(2918,1013,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Existing Commercial Buildings</h1>\n						\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">The Manual supports the greening of existing commercial buildings, which continue to represent untapped potential in common green building areas such as energy efficiency, environmental performance, indoor air quality, and occupant comfort.<br />\nThe Manual organizes existing commercial building upgrade strategies by focus areas such as “energy &amp; resilience” or “environment &amp; health.” Each strategy includes a short explanation or definition, implementation recommendations, New Jersey specific examples (when available), and sections on strategy benefits, costs, resiliency (if applicable), and additional resources.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_4 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_with_border et_pb_module et_pb_blurb et_pb_blurb_0  et_pb_text_align_center  et_pb_blurb_position_top et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_blurb_content\">\n					<div class=\"et_pb_main_blurb_image\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><span class=\"et-waypoint et_pb_animation_top et_pb_animation_top_tablet et_pb_animation_top_phone et-pb-icon et-pb-icon-circle et-pb-icon-circle-border\"></span></span></div>\n					<div class=\"et_pb_blurb_container\">\n						<h2 class=\"et_pb_module_header\"><span>Planning & Site Design</span></h2>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_toggle et_pb_toggle_0 et_pb_toggle_item  et_pb_toggle_close\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">Operational Tools</h5>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\">Integrated Design Process<br />\nLife-Cycle Assessment (LCA)<br />\nLife-Cycle-Cost Analysis (LCCA)<br />\nRe-Commissioning</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_toggle et_pb_toggle_1 et_pb_toggle_item  et_pb_toggle_close\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">Sustainable Sites</h5>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\">Alternative Transportation<br />\nComposting<br />\nSite and Stormwater Management</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_4 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_with_border et_pb_module et_pb_blurb et_pb_blurb_1  et_pb_text_align_center  et_pb_blurb_position_top et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_blurb_content\">\n					<div class=\"et_pb_main_blurb_image\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><span class=\"et-waypoint et_pb_animation_top et_pb_animation_top_tablet et_pb_animation_top_phone et-pb-icon et-pb-icon-circle et-pb-icon-circle-border\"></span></span></div>\n					<div class=\"et_pb_blurb_container\">\n						\n						<div class=\"et_pb_blurb_description\">Energy &amp; Resilience</div>\n					</div>\n				</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_toggle et_pb_toggle_2 et_pb_toggle_item  et_pb_toggle_close\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">Envelope</h5>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\">Air Infiltration<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nExterior Wall Systems<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nRoof Replacement and Upgrades<br />\nWindows and Skylights</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_toggle et_pb_toggle_3 et_pb_toggle_item  et_pb_toggle_close\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">Lighting</h5>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nLight Pollution Reduction</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_toggle et_pb_toggle_4 et_pb_toggle_item  et_pb_toggle_close\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">HVAC</h5>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\">Chilled Beams<br />\nDemand Control Ventilation (DCV)<br />\nHigh-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls<br />\nVariable Frequency Drives (VFD)</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_toggle et_pb_toggle_5 et_pb_toggle_item  et_pb_toggle_close\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">Energy Supply</h5>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)<br />\nGreen Power<br />\nThermal Energy Storage<br />\nOn-site Renewable Energy and Geothermal Systems</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_toggle et_pb_toggle_6 et_pb_toggle_item  et_pb_toggle_close\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">Back-up Systems</h5>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nEmergency Water Supply and Storage<br />\nStorm Preparation and Emergency Planning</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_4 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_with_border et_pb_module et_pb_blurb et_pb_blurb_2  et_pb_text_align_center  et_pb_blurb_position_top et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_blurb_content\">\n					<div class=\"et_pb_main_blurb_image\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><span class=\"et-waypoint et_pb_animation_top et_pb_animation_top_tablet et_pb_animation_top_phone et-pb-icon et-pb-icon-circle et-pb-icon-circle-border\"></span></span></div>\n					<div class=\"et_pb_blurb_container\">\n						<h2 class=\"et_pb_module_header\"><span>Environment & Health</span></h2>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_toggle et_pb_toggle_7 et_pb_toggle_item  et_pb_toggle_close\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">Water</h5>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\">On-site Alternative Water Reuse<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Water Heaters<br />\nIndoor Water Conservation</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_toggle et_pb_toggle_8 et_pb_toggle_item  et_pb_toggle_close\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">Waste &amp; Materials</h5>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\">	Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction<br />\n	Non-Toxic Materials<br />\n	Source Reduction and Recycling<br />\n	Sustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_toggle et_pb_toggle_9 et_pb_toggle_item  et_pb_toggle_close\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">Indoor Air Quality</h5>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\">Entryway Systems<br />\nGreen Cleaning<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management<br />\nMoisture Control<br />\nNatural Ventilation</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_toggle et_pb_toggle_10 et_pb_toggle_item  et_pb_toggle_close\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">Occupant Health and Productivity</h5>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\">Acoustic Comfort<br />\nActive Living<br />\nBiophilic Design<br />\nFlexible Workspaces<br />\nIndividual Comfort Controls<br />\nViews and Operable Windows</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_4 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_with_border et_pb_module et_pb_blurb et_pb_blurb_3  et_pb_text_align_center  et_pb_blurb_position_top et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_blurb_content\">\n					<div class=\"et_pb_main_blurb_image\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><span class=\"et-waypoint et_pb_animation_top et_pb_animation_top_tablet et_pb_animation_top_phone et-pb-icon et-pb-icon-circle et-pb-icon-circle-border\"></span></span></div>\n					<div class=\"et_pb_blurb_container\">\n						\n						<div class=\"et_pb_blurb_description\">BuildingPerformance</div>\n					</div>\n				</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_toggle et_pb_toggle_11 et_pb_toggle_item  et_pb_toggle_close\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">Operations &amp; Maintenance</h5>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\">ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load<br />\nDemand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nPreventative Maintenance<br />\nOperator and Occupant Training<br />\nRecycling Centers</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_toggle et_pb_toggle_12 et_pb_toggle_item  et_pb_toggle_close\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">Evaluation</h5>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\">Building Evaluation<br />\nDemand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nRe-Commissioning</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_toggle et_pb_toggle_13 et_pb_toggle_item  et_pb_toggle_close\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">Smart Infrastructure</h5>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\">Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB)<br />\nSmart Metering<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nSolar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Case Studies</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_divider et_pb_divider_0 et_pb_divider_position_ et_pb_space\"><div class=\"et_pb_divider_internal\"></div></div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_portfolio_0 et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_portfolio_grid clearfix\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_ajax_pagination_container\">\n					\n					\n					\n					\n					<div class=\"et_pb_portfolio_grid_items\">\n										<div id=\"post-1034\" class=\"post-1034 project type-project status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry project_category-existingcommercial et_pb_portfolio_item et_pb_portfolio_item_0_0 et_pb_grid_item\">\n\n										<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/project/highland-park-senior-youth-center-solar-islanding-study/\" title=\"Highland Park Senior/Youth Center Solar Islanding Study\">\n													<span class=\"et_portfolio_image\">\n								<img src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/EC-Senior-Youth-Center-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Highland Park Senior/Youth Center Solar Islanding Study\" width=\"400\" height=\"284\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/EC-Senior-Youth-Center-Fig-2.png 479w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/EC-Senior-Youth-Center-Fig-2.png 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width:479px) 479px, 100vw\" />								<span class=\"et_overlay\"></span>							</span>\n											</a>\n					\n					<h2 class=\"et_pb_module_header\"><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/project/highland-park-senior-youth-center-solar-islanding-study/\" title=\"Highland Park Senior/Youth Center Solar Islanding Study\">Highland Park Senior/Youth Center Solar Islanding Study</a></h2>\n				</div>\n								<div id=\"post-1025\" class=\"post-1025 project type-project status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry project_category-existingcommercial et_pb_portfolio_item et_pb_portfolio_item_0_1 et_pb_grid_item\">\n\n										<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/project/highland-park-reformed-church-solar-islanding-study/\" title=\"Highland Park Reformed Church Solar Islanding Study\">\n													<span class=\"et_portfolio_image\">\n								<img src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Highland Park Reformed Church Solar Islanding Study\" width=\"400\" height=\"284\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Fig-3.png 479w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Fig-3.png 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width:479px) 479px, 100vw\" />								<span class=\"et_overlay\"></span>							</span>\n											</a>\n					\n					<h2 class=\"et_pb_module_header\"><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/project/highland-park-reformed-church-solar-islanding-study/\" title=\"Highland Park Reformed Church Solar Islanding Study\">Highland Park Reformed Church Solar Islanding Study</a></h2>\n				</div>\n								<div id=\"post-958\" class=\"post-958 project type-project status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry project_category-existingcommercial et_pb_portfolio_item et_pb_portfolio_item_0_2 et_pb_grid_item\">\n\n										<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/project/heatwave-resilience-case-study/\" title=\"Heatwave Resilience Case Study\">\n													<span class=\"et_portfolio_image\">\n								<img src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Heatwave-Study-Fig-1-1-e1553020265316.png\" alt=\"Heatwave Resilience Case Study\" width=\"400\" height=\"284\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Heatwave-Study-Fig-1-1-e1553020265316.png 479w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Heatwave-Study-Fig-1-1-e1553020265316.png 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width:479px) 479px, 100vw\" />								<span class=\"et_overlay\"></span>							</span>\n											</a>\n					\n					<h2 class=\"et_pb_module_header\"><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/project/heatwave-resilience-case-study/\" title=\"Heatwave Resilience Case Study\">Heatwave Resilience Case Study</a></h2>\n				</div>\n								<div id=\"post-952\" class=\"post-952 project type-project status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry project_category-existingcommercial et_pb_portfolio_item et_pb_portfolio_item_0_3 et_pb_grid_item\">\n\n										<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/project/highland-park-high-school-and-middle-school-solar-islanding-study/\" title=\"Highland Park High School and Middle School Solar Islanding Study\">\n													<span class=\"et_portfolio_image\">\n								<img src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/HP-Middle-School.jpg\" alt=\"Highland Park High School and Middle School Solar Islanding Study\" width=\"400\" height=\"284\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/HP-Middle-School.jpg 479w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/HP-Middle-School.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width:479px) 479px, 100vw\" />								<span class=\"et_overlay\"></span>							</span>\n											</a>\n					\n					<h2 class=\"et_pb_module_header\"><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/project/highland-park-high-school-and-middle-school-solar-islanding-study/\" title=\"Highland Park High School and Middle School Solar Islanding Study\">Highland Park High School and Middle School Solar Islanding Study</a></h2>\n				</div>\n								<div id=\"post-946\" class=\"post-946 project type-project status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry project_category-existingcommercial et_pb_portfolio_item et_pb_portfolio_item_0_4 et_pb_grid_item\">\n\n										<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/project/load-shedding-study/\" title=\"Load Shedding Study\">\n													<span class=\"et_portfolio_image\">\n								<img src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Load-Shedding-FIgure-1-e1557884612816.png\" alt=\"Load Shedding Study\" width=\"400\" height=\"284\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Load-Shedding-FIgure-1-e1557884612816.png 479w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Load-Shedding-FIgure-1-e1557884612816.png 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width:479px) 479px, 100vw\" />								<span class=\"et_overlay\"></span>							</span>\n											</a>\n					\n					<h2 class=\"et_pb_module_header\"><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/project/load-shedding-study/\" title=\"Load Shedding Study\">Load Shedding Study</a></h2>\n				</div>\n								<div id=\"post-938\" class=\"post-938 project type-project status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry project_category-existingcommercial et_pb_portfolio_item et_pb_portfolio_item_0_5 et_pb_grid_item\">\n\n										<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/project/river-resource-center-of-musconetcong-watershed-association-asbury-nj/\" title=\"River Resource Center of Musconetcong Watershed Association – Asbury, NJ\">\n													<span class=\"et_portfolio_image\">\n								<img src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Musconetcong-Feature-Image.png\" alt=\"River Resource Center of Musconetcong Watershed Association – Asbury, NJ\" width=\"400\" height=\"284\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Musconetcong-Feature-Image.png 479w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Musconetcong-Feature-Image.png 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width:479px) 479px, 100vw\" />								<span class=\"et_overlay\"></span>							</span>\n											</a>\n					\n					<h2 class=\"et_pb_module_header\"><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/project/river-resource-center-of-musconetcong-watershed-association-asbury-nj/\" title=\"River Resource Center of Musconetcong Watershed Association – Asbury, NJ\">River Resource Center of Musconetcong Watershed Association – Asbury, NJ</a></h2>\n				</div>\n								<div id=\"post-933\" class=\"post-933 project type-project status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry project_category-existingcommercial et_pb_portfolio_item et_pb_portfolio_item_0_6 et_pb_grid_item\">\n\n										<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/project/atrium-ii-secaucus-nj/\" title=\"Atrium II – Secaucus, NJ\">\n													<span class=\"et_portfolio_image\">\n								<img src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Atrium-II-Featured-Image.png\" alt=\"Atrium II – Secaucus, NJ\" width=\"400\" height=\"284\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Atrium-II-Featured-Image.png 479w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Atrium-II-Featured-Image.png 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width:479px) 479px, 100vw\" />								<span class=\"et_overlay\"></span>							</span>\n											</a>\n					\n					<h2 class=\"et_pb_module_header\"><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/project/atrium-ii-secaucus-nj/\" title=\"Atrium II – Secaucus, NJ\">Atrium II – Secaucus, NJ</a></h2>\n				</div>\n								<div id=\"post-928\" class=\"post-928 project type-project status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry project_category-existingcommercial et_pb_portfolio_item et_pb_portfolio_item_0_7 et_pb_grid_item\">\n\n										<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/project/sheraton-lincoln-harbor-hotel-weehawken-nj/\" title=\"Sheraton Lincoln Harbor Hotel – Weehawken, NJ\">\n													<span class=\"et_portfolio_image\">\n								<img src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Sheraton-Featured-Image-.png\" alt=\"Sheraton Lincoln Harbor Hotel – Weehawken, NJ\" width=\"400\" height=\"284\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Sheraton-Featured-Image-.png 479w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Sheraton-Featured-Image-.png 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width:479px) 479px, 100vw\" />								<span class=\"et_overlay\"></span>							</span>\n											</a>\n					\n					<h2 class=\"et_pb_module_header\"><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/project/sheraton-lincoln-harbor-hotel-weehawken-nj/\" title=\"Sheraton Lincoln Harbor Hotel – Weehawken, NJ\">Sheraton Lincoln Harbor Hotel – Weehawken, NJ</a></h2>\n				</div>\n								<div id=\"post-793\" class=\"post-793 project type-project status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry project_category-existingcommercial et_pb_portfolio_item et_pb_portfolio_item_0_8 et_pb_grid_item\">\n\n										<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/project/gaming-laboratories-international-world-headquarters-lakewood-nj/\" title=\"Gaming Laboratories International World Headquarters – Lakewood, NJ\">\n													<span class=\"et_portfolio_image\">\n								<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GLI-Featured-Image-.png\" alt=\"Gaming Laboratories International World Headquarters – Lakewood, NJ\" width=\"400\" height=\"284\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GLI-Featured-Image-.png 479w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GLI-Featured-Image-.png 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width:479px) 479px, 100vw\" />								<span class=\"et_overlay\"></span>							</span>\n											</a>\n					\n					<h2 class=\"et_pb_module_header\"><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/project/gaming-laboratories-international-world-headquarters-lakewood-nj/\" title=\"Gaming Laboratories International World Headquarters – Lakewood, NJ\">Gaming Laboratories International World Headquarters – Lakewood, NJ</a></h2>\n				</div>\n				\n					</div>\n					\n				</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(2919,1013,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2023-11-22 18:59:53'),(2920,1013,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(2921,1013,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(2922,1013,'_wp_page_template','default');
INSERT INTO `wp_postmeta` VALUES (2923,1013,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(2924,1013,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_right_sidebar'),(2925,1013,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(2926,1013,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(2928,1019,'_menu_item_type','post_type'),(2929,1019,'_menu_item_menu_item_parent','0'),(2930,1019,'_menu_item_object_id','1013'),(2931,1019,'_menu_item_object','page'),(2932,1019,'_menu_item_target',''),(2933,1019,'_menu_item_classes','a:1:{i:0;s:0:\"\";}'),(2934,1019,'_menu_item_xfn',''),(2935,1019,'_menu_item_url',''),(2937,1020,'_menu_item_type','post_type'),(2938,1020,'_menu_item_menu_item_parent','0'),(2939,1020,'_menu_item_object_id','1003'),(2940,1020,'_menu_item_object','page'),(2941,1020,'_menu_item_target',''),(2942,1020,'_menu_item_classes','a:1:{i:0;s:0:\"\";}'),(2943,1020,'_menu_item_xfn',''),(2944,1020,'_menu_item_url',''),(2946,702,'_wp_old_date','2022-03-09'),(2947,923,'_wp_old_date','2022-03-09'),(2948,1021,'_menu_item_type','post_type'),(2949,1021,'_menu_item_menu_item_parent','812'),(2950,1021,'_menu_item_object_id','1013'),(2951,1021,'_menu_item_object','page'),(2952,1021,'_menu_item_target',''),(2953,1021,'_menu_item_classes','a:1:{i:0;s:0:\"\";}'),(2954,1021,'_menu_item_xfn',''),(2955,1021,'_menu_item_url',''),(2958,1013,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','8'),(2982,1025,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(2983,1025,'_edit_last','2'),(2984,1025,'_edit_lock','1647481791:2'),(2986,1025,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(2987,1025,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(2988,1025,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(2989,1025,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1025\" /]'),(2990,1025,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(2991,1025,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(2993,1025,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(2994,1025,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(2995,1025,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Highland Park Reformed Church Solar Islanding Study</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Highland Park, NJ</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_3_5 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">The Highland Park Reformed Church was one of three potentials sites for community shelters studied as part of the Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015).  The site fulfills at least some of the desirable traits of an emergency shelter and provides examples of community resiliency planning at the building level.<br />\nWhy is it important?<br />\nSuperstorm Sandy affected Highland Park and many other places following its landfall in October 2012. Among the most severe impacts for Highland Park residents were electric power outages lasting up to two weeks for portions of the municipality. This experience highlighted a need to better prepare for similar situations in the future.<br />\nA set of community gathering spaces can be equipped with the capability of supporting basic functions for community residents whose homes have lost power or are otherwise uninhabitable.  Sheltered spaces are needed so that residents can rest comfortably, charge their phones, and have access to basic heating and cooking facilities enabled by resilient sources of electric power.<br />\nSolar arrays outfitted with battery storage and islanding inverters can be expected to provide emergency “power islands” during times of storm or other grid outages. When implemented in community meeting places that can function independently of the grid, solar islanding increases community resiliency. In the Highland Park Reformed Church case study, the existing solar arrays if converted to solar power islands would be able ‘to provide only modest emergency’ power.<br />\nAvailable energy also depends on season and system engineering specifications. Thus, a critical step in planning for solar islanding capabilities is to analyze power demands and associated functions that benefit from solar islanding.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_4\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<a href=\"/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Maplewood.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"998\" height=\"490\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Reformed Church Site\" title=\"EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Fig-1\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Fig-1.png 998w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Fig-1-300x147.png 300w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Fig-1-768x377.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 998px) 100vw, 998px\" class=\"wp-image-568\" /></span></a>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Figure 1 – Reformed Church Site</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">For Whom is This Useful?<br />\nBecause solar islanding has the potential to improve community resiliency, the following case study is most useful to municipalities and institutional building owners motivated to prepare community spaces for future power outages. Such institutional buildings might include schools and community shelters.<br />\nSummary of Location and Resiliency Characteristics: Reformed Church<br />\nThe Reformed Church is more than 120 years old and the complex includes sections built over many decades. As a result, the electric system is segmented and should be easy to rewire the circuits to serve critical loads for emergency scenarios.<br />\nThe complex has a strong record of serving as an emergency gathering place and hosted large numbers of displaced community residents during Sandy.<br />\nThe community room (Social Hall) of the church is equipped with a full kitchen and dozens of portable cots for overnight emergency guests. Its floor area is approximately 5,000 square feet.<br />\nA field visit to the Reformed Church (4/29/15, 11:00 am, sunny) confirmed that two rooftop solar arrays serve the church complex, one on the church roof and the other on the attached residence for young woman aging out of foster care. They appear to be 2 x 6,400 W arrays. They have a shared savings program with Sun Farm Network to pay back the $110k investment through their electricity bills over time.<br />\nA natural gas-fired hot water boiler provides heating with electric circulating pumps. Domestic hot water and cooking equipment are also natural gas-fired. The dishwasher and refrigerators require electricity.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_5\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"732\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Street Entrance from S. 2nd Ave (left). Rack mounted solar panels (42 X 102W) atop one of the 3 buildings at the Reformed Church (right)\" title=\"EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Fig-2\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Fig-2.png 732w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Fig-2-300x148.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 732px) 100vw, 732px\" class=\"wp-image-121\" /></span>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Figure 2 – Street Entrance from S. 2nd Ave (left). Rack mounted solar panels (42 X 102W) atop one of the 3 buildings at the Reformed Church (right)</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_6\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"410\" height=\"514\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Gathering space at Reformed Church – Social Hall\" title=\"EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Fig-3\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Fig-3.png 410w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Fig-3-239x300.png 239w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\" class=\"wp-image-484\" /></span>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Figure 3 – Gathering space at Reformed Church – Social Hall<br />\nElectricity Demand Calculation<br />\nThree questions were posed to determine critical electrical loads in the study:</p>\n<p>Must it be continuously available?<br />\nAre there any affordable and convenient substitutes?<br />\nWhat are the consequences for human health and economic costs?</p>\n<p>As seen in the High School/Middle School case study, the electricity demand associated with HVAC, lighting, and cooking can be quite high (see Table 1). These uses may require paring back significantly during an outage situation where the solar system plays the predominant energy supply role. A reasonable level of electricity demand could provide phone and computer charging, and emergency lighting. Cooking could rely chiefly on natural gas-fired equipment.<br />\nThe Reformed Church is owned and operated by a nonprofit religious organization. It is not a part of the municipal government or the school district. It raises revenue mostly from donations, and its ability to take on debt is limited. It must meet building codes, but it does not need to follow governmental procurement processes and hence can act nimbly. The church leadership can pursue donations, grants, and third-party financing to acquire solar islanding capability.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_7\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"784\" height=\"926\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Table-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Electricity Demand Calculation for Reformed Church Social Hall – 12 hours.\" title=\"EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Table-1\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Table-1.png 784w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Table-1-254x300.png 254w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Reformed-Church-Table-1-768x907.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px\" class=\"wp-image-349\" /></span>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Table 1 – Electricity Demand Calculation for Reformed Church Social Hall – 12 hours.<br />\nCost Projections<br />\nA resilient system solution to enable sheltering capabilities at the Reformed Church would combine substantial solar photovoltaic generation with reasonably sized battery storage on site, both of which are sizeable investments.<br />\nGrid-tied solar arrays have a long history, and the costs have been coming down gradually with time, as competitive market factors have had their effect. Figure 1 shows data on costs for different kinds of renewable generation sources.  The most relevant match to the systems Highland Park might consider would be the “PV 100-1,000” data point, which translates to about $3.5 to $4 per Watt, installed. This price includes the inverter, fixtures, and wiring. Parking structure arrays are probably a somewhat higher cost as they involve very sturdy designs intended to withstand very high winds.  These systems might be $5/W or more, depending on the configuration.<br />\nBattery systems installed to provide resilient power backup have less track record.  Also, retrofit projects added onto existing solar require an upgrade to the existing power inverter for the system.  Newer inverters can provide the islanding capability not designed into the earlier New Jersey installations.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_8\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1020\" height=\"588\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Solar-Islanding-School-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Solar array installed costs for different system sizes (Source: NREL Energy Analysis. 2016)\" title=\"EC-HP-Solar-Islanding-School-Fig-3\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Solar-Islanding-School-Fig-3.png 1020w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Solar-Islanding-School-Fig-3-300x173.png 300w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Solar-Islanding-School-Fig-3-768x443.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\" class=\"wp-image-66\" /></span>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Figure 4 – Solar array installed costs for different system sizes (Source: NREL Energy Analysis. 2016)</p>\n<p>Funding Opportunities<br />\nNew Jersey is committed to a renewable energy future, and incentives for renewable energy development often are available. For the most up-to-date information on renewable energy policy and incentive structures, visit the NJ Board of Public Utilities website http://www.bpu.state.nj.us/.<br />\nResources<br />\nHighland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015). Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey.</p></div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_5 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)<br />\nDemand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nEmergency Water Supply and Storage<br />\nEnergy Star Equipment and Plug Loads<br />\nOn-site Renewable Energy Systems<br />\nRoof Replacements and Upgrades<br />\nSmart Metering<br />\nSolar Islanding and Micro-Grid Ready Solar PV<br />\nStorm Preparation and Emergency Planning<br />\nThermal Energy Storage</p></div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(2996,1025,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-10 10:52:16'),(2997,1025,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(2998,1025,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(2999,1025,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3000,1025,'_et_pb_project_nav','off'),(3001,1025,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_right_sidebar'),(3002,1025,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3003,1025,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3005,568,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Reformed Church Site'),(3006,121,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Street Entrance from S. 2nd Ave (left). Rack mounted solar panels (42 X 102W) atop one of the 3 buildings at the Reformed Church (right)'),(3007,484,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 3 – Gathering space at Reformed Church – Social Hall'),(3008,349,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Table 1 – Electricity Demand Calculation for Reformed Church Social Hall – 12 hours.'),(3009,1025,'_thumbnail_id','484'),(3012,1034,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3013,1034,'_edit_last','2'),(3014,1034,'_edit_lock','1651069713:2'),(3016,71,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Senior/Youth Center Site'),(3017,585,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 -View of Senior/Youth Center from street entrance on S. 6th Ave.'),(3019,103,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Table 1 – Critical Electricity Load Calculation for the Senior/Youth Center'),(3020,1034,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3021,1034,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3022,1034,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3023,1034,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1034\" /]'),(3024,1034,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3025,1034,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3027,1034,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3028,1034,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3029,1034,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Highland Park Senior/Youth Center Solar Islanding Study</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Highland Park, NJ</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_3_5 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">The Highland Park Senior/Youth Center was one of three potentials sites for community shelters studied as part of the Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015).  The site fulfills at least some of the desirable traits of an emergency shelter and provides examples of community resiliency planning at the building level.<br />\nWhy is it Important?<br />\nSuperstorm Sandy affected Highland Park and many other places following its landfall in October 2012. Among the most severe impacts for Highland Park residents were electric power outages lasting up to two weeks for portions of the municipality. This experience highlighted a need to better prepare for similar situations in the future.<br />\nA set of adequately equipped community gathering spaces can support basic functions for community residents whose homes have lost power or are otherwise uninhabitable. Sheltered spaces are needed so that residents can rest comfortably, charge their phones, and have access to basic heating and cooking facilities enabled by resilient sources of electric power.<br />\nSolar arrays outfitted with battery storage and islanding inverters can provide emergency “power islands” during times of storm or other grid outages. When implemented in community meeting places that can function independently of the grid, solar islanding increases community resiliency.  In the Highland Park Senior/Youth case study, the existing solar arrays if converted to solar power islands would be able ‘to provide only modest emergency’ power.<br />\nAvailable energy also depends on season and system engineering specifications. Thus, a critical step in planning for solar islanding capabilities is to analyze power demands and associated functions that benefit from solar islanding.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_0\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<a href=\"/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Maplewood.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img width=\"718\" height=\"414\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/EC-HP-Senior-Youth-Center-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Senior/Youth Center Site\" title=\"EC-HP-Senior-Youth-Center-Fig-1\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/EC-HP-Senior-Youth-Center-Fig-1.png 718w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/EC-HP-Senior-Youth-Center-Fig-1-300x173.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 718px) 100vw, 718px\" class=\"wp-image-71\" /></span></a>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Figure 1 – Senior/Youth Center Site</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">For whom is this useful?<br />\nBecause solar islanding has the potential to improve community resiliency, the following case study is most useful to municipalities and institutional building owners motivated to prepare community spaces for future power outages. Such institutional buildings might include schools and community shelters.<br />\nSummary of Location and Resiliency Characteristics: Youth/Senior Center<br />\nThe Senior/Youth Center, located next to two senior housing apartment complexes, serves as a meeting place for local senior citizens and has a wide variety of social, recreational, and daily educational activities for the benefit and enjoyment of Highland Park Seniors.<br />\nA field visit to the facility (4/29/15 12:00 pm, sunny) confirms that it is a 1-story building and has ample parking right near its entrance. As one enters the building, there is a large hall on the left, currently utilized as a space for communal meals with subdividing electro-mechanical doors that can reconfigured for different events or activities, potentially serving as a community gathering space.<br />\nA natural gas-fired hot water boiler heats the building with electric circulating pumps (2 x 3/4 HP). Domestic hot water is also gas-fired. The kitchen has an electric stove, dishwasher, refrigerator, and microwave oven. It is unlikely to be able to operate without a substantial backup generator because of the electric stove.<br />\nSome rewiring is required to allow the Borough Hall &amp; Fire Station solar arrays to serve the Senior/Youth Center. With about (28,560 + 6,012 = 34,572 W) 35 kW peak available, there is ample power available to charge cell phones, provide electric light (at a reduced level), and run the heating hot water circulating pumps. There may also be enough electricity to operate a microwave oven, but full-service food preparation and heating are likely not achievable, depending on the season and weather patterns.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_1\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img width=\"576\" height=\"418\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/EC-Senior-Youth-Center-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 -View of Senior/Youth Center from street entrance on S. 6th Ave.\" title=\"EC-Senior-Youth-Center-Fig-2\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/EC-Senior-Youth-Center-Fig-2.png 576w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/EC-Senior-Youth-Center-Fig-2-300x218.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" class=\"wp-image-585\" /></span>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Figure 2 &#8211; View of Senior/Youth Center from street entrance on S. 6th Ave.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Electricity Demand Calculation<br />\nThree questions were posed to determine critical electrical loads in the study:</p>\n<p>Must it be continuously available?<br />\nAre there any affordable and convenient substitutes?<br />\nWhat are the consequences for human health and economic costs?</p>\n<p>From interviews with the Senior Community Director, Ms. Kim Perkins, it is understood that the following electrical loads are critical to host any gathering of people comfortably and maintain the status quo of the facility’s operations (see Table 1).</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_2\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img width=\"754\" height=\"742\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/EC-Senior-Youth-Center-Table-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Critical Electricity Load Calculation for the Senior/Youth Center\" title=\"EC-Senior-Youth-Center-Table-1\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/EC-Senior-Youth-Center-Table-1.png 754w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/EC-Senior-Youth-Center-Table-1-300x295.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\" class=\"wp-image-103\" /></span>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Table 1 – Critical Electricity Load Calculation for the Senior/Youth Center<br />\nThe numbers in Table 1 illustrate four important points that help to address the questions above concerning critical electrical loads. First, the all-electric kitchen contributes greatly to the electricity load in the Senior/Youth Center. Second, lighting, and to a lesser extent the relatively simple space heating system also significantly boost electricity demand. If lighting is used mostly at night, and the stove is parsimoniously used, the total electricity demand would drop significantly. This building is smaller than the other case study buildings and the solar arrays serving it (Borough Hall, Fire Station Parking Lot) are larger, so they may be able to supply adequate electricity even in winter. Third, heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) energy requirements at the Senior/Youth Center (and most other) buildings are very large. During a power emergency, it may not be possible to operate these systems, at least not based solely on a solar+battery power source. Finally, charging cellphones and laptops is less of a concern because these devices do not consume much electrical energy. However, the ability to communicate to family members and loved ones during an emergency situation is important in supporting psychological well-being.<br />\nFunding Opportunities<br />\n New Jersey is committed to a renewable energy future, and incentives for renewable energy development often are available. For the most up-to-date information on renewable energy policy and incentive structures, visit the NJ Board of Public Utilities website http://www.bpu.state.nj.us/.<br />\nCost Projections<br />\nA resilient system solution to enable sheltering capabilities at the Senior/Youth Center would combine substantial solar photovoltaic generation with reasonably sized battery storage on site, both of which are sizeable investments.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_3\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img width=\"1020\" height=\"588\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Solar-Islanding-School-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Solar array installed costs for different system sizes (Source: NREL Energy Analysis. 2016)\" title=\"EC-HP-Solar-Islanding-School-Fig-3\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Solar-Islanding-School-Fig-3.png 1020w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Solar-Islanding-School-Fig-3-300x173.png 300w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-HP-Solar-Islanding-School-Fig-3-768x443.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\" class=\"wp-image-66\" /></span>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Figure 3 – Solar array installed costs for different system sizes (Source: NREL Energy Analysis. 2016)</p>\n<p>&nbsp;<br />\nGrid-tied solar arrays have a long history, and the costs have been coming down gradually with time, as competitive market factors have had their effect. Figure 1 shows recent (2016) data on costs for different kinds of renewable generation sources.  The most relevant match to the systems Highland Park might consider would be the “PV 100-1,000” data point, which translates to about $3.5 to $4 per Watt, installed. This price includes the inverter, fixtures, and wiring. Parking structure arrays are probably a somewhat higher cost as they involve very sturdy designs intended to withstand very high winds.  These systems might be $5/W or more, depending on the configuration.<br />\nBattery systems installed to provide resilient power backup have less track record.  Also, retrofit projects added onto existing solar require an upgrade to the existing power inverter for the system.  Newer inverters can provide the islanding capability not designed into the earlier New Jersey installations.<br />\nResources<br />\nHighland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015). Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey.</p></div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_5 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)<br />\nDemand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nEmergency Water Supply and Storage<br />\nEnergy Star Equipment and Plug Loads<br />\nOn-site Renewable Energy Systems<br />\nRoof Replacements and Upgrades<br />\nSmart Metering<br />\nSolar Islanding and Micro-Grid Ready Solar PV<br />\nStorm Preparation and Emergency Planning<br />\nThermal Energy Storage</p></div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3030,1034,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-10 10:52:15'),(3031,1034,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3032,1034,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3033,1034,'_wp_old_slug','auto-draft'),(3034,1034,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3035,1034,'_et_pb_project_nav','off'),(3036,1034,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_right_sidebar'),(3037,1034,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3038,1034,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3040,1034,'_thumbnail_id','585'),(3043,1034,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','4'),(3059,1003,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','8'),(3069,1045,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3070,1045,'_edit_last','2'),(3071,1045,'_edit_lock','1650917217:3'),(3073,173,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Table 1. A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process'),(3074,1045,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3077,1045,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3078,1045,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3079,1045,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1045\" /]'),(3080,1045,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3081,1045,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3083,1045,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3084,1045,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3085,1045,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Integrated Design Process</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_29  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is an Integrated Design Process?<br />\nBuilding systems are interdependent and require cooperation and creative thinking across disciplines. An integrated design process identifies opportunities to achieve synergies across disciplines and building systems throughout the planning and design phases and beyond.[1] For example, decision-making about building shape, orientation, and window placement relates to several green building considerations and relies on the knowledge of multiple disciplines; these building envelope strategies impact heating and cooling loads as well as occupant satisfaction and even productivity, a function of thermal comfort and daylighting.[2] With an integrated design process that considers these multiple benefits, and sometimes trade-offs among them, it is much more likely that the building performs as intended and achieves projected cost savings.<br />\nMany green building strategies also convey resiliency benefits or “the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events.”[3] At the building level, these include an emphasis on daylighting, superior insulation values, thermal massing and on-site renewable energy, and water harvesting. These strategies reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling and other critical functions, making buildings more resilient to power outages and disruptive events.<br />\nA successfully integrative design process challenges project teams to design, build, and manage high-performance homes that are both green and resilient.</p>\n<p>How to Implement an Integrated Design Process<br />\nA truly integrated design process includes ongoing interactions among the entire project team and uses tools and modeling software to support and reinforce design integration.<br />\nThe following are standards and guidelines for incorporating an integrated design process.The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Integrative Process (IP) – ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© – Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities identify best practices for developing an integrated process.[4]</p>\n<p>The American Institute of Architect (AIA) Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) outlines a step-by-step process for client, design, and construction teams to achieve IPD goals.[5]<br />\nLEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise credit requirements for the Integrative Process include the following three options:[6]</p>\n<p>Form an interdisciplinary “Integrative Project Team” that meets regularly throughout the different phases of the building project.<br />\nHold a “Design Charrette” with the project team.<br />\nHold a “Trades Training” on green project aspects before construction begins.</p>\n<p>RELi,[7] a national consensus standard for resilient design, requires a “Panoramic Approach” that includes “Pre-Planning and Discovery” and “Systems Thinking Design.”[8]</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nBridgeton Revitalization Project, Bridgeton, NJ.<br />\nThe Bridgeton Revitalization Project used an integrated design process to incorporate green affordable housing into the town’s historic district. Several public meetings were held throughout the project to garner support and to gather input from residents, neighbors and staff of the local housing authority.[9] The project’s unique historic location made it important to involve private stakeholders and experts early in the process, especially to coordinate the project’s utility and street improvements.[10] A whole building approach encouraged the engineers, the builder and the architect to consider sustainable materials and systems in all aspects of the project.[11]<br />\nThis process not only created greener affordable housing for the municipality, it also ensured that the people who would be living in or near the new buildings were actively involved in determining the form that the development would take. This example illustrates how an integrated design process can help address both environmental and social issues related to a new residential development and result in a successful project.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEarly coordination regarding the interactions of complex building systems can maximize effectiveness and output of these systems and reduce total project costs.