(7658,1712,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Moisture Control</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Moisture Control?<br />\nMoisture control is a strategy to minimize excessive moisture in the indoor environment. Excess moisture is at the center of many problems related to building durability and indoor air quality in all types of buildings in a wide range of climates. Excessive moisture in buildings can result from many causes: [1]</p>\n<p>Rainwater leaks through roofs and walls<br />\nLeakage of moist air<br />\nDiffusion of moisture through walls, roofs, and floors<br />\nGroundwater intrusion into basements and crawl spaces through walls and floors<br />\nLeaking or burst water pipes<br />\nIndoor moisture sources<br />\nConstruction moisture</p>\n<p>Moisture problems can lead to the growth of mold and mildew; individuals with allergies and other respiratory issues can be sensitive to mold and mildew spores in the air. Mold and mildew are part of the natural environment and are present in the air. However, they become an issue when their concentrations become high. It is challenging to prevent any mold or mildew growth, or to eliminate it; however, it is possible to control their presence within acceptable limits. In addition to mold, other microorganisms (e.g., bacteria), as well as pests (e.g., mites, cockroaches, and insects) that are known to infest buildings also depend on moisture to survive. Excessively high moisture content in thermal insulation can also reduce the effectiveness of insulation by as much as 50%.[2] Implementing moisture control can both protect structures from rot and deterioration and protect occupants from exposure to mold and bacteria.[3]<br />\nAccording to the US Environmental Protection Agency, the following are primary causes of indoor moisture problems in new buildings:[4]</p>\n<p>Use of building materials that are repeatedly or deeply wetted before the building is fully enclosed.<br />\nPoor control of rain and snow resulting in roof and flashing leaks.<br />\nWet or damp construction cavities.<br />\nMoisture-laden outdoor air entering the building.<br />\nCondensation on cool surfaces.</p>\n<p>How to Implement Moisture Control<br />\nProper construction of the building envelope to reduce the migration of warm and humid air from entering wall and other cavities is critical for controlling moisture. The building envelope is the physical barrier between indoors and outdoors that encloses the structure, including the foundation, roof, floor, ceiling, and walls.[5] Specific recommendations include proper use of vapor retarders on the warm, humid side of the insulation, using vapor barriers to isolate concrete slabs from moist soil, adequate ventilation of areas where moisture can accumulate, and ensuring proper flashing around windows, rooflines, and capillary breaks on footings.<br />\nCritical strategies for reducing moisture in new construction include[6]</p>\n<p>Keeping construction material dry before installation (and drying any materials that get wet within 24-48 hours).<br />\nDesigning roof systems that prevent accumulation of moisture from rain and snow from penetrating roof surfaces.<br />\nEnsuring fresh air intakes for ventilation system have outwardly sloped louvers to reduce the introduction of water during rainfall.<br />\nGrading soil around buildings to move water away from the building, reducing moisture seepage into foundation walls, and avoiding the addition of large areas of impervious surfaces (which can increase the cost and size of stormwater management systems).<br />\nIncorporating covered entryways to reduce moisture introduction during wet weather.<br />\nRight-sizing HVAC systems so that they operate long enough to reduce airborne humidity.<br />\nUsing dehumidifiers.<br />\nInsulating ductwork, refrigeration and water lines to minimize condensation problems.</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nThe Atlantic Club – Red Bank, NJ.<br />\nThe Atlantic Club’s new dehumidifier significantly improved the indoor air quality of the 33,000 sf club. The new system reduced maintenance costs, generated annual energy savings and increased indoor comfort.<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Increases the longevity of the building, materials, and systems<br />\nReduces the costs of replacing or repairing materials and systems<br />\nProtects the health of building occupants<br />\nReduces life-cycle costs</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nIn addition to contributing to poor indoor air quality, excessive moisture in a building can lead to structural damage, deterioration of the performance of building systems and components, and cosmetic damage, all of which can result in increased maintenance and repair costs. Designing for effective moisture management protects occupant health and can lower facility maintenance costs over the lifetime of the building.[7]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nStrategies such as comprehensive waterproofing up to the design flood elevation, using moisture protective and inherent moisture-wicking materials, as well as materials resistant to excessive humidity such as glazed brick, concrete, stone, and decay-resistant lumber can all contribute to more resilient structures. Incorporating moisture control measures such as these into new construction can help develop a built environment that endures and recovers from hazardous events such as storms and flooding.