The building envelope or the physical structure between the inside of the building and the outside environment includes walls, windows, doors, roof systems, and the foundation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Exterior wall systems often comprise the majority of the building envelope, playing a pivotal role in determining levels of comfort, natural lighting and ventilation, and the energy required to heat and cool a building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_26\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"658\"]<img class=\"wp-image-26 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Exterior-Walls-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Window energy flows (Source: ENERGY STAR)\" width=\"658\" height=\"820\" /> Figure 1 – Window energy flows (Source: ENERGY STAR)[/caption]<p>Building R-values assess a wall’s thermal resistance. The higher the R-value, the better the building in reducing heat loss.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Air leakage contributes to 25- 40% of a building’s heat loss (see <em><i>Air Infiltration</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Maintaining and investing in well-insulated (high R-value rating) walls/wall systems yields energy savings.</p>\n<p>The following includes examples of insulation materials and wall systems:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><i>Continuous and Cavity Insulation. </i></em>Continuous insulation runs uninterrupted over structural membranes, avoids thermal bridging and is installed on the exterior surface of the building envelope.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Cavity insulation is installed between structural components such as wood studs.</li>\n<li><em><i>Composite Metal Panels</i></em> consist of two sheets of metal adhered to a core material and include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>\n<ul>\n<li>Foamed-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n<li>Laminated-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n<li>Honeycomb Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><em><i>Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFs)</i></em> consists of exterior wall cladding made of rigid insulation boards. The polymer-based (PB) system is most popular and consists of closed expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation finished with a polymeric (organic) bonded aggregate and cement reinforced with a glass mesh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Being lightweight and low cost, and the ability to achieve different aesthetic effects make EIFs a popular choice.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs) </i></em>consists of concrete walls poured inside foam insulation forms with steel reinforcing and stacked as interlocking blocks.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Insulated concrete block or <em><i>concrete masonry units (CMUs)</i></em> form prefabricated blocks applied like traditional block wall construction.</li>\n<li><em><i>Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs)</i></em> consist of an insulating foam core placed between two structural panels, typically oriented strand board (OSB) or fiber cement panels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs)</i></em> consist of an interior, solid layer of a high R-value material wrapped in an exterior layer of airtight foil with a vacuum drawn inside the airtight foil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> They can achieve an R-value of 50 without adding bulk, making them cost-effective on roofs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Upgrade Exterior Wall Systems</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Assess the building’s existing insulation and daylighting levels. Consider hiring a building envelope contractor experienced in air sealing and insulation. Perform an energy audit including a blower door test to measures the airtightness of the building and identify problem areas. Hire a daylighting professional to identify cost-effective opportunities to improve daylighting (see <em><i>Daylighting </i></em>and <em><i>Windows and Skylights</i></em>).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_328\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"586\"]<img class=\"wp-image-328 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Exterior-Walls-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2. EIFs and metal panel assembly with an R-value of 16 and continuous insulation. (Source: US DOE Better Buildings Solution Center)\" width=\"586\" height=\"378\" /> Figure 2. EIFs and metal panel assembly with an R-value of 16 and continuous insulation. (Source: US DOE Better Buildings Solution Center)[/caption]<p>The US DOE recommends reducing envelope leakage and minimizing air infiltration by sealing, caulking and placing weather-strip to the following areas:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Joints around fenestration and door frames.</li>\n<li>Junctions between walls and foundations, between walls at building corners, between walls and structural floors or roofs, and between walls and roof or wall panels.</li>\n<li>Openings at penetrations of utility services through roofs, walls, and floors.</li>\n<li>Site-built fenestration and doors.</li>\n<li>Building assemblies used as ducts or plenums.</li>\n<li>Joints, seams, and penetrations of vapor retarders.</li>\n<li>All other openings in the building envelope.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Re-caulking and weather stripping windows and doors provide a low-cost option for upgrading the exterior wall system by minimizing air leakage. Poorly sealed buildings lack humidity control, contributing to moisture damage and mold growth that damages building materials and impacts the structural integrity of the building. Airtight buildings improve the effectiveness of insulation. Balancing airtightness with controlled ventilation helps to supply the appropriate level of fresh air into the building.