[12]<br />\nAn integrated design process can result in a project that:</p>\n<p>Increases the opportunity to achieve more aggressive sustainability goals<br />\nOptimizes energy efficiency and incorporates alternative energies<br />\nRecognizes and plans for synergies between green building and resilient design<br />\nMoves beyond minimizing environmental impacts to creating positive, regenerative impacts on the environment<br />\nMaximizes cost effectiveness</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe integrated design process can both minimize incremental capital cost and result in operational savings. Capital cost can be redistributed to achieve high-performance goals without incremental costs. For example, the opportunity to eliminate or reduce the size of equipment or systems can offset the higher first cost of some energy efficiency strategies.  An integrated approach can also reduce operational expenditures through increased communication amongst the project team, resulting in a more efficient design.<br />\nCosts associated with an integrated design process may include things like additional consultant fees to facilitate a goal-setting workshop and time and associated costs of having project team members participate in additional meetings and coordination.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nAn integrated design process provides an opportunity for project teams to incorporate resilient design strategies into green building practice. Project teams may want to consider the following when identifying and evaluating green building strategies that also offer resiliency benefits.[13]</p>\n<p>Understand regional impacts: Identify climate impacts for the building’s location.<br />\nEvaluate performance targets: Understand how the building performs under current peak climate conditions.<br />\nConduct a scenario analysis: Analyze how the building responds to projected climate impacts, modeling different system options under a variety of climatic conditions.<br />\nConsider resilient deign strategies: Evaluate resilient design strategies that provide passive or efficient responses to more extreme climate events such as higher or lower temperatures, greater wind speeds, and increased or decreased precipitation levels, to maintain occupant comfort while preventing increased energy use.</p>\n<p>[1] USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. (Updated April 6, 2018). Credit. Integrative Process. Page 10. https://new.usgbc.org (accessed June 10, 2018).<br />\n[2] City of New York Department of Design and Construction. 1999. “High Performance Building Guidelines.” Page 17. http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[3] National Academy of Sciences. 2012. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.<br />\n[4] Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© February 2, 2012, for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities. https://webstore.ansi.org (Search: Integrative Process)<br />\n[5] American Institute of Architects (AIA). 2007. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council. Version 1. http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf (accessed June 10, 2018).<br />\n[6] USGBC. LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise (Updated Oct 2, 2017). Credit. Integrative Process. Page 7-8. https://new.usgbc.org (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[7] The RELI Action List is a resource included in the RELi Green + Resilient Property Underwriting Standard. At the time of this publication, the USGBC was working to synthesize the LEED Resilient Design pilot credits with RELi’s Hazard Mitigation and Adaptation credits.<br />\n[8] The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783 (accessed June 10, 2018).<br />\n[9] Affordable Housing Design Advisor (AHDA). New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT). Bridgeton Revitalization. https://web.njit.edu/abs/green/bridgeton.htm (accessed March 20, 2018).<br />\n[10] AHDA. NJIT. Bridgeton Revitalization.<br />\n[11] Ibid.<br />\n[12] ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2014. Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings, Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. https://ashrae.iwrapper.com/ViewOnline/Standard_189.1-2014 (accessed Feb 23, 2018).<br />\n[13] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_30  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Energy Modeling<br />\nLife Cycle Assessment (LCA)<br />\nLife Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_31  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Green Building Advisor – Integrated Design Process<br />\nGreen Building Rating Systems and Guidelines</p>\n<p>ENERGY STAR Certified Homes Program<br />\nEnterprise Community – Disaster Recovery and Rebuilding<br />\nInsurance Institute for Business and Home Safety (IBHS) FORTIFIED Home<br />\nPassive House Institute US (PHIUS)<br />\nUS DOE Zero Energy Ready Home<br />\nUS EPA – Renewable Energy Ready Homes (RERH)<br />\nUSGBC – LEED for Homes v4</p>\n<p>Resilient Design Institute<br />\nUSGBC Center for Resilience<br />\nU.S. Department of Energy – Whole-House Systems Approach<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design<br />\nEngage the Integrated Design Process</p></div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3086,1045,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:33:21'),(3087,1045,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3088,1045,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3090,1045,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3091,1045,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3092,1045,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3093,1045,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3094,1045,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3095,1045,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3096,1045,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3116,1054,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3117,1054,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3118,1054,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3119,1054,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3120,1054,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3121,1054,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3122,1054,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3123,1054,'_et_pb_truncate_post',''),(3124,1054,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date',''),(3125,1054,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3126,1054,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3127,1054,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3128,1054,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3129,1054,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3130,1054,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.8'),(3132,1056,'_et_autogenerated_title','0'),(3133,1056,'_et_default','1'),(3134,1056,'_et_enabled','1'),(3135,1056,'_et_header_layout_id','0'),(3136,1056,'_et_header_layout_enabled','1'),(3137,1056,'_et_body_layout_id','1054'),(3138,1056,'_et_body_layout_enabled','1'),(3139,1056,'_et_footer_layout_id','0'),(3140,1056,'_et_footer_layout_enabled','1'),(3141,1057,'_et_autogenerated_title','1'),(3142,1057,'_et_default','0'),(3143,1057,'_et_enabled','1'),(3144,1057,'_et_header_layout_id','0'),(3145,1057,'_et_header_layout_enabled','1'),(3146,1057,'_et_body_layout_id','1054'),(3147,1057,'_et_body_layout_enabled','1'),(3148,1057,'_et_footer_layout_id','0'),(3149,1057,'_et_footer_layout_enabled','1'),(3150,1057,'_et_use_on','archive:post_type:post'),(3153,1058,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3154,1058,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3155,1058,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3156,1058,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3157,1058,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3158,1058,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3159,1058,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3160,1058,'_et_pb_truncate_post',''),(3161,1058,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date',''),(3162,1058,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3163,1058,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3164,1058,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3165,1058,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3166,1058,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3167,1058,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.8'),(3169,1060,'_et_autogenerated_title','0'),(3170,1060,'_et_default','1'),(3171,1060,'_et_enabled','1'),(3172,1060,'_et_header_layout_id','0'),(3173,1060,'_et_header_layout_enabled','1'),(3174,1060,'_et_body_layout_id','0'),(3175,1060,'_et_body_layout_enabled','1'),(3176,1060,'_et_footer_layout_id','0'),(3177,1060,'_et_footer_layout_enabled','1'),(3178,1061,'_et_autogenerated_title','1'),(3179,1061,'_et_default','0'),(3180,1061,'_et_enabled','1'),(3181,1061,'_et_header_layout_id','0'),(3182,1061,'_et_header_layout_enabled','1'),(3183,1061,'_et_body_layout_id','1058'),(3184,1061,'_et_body_layout_enabled','1'),(3185,1061,'_et_footer_layout_id','0'),(3186,1061,'_et_footer_layout_enabled','1'),(3187,1061,'_et_use_on','archive:post_type:post'),(3188,1059,'_et_template','1060'),(3189,1059,'_et_template','1061'),(3193,1057,'_et_theme_builder_marked_as_unused','2022-03-22 14:43:41'),(3194,1056,'_et_theme_builder_marked_as_unused','2022-03-22 14:43:41'),(3195,1054,'_et_theme_builder_marked_as_unused','2022-03-22 14:43:41'),(3225,1066,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3226,1066,'_edit_last','2'),(3227,1066,'_edit_lock','1651067355:2'),(3229,457,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','The Brock Environmental Center project team used an Integrative Design Process to incorporate green and resilient building features. (Source: Wikimedia Commons).'),(3230,1066,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3233,1066,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3234,1066,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3235,1066,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1066\" /]'),(3236,1066,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3237,1066,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3238,1066,'_thumbnail_id','457'),(3239,1066,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3240,1066,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3241,1066,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Integrated Design Process</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is an Integrated Design Process?<br />\nBuilding systems are interdependent and require cooperation and creative thinking across disciplines. An integrated design process identifies opportunities to achieve synergies across disciplines and building systems throughout the planning and design phases and beyond.[1] For example, decision-making about building shape, orientation, and window placement relate to several green building considerations and relies on the knowledge of multiple disciplines; these building envelope strategies impact heating and cooling loads as well as occupant satisfaction and even productivity, a function of thermal comfort and daylighting.[2] With an integrated design process that considers these multiple benefits, and sometimes trade-offs among them, it is much more likely that the building performs as intended and achieves projected cost savings.<br />\nMany green building strategies also convey resiliency benefits or “the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events.”[3] At the building level, these include an emphasis on daylighting, superior insulation values, thermal massing and on-site renewable energy, and water harvesting. These strategies reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling, and other critical functions, making buildings more resilient to power outages and disruptive events.<br />\nA successful integrative design process challenges project teams to design, build, and manage high-performance buildings that are both green and resilient.<br />\nTable 1.  A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process</p>\n<p>Conventional Design Process<br />\nIntegrated Design Process</p>\n<p>Involves team members only when essential.<br />\nInclusive from the outset.</p>\n<p>Less time, energy, and collaboration in the early stages, but more time spent on the latter end.<br />\nFront-loaded time and energy, but far less time spent later on during the project.</p>\n<p>More decisions made by fewer people.<br />\nDecisions influenced by a broad team.</p>\n<p>Linear process.<br />\nIterative process.</p>\n<p>Systems often considered in isolation.<br />\nWhole-systems thinking.</p>\n<p>Limited or constrained optimization.<br />\nAllows for full optimization.</p>\n<p>Diminished opportunity for green building and resilient synergies.<br />\nMaximizes opportunity for green building and resilient synergies.</p>\n<p>Emphasizes upfront costs.<br />\nUtilizes life-cycle costing.</p>\n<p>Typically finished upon construction.<br />\nThe process can continue through post-occupancy.</p>\n<p>Higher potential for cost overruns, delays, and change orders.<br />\nPlanning/iterative process minimizes costs overruns, delays, and change orders.</p>\n<p>How to Implement an Integrated Design Process<br />\nA truly integrated design process includes ongoing interactions among the entire project team and uses tools and modeling software to support and reinforce design integration.<br />\nThe following are standards and guidelines for incorporating an integrated design process.</p>\n<p>The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Integrative Process (IP) – ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© – Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities identify best practices for developing an integrated process.[4]<br />\nThe American Institute of Architect (AIA) Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) outlines a step-by-step process for the client, design, and construction teams to achieve IPD goals.[5]<br />\nLEED v4 for Building Design and Construction credit requirements for the Integrative Process include an analysis of at least two energy-related systems (i.e., shading, renewable energy opportunities), and two water-related systems (i.e., on-site rainwater and graywater, cooling tower water demand), and documentation on how this analysis informed building site and design decisions.[6]<br />\nRELi,[7] a national consensus standard for resilient design requires a “Panoramic Approach” that includes “Pre-Planning and Discovery” and “Systems Thinking Design.”[8]</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nChesapeake Bay Brock Environmental Center, Virginia Beach, VA.<br />\nThe integrated design process for the Brock Environmental Center included early charrettes with the client and neighbors, collaboration with the architect, engineer, owner, green consultant, and contractor throughout the design process, and a full-day, pre-design charrette with stakeholders from all design disciplines including local officials, community representatives, and Living Building Challenge (LBC) and LEED experts.[9] Energy and climate simulation tools informed the decision to utilize on-site wind energy and early discussions with regulatory agencies made possible the collection of rainwater for potable use.[10]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEarly coordination regarding the interactions of complex building systems can maximize the effectiveness and output of these systems and reduce total project costs.<br />\nAn integrated design process can result in a project that:</p>\n<p>Increases the opportunity to achieve more aggressive sustainability goals<br />\nOptimizes energy efficiency and incorporates alternative energy solutions<br />\nRecognizes and plans for synergies between green building and resilient design<br />\nMoves beyond minimizing environmental impacts to creating positive, regenerative impacts on the environment<br />\nMaximizes cost effectiveness</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe integrated design process can both minimize incremental capital cost and result in operational savings. Capital cost can be redistributed to achieve high-performance goals without incremental costs. For example, the opportunity to eliminate or reduce the size of equipment or systems can offset the higher first cost of some energy efficiency strategies.  An integrated approach can also reduce operational expenditures through increased communication amongst the project team, resulting in a more efficient design.<br />\nCosts associated with an integrated design process may include things like additional consultant fees to facilitate a goal-setting workshop and time and associated costs of having project team members participate in additional meetings and coordination.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nAn integrated design process provides an opportunity for project teams to incorporate resilient design strategies into green building practice. Project teams may want to consider the following when identifying and evaluating green building strategies that also offer resiliency benefits.[11]</p>\n<p>Understand regional impacts: Identify climate impacts for the building’s location.<br />\nEvaluate performance targets: Understand how the building performs under current peak climate conditions.<br />\nConduct a scenario analysis: Analyze how the building responds to projected climate impacts, modeling different system options under a variety of climatic conditions.<br />\nConsider resilient design strategies: Evaluate resilient design strategies that provide passive or efficient responses to more extreme climate events such as higher or lower temperatures, higher wind speeds, and increased or decreased precipitation levels, to maintain occupant comfort while preventing increased energy use.</p>\n<p>[1] USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. (Updated April 6, 2018). Credit. Integrative Process. Page 10. https://new.usgbc.org (accessed June 10, 2018).<br />\n[2] City of New York Department of Design and Construction. 1999. “High-Performance Building Guidelines.” Page 17. http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[3] National Academy of Sciences. 2012. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.<br />\n[4] Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© February 2, 2012, for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities. https://webstore.ansi.org (Search: Integrative Process)<br />\n[5] American Institute of Architects (AIA). 2007. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council. Version 1. http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf (accessed June 10, 2018).<br />\n[6] Ibid, Credit. Integrative Process, Page 10-11.<br />\n[7] The RELI Action List is a resource included in the RELi Green + Resilient Property Underwriting Standard. At the time of this publication, the USGBC was working to synthesize the LEED Resilient Design pilot credits with RELi’s Hazard Mitigation and Adaptation credits.<br />\n[8] The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783 (accessed June 10, 2018).<br />\n[9] The International Living Future Institute (ILFI). 2016. Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay Brock Environmental Center. https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/ (accessed June 10, 2018).<br />\n[10] Ibid.<br />\n[11] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018)</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources<br />\nGreen Building Rating Systems and Standards</p>\n<p>American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Envision Rating System<br />\nThe C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List<br />\nInternational Living Future Institute (ILFI) – Living Building Challenge<br />\nUSGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction</p>\n<p>Other</p>\n<p>Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© February 2, 2012, for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities. (Search: Integrative Process)<br />\nIntegrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council (2007). Version 1.<br />\nNYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency<br />\nSustainable Facilities Tool Kit (GSA) -Integrative Design Process<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide (WGBD) – Whole Building Approach</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3242,1066,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-11 13:46:48'),(3243,1066,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3244,1066,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3246,1066,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3247,1066,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3248,1066,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3249,1066,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3250,1066,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3251,1066,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3252,1066,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3254,1073,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3255,1073,'_edit_last','2'),(3256,1073,'_edit_lock','1648485071:2'),(3258,20,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)'),(3259,202,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Table 1. Five Top-Rated Positive Impacts of BIM'),(3260,1073,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3263,1073,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3264,1073,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3265,1073,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1073\" /]'),(3266,1073,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3267,1073,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3268,1073,'_thumbnail_id','20'),(3269,1073,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3270,1073,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3271,1073,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Building Information Modeling (BIM)</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?<br />\nBuilding Information Modeling (BIM) forms a digital representation of a building’s physical and functional characteristics and calculates information about the facility that can be used by all project team stakeholders to make decisions about the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of a building throughout its life-cycle.[1] Combining graphical information, such as plans and elevations, and nongraphical information, such as costs, specifications, schedules and maintenance requirements, into a BIM model results in a single source of information.[2]</p>\n<p>How to Implement Building Information Modeling (BIM)<br />\nDesignate a ‘Project BIM Manager’ or a lead design and a lead construction ‘Project BIM Manager’ with knowledge and experience working with BIM and selected software. Provide ongoing BIM training to all building stakeholders responsible for inputting, extracting, modifying, and analyzing the data (see Integrated Design Process and Energy Modeling).<br />\nThe National Institute of Building Sciences’s, The National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO),guides building owners on how to incorporate BIM into internal policies and contract documents.[3]<br />\nExample<br />\nMetlife Stadium, East Rutherford, NJ.<br />\nThe Metlife Stadium project team used BIM to track and monitor supply chain performance, including production status, quality control, delivery, site preparation and installation of over 3,200 pre-cast concrete panels, reducing the construction period by 10 days and saving $1 million.[4]<br />\nU.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS.<br />\nBIM was used in the construction of the Information Technology Laboratory to overlay design, construction, and subcontractor information, and identify and resolve potential issues of conflict before costly rework was necessary.[5]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nBIM coordinates information sharing among building stakeholders across multiple project phases that result in more informed decision making and eliminates the re-gathering and re-formatting of building information.[6]BIM also serves as a “clash detection tool,” by identifying potential design, construction, and operational inconsistencies, and cuts costs and reduces waste by avoiding rework.[7]<br />\nThe following table highlights the results of a survey conducted by Dodge Data and Analytics on the benefits of BIM.<br />\nTable 1. Five Top-Rated Positive Impacts of BIM[8]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of implementing BIM varies widely, depending on the project team’s expertise using BIM, the complexity of the project, and other building process considerations. Costs include training, software, and organizational changes required to implement BIM technology.[9] Lower building costs and efficient construction timelines associated with BIM projects can often offset these upfront costs.[10]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nBIM enhances the resilience of the built environment and construction industry in the “pre-disaster phase and post-disaster phases.”[11] In the design phase, BIM can conduct scenario forecasting to predict the performance of a facility during emergencies, such as fire, flood, evacuation, and others.[12] BIM also can enhance the post-disaster phase by providing building information to first responders and allowing them to direct building occupants to the nearest exit.[13]<br />\n[1]Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University (2011). http://bim.psu.edu (accessed April 17, 2018).<br />\n[2]NIST. National BIM Guide for Owners (2012). http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf (accessed March 7, 2018)<br />\n[3]NIST. National BIM Guide for Owners (2012).<br />\n[4]Skanska. Metlife Stadium Sustainability Case Study. https://group.skanska.com/projects/57101/MetLife-Stadium/sustainability (accessed May 2, 2018).<br />\n[5]Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory. https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/ (accessed June 21, 2018).<br />\n[6]National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide – Building Information Modeling (BIM) https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim (accessed June 21, 2018).<br />\n[7]Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory. https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/ (accessed June 21, 2018).<br />\n[8]Dodge Data and Analytics. (2017). Measuring the Impact of BIM on Complex Buildings. http://images.marketing.construction.com/Web/DDA/%7B58808ff6-d717-4e28-a100-02b30d337866%7D_Measuring_the_Impact_of_BIM_on_Complex_Buildings.pdf (accessed March 7, 2018).<br />\n[9]Dippold, Cory. “Effective Implementation of BIM.” November 26, 2008. Engineering News-Record. http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp (accessed March 6, 2018).<br />\n[10]National Institute of Building Sciences. Journal of Building Information Modeling. https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22 (accessed March 7, 2018).<br />\n[11]Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017. Building Information Modeling as a Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry. Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series. 12(1): 9-18.https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf (accessed March 7, 2018)<br />\n[12]Kreider, Ralph G., and Messner, John I. (2013). “The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting BIM Uses.” Version 0.9, September, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. http://bim.psu.edu<br />\n[13]Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Energy Modeling<br />\nIntegrated Design Process</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>National Institute of Building Sciences buildingSMART alliance®, National BIM Standard-United States® Version 3 (2015).<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Building Information Modeling (BIM)<br />\nPenn State Computer Integrated Construction – BIM Execution Planning</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3272,1073,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-11 13:46:31'),(3273,1073,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3274,1073,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3275,1073,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3276,1073,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3277,1073,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3278,1073,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3279,1073,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3280,1073,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3281,1073,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3283,1079,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3284,1079,'_edit_last','2'),(3285,1079,'_edit_lock','1648485048:2'),(3287,551,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental & Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).'),(3288,1079,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3291,1079,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3292,1079,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3293,1079,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1079\" /]'),(3294,1079,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3295,1079,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3296,1079,'_thumbnail_id','551'),(3297,1079,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3298,1079,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3299,1079,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Energy Modeling</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Energy Modeling?<br />\nEnergy modeling simulates a building’s energy use, helping to inform design decisions or diagnose underperformance. Model inputs include building geometry, envelope data, including construction materials specifications, mechanical systems data and projected or actual building use and operations including occupancy, lighting, and HVAC schedules.[1] These inputs are combined with local weather data to simulate cost-effective building designs with optimized energy performance.</p>\n<p>How to Implement Energy Modeling<br />\nImplementing energy modeling into a new commercial building project requires an appropriately skilled team  (see Integrated Design Process).  The architect/designer/builder should be knowledgeable about energy-efficient and green building practices. A ‘Certified Energy Professional’ can evaluate or rate the building design using energy modeling software and recommend improvements.[2]<br />\nThe necessary steps for implementing a building energy model comprise the following. First, create a model of the baseline building, which represents the building as designed (typically by some combination of the project architect and engineer).  Next, manipulate specific variables to simulate alternate scenarios of building energy performance. Many national green building certification programs require new buildings to meet or exceed a specified level of energy performance and correspondingly require energy model documentation.<br />\nFor example, LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction requires project teams electing to take the performance option to demonstrate minimum energy performance through a whole-building energy simulation that compares proposed building performance to a baseline building that uses ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1–2010, Appendix G, with errata.[3]<br />\nThere are several energy modeling software applications available on the market. The US Department of Energy, through its Building Technologies Office (BTO), offers two types of energy modeling programs, which are publicly available free of charge: EnergyPlus, and OpenStudio, which uses EnergyPlus for energy modeling and Radiance,for advanced daylight analysis.<br />\nThe US DOE Commercial Buildings Program website lists additional analysis tools.<br />\nExample<br />\nNJ Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (CESE)<br />\nFor this study, the Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB) utilized DesignBuilder and EnergyPlus to simulate the structure and functioning of the New Jersey Meadowland Commission (NJMC) building. DesignBuilder was used to construct a three-dimensional architectural and engineering model. This model contained information on all of the materials and systems included in the actual building, to the extent that the model permitted. Once this computer model was constructed, EnergyPlus was used to simulate the weather conditions, energy use, heating and cooling needs, occupant activities, and all other pertinent variables to create a virtual model of the building’s structure and activity that is as close to that of the real building as possible. The output from this model provided an estimate of the annual energy consumption by system as well as the heat loss/gain throughout the building. After completing the base model according to the building as designed, the study team ran multiple simulations while substituting in different equipment and materials.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEnergy modeling facilitates comparison of building design alternatives and assists in determining the most cost-effective path for meeting energy performance goals over the life cycle of the building. Energy modeling also supports green building certification and code compliance. When used early in the design process, energy modeling reduces redesigns and subsequent delays later in the project – a significant benefit.[4] HOK, an architectural and engineering firm, tracked how quickly modeling pays for itself in a variety of commercial building types over a multi-year study and found that the energy modeling payback is typically 1-2 months.[5]<br />\nCosts<br />\nFor large buildings, energy modeling costs can run from $30,000 to $200,000, depending on the level of analysis, and design complexity including choice of energy efficiency strategies.[6]  The upfront cost of an energy model may be spread out across the life-cycle of the building or even during only the design phase, as noted above.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nEnergy modeling identifies and evaluates green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While energy modeling typically uses historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.[7] For example, in the NJMC study mentioned above, the team ran an energy model scenario according to low-emissions mid-century predictions of climate change developed by the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA).[8]<br />\nEnergy modeling that takes into account resiliency objectives may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels. The NYC Mayor’s Office of Resiliency and Recovery’s Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines provides resilient design strategies including, cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.[9]<br />\n[1] US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy – Emerging Technologies. 2018. “About Building Energy Modeling.” https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/about-building-energy-modeling (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[2] ASHRAE Building Energy Modeling (BEM) Professional Certification https://www.ashrae.org/professional-development/ashrae-certification/certification-types/bemp-building-energy-modeling-professional-certification (accessed June 13, 2018).<br />\n[3] USGBC – LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. Updated April 6, 2018. EA Prerequisite: Minimum Energy Performance, Page 66. https://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-v4-building-design-and-construction-current-version (accessed June 13, 2018).<br />\n[4] Amber Wood and John Lisman. 2017. “The Benefits of Early Stage Energy Modeling.” USGBC-Colorado. https://www.usgbc.org/articles/benefits-earlystage-energy-modeling-usgbc-colorado (accessed June 12, 2018).<br />\n[5] Roth, Amir. 2016. “The Shockingly Short Payback of Energy Modeling.” US DOE Buildings. https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/shockingly-short-payback-energy-modeling (accessed June 12, 2018).<br />\n[6] Roth, Amir (2016). “The Shockingly Short Payback of Energy Modeling.” US DOE. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/shockingly-short-payback-energy-modeling (accessed June 12, 2018).<br />\n[7] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[8] Krogmann, U., Minderman, N., Senick, J. and Andrews, C.J. “Life-Cycle Assessment of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental and Scientific Education Building.” 2008. Prepared by Rutgers Center for Green Building for New Jersey Meadowland Commission. At http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf (accessed June 19, 2018).<br />\n[9] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Integrated Design Process<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)– Building Modeling and Simulation<br />\nASHRAE Building Energy Modeling (BEM) Professional Certification<br />\nNational Institute of Building Sciences, Whole Building Design Guide – Energy Analysis Tools<br />\nNYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency</p>\n<p>US Department of Energy</p>\n<p>Analysis Tools<br />\nBuilding Energy Modeling<br />\nUSGBC – LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction (2018)</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3300,1079,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-11 13:46:31'),(3301,1079,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3302,1079,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3304,1079,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3305,1079,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3306,1079,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3307,1079,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3308,1079,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3309,1079,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3310,1079,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3312,1086,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3313,1086,'_edit_last','2'),(3314,1086,'_edit_lock','1648485044:2'),(3316,470,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)'),(3317,1086,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3320,1086,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3321,1086,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3322,1086,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1086\" /]'),(3323,1086,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3324,1086,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3325,1086,'_thumbnail_id','470'),(3326,1086,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3327,1086,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3328,1086,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Life Cycle Assessment?<br />\nA life cycle assessment (LCA) is a “cradle-to-grave” or “cradle-to-cradle” evaluation method that assesses the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services.[1] In the commercial building sector, LCA is a tool that helps architects and building professionals understand the embodied energy and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of a building or building product as defined by the ISO 14040/44 standard including resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal or recycling (see Figure 1).[2] The evaluation at each phase also includes the associated activities of a particular building product or design. For example, during the operational phase, the LCA for a deck includes the impact of the resources used for cleaning (e.g., energy, water, detergents), staining, or replacing boards.[3]<br />\nDefined environmental impact areas commonly include: [4]</p>\n<p>Climate change (“carbon footprint”)<br />\nAcidification (“acid rain”)<br />\nEutrophication (“algal bloom”)<br />\nPhotochemical oxidant creation (“summer smog”)<br />\nOzone depletion (“the ozone hole”)</p>\n<p>LCA’s support informed decision-making by providing a standardized system for verifying environmental footprints and claims, identifying environmental trade-offs, and making relative comparisons between different design paths or product choices.<br />\nWhile LCA’s take into account environmental impacts, Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) evaluates the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems (see Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)).  Together, LCA’s and LCCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.<br />\nHow to Implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)<br />\nIncreasingly, consumers and regulatory agencies are asking businesses and product manufacturers to provide environmental product declarations, which use LCA data to report the environmental impacts of their products, processes, and services (see Sustainable Materials).  In the building sector, green building programs such as LEED, offer credits for completing a whole building LCA as part of the integrated design process.[5] LEED credits are also offered to promote the reuse of historic buildings and the renovation of abandoned or blighted buildings.[6] Likewise, the field of LCA continues to evolve as the quality and completeness of LCA data improves and LCA methodologies are tested and refined.<br />\nThe complete process of LCA includes:[7]</p>\n<p>Defining goals and assessment boundaries.<br />\nCollecting information on materials and design alternative.<br />\nUsing accredited LCA assessment tools to perform impact calculations.<br />\nCompiling and interpreting results.<br />\nDocumenting the process and providing assessment reports.</p>\n<p>LCA reports are often complex and technical in nature, but current tools attempt to summarize LCA information in a manageable format specifically targeted to design professionals. Tools are available for both whole building and product level LCA’s.<br />\nAthena EcoCalculator is a free online LCA calculator that provides a streamlined report of building’s footprint using LCA data on hundreds of common building products.<br />\nAthena Impact Estimator for Buildings is a free LCA-based software package for designers and building professionals that provides environmental impact data on over 1,000 structural and envelope assembly combinations.<br />\nBuilding for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES) is a free online tool for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products and includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 200+ building products.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nThe main benefit to LCA is credible, transparent data that informs greener design and product decisions and the associated cost savings and environmental benefits from reduced resource consumption, pollution, and waste.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe costs for performing an LCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project, data availability and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and designers perform LCA’s (see Resources). Costs for performing an LCA typically include labor costs for data collection and data input and the interpretation and reporting of results.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nAn LCA can identify and evaluate the environmental benefits of green building designs and products that enhance building resiliency. These may include specific design inputs for address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels. For example, resilient strategies may include cooling and shading features (e.g., cool pavements and cool roofs), improving the efficiency of building envelopes (e.g., insulation, windows, exterior walls), planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems (e.g., battery storage), and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features (e.g., Properly-Sized HVAC systems).[8] LCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. [9]<br />\n[1] National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[2] International Standard for Standardization (ISO). ISO14040 Standard (2006) provides LCA principles and framework; https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html (accessed January 30, 2019); ISO 14044 Standard (2006) provides LCA Requirements and Guidelines. https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[3] Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. 2018. About LCA.<br />\nhttp://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[4] Rajesh Kumar Singh. 2017. “Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment Through LEED v4.” GBCI<br />\nhttp://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4 (accessed January 28, 2019).<br />\n[5] USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C Beta. 2019. Building Life-cycle Impact Reduction  https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41 (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[6] Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.<br />\n[7] Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.<br />\n[8] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[9] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)<br />\nSustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Athena Sustainable Materials Institute<br />\nBuilding For Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES 4.0)<br />\nGreenBlue<br />\nThe Natural Step<br />\nNational Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Evaluating Green Products</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3329,1086,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-11 13:46:31'),(3330,1086,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3331,1086,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3333,1086,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3334,1086,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3335,1086,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3336,1086,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3337,1086,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3338,1086,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3339,1086,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3341,1092,'_edit_last','2'),(3342,1092,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3343,1092,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3344,1092,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3345,1092,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3346,1092,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3347,1092,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3348,1092,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3349,1092,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3350,1092,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)?<br />\nLife Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a form of economic evaluation that compares the costs and savings of alternative building designs and systems over the life cycle of a building. Green building features generally have higher initial costs compared to conventional features but offer operational savings over time through decreased resource use (e.g., energy, water), maintenance, and disposal fees.[1] LCCA takes into account the overall costs of purchasing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system, which the initial purchase price does not reflect. Comparing the life cycle costs of various options helps determine the most cost-effective choice for a comparable building design or system in terms of function and performance by translating this data into dollar amounts and providing information about how long it takes an investment to pay for itself (e.g., internal rate of return, savings-to-investment ratio, payback period).<br />\nWhile LCCA’s take into account the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems, a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems (see Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)).[2] Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.<br />\nHow to Perform a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)<br />\nPerform the LCCA early in the project and as part of an integrated design process to allow sufficient time and resources to refine the design and ensure the highest quality product for the lowest cost (see Integrated Design Process). Depending on project team expertise, hire a consulting service or conduct the LCCA in-house. Project teams should refer to the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method, which covers the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and repair, and disposal.[3]<br />\nThe first task of an LCCA involves determining the costs and benefits of alternative project options. Next, project teams can conduct several sensitivity analyses that include variations in the discount rate, study period or building lifespan, and energy escalation rates.<br />\nThe discount rate is a measure that decreases the value of dollars spent or received in the future, so future costs and returns are worth progressively less in terms of today’s dollars. The interest rate used for discounting is a rate that reflects an investor’s opportunity cost of money over time. The LCCA method converts cash flows to present values by discounting them to a common point in time, usually the base date.<br />\nThe US Department of Energy (US DOE) suggests a real discount rate of 3.0%, based on a 12-month average of long-term Treasury bond rates.[4]<br />\nStudy period or building lifespan refers to the length of time the LCC analysis covers. The study period for non-residential buildings typically falls between 20 and 40 years and may reflect a shorter period than the actual intended life of the facility.<br />\nEnergy escalation rates refer to projected average annual energy price increases obtained either from the supplier or from energy price escalation rates published annually on April 1 by US DOE in Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135.[5]<br />\nThere are several online tools for performing an LCCA and links to more information in the Resources section below.<br />\nExample<br />\nNew Jersey Meadowlands Commission: Observatory and Classroom Building LCCA, Lyndhurst, NJ.<br />\nThe Rutgers Center for Green Building conducted an LCCA of the Meadowlands Environmental Center, a LEED Platinum building, modeling the building’s metabolic flows, including heating, lighting, ventilation, water, and power consumption, and waste production. The result was a quantification of any added capital investments encountered during construction and commissioning of the LEED-compliant structure, as well as a use-phase evaluation of the economic impacts of adherence to a green building standard.<br />\nBesides the Photovoltaic System (PV), the study results showed that daylight sensors provided the most cost-effective green feature, providing savings under all of the modeled situations as well as the most significant savings compared to other green features. The HVAC system projected savings consistently, although of lower value than the daylight sensors. Insulation provided savings under a majority of circumstances but showed a low return value in all cases. The study noted that the value of SREC’s directly impacts the cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic (PV) system.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nLCCA’s can offer environmental and monetary benefits for new construction projects by revealing the most environmentally-friendly and cost-effective solutions for the long run that purchase price alone cannot quantify. Potential benefits include reduced energy, water, and fuel consumption and cost savings on utility bills, maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life disposal costs. While an LCCA cannot remove all uncertainty surrounding a building project, the results equip the design team with the means to identify the optimal balance between green design and economic efficiency.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe costs for performing an LCCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and developers perform an initial LCC analysis (see Resources). Costs for performing an LCCA typically include labor costs for data collection, energy modeling (if necessary), LCCA calculations, and the interpretation and reporting of results.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nAn LCCA can identify and evaluate the costs and benefits of green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While LCCAs and energy modeling typically use historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.[6] For example, in the NJMC study mentioned above, the team ran an energy model scenario according to low-emissions mid-century predictions of climate change developed by the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA).[7]<br />\nLCCA’s can take into account resiliency objectives. These may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels, including cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.[8] LCCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions.[9]<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLLC). http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[2] National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[3] ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems. https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm (accessed January 27, 2019).