[8]<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide. Mold and Moisture Dynamics. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health (accessed December 1, 2018).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide. Mold and Moisture Dynamics http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health (accessed May 21, 2018).<br />\n[3] Whole Building Design Guide. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health (accessed May 21, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA – Moisture Control, Part of Indoor Air Quality Design Tools for Schools https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/moisture-control-part-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools (accessed May 21, 2018)<br />\n[5] USDOE. Better Buildings Initiative. Building Envelope. https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope (accessed November 21, 2018).<br />\n[6] US EPA. Moisture Control for Building Design, Construction, and Maintenance. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/moisture-control.pdf (accessed December 1, 2018).<br />\n[7] The National Academies Press. Building Envelope, Moisture Management, and Health. http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11574&amp;page=25 (accessed May 21, 2018).<br />\n[8] Whole Building Design Guide. Hazard-Specific Building-Resilience Considerations. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/hazard-specific-building-resilience-considerations (accessed December 1, 2018)</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Green Cleaning<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management (IPM)<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nSustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>General Services Administration – Sustainable Facilities Tool – Moisture Control<br />\nIAQ Building Education and Assessment Model (I-BEAM)<br />\nMoisture Control in Buildings: Putting Building Science in Green Building<br />\nNJ Department of Health – Environmental and Indoor Health<br />\nUS EPA Indoor Air Quality in Offices and Other Large Buildings (see ASHRAE Indoor Air Quality Design Guide available for free download)</p>\n<p>US Environmental Protection Agency</p>\n<p>Moisture Control for Building Design, Construction and Maintenance<br />\nTopics Related to Mold and Moisture</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide</p>\n<p>Hazard-Specific Building-Resilience Considerations<br />\nPromote Health and Well-Being</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7659,1712,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-12 11:24:40'),(7660,1712,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7661,1712,'_edit_lock','1650043982:2'),(7663,232,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Humidity can lead to mold. ( Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)'),(7664,1712,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7667,1712,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7668,1712,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7669,1712,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1712\" /]'),(7670,1712,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7671,1712,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7673,1712,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7674,1712,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7675,1712,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7678,1718,'_edit_lock','1651068409:2'),(7679,1718,'_edit_last','2'),(7680,1718,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7681,1718,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7682,1718,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7683,1718,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7684,1718,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7685,1718,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7686,1718,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7687,1718,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7688,1718,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Incorporate Views and Operable Windows</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Why Incorporate Views and Operable Windows?<br />\nIndoor environments impact occupant well-being and productivity. Aspects of the indoor environment such as access to views and natural light, connection to nature, and personal control over environmental conditions all play a role in occupant comfort (see Individual Comfort Controls).[1] Access to views of the outside contributes to occupant well-being.[2] Many studies have found that people value daylight and prefer to be near windows, and there is an increasing understanding that being near a window can be psychologically and physiologically beneficial, mainly if views contain natural features. Visual contact with nature through window views enhances mood, reduces stress, and promotes a higher quality of life (see Biophilic Design).[3] A study by Roger Ulrich compared postoperative recovery rates of patients experiencing similar surgical procedures but having different window views of trees and a lake, no window views, or a view of a brick wall. The study found that the window view patients recovered significantly faster, required less pharmaceutical assistance, and had fewer post-operative complications, supporting the idea that enhanced opportunities for emotionally bonding with nature promote feelings of calm, confidence, and personal well-being.