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.passivehouse.us/\">Passive House Institute, US</a> strategies applicable to commercial building retrofits, include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>A combination of internal and external insulation to reduce thermal bridging</li>\n<li>Whole building air barriers, with commissioning before occupancy</li>\n<li>Moisture management in enclosure assemblies</li>\n<li>“Cool walls” that have optimum reflectivity and ventilation against solar gain</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A properly designed exterior wall system offers the following benefits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces energy costs</li>\n<li>Prevents moisture condensation</li>\n<li>Reduces capacity and size of new mechanical equipment</li>\n<li>Reduces noise levels</li>\n<li>Increases indoor environmental quality and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Provides fire protection</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of adding insulation, air sealing doors and windows, and filling gaps and holes vary based on the conditions and scope of the project. There are often incentives available for upgrading exterior wall systems. See the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a>for available incentives and financing programs.</p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Expertly designed and installed exterior wall systems offer several essential resiliency benefits. In the event of a power outage, well-insulated buildings protect against heat loss in the winter and heat gain in the summer, helping to maintain comfortable internal temperatures for building occupants, and reducing stress on the grid. A daylighting-optimized building continues to provide interior light to building occupants when the power goes out. Wall assembly systems (with insulating properties) such as precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), and structural insulated panels (SIPs) offer resistance to hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Arnold, Chris. 2016. “Building Envelop Design Guide.” Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Vivian Loftness et al. (2012) State of the Art in Enclosure Technologies and Integrated Systems for 50% Energy Savings in Existing Commercial Buildings. Consortium for Building Energy Innovation. <a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf\">http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf</a> (accessed June 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> US DOE | Energy Savers: Insulation. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation</a> (accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> US EPA Energy Star. Reduce Air Infiltration. <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_homes_features.hm_f_reduced_air_infiltration\">https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_homes_features.hm_f_reduced_air_infiltration</a> (accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US DOE: Better Building Solution Center. Building Envelope Webinars for Walls</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/toolkits/building-envelope-webinars-walls\">https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/toolkits/building-envelope-webinars-walls</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> US DOE Building Energy Codes Resource Center. “Cavity and Continuous Insulation.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_cavity_and_continuous_insulation_in_rescheck.pdf\">https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_cavity_and_continuous_insulation_in_rescheck.pdf</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Zwayer, Gary L. 2016 “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences.<a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Lstiburek, Joseph. 2007. “EIFs: Problems and Solutions.” Building Science Corporation. https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-146-eifs-problems-and-solutions (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Zwayer, Gary L. 2016. “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences.<a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> US DOE: Building America Solution Center: ICFs. <a href=\"https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/insulated-concrete-forms-icfs#quicktabs-guides=1\">https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/insulated-concrete-forms-icfs#quicktabs-guides=1</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Structural Insulated Panel Association (SIPA). “What are SIPS?” <a href=\"https://www.sips.org/about/what-are-sips\">https://www.sips.org/about/what-are-sips</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Dan Howell et al. “Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) in a roofing application of US Post Office and Courthouse Camden, NJ.” March 2014. ORNL <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> GSA. Green Proving Ground Program. “Vacuum Insulated Panels in Roofing Applications.” March 2016. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels</a>(accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> US DOE Advanced Energy Retrofit Guides. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/advanced-energy-retrofit-guides\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/advanced-energy-retrofit-guides</a>(accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a> National Insulation Association. Benefits of Insulation. <a href=\"https://insulation.org/about-insulation/benefits-of-insulation/\">https://insulation.org/about-insulation/benefits-of-insulation/</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. “HVAC Integration of the Building Envelope.” <a href=\"http://wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction\">http://wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/\">Windows and Skylights</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.airbarrier.org\">Air Barrier Association of America</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.continuousinsulation.org\">Continuous Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://insulationinstitute.org/im-a-building-or-facility-professional/commercial/comparing-insulation-types/\">Insulation Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.mbma.com\">Metal Building Manufacturers Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.naima.org/\">North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/nj-smartstart-buildings#custom\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/home-page\">Passive House Institute US</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines – Guide 3</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu\">Penn State Consortium for Building Energy Innovation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sips.org\">Structural Insulated Panel Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/envelope.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Envelope</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/advanced-energy-retrofit-guides\">Advanced Energy Retrofit Guides</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope\">Better Buildings – Building Envelope</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Exterior Wall Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1896-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 20:11:49','2022-04-18 20:11:49','',1896,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1899',0,'revision','',0),(1900,2,'2022-04-18 20:11:49','2022-04-18 20:11:49','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Exterior Wall Systems\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Upgrading Exterior Wall Systems? </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Conditions that may lead to an upgrade of an exterior wall system include but are not limited to: water damage, mold, inadequate insulation, holes, cracks or other fractures that compromise structural integrity. Upgrading exterior walls provides the opportunity to fix structural or cosmetic damages, control moisture, improve insulation, and increase daylighting. Common wall system upgrades include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Adding insulation</li>\n<li>Air sealing doors and windows</li>\n<li>Repairing holes, cracks and gaps</li>\n<li>Upgrading windows and glazing</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The building envelope or the physical structure between the inside of the building and the outside environment includes walls, windows, doors, roof systems, and the foundation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Exterior wall systems often comprise the majority of the building envelope, playing a pivotal role in determining levels of comfort, natural lighting and ventilation, and the energy required to heat and cool a building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_26\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"658\"]<img class=\"wp-image-26 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Exterior-Walls-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Window energy flows (Source: ENERGY STAR)\" width=\"658\" height=\"820\" /> Figure 1 – Window energy flows (Source: ENERGY STAR)[/caption]<p>Building R-values assess a wall’s thermal resistance. The higher the R-value, the better the building in reducing heat loss.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Air leakage contributes to 25- 40% of a building’s heat loss (see <em><i>Air Infiltration</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Maintaining and investing in well-insulated (high R-value rating) walls/wall systems yields energy savings.</p>\n<p>The following includes examples of insulation materials and wall systems:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><i>Continuous and Cavity Insulation. </i></em>Continuous insulation runs uninterrupted over structural membranes, avoids thermal bridging and is installed on the exterior surface of the building envelope.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Cavity insulation is installed between structural components such as wood studs.</li>\n<li><em><i>Composite Metal Panels</i></em> consist of two sheets of metal adhered to a core material and include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>\n<ul>\n<li>Foamed-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n<li>Laminated-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n<li>Honeycomb Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><em><i>Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFs)</i></em> consists of exterior wall cladding made of rigid insulation boards. The polymer-based (PB) system is most popular and consists of closed expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation finished with a polymeric (organic) bonded aggregate and cement reinforced with a glass mesh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Being lightweight and low cost, and the ability to achieve different aesthetic effects make EIFs a popular choice.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs) </i></em>consists of concrete walls poured inside foam insulation forms with steel reinforcing and stacked as interlocking blocks.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Insulated concrete block or <em><i>concrete masonry units (CMUs)</i></em> form prefabricated blocks applied like traditional block wall construction.</li>\n<li><em><i>Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs)</i></em> consist of an insulating foam core placed between two structural panels, typically oriented strand board (OSB) or fiber cement panels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs)</i></em> consist of an interior, solid layer of a high R-value material wrapped in an exterior layer of airtight foil with a vacuum drawn inside the airtight foil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> They can achieve an R-value of 50 without adding bulk, making them cost-effective on roofs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Upgrade Exterior Wall Systems</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Assess the building’s existing insulation and daylighting levels. Consider hiring a building envelope contractor experienced in air sealing and insulation. Perform an energy audit including a blower door test to measures the airtightness of the building and identify problem areas. Hire a daylighting professional to identify cost-effective opportunities to improve daylighting (see <em><i>Daylighting </i></em>and <em><i>Windows and Skylights</i></em>).