<br />\n[4] This rate for life-cycle cost analyses is valid through March 31, 2019, according to US DOE. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf (accessed January 27, 2019).<br />\n[5] The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2018. Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – 2018: Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135. https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs (accessed January 27, 2019).<br />\n[6] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[7] Krogmann, U., Minderman, N., Senick, J. and Andrews, C.J. “Life-Cycle Assessment of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental and Scientific Education Building.” 2008. Prepared by Rutgers Center for Green Building for New Jersey Meadowland Commission. At http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf(accessed June 19, 2018).<br />\n[8] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[9] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf(accessed May 1, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Integrated Design Process<br />\nLife Cycle Assessment (LCA)</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems<br />\nBuilding for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES) – a free online tool developed by NIST for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products.<br />\nGeneral Service Administration (GSA) Life Cycle Costing<br />\nUS DOE Building Life Cycle Cost Programs and Tools<br />\nR. S. Means Company – Construction Cost Databases<br />\nThe Sustainable Facilities Tool<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Design for Maintainability<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3351,1092,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-11 13:46:31'),(3352,1092,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3353,1092,'_edit_lock','1656015459:3'),(3355,1092,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3358,1092,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3359,1092,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3360,1092,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1092\" /]'),(3361,1092,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3362,1092,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3364,1092,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3365,1092,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3366,1092,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3369,1097,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3370,1097,'_edit_last','2'),(3371,1097,'_edit_lock','1648494671:2'),(3398,543,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).'),(3399,1097,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3402,1097,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3403,1097,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3404,1097,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1097\" /]'),(3405,1097,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3406,1097,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3407,1097,'_thumbnail_id','543'),(3408,1097,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3409,1097,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3410,1097,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Alternative Transportation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Development (TOD)?<br />\nAlternative transportation discourages dependence on the personal automobile and encourages public transportation options such as carpooling, vanpooling, busing, walking, and cycling.<br />\nTelecommuting, informal transit options, compressed workweeks, and alternative fuel vehicles such as plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) also help reduce the number of greenhouse gases produced by single occupancy vehicles.[1] Commuting to and from an average office building built to modern energy codes consumes thirty percent more energy compared to the energy the building itself consumes.[2] The location of buildings and how people get to them are important factors to consider in a building’s overall environmental impact. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) concentrates development around transit stations, such as train, light rail, and bus stations, and other amenities to create places for people to live, work, and play without requiring the use of a car.[3]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Alternative Transportation and TOD<br />\nThere are several alternative transportation strategies to consider when developing a new building project that can also help to earn your project LEEDv4 credits.</p>\n<p>Proximity to existing public transportation, pedestrian, and bicycle networks and establishing a shuttle service if beyond a short walk away.<br />\nProximity to existing infrastructure, services and economic activity such as stores, schools, offices, and parks.<br />\nMinimizing on-site parking and providing bicycle changing facilities and storage.[4]<br />\nProviding covered areas for people awaiting carpool/vanpool rides and drop-off/pick-up zones for vehicles.<br />\nProviding facilities to encourage energy-efficient vehicle use, such as two-way electric plug-in charging stations that enable EVs to both draw electricity from and supply electricity to the grid, and liquid or gas alternative fueling facilities or a battery switching station.</p>\n<p>Many local programs assist with alternative transportation options such as the Hudson County Transportation Management Authority that offers rideshare, carpool, and vanpool services as well as other useful information for commuters.<br />\nBusinesses and organizations can implement telecommuting policies that contribute to sustainable workplace practices by allowing employees to communicate via telephone and computers to accomplish tasks that traditionally occur in central office spaces, reducing traffic congestion and strain on transportation systems, fuel consumption, and associated emissions and air quality issues.[5]<br />\nTOD begins with site selection near transit hubs. Consider local regulations and interest in transit hub development to reduce delays and conflict. Identify special zoning and permit systems designed to expedite efficient redevelopment of urban centers.<br />\nThe New Jersey Department of Transportation and New Jersey Transit leads a multi-agency partnership known as the Transit Village Initiative that encourages pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods and community revitalization. This program aims to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality and promote growth in areas where infrastructure and public transit already exist.[6]<br />\nExamples<br />\nCranford Crossing, Cranford, NJ.<br />\nCranford Crossing, a mixed-use redevelopment integrated into Cranford’s pedestrian-friendly environment and located one block from Cranford’s train station.<br />\nRegional Plan Association Report – The Fourth Regional Plan<br />\nThis report provides examples of several Transit Oriented Developments (TODs) throughout NJ that encourage alternative transportation.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEncouraging the use of alternative transportation options provides benefits for developers, property owners, and building occupants as well as benefits for the environment and the community. Alternative transportation reduces automobile congestion, fossil fuel consumption and carbon emissions.[7] Some forms of alternative transportation also provide options for healthier lifestyle choices. Proximity to public transportation and neighborhood services can improve quality of life and reduce commuting stress, all of which provide positive marketing opportunities for a new commercial facility. Businesses can participate in programs that encourage alternative transportation strategies such as New Jersey Smart Workplaces, a partnership between NJ DOT, NJ Transit, and the state’s Transportation Management Association, that recognizes organizations and individuals who help reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality.[8]<br />\nCosts<br />\nIncluding alternative transportation options in the initial design phase and locating projects near rapid transit helps to reduce upfront project costs. Transit-oriented design saves developers money by capitalizing on existing infrastructure and upgrades rather than relying on the developer to provide new infrastructure and parking, a significant redevelopment cost (see Brownfield and Infill sites).<br />\nBuilding excessive parking adds to construction costs and may contribute to environmental problems such as the heat island effect and increased stormwater runoff (see High Reflectance Hardscape Materials and Pervious Hardscape Materials). Providing excessive parking also encourages driving, which causes congestion, air pollution, and contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases. The fewer spaces dedicated to parking, the more for open space, parks, community rooms, or additional building square footage.[9]<br />\nCosts associated with providing facilities and equipment that encourage alternative transportation options such as biking and walking vary by project and may include costs to provide shower and changing facilities. Bicycle racks can accommodate about ten bikes for the same space and cost as one parking space. The cost of adding bike lanes depends on the existing condition of the roads.  The cost of adding a sidewalk is about $70 per linear foot along existing roads, though it can be significantly less if included as part of the initial road construction work.[10]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nLocating buildings with access to a variety of alternative transportation options increases a building and its occupant’s resiliency by providing access to a seamless network of diverse mobility choices fueled by multiple energy sources and insulated from disruptions caused by extreme weather events, security threats, and disaster-related scenarios.[11] Telecommuting and flexible work schedules reduce congestion and strain on transportation systems, especially during vulnerable times such as storms and inclement weather. Providing bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations supports alternative fuel vehicle adoption, and vehicle-to-grid applications, which enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).[12]<br />\nTOD encourages community interaction that can lead to better cultural understanding, stronger social ties, and in turn, more resilient communities that come together to support each other in times of need. Also, TOD helps reduce the number of cars on the road, an added benefit, especially during times of mandatory evacuations when roads need to be accessible to first responders.<br />\nA study by the Federal Highway Administration, “The Post Hurricane Sandy Transportation Resilience Study in New York-New Jersey-Connecticut,” provides an assessment of the region’s transportation system’s resilience to climate, sea level rise and extreme weather leveraging lessons learned from Hurricane Sandy as well as future climate projections and identifies strategies to reduce and manage extreme weather vulnerabilities.[13]<br />\n[1] USGBC. LEED O+M: Existing Buildings | LEED v4.  Alternative Transportation. https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41 (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[2] Alex Wilson and Rachel Navaro. Driving to Green Buildings: The Transportation Intensity of Buildings. https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[3] NJTOD.org. “What is Transit Oriented Development?” http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/ (accessed March 28, 2018).<br />\n[4] Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.  http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[5] US General Service Administration (GSA). “Resources for Managing Teleworkers.” https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers (accessed Sept 10, 2018).<br />\n[6] NJ DOT. http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/ (accessed April 1, 2018).<br />\n[7] Federal Transit Administration. Transit-Oriented and Joint Development. https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[8] NJ DOT. http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/njsw/partners.shtm#tma (accessed March 1, 2018)<br />\n[9] Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.<br />\n[10] The Sidewalk Study. http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[11] Victoria Transport Policy Institute. (2017) “Evaluating Transportation Resilience&lt;<br />\nEvaluating the Transportation System’s Ability to Accommodate Diverse, Variable and Unexpected Demands with Minimal Risk.” http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm (accessed March 8, 2018).<br />\n[12] Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles (accessed August 21, 2018).<br />\n[13] Federal Highway Administration (FHA). “Post-Hurricane Sandy Transportation Resilience Study of NY, NJ, and CT.” October 2017. Final Report. http://www.njtpa.org/planning/regional-studies/completed-studies/post-hurricane-sandy-transportation-resilience/ny-nj-ct-hurricane-sandy-follow-up (accessed March 8, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Active Living<br />\nEnergy Storage and Backup Power Generation<br />\nHigh Reflectance Hardscape Materials<br />\nPervious Hardscape Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Alan M. Vorhees Transportation Center (VTC)<br />\nFederal Transit Administration – Transit Oriented Development<br />\nNJ Bicycle &amp; Pedestrian Resource Center (Complete Streets)<br />\nNJ Clean Cities Coalition<br />\nNJTOD.org (A partnership between NJ Transit and Rutgers University)<br />\nNJ Department of Transportation<br />\nNJ State League of Municipalities<br />\nNJ Transit Village Initiative<br />\nRegional Plan Association<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nSmartGrid.Org<br />\nUS EPA – Smart Growth<br />\nUS GSA – Resources for Managing Teleworkers</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3411,1097,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-11 13:46:31'),(3412,1097,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3413,1097,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3415,1097,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3416,1097,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3417,1097,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3418,1097,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3419,1097,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3420,1097,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3421,1097,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3425,1109,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3426,1109,'_edit_last','2'),(3427,1109,'_edit_lock','1648495434:2'),(3429,198,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – The Technology Centre of New Jersey and Rutgers University lab and commercialization facilities represent brownfield development (Source: Site Selection).'),(3430,494,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Brownfield development of the former Penick plant located in Newark, NJ. (Source: Dallas Contracting).'),(3431,186,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 3 – Sidewalk during and after tank removal (Source: NJ DEP)'),(3432,510,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 4 – The contaminated BOMARC Missile site during remediation. (Source: NJ DEP)'),(3433,231,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 5 – A brief synopsis of the Brownfield Program’s financial achievements (Source: US EPA)'),(3434,1109,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3437,1109,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3438,1109,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3439,1109,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1109\" /]'),(3440,1109,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3441,1109,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3443,1109,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3444,1109,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3445,1109,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Brownfield and Infill Sites</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Brownfield and Infill Development?<br />\nThe reuse of urbanized brownfield and infill sites utilizes existing infrastructure and maximizes the value of existing resources. Brownfields consist of properties whose expansion, redevelopment, or reuse may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.[1] These properties include sites with historical use as an industrial or commercial site and are often located in urban areas. According to the NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJ DEP), there are an estimated 10,000 reported brownfield sites located throughout the state.[2] Of the more than 10,000 sites, some 2,544 acres of brownfields fall into 267 sites that the NJ DEP calls Brownfield Development Areas (BDAs). The NJ DEP has designated BDAs in communities that are affected by multiple brownfield sites in need of remediation. The BDA Initiative, a program of the NJ DEP, assembles large parcels of brownfields and coordinates clean up and redevelopment efforts to elicit a more significant impact environmentally, economically, and socially.[3]<br />\nRedevelopment of brownfields and infill development in existing developed areas provides opportunities for alternative transportation such as walking and bicycling and can reduce reliance on the automobile as a mode of transportation (see Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Design). These sites also gain value by locating in areas of existing infrastructure (i.e., public transportation, water, sewer, electricity). For developers, there are numerous incentives to redevelop these sites, offering compelling benefits for investors as well. As a community benefit, redevelopment restores economic and social value to the surrounding neighborhood adding value to the community at large.<br />\nOnce remediated, these sites find a reuse for any type of development, from parks and housing to new commercial and industrial development. As New Jersey reaches build-out, redeveloping brownfields emphasizes the benefit of maintaining undeveloped lands for use as farmland and open space – recognizing that diverse landscapes build value for the developed environment. Brownfield redevelopment revitalizes urban areas, improves adjacent property values, and adds to the overall quality of life for residents and the community.<br />\nHow to Develop Brownfield and Infill Sites<br />\nConducting an initial investigation of a brownfield site indicates the level of contamination on the property – and the level of cleanup required. This phase is often inexpensive and is a common element of due diligence in real estate development. It is important to realize that many brownfield sites are minimally contaminated, and it may be inexpensive to neutralize or stabilize the site.[4] New technologies, such as the Triad Approach, assess a site both speedily and comprehensively – two significant issues of concern to investors and developers.[5]<br />\nThe Triad Approach focuses on three main principles and uses real-time environmental sensors:</p>\n<p>Systematic Project Plans<br />\nDynamic Work Strategies<br />\nInnovative rapid sampling and Analytical Technologies[6]</p>\n<p>To pursue development of new commercial construction on a contaminated or brownfield site, the developer may follow these steps:[7]</p>\n<p>Gain local support – speak with local zoning officials, planning officials, or the community development department to confirm that the redevelopment plan is within the community’s neighborhood plan. Make sure to address the following questions, which help to determine available incentives.</p>\n<p>Is the brownfield or contaminated site located within a BDA?[8]<br />\nHow is the parcel or area zoned according to municipal zoning ordinances?<br />\nIs the proposed end-use consistent with the municipality’s master plan? If not, would they accept an end-use change?</p>\n<p>Gather community input – consult with the community and foster support for the project. Depending on the size of the site to be developed, host a public hearing.<br />\nConsult with the Brownfields Redevelopment Task Force of the NJ Department of State’s Business Action Center. BRIT brings together over a dozen agencies that may be relevant to a redevelopment project, including departments that offer financial incentives.<br />\nFind an appropriate site – New Jersey’s Brownfields SiteMart is an online searchable database of brownfield properties. The Location Assessment tool allows searching by land characteristics, demographics, and economic opportunity zones for any address in New Jersey.[9] Additionally, check the NJ DEP’s Known Contaminated Site Report. While known contaminated sites are not promoted in the same way as designated brownfields, many may be appropriate for redevelopment and eligible for incentives.<br />\nHire a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP)[10] to oversee the clean-up process – The LSRP assists in conducting a preliminary assessment, site investigation, remedial investigation, and creation of a remedial action work plan following the Brownfield and Contaminated Site Remediation Act. The preliminary assessment is critical because a brownfield, by definition, does not necessarily have contamination. Instead, it “is perceived to have contamination.” As a result, some designated brownfields may require little or no cleanup effort and may not be costly.<br />\nInvestigate obtaining environmental insurance.<br />\nEngage the services of an environmental or redevelopment attorney. These professionals support the developer in understanding their liability and obligations once they have acquired a contaminated site.<br />\nResearch funding sources and incentives and additional resources through the NJ Department of State’s Business Action Center.</p>\n<p>Find further information on site remediation procedures and requirements at the NJ DEP Site Mediation Program.<br />\nExamples<br />\nSo Café Tank Removal<br />\nIn the So Café case, the owners discovered an old tank during a routine investigation and had to pay charges approaching $124,000 through the Petroleum Underground Storage Tank Remediation, Upgrade and Closure Fund. The owners were both covered for the removal, and a Conditional Hardship Grant allowed them to conduct the cleanup without putting their operating business at risk.[11]<br />\nBOMARC Missile Site, Fort Dix, NJ.<br />\nA second illustration is the BOMARC Missile Site. This site, among the most complex in the state, involved a discharge of plutonium during an accident at Ft. Dix, New Jersey. The use of Triad fully characterized the site in one effort, whereas conventional site assessment would have required multiple explorations to determine the full extent of the contamination, and the parameters of the required cleanup.<br />\nUrban Business Park Redevelopment Project, Trenton, NJ.<br />\nA more typical clean-up site is that of the Crane Pottery property in Trenton, New Jersey, which cost close to $123,000.[12] Most of these costs were eligible for state reimbursement programs, and while the total redevelopment came to $4.5M, the annual tax revenue generated is around $60,000. The site has currently delivered 50 light industrial jobs in manufacturing, warehousing, and distribution, which has provided an economic stimulus locally, and generated additional income tax for the state and the city of Trenton.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSaves on infrastructure costs/Utilizes existing infrastructure<br />\nBrownfields, vacant or abandoned property, or underutilized parcels, are often located in dense urban areas near mass transit and other existing infrastructure helping to avoid the costs of building new utilities, roads, and other expensive infrastructure. Existing infrastructure also reduces the amount of land disturbance necessary for a project.[13]<br />\nSaves on land costs/Increases property values<br />\nBrownfield sites, vacant or abandoned land, or underutilized property, can have substantially lower property costs than other real estate. This can help to offset the cost of assessment and remediation. Due to low initial cost, property value can increase significantly after redevelopment. The surrounding property values can increase when revitalization takes place at brownfields and vacant or underutilized parcels in the area.<br />\nEnjoys significant incentives<br />\nThe State of New Jersey has created multiple funding streams for brownfield development that may be available to developers. The Office of Brownfield Reuse administers the Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Program, the Brownfield Reimbursement Fund Program, and the Landfill Redevelopment Program. Federal tax incentive certifications may also be available. Incentives and programs are subject to change. To determine what incentives are available, developers should meet with a representative from the NJ Brownfields Redevelopment Task Force.<br />\nThe New Jersey Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Fund (HDSRF) created a partnership between the NJDEP and New Jersey Economic Development Authority (NJEDA) to provide remediation funding for innocent purchasers. An innocent purchaser is an individual who, “by an honest agreement, buys property in the absence of sufficient knowledge to charge him or her with notice of any defect in the transaction.”[14]<br />\nNew Jersey designates Brownfield Development Areas (BDAs) in areas containing brownfields and already planned for redevelopment. This competitive process provides management, technical and financial assistance. The BDA Initiative provides “funding to public entities (municipalities, counties, and redevelopment agencies), qualifying private entities (businesses, corporations, homeowners) and non-profit organizations for the investigation or remediation of a suspected or known discharge of a hazardous substance.”[15]<br />\nThe Brownfield Site Remediation Program reimburses developers up to 75 percent of remediation costs based on new taxes developed from the brownfield project.<br />\nThe US EPA also funds assessment, cleanup for brownfield sites and provides technical and financing information (http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm)<br />\nCreates density and improves existing markets<br />\nDue to the location of most brownfield sites, there is the benefit of being close to existing markets. This is also true when pursuing infill development within already developed areas. Urban areas provide the necessary density that other areas cannot for certain types of businesses. Locating a business near an existing market or in a densely populated area can ease the costs of remediation, alleviate the higher cost of land in an urban area as opposed to a greenfield, and limit the costs associated with marketing and attracting business.<br />\nRevitalizes urban/former industrial areas<br />\nCleaning up brownfield sites or redeveloping vacant, abandoned, or underutilized land can revitalize urban areas. By promoting infill and creating denser walkable communities, cities can improve the sense of community among residents.<br />\nRemoves hazardous material from soil and groundwater and protects human health<br />\nMany brownfield sites contain some level of a contaminant in the soil. These contaminants can be harmful to human and environmental health for the surrounding area. Also, rainfall can transport pollutants into groundwater and negatively impact downstream sites. Brownfields can pose a health risk to the people living nearby and to waterways in the area or downstream. Remediating and stabilizing these sites can improve overall environmental quality and avoid potential environmental and human health risks.<br />\nCreates jobs<br />\nAccording to a summary of the US EPA’s Brownfields Program, as of January 2018, 129,240 jobs had been leveraged nationwide since the program’s inception in 1995.  Besides, finding uses for vacant, abandoned, or underutilized properties can create jobs both in the development of the project and afterward. Since these are in dense urban areas, developing mixed-use buildings on these sites can generate jobs even after the construction phase of the project.</p>\n<p>Builds public support<br />\nThere is often sizeable public support to remove brownfield sites and the potential health risks they might pose. Also, vacant, abandoned, underutilized land can bring down property values in the area and residents are often in favor of addressing these issues and improving the aesthetics of the community.<br />\nBenefits to Water Quality, Air Quality, and Lower Traffic Congestion<br />\nUS EPA estimates that redevelopment projects can reduce stormwater impacts, especially if the site incorporates green technologies, such as green roofs, stormwater harvest and reuse systems, and landscaping elements such as bioswales and rain gardens. [16] By promoting development near existing infrastructure and services, brownfield and infill development can improve air quality by creating denser, pedestrian and bicycle-friendly communities. In denser, urban areas people are more likely to walk, thus reducing traffic congestion, improving overall air quality, and improving public health by encouraging residents to walk.[17]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe cost of brownfield remediation varies substantially, depending on the extent of the contamination and the intended reuse. Because a brownfield is considered a site that may be contaminated, a remediation investigation may reveal limited contamination, in which case, the remediation cost is minimal. In cases where a heating fuel tank was buried and leaked, the damage can be extensive, but, again, may be relatively inexpensive ($10,000-$100,000). For more complex sites, which have multiple contaminants and higher levels of contaminants, costs can run in the millions.<br />\nA significant area of cost is that of uncertainty. In instances where the property has been in industrial use for many years, there could be contaminants that predate any tracking systems, making them difficult to anticipate and requiring more than one investigation. Triad is a recommended program because it fully characterizes the extent and type of spill all at once, whereas traditional approaches tested where they expected to be the extent of contamination, and, if they were wrong, had to go into the field a second time and test again. In some instances, these repeat tests could delay projects by months. Though Triad is more expensive initially, for complex sites where there is an extensive industrial history, it can expedite the clean up significantly. The level of cleanup required also determines the cost. In New Jersey, non-industrial cleanup requirements (such as would be required to build housing on a previously industrial property) must meet a higher standard than a cleanup for a property returning to industrial use. Depending upon the project, some developed brownfield sites require ongoing monitoring by a responsible party as determined.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nBrownfield reuse offers multiple environmental and resiliency benefits by reducing the number of impermeable surfaces in a given area, especially by preserving open space and park space. Instead of developing existing greenfields, which can be critical natural habitats and create more stormwater runoff (through higher levels of asphalt, concrete, and other impermeable surfaces), brownfields use existing, impermeable sites.<br />\nRedeveloped brownfield sites can serve as an emergency headquarters or storm shelter in underserved areas that could house mobile assistance; for example, serving as a location for food trucks or mobile health services. Other reuse may include warehouses with solar panels for backup power generation, or broadband and wireless access to support communications/dispatch mobile services.<br />\n[1] US EPA. http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/ (accessed March 2nd, 2018).<br />\n[2] NJ DEP Site Remediation Program.  Known Contaminated Sites in New Jersey Reports, Updated February 2017.  http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/  (accessed March 2, 2018).<br />\n[3] NJ DEP Brownfield Development Area Initiative. http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/ (accessed March 7, 2018).<br />\n[4] USGBC LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction.<br />\n[5] See: http://www.triadcentral.org (accessed March 2, 2018).<br />\n[6] Triad Resource Center, Overview. https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm (accessed March 2, 2018).<br />\n[7] Content for this section draws on two interviews, cited below.<br />\n[8] For a list of BDAs see http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/sites/<br />\n[9] NJ Brownfields SiteMart. http://njbrownfieldsproperties.com/  (accessed March 7, 2018).<br />\n[10] In New Jersey, the Site Remediation Reform Act (SRRA) (2009) outlines the process for remediating contaminated sites. Under the SRRA, approval is not required by the NJDEP before beginning the remediation process. According to the SRRA as of 2012, any remediating party is required to use a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP) and must start the cleanup without NJ DEP approval. The SRRA established the LSRP program. Qualified professionals receive a license from an LSRP Board to conduct remediation of sites in New Jersey.<br />\n[11] NJDEP Success Stories: http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/brownfields/success/so_cafe.htm (accessed March 8, 2018).<br />\n[12] City of Trenton, J. R. Capasso, personal conversation, based on figures in Trenton’s application for the US EPA Phoenix Award.14 NJIT.  https://www.njit.edu/tab/sites/tab/files/lcms/downloads/removing-barriers/Brownfield_Success_Stories.pdf (accessed March 8, 2018).<br />\n[13] LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction<br />\n[14] The Free Dictionary. http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser. (Accessed March 8, 2018).<br />\n[15] NJ DEP BDA Designation. http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/ (Accessed March 8, 2018).<br />\n[16] US EPA, Brownfields Program Accomplishments and Benefits. https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits  (accessed March 8, 2018).<br />\n[17] LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation</p></div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Center for Creative Land Recycling<br />\nNJ Brownfields Redevelopment Task Force<br />\nNJ DEP Office of Brownfield Reuse<br />\nNJ DEP Brownfield Remediation and Reuse<br />\nNew Jersey Known Contaminated Sites<br />\nUS EPA State Brownfields and Voluntary Response Programs, New Jersey</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3446,1109,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-11 13:46:31'),(3447,1109,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3448,1109,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3450,1109,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3451,1109,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3452,1109,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3453,1109,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3454,1109,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3455,1109,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3456,1109,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3458,1109,'_thumbnail_id','494'),(3461,1109,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','5'),(3463,1115,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3464,1115,'_edit_last','2'),(3465,1115,'_edit_lock','1651248916:3'),(3467,449,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1- Strategic Tree Placement (Source: Minnesota Department of Commerce Energy Information Center)'),(3468,1115,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3471,1115,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3472,1115,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3473,1115,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1115\" /]'),(3474,1115,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3475,1115,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3477,1115,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3478,1115,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3479,1115,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Energy-Efficient Landscaping?<br />\nEnergy-efficient landscaping refers to the selection and placement of trees, shrubs, and vegetation that help reduce a building’s energy use. Heating, cooling, and ventilation comprise over half of the commercial buildings’ energy consumption.[1] Energy-efficient landscaping provides a low-cost solution to reducing energy use with both economic and environmental benefits.<br />\nHeat exchange occurs through air infiltration[2] conduction[3] and solar-radiation.[4] Energy-efficient landscaping uses four main strategies to moderate these processes.</p>\n<p>Plant trees and shrubs to provide shade and reduce solar heat gain in the summer.<br />\nPlant trees and shrubs to prevent heat loss in the winter.<br />\nPlant trees and shrubs to deflect winter winds and maintain a warmer microclimate around the building.<br />\nConsider a vegetated roof to provide extra thermal mass and insulation.</p>\n<p>How to Implement Energy-Efficient Landscaping<br />\nWhen designing an energy-efficient landscape consider New Jersey’s temperate climate and your property’s unique micro-climate. Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees (see Tree Protection and Placement). When possible, protect or enhance the diversity of native species and age of trees on the site and maintain them as necessary (see Native and Adapted Plants). Resources such as Jersey-Friendly Yards offer plant information and an easily searchable plant database.</p>\n<p>Tips and Maintenance</p>\n<p>Consider mapping the sun’s path to understand the site’s microclimate better.<br />\nCreate a landscape and maintenance plan.<br />\nDo not plant trees too close to the building because roots may grow into the foundation. Place medium to large trees at least 20 feet from the building. Place trees that result in small, full-grown crowns closer to the building to maintain both energy and aesthetic value. See the Arbor Day Tree Guide for growth rate and crown size information for specific tree species.<br />\nReview the Native and Adaptive Plants strategy for plant selection guidance. Consider genetic diversity to minimize potential disease and insect problems.<br />\nConsider using temporary measures to provide shade until trees reach maturity. For instance, vines growing on a trellis can shade air conditioning units. If using mature trees for shading or a windbreak, plant a temporary row of faster-growing shrubs upwind of the permanent row and remove before the roots interfere with the permanent planting.</p>\n<p>Benefits</p>\n<p>According to a Lawrence Berkeley National Labs study, landscapes that provide shade resulting in temperatures 3-6°F cooler can decrease the energy load required for buildings by 9-20%.<br />\nShading an air conditioning unit can increase its efficiency by up to 10% and allow units to operate more efficiently.[5]<br />\nWindbreaks can save up to 25% on heating costs by protecting the microclimate surrounding your building.[6]<br />\nProper landscaping decreases energy demand to heat and cool buildings, thus reducing carbon dioxide emissions.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nModerate upfront investments in energy-efficient landscaping can realize paybacks in as little as eight years as trees and shrubs reach full maturity, offering maximum energy-saving benefits. [7]  Large, deep-rooted deciduous trees provide optimal shading benefits but depending on growth rate of the species, may take up to 5 or 10 years to reach full maturity.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nEnergy efficient landscaping offers a strong line of natural defense for buildings and the surrounding community.  Instead of implementing costly, time-consuming engineering projects, natural systems such as trees for windbreaks or shade, and wetlands for storm barriers offer protection from the elements, along with substantial energy savings. In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.<br />\nNote that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lightning result in one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.<br />\n[1] US EIA. 2003.  Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey, Table E1A. https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf  (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[2] Air infiltration occurs when outside air enters a house uncontrollably through cracks and openings. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[3] Conduction is heat traveling through a solid material https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling  (accessed April 10, 2018)<br />\n[4] Solar radiation is heat created from sunlight https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics  (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[5] Connecticut State Department of Consumer Protection.  “How to Save on Air Conditioning.” http://www.portal.ct.gov/DCP/Common-Elements/Common-Elements/How-to-Save-on-Air-Conditioning  (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[6] Walker, L. and Newman, S.  Landscaping for Energy Conservation.  Colorado State University Extension Publications. no.7.225. March 2009.  http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07225.pdf (accessed  March 22, 2018).<br />\n[7] US DOE. Landscaping for Shade. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade (April 10, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Native and Adapted Plants<br />\nTree Protection and Placement</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) – Resilient Design<br />\nInternational Society of Arboriculture<br />\nJersey-Friendly Yards<br />\nNational Arbor Day Foundation<br />\nNative Plant Society of New Jersey<br />\nNew Jersey Master Gardeners<br />\nRutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station<br />\nThe Sustainable Sites Initiative<br />\nUS DOE: Energy Savers – Landscaping</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3480,1115,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-11 13:45:25'),(3481,1115,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3482,1115,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3484,1115,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3485,1115,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3486,1115,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3487,1115,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3488,1115,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3489,1115,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3490,1115,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3492,1122,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3493,1122,'_edit_last','2'),(3494,1122,'_edit_lock','1648497215:2'),(3496,80,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).'),(3497,1122,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3500,1122,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3501,1122,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3502,1122,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1122\" /]'),(3503,1122,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3504,1122,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3505,1122,'_thumbnail_id','80'),(3506,1122,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3507,1122,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3508,1122,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Site Protection</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is a Site Protection Plan?<br />\nA site protection plan helps protect the natural resources of a project site and adjacent areas and achieve compliance with local laws and codes. Existing trees and vegetation, healthy soils and natural hydrologic systems on a site are all valuable resources to consider protecting before a construction project begins. The site protection plan’s essential elements include: [1]</p>\n<p>A protection plan for vegetation/trees and healthy soils<br />\nA tree rescue plan for those trees and plantings identified for removal (a park, community garden, nursery, or some other entity may want them)<br />\nA site access plan, including a designated staging or ‘lay down’ area designed to minimize damage to the environment<br />\nStorage areas for salvaged materials and collection areas for recyclable materials, including day-to-day construction waste (e.g., packaging, bottles)<br />\nDefined sensitive areas where staging, stockpiling, and soil compaction are prohibited<br />\nWastewater runoff and erosion control measures<br />\nMeasures to salvage existing clean topsoil on site for reuse<br />\nPlans to mitigate dust, smoke, and odors.<br />\nNoise control measures, including schedules for particularly disruptive, high decibel operations<br />\nDesignated wash-down area for construction equipment</p>\n<p>Minimizing site disturbance reduces the impact that the construction of a new building has on the site and the regional ecosystem by minimizing the portion of the site that is impacted by development, reducing grading, preventing soil erosion, protecting existing vegetation, and other natural resources.</p>\n<p>How to Implement a Site Protection Plan<br />\nConduct a site analysis that inventories site conditions and natural resources such as existing soils, vegetation, and hydrology early in the design process to provide information about how to minimize negative site impacts and identify any ecosystem impacts. Include a site protection plan in the contract documents.<br />\nFollow the Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control when developing plans for controlling erosion during construction.[2] A soil erosion control permit, issued by one of the state’s 15 soil conservation districts is one of the many permits required by New Jersey laws to build and develop in the state.[3] The Standards manual includes design guidance for structural practices, such as grass waterways or detention basins as well as a comprehensive list of plant species used for vegetative stabilization of disturbed soils.[4]Obtain the Standards through any NJ Soil Conservation District.<br />\nProjects also need to comply with the NJ DEP Construction Stormwater Phase II program. Construction activities including clearing, grading and excavating that disturb one acre require a Storm Water Discharge Permit, administered through the NJ Soil Conservation Districts in conjunction with the NJ DEP Division of Water Quality.[5]<br />\nA site protection plan should define procedures for protecting existing trees and vegetation on site. Take an inventory of existing vegetation to determine the health and species composition. It is also essential to use the following resources to identify and protect any endangered or threatened species that may exist on-site. NJ DEP maintains a List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern. Search the USDA by the state for a list for endangered and threatened plant species. In addition to protecting endangered species, minimizing vegetation removal also reduces the effects of soil erosion from the site because plant roots help stabilize the soil.[6]<br />\nThe three leading causes of tree damage, decline, and death as a result of construction are soil compaction caused by equipment driving too near the tree, root damage caused by adding or removing soil, and the severing of roots caused by trenching (see Tree Protection and Placement strategy).[7]Include a certified arborist on the project team and consult them early in the process to help protect trees during construction. An arborist can assess existing trees on a project site, outline steps for protection, and advise on best practices. The following is a list of significant considerations for a site protection plan:</p>\n<p>During construction, the largest single killer of tree roots – and thus of trees – is soil compaction by heavy machinery (compaction by construction equipment also degrades soil structure and reduces infiltration);[8]<br />\nThe roots of most species of large, woody trees grow primarily horizontally;<br />\nThese roots are predominantly located in the top 12″ of soil and do not usually extend to depths greater than 3′ to 7’ yet extend outward to an average diameter of 1 to 2 times the height of that tree.</p>\n<p>Tree guards should be erected to protect trees during construction, but since it would be impractical in most cases to establish a complete protection zone for all root systems tree guards should reach at least to the drip line of the tree’s crown. The drip line is the vertical plane going from the perimeter of the tree’s branch system to the ground.[9]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nImplementing a site protection plan:</p>\n<p>Protects the ecological services and natural resources of the site and the region<br />\nImproves community relations through reduced environmental degradation[10]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nDeveloping, implementing and enforcing a site protection plan can save money through avoiding fines by meeting local codes and regulations and protecting the natural resources of the site.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSite protection plans foster ecological resilience by preserving noninvasive trees, native plants, and pervious surfaces, which provide valuable ecosystem services, that in turn, enhance the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.<br />\n[1] City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines. http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[2] NJ Department of Agriculture. http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[3] NJ Soil Conservation Districts. http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[4] NJ Department of Agriculture.<br />\n[5] NJ DEP Division of Water Quality  http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[6] Hopper, Leonard J. 2007. Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ. Google Books Link: http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[7] C. Dennis, W.R. Jacobi.  Protecting Trees During Construction Projects. Colorado State University Extension http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf  (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[8] University of Alabama Cooperative Extension. A Guide to Preventing Soil Compaction During Construction. http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[9] City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines.<br />\n[10] Ibid.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Tree Protection and Placement</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources<br />\nNJ Department of Environmental Protection</p>\n<p>Construction Storm Water Permit Phase II<br />\nList of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern<br />\nNJ Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control<br />\nNJ Storm Water Best Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques<br />\nSustainable Sites Initiative<br />\nUS EPA – National Menu of Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Storm Water<br />\nUniversity of Minnesota Extension – Protecting Existing Trees During Construction</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3509,1122,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-11 13:45:25'),(3510,1122,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3511,1122,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3513,1122,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3514,1122,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3515,1122,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3516,1122,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3517,1122,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3518,1122,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3519,1122,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3523,1128,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3524,1128,'_edit_last','3'),(3525,1128,'_edit_lock','1655927372:3'),(3527,432,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”'),(3528,420,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).'),(3529,1128,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3532,1128,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3533,1128,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3534,1128,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1128\" /]'),(3535,1128,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3536,1128,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3537,1128,'_thumbnail_id','420'),(3538,1128,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3539,1128,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3540,1128,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Tree Protection and Placement</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Tree Protection and Placement?<br />\nTrees play an essential role in the overall environmental quality of a property. Protecting existing trees and properly siting new trees can increase the energy efficiency of a building design before considering mechanical enhancements or upgrades. Trees protect buildings by reducing energy loads, reducing interior glare, and blocking potentially harsh winds (see Glare and Heat Gain Reduction). Trees also add aesthetic appeal, reduce stormwater runoff and soil erosion, and can improve air quality. It is essential to locate trees strategically. Trees can take 10-15 years to mature to a size that provides significant shade and protection, therefore protecting existing trees during construction is very important.<br />\nBefore construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees. Symptoms of tree damage from construction may not be visible immediately but may appear years later. In planning for tree protection and determining necessary tree removals, consider the species, size, maturity, location, and condition of each tree.[1] Sometimes saving a younger tree is more beneficial than saving a mature tree because they are better able to adapt to the disturbances of construction. It is essential to maintain a diversity of species and age of trees on the site.</p>\n<p>How to Implement Tree Protection and Placement<br />\n A tree protection plan should be created during design and enforced during construction. The plan should define parameters such as materials and dimensions of tree protection fencing required for all trees in the site protection plan. Fencing helps protect trees by keeping construction vehicles, equipment, and materials away from the tree. Penalties, such as a fine proportional to damages accrued, help construction workers adhere to the tree protection plan.<br />\nWhen developing a strategy to preserve existing trees during site construction, it is essential to consider both the aboveground and belowground components of the trees. Machinery can damage the trunk and crown of a tree by breaking branches and gashing the trunk. When digging to install a foundation and utilities, roots are susceptible to being severed.  The majority of the roots of a tree are no more than a foot deep in the soil. However, in a mature tree, the root system can extend as far as 1 to 3 times the height of the tree.[2] As Figure 1 illustrates, the drip line, a vertical plane extending from the perimeter of the crown to the ground, is the minimum area that should be left undisturbed when preserving a tree. Extending that boundary increases the likelihood of the tree’s survival. The closer the cut is made to the tree, the more damage the tree suffers.[3] Removing roots also makes the tree more prone to falling over as they stabilize the tree in the ground.  If a utility line must run through the area of a tree, the International Society of Arboriculture recommends tunneling under the tree’s roots as opposed to running through them if possible.<br />\nAlthough equipment may not always actually cut or physically damage a tree, it should never go within the drip line of a tree because the weight can cause the soil above the roots to compact and impair root development.  Adding or removing soil above the root system should be avoided to prevent smothering or rotting. When making changes to the grade of the soil, stay as far away from the trunk as possible. Exposing trees to the elements by removing nearby trees makes them vulnerable to damage from the sun and to breaking from wind and ice. All of these factors are important as trees require years to adjust to stresses caused by construction.  Continue to monitor and maintain trees and look out for any signs of poor health or safety hazards.  An arborist can provide guidance on how to properly maintain and treat any trees that have suffered damage.<br />\n Select trees carefully and maintain them as necessary to achieve maximum benefits.  To maximize energy savings associated with trees, plant deciduous trees on the south and west sides of the building to lower air-conditioning costs in the summer.[4] Locate trees so that they shade as much hardscape as possible. A commitment to the long-term care of trees is essential to maintaining their health. Consult an ISA-certified arborist for consultation and care.[5]<br />\nExample<br />\nWashington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge<br />\nA reconstruction project at Washington’s Headquarters included taking an inventory of existing trees, protecting historic trees, removing invasive species, and pruning and fertilizing remaining trees on the property.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nTrees are essential to healthy, livable communities as they provide beauty, shade, and enhance a community’s quality of life. As described in further detail below, trees provide numerous benefits such as cleaning our air, reducing stormwater runoff, cooling buildings, and can even stimulate business in downtown areas by creating a more inviting and comfortable environment.<br />\nEnvironment<br />\nAbsorption of Air Pollutants – Preserving and increasing trees on site is a simple strategy for improving local air quality. Trees remove pollutants from the air by absorbing airborne particles and gaseous pollution. According to the US Forestry Service, 100 trees remove 53 tons of carbon dioxide and 430 pounds of other air pollutants per year.[6]<br />\nCarbon Sequestration – Trees reduce greenhouse gases by storing carbon dioxide in their leaves, branches, trunks, and roots. They use carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and cellulose for plant structure and function and release oxygen back into the atmosphere.[7],[8]<br />\nReducing the Urban Heat Island Effect – The high percentage of impervious surfaces in urban areas absorb heat and create what is known as the urban heat island effect; this causes the annual, mean air temperature of cities to be 5.4°F warmer than surrounding areas.[9] Trees help cool urban areas by shading pavement and absorbing excess urban heat, reducing the urban heat island effect. This same strategy can be applied in less densely built areas by shading hardscaped areas.<br />\nEnergy Conservation – Trees strategically placed on-site can reduce the energy needed to cool and heat buildings. In the summertime, large trees on the west and east side of a building can save up to 30% of air-conditioning costs and allow units to operate more efficiently (see Energy-Efficient Landscaping).[10]<br />\nCapturing Storm Water Runoff and Preventing Erosion – Trees capture and absorb rainwater, reducing stormwater runoff. Tree roots also hold soil in place, preventing erosion (see Rain Gardens).[11]<br />\nPeople<br />\nBiophilia – The presence of trees nurtures the inherent affinity that humans are believed to have with nature known as biophilia (see Biophilic Design). Well-treed environments have also been shown to reduce stressors in urban environments due to the beauty and serenity they convey. For instance, a study in a Chicago public housing development showed reduced crime levels in apartment buildings that were surrounded by greenery compared to the same buildings in barren landscapes.[12] Another study showed that exposure to greener play environments reduced ADHD symptoms in children in the United States.[13] Also, studies find a connection between the presence of trees and lower levels of violence.[14]<br />\nNoise Reduction, Traffic Calming, and Pedestrian Safety – Trees can serve as useful sound buffers. For example, a 98-foot-wide by 49-foot-tall tree belt can reduce highway noise pollution by 6 to 10 decibels.[15] Trees also serve as physical barriers which protect pedestrians in high traffic areas. Since the presence of trees often indicates the presence of pedestrians, trees near roads help suppress the notion of a transportation corridor meant only for vehicles and can help calm traffic.[16]<br />\nEconomy<br />\nIncreased property values – Property values have been found to increase by as much as 10%, according to the U.S. Forest Service, while the International Society of Arboriculture estimates a 5-20% increase in property value due to street trees.<br />\nIncreased Business in Shopping Districts – A study conducted by University of Washington’s Center for Urban Horticulture found that the presence of trees and other vegetation positively influenced consumers’ perception of retail districts. Furthermore, shoppers spent more time shopping in downtown business districts that were well landscaped compared to those areas with little vegetation. Shoppers were also willing to pay more for parking and spend up to 11% more for goods and services in highly treed retail areas.[17]<br />\nCosts<br />\nOn average, caring for a large tree costs $13/year but returns about $65 in energy savings, improved stormwater management, and higher property values.[18]<br />\nThe cost benefits of large, medium and small trees are as follows:[19]<br />\nLarge Tree                                                         Medium Tree<br />\nTotal benefits/year = $55                                   Total benefits/year = $33<br />\nTotal costs/year = $18                                       Total costs/year = $17<br />\nNet benefits/year = $37                                     Net benefits/year = $16<br />\nLife expectancy = 120 years                              Life expectancy = 60 years<br />\nLifetime benefits = $6,600                               Lifetime benefits = $1,980<br />\nLifetime costs = $2,160                                     Lifetime costs = $1,020<br />\nValue to community = $4,440                         Value to community = $960<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\nSmall Tree<br />\nTotal benefits/year = $23<br />\nTotal costs/year = $14<br />\nNet benefits/year = $9<br />\nLife expectancy = 30 years<br />\nLifetime benefits = $690<br />\nLifetime costs = $420<br />\nValue to community = $270<br />\nResiliency<br />\nTrees provide multiple resiliency benefits. During severe storms, tree roots help to manage flooding and coastal/riparian erosion by soaking up water and stabilizing soil. Trees help reduce strain on local sewer systems, especially combined sewer systems where flooding events can negatively affect water quality and lead to public health concerns.  By infiltrating water where it falls, trees help replenish groundwater reserves, relieving stress on local water supplies and reducing the need to import potable water.[20] Consequently, trees can lessen the impact of droughts.<br />\nIn the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.<br />\nNote that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lighting is often one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.<br />\n[1] International Society of Arboriculture (ISA). Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf  (accessed March 21, 2018.)<br />\n[2] ISA. Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[3] Ibid.<br />\n[4] ISA. Trees are Good. “Tree Care Information:  Benefits of Trees.” https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[5] Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf  (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[6] US Forestry Service: Benefits of Trees. https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[7] Colorado Tree Coalition.  “Education: Why Plant a Tree?”  http://coloradotrees.org/education/ (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[8] Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[9] US EPA.   “Heat Island Effect.”   http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/ (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[10] Arbor Day Foundation.  “Benefits of Trees.” https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[11] Ibid.<br />\n[12] Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). Environment and crime in the inner city: Does vegetation reduce crime? Environment and Behavior, 33(3), 343-367. http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm (accessed April 10, 2018)<br />\n[13] Faber Taylor, A., Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). “Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings.” Environment and Behavior, 33(1), 54-77. http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[14] Sullivan, W.C. &amp; F. E. Kuo.  Human-Environment Research Laboratory Department of<br />\nNatural Resources and the Environmental Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-<br />\nChampaign.  “Do Trees Strengthen Urban Communities, Reduce Domestic Violence?”  January 1996.  http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html  (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[15] National Forest Foundation.  “New Research Proves Just How Green Urban Forests Are.” https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests  (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[16] Jacobs, Allan B.  Great Streets.  Cambridge MA: MIT Press.  1995.<br />\n[17] Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources.  “Fact Sheet #5: Trees in Business Districts.”  http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[18] US Forest Service, Center for Urban Forestry Research and Information.  “The Large Tree Argument.”  https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf  (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[19] Ibid.<br />\n[20] US EPA. Green Infrastructure: Climate Resiliency. https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency (accessed April 25, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Biophilic Design<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Landscaping<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nRain Gardens</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Arbor Day Foundation Tree Guide<br />\nInternational Society of Arboriculture – Trees Are Good<br />\nI-Tree Tools<br />\nThe Nature Conservancy<br />\nNJ DEP Division of Parks and Forestry – Community Forestry<br />\nNJ Tree Foundation<br />\nPhiladelphia Water Department<br />\nRutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station<br />\nUrban Forests and Climate Change<br />\nUniversity of Minnesota Extension Service: Fitting Trees and Shrubs into the Landscape<br />\nUS EPA Green Infrastructure<br />\nUS Forest Service Watershed Forestry</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3541,1128,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-07-09 08:18:32'),(3542,1128,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.17.3'),(3543,1128,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3545,1128,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3546,1128,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3547,1128,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3548,1128,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3549,1128,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3550,1128,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3551,1128,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3554,1128,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(3556,1134,'_edit_last','3'),(3557,1134,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3558,1134,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3559,1134,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3560,1134,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3561,1134,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3562,1134,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3563,1134,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3564,1134,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3565,1134,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Turf Grass Reduction</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Turf Grass?<br />\nTurf grass refers to a form of grass used when growing a lawn and typically includes species such as bluegrass, rye, and fescue.[1] These species, referred to as conventional turf grass, grow evenly and to a uniform height when maintained. Conventional turf grass requires high levels of maintenance, irrigation, and fertilization to achieve a consistently green and manicured look. Turf grass had become common in the United States after post-World War II when it became a mainstream middle-class status symbol. At that time many types of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers were becoming commercially available.[2]<br />\nAlternatives to conventional turf grass lawns include replacing the lawn with native grasses or groundcover and reducing the size of the lawn by incorporating other types of natural landscaping or garden beds (see Native and Adapted Plants).). There are many varieties of groundcovers, including those that are edible or flowering. Groundcover refers to plants that, once established, form a uniform layer over the ground and require little to no maintenance. Native grasses are species of grass that are native to a particular area and climate. These grasses require less maintenance and are less susceptible to pests.</p>\n<p>Reasons to consider reducing the use of turf grass include:<br />\nHigh Maintenance Requirements<br />\nLawns require frequent and sometimes costly maintenance. Lawn maintenance often involves hiring lawn care employees, purchasing fertilizers, and maintaining lawn care equipment. Lawns may require mowing multiple times a week during the peak growing season. During a drought, lawns require irrigation. Landscapes consume 9 billion gallons of water each day in the United States, mostly to irrigate lawns.[3]<br />\nHigh Pollution Outputs that Create Public Health Risks<br />\nLawn care chemicals can pose a threat to people, pets and the environment. Studies have found numerous adverse health consequences associated with the synthetic chemicals found in traditional lawn care products, especially for children due to their size, physiological development and proximity to the ground.<br />\nLawns can also contribute to water pollution as chemicals used to treat lawns combine with stormwater runoff and flow into freshwater supplies, adversely affecting plants and animal life. Many commercial lawns require frequent fertilization to maintain quality turf grass. Excessive fertilizer use can also lead to fertilizers entering sources of drinking water.[4]<br />\nNote that while conventional turf grass does help remove carbon dioxide from the air, the amount sequestered does not cancel out the greenhouse gas emissions produced from fertilizer production, mowing, leaf blowing and other lawn management practices.[5]<br />\nLack of Biodiversity<br />\nConventional turf grass lawns lack biodiversity, an essential component of healthy ecosystems, and do not support a wide variety of birds, beneficial insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.[6]<br />\nHow to Reduce Turf Grass<br />\nTurf grass accounts for 30-40 million acres of land in the United States.[7] Many fiscally and environmentally responsible alternatives to lawns exist such as minimizing turfgrass areas, using more eco-friendly grass species for remaining turf areas, and planting a wide variety of low-maintenance trees, shrubs, and perennials to create garden spaces, rain gardens, and native habitats (see Rain Gardens). When designing an alternative lawn, select eco-friendly grass and grass-like species such as native sedges and meadow mixes and limit turf areas for defining garden edges, active recreation areas, pathways between planting beds and other structural and functional purposes. [8] Native grasses and sedges can provide a low maintenance alternative with high ecological value.[9]<br />\nUse Groundcover<br />\nGroundcovers refer to low-growing plants including native grasses and sedges but also include taller trees and shrubs that grow together to form dense vegetation. Choose groundcovers that require little maintenance and support wildlife.[10]  Increasing the size of shrub beds and adding groundcovers can facilitate the reduction of erosion and water runoff.[11] Select non-invasive groundcovers that do not threaten plant biodiversity or affect wildlife that depends on native species as a food source.</p>\n<p>To select an appropriate groundcover, talk with the local cooperative extension agent and refer to the NJ Native Plant Society’s listing of native and invasive species and the Native Plant Finder. Native species often vary across regions, even within New Jersey. Note that the USDA identifies New Jersey as being in Hardiness Zones 5 through 7.<br />\nTo contain groundcovers, install an edge barrier such as a row of low bricks or wood frame. Extend edging a few inches into the soil to contain roots.<br />\nWeed and mulch groundcover regularly, especially in the first year of planting.<br />\nCounty Extension Offices trains volunteer in each county through its Master Gardeners Program to provide guidance on lawn alternatives.</p>\n<p>Tips on Removing Lawn</p>\n<p>Use a sod cutter to remove sections of existing lawn gradually.<br />\nRemove existing lawn but do not disturb the soil as turning the soil allows weeds to compete with the new native seedlings.</p>\n<p>Tips for Caring for Existing Lawns</p>\n<p>Keep mower at 2 1⁄2 inches, water in the early morning and de-thatch if thatch reaches more than 1⁄2 inch in thickness. Cutting lawns too short decreases root growth.<br />\nLeave clippings on the lawn as a natural source of nitrogen for the soil, recycle the clippings or start a compost pile.<br />\nReduce water needs by mulching the garden beds around an existing lawn.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nEconomic</p>\n<p>Decreases maintenance costs and reduces water bills. Once established, groundcovers appropriate to the site conditions require less upkeep than conventional turf grass.<br />\nReduces costs spent on fertilizers and pesticides.</p>\n<p>Environmental</p>\n<p>Increases biodiversity and support of wildlife such as birds, insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.<br />\nDense and short growing groundcover plants eliminate weeds, preserve moisture in the soil, and do not require mowing.<br />\nReduces the need for lawn irrigation (see Water-Efficient Landscaping).<br />\nGroundcovers act as mulch, enhancing the soil.<br />\nGroundcovers and native grasses require less maintenance to prevent soil erosion compared to turfgrass.<br />\nReduces toxic emissions released into the environment from lawnmowers.<br />\nReduces use of fossil fuels required by lawn and irrigation equipment.</p>\n<p>Personal Wellness</p>\n<p>Saves time and labor.<br />\nConnects people to the natural landscape.<br />\nCreates a diverse and aesthetically pleasing outdoor environment.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of lawn alternatives varies depending on the type and size of the landscape. For example, cost per square foot of alternative groundcovers depends upon the type of plants chosen and the size of the groundcover. The higher initial cost of selecting plants specific to the site pays for itself over time through reduced maintenance costs compared to less adaptive and higher-maintenance turf grass.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nReplacing conventional turf grass with native plants and water-efficient landscaping promotes resiliency by decreasing water use and reducing the reliance and stress on municipal water infrastructure. Alternatives to turf grass can also increase groundwater infiltration, helping to slow stormwater runoff and reduce erosion during flooding events. Also, replacing turf grass with diverse native plants increases the biological diversity in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.<br />\n[1] American-Lawns. “Mixtures and Blends.” http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[2] University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Turf Grass Madness: Reasons to Reduce the Lawn in Your Landscape.”  http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[3] U.S. EPA.  Outdoor Water Use in the United States.  https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html (accessed March 22, 2018)<br />\n[4] US EPA, University of West Virginia. “Managing Turfgrass and Garden Fertilizer Application to Prevent Contamination of Drinking Water.” http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf (accessed March 23, 2018).<br />\n[5] University of California, Irvine.  Turfgrass. https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/  (accessed March 23, 2018).<br />\n[6] NJ DEP. 2015. New Jersey Natural Heritage Program. https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/ (accessed Sept 20, 2018).<br />\n[7] Earth Institute at Columbia University.  “The Problem of Lawns.” http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2010/06/04/the-problem-of-lawns/ (accessed March 23, 2018).<br />\n[8] Less Lawn. “Native Grass Lawns.” http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html (accessed March 23, 2018).<br />\n[9] The Nature Conservancy. Habitat Network. Native Grasses for your Native Lawn. http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/ (accessed November 11, 2018).<br />\n[10] University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Groundcover Alternatives to Turf Grass.”  http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf (accessed March 23, 2018).<br />\n[11] Ibid.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Native and Adapted Plants<br />\nRain Gardens<br />\nWater-Efficient Landscaping</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Audubon Society – Lawn Alternatives<br />\nClean Water NJ – In the Garden<br />\nJersey-Friendly Yards<br />\nNative Plant Society of New Jersey<br />\nNative Plant Finder<br />\nNature Conservancy – Habitat Network<br />\nNJ DEP Lawn and Garden Care<br />\nRutgers NJ Agriculture Experiment Station</p>\n<p>Commercial Turfgrass and Landscape Maintenance Fact Sheets &amp; Bulletins<br />\nCenter for Turfgrass Science</p>\n<p>Rutgers Water Resource Program – Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey</p>\n<p>University Extension Services – Groundcovers</p>\n<p>Delaware<br />\nMaryland</p>\n<p>US Environmental Protection Agency</p>\n<p>US EPA Greenscapes: Environmentally Beneficial Landscaping</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3566,1134,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-07-09 08:18:32'),(3567,1134,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3568,1134,'_edit_lock','1656006634:3'),(3570,587,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – An example of non-lawn outdoor space (Source: Ithaca College).'),(3571,1134,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3574,1134,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3575,1134,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3576,1134,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1134\" /]'),(3577,1134,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3578,1134,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3579,1134,'_thumbnail_id','587'),(3580,1134,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3581,1134,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3582,1134,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3591,1142,'_edit_last','2'),(3592,1142,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3593,1142,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3594,1142,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3595,1142,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3596,1142,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3597,1142,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3598,1142,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3599,1142,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3600,1142,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Building Orientation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Building Orientation?<br />\nBuilding orientation describes a building’s placement on a site and the positioning of windows, rooflines, and other features. A building oriented for solar design takes advantage of passive and active solar strategies. Passive solar strategies use energy from the sun to heat and illuminate buildings without the use of external energy sources and mechanical systems. Building orientation combined with the proper selection of building materials and the placement of windows, openings and shading devices influences heating and cooling loads, natural daylighting levels, and air flows within the building (see Daylighting, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, Natural Ventilation, and Thermal Mass).<br />\nPassive solar strategies use building components to collect, store, distribute, and control solar heat gains (see Table 1). Strategies include implementing large, south-facing windows, sourcing building materials that absorb and slowly release heat, manipulating building form to influence ventilation, and minimizing unwanted heat gain through proper window selection and glazing. Shading devices such as roof overhangs or landscaping also reduce solar load (See Tree Protection and Placement).<br />\nActive solar strategies capture and store the sun’s energy through mechanical or electrical means. Solar photovoltaic systems generate and store electricity, while solar thermal systems heat liquid directly and transfer thermal energy for heating water or air (see Photovoltaic Systems and Solar Thermal Systems).[1] Solar ready buildings have south-facing roofs not shaded by nearby trees, structures or buildings. NREL’s PVWatts Calculator can estimate energy production and costs of a photovoltaic (PV) system at your location.<br />\nHow to Optimize Building Orientation<br />\nDecisions about building orientation begin early in the design phase, inform the entire building process, and involve all project team members (see Integrated Design Process). It helps to have input from experienced passive solar design architects and builders and to consider site conditions, such as temperature, solar access, and wind to evaluate passive design opportunities.<br />\nBuilding orientation impacts daylighting which also relates to building geometry, window selection, interior layout, HVAC sizing, and electrical lighting design.[2] Utilizing computer simulation software and energy modeling tools help to assess how building orientation and passive design considerations affect overall building performance (see Energy Modeling).<br />\nThe project team may also consider pursuing the Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018) building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for zero-energy, high-performance buildings.<br />\nExamples<br />\nDiscovery Elementary School, Arlington, VA.<br />\nThe Discovery Elementary School is one of the first Zero Energy schools on the East Coast. The project team adopted passive solar design by orienting the building with its longest facades facing north and south, took advantage of shading opportunities to reduce summer cooling loads, selected construction materials with high thermal mass, and utilized occupancy sensors for temperature settings.<br />\nCambria Office Facility, Ebensburg, PA.<br />\nThe original plan for the Cambria Office Facility was to maximize curb appeal with a flat-roofed, square box building orientated along the road near the edge of the property. Instead, the location of the building on the site was changed to optimize solar orientation and preserve wetlands on the property.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nBuildings oriented for passive and active solar provide multiple benefits:</p>\n<p>Utilize solar, a renewable energy source, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and slowing fossil fuel depletion.<br />\nConnect occupants to the natural environment by responding to changing weather conditions and providing window views.<br />\nProvide daylighting, which decreases electrical lighting requirements and increases occupant satisfaction and productivity.<br />\nEmploy thermal massing, which reduces temperature swings and produces a higher degree of temperature stability and thermal comfort.<br />\nReduce heating and cooling costs through natural heating/cooling and ventilation.<br />\nLower operation and maintenance costs by requiring fewer moving parts and opportunities for mechanical failure.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nConsidering life-cycle costs and annual energy and maintenance savings, buildings designed to maximize solar access are often less expensive than conventional buildings. Passive solar features, such as south-facing windows, thermal mass, and roof overhangs, can pay for themselves by reducing mechanical heating and cooling loads, unit size, installation, operation and maintenance costs.[3] Compared to passive solar systems, active solar systems often have a higher initial cost and longer payback period depending on the size and the type of technology but may be offset with currently available federal and state tax credits.[4]<br />\nCheck the DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency and the NJ Office of Clean Energy and for available incentives, rebates and tax credits.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nBuilding’s oriented for passive and active solar design enhance a building’s resiliency by maintaining livable conditions in the event of power interruption and loss of heating fuel.<br />\nDaylight-optimized buildings provide interior light, and highly insulated buildings with natural ventilation maintain thermal comfort for building occupants. Photovoltaic systems with battery storage and islanding inverters provide emergency “power islands” during times of storm or other grid outages.[5]<br />\n[1] US DOE | Energy Savers: Active Solar Heating. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating-systems/active-solar-heating (accessed March 12, 2018).<br />\n[2] Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf (accessed July 3, 2018).<br />\n[3] NREL. Passive Solar Design Fact Sheet. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29236.pdf (accessed March 12, 2018)<br />\n[4] WBDG. Passive Solar Heating.  http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php (accessed March 21, 2018)<br />\n[5] Jennifer Senick et al. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/ (accessed March 12, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Daylighting<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nPhotovoltaic Systems<br />\nSolar Thermal Systems<br />\nThermal Mass<br />\nTree Protection and Placement</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency<br />\nLos Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design<br />\nNJ’s Clean Energy Program<br />\nNREL’s PVWatts Calculator<br />\nPassive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)<br />\nSustainable Sources: Passive Solar Design<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Passive Solar Heating</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3601,1142,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-11 13:45:25'),(3602,1142,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3603,1142,'_edit_lock','1648498539:2'),(3605,12,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Source: Adapted from the Whole Building Design Guide, Passive Solar Heating'),(3606,1142,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3609,1142,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3610,1142,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3611,1142,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1142\" /]'),(3612,1142,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3613,1142,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3615,1142,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3616,1142,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3617,1142,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3622,1146,'_edit_last','2'),(3623,1146,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3624,1146,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3625,1146,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3626,1146,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3627,1146,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3628,1146,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3629,1146,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3630,1146,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3631,1146,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Daylighting</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Daylighting?<br />\nDaylighting combines building orientation, fenestration (e.g., the location of windows and openings in a building), shading devices, interior design, and lighting and controls.  Daylighting illuminates indoor spaces with appropriate levels of natural light, minimizes glare and heat gain, and reduces electrical lighting needs (see Integrated Design Process, Building Orientation, High-Efficiency Lighting Systems, and Networked Lighting Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction and Sensor Controls).<br />\nBuilding orientation, in combination with window selection and placement and reflection and glare from adjacent buildings, impacts daylighting levels, thermal comfort, ventilation, and views to nature (see Natural Ventilation and Views and Operable Windows). A daylighting-optimized building maximizes south and north exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive more favorable sources of direct and indirect natural light, respectively.[1] The design and choice of window glazing also affect the amount, distribution, and quality of daylight.[2] For example, glazing systems with tinted glass and low-solar low-E coatings reduce solar heat gain with little reduction in visible transmittance or the amount of light in the visible portion of the spectrum.[3] Introducing daylight from skylights or solar tubes can also help balance daylight in a room. Utilize the upper portion of windows to introduce high levels of daylight and avoid glare issues, while taking advantage of views from the lower portion of windows, balanced by proper shading.[4] Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, louvers, and reflecting systems and self-shading elements of building form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light. Interior designs that incorporate open layouts and light-colored surfaces also bounce light throughout interior spaces. For example, dark interior finishes can compromise an otherwise successful daylighting design.[5] Furniture, cubicles, and workstations can block light and have a substantial impact on the light levels in a given space. Model any partition systems or permanent furniture in the design phase as they can have a significant impact on interior light levels.[6] Reduce electrical lighting consumption and costs, and associated waste heat by pairing harvested daylight with automated dimmers and photosensors (see High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls).<br />\nHow to Implement Daylighting<br />\nDesigning for daylighting involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process. For example, window glazing influences interior electrical lighting design, sizing of mechanical systems, and interior design layouts. The following outlines steps to integrate daylighting and electrical lighting into new commercial buildings.[7]</p>\n<p>Set a Maximum Lighting Power Density (LPD) goal to avoid overlit spaces and to achieve an appropriate level of lighting per area lit or watts per square foot.<br />\nSet a Daylight Sufficiency Goal that establishes the amount of daylighting, measured in lumens or foot-candles, required to perform a typical task in each space without electrical lighting.<br />\nDevelop a layered lighting strategy that first utilizes daylight to provide basic or ambient lighting levels, and then adds electrical lighting options and controls to vary lighting levels for a variety of tasks and occupant preferences.</p>\n<p>Daylighting guidelines provide general principles and examples, but project specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools that can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.[8]<br />\nThe Facade Design Tool by the Efficient Windows Collaborative compares several design parameters including orientation, window area, controls, shading, and window type to predict performance outcomes such as annual energy use and savings, daylight levels, glare, and thermal comfort.<br />\nLow Energy – High Performance:  Building Façade Solutions by Berkeley Lab offers a list of simulation software for modeling window system performance.<br />\nExamples<br />\nThe Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Office Building, NJ<br />\nThis building uses several design strategies to bring daylight into a massive central core building including small interior atriums, light shelves, and prismatic glazing.<br />\nPerimeter Office Zones, Washington, DC<br />\nThis case study and design guide examine combinations of window area, shading devices, and glazing types to maximize daylighting and save energy.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nControlled, natural lighting provides multiple benefits:</p>\n<p>Reduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.[9]<br />\nReduced cooling loads and downsized HVAC systems through less heat gain from electrical lighting (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).[10]<br />\nImproved employee productivity and satisfaction based on a shared preference for naturally daylit spaces, reinforcement of circadian rhythms, and connection to nature.[11]<br />\nAbove average lease rates and lower tenant turnover.[12]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nDaylighting design should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated throughout the design process.  The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn the event of a power outage, a daylighting-optimized building provides interior light to building occupants, reducing reliance and stress on the grid and providing energy savings.<br />\n[1] Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32. https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf (accessed July 6, 2018).<br />\n[2] Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylighting. http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php(accessed July 6, 2018).<br />\n[3] Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Window Technologies: Transmittance. http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php (accessed July 6, 2018).<br />\n[4] General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf  (accessed Dec 11, 2018).<br />\n[5] US DOE. Lighting Design. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/lighting-design  (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[6] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) Daylighting. September 2016. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting (accessed September 10, 2018)<br />\n[7] General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf (accessed Dec 11, 2018).<br />\n[8] WBDG. Daylighting. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php (accessed April 4, 2018).<br />\n[9] Ibid WBDG.<br />\n[10] Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylight Controls. Windows for High-Performance Buildings. http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php (accessed July 5, 2018).<br />\n[11] California Energy Commission and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”<br />\nhttp://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf (accessed April 5, 2018).<br />\n[12] Daylight Dividends, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. “Daylighting Resources – Productivity.” http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/dr_productivity.asp (accessed April 4, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Building Orientation<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nViews and Operable Windows</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Berkeley Lab – Building Technology and Urban Systems- Windows and Daylighting – Software Tools<br />\nEfficient Windows Collaborative. Windows for High-Performance Commercial Buildings<br />\nIlluminating Engineering Society of North America<br />\nLBNL and US DOE. The Integrated Approach – Tips for Daylighting with Windows</p>\n<p>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) – Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</p>\n<p>Daylighting<br />\nGlazing<br />\nSun Control and Shading Devices<br />\nWindows</p>\n<p>New Buildings Institute (NBI)</p>\n<p>Daylighting Pattern Guide</p>\n<p>Other</p>\n<p>Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center<br />\nSeventhwave<br />\nUS DOE – Energy Savers – Daylighting</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3632,1146,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-11 13:45:25'),(3633,1146,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3634,1146,'_edit_lock','1648498790:2'),(3636,582,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Sunshade at Rutgers Visitor Center (Source: Rutgers University).'),(3637,1146,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3640,1146,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3641,1146,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3642,1146,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1146\" /]'),(3643,1146,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3644,1146,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3645,1146,'_thumbnail_id','582'),(3646,1146,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3647,1146,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3648,1146,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3651,1150,'_edit_last','2'),(3652,1150,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3653,1150,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3654,1150,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3655,1150,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3656,1150,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3657,1150,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3658,1150,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3659,1150,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3660,1150,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Glare and Heat Gain Reduction?<br />\nGlare occurs when sunlight or artificial light inhibits a person from visually focusing on his or her task either by casting a veil of light between the task and the viewer or by flooding the eyes with light. For example, sun glare on a document makes the black text almost as bright as the white background, reducing the contrast and making the document difficult to read.<br />\nHeat gain describes when solar radiation or warmth enters a building through windows, skylights or other glazing systems. Maximizing heat gain during the winter through passive solar strategies and minimizing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer, while maintaining daylighting quality, provides energy and cost savings and enhances thermal comfort (see Daylighting).<br />\nReducing glare and heat gain requires balancing electrical lighting and daylighting goals and utilizing protective barriers such as high-performance window glazing systems and external or internal physical barriers such as shades, blinds, awnings, overhangs or vegetation (see High-Efficiency Lighting Systems, Energy-Efficient Windows, and Energy-Efficient Landscaping).</p>\n<p>How to Implement Glare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nDesigning for glare and heat gain reduction involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process (see Integrated Design Process). For example, building orientation, window glazing, and shading devices influence lighting design, mechanical systems, and interior design (see Building Orientation).<br />\nBuilding orientation, in combination with window selection and placement, impacts daylighting levels and visual and thermal comfort (see Energy-Efficient Windows). A daylighting-optimized building designed to reduce glare and control heat gains maximizes southern and northern exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive more favorable sources of direct and indirect natural light, respectively. [1] Taking advantage of sunlight during the winter through high-performance windows can also help heat the building naturally and alleviate the dependence on the mechanical heating system.<br />\nThe Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. Using high-performance windows to provide solar control reduces the need for operating shades, resulting in increased daylight and unobstructed views.<br />\nProject-specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting or lighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools that can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.[2]<br />\nUse simulation programs such as the Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool or Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the ENERGY STAR label, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.[3]<br />\nWhen selecting a window based on performance, look for visible transmittance (VT) levels higher than (&gt; 70%), especially for daylighting applications (see Daylighting).[4] For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, EnergyStar recommends SHGC of 0.4 (40%) or lower for buildings with moderate air conditioning requirements. Look for SHGC values of 0.25 or less for buildings with significant air conditioning costs or summer overheating problems.[5] For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, a U-factor of &lt; 0.25 is recommended for high-performance buildings.[6]<br />\nManaging solar heat gains on the exterior of the building prevents heat from entering the building in the first place. In combination with high-performance glazing systems, consider shading devices early in the design process to achieve a well-integrated architectural design.<br />\nExterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, louvers, and reflecting systems and self-shading elements of building form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light.<br />\nInterior glare control devices, such as Venetian blinds, miniblinds, verticalslatted blinds, pleated and honeycomb shades, and roll-down shades can reduce direct sunlight and glare but are less effective at reducing cooling loads since they only block sunlight and do not prevent solar gains from entering the building.[7] Motorized and automated shading systems use sensors, time clocks, a building automation system or occupant control to adjust the position of window coverings to reduce glare, daylighting or privacy levels or heat gain (see Smart Sensors and Controls).<br />\nNatural landscaping such as mature trees or hedgerows can provide shading. Plant a shade tree near the window or skylight to shade it during the summer months and let as much light and heat in as possible during the winter months (see Energy-Efficient Landscaping).<br />\nExamples<br />\nSmith Middle School Chapel Hill, NC.<br />\nThis case study documents that proper daylighting design that addresses glare and heat gain reductions can result in energy savings (64% reduction in lighting energy), occupant comfort (teachers and students favor daylighting in the classrooms) and return on investment (4.2 years).<br />\nPerimeter Office Zones, Washington, DC.<br />\nThis case study and design guide examine the best combination of window area, shading device and glazing type to save energy.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEffectively managing glare and heat gains offers multiple benefits, including:</p>\n<p>Reduced peak heat gain and cooling requirements in the summer and maximized solar heat gain in winter, leading to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see Properly-Sized HVAC System).[8]<br />\nImproved daylighting design, reducing electrical lighting requirements.<br />\nDiminished ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings.<br />\nAdded environmental benefits such as stormwater management and occupant benefits including views and connection to nature by utilizing energy-efficient landscaping.<br />\nIncreased occupant visual and thermal comfort by managing glare and solar heat gains resulting in increased occupant satisfaction and productivity.[9]<br />\nEnhanced visual interest in building design through the use of shading devices, building orientation and architectural form.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nCosts vary depending on the types of strategies implemented. Designing for glare and heat gain reduction should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated throughout the design process. The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.<br />\nThe cost of windows varies by project. Energy savings combined with improved visual and thermal comfort and daylighting benefits often justify the investment in high-performance windows. Available rebates and incentives can help offset upfront costs. For up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the ENERGY STAR and the NJ Clean Energy Program websites.<br />\nThe cost of planting a tree or shrub for shade may range from as little as $10 to hundreds of dollars depending on materials and labor and maturity of selected landscaping vegetation.[10]<br />\nExternal window coverings range in price from low-budget options for an aluminum awning to more costly investments for a shade structure. There are also additional costs associated with maintenance of outdoor structures, notably year-round or permanently affixed shades.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn the event of a power outage or a heat wave during the summer months, a building designed to optimize daylighting and reduce glare and heat gain can maintain comfortable internal temperatures and lighting levels for building occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid by reducing the need for electrical lighting and air conditioning.