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_328\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"586\"]<img class=\"wp-image-328 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Exterior-Walls-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2. EIFs and metal panel assembly with an R-value of 16 and continuous insulation. (Source: US DOE Better Buildings Solution Center)\" width=\"586\" height=\"378\" /> Figure 2. EIFs and metal panel assembly with an R-value of 16 and continuous insulation. (Source: US DOE Better Buildings Solution Center)[/caption]<p>The US DOE recommends reducing envelope leakage and minimizing air infiltration by sealing, caulking and placing weather-strip to the following areas:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Joints around fenestration and door frames.</li>\n<li>Junctions between walls and foundations, between walls at building corners, between walls and structural floors or roofs, and between walls and roof or wall panels.</li>\n<li>Openings at penetrations of utility services through roofs, walls, and floors.</li>\n<li>Site-built fenestration and doors.</li>\n<li>Building assemblies used as ducts or plenums.</li>\n<li>Joints, seams, and penetrations of vapor retarders.</li>\n<li>All other openings in the building envelope.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Re-caulking and weather stripping windows and doors provide a low-cost option for upgrading the exterior wall system by minimizing air leakage. Poorly sealed buildings lack humidity control, contributing to moisture damage and mold growth that damages building materials and impacts the structural integrity of the building. Airtight buildings improve the effectiveness of insulation. Balancing airtightness with controlled ventilation helps to supply the appropriate level of fresh air into the building.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.passivehouse.us/\">Passive House Institute, US</a> strategies applicable to commercial building retrofits, include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>A combination of internal and external insulation to reduce thermal bridging</li>\n<li>Whole building air barriers, with commissioning before occupancy</li>\n<li>Moisture management in enclosure assemblies</li>\n<li>“Cool walls” that have optimum reflectivity and ventilation against solar gain</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A properly designed exterior wall system offers the following benefits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces energy costs</li>\n<li>Prevents moisture condensation</li>\n<li>Reduces capacity and size of new mechanical equipment</li>\n<li>Reduces noise levels</li>\n<li>Increases indoor environmental quality and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Provides fire protection</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of adding insulation, air sealing doors and windows, and filling gaps and holes vary based on the conditions and scope of the project. There are often incentives available for upgrading exterior wall systems. See the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a>for available incentives and financing programs.</p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Expertly designed and installed exterior wall systems offer several essential resiliency benefits. In the event of a power outage, well-insulated buildings protect against heat loss in the winter and heat gain in the summer, helping to maintain comfortable internal temperatures for building occupants, and reducing stress on the grid. A daylighting-optimized building continues to provide interior light to building occupants when the power goes out. Wall assembly systems (with insulating properties) such as precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), and structural insulated panels (SIPs) offer resistance to hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Arnold, Chris. 2016. “Building Envelop Design Guide.” Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Vivian Loftness et al. (2012) State of the Art in Enclosure Technologies and Integrated Systems for 50% Energy Savings in Existing Commercial Buildings. Consortium for Building Energy Innovation. <a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf\">http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf</a> (accessed June 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> US DOE | Energy Savers: Insulation. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation</a> (accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> US EPA Energy Star. Reduce Air Infiltration. <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_homes_features.hm_f_reduced_air_infiltration\">https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_homes_features.hm_f_reduced_air_infiltration</a> (accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US DOE: Better Building Solution Center. Building Envelope Webinars for Walls</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/toolkits/building-envelope-webinars-walls\">https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/toolkits/building-envelope-webinars-walls</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> US DOE Building Energy Codes Resource Center. “Cavity and Continuous Insulation.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_cavity_and_continuous_insulation_in_rescheck.pdf\">https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_cavity_and_continuous_insulation_in_rescheck.pdf</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Zwayer, Gary L. 2016 “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences.<a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Lstiburek, Joseph. 2007. “EIFs: Problems and Solutions.” Building Science Corporation. https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-146-eifs-problems-and-solutions (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Zwayer, Gary L. 2016. “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences.<a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> US DOE: Building America Solution Center: ICFs. <a href=\"https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/insulated-concrete-forms-icfs#quicktabs-guides=1\">https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/insulated-concrete-forms-icfs#quicktabs-guides=1</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Structural Insulated Panel Association (SIPA). “What are SIPS?” <a href=\"https://www.sips.org/about/what-are-sips\">https://www.sips.org/about/what-are-sips</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Dan Howell et al. “Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) in a roofing application of US Post Office and Courthouse Camden, NJ.” March 2014. ORNL <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> GSA. Green Proving Ground Program. “Vacuum Insulated Panels in Roofing Applications.” March 2016. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels</a>(accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> US DOE Advanced Energy Retrofit Guides. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/advanced-energy-retrofit-guides\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/advanced-energy-retrofit-guides</a>(accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a> National Insulation Association. Benefits of Insulation. <a href=\"https://insulation.org/about-insulation/benefits-of-insulation/\">https://insulation.org/about-insulation/benefits-of-insulation/</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. “HVAC Integration of the Building Envelope.” <a href=\"http://wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction\">http://wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/\">Windows and Skylights</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.airbarrier.org\">Air Barrier Association of America</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.continuousinsulation.org\">Continuous Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://insulationinstitute.org/im-a-building-or-facility-professional/commercial/comparing-insulation-types/\">Insulation Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.mbma.com\">Metal Building Manufacturers Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.naima.org/\">North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/nj-smartstart-buildings#custom\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/home-page\">Passive House Institute US</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines – Guide 3</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu\">Penn State Consortium for Building Energy Innovation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sips.org\">Structural Insulated Panel Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/envelope.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Envelope</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/advanced-energy-retrofit-guides\">Advanced Energy Retrofit Guides</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope\">Better Buildings – Building Envelope</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1896-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 20:11:49','2022-04-18 20:11:49','',1896,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1900',0,'revision','',0),(1902,2,'2022-04-18 20:11:54','2022-04-18 20:11:54','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Exterior Wall Systems\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Upgrading Exterior Wall Systems? </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Conditions that may lead to an upgrade of an exterior wall system include but are not limited to: water damage, mold, inadequate insulation, holes, cracks or other fractures that compromise structural integrity. Upgrading exterior walls provides the opportunity to fix structural or cosmetic damages, control moisture, improve insulation, and increase daylighting. Common wall system upgrades include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Adding insulation</li>\n<li>Air sealing doors and windows</li>\n<li>Repairing holes, cracks and gaps</li>\n<li>Upgrading windows and glazing</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The building envelope or the physical structure between the inside of the building and the outside environment includes walls, windows, doors, roof systems, and the foundation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Exterior wall systems often comprise the majority of the building envelope, playing a pivotal role in determining levels of comfort, natural lighting and ventilation, and the energy required to heat and cool a building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_26\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"658\"]<img class=\"wp-image-26 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Exterior-Walls-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Window energy flows (Source: ENERGY STAR)\" width=\"658\" height=\"820\" /> Figure 1 – Window energy flows (Source: ENERGY STAR)[/caption]<p>Building R-values assess a wall’s thermal resistance. The higher the R-value, the better the building in reducing heat loss.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Air leakage contributes to 25- 40% of a building’s heat loss (see <em><i>Air Infiltration</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Maintaining and investing in well-insulated (high R-value rating) walls/wall systems yields energy savings.