<br />\n[1] Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32. https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf (accessed July 6, 2018).<br />\n[2] WBDG. Daylighting. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php (accessed April 4, 2018).<br />\n[3] Energy Star. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI (accessed April 8, 2018).<br />\n[4] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Windows and Glazing. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing (accessed April 8, 2018).<br />\n[5] Ibid.<br />\n[6] The Efficient Windows Collaborative. “Selecting Energy Efficient New Windows in New Jersey.” January 2016. http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf (accessed May 9, 2018).<br />\n[7] US DOE. “Energy-Efficient Window Attachments.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments (accessed April 6, 2018).<br />\n[8] WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php (accessed April 6, 2018).<br />\n[9] WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php (accessed April 6, 2018).<br />\n[10] Cost averaged from several suppliers.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Building Orientation<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Landscaping<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls (NLCs)<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Efficient Windows Collaborative – High-Performance Commercial Buildings<br />\nEfficient Window Coverings and Attachments<br />\nEnergy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights<br />\nNational Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)</p>\n<p>New Buildings Institute (NBI)</p>\n<p>Daylighting Pattern Guide<br />\nDaylighting Guide for Office Interiors<br />\nRensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</p>\n<p>US DOE – Energy Savers</p>\n<p>Energy Efficient Window Attachments<br />\nEnergy Performance Ratings for Windows<br />\nWindow Types and Technologies</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</p>\n<p>Passive Solar Heating<br />\nProvide Comfortable Environments<br />\nSun Control and Shading Devices<br />\nWindows and Glazing</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3661,1150,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 09:04:13'),(3662,1150,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3663,1150,'_edit_lock','1648501535:2'),(3665,179,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Disability Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)'),(3666,588,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Discomfort Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)'),(3667,1150,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3670,1150,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3671,1150,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3672,1150,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1150\" /]'),(3673,1150,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3674,1150,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3675,1150,'_thumbnail_id','588'),(3676,1150,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3677,1150,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3678,1150,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3681,1155,'_edit_lock','1648501828:2'),(3682,1155,'_edit_last','2'),(3683,1155,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3684,1155,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3685,1155,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3686,1155,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3687,1155,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3688,1155,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3689,1155,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3690,1155,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3691,1155,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Natural Ventilation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Natural Ventilation?<br />\nNatural ventilation uses passive strategies to supply outdoor air to a building’s interior for ventilation and cooling.[1] Natural ventilation systems rely on natural forces, such as wind and temperature differences between a building and its environment, to drive the flow of fresh air through a building. Cross ventilation uses air-pressure differentials caused by wind, and stack ventilation uses the increased buoyancy of air as it warms up.[2] Both work on the principle of air moving from a high-pressure to a low-pressure zone.<br />\nMany modern commercial buildings utilize tightly sealed building envelopes and mechanical HVAC systems to achieve energy efficiency (see Air Infiltration). Natural ventilation strategies can introduce fresh air to airtight buildings, replacing all or part of a mechanical system, and reduce energy and operating costs and improve indoor air quality.[3] Mixed-mode systems use a combination of natural ventilation from operable windows (either manually or sensor controlled) and mechanical systems that include air distribution equipment and refrigeration equipment for cooling (see Demand Control Ventilation).[4]<br />\nHow to Implement Natural Ventilation<br />\nImplementing a successful natural ventilation design or mixed-mode system requires an understanding of the local climate, intended building use, building geometry, and occupant behavior (see Building Orientation, Tree Protection and Placement, and Building Evaluation). For example, in coastal locations, buildings can take advantage of desirable cool sea breezes to reduce cooling loads. Other locations may not be ideal candidates for natural ventilation due to local sources of air pollution, allergens, or outdoor noises. The design of internal spaces and the size and placement of openings in the building impacts ventilation as well.[5] Operable windows, fans, and corridors help direct airflow using natural ventilation principles (see Individual Comfort Controls and Views and Operable Windows).<br />\nEarly in the design stage, project architects, designers, and engineers can use CoolVent, a natural ventilation simulation tool developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to evaluate the effects of different natural ventilation strategies on the proposed building’s energy use and occupant comfort (see Energy Modeling).<br />\nThe project team may also consider pursuing the Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018) building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for all types of high-performance, energy-efficient buildings.<br />\nExample<br />\nZion Canyon Visitor Center, Springdale, UT.<br />\nHigh, operable, clerestory windows, controlled by the building’s energy management system, cool the Zion Canyon Visitor Center by allowing hot air to escape while low windows introduce cool air at ground level.[6]</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nNatural ventilation strategies can reduce energy use, and lower energy bills and installation and maintenance costs by allowing for smaller mechanical systems and extending the life of HVAC equipment. When part of a mixed-mode system, natural ventilation can increase occupant satisfaction and indoor air quality by offering occupants greater personal control over thermal comfort, ventilation levels, and connection to the outdoors (see Biophilia).<br />\nCosts<br />\nA study by Carnegie Mellon found that natural ventilation and mixed-mode conditioning can achieve 0.8-1.3% savings on health costs, 3-18% productivity gains and 47-79% in HVAC energy savings, for an average ROI of at least 120%.[7]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn the event of power outages and the loss of air conditioning, natural ventilation can maintain thermal comfort for building occupants, particularly at night, when colder outside air can mix with warmer air inside the building (see Building Flush). Mixed-mode systems add redundancy and flexibility to the building’s ventilation and HVAC systems, providing back-up during power-outages, mechanical failures, security threats, or the release of air-borne contaminants.<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Natural Ventilation. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[2] CoolVent. 2018. Basics of Natural Ventilation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. http://coolvent.mit.edu/intro-to-natural-ventilation/basics-of-natural-ventilation/ (accessed June 28, 2018).<br />\n[3] WindowMaster. Cost and Performance – A design-led approach to effective natural ventilation. https://www.windowmaster.com/white-papers (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[4] Center for the Built Environment (CBE) Berkeley University. What is Mixed Mode? https://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/mixedmode/aboutmm.html (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[5] WBDG. Natural Ventilation.  http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php (accessed March 12, 2018).<br />\n[6] NREL. Zion Visitor Center Brochure https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/29315.pdf (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[7] Carnegie Mellon (2004), Guidelines for High-Performance Buildings. Ventilation and Productivity.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration<br />\nBiophilic Design<br />\nBuilding Evaluation<br />\nBuilding Orientation<br />\nDemand Control Ventilation<br />\nEnergy Modeling<br />\nTree Protection and Placement<br />\nIndividual Comfort Controls<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nViews and Operable Windows</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers<br />\nCBE Berkeley Mixed-Mode Ventilation<br />\nCoolVent – The Natural Ventilation Simulation Tool by MIT<br />\nPassive House Institute US (PHIUS +2018)<br />\nTorcellini et al. S. Lessons Learned from Case Studies of Six High-Performance Buildings. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Natural Ventilation P 52-63.<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Natural Ventilation</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3692,1155,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 09:04:13'),(3693,1155,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3695,460,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Natural ventilation'),(3696,1155,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3699,1155,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3700,1155,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3701,1155,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1155\" /]'),(3702,1155,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3703,1155,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3704,1155,'_thumbnail_id','460'),(3705,1155,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3706,1155,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3707,1155,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3710,1160,'_edit_lock','1648502065:2'),(3711,1160,'_edit_last','2'),(3712,1160,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3713,1160,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3714,1160,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3715,1160,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3716,1160,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3717,1160,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3718,1160,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3719,1160,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3720,1160,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Thermal Massing</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Thermal Massing?<br />\nThermal massing utilizes building materials to absorb, store and release heat produced by sunlight. Masonry materials with high specific heat capacities and high density, like concrete, stone, brick, and tile, are commonly used as thermal mass, as well as water or other phase change materials.[1] During the winter months, thermal mass passively absorbs heat through direct sunlight and slowly releases heat during the night. In the summer, thermal mass absorbs warmth from the air and helps cool the building. Passive solar design employs thermal mass as part of an overall strategy to achieve thermal comfort and energy conservation without the use of mechanical heating and cooling systems.[2]<br />\nThe US Department of Energy describes five elements of passive solar design that work together for a successful system.</p>\n<p>Aperture<br />\nAbsorber<br />\nThermal mass<br />\nDistribution<br />\nControl</p>\n<p>Passive solar design techniques include direct gain, indirect gain, and isolated gain. [3]</p>\n<p>Direct gain uses south-facing windows to collect sunlight and absorbs and stores heat with thermal mass materials such as masonry floors and walls.<br />\nIndirect gain places thermal mass between south-facing windows and occupied spaces using a Trombe Wall that absorbs and radiates heat into the building.[4]<br />\nIsolated gain uses south-facing rooms or sunspaces, generally separated with doors or windows from the rest of the building, to collect solar energy. Bordering thermal mass walls and floors absorb the heat, and vents distribute the heat to adjacent building spaces.</p>\n<p>How to Implement Thermal Massing<br />\nThermal massing requires an understanding of climate, building orientation, and materials. A designer experienced in passive solar design can determine whether thermal massing makes sense as a stand-along strategy or as part of a comprehensive passive solar design approach. Computer modeling can simulate different types and locations of thermal massing and passive solar configurations to determine cost-effective, and energy-efficient designs.<br />\nElements to consider include:[5]</p>\n<p>Insulation and air sealing<br />\nWindow location, glazing type and shading<br />\nThermal mass location and type<br />\nHeating and cooling system design</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nMaplewood Police and Court Building, Maplewood, NJ.<br />\nThe brick façade of the Maplewood Police station adds thermal mass to the well-insulated steel-frame building.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nThermal massing offers several benefits:</p>\n<p>Lower heating loads and costs through daytime absorption and nighttime release of solar energy.<br />\nLower cooling loads and costs through absorption of excess heat from solar gains and from internal sources such as electrical lighting, computers, and mechanical equipment.<br />\nEnhanced thermal comfort by reducing the impact of external temperature swings and maintaining steady internal temperatures.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nBuildings designed with thermal massing should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated with other passive solar design strategies.  Energy cost savings from lower heating and cooling loads can offset the upfront costs of building materials and of hiring project team members with passive solar design expertise.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nWall assembly systems (with thermal mass properties) such as precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), and structural insulated panels (SIPs) offer protection against hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.[6] When paired with daylighting strategies, superior insulation values, and intentional sectioning of lighting and HVAC systems, thermal massing contributes to an overall resiliency approach that helps reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling, and other critical functions. [7]<br />\n[1] US DOE | Energy Savers: Passive Solar Home Design. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design (accessed April 14, 2018).<br />\n[2] Sustainable Sources. Passive Solar Design http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines (accessed April 14, 2018).<br />\n[3] WBDG. Passive Solar Heating – Types and Costs of Technology.  https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating (accessed April 14, 2018).<br />\n[4] Ibid.<br />\n[5] US DOE. 2018. Passive Solar Home Design. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design (accessed July 14, 2018).<br />\n[6] New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).<br />\n[7] NJCAA. 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in NJ.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration<br />\nBuilding Orientation<br />\nEnergy Modeling<br />\nGlare Reduction and Heat Gain<br />\nInsulation<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nProperly Sized HVAC Equipment</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Passive House Institute US (PHIUS)+ 2018: Getting to Zero<br />\nSustainable Sources</p>\n<p>US Department of Energy</p>\n<p>Zero Energy Ready Home<br />\nPassive Solar Home Design</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide</p>\n<p>Passive Solar Heating</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3721,1160,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 09:04:13'),(3722,1160,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3724,34,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Five Elements of Passive Solar Design (Source: US DOE | EERE).'),(3725,1160,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3728,1160,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3729,1160,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3730,1160,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1160\" /]'),(3731,1160,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3732,1160,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3733,1160,'_thumbnail_id','34'),(3734,1160,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3735,1160,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3736,1160,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3739,1165,'_edit_lock','1648503092:2'),(3740,1165,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3741,1165,'_edit_last','2'),(3743,1165,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3746,1165,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3747,1165,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3748,1165,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1165\" /]'),(3749,1165,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3750,1165,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3752,1165,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3753,1165,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3754,1165,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Properly Sized HVAC Equipment?<br />\nHeating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems consume 40% of the energy used in commercial buildings.[1] Design engineers often oversize HVAC systems to comply with code or to meet the most extreme loads such as the coldest and hottest days of the year, and design systems with a built-in capacity for overloads which occur only 1% to 2.5% of the time.[2] Properly sized HVAC equipment considers the interaction among building systems, and the potential synergies and contradictions among these systems, taking into account the energy savings achieved through building envelope strategies, smart controls, and occupant behaviors when selecting equipment and designing air distribution systems (see Integrated Design Process).<br />\nOversized equipment often results in higher installation and capital costs, reduced operating efficiency, and potential negative impacts on comfort. For example, short-cycling or excessive cycling of air conditioning equipment can lead to poor humidity control and moisture or mold issues and contributes to the wear and tear and longevity of equipment. Oversized systems use more fan power for blowers and can increase peak demand during the cooling season, leading to higher energy costs.[3] Oversizing can occur for a variety of reasons. Contractors may use standard rules of thumb based on experience rather than industry accepted practices and customers often request oversized units without understanding the calculations that go into sizing equipment or to accommodate planned expansions.[4]<br />\nHow to Incorporate Properly Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nFirst, consider all aspects of the building as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Use energy modeling to help select appropriately sized HVAC equipment that takes into account the impact of different energy-efficient design measures and building operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as how often the system runs on part load (see Energy Modeling). Consider part-load performance when selecting equipment as most heating and cooling equipment fail to operate at peak efficiency unless fully loaded (see Part-Load Efficiency).[5] One approach to downsizing HVAC equipment uses a small, efficient system to manage normal loads, and designates a backup system or relies on energy storage for extreme conditions that demand additional load capacity and occur less frequently (see Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Thermal Energy Storage).[6] In general, properly sizing HVAC equipment avoids providing excess capacity and allocates extra physical space for additional equipment and designs modular distribution systems that can accept additional equipment for future expansion.[7]<br />\nThe Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA), Manual N, “Commercial Load Calculation,” and provides industry-accepted standards for properly sizing HVAC systems, and the ACCA Manual Q, “Commercial Duct Design,” provides guidance and performance criteria for duct system design.<br />\nExamples<br />\nGSA’s Emerging Building Technologies – HVAC Published Findings<br />\nThe GSA’s Emerging Building Technologies program regularly publishes case study findings, such as innovative and cost-effective HVAC technologies to inform decision making on federal buildings.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nProperly sized HVAC systems reduce energy consumption, water use and emissions, provide cost savings, manage occupant comfort and maintain indoor air quality.<br />\nCosts<br />\nIncorporating a whole-building energy-saving approach including envelope strategies, high-performance lighting, and energy-efficient windows can reduce peak heating and cooling loads and result in smaller HVAC systems that cost less upfront than larger capacity models and save 30% on average on annual utility costs.[8] Additional upfront costs for energy modeling software and analysis often pay for themselves through realized energy and cost savings.<br />\nFor information on available HVAC equipment incentives, visit The New Jersey Clean Energy’s Smart Start Building Program.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nProperly sized HVAC equipment increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, and peak loads which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid natural gas, water and wastewater infrastructure.<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. HVAC Interaction of the Building Envelope.  http://www.wbdg.org/resources/env_hvac_integration.php (accessed May 23, 2018).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[3] NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf  (accessed May 23, 2018).<br />\n[4] NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf  (accessed May 23, 2018).<br />\n[5] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[5] NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf<br />\n[6] Roth, Amir. 2017. “Building Energy Modeling 101: HVAC Design and Operation Use Case.” US DOE Building Technologies Program. https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case (accessed Nov 26, 2018).<br />\n[7] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[8] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Cool Roofs<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nEnergy Modeling<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nInsulation<br />\nPart-Load Efficiency<br />\nThermal Massing<br />\nAir Infiltration</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)<br />\nAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)<br />\nENERGY STAR Verified HVAC Installations (ESVI)<br />\nSustainable Facilities Tool</p>\n<p>US Department of Energy</p>\n<p>Building Technologies Program Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing<br />\nComputer Program Listing for a range of HVAC measurements and calculations</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide</p>\n<p>Energy Analysis Tools<br />\nHigh-Performance HVAC<br />\nRelevant codes</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3755,1165,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 09:04:13'),(3756,1165,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3757,1165,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3759,1165,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3760,1165,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3761,1165,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3762,1165,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3763,1165,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3764,1165,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3765,1165,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3767,1172,'_edit_lock','1649713961:2'),(3768,1172,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3769,1172,'_edit_last','2'),(3771,386,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Multiple Boilers (Source: Rutgers University).'),(3772,1172,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3775,1172,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3776,1172,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3777,1172,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1172\" /]'),(3778,1172,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3779,1172,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3780,1172,'_thumbnail_id','386'),(3781,1172,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3782,1172,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3783,1172,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Part-Load Efficiency</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Part-Load Efficiency?<br />\nPart-load efficiency refers to the ability of an HVAC system to handle part-load energy use. Factors that impact the internal load of a building include heat generated by occupants, processes, equipment, and lighting; External load variables include insulation levels, glazing and window selection, and building orientation.[1] HVAC systems are designed to serve a wide range of loads. Higher efficiency standards set by ASHRAE 90.1 and advances in HVAC technology make modern systems highly efficient at full or maximum loads. However, efficiency rates decline at part-load or when loads fall below 90%, making it challenging for most commercial buildings that routinely experience variable loads throughout the day (or as much as 99 percent of the time) to maximize energy savings.[2] Coupled with the fact that most design engineers often oversize HVAC systems, selecting equipment and technologies designed for part-load operation offer the potential for significant energy savings (see Properly Sized HVAC Equipment).[3]</p>\n<p>How to Implement Part-Load Efficiency<br />\nFirst, consider all aspects of the building as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Install smart thermostats and HVAC systems that use multiple sensors and controls to monitor and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings, control energy consumption in unoccupied areas, and detect and diagnose issues (see Smart Sensors and Controls). Use energy modeling to understand the impacts of different energy-efficient design measures and building operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as the expected average runtime of the HVAC system under part- load conditions (see Energy Modeling). For buildings with significant part-load profiles, select equipment and components that can operate efficiently at part-load or that can modify capacity at varying loads such as variable speed compressors, fans, and pumps; variable capacity boiler plants, cooling plants and cooling towers; and temperature reset controls for hot water, chilled water, and supply air.[4] For example, variable speed compressors use an inverter known as a variable frequency drive (VFD) to run a motor at different speeds to match the load and help reduce energy consumption.<br />\nFor buildings with highly variable loads, consider multiple, small, modular boilers, which permit each boiler to operate around maximum rated load most of the time and reduce standby losses. Other options include condensing boilers and modulating boilers that can run at partial capacity rather than cycling on and off.[5] To reduce central air conditioning loads and provide zoning or heating and cooling for individual spaces, consider modular, mini split-system air-conditioners.[6]<br />\nExample <br />\nGSA’s Emerging Building Technologies – HVAC Published Findings<br />\nThe GSA’s Emerging Building Technologies program regularly publishes case study findings, including innovative and cost-effective HVAC technologies such as Variable-Speed Magnetic Bearing Chiller and Variable-Speed Direct-Drive Screw Chiller, to inform decision making on federal buildings.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nDesigning for part-load efficiency optimizes energy-efficiency and cost-effectively reduces energy use, water consumption, and emissions, and manages occupant comfort and indoor air quality.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe cost of implementing part-load efficiency varies depending on the equipment and system selected. Considering part-load performance when designing and installing a system saves on first costs as well as operating costs.[7]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nPart-load efficiency increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid, natural gas, and water and wastewater infrastructure.<br />\n[1] Burdick, Alan. 2012. “Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing” Prepared for the US DOE Building America Building Technologies Program. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf (accessed November 27, 2018).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[3] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[4] Whole Building Design Guide. High-Performance HVAC. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php (accessed June 5, 2018).<br />\n[5] United States Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Purchasing Energy-Efficient Commercial Boilers. https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/purchasing-energy-efficient-commercial-boilers (accessed June 5, 2018).<br />\n[6] US DOE- Energy Savers. “Ductless, Mini-Split Air Conditioners.”<br />\nhttps://www.energy.gov/energysaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners (accessed Nov 29 2018).<br />\n[7] Whole Building Design Guide. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php (accessed March 20, 2011).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Cool Roofs<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nEnergy Modeling<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nInsulation<br />\nProperly Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nThermal Massing<br />\nAir Infiltration<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>ASHRAE<br />\nThe Consortium for Energy Efficiency – Directory of commercial HVAC equipment<br />\nNew Jersey Clean Energy Program<br />\nUS DOE | EERE – A guide on how to select energy efficient commercial boilers<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide: High-Performance HVAC</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3784,1172,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 09:04:13'),(3785,1172,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3786,1172,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3788,1172,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3789,1172,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3790,1172,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3791,1172,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3792,1172,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3793,1172,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3794,1172,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3803,1181,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3804,1181,'_edit_last','2'),(3805,1181,'_edit_lock','1648663933:3'),(3807,1181,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3808,1181,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3809,1181,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3810,1181,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1181\" /]'),(3811,1181,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3812,1181,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3814,1181,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3815,1181,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3816,1181,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Building Information Modeling (BIM)</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?<br />\nBuilding Information Modeling (BIM) forms a digital representation of a residential building’s physical and functional characteristics and calculates information about the building that can be used by all building stakeholders to make decisions about the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of a building throughout its life-cycle.[1] Combining graphical information, such as plans and elevations, and nongraphical information, such as costs, specifications, schedules and maintenance requirements, into a BIM model results in a single source of information.[2] Large-scale builders, managing large amounts of data, often use BIM as are an increasing number of mid-size and small residential builders.[3]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Building Information Modeling<br />\nDesignate a ‘Project BIM Manager’ or a lead design and a lead construction ‘Project BIM Manager’ with knowledge and experience working with BIM and selected software. Provide ongoing BIM training to all building stakeholders responsible for inputting, extracting, modifying, and analyzing the data (see Integrated Design Process and Energy Modeling).<br />\nThe National Institute of Building Science’s, The National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO), guides building owners on how to incorporate BIM into internal policies and contract documents.[4]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nBIM coordinates information sharing among building stakeholders across multiple project phases that result in more informed decision making and eliminates the re-gathering and re-formatting of building information.[5] BIM also serves as a “clash detection tool,” by identifying potential design, construction, and operational inconsistencies, and cuts costs and reduces waste by avoiding rework.[6]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe cost of implementing BIM varies widely, depending on the project team’s expertise using BIM, the complexity of the project, and other building process considerations. Costs include training, software, and organizational changes required to implement BIM technology.[7] Lower building costs and efficient construction timelines often associated with BIM projects can help offset upfront costs.[8]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nBIM enhances the resiliency of the built environment and construction industry in the “pre-disaster phase and post-disaster phases.”[9] In the design phase, BIM can conduct scenario forecasting to predict the performance of a facility during emergencies, such as fire, flood, evacuation, and others.[10] BIM can also enhance the post-disaster phase, for example, by providing building information to first responders and allowing them to direct building occupants to the nearest exit.[11]<br />\n[1] Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. 2011. “BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University.” http://bim.psu.edu (accessed April 17, 2018).<br />\n[2] National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. National BIM Guide for Owners http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf (accessed March 7, 2018)<br />\n[3] Jeff Marcus. “NAHB: More builders, architects are betting on BIM.” Construction Dive.  Dec 15, 2016 https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/ (accessed March 20, 2018).<br />\n[4] National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. “National BIM Guide for Owners.” http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf (accessed March 7, 2018)<br />\n[5] National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide – Building Information Modeling (BIM) https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim (accessed June 21, 2018).<br />\n[6] Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory. https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/ (accessed June 21, 2018).<br />\n[7] Dippold, Cory. “Effective Implementation of BIM.” November 26, 2008. Engineering News-Record. http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp (accessed March 6, 2018).<br />\n[8] National Institute of Building Sciences. Journal of Building Information Modeling. https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22 (accessed March 7, 2018).<br />\n[9] Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017. Building Information Modeling as a Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry.  Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series. 12(1): 9-18.<br />\nhttps://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf (accessed March 7, 2018)<br />\n[10] Kreider, Ralph G., and Messner, John I. 2013. “The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting BIM Uses.” Version 0.9, September, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. http://bim.psu.edu (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[11] Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_18  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Energy Modeling<br />\nIntegrated Design Process</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_19  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>BIM for Homebuilders<br />\nNational Association of Home Builders (NAHB) – Building Information Modeling (BIM)<br />\nNational BIM Guide for Owners (2012) The National Institute of Building Sciences<br />\nNational Institute of Building Sciences buildingSMART alliance®, National BIM Standard-United States® Version 3 (2015).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3817,1181,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-08 08:07:00'),(3818,1181,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3819,1181,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3820,1181,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3821,1181,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3822,1181,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3823,1181,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3824,1181,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3825,1181,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3826,1181,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3849,1197,'_edit_lock','1648666315:3'),(3850,1197,'_edit_last','3'),(3851,1197,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3852,1197,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3853,1197,'_et_pb_show_title','on'),(3854,1197,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3855,1197,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_right_sidebar'),(3856,1197,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3857,1197,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3858,1197,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3859,1197,'_et_pb_truncate_post',''),(3860,1197,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date',''),(3861,1197,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3865,1197,'_wp_desired_post_slug',''),(3866,1200,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3867,1200,'_edit_last','2'),(3868,1200,'_edit_lock','1648673227:3'),(3869,1200,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3870,1200,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3871,1200,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3872,1200,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1200\" /]'),(3873,1200,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3874,1200,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3875,1200,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3876,1200,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3877,1200,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">NR Energy Modeling</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Energy Modeling?<br />\nEnergy modeling simulates a home’s energy use, helping to inform design decisions or diagnose underperformance. Model inputs include building geometry, envelope data, including construction materials specifications, mechanical systems data and projected or actual building use and operations including occupancy, lighting, and heating and cooling schedules.[1] These inputs are combined with local weather data to simulate cost-effective building designs with optimized energy performance.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Energy Modeling<br />\nImplementing energy modeling into a new residential project requires an appropriately skilled team (see Integrated Design Process).  The architect/designer/builder should be knowledgeable about energy-efficient and green building practices. A ‘Certified Energy Professional’ can evaluate or rate the home design using energy modeling software and recommend improvements.[2]<br />\nThe necessary steps for implementing a building energy model comprise the following. First, create a model of the baseline home, which represents the building as designed. Next, manipulate specific variables to create alternate scenarios of the home’s energy performance. Many national green building certification programs require new buildings to meet or exceed a specified level of energy performance, and correspondingly require energy model documentation including these:</p>\n<p>US EPA Energy Star Certified Home Version 3.1<br />\nUS DOE Zero Energy Ready Home Program<br />\nUSGBC LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise<br />\nPassive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018) Certification Program</p>\n<p>USGBC’s LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise references the Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Home Energy Rating System (HERS)  Index[3] for single-family homes, and for multifamily, the ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1–2010, Appendix G (with errata).[4]<br />\nThere are a variety of software packages on the market available to create and analyze residential energy models. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) offers free energy modeling software called BEopt (Building Energy Optimization) that uses EnergyPlus.<br />\nExample<br />\nGreen Residential Home Study: A Shore Community in New Jersey<br />\nThis case study by the Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB) compared the performance of three single-family homes built by Fluid Construction in Monmouth County, New Jersey – a home built to the LEED for Homes Silver standard,  a “Code Plus”[5] home, and an ENERGY STAR-rated home.[6] MaGrann Associates completed an energy analysis on the ENERGY STAR and LEED-H homes using REM/Rate Home Energy Analysis Software.[7] The baseline model of each home allows for the comparison between predicted and actual performance, as well as for the comparison between homes built to different levels of energy performance. The results of the energy analysis showed that the LEED-H outperformed a typical code home, that its design/predicted performance closely matched its actual performance, but that it underperformed compared to the home built to Energy Star certification.[8]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEnergy modeling facilitates the comparison of building design alternatives and assists in determining the most cost-effective path for meeting energy performance goals over the life cycle of the building. Energy modeling also supports green building certification and code compliance. When used early in the design process, energy modeling reduces redesigns and subsequent delays later in the project.[9]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe cost for energy modeling can range from $.05/SF for larger/less complicated buildings to $.45/SF for small or complicated ones.[10] The project size, level of analysis, and the complexity of the building design and the mechanical system all impact the cost of energy modeling.[11]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nEnergy modeling identifies and evaluates green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While energy modeling typically uses historical weather data, “specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data” can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.[12] Energy modeling that takes into account resiliency objectives may include design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels.<br />\nFor example, the NYC Mayor’s Office of Resiliency and Recovery’s Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines provides resilient design strategies including, cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.[13]<br />\n[1] US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy – Emerging Technologies. 2018. “About Building Energy Modeling.” https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/about-building-energy-modeling (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[2] The Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Professional. http://www.resnet.us/professional/ (accessed June 12, 2018).<br />\n[3] The Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Home Energy Rating System (HERS) Index rates homes on a scale of 0 to 100 where 0 corresponds to net-zero energy and 100 corresponds to code-level energy efficiency.<br />\n[4] USGBC LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise (Updated Oct 2, 2017). Page 7-8. https://new.usgbc.org (accessed June 12, 2018).<br />\n[5] Home built according to 2006 NJ State Building Code.<br />\n[6] Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB) and Associates. 2011. “Green Residential Home Study: A Shore Community in New Jersey.” http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Monmouth-County-Green-Homes-POE-Final.pdf (accessed June 12, 2018).<br />\n[7] REM/Rate™ http://www.remrate.com (accessed June 12, 2018).<br />\n[8] Ibid, “Green Residential Home Study,” page 8.<br />\n[9] Amber Wood and John Lisman. 2017. “The Benefits of Early Stage Energy Modeling.” USGBC-Colorado. https://www.usgbc.org/articles/benefits-earlystage-energy-modeling-usgbc-colorado (accessed June 12, 2018).<br />\n[10] Email correspondence with Mike Kornitas, Director of Sustainability and Energy, Rutgers University, July 11, 2018.<br />\n[11] Jim Nicolow, “Measuring the cost to Become LEED Certified,” November 2008. http://www.facilitiesnet.com/green/article/Measuring-The-Cost-To-Become-LEED-Certified–10057 (accessed March 23, 2018).<br />\n[12] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[13] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Building Orientation<br />\nIntegrated Design Process</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)– Building Modeling and Simulation<br />\nASHRAE Building Energy Modeling (BEM) Professional Certification<br />\nNational Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) BEopt<br />\nPassive House Institute – PHIUS+ 2018 Certification Program<br />\nResidential Energy Services Network (RESNET)</p>\n<p>HERS Index<br />\nUSGBC LEEDv4 for Homes and Multifamily Midrise</p>\n<p>US DOE</p>\n<p>Building Energy Modeling<br />\nUS DOE Zero Energy Ready Home</p>\n<p>US EPA EnergyStar Certified Home Program</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3878,1200,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-08 08:06:59'),(3879,1200,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3880,1200,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3881,1200,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3882,1200,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3883,1200,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3884,1200,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3885,1200,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3886,1200,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3887,1200,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3913,1207,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3914,1207,'_edit_last','2'),(3915,1207,'_edit_lock','1648666656:3'),(3916,1207,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3917,1207,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3918,1207,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3919,1207,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1207\" /]'),(3920,1207,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3921,1207,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3922,1207,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3923,1207,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3924,1207,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">NR Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Life Cycle Assessment?<br />\nA life cycle assessment (LCA) is a “cradle-to-grave” or “cradle-to-cradle” evaluation method that assesses the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services.[1] In the residential building sector, LCA is a tool that helps architects, building professionals and homeowners understand the embodied energy and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of a building or building product as defined by the ISO 14040/44 standard including resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal or recycling (see Figure 1).[2] The evaluation at each phase also includes the associated activities of a particular building product or design. For example, during the operational phase, the LCA for a deck includes the impact of the resources used for cleaning (e.g., energy, water, detergents), staining, or replacing boards.[3]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Defined environmental impact areas commonly include: [4]</p>\n<p>Climate change (“carbon footprint”)<br />\nAcidification (“acid rain”)<br />\nEutrophication (“algal bloom”)<br />\nPhotochemical oxidant creation (“summer smog”)<br />\nOzone depletion (“the ozone hole”)</p>\n<p>LCA’s support informed decision-making by providing a standardized system for verifying environmental footprints and claims, identifying environmental trade-offs, and making relative comparisons between different design paths or product choices.<br />\nWhile LCA’s take into account environmental impacts, Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) evaluates the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems (see Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)).  Together, LCA’s and LCCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. <br />\nHow to Implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)<br />\nIncreasingly, consumers and regulatory agencies are asking businesses and product manufacturers to provide environmental product declarations, which use LCA data to report the environmental impacts of their products, processes, and services (see Sustainable Materials). In the building sector, green building programs such as LEED, offer credits for environmentally preferable products that contain recycled and recyclable content, reclaimed materials (e.g., salvaged, refurbished or reused), or reduced life-cycle impacts (e.g., local production).[5] Likewise, the field of LCA continues to evolve as the quality and completeness of LCA data improves and LCA methodologies are tested and refined.<br />\nThe complete process of LCA includes:[6]</p>\n<p>Defining goals and assessment boundaries.<br />\nCollecting information on materials and design alternative.<br />\nUsing accredited LCA assessment tools to perform impact calculations.<br />\nCompiling and interpreting results.<br />\nDocumenting the process and providing assessment reports.</p>\n<p>LCA reports are often complex and technical in nature, but current tools attempt to summarize LCA information in a manageable format specifically targeted to design professionals. Tools are available for both whole building and product level LCA’s.<br />\nAthena EcoCalculator is a free online LCA calculator that provides a streamlined report of building’s footprint using LCA data on hundreds of common building products.<br />\nAthena Impact Estimator for Buildings is a free LCA-based software package for designers and building professionals that provides environmental impact data on over 1,000 structural and envelope assembly combinations.<br />\nBuilding for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES) is a free online tool for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products and includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 200+ building products.