</p>\n<p>The following includes examples of insulation materials and wall systems:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><i>Continuous and Cavity Insulation. </i></em>Continuous insulation runs uninterrupted over structural membranes, avoids thermal bridging and is installed on the exterior surface of the building envelope.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Cavity insulation is installed between structural components such as wood studs.</li>\n<li><em><i>Composite Metal Panels</i></em> consist of two sheets of metal adhered to a core material and include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>\n<ul>\n<li>Foamed-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n<li>Laminated-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n<li>Honeycomb Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><em><i>Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFs)</i></em> consists of exterior wall cladding made of rigid insulation boards. The polymer-based (PB) system is most popular and consists of closed expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation finished with a polymeric (organic) bonded aggregate and cement reinforced with a glass mesh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Being lightweight and low cost, and the ability to achieve different aesthetic effects make EIFs a popular choice.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs) </i></em>consists of concrete walls poured inside foam insulation forms with steel reinforcing and stacked as interlocking blocks.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Insulated concrete block or <em><i>concrete masonry units (CMUs)</i></em> form prefabricated blocks applied like traditional block wall construction.</li>\n<li><em><i>Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs)</i></em> consist of an insulating foam core placed between two structural panels, typically oriented strand board (OSB) or fiber cement panels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs)</i></em> consist of an interior, solid layer of a high R-value material wrapped in an exterior layer of airtight foil with a vacuum drawn inside the airtight foil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> They can achieve an R-value of 50 without adding bulk, making them cost-effective on roofs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Upgrade Exterior Wall Systems</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Assess the building’s existing insulation and daylighting levels. Consider hiring a building envelope contractor experienced in air sealing and insulation. Perform an energy audit including a blower door test to measures the airtightness of the building and identify problem areas. Hire a daylighting professional to identify cost-effective opportunities to improve daylighting (see <em><i>Daylighting </i></em>and <em><i>Windows and Skylights</i></em>).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_328\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"586\"]<img class=\"wp-image-328 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Exterior-Walls-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2. EIFs and metal panel assembly with an R-value of 16 and continuous insulation. (Source: US DOE Better Buildings Solution Center)\" width=\"586\" height=\"378\" /> Figure 2. EIFs and metal panel assembly with an R-value of 16 and continuous insulation. (Source: US DOE Better Buildings Solution Center)[/caption]<p>The US DOE recommends reducing envelope leakage and minimizing air infiltration by sealing, caulking and placing weather-strip to the following areas:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Joints around fenestration and door frames.</li>\n<li>Junctions between walls and foundations, between walls at building corners, between walls and structural floors or roofs, and between walls and roof or wall panels.</li>\n<li>Openings at penetrations of utility services through roofs, walls, and floors.</li>\n<li>Site-built fenestration and doors.</li>\n<li>Building assemblies used as ducts or plenums.</li>\n<li>Joints, seams, and penetrations of vapor retarders.</li>\n<li>All other openings in the building envelope.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Re-caulking and weather stripping windows and doors provide a low-cost option for upgrading the exterior wall system by minimizing air leakage. Poorly sealed buildings lack humidity control, contributing to moisture damage and mold growth that damages building materials and impacts the structural integrity of the building. Airtight buildings improve the effectiveness of insulation. Balancing airtightness with controlled ventilation helps to supply the appropriate level of fresh air into the building.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.passivehouse.us/\">Passive House Institute, US</a> strategies applicable to commercial building retrofits, include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>A combination of internal and external insulation to reduce thermal bridging</li>\n<li>Whole building air barriers, with commissioning before occupancy</li>\n<li>Moisture management in enclosure assemblies</li>\n<li>“Cool walls” that have optimum reflectivity and ventilation against solar gain</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A properly designed exterior wall system offers the following benefits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces energy costs</li>\n<li>Prevents moisture condensation</li>\n<li>Reduces capacity and size of new mechanical equipment</li>\n<li>Reduces noise levels</li>\n<li>Increases indoor environmental quality and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Provides fire protection</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of adding insulation, air sealing doors and windows, and filling gaps and holes vary based on the conditions and scope of the project. There are often incentives available for upgrading exterior wall systems. See the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a>for available incentives and financing programs.