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nThe main benefit to LCA is credible, transparent data that informs greener design and product decisions and the associated cost savings and environmental benefits from reduced resource consumption, pollution, and waste.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe costs for performing an LCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project, data availability and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and designers perform LCA’s (see Resources). Costs for performing an LCA typically include labor costs for data collection and data input and the interpretation and reporting of results.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nAn LCA can identify and evaluate the environmental benefits of green building designs and products that enhance building resiliency. These may include specific design inputs for address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels. For example, resilient strategies may include cooling and shading features (e.g., cool pavements and cool roofs), improving the efficiency of building envelopes (e.g., insulation, windows, exterior walls), planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems (e.g., battery storage), and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features (e.g., properly-sized HVAC systems).[7] LCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions and the ability to shelter in place. [8]<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[2] International Standard for Standardization (ISO). ISO14040 Standard (2006) provides LCA principles and framework; https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html (accessed January 30, 2019); ISO 14044 Standard (2006) provides LCA Requirements and Guidelines. https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[3] Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. 2018. About LCA.<br />\nhttp://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[4] Rajesh Kumar Singh. 2017. “Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment Through LEED v4.” GBCI<br />\nhttp://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4 (accessed January 28, 2019).<br />\n[5] USGBC LEED Version 4.1 Single Family. 2019. Environmentally Preferable Products.  https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41 (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[6] USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C Beta. 2019. Building Life-cycle Impact Reduction.  https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41 (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[7] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[8] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Integrated Design Process<br />\nLife Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)<br />\nSustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Athena Sustainable Materials Institute<br />\nBuilding For Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES 4.0)<br />\nGreenBlue<br />\nThe Natural Step<br />\nNational Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Evaluating Green Products</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3925,1207,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-08 08:06:59'),(3926,1207,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3927,1207,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3928,1207,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3929,1207,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3930,1207,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3931,1207,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3932,1207,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3933,1207,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3934,1207,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3960,1215,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3961,1215,'_edit_last','2'),(3962,1215,'_edit_lock','1648673215:3'),(3963,1215,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3964,1215,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3965,1215,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3966,1215,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1215\" /]'),(3967,1215,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3968,1215,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3969,1215,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3970,1215,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3971,1215,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">NR Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)?<br />\nLife Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a form of economic evaluation that compares the costs and savings of alternative building designs and systems over the life cycle of a building. Green building features generally have higher initial costs compared to conventional features but offer operational savings over time through decreased resource use (e.g., energy, water), maintenance and disposal fees.[1] LCCA takes into account the overall costs of purchasing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system, which the initial purchase price does not reflect. Comparing the life cycle costs of various options helps determine the most cost-effective choice for a comparable building design or system in terms of function and performance by translating this data into dollar amounts and providing information about how long it takes an investment to pay for itself (e.g., internal rate of return, savings-to-investment ratio, payback period).<br />\nWhile LCCA’s take into account the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems, a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems (see Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)).[2] Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.<br />\nHow to Perform a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)<br />\nPerform the LCCA early in the project and as part of an integrated design process to allow sufficient time and resources to refine the design and ensure the highest quality product for the lowest cost (see Integrated Design Process). Depending on project team expertise, hire a consulting service or conduct the LCCA in-house.<br />\nThe first task of an LCCA involves determining the costs and benefits of alternative project options. Cost inputs for an LCCA are often broken down into the following categories:[3]</p>\n<p>Initial Costs—Purchase, Acquisition, Construction Costs<br />\nFuel Costs<br />\nOperation, Maintenance, and Repair Costs<br />\nReplacement Costs<br />\nResidual Values—Resale or Salvage Values or Disposal Costs<br />\nFinance Charges—Loan Interest Payments<br />\nNon-Monetary Benefits or Costs</p>\n<p>Next, project teams can conduct several sensitivity analyses that include variations in the discount rate, study period or building lifespan, and energy escalation rates.<br />\nThe discount rate is a measure that decreases the value of dollars spent or received in the future, so future costs and returns are worth progressively less in terms of today’s dollars. The interest rate used for discounting is a rate that reflects an investor’s opportunity cost of money over time. The LCCA method converts cash flows to present values by discounting them to a common point in time, usually the base date.<br />\nThe US Department of Energy (US DOE) suggests a real discount rate of 3.0%, based on a 12-month average of long-term Treasury bond rates.[4]<br />\nStudy period or building lifespan refers to the length of time the LCCA covers.<br />\nEnergy escalation rates refer to projected average annual energy price increases obtained either from the supplier or from energy price escalation rates published annually on April 1 by US DOE in Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135.[5]<br />\nThere are several online tools for performing an LCCA and links to more information in the Resources section below.<br />\nExample<br />\nNew Jersey Association of Realtors (NJAR): Green Building Cost-Benefit Analysis<br />\nThe Rutgers Center for Green Building in partnership with the New Jersey Association of Realtors completed a detailed analysis of the upfront costs, operating savings, payback period, and appraisal and valuation benefits of several residential green building features, including energy-efficient windows, appliances, heating  and cooling systems, ventilation systems, and use of sustainable and healthy materials. The research looked at the costs and benefits of purchasing a green home on a life-cycle basis, from upfront costs through expected resale value. The research aims to help the real estate industry understand the net economic benefits of green home building.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Benefits<br />\nLCCA’s can offer environmental and monetary benefits for new residential construction projects by revealing the most environmentally-friendly and cost-effective solutions for the long run that purchase price alone cannot quantify. Potential benefits include reduced energy, water, and fuel consumption and cost savings on utility bills, maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life disposal costs. While an LCCA cannot remove all uncertainty surrounding a building project, the results equip the design team with the means to identify the optimal balance between green design and economic efficiency.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe costs for performing an LCCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and developers perform an initial LCCA (see Resources). Costs for performing an LCCA typically include labor costs for data collection, energy modeling (if necessary), LCCA calculations, and the interpretation and reporting of results.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nAn LCCA can identify and evaluate the costs and benefits of green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While LCCAs and energy modeling typically use historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.[6]<br />\nLCCA’s can take into account resiliency objectives. These may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels, including cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.[7] LCCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions and the ability to shelter in place.[8]<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLLC). http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[2] National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html(accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[3] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA). https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca (accessed January 27, 2019).<br />\n[4] This rate for life-cycle cost analyses is valid through March 31, 2019, according to US DOE. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf (accessed January 27, 2019).<br />\n[5] The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2018. Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – 2018: Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135. https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs (accessed January 27, 2019).<br />\n[6] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[7] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[8] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Integrated Design Process<br />\nLife Cycle Assessment (LCA)</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems<br />\nGeneral Service Administration (GSA) Life Cycle Costing<br />\nUS DOE Building Life Cycle Cost Programs and Tools<br />\nR. S. Means Company – Construction Cost Databases<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Design for Maintainability<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3972,1215,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-08 08:06:59'),(3973,1215,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3974,1215,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3975,1215,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3976,1215,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3977,1215,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3978,1215,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3979,1215,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3980,1215,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3981,1215,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4043,1225,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4044,1225,'_edit_last','2'),(4045,1225,'_edit_lock','1648675165:3'),(4046,1225,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4047,1225,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4048,1225,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4049,1225,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1225\" /]'),(4050,1225,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4051,1225,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4052,1225,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4053,1225,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4054,1225,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Alternative Transportation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_24  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Alternative Transportation?<br />\nAlternative transportation discourages dependence on the personal automobile and encourages public transportation options such as carpooling, vanpooling, busing, walking, and cycling. Telecommuting, informal transit options, compressed workweeks, and alternative fuel vehicles such as plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) also help reduce the number of greenhouse gasses produced by single occupancy vehicles.[1] Commuting to and from an average office building built to modern energy codes consumes thirty percent more energy compared to the energy the building itself consumes.[2] The location of residential buildings and their proximity to other resources and services are important factors to consider in a home’s overall environmental impact. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) concentrates development around transit stations, such as train, light rail, and bus stations, and other amenities to create places for people to live, work, and play without requiring the use of a car.[3]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_25  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_26  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Incorporate Alternative Transportation<br />\nThere are several alternative transportation strategies to consider when developing a new residential project that can also help to earn your project LEEDv4 Home credits.</p>\n<p>Proximity to existing public transportation, pedestrian, and bicycle networks and establishing a shuttle service if beyond a short walk away.<br />\nProximity to existing infrastructure, services and economic activity such as stores, schools, offices, and parks.<br />\nMinimizing on-site parking and providing bicycle changing facilities and storage.[4]<br />\nProviding covered areas for people awaiting carpool/vanpool rides and drop-off/pick-up zones for vehicles.<br />\nProviding facilities to encourage energy-efficient vehicle use, such as two-way electric plug-in charging stations that enable EVs to both draw electricity from and supply electricity to the grid, and liquid or gas alternative fueling facilities or a battery switching station.</p>\n<p>Many local programs assist with alternative transportation options such as the Hudson County Transportation Management Authority that offers rideshare, carpool, and vanpool services as well as other useful information for commuters.<br />\nEmployees can take advantage of or look to work for companies that offer telecommuting options, which contribute to sustainable workplace practices by allowing employees to communicate via telephone and computers to accomplish tasks that traditionally occur in central office spaces, reducing traffic congestion and strain on transportation systems, fuel consumption, and associated emissions and air quality issues.[5]<br />\nTOD begins with site selection near transit hubs. Consider local regulations and interest in transit hub development to reduce delays and conflict. Identify special zoning and permit systems designed to expedite efficient redevelopment of urban centers.<br />\nThe New Jersey Department of Transportation and New Jersey Transit leads a multi-agency partnership known as the Transit Village Initiative that encourages pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods and community revitalization. This program aims to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality and promote growth in areas where infrastructure and public transit already exist.[6]<br />\nExamples<br />\nCranford Crossing, Cranford, NJ.<br />\nCranford Crossing, a mixed-use redevelopment integrated into Cranford’s pedestrian-friendly environment and located one block from Cranford’s train station.[7]<br />\nRegional Plan Association Report – The Fourth Regional Plan<br />\nThis report provides examples of several Transit Oriented Developments (TODs) throughout NJ that encourage alternative transportation.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEncouraging the use of alternative transportation options provides benefits for developers, property owners, and building occupants as well as benefits for the environment and the community. Alternative transportation reduces automobile congestion, fossil fuel consumption, and carbon emissions.[8] Some forms of alternative transportation also provide options for healthier lifestyle choices. Initiatives like increased bike parking and storage can lead to a more active lifestyle on the part of residents as well as potentially lowering the risk of diseases such as diabetes linked to unhealthy diets and low activity. Proximity to public transportation and neighborhood services can improve quality of life and reduce commuting stress, all of which provide positive marketing opportunities for a new residential or mixed-use facility.<br />\nCosts<br />\nIncluding alternative transportation options in the initial design phase and locating projects near rapid transit helps to reduce upfront project costs. Transit-oriented design saves developers money by capitalizing on existing infrastructure and upgrades rather than relying on the developer to provide new infrastructure and parking, a significant redevelopment cost (see Brownfield and Infill sites).<br />\nBuilding excessive parking adds to construction costs and may contribute to environmental problems such as the heat island effect and increased stormwater runoff (see High Reflectance Hardscape Materials and Pervious Hardscape Materials). Providing excessive parking also encourages driving, which causes congestion, air pollution, and contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases. The fewer spaces dedicated to parking, the more for open space, parks, community rooms, or additional building square footage.[9]<br />\nCosts associated with providing facilities and equipment that encourage alternative transportation options such as biking and walking vary by project and may include costs to provide shower and changing facilities. Bicycle racks can accommodate about ten bikes for the same space and cost as one parking space. The cost of adding bike lanes depends on the existing condition of the roads.  The cost of adding a sidewalk is about $70 per linear foot along existing roads, though it can be significantly less if included as part of the initial road construction work.[10]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nLocating residential buildings and homes with access to a variety of alternative transportation options increases a building and its occupant’s resiliency by providing access to a seamless network of diverse mobility choices fueled by multiple energy sources and insulated from disruptions caused by extreme weather events, security threats, and disaster-related scenarios.[11] Telecommuting and flexible work schedules reduce congestion and strain on transportation systems, especially during vulnerable times such as storms and inclement weather. Providing bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations supports alternative fuel vehicle adoption, and vehicle-to-grid applications, which enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).[12]<br />\nTOD encourages community interaction that can lead to better cultural understanding, stronger social ties, and in turn, more resilient communities that come together to support each other in times of need. Also, TOD and telecommuting help reduce the number of cars on the road, an added benefit, especially during times of mandatory evacuations when roads need to be accessible to first responders.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] USGBC. LEED O+M: Existing Buildings | LEED v4.  Alternative Transportation. https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41 (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[2] Alex Wilson and Rachel Navaro. Driving to Green Buildings: The Transportation Intensity of Buildings. https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[3] NJTOD.org. “What is Transit Oriented Development?” http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/ (accessed March 28, 2018).<br />\n[4] Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018. http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[5] US General Service Administration (GSA). “Resources for Managing Teleworkers.” https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers (accessed Sept 10, 2018).<br />\n[6] NJ DOT. http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/ (accessed April 1, 2018).<br />\n[7] New Jersey Future – Smart Growth Awards: Cranford Crossing  http://www.njfuture.org/smart-growth-101/smart-growth-awards/2005-award/cranford-crossing/  (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[8] Federal Transit Administration. Transit-Oriented and Joint Development. https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment  (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[9] Stop Waste.  Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.<br />\n[10] The Sidewalk Study. http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[11] Victoria Transport Policy Institute. (2017) “Evaluating Transportation Resilience<br />\nEvaluating the Transportation System’s Ability to Accommodate Diverse, Variable and Unexpected Demands with Minimal Risk.” http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm (accessed March 8, 2018).<br />\n[12] Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles (accessed August 21, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_27  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Active Living<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nHigh Reflectance Hardscape Materials<br />\nPervious Hardscape Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_28  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Alan M. Vorhees Transportation Center (VTC)<br />\nFederal Transit Administration – Transit Oriented Development<br />\nNJ Bicycle &amp; Pedestrian Resource Center  (Complete Streets)<br />\nNJ Clean Cities Coalition<br />\nNJTOD.org (A partnership between NJ Transit and Rutgers University)<br />\nNJ Department of Transportation<br />\nNJ State League of Municipalities<br />\nNJ Transit Village Initiative<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nSmartGrid.Org<br />\nRegional Plan Association<br />\nUS EPA – Smart Growth<br />\n </div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4055,1225,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:33:21'),(4056,1225,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4057,1225,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4058,1225,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4059,1225,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4060,1225,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4061,1225,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4062,1225,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4063,1225,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4064,1225,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4081,184,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).'),(4088,1232,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4089,1232,'_edit_last','2'),(4090,1232,'_edit_lock','1648675417:3'),(4091,1232,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4092,1232,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4093,1232,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4094,1232,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1232\" /]'),(4095,1232,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4096,1232,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4097,1232,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4098,1232,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4099,1232,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Composting</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Composting?<br />\nComposting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.[1] Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms Eisenia foetida). The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for residential properties with limited space.[2]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_18  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_19  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Composting<br />\nOrganic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.[3],[4] Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see Hoboken – Composting). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities: NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.[5] If composting at home, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.<br />\nOutdoor Composting Process:<br />\nCompost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.[6]<br />\nIndoor Composting Process:[7]<br />\nIf outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.[8] Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.<br />\nBuilding a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)[9]</p>\n<p>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.<br />\nAdd about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.<br />\nPlace food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.<br />\nKeep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.<br />\nStore the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.<br />\nHarvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_20  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_21  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension<br />\nExample<br />\nThird Can Program – Lambertville, NJ<br />\nThe City of Lambertville realized that food waste comprised approximately 15% of the city’s waste stream. Beginning in 2014, Lambertville initiated the Third Can Program on a voluntary basis for residents.<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Saves money on waste management<br />\nReduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).<br />\nImproves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases[10]<br />\nProvides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer. Full size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.[11] Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily[12] or purchased (average $60-100 each)[13] and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).[14] Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.[15]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nComposting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.[16] Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US EPA. Composting http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm (accessed April 7, 2019).<br />\n[2] US EPA. Vermicomposting. https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi (accessed April 8, 2019).<br />\n[3] US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process (accessed April 8, 2019).<br />\n[4] NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: A. Grass Clippings. http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[5] One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/<br />\nhttp://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[6] US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[7] Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/ (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[8] US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[9] Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805 (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[10] Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/ (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[11] Based on a survey of several manufacturers<br />\n[12] US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[13] Based on a survey of several manufacturers<br />\n[14] Based on a survey of several suppliers<br />\n[15] US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[16] Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf (accessed May 7, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_22  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Homeowner Training<br />\nNative and Adapted Plants<br />\nRain gardens<br />\nSource Reduction and Recycling<br />\nSustainable Materials<br />\nTurf Grass Reduction<br />\nVegetated Roofs<br />\nWater-Efficient Landscaping</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_23  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Institute for Local-Self Reliance<br />\nJersey-Friendly Yards<br />\nLower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program<br />\nNatural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think<br />\nNJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors<br />\nNYC Master Composter Manual<br />\nRutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension<br />\nUS Composting Council<br />\nUS EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin<br />\nUS EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process<br />\n </div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4100,1232,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:33:21'),(4101,1232,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4102,1232,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4103,1232,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4104,1232,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4105,1232,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4106,1232,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4107,1232,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4108,1232,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4109,1232,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4119,382,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)'),(4120,285,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)'),(4132,1238,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4133,1238,'_edit_last','2'),(4134,1238,'_edit_lock','1648678562:3'),(4135,1238,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4136,1238,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4137,1238,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4138,1238,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1238\" /]'),(4139,1238,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4140,1238,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4141,1238,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4142,1238,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4143,1238,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">NR Brownfield and Infill Sites</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Brownfield and Infill Development?<br />\nThe reuse of urbanized brownfield and infill sites utilizes existing infrastructure and maximizes the value of existing resources. Brownfields consist of properties whose expansion, redevelopment, or reuse may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.[1] These properties include sites with historical use as an industrial or commercial site and are often located in urban areas. According to the NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJ DEP), there are an estimated 10,000 brownfield sites located throughout the state.[2] Of the more than 10,000 sites, some 2,544 acres of brownfields fall into 267 sites that the NJ DEP calls Brownfield Development Areas (BDAs). The NJ DEP has designated BDAs in communities that are affected by multiple brownfield sites in need of remediation. The BDA Initiative, a program of the NJ DEP, assembles large parcels of brownfields and coordinates clean up and redevelopment efforts to elicit a more significant impact environmentally, economically, and socially.[3]<br />\nOnce remediated, these sites find a reuse for any type of development, from parks and housing to new commercial and industrial development. As New Jersey reaches build-out, redeveloping brownfields emphasizes the benefit of maintaining undeveloped lands for use as farmland and open space – recognizing that diverse landscapes build value for the developed environment. Brownfield redevelopment revitalizes urban areas, improves adjacent property values and adds to the overall quality of life for residents and the community.<br />\nRedevelopment of brownfields and infill development in existing developed areas provides opportunities for alternative transportation such as walking and bicycling and can reduce reliance on the automobile as a mode of transportation (see Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Design). These sites gain value by locating in areas of existing infrastructure (i.e., public transportation, water, sewer, electricity). For developers, there are numerous incentives to redevelop these sites, offering compelling benefits for investors as well. As a community benefit, redevelopment restores economic and social value to the surrounding neighborhood adding value to the community at large.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Develop Brownfield and Infill Sites<br />\nConducting an initial investigation of a brownfield site indicates the level of contamination on the property – and the level of cleanup required. This phase is often inexpensive and is a common element of due diligence in real estate development. It is important to realize that many brownfield sites are minimally contaminated, and it may be inexpensive to neutralize or stabilize the site.[4] New technologies, such as the Triad Approach, assess a site both speedily and comprehensively – two significant issues of concern to investors and developers.  The Triad Approach focuses on three main principles and uses real-time environmental sensors:</p>\n<p>Systematic Project Plans<br />\nDynamic Work Strategies<br />\nInnovative rapid sampling and Analytical Technologies[5]</p>\n<p>New residential developments, especially single-family residential developments, are subject to strict cleanup measures.[6] Developers may also want to consider planning a mixed-use development.[7]<br />\nTo pursue the development of new residential construction on a contaminated or brownfield site, the developer may follow these steps:[8]</p>\n<p>Gain local support – speak with local zoning officials, planning officials, or community development department to confirm that the redevelopment plan is within the community’s neighborhood plan. Make sure to address the following questions: [9]</p>\n<p>Is the brownfield or contaminated site located within a BDA?<br />\nHow is the parcel or area zoned according to municipal zoning ordinance?<br />\nIs the proposed end-use consistent with the municipality’s master plan? If not, would they accept an end-use change?</p>\n<p>Gather community input – consult with the community and foster support for the project. Depending on the size of the site to be developed, host a public hearing.<br />\nConsult with the Brownfields Interagency Team (BRIT) of the NJ Department of State’s Business Action Center. BRIT brings together over a dozen agencies that may be relevant to a redevelopment project, including departments that offer financial incentives.<br />\nFind an appropriate site – New Jersey Brownfields Site Mart is an online searchable database of brownfield properties. The Location Assessment tool allows searching by land characteristics, demographics, and economic opportunity zones for any address in New Jersey.  Additionally, check the NJ DEP’s Known Contaminated Site Report, which is more exhaustive. Known contaminated sites may be appropriate for redevelopment and eligible for incentives.<br />\nHire a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP)[10]To oversee the clean-up process – The LSRP assists in conducting a preliminary assessment, site investigation, remedial investigation, and creation of a remedial action work plan by the Brownfield and Contaminated Site Remediation Act. The preliminary assessment is critical because a brownfield, by definition, does not necessarily have contamination. Instead, it “is perceived to have contamination.” As a result, some designated brownfields may require little or no clean-up effort and may not be costly.<br />\nInvestigate obtaining environmental insurance.<br />\nEngage the services of an environmental or redevelopment attorney. These professionals support the developer in understanding their liability and obligations once they have acquired a contaminated site.<br />\nResearch funding sources and incentives and additional resources through the NJ Department of State’s Office of Business Advocacy</p>\n<p>Examples<br />\nMarina Village, Elizabeth, NJ<br />\nLeveraging $6.2 million in state and federal funding, the city of Elizabeth was able to identify, remediate and develop ten contiguous contaminated sites in the Elizabeth port neighborhood. In addition to an initial grant from the EPA, sources of funding included the NJ Redevelopment Authority, the City of Elizabeth Home funds, the State of New Jersey Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program, the New Jersey Balance Housing Program, NJRA Brownfields Remediation Program, and the State Urban Enterprise Zone. The city hired Brand New Day, Inc., a local nonprofit housing developer to construct a 35-unit affordable housing development.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSaves on infrastructure costs/Utilizes existing infrastructure<br />\nBrownfields, vacant or abandoned property, or underutilized parcels, are often located in dense urban areas near mass transit and other existing infrastructure, helping to avoid costs of building new utilities, roads, and other expensive infrastructure. Existing infrastructure also reduces the amount of land disturbance necessary for a project.[11]<br />\nSaves on land costs/Increases property values<br />\nBrownfield sites, vacant or abandoned land, or underutilized property, can have substantially lower property costs than other properties, offsetting the cost of assessment and remediation. Due to low initial cost, property value can increase significantly after redevelopment. Also, the surrounding property values can increase by addressing brownfields and vacant or underutilized parcels in the area. According to the US EPA, addressing nearby brownfields can increase residential property values by 2 to 3 percent.[12]<br />\nEnjoys significant incentives<br />\nThe State of New Jersey has created multiple funding streams for brownfield development that may be available to developers. The Office of Brownfield Reuse administers the Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Program, the Brownfield Reimbursement Fund Program, and the Landfill Redevelopment Program. Federal tax incentive certifications may also be available. Incentives and programs are subject to change. To determine what incentives are available, developers should meet with a representative from the NJ Brownfields Redevelopment InterAgency Team.<br />\nThe New Jersey Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Fund (HDSRF) created a partnership between the NJDEP and New Jersey Economic Development Authority (NJEDA) to provide remediation funding for innocent purchasers. An innocent purchaser is an individual who, “by an honest agreement, buys property in the absence of sufficient knowledge to charge him or her with notice of any defect in the transaction.”[13]<br />\nNew Jersey designates Brownfield Development Areas (BDAs) in areas of planned redevelopment and existing brownfield sites. This competitive process provides management, technical and financial assistance. The BDA Initiative provides “funding to public entities (municipalities, counties, and redevelopment agencies), qualifying private entities (businesses, corporations, homeowners) and non-profit organizations for the investigation or remediation of a suspected or known discharge of a hazardous substance.”[14]<br />\nThe Brownfield Reimbursement Program reimburses developers up to 75 percent of remediation costs based on new taxes developed from the brownfield project.<br />\nThe US EPA also funds assessment, cleanup for brownfield sites and provides technical and financing information (http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm).<br />\nCreates density and improves existing markets<br />\nDue to the location of most brownfield sites, there is the benefit of being close to existing markets. The same is true when pursuing infill development within already developed areas. Urban areas provide the necessary density that other areas cannot for certain types of businesses. Locating a business near an existing market or in a densely populated area can ease the costs of remediation, alleviate the higher cost of land in an urban area as opposed to a greenfield, and limit the costs associated with marketing and attracting business.<br />\nRevitalizes urban/former industrial areas<br />\nCleaning up brownfield sites or redeveloping vacant, abandoned, or underutilized land can revitalize urban areas. By promoting infill and creating denser walkable communities, cities can improve the sense of community among residents.<br />\nRemoves hazardous material from soil and groundwater and protects human health<br />\nMany brownfield sites contain some level of a contaminant in the soil. These contaminants can be harmful to human and environmental health for the surrounding area. Rainfall can transport pollutants into groundwater and negatively impact downstream sites. Brownfields can pose a health risk to the people living nearby and to waterways in the area or downstream. Remediating and stabilizing these sites can improve overall environmental quality and avoid potential environmental and human health risks (see Soil Test).<br />\nCreates jobs<br />\nAs of May 2017, assessment grants and other EPA Brownfields grants have contributed more than 124,759 jobs and $24 billion of public and private funding for brownfield and infill development. On average, $16.11 was leveraged for each EPA Brownfields dollar and 8.5 jobs leveraged per $100,000 of EPA brownfields funds expended on assessment, cleanup, and revolving loan fund cooperative agreements.[15] Also, finding uses for vacant, abandoned, or underutilized properties can create jobs both in the development of the project and afterward. Since these are in dense urban areas, developing mixed-use buildings on these sites can generate jobs even after the construction phase of the project.<br />\nBuilds public support<br />\nThere is often strong public support to remove brownfield sites and the potential health risks they might pose. Also, vacant, abandoned, underutilized land can bring down property values in the area and residents are often in favor of addressing these issues and improving the aesthetics of the community.<br />\nBenefits to Water Quality, Air Quality, and Lower Traffic Congestion<br />\nUS EPA estimates that redevelopment projects can reduce stormwater impacts, especially if the redevelopment project incorporates green technologies, such as green roofs, stormwater harvest and reuse systems, and landscaping elements such as bioswales and rain gardens (see Vegetated Roofs and Rain Gardens).[16]<br />\nBy promoting development near existing infrastructure and services, brownfield and infill development can improve air quality by creating denser, pedestrian and bicycle-friendly communities (see Active Living). In denser, urban areas people are more likely to walk, thus reducing traffic congestion, improving overall air quality, and improving public health by encouraging residents to walk.[17]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe cost of brownfield remediation varies substantially, depending on the extent of the contamination and the intended reuse. Because a brownfield is considered a site that may be contaminated, a remediation investigation may reveal limited contamination, in which case, the remediation cost is minimal. In cases where a heating fuel tank was buried and leaked, the damage can be extensive, but, again, may be relatively inexpensive ($10,000-$100,000).22 For more complex sites, which have multiple contaminants and higher levels of contaminants, costs can run in the millions.<br />\nA significant area of cost is that of uncertainty. In instances where the property has been in industrial use for many years, there could be contaminants that predate any tracking systems, making them difficult to anticipate and requiring more than one investigation. Triad is a recommended program because it fully characterizes the extent and type of spill all at once, whereas traditional approaches tested where they expected to be the extent of contamination, and, if they were wrong, had to go into the field a second time and test again. In some instances, these repeat tests could delay projects by months. Though Triad is more expensive initially, for complex sites where there is an extensive industrial history, it can expedite the clean up significantly. The level of cleanup required also determines the cost. In New Jersey, non-industrial cleanup requirements (such as would be required to build housing on a previously industrial property) must meet a higher standard than a cleanup for a property that returns to industrial use. Depending upon the project, some developed brownfield sites require ongoing monitoring by a responsible party as determined.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nBrownfield reuse offers multiple environmental and resiliency benefits by reducing the number of impermeable surfaces in a given area, especially by preserving open space and park space, often lacking in many residential areas across New Jersey.  Instead of developing existing greenfields which can be critical natural habitats and create more stormwater runoff (through higher levels of asphalt, concrete, and other impermeable surfaces), brownfields use existing, impermeable sites.<br />\nRedeveloped brownfield sites can serve as an emergency headquarters or storm shelter in underserved areas that could house mobile assistance; for example, serving as a location for food trucks or mobile health services. Other reuse may include warehouses with solar panels for backup power generation, or broadband and wireless access to support communications/dispatch mobile services.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US EPA. http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/ (accessed March 2nd, 2018).<br />\n[2] NJ DEP Site Remediation Program.  Known Contaminated Sites in New Jersey Reports, Updated February 2017.  http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/  (accessed March 2nd, 2018).<br />\n[3] NJ DEP Brownfield Development Area Initiative. http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/ (accessed March 2, 2018).<br />\n[4] USGBC LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction.<br />\n[5] Triad Resource Center, Overview. https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm (accessed March 2, 2018).<br />\n[6] Restrictions apply to the end use of a partially remediated site. While some restrictions may be allowed on residential uses, the NJ DEP does not like to see restrictions on single-family residences. For example, contamination capped with soil restricts residents from digging in the yard, placing a more substantial burden for single-family homeowners compared to townhomes or multi-family properties managed by a property management group. To determine the level of clean up necessary for the end user, developers work with a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (NJ DEP, 2010).<br />\n[7] A mixed-use development incorporates multiple uses within a building or neighborhood – a green building practice that places housing within walking distance of commercial and recreational activities. However, mixed-use developments on brownfields cause complications because commercial and residential uses require different cleanup measures.<br />\n[8] Content for this section draws on two interviews, cited below. Kloo, Ken. Administrator, Site Remediation Program (NJ DEP). Interview by Caitlin Salemi. November 16, 2010. Rendiero, Donna. Director of Community Planning, New Jersey Redevelopment Authority (NJRA). Interview by Caitlin Salemi. November 19, 2010.<br />\n[9] Answering these questions helps determine available incentives.<br />\n[10] In New Jersey, the Site Remediation Reform Act (SRRA) (2009) outlines how remediation takes place on contaminated sites. Under the SRRA, approval is not required by the NJDEP before beginning the remediation process. However, when the SRRA became fully active in 2012, any remediating party was required to use a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP) and must start the cleanup without NJ DEP approval. The SRRA established the LSRP program. Qualified professionals receive a license from an LSRP Board to conduct remediation of sites in New Jersey.  See http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/regs/statutes/srra.pdf for further information.<br />\n[11]U.S. EPA, New Jersey Redevelopment Authority (NJRA) https://nepis.epa.gov/ (accessed April 1,2018).<br />\n[12] U.S. EPA “Brownfields.” https://www.epa.gov/brownfields (accessed April 1, 2018)<br />\n[13] The Free Dictionary. http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser. (Accessed April 1, 2018).<br />\n[14] NJ DEP HDSRF Fact Sheet website. http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/factsheet.htm. (Accessed April 1, 2018).<br />\n[15] US EPA News Releases, May 2017. https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-brownfields-funding-announced-three-communities-south-carolina  (accessed April 1, 2018).<br />\n[16] US EPA, Brownfields Program Accomplishments and Benefits. https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits  (accessed March 8, 2018).<br />\n[17] LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Active Living<br />\nAlternative Transportation<br />\nRain Gardens<br />\nVegetated Roofs<br />\nSoil Test</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Center for Creative Land Recycling<br />\nNJ Department of State – Brownfields Redevelopment Task Force<br />\nNJ DEP Office of Brownfield Reuse<br />\nNJ DEP Site Remediation Program<br />\nNJ DEP – New Jersey Known Contaminated Sites<br />\nUS EPA Region 2 Brownfields Program<br />\nUS EPA State Brownfields and Voluntary Response Programs, New Jersey </div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4144,1238,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:33:21'),(4145,1238,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4146,1238,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4147,1238,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4148,1238,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4149,1238,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4150,1238,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4151,1238,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4152,1238,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4153,1238,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4163,446,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Lafayette Village, Jersey City, NJ Before (left) and After (right) (Source: NJ DEP)'),(4174,1245,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4175,1245,'_edit_last','2'),(4176,1245,'_edit_lock','1648678552:3'),(4177,1245,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4178,1245,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4179,1245,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4180,1245,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1245\" /]'),(4181,1245,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4182,1245,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4183,1245,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4184,1245,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4185,1245,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Energy-Efficient Landscaping?<br />\nEnergy-efficient landscaping reduces a household’s energy consumption through the strategic placement of trees, shrubs, and plants (see Tree Protection and Placement).<br />\nHeating and cooling comprise nearly half of a household’s energy consumption.[1] Energy-efficient landscaping provides a low-cost solution to reducing energy use with both economic and environmental benefits.<br />\nHeat exchange occurs in three processes: air infiltration,[2] conduction,[3] solar-radiation.[4] Energy-efficient landscaping uses four main strategies to moderate these processes.</p>\n<p>Plant trees and shrubs to provide shade and reduce solar heat gain in the summer (see Glare and Heat Gain Reduction).<br />\nPlant trees and shrubs to prevent heat loss in the winter.