</p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Expertly designed and installed exterior wall systems offer several essential resiliency benefits. In the event of a power outage, well-insulated buildings protect against heat loss in the winter and heat gain in the summer, helping to maintain comfortable internal temperatures for building occupants, and reducing stress on the grid. A daylighting-optimized building continues to provide interior light to building occupants when the power goes out. Wall assembly systems (with insulating properties) such as precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), and structural insulated panels (SIPs) offer resistance to hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Arnold, Chris. 2016. “Building Envelop Design Guide.” Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Vivian Loftness et al. (2012) State of the Art in Enclosure Technologies and Integrated Systems for 50% Energy Savings in Existing Commercial Buildings. Consortium for Building Energy Innovation. <a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf\">http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf</a> (accessed June 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> US DOE | Energy Savers: Insulation. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation</a> (accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> US EPA Energy Star. Reduce Air Infiltration. <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_homes_features.hm_f_reduced_air_infiltration\">https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_homes_features.hm_f_reduced_air_infiltration</a> (accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US DOE: Better Building Solution Center. Building Envelope Webinars for Walls</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/toolkits/building-envelope-webinars-walls\">https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/toolkits/building-envelope-webinars-walls</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> US DOE Building Energy Codes Resource Center. “Cavity and Continuous Insulation.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_cavity_and_continuous_insulation_in_rescheck.pdf\">https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_cavity_and_continuous_insulation_in_rescheck.pdf</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Zwayer, Gary L. 2016 “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences.<a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Lstiburek, Joseph. 2007. “EIFs: Problems and Solutions.” Building Science Corporation. https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-146-eifs-problems-and-solutions (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Zwayer, Gary L. 2016. “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences.<a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> US DOE: Building America Solution Center: ICFs. <a href=\"https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/insulated-concrete-forms-icfs#quicktabs-guides=1\">https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/insulated-concrete-forms-icfs#quicktabs-guides=1</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Structural Insulated Panel Association (SIPA). “What are SIPS?” <a href=\"https://www.sips.org/about/what-are-sips\">https://www.sips.org/about/what-are-sips</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Dan Howell et al. “Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) in a roofing application of US Post Office and Courthouse Camden, NJ.” March 2014. ORNL <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> GSA. Green Proving Ground Program. “Vacuum Insulated Panels in Roofing Applications.” March 2016. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels</a>(accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> US DOE Advanced Energy Retrofit Guides. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/advanced-energy-retrofit-guides\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/advanced-energy-retrofit-guides</a>(accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a> National Insulation Association. Benefits of Insulation. <a href=\"https://insulation.org/about-insulation/benefits-of-insulation/\">https://insulation.org/about-insulation/benefits-of-insulation/</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide. “HVAC Integration of the Building Envelope.” <a href=\"http://wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction\">http://wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/\">Windows and Skylights</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.airbarrier.org\">Air Barrier Association of America</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.continuousinsulation.org\">Continuous Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://insulationinstitute.org/im-a-building-or-facility-professional/commercial/comparing-insulation-types/\">Insulation Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.mbma.com\">Metal Building Manufacturers Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.naima.org/\">North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/nj-smartstart-buildings#custom\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/home-page\">Passive House Institute US</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines – Guide 3</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu\">Penn State Consortium for Building Energy Innovation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sips.org\">Structural Insulated Panel Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/envelope.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Envelope</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/advanced-energy-retrofit-guides\">Advanced Energy Retrofit Guides</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope\">Better Buildings – Building Envelope</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Exterior Wall Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1896-revision-v1','','','2022-04-18 20:11:54','2022-04-18 20:11:54','',1896,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1902',0,'revision','',0),