<br />\nPlant trees and shrubs to deflect winter winds and maintain a warmer microclimate around the building.<br />\nConsider a vegetated roof to provide extra thermal mass and insulation (see Vegetated Roof).</p>\n<p>How to Implement an Energy-Efficient Landscape<br />\nWhen designing an energy-efficient landscape consider New Jersey’s temperate climate and your property’s unique micro-climate. Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees (see Tree Protection and Placement). When possible, protect or enhance the diversity of native species and age of trees on the site and maintain them as necessary (see Native and Adapted Plants).</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">The following table is a guide to help achieve energy efficiency.<br />\nTable 1: Goals and Appropriate Landscape Types[5]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Tips and Maintenance</p>\n<p>Consider mapping the sun’s path to understand the site’s microclimate better.<br />\nCreate a landscape and maintenance plan.<br />\nDo not plant trees too close to the house because roots may grow into the foundation. Place medium to large trees at least 20 feet from the house. Place trees that result in small, full-grown crowns closer to the house to maintain both energy and aesthetic value. See the Arbor Day Tree Guide for growth rate and crown size information for specific tree species.<br />\nReview the Native and Adapted Plants strategy for plant selection guidance. Consider genetic diversity to minimize potential disease and insect problems.<br />\nConsider using temporary measures to provide shade until trees reach maturity. For instance, vines growing on a trellis can shade air conditioning units. If using mature trees for shading or a windbreak, plant a temporary row of faster-growing shrubs upwind of the permanent row and remove before the roots interfere with the permanent planting.</p>\n<p>Benefits</p>\n<p>According to a Lawrence Berkeley National Labs study, landscapes that provided shade result in temperatures 3-6°F cooler can decrease the energy load required for buildings by 9-20%.<br />\nShading an air conditioning unit can increase its efficiency by up to 10% and allow units to operate more efficiently.[6]<br />\nWindbreaks can save up to 25% on heating costs by protecting the microclimate surrounding a building.[7]<br />\nDecreasing energy demand to heat and cool buildings also reduces carbon dioxide emissions from energy generation.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nModerate upfront investments in energy-efficient landscaping can realize paybacks in as little as eight years as trees and shrubs reach full maturity, offering maximum energy-saving benefits.[8] Large, deep-rooted deciduous trees provide optimal shading benefits but depending on growth rate of the species, may take up to 5 or 10 years to reach full maturity.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nEnergy efficient landscaping offers a strong line of natural defense for buildings and the surrounding community.  Instead of implementing costly, time-consuming engineering projects, natural systems such as trees for windbreaks or shade, and wetlands for storm barriers offer protection from the elements, along with substantial energy savings. In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.<br />\nNote that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lightning result in one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.<br />\n[1] US EIA. 2003.  Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey, Table E1A. https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[2] Air infiltration occurs when outside air enters a house uncontrollably through cracks and openings. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[3]Conduction is heat traveling through a solid material https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling  (accessed April 10, 2018)<br />\n[4] Solar radiation is heat created from sunlight https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics  (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[5] US DOE. Energy-Efficient Landscaping for Homes https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[6] US DOE. Landscaping for Shade. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade (April 10, 2018).<br />\n[7] Walker, L. and Newman, S. Landscaping for Energy Conservation. Colorado State University Extension Publications. no.7.225. March 2009. http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/yard-garden/landscaping-for-energy-conservation-7-225/  (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[8] US DOE. Landscaping for Shade. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade (April 10, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nNative and Adapted Plants<br />\nTree Protection and Placement<br />\nVegetated Roofs</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) – Resilient Design<br />\nInternational Society of Arboriculture<br />\nLandscape for Life<br />\nNational Arbor Day Foundation<br />\nNative Plant Society of New Jersey<br />\nNew Jersey Master Gardeners<br />\nRutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station<br />\nThe Sustainable Sites Initiative<br />\nSustainable Sources: Landscaping for Energy Savings<br />\nUS DOE: Energy Savers – Landscaping</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4186,1245,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:33:21'),(4187,1245,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4188,1245,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4189,1245,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4190,1245,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4191,1245,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4192,1245,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4193,1245,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4194,1245,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4195,1245,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4205,345,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1: Tree placement for energy-efficiency (Source: The Morton Arboretum)'),(4206,29,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','(Source: Adapted from US DOE Landscaping for Energy-Efficient Homes)'),(4207,148,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Windbreak (Source: Virginia Cooperative Extension)'),(4214,1250,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4215,1250,'_edit_last','2'),(4216,1250,'_edit_lock','1648678524:3'),(4217,1250,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4218,1250,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4219,1250,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4220,1250,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1250\" /]'),(4221,1250,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4222,1250,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4223,1250,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4224,1250,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4225,1250,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Site Protection Plan</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is a Site Protection Plan?<br />\nA site protection plan helps protect the natural resources of a project site and adjacent areas and achieve compliance with local laws and codes. Existing trees and vegetation, healthy soils and natural hydrologic systems on a site are all valuable resources to consider protecting before a construction project begins. The site protection plan’s essential elements include: [1]</p>\n<p>A protection plan for vegetation/trees and healthy soils<br />\nA tree rescue plan for those trees and plantings identified for removal (a park, community garden, nursery, or some other entity may want them)<br />\nA site access plan, including a designated staging or ‘lay down’ area designed to minimize damage to the environment<br />\nStorage areas for salvaged materials and collection areas for recyclable materials, including day-to-day construction waste (e.g., packaging, bottles)<br />\nDefined sensitive areas where staging, stockpiling, and soil compaction are prohibited<br />\nWastewater runoff and erosion control measures<br />\nMeasures to salvage existing clean topsoil on site for reuse<br />\nPlans to mitigate dust, smoke, and odors.<br />\nNoise control measures, including schedules for particularly disruptive, high decibel operations<br />\nDesignated wash-down area for construction equipment</p>\n<p>Minimizing site disturbance reduces the impact that the construction of a new building has on the site and the regional ecosystem by minimizing the portion of the site that is impacted by development, reducing grading, preventing soil erosion, protecting existing vegetation, and other natural resources.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement a Site Protection Plan<br />\nConduct a site analysis that inventories site conditions and natural resources such as existing soils, vegetation, and hydrology early in the design process to provide information about how to minimize negative site impacts and identify any ecosystem impacts. Include a site protection plan in the contract documents.<br />\nFollow the Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control when developing plans for controlling erosion during construction.[2] A soil erosion control permit, issued by one of the state’s 15 soil conservation districts is one of the many permits required by New Jersey laws to build and develop in the state.[3] The Standards manual includes design guidance for structural practices, such as grass waterways or detention basins as well as a comprehensive list of plant species used for vegetative stabilization of disturbed soils.[4]Obtain the Standards through any NJ Soil Conservation District.<br />\nProjects also need to comply with the NJ DEP Construction Stormwater Phase II program. Construction activities including clearing, grading and excavating that disturb one acre require a Storm Water Discharge Permit, administered through the NJ Soil Conservation Districts in conjunction with the NJ DEP Division of Water Quality.[5]<br />\nA site protection plan should define procedures for protecting existing trees and vegetation on site. Take an inventory of existing vegetation to determine the health and species composition. It is also essential to use the following resources to identify and protect any endangered or threatened species that may exist on-site. NJ DEP maintains a List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern. Search the USDA by the state for a list for endangered and threatened plant species. In addition to protecting endangered species, minimizing vegetation removal also reduces the effects of soil erosion from the site because plant roots help stabilize the soil.[6]<br />\nThe three leading causes of tree damage, decline, and death as a result of construction are soil compaction caused by equipment driving too near the tree, root damage caused by adding or removing soil, and the severing of roots caused by trenching (see Tree Protection and Placement strategy).[7]Include a certified arborist on the project team and consult them early in the process to help protect trees during construction. An arborist can assess existing trees on a project site, outline steps for protection, and advise on best practices. The following is a list of significant considerations for a site protection plan:</p>\n<p>During construction, the largest single killer of tree roots – and thus of trees – is soil compaction by heavy machinery (compaction by construction equipment also degrades soil structure and reduces infiltration);[8]<br />\nThe roots of most species of large, woody trees grow primarily horizontally;<br />\nThese roots are predominantly located in the top 12″ of soil and do not usually extend to depths greater than 3′ to 7’ yet extend outward to an average diameter of 1 to 2 times the height of that tree.</p>\n<p>Tree guards should be erected to protect trees during construction, but since it would be impractical in most cases to establish a complete protection zone for all root systems tree guards should reach at least to the drip line of the tree’s crown. The drip line is the vertical plane going from the perimeter of the tree’s branch system to the ground.[9]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nImplementing a site protection plan:</p>\n<p>Protects the ecological services and natural resources of the site and the region<br />\nImproves community relations through reduced environmental degradation[10]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nDeveloping, implementing and enforcing a site protection plan can save money through avoiding fines by meeting local codes and regulations and protecting the natural resources of the site.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSite protection plans foster ecological resilience by preserving noninvasive trees, native plants, and pervious surfaces, which provide valuable ecosystem services, that in turn, enhance the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines. http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[2] NJ Department of Agriculture. http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[3] NJ Soil Conservation Districts. http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[4] NJ Department of Agriculture.<br />\n[5] NJ DEP Division of Water Quality  http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[6] Hopper, Leonard J. 2007. Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ. Google Books Link: http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[7] C. Dennis, W.R. Jacobi.  Protecting Trees During Construction Projects. Colorado State University Extension http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf  (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[8] University of Alabama Cooperative Extension. A Guide to Preventing Soil Compaction During Construction. http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[9] City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines.<br />\n[10] Ibid.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Tree Protection and Placement</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>NJ DEP</p>\n<p>Construction Storm Water Permit Phase II<br />\nList of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</p>\n<p>NJ Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control<br />\nNJ Storm Water Best Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques<br />\nSustainable Sites Initiative<br />\nUS EPA – National Menu of Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Storm Water<br />\nUniversity of Minnesota Extension – Protecting Existing Trees During Construction</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4226,1250,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:33:21'),(4227,1250,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4228,1250,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4229,1250,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4230,1250,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4231,1250,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4232,1250,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4233,1250,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4234,1250,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4235,1250,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4255,1258,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4256,1258,'_edit_last','2'),(4257,1258,'_edit_lock','1648678496:3'),(4258,1258,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4259,1258,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4260,1258,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4261,1258,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1258\" /]'),(4262,1258,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4263,1258,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4264,1258,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4265,1258,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4266,1258,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Tree Protection and Placement</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_22  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Tree Protection and Placement?<br />\nTrees play an essential role in the overall environmental quality of a property. Protecting existing trees and properly siting new trees can increase the energy efficiency of a building design before considering mechanical enhancements or upgrades. Trees protect buildings by reducing energy loads, reducing interior glare, and blocking potentially harsh winds (see Glare and Heat Gain Reduction). Trees also add aesthetic appeal, reduce stormwater runoff and soil erosion, and can improve air quality. It is essential to locate trees strategically. Trees can take 10-15 years to mature to a size that provides significant shade and protection, therefore protecting existing trees during construction is very important.<br />\nBefore construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees. Symptoms of tree damage from construction may not be visible immediately but may appear years later. In planning for tree protection and determining necessary tree removals, consider the species, size, maturity, location, and condition of each tree.[1] Sometimes saving a younger tree is more beneficial than saving a mature tree because they are better able to adapt to the disturbances of construction. It is essential to maintain a diversity of species and age of trees on the site.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_23  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_24  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Tree Protection and Placement<br />\nA tree protection plan should be created during design and enforced during construction. The plan should define parameters such as materials and dimensions of tree protection fencing required for all trees in the site protection plan. Fencing helps protect trees by keeping construction vehicles, equipment, and materials away from the tree. Penalties, such as a fine proportional to damages accrued, help construction workers adhere to the tree protection plan.<br />\nWhen developing a strategy to preserve existing trees during site construction, it is essential to consider both the aboveground and belowground components of the trees. Machinery can damage the trunk and crown of a tree by breaking branches and gashing the trunk. When digging to install a foundation and utilities, roots are susceptible to being severed.  The majority of the roots of a tree are no more than a foot deep in the soil. However, in a mature tree, the root system can extend as far as 1 to 3 times the height of the tree.[2] As Figure 1 illustrates, the drip line, a vertical plane extending from the perimeter of the crown to the ground, is the minimum area that should be left undisturbed when preserving a tree. Extending that boundary increases the likelihood of the tree’s survival. The closer the cut is made to the tree, the more damage the tree suffers.[3] Removing roots also makes the tree more prone to falling over as they stabilize the tree in the ground.  If a utility line must run through the area of a tree, the International Society of Arboriculture recommends tunneling under the tree’s roots as opposed to running through them if possible.<br />\nAlthough equipment may not always actually cut or physically damage a tree, it should never go within the drip line of a tree because the weight can cause the soil above the roots to compact and impair root development.  Adding or removing soil above the root system should be avoided to prevent smothering or rotting. When making changes to the grade of the soil, stay as far away from the trunk as possible. Exposing trees to the elements by removing nearby trees makes them vulnerable to damage from the sun and to breaking from wind and ice. All of these factors are important as trees require years to adjust to stresses caused by construction.  Continue to monitor and maintain trees and look out for any signs of poor health or safety hazards.  An arborist can provide guidance on how to properly maintain and treat any trees that have suffered damage.<br />\n Select trees carefully and maintain them as necessary to achieve maximum benefits.  To maximize energy savings associated with trees, plant deciduous trees on the south and west sides of the building to lower air-conditioning costs in the summer.[4] Locate trees so that they shade as much hardscape as possible. A commitment to the long-term care of trees is essential to maintaining their health. Consult an ISA-certified arborist for consultation and care.[5]<br />\nExample<br />\nWashington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge<br />\nA reconstruction project at Washington’s Headquarters included taking an inventory of existing trees, protecting historic trees, removing invasive species, and pruning and fertilizing remaining trees on the property.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_25  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_26  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Benefits<br />\nTrees are essential to healthy, livable communities as they provide beauty, shade, and enhance a community’s quality of life. As described in further detail below, trees provide numerous benefits such as cleaning our air, reducing stormwater runoff, cooling buildings, and can even stimulate business in downtown areas by creating a more inviting and comfortable environment.<br />\nEnvironment<br />\nAbsorption of Air Pollutants – Preserving and increasing trees on site is a simple strategy for improving local air quality. Trees remove pollutants from the air by absorbing airborne particles and gaseous pollution. According to the US Forestry Service, 100 trees remove 53 tons of carbon dioxide and 430 pounds of other air pollutants per year.[6]<br />\nCarbon Sequestration – Trees reduce greenhouse gases by storing carbon dioxide in their leaves, branches, trunks, and roots. They use carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and cellulose for plant structure and function and release oxygen back into the atmosphere.[7],[8]<br />\nReducing the Urban Heat Island Effect – The high percentage of impervious surfaces in urban areas absorb heat and create what is known as the urban heat island effect; this causes the annual, mean air temperature of cities to be 5.4°F warmer than surrounding areas.[9] Trees help cool urban areas by shading pavement and absorbing excess urban heat, reducing the urban heat island effect. This same strategy can be applied in less densely built areas by shading hardscaped areas.<br />\nEnergy Conservation – Trees strategically placed on-site can reduce the energy needed to cool and heat buildings. In the summertime, large trees on the west and east side of a building can save up to 30% of air-conditioning costs and allow units to operate more efficiently (see Energy-Efficient Landscaping).[10]<br />\nCapturing Storm Water Runoff and Preventing Erosion – Trees capture and absorb rainwater, reducing stormwater runoff. Tree roots also hold soil in place, preventing erosion (see Rain Gardens).[11]<br />\nPeople<br />\nBiophilia – The presence of trees nurtures the inherent affinity that humans are believed to have with nature known as biophilia (see Biophilic Design). Well-treed environments have also been shown to reduce stressors in urban environments due to the beauty and serenity they convey. For instance, a study in a Chicago public housing development showed reduced crime levels in apartment buildings that were surrounded by greenery compared to the same buildings in barren landscapes.[12] Another study showed that exposure to greener play environments reduced ADHD symptoms in children in the United States.[13] Also, studies find a connection between the presence of trees and lower levels of violence.[14]<br />\nNoise Reduction, Traffic Calming, and Pedestrian Safety – Trees can serve as useful sound buffers. For example, a 98-foot-wide by 49-foot-tall tree belt can reduce highway noise pollution by 6 to 10 decibels.[15] Trees also serve as physical barriers which protect pedestrians in high traffic areas. Since the presence of trees often indicates the presence of pedestrians, trees near roads help suppress the notion of a transportation corridor meant only for vehicles and can help calm traffic.[16]<br />\nEconomy<br />\nIncreased property values – Property values have been found to increase by as much as 10%, according to the U.S. Forest Service, while the International Society of Arboriculture estimates a 5-20% increase in property value due to street trees.<br />\nIncreased Business in Shopping Districts – A study conducted by University of Washington’s Center for Urban Horticulture found that the presence of trees and other vegetation positively influenced consumers’ perception of retail districts. Furthermore, shoppers spent more time shopping in downtown business districts that were well landscaped compared to those areas with little vegetation. Shoppers were also willing to pay more for parking and spend up to 11% more for goods and services in highly treed retail areas.[17]<br />\nCosts<br />\nOn average, caring for a large tree costs $13/year but returns about $65 in energy savings, improved stormwater management, and higher property values.[18]<br />\nThe cost benefits of large, medium and small trees are as follows:[19]<br />\nLarge Tree                                                         Medium Tree<br />\nTotal benefits/year = $55                                   Total benefits/year = $33<br />\nTotal costs/year = $18                                       Total costs/year = $17<br />\nNet benefits/year = $37                                     Net benefits/year = $16<br />\nLife expectancy = 120 years                              Life expectancy = 60 years<br />\nLifetime benefits = $6,600                               Lifetime benefits = $1,980<br />\nLifetime costs = $2,160                                     Lifetime costs = $1,020<br />\nValue to community = $4,440                         Value to community = $960<br />\nSmall Tree<br />\nTotal benefits/year = $23<br />\nTotal costs/year = $14<br />\nNet benefits/year = $9<br />\nLife expectancy = 30 years<br />\nLifetime benefits = $690<br />\nLifetime costs = $420<br />\nValue to community = $270<br />\nResiliency<br />\nTrees provide multiple resiliency benefits. During severe storms, tree roots help to manage flooding and coastal/riparian erosion by soaking up water and stabilizing soil. Trees help reduce strain on local sewer systems, especially combined sewer systems where flooding events can negatively affect water quality and lead to public health concerns.  By infiltrating water where it falls, trees help replenish groundwater reserves, relieving stress on local water supplies and reducing the need to import potable water.[20] Consequently, trees can lessen the impact of droughts.<br />\nIn the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.<br />\nNote that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lighting is often one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] International Society of Arboriculture (ISA). Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf  (accessed March 21, 2018.)<br />\n[2] ISA. Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[3] Ibid.<br />\n[4] ISA. Trees are Good. “Tree Care Information:  Benefits of Trees.” https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[5] Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf  (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[6] US Forestry Service: Benefits of Trees. https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[7] Colorado Tree Coalition.  “Education: Why Plant a Tree?”  http://coloradotrees.org/education/ (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[8] Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[9] US EPA.   “Heat Island Effect.”   http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/ (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[10] Arbor Day Foundation.  “Benefits of Trees.” https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[11] Ibid.<br />\n[12] Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). Environment and crime in the inner city: Does vegetation reduce crime? Environment and Behavior, 33(3), 343-367. http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm (accessed April 10, 2018)<br />\n[13] Faber Taylor, A., Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). “Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings.” Environment and Behavior, 33(1), 54-77. http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[14] Sullivan, W.C. &amp; F. E. Kuo.  Human-Environment Research Laboratory Department of Natural Resources and the Environmental Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.  “Do Trees Strengthen Urban Communities, Reduce Domestic Violence?”  January 1996.  http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html  (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[15] National Forest Foundation.  “New Research Proves Just How Green Urban Forests Are.” https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests  (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[16] Jacobs, Allan B.  Great Streets.  Cambridge MA: MIT Press.  1995.<br />\n[17] Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources.  “Fact Sheet #5: Trees in Business Districts.”  http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[18] US Forest Service, Center for Urban Forestry Research and Information.  “The Large Tree Argument.”  https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf  (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[19] Ibid.<br />\n[20] US EPA. Green Infrastructure: Climate Resiliency. https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency (accessed April 25, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_27  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Biophilic Design<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Landscaping<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nRain Gardens</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_28  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Arbor Day Foundation Tree Guide<br />\nInternational Society of Arboriculture – Trees Are Good<br />\nI-Tree Tools<br />\nThe Nature Conservancy<br />\nNJ DEP Division of Parks and Forestry – Community Forestry<br />\nNJ Tree Foundation<br />\nPhiladelphia Water Department<br />\nRutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station<br />\nUrban Forests and Climate Change<br />\nUniversity of Minnesota Extension Service: Fitting Trees and Shrubs into the Landscape<br />\nUS EPA Green Infrastructure<br />\nUS Forest Service Watershed Forestry</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4267,1258,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:32:41'),(4268,1258,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4269,1258,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4270,1258,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4271,1258,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4272,1258,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4273,1258,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4274,1258,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4275,1258,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4276,1258,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4292,1263,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4293,1263,'_edit_last','2'),(4294,1263,'_edit_lock','1648678470:3'),(4295,1263,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4296,1263,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4297,1263,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4298,1263,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1263\" /]'),(4299,1263,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4300,1263,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4301,1263,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4302,1263,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4303,1263,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Turfgrass Reduction</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Turfgrass?<br />\nTurfgrass refers to a form of grass used when growing a lawn and typically includes species such as bluegrass, rye, and fescue.[1] These species, referred to as conventional turf grass, grow evenly and to a uniform height when maintained. Conventional turf grass requires high levels of maintenance, irrigation, and fertilization to achieve a consistently green and manicured look. Turfgrass had become common in the United States after post-World War II when it became a mainstream middle-class status symbol. At that time many types of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers were becoming commercially available.[2]<br />\nAlternatives to conventional turf grass lawns include replacing the lawn with native grasses or groundcover and reducing the size of the lawn by incorporating other types of natural landscaping or garden beds (see Native and Adapted Plants, and Wildlife Habitat). There are many varieties of groundcovers, including those that are edible or flowering. Groundcover refers to plants that, once established, form a uniform layer over the ground and require little to no maintenance. Native grasses are species of grass that are native to a particular area and climate. These grasses require less maintenance and are less susceptible to pests (see Integrated Pest Management).</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_18  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_19  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Reasons to consider reducing the use of turfgrass include:<br />\nHigh Maintenance Requirements<br />\nLawns require frequent and sometimes costly maintenance. Lawn maintenance often involves hiring lawn care employees, purchasing fertilizers, and maintaining lawn care equipment. Lawns may require mowing multiple times a week during the peak growing season. During a drought, lawns require irrigation. Landscapes consume 9 billion gallons of water each day in the United States, mostly to irrigate lawns (see Water-Efficient Landscaping).[3]<br />\nHigh Pollution Outputs that Create Public Health Risks<br />\nLawn care chemicals can pose a threat to people, pets and the environment. Studies have found numerous adverse health consequences associated with the synthetic chemicals found in traditional lawn care products, especially for children due to their size, physiological development and proximity to the ground.<br />\nLawns can also contribute to water pollution as chemicals used to treat lawns combine with stormwater runoff and flow into freshwater supplies, adversely affecting plants and animal life. Many commercial lawns require frequent fertilization to maintain quality turf grass. Excessive fertilizer use can also lead to fertilizers entering sources of drinking water.[4]<br />\nNote that while conventional turf grass does help remove carbon dioxide from the air, the amount sequestered does not cancel out the greenhouse gas emissions produced from fertilizer production, mowing, leaf blowing and other lawn management practices (see Energy-Efficient Landscaping).[5]<br />\nLack of Biodiversity<br />\nConventional turfgrass lawns lack biodiversity, an essential component of healthy ecosystems, and do not support a wide variety of birds, beneficial insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.[6]<br />\nHow to Reduce the Use of Turf Grass<br />\nIn New Jersey, homeowners account for 76 percent of the state’s 880,542 acres of turf grass. [7] On average, lawns take up half of an average lot size.[8] Many fiscally and environmentally responsible alternatives to lawns exist such as minimizing turfgrass areas, using more eco-friendly grass species for remaining turf areas, and planting a wide variety of low-maintenance trees, shrubs, and perennials to create garden spaces, rain gardens, and native habitats (see Rain Gardens). When designing an alternative lawn, select eco-friendly grass and grass-like species such as native sedges and meadow mixes and limit turf areas for defining garden edges, active recreation areas, pathways between planting beds and other structural and functional purposes. [9] Native grasses and sedges can provide a low maintenance alternative with high ecological value.[10]<br />\nUse Groundcover or Native Grasses<br />\nGroundcovers refer to low-growing plants including native grasses and sedges but also include taller trees and shrubs that grow together to form dense vegetation. Choose groundcovers that require little maintenance and support wildlife.[11]  Increasing the size of shrub beds and adding groundcovers can facilitate the reduction of erosion and water runoff (see Erosion Control).[12] Select non-invasive groundcovers that do not threaten plant biodiversity or affect wildlife that depends on native species as a food source. 10</p>\n<p>To select an appropriate groundcover, talk with the local cooperative extension agent and refer to the NJ Native Plant Society’s listing of native and invasive species and the Native Plant Finder. Native species often vary across regions, even within New Jersey. Note that the USDA identifies New Jersey as being in Hardiness Zones 5 through 7.<br />\nTo contain groundcovers, install an edge barrier such as a row of low bricks or wood frame. Extend edging a few inches into the soil to contain roots.<br />\nWeed and mulch groundcover regularly, especially in the first year of planting.<br />\nCounty Extension Offices trains volunteer in each county through its Master Gardeners Program to provide guidance on lawn alternatives.</p>\n<p>Tips on Removing Lawn</p>\n<p>Use a sod cutter to remove sections of existing lawn gradually.<br />\nRemove existing lawn but do not disturb the soil as turning the soil allows weeds to compete with the new native seedlings.</p>\n<p>Tips for Caring for Existing Lawns</p>\n<p>Keep mower at 2 1⁄2 inches, water in the early morning and de-thatch if thatch reaches more than 1⁄2 inch in thickness. Cutting lawns too short decreases root growth.<br />\nLeave clippings on the lawn as a natural source of nitrogen for the soil, recycle the clippings or start a compost pile.<br />\nReduce water needs by mulching the garden beds around an existing lawn.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nEconomic</p>\n<p>Decreases maintenance costs and reduces water bills. Once established, groundcovers appropriate to the site conditions require less upkeep than conventional turf grass.<br />\nReduces costs spent on fertilizers and pesticides.</p>\n<p>Environmental</p>\n<p>Increases in biodiversity and support of wildlife such as birds, insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.<br />\nDense and short growing groundcover plants eliminate weeds, preserve moisture in the soil, and do not require mowing.<br />\nReduces the need for lawn irrigation.<br />\nGroundcovers act as mulch, enhancing the soil.<br />\nGroundcovers and native grasses require less maintenance to prevent soil erosion compared to turfgrass.<br />\nReduces toxic emissions released into the environment from lawnmowers.<br />\nReduces use of fossil fuels required by lawn and irrigation equipment.</p>\n<p>Personal Wellness</p>\n<p>Saves time and labor.<br />\nConnects people to the natural landscape.<br />\nCreates a diverse and aesthetically pleasing outdoor environment.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of lawn alternatives varies depending on the type and size of the landscape. For example, cost per square foot of alternative groundcovers depends upon the type of plants chosen and the size of the groundcover. The higher initial cost of selecting plants specific to the site pays for itself over time through reduced maintenance costs compared to less adaptive and higher-maintenance turfgrass.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nReplacing conventional turf grass with native plants and water-efficient landscaping promotes resiliency by decreasing water use and reducing the reliance and stress on municipal water infrastructure. Alternatives to turf grass can also increase groundwater infiltration, helping to slow stormwater runoff and reduce erosion during flooding events. Also, replacing turf grass with diverse native plants, increases the biological diversity in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.<br />\n[1] American-Lawns. “Mixtures and Blends.” http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[2]  University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Turf Grass Madness: Reasons to Reduce the Lawn in Your Landscape.”  http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[3] U.S. EPA.  Outdoor Water Use in the United States.  https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html (accessed March 22, 2018)<br />\n[4] US EPA, University of West Virginia. “Managing Turfgrass and Garden Fertilizer Application to Prevent Contamination of Drinking Water.” http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf (accessed March 23, 2018).<br />\n[5] University of California, Irvine.  Turfgrass. https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/  (accessed March 23, 2018).<br />\n[6] NJ DEP. 2015. New Jersey Natural Heritage Program. https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/ (accessed Sept 20, 2018).<br />\n[7] 880,542 acres is equal to 18 percent of NJ’s total land area. www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf (accessed April 15, 2018).<br />\n[8] The Center for Turf grass Science. The New Jersey Turf grass Industry Economic Survey. February 2007. www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf (accessed April 15, 2018).<br />\n[9] Less Lawn. “Native Grass Lawns.” http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html (accessed March 23, 2018).<br />\n[10] The Nature Conservancy. Habitat Network. Native Grasses for Your Native Lawn. http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/ (accessed November 11, 2018).<br />\n[11] University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Groundcover Alternatives to Turf Grass.”  http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf (accessed March 23, 2018).<br />\n[12] Ibid.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_20  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Energy-Efficient Landscaping<br />\nErosion Control<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management<br />\nNative and Adapted Plants<br />\nRain Gardens<br />\nWater-Efficient Landscaping<br />\nWildlife Habitat</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_21  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Audubon Society – Lawn Alternatives<br />\nClean Water NJ – In the Garden<br />\nJersey-Friendly Yards<br />\nNative Plant Society of New Jersey<br />\nNative Plant Finder<br />\nNature Conservancy – Habitat Network<br />\nNJ DEP Lawn and Garden Care<br />\nRutgers NJ Agriculture Experiment Station<br />\nCommercial Turfgrass and Landscape Maintenance Fact Sheets &amp; Bulletins<br />\nCenter for Turfgrass Science<br />\nRutgers Water Resource Program – Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey<br />\nUniversity Extension Services – Groundcovers</p>\n<p>Delaware<br />\nMaryland</p>\n<p>US EPA Greenscapes: Environmentally Beneficial Landscaping</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4304,1263,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-11 13:30:46'),(4305,1263,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4306,1263,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4307,1263,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4308,1263,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4309,1263,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4310,1263,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4311,1263,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4312,1263,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4313,1263,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4323,309,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Blue Wood Sedge (Source: Courtesy of North Creek Nurseries)'),(4331,1268,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4332,1268,'_edit_last','2'),(4333,1268,'_edit_lock','1648678425:3'),(4334,1268,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4335,1268,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4336,1268,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4337,1268,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1268\" /]'),(4338,1268,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4339,1268,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4340,1268,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4341,1268,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4342,1268,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Building Orientation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Building Orientation?<br />\nBuilding orientation describes a building’s placement on a site and the positioning of windows, rooflines, and other features. A building oriented for solar design takes advantage of passive and active solar strategies. Passive solar strategies use energy from the sun to heat and illuminate buildings without the use of external energy sources and mechanical systems. Building orientation combined with the proper selection of building materials and the placement of windows, openings and shading devices influences heating and cooling loads, natural daylighting levels, and air flows within the building (see Daylighting, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, Natural Ventilation, and Thermal Mass).<br />\nPassive solar strategies use building components to collect, store, distribute, and control solar heat gains (see Table 1). Strategies include implementing large, south-facing windows, sourcing building materials that absorb and slowly release heat, manipulating building form to influence ventilation, and minimizing unwanted heat gain through proper window selection and glazing. Shading devices such as roof overhangs or landscaping also reduce solar load (See Tree Protection and Placement).</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_18  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_19  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Active solar strategies capture and store the sun’s energy through mechanical or electrical means. Solar photovoltaic systems generate and store electricity, while solar thermal systems heat liquid directly and transfer thermal energy for heating water or air (see Photovoltaic Systems and Solar Thermal Systems).[1] Solar ready buildings have south-facing roofs not shaded by nearby trees, structures or buildings. NREL’s PVWattsâ Calculator can estimate energy production and costs of a photovoltaic (PV) system at your location.<br />\nHow to Optimize Building Orientation<br />\nDecisions about building orientation begin early in the design phase, inform the entire building process, and involve all project team members (see Integrated Design Process). It helps to have input from experienced passive solar design architects and builders and to consider site conditions, such as temperature, solar access, and wind to evaluate passive design opportunities.<br />\nBuilding orientation impacts daylighting which also relates to building geometry, window selection, interior layout, HVAC sizing, and electrical lighting design.[2] Utilizing computer simulation software and energy modeling tools help to assess how building orientation and passive design considerations affect overall building performance (see Energy Modeling).<br />\nThe project team may also consider pursuing the Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018) building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for zero-energy, high-performance buildings.<br />\nExamples<br />\nDiscovery Elementary School, Arlington, VA.<br />\nThe Discovery Elementary School is one of the first Zero Energy schools on the East Coast. The project team adopted passive solar design by orienting the building with its longest facades facing north and south, took advantage of shading opportunities to reduce summer cooling loads, selected construction materials with high thermal mass, and utilized occupancy sensors for temperature settings.<br />\nCambria Office Facility, Ebensburg, PA.<br />\nThe original plan for the Cambria Office Facility was to maximize curb appeal with a flat-roofed, square box building orientated along the road near the edge of the property. Instead, the location of the building on the site was changed to optimize solar orientation and preserve wetlands on the property.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nBuildings oriented for passive and active solar provide multiple benefits:</p>\n<p>Utilize solar, a renewable energy source, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and slowing fossil fuel depletion.<br />\nConnect occupants to the natural environment by responding to changing weather conditions and providing window views.<br />\nProvide daylighting, which decreases electrical lighting requirements and increases occupant satisfaction and productivity.<br />\nEmploy thermal massing, which reduces temperature swings and produces a higher degree of temperature stability and thermal comfort.<br />\nReduce heating and cooling costs through natural heating/cooling and ventilation.<br />\nLower operation and maintenance costs by requiring fewer moving parts and opportunities for mechanical failure.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nConsidering life-cycle costs and annual energy and maintenance savings, buildings designed to maximize solar access are often less expensive than conventional buildings. Passive solar features, such as south-facing windows, thermal mass, and roof overhangs, can pay for themselves by reducing mechanical heating and cooling loads, unit size, installation, operation and maintenance costs.[3] Compared to passive solar systems, active solar systems often have a higher initial cost and longer payback period depending on the size and the type of technology but may be offset with currently available federal and state tax credits.[4]<br />\nCheck the DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency and the NJ Office of Clean Energy and for available incentives, rebates and tax credits.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nBuilding’s oriented for passive and active solar design enhance a building’s resiliency by maintaining livable conditions in the event of power interruption and loss of heating fuel.<br />\nDaylight-optimized buildings provide interior light, and highly insulated buildings with natural ventilation maintain thermal comfort for building occupants. Photovoltaic systems with battery storage and islanding inverters provide emergency “power islands” during times of storm or other grid outages.[5]<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US DOE | Energy Savers: Active Solar Heating. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating-systems/active-solar-heating (accessed March 12, 2018).<br />\n[2] Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf (accessed July 3, 2018).<br />\n[3] NREL. Passive Solar Design Fact Sheet. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29236.pdf (accessed March 12, 2018)<br />\n[4] WBDG. Passive Solar Heating. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php (accessed March 21, 2018)<br />\n[5] Jennifer Senick et al. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/ (accessed March 12, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_20  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Daylighting<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nPhotovoltaic (PV) Systems<br />\nSolar Thermal Systems<br />\nThermal Mass<br />\nTree Protection and Placement</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_21  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency<br />\nLos Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design<br />\nNJ’s Clean Energy Program<br />\nNREL’s PVWattsâ Calculator<br />\nPassive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)<br />\nSustainable Sources: Passive Solar Design<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Passive Solar Heating</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4343,1268,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:32:41'),(4344,1268,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4345,1268,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4346,1268,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4347,1268,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4348,1268,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4349,1268,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4350,1268,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4351,1268,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4352,1268,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4369,1276,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4370,1276,'_edit_last','2'),(4371,1276,'_edit_lock','1648678385:3'),(4372,1276,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4373,1276,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4374,1276,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4375,1276,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1276\" /]'),(4376,1276,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4377,1276,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4378,1276,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4379,1276,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4380,1276,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Daylighting</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Daylighting?<br />\nDaylighting combines building orientation, fenestration (e.g., the location of windows and openings in a building), shading devices, interior design, and lighting and controls.  Daylighting design illuminates indoor spaces with appropriate levels of natural light, minimizes glare and heat gain, and reduces electrical lighting needs (see Integrated Design Process, Building Orientation, High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction and Sensor Controls).<br />\nBuilding orientation, in combination with window selection and placement, impacts daylighting levels, thermal comfort, ventilation, and views to nature (see Natural Ventilation and Energy Efficient Windows). A daylighting-optimized building maximizes south and north exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive direct and indirect natural light, respectively.[1] The design and choice of window glazing affect the amount, distribution, and quality of daylight.[2] For example, glazing systems with tinted glass and low-solar low-E coatings reduce solar heat gain with little reduction in visible transmittance or the amount of light in the visible portion of the spectrum.[3] Skylights, solar tubes, clerestory windows, and cupolas can also help introduce and balance daylight in a room. Utilize the upper portion of windows to introduce high levels of daylight and avoid glare issues, while taking advantage of views from the lower portion of windows, balanced by proper shading.[4] Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, awnings, and self-shading elements of building form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light. Interior designs that incorporate open layouts and light-colored surfaces also help distribute natural light. Reduce electrical lighting consumption and costs, and associated waste heat by pairing harvested daylight with automated dimmers and photosensors (see High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls).</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Daylighting<br />\nDesigning for daylighting involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process. For example, window glazing influences interior electrical lighting design, sizing of mechanical systems, and interior design layouts. The following outlines steps to integrate daylighting and electrical lighting.[5]</p>\n<p>Set a Maximum Lighting Power Density (LPD) goal to avoid overlit spaces and to achieve an appropriate level of lighting per area lit or watts per square foot.<br />\nSet a Daylight Sufficiency Goal that establishes the amount of daylighting, measured in lumens or foot-candles, required to perform a typical task in each space without electrical lighting.<br />\nDevelop a layered lighting strategy that first utilizes daylight to provide basic or ambient lighting levels, and then adds electrical lighting options and controls to vary lighting levels for a variety of tasks and occupant preferences.</p>\n<p>Daylighting guidelines provide general principles and examples, but project specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools, which can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.[6]<br />\nThe Facade Design Tool by the Efficient Windows Collaborative compares several design parameters including orientation, window area, controls, shading, and window type to predict performance outcomes such as annual energy use and savings, daylight levels, glare, and thermal comfort.<br />\nLow Energy – High Performance:  Building Façade Solutions by Berkeley Lab offers a list of simulation software for modeling window system performance.<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Improved life-cycle cost, reduced emissions, and reduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.<br />\nReduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.[7]<br />\nReduced cooling loads and downsized HVAC systems through less heat gain from electrical lighting (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).[8]<br />\nImproved occupant satisfaction and comfort based on a shared preference for naturally daylit spaces, reinforcement of circadian rhythms, and connection to nature.[9]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nPlanning for daylighting should be integral to the design process and should not impose a significant impact on project costs if considered from the early stages of design. Windows with more than one pane and glazing to control temperature fluctuations and reduce UV exposure tend to cost more than conventional windows. Increasing the window to wall ratio to promote natural daylighting cost more than the construction of standard walls. The average national cost of window installation is $5,040, with most homeowners spending between $2,584 and $7,497 depending on materials, features, and size.[10] Structures such as a copula require more materials and are more technically challenging to build and incur additional costs.  Additional upfront costs associated with daylighting strategies or hiring a daylighting consultant typically pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn the event of a power outage, a daylighting-optimized home continues to provide interior light to occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid and providing energy savings.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32. https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf (accessed July 6, 2018).<br />\n[2] Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylighting. http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php (accessed July 6, 2018).<br />\n[3] Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Window Technologies: Transmittance. http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php (accessed July 6, 2018).<br />\n[4] General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf (accessed Dec 11, 2018).<br />\n[5] General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf (accessed Dec 11, 2018).<br />\n[6] WBDG. Daylighting. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php (accessed April 4, 2018).<br />\n[7] Ibid WBDG.<br />\n[8] Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylight Controls. Windows for High-Performance Buildings. http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php (accessed July 5, 2018).<br />\n[9] California Energy Commission and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential” http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf (accessed April 5, 2018).<br />\n[10] HomeAdvisor – True Cost Guide – Installing Windows https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/doors-and-windows/install-windows/ (accessed April 6, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Building Orientation<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Efficient Windows Collaborative – Providing Natural Light<br />\nLBNL and US DOE – Tips for Daylighting With Windows: The Integrated Approach<br />\nLeslie, Russell P.; Conway, Kathryn M. (2007 online) The Lighting Pattern Book for Homes.<br />\nRensselaer Polytechnic Institute -Lighting Research Center<br />\nUS DOE Energy Savers – Daylighting<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide (WBDG) Daylighting</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4381,1276,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:32:41'),(4382,1276,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4383,1276,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4384,1276,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4385,1276,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4386,1276,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4387,1276,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4388,1276,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4389,1276,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4390,1276,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4400,316,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – House with cupola (Source: The Cupola House http://www.cupolahouse.org/)'),(4405,1276,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(4409,1280,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4410,1280,'_edit_last','2'),(4411,1280,'_edit_lock','1648678570:3'),(4412,1280,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4413,1280,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4414,1280,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4415,1280,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1280\" /]'),(4416,1280,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4417,1280,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4418,1280,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4419,1280,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4420,1280,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Glare and Heat Gain Reduction?<br />\nGlare occurs when sunlight or artificial light inhibits a person from visually focusing on his or her task either by casting a veil of light between the task and the viewer or by flooding the eyes with light. For example, sun glare on a document makes the black text almost as bright as the white background, reducing the contrast and making the document difficult to read.<br />\nHeat gain occurs when solar radiation or warmth enters a building through windows, skylights or other glazing systems. Maximizing heat gain during the winter through passive solar strategies and minimizing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer, while maintaining daylighting quality, provides energy and cost savings and enhances thermal comfort (see Daylighting).<br />\nReducing glare and heat gain requires balancing electrical lighting and daylighting goals and utilizing protective barriers such as high-performance window glazing systems and external or internal physical barriers such as shades, blinds, awnings, overhangs or vegetation (see High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls, Energy-Efficient Windows, and Energy-Efficient Landscaping).</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Glare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nDesigning for glare and heat gain reduction involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process (see Integrated Design Process). For example, building orientation, window glazing, and shading devices influence lighting design, mechanical systems, and interior design (see Building Orientation).<br />\nBuilding orientation, in combination with window selection and placement, impacts daylighting levels and visual and thermal comfort (see Energy-Efficient Windows). A daylighting-optimized building designed to reduce glare and control heat gains maximizes southern and northern exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive more favorable sources of direct and indirect natural light, respectively.[1] Taking advantage of sunlight during the winter through high-performance windows can also help heat the building naturally and alleviate the dependence on the mechanical heating system.<br />\nProject-specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting or lighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools that can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.[2]<br />\nUse simulation programs such as the Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool or Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the ENERGY STAR label, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.[3]<br />\nThe following strategies and information provide general guidance on reducing glare and heat gain in new homes:<br />\nThe Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. Using high-performance windows to provide solar control reduces the need for operating shades, resulting in increased daylight and unobstructed views.<br />\nWhen selecting a window based on performance, look for visible transmittance (VT) levels higher than (&gt; 70%), especially for daylighting applications (see Daylighting).[4] For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, EnergyStar recommends SHGC of 0.4 (40%) or lower for homes with moderate air conditioning requirements. Look for SHGC values of 0.25 or less for homes with significant air conditioning costs or summer overheating problems.[5] For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, a U-factor of &lt; 0.25 is recommended for high-performance homes.[6]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Managing solar heat gains on the exterior of the home prevents heat from entering the home in the first place. In combination with high-performance glazing systems, consider shading devices early in the design process to achieve a well-integrated architectural design.<br />\nExterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, louvers, and reflecting systems and self-shading elements of architectural form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light.<br />\nInterior glare control devices, such as Venetian blinds, miniblinds, vertical slatted blinds, pleated and honeycomb shades, and roll-down shades can reduce direct sunlight and glare but are less effective at reducing cooling loads since they only block sunlight and do not prevent solar gains from entering the home.[7] Motorized and automated shading systems use sensors, time clocks, a building automation system or occupant control to adjust the position of window coverings to reduce glare, daylighting or privacy levels or heat gain (see Smart Controls and Smart Sensors).<br />\nNatural landscaping such as mature trees, hedgerows, or trellises and vines can provide shading. Plant a shade tree near the window or skylight to shade it during the summer months and let as much light and heat in as possible during the winter months (see Energy-Efficient Landscaping).<br />\nBenefits<br />\n Effectively managing glare and heat gains offers multiple benefits, including:</p>\n<p>Reduced peak heat gain and cooling requirements in the summer and maximized solar heat gain in winter, leading to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).[8]<br />\nImproved daylighting design, reducing electrical lighting requirements.<br />\nDiminished ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings.<br />\nAdded environmental benefits such as stormwater management and occupant benefits including views and connection to nature by utilizing energy-efficient landscaping.<br />\nIncreased occupant visual and thermal comfort by managing glare and solar heat gains resulting in increased occupant satisfaction and productivity.[9]<br />\nEnhanced visual interest in building design through the use of shading devices, building orientation and architectural form.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nCosts vary depending on the types of strategies implemented. Designing for glare and heat gain reduction should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated throughout the design process. The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.<br />\nThe cost of windows varies by project. Energy savings combined with improved visual and thermal comfort and daylighting benefits often justify the investment in high-performance windows. Available rebates and incentives can help offset upfront costs. For up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the ENERGY STAR and the NJ Clean Energy Program websites.<br />\nThe cost of planting a tree or shrub for shade may range from as little as $10 to hundreds of dollars depending on materials and labor and maturity of selected landscaping vegetation.[10]<br />\nExternal window coverings range in price from low-budget options for an aluminum awning to more costly investments for a shade structure. There are also additional costs associated with maintenance of outdoor structures, notably year-round or permanently affixed shades.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn the event of a power outage or a heat wave during the summer months, a home designed to optimize daylighting and reduce glare and heat gain can maintain comfortable internal temperatures and lighting levels for occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid by reducing the need for electrical lighting and air conditioning.<br />\n[1] Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32. https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf (accessed July 6, 2018).<br />\n[2] WBDG. Daylighting. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php (accessed April 4, 2018).<br />\n[3] Energy Star. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI (accessed April 8, 2018).<br />\n[4] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Windows and Glazing. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing (accessed April 8, 2018).<br />\n[5] Ibid.<br />\n[6] The Efficient Windows Collaborative. “Selecting Energy Efficient New Windows in New Jersey.” January 2016. http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf (accessed May 9, 2018).<br />\n[7] US DOE. “Energy-Efficient Window Attachments.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments (accessed April 6, 2018).<br />\n[8] WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php (accessed April 6, 2018).<br />\n[9] WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php (accessed April 6, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Building Orientation<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Landscaping<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Efficient Windows Collaborative</p>\n<p>Window Selection Tool</p>\n<p>Efficient Window Coverings and Attachments<br />\nEnergy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights<br />\nNational Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)<br />\nRensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center<br />\nUS DOE – Energy Savers</p>\n<p>Energy Efficient Window Attachments<br />\nEnergy Performance Ratings for Windows<br />\nWindow Types and Technologies</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</p>\n<p>Passive Solar Heating<br />\nProvide Comfortable Environment<br />\nSun Control and Shading Devices<br />\nWindows and Glazing</p></div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4421,1280,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:32:41'),(4422,1280,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4423,1280,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4424,1280,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4425,1280,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4426,1280,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4427,1280,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4428,1280,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4429,1280,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4430,1280,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4432,1280,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(4442,210,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 3 – Exterior Window Shading Strategies (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)'),(4477,1292,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4478,1292,'_edit_last','2'),(4479,1292,'_edit_lock','1648678801:3'),(4480,1292,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4481,1292,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4482,1292,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4483,1292,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1292\" /]'),(4484,1292,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4485,1292,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4486,1292,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4487,1292,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4488,1292,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Natural Ventilation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Natural Ventilation?<br />\nNatural ventilation uses passive strategies to supply outdoor air to a building’s interior for ventilation and cooling.[1] Natural ventilation systems rely on natural forces, such as wind and temperature differences between a building and its environment, to drive the flow of fresh air through a building. Cross ventilation uses air-pressure differentials caused by wind, and stack ventilation or the chimney effect uses the increased buoyancy of air as it warms up. [2] Both work on the principle of air moving from a high-pressure to a low-pressure zone. For example, when cool air enters a home on the first floor or basement, it absorbs heat in the room, rises, and exits through upstairs windows.[3] Stack ventilation works best in open layout home designs with cathedral ceilings and operable windows and skylights on the top floor.<br />\nMany modern homes utilize tightly sealed building envelopes and mechanical HVAC systems to achieve energy efficiency (see Air Infiltration). Natural ventilation strategies can introduce fresh air to airtight homes, replacing all or part of an HVAC system, although a home usually needs to supplement natural ventilation with design strategies that help direct airflows such as room-to-room ceiling fans, or whole house fans for larger homes.[4]<br />\nCeiling fans circulate air, remove heat from the home and create a wind chill that cools the body. The wind chill effect can make a room feel 4 to 6 degrees cooler.[5] A whole house fan can move cooler nighttime air into the house through open windows and exhaust warm air through the attic.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Natural Ventilation<br />\nImplementing a successful natural ventilation design requires an understanding of the local climate, building geometry, occupant behavior, and the design of internal spaces (see Building Orientation, Tree Protection and Placement, and Building Evaluation). For example, in coastal locations, desirable cool sea breezes can reduce cooling loads. It is important to be aware that outdoor air in these areas may also have high moisture content that needs to be managed (see Moisture Control). Other locations may not be ideal for natural ventilation due to local sources of air pollution, allergens, or outdoor noises. The design of internal spaces and the size and placement of openings in the building impacts ventilation as well.[6] Operable windows, fans, and corridors help direct airflow using natural ventilation principles (see Individual Comfort Controls and Views and Operable Windows).<br />\nEarly in the design stage, project architects and homebuilders can use CoolVent, a natural ventilation simulation tool developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to evaluate the effects of different natural ventilation strategies on the proposed home’s energy use and occupant comfort (see Energy Modeling).<br />\nThe project team may also consider pursuing the Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018) building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for zero-energy, high-performance homes.<br />\nExample<br />\nHarvard HouseZero, Cambridge, MA.<br />\nHarvard HouseZero, headquarters for the Harvard Center for Green Buildings and Cities, serves as a model for residential home construction and remodeling. The renovation of the pre-1940’s house into a zero-energy office building utilizes passive strategies, including thermal mass to replace the need for an HVAC system, and active strategies such as a ground source heat pump for peak (extreme) conditions. The building plans to achieve 100% natural daylighting and ventilation using solar vents to instigate buoyancy-driven ventilation and triple-glazed windows for natural cross ventilation through a manual and automated system that monitors for temperature, humidity, and air quality.[7]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nNatural ventilation strategies can reduce energy use, and lower energy bills and installation and maintenance costs by allowing for smaller mechanical systems and by extending the life of HVAC equipment. Homeowners can install ceiling fans to support natural ventilation without the need to hire a professional, providing additional cost savings. Other benefits include comfortable, year-round indoor temperatures, improved indoor air quality through increased fresh air circulation and increased connection to the outdoors (see Biophilia).<br />\nCosts<br />\nWhile passive building typically costs 5-10% more than building a conventional home, natural ventilation strategies considered early in the design phase and as part of an integrated design process provide the opportunity to realize upfront cost savings from installing downsized mechanical equipment and cost savings associated with increased energy efficiency (see Integrated Design Process).[8]<br />\nInstalling ENERGY STAR certified ceiling fans saves 40% more energy compared to conventional fans, providing savings up to $60 in energy costs over the fan’s 10-year lifetime.[9] The ENERGY STAR website provides guidance on ceiling fan installation and usage as well as comparative product tools and information on available rebates.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn the event of power outages and the loss of air conditioning, natural ventilation can maintain thermal comfort for building occupants, particularly at night, when colder outside air can mix with warmer air inside the building (e.g., nighttime flush). Mixed-mode systems add redundancy and flexibility to the building’s ventilation and HVAC systems, providing back-up during power-outages, mechanical failures, security threats, or the release of air-borne contaminants.<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Natural Ventilation. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[2] CoolVent. 2018. Basics of Natural Ventilation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. http://coolvent.mit.edu/intro-to-natural-ventilation/basics-of-natural-ventilation/ (accessed June 28, 2018).<br />\n[3] US DOE. Energy Savers. Natural Ventilation<br />\nhttps://www.energy.gov/energysaver/natural-ventilation (accessed March 30, 2018).<br />\n[4] WindowMaster. Cost and Performance – A design-led approach to effective natural ventilation. https://www.windowmaster.com/white-papers (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[5] U.S. Green Building Council’s Green Home Guide. “10 Ways to Beat the Heat.”  http://greenhomeguide.com/know-how/article/10-ways-to-beat-the-heat  (accessed March 30, 2018).<br />\n[6] WBDG. Natural Ventilation.  http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php (accessed March 12, 2018).<br />\n[7] Harvard HouseZero. http://harvardcgbc.org/cgbc-announces-first-of-its-kind-housezero-project-extreme-retrofit-of-its-headquarters-requires-no-hvac-or-electric-light/ (accessed March 30, 2018).<br />\n[8] Passive House Alliance. 2018. What is Passive Building? Passive House Institute US. http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building (accessed June 29, 2018).<br />\n[9] Energy Star. Energy Efficient Products. Ceiling Fans. https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans/(accessed March 30, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Biophilic Design<br />\nBuilding Orientation<br />\nBuilding Evaluation<br />\nEnergy Modeling<br />\nMoisture Control<br />\nTree Protection and Placement<br />\nIndividual Comfort Controls<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nViews and Operable Windows</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)<br />\nCoolVent – The Natural Ventilation Simulation Tool by MIT<br />\nENERGY STAR Energy Efficient Products – Ceiling Fans<br />\nNREL – Cooling Your Home with Fans and Ventilation<br />\nPassive House Institute US (PHIUS)<br />\nUS DOE: Energy Savers</p>\n<p>Fans<br />\nNatural Ventilation</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide – Natural Ventilation</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4489,1292,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:32:41'),(4490,1292,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4491,1292,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4492,1292,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4493,1292,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4494,1292,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4495,1292,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4496,1292,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4497,1292,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4498,1292,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4499,1292,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(4508,276,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Ceiling fan (Source: www.changehappensindegrees.org)'),(4516,1297,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4517,1297,'_edit_last','2'),(4518,1297,'_edit_lock','1648678974:3'),(4519,1297,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4520,1297,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4521,1297,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4522,1297,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1297\" /]'),(4523,1297,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4524,1297,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4525,1297,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4526,1297,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4527,1297,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Thermal Mass</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_26  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Thermal Massing?<br />\nThermal massing utilizes building materials to absorb, store and release heat produced by sunlight. Masonry materials with high specific heat capacities and high density, like concrete, stone, brick, and tile, are commonly used as thermal mass, as well as water or other phase change materials.[1] During the winter months, thermal mass passively absorbs heat through direct sunlight and slowly releases heat during the night. In the summer, thermal mass absorbs warmth from the air and helps cool the home. Passive solar design employs thermal mass as part of an overall strategy to achieve thermal comfort and energy conservation without the use of mechanical heating and cooling systems.[2]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_27  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_28  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">The US Department of Energy describes five elements of passive solar design that work together for a successful system.</p>\n<p>Aperture<br />\nAbsorber<br />\nThermal mass<br />\nDistribution<br />\nControl</p>\n<p>Passive solar design techniques include direct gain, indirect gain, and isolated gain. [3]</p>\n<p>Direct gain uses south-facing windows to collect sunlight and absorbs and stores heat with thermal mass materials such as masonry floors and walls.<br />\nIndirect gain places thermal mass between south-facing windows and occupied spaces using a Trombe Wall that absorbs and radiates heat into the home.[4]<br />\nIsolated gain uses south-facing rooms or sunspaces, generally separated with doors or windows from the rest of the home, to collect solar energy. Bordering thermal mass walls and floors absorb the heat, and vents distribute the heat to adjacent living spaces.</p>\n<p>How to Implement Thermal Massing<br />\nThermal massing requires an understanding of climate, building orientation, and materials. A designer experienced in passive solar design can determine whether thermal massing makes sense as a stand-along strategy or as part of a comprehensive passive solar design approach. Computer modeling can simulate different types and locations of thermal massing and passive solar configurations to determine cost-effective, and energy-efficient designs.<br />\nElements to consider include:[5]</p>\n<p>Insulation and air sealing<br />\nWindow location, glazing type and shading<br />\nThermal mass location and type<br />\nHeating and cooling system design</p>\n<p>Examples<br />\nHelios Passive and Active Solar Home – Net Zero Energy, Lafayette, NJ.<br />\nThe Helios Passive and Active Solar Home optimized energy efficiency with passive solar design strategies before utilizing active solar strategies to achieve net zero energy. Passive design strategies include a south-facing building orientation with south-facing windows, a 2-story sunspace, earth sheltering and thermal mass walls, and roof overhangs to regulate heating and cooling loads. A solar hot water heater and photovoltaic system provide all the energy requirements needed for space heating, cooling, hot water, and plug loads.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nThermal massing offers several benefits:</p>\n<p>Lowers heating loads and costs through daytime absorption and nighttime release of solar energy.<br />\nLowers cooling loads and costs through absorption of excess heat from solar gains and sources such as electrical lighting and appliances.<br />\nEnhances thermal comfort by reducing the impact of external temperature swings and maintaining steady internal temperatures.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nResidential buildings designed with thermal massing should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated with other passive solar design strategies.  Energy cost savings from lower heating and cooling loads can offset the upfront costs of building materials and of hiring project team members with passive solar design expertise.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nLightweight, wood frame construction remains the predominant residential wall assembly system used in the United States. Several alternative wall assembly systems, with more substantial thermal mass properties, including precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), structural insulated panels (SIPs) and autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) perform equally or better in terms of energy performance, offer protection against hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.[6] When paired with daylighting strategies, superior insulation values, and intentional sectioning of lighting and HVAC systems, thermal massing contributes to an overall resiliency approach that helps reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling, and other critical functions. [7]<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US DOE | Energy Savers: Passive Solar Home Design. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design (accessed April 14, 2018).<br />\n[2] Sustainable Sources. Passive Solar Design http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines (accessed April 14, 2018).<br />\n[3] WBDG. Passive Solar Heating – Types and Costs of Technology.  https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating (accessed April 14, 2018).<br />\n[4] Ibid, WBDG. Passive Solar Heating – Types and Costs of Technology.<br />\n[5] US DOE. 2018. Passive Solar Home Design. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design (accessed July 14, 2018).<br />\n[6] New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).<br />\n[7] Ibid, NJCAA. 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in NJ.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_29  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration<br />\nBuilding Orientation<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nEnergy Modeling<br />\nGlare Reduction and Heat Gain<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nInsulation<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_30  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Passive House Institute US (PHIUS) 2018 Project Certification<br />\nSustainable Sources – Passive Solar Design<br />\nUS DOE Zero Energy Ready Home<br />\nUS DOE – Energy Savers – Passive Solar Home Design<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Passive Solar Heating</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4528,1297,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:32:08'),(4529,1297,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4530,1297,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4531,1297,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4532,1297,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4533,1297,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4534,1297,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4535,1297,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4536,1297,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4537,1297,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4538,1297,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(4550,1297,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(4554,1301,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4555,1301,'_edit_last','2'),(4556,1301,'_edit_lock','1648679075:3'),(4557,1301,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4558,1301,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4559,1301,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4560,1301,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1301\" /]'),(4561,1301,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4562,1301,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4563,1301,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4564,1301,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4565,1301,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_23  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment?<br />\nHeating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems consume 48% of the energy used in a typical US home.[1] Design engineers often oversize HVAC systems to comply with code or to meet the most extreme loads such as the coldest and hottest days of the year, and design systems with a built-in capacity for overloads which occur only 1% to 2.5% of the time.[2] Properly sized HVAC equipment considers the interaction among building systems, and the potential synergies and contradictions among these systems, taking into account the energy savings achieved through building envelope strategies, smart controls, and occupant behaviors when selecting equipment and designing air distribution systems (see Integrated Design Process).<br />\nOversized equipment often results in higher installation and capital costs, reduced operating efficiency, and potential negative impacts on comfort. For example, short-cycling or excessive cycling of air conditioning equipment can lead to poor humidity control and moisture or mold issues and contributes to the wear and tear and longevity of equipment. Oversized systems use more fan power for blowers and can increase peak demand during the cooling season, leading to higher energy costs.[3] Oversizing can occur for a variety of reasons. Contractors may use standard rules of thumb based on experience rather than industry accepted practices and customers often request oversized units without understanding the calculations that go into sizing equipment or to plan for potential building additions.[4]<br />\nHow to Incorporate Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nFirst, consider all aspects of the building as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Use energy modeling to help select appropriately sized HVAC equipment that takes into account the impact of different energy-efficient design measures and building operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as how often the system runs on part load (see Energy Modeling). Consider part-load performance when selecting equipment as most heating and cooling equipment fail to operate at peak efficiency unless fully loaded (see Part Load Efficiency).[5] One approach to downsizing HVAC equipment uses a small, efficient system to manage normal loads, and designates a backup system or relies on energy storage for extreme conditions that demand additional load capacity and occur less frequently (see Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Thermal Energy Storage).[6] In general, properly sizing HVAC equipment avoids providing excess capacity and allocates extra physical space for additional equipment and designs modular distribution systems that can accept additional equipment for planned future expansion.[7]<br />\nAccording to the US DOE, there are several key elements to consider when sizing a residential heating and cooling system:[8]</p>\n<p>Local climate<br />\nSize, shape, and building orientation<br />\nInsulation levels<br />\nWindow area, location, and type<br />\nAir infiltration rates<br />\nNumber and ages of occupants<br />\nOccupant comfort preferences<br />\nSelection of lights and major home appliances (which give off heat)</p>\n<p>A home’s HVAC system design involves load calculations, system sizing, ductwork selection, and diffuser selection.[9] Hire certified contractors that use the Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA) Manual J, “Residential Load Calculation” to calculate loads, the ACCA’s Manual D, “Residential Duct Design” for duct design, and the ACCA’s Manual S, “Residential Equipment Selection,” for guidance on selecting home heating and cooling systems[10] and the ACCA’s Manual T, “Air Distribution Basics,” for information on diffusers.[11]<br />\nExamples<br />\nHVAC Equipment Sizing Example, Chicago, IL.<br />\nThis strategy guide prepared for the US Department of Energy’s Building America Building Technologies Program details the equipment selection of a split system air conditioner and furnace for a one-story, 2,223 square foot case study house with a full conditioned basement in Chicago, Illinois that meets the 2009 IECC prescriptive path.[12]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nProperly sized HVAC systems reduce energy consumption, water use and emissions, provide cost savings, manage occupant comfort and maintain indoor air quality.<br />\nCosts<br />\n Incorporating a whole-building energy-saving approach including envelope strategies, high-performance lighting, and energy-efficient windows can reduce peak heating and cooling loads and result in smaller HVAC systems that cost less upfront than larger capacity models and save 30% on average on annual utility costs.[13] Additional upfront costs for energy modeling software and analysis often pay for themselves through realized energy and cost savings.<br />\nFor information on available HVAC equipment incentives, see the New Jersey Clean Energy Program.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nProperly sized HVAC equipment increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, and peak loads which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid natural gas, water and wastewater infrastructure.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US DOE: Heating and Cooling. https://www.energy.gov/heating-cooling (accessed May 23, 2018).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[3] NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf  (accessed May 23, 2018).<br />\n[4] NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf  (accessed May 23, 2018).<br />\n[5] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[5] NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf<br />\n[6] Roth, Amir. 2017. “Building Energy Modeling 101: HVAC Design and Operation Use Case.” US DOE Building Technologies Program. https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case (accessed Nov 26, 2018).<br />\n[7] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[8] DOE. “HVAC Right Sizing Part 1: Calculating Loads” https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/webinar_hvac_calculatingloads_20110428.pdf (accessed May 23, 2018).<br />\n[9] DOE Building Technologies Program Advanced Strategy Guideline: Air Distribution Basics and Duct Design https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53352.pdf (accessed May 23, 2018).<br />\n[10] DOE. “HVAC Right Sizing Part 1: Calculating Loads” https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/webinar_hvac_calculatingloads_20110428.pdf (accessed May 23, 2018).<br />\n[11] DOE Building Technologies Program Advanced Strategy Guideline: Air Distribution Basics and Duct Design https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53352.pdf (accessed May 23, 2018).<br />\n[12] Burdick, Alan. 2012. “Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing” Prepared for the US DOE Building America Building Technologies Program. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf (accessed November 27, 2018).<br />\n[13] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_24  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration<br />\nCool Roofs<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nEnergy Modeling<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nInsulation<br />\nPart-Load Efficiency<br />\nThermal Mass</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_25  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)<br />\nAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)<br />\nENERGY STAR Verified HVAC Installations (ESVI)<br />\nNJ Clean Energy Program Residential HVAC Programs</p>\n<p>WARMAdvantage<br />\nCOOLAdvantage</p>\n<p>US DOE</p>\n<p>Building Technologies Program Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing<br />\nComputer Program Listing for a range of HVAC measurements and calculations</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide</p>\n<p>Energy Analysis Tools<br />\nHigh-Performance HVAC<br />\nRelevant codes</p></div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4566,1301,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:32:08'),(4567,1301,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4568,1301,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4569,1301,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4570,1301,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4571,1301,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4572,1301,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4573,1301,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4574,1301,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4575,1301,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4576,1301,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(4577,1301,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(4589,1301,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(4593,1306,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4594,1306,'_edit_last','2'),(4595,1306,'_edit_lock','1648679405:3'),(4596,1306,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4597,1306,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4598,1306,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4599,1306,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1306\" /]'),(4600,1306,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4601,1306,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4602,1306,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4603,1306,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4604,1306,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Part-Load Efficiency</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Part-Load Efficiency?<br />\nPart-load efficiency refers to the ability of an HVAC system to handle part-load energy use. Factors that impact the internal load of a home include heat generated by occupants, processes, equipment, and lighting (see Figure 1); External load variables include insulation levels, glazing and window selection, and building orientation (see Figure 2).[1] HVAC systems are designed to serve a wide range of loads. Higher efficiency standards set by ASHRAE 90.1 and advances in HVAC technology make modern systems highly efficient at full or maximum loads. However, efficiency rates decline at part-load or when loads fall below 90%, making it challenging for residences that experience variable loads throughout the day to maximize energy savings.[2] Coupled with the fact that most design engineers oversize HVAC systems, selecting equipment and technologies designed for part-load operation offer the potential for significant energy savings (see Properly Sized HVAC Equipment).[3]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_18  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Part-Load Efficiency<br />\nFirst, consider all aspects of the home as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Install smart thermostats and HVAC systems that use multiple sensors and controls to monitor and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings, control energy consumption in unoccupied areas, and detect and diagnose issues (see Smart Sensors and Controls). Use energy modeling to understand the impacts of different energy-efficient design measures and operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as the expected average runtime of the HVAC system under part- load conditions (see Energy Modeling).<br />\nFor residences with significant part-load profiles, select equipment and components that can operate efficiently at part-load or that can modify capacity at varying loads such as variable speed compressors, fans, and pumps; and temperature reset controls for hot water and supply air.[4] For example, variable speed compressors use an inverter known as a variable frequency drive (VFD) to run a motor at different speeds to match the load and help reduce energy consumption. To reduce central air conditioning loads and provide zoning or heating and cooling for individual spaces, consider modular, mini split-system air-conditioners.[5]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_19  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_20  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Benefits<br />\nDesigning for part-load efficiency optimizes energy-efficiency and cost-effectively reduces energy use, water consumption, and emissions, and manages occupant comfort and indoor air quality.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe cost of implementing part-load efficiency varies depending on the equipment and system selected. Considering part-load performance when designing and installing a system saves on first costs as well as operating costs.[6]<br />\nCheck the New Jersey Office of Clean Energy for available equipment incentives.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nPart-load efficiency increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid, natural gas, and water and wastewater infrastructure.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Burdick, Alan. 2012. “Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing” Prepared for the US DOE Building America Building Technologies Program. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf (accessed November 27, 2018).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[3] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[4] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php (accessed June 5, 2018).<br />\n[5] US DOE- Energy Savers. “Ductless, Mini-Split Air Conditioners.”<br />\nhttps://www.energy.gov/energysaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners (accessed Nov 29 2018).<br />\n[6] Whole Building Design Guide. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php (accessed March 20, 2011).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_21  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration Reduction<br />\nCool Roofs<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nEnergy Modeling<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nInsulation<br />\nProperly Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nThermal Massing<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_22  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>ASHRAE<br />\nThe Consortium for Energy Efficiency – Directory of commercial HVAC equipment<br />\nNew Jersey Clean Energy Program<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide: High-Performance HVAC</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4605,1306,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:32:08'),(4606,1306,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4607,1306,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4608,1306,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4609,1306,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4610,1306,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4611,1306,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4612,1306,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4613,1306,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4614,1306,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4615,1306,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(4616,1306,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(4617,1306,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(4624,459,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1. Heat Gain Locations (Source: NREL)'),(4625,555,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2. Heat Loss Locations (Source: NREL)'),(4633,1311,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4634,1311,'_edit_last','2'),(4635,1311,'_edit_lock','1648679562:3'),(4636,1311,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4637,1311,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4638,1311,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4639,1311,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1311\" /]'),(4640,1311,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4641,1311,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4642,1311,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4643,1311,'_et_pb_first_image',''),