[4]<br />\nOperable windows can increase occupant comfort and provide psychological benefits through natural ventilation, connection to natural elements and individual control over the indoor environment (see Natural Ventilation). Operable windows can also contribute to improved indoor air quality, depending on the quality of the outdoor air. Monitor outdoor air quality through resources such as the US EPA “Air Now” online tool (airnow.gov) that lists air quality conditions by zip code.[5]<br />\nOne study compared naturally ventilated buildings (i.e., occupant-controlled operable windows) with centrally controlled HVAC systems (in which occupants had no control over their environment) found that occupants in the naturally ventilated buildings accepted a full range of temperatures compared to occupants who did not have operable windows. One hypothesis for this finding is that occupants with greater control over the indoor environment have a higher tolerance of temperature range.[6]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Views and Operable Windows<br />\nThe factors that define indoor environmental quality connect directly to each other. For example, the decision about the placement or type of window can impact access to natural light, connection to the outdoors, acoustics, thermal comfort, occupant control, and air quality (see Energy-Efficient Windows).[7] It is essential to consider all of these components in the design phase of a project. There are many resources available regarding design steps to consider for the placement of operable windows and to optimize views (see Resources section).<br />\nAlthough there are many benefits associated with operable windows, they can also increase the threat of water and air leakage without careful window selection, design, and installation (see Reduce Air Infiltration). Operable windows can also increase noise and airborne pollutants in the interior space and make it harder to control thermal comfort with various types of HVAC systems (see Acoustic Control). Facilities staff and building occupants should be aware of the limitations and issues that can arise from operable window use and methods to mitigate these issues (see Resources).[8]<br />\nExamples<br />\nAtlantiCare – The Cancer Institute, Egg Harbor Township, NJ.<br />\nAtlantiCare designed and constructed its new Cancer Care Institute according to US Green Building Council LEED standards, achieving LEED Gold certification. The Cancer Institute was the first AtlantiCare building to achieve LEED certification.<br />\nHighlights include:</p>\n<p>Natural lighting including an automatic light-monitoring system to reduce electricity usage.<br />\nThe facility features a natural theme, incorporating a healing arts program.<br />\nNature has been brought inside and trees are planted in several areas inside the facility.<br />\nThree-quarters of the interior space provides natural daylight through the glass façade, skylights and large windows throughout the building.</p>\n<p>The Herman Miller Building, Holland, Michigan.<br />\nAlthough people prefer being in windowed rather than windowless spaces, the view itself has consequences for well-being. Studies have found that views of nature are especially beneficial and reduce stress, provide mental relief, improve the perceived quality of life, and improve emotional functioning. A case study of the Herman Miller building in Holland, Michigan, shows improvements in social functioning and sense of belonging associated with including break areas; a centrally located cafeteria; an interior, daylit and tree-lined “street”; and high levels of internal glazing that offered views into the street and interior spaces.[9]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nIncorporating views and operable windows:</p>\n<p>Enhances occupant comfort and health<br />\nIncreases occupant satisfaction<br />\nIncreases productivity[10]<br />\nOffers natural ventilation[11]<br />\nIncreases access to daylight and window views which can improve psychological functioning and well-being of occupants<br />\nReduces stress and promotes positive emotional states and may also influence cognitive functioning[12]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of incorporating operable windows and maximizing views from interior spaces vary by project, and these aspects should be considered early in the design phase to optimize cost efficiencies. Operable windows are generally more expensive than static windows. Expect to pay approximately 20-percent more for fully operable windows vs. fixed windows. Price also changes by type of operable window – sliders are cheaper than casements, for example. Many factors affect cost and designers need to think holistically about the project. Operable windows can be used to offset mechanical ventilation costs and can allow for downsizing fans (see Properly-Sized HVAC Systems). Installing a traditional mechanical HVAC unit on the roof and installing operable windows can lead to inefficiencies in running the system if occupants are not adequately aware of how the building systems function.[13]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn the event of a fire or other emergency in the building, operable windows (depending on their size) can act as a point of egress for occupants and can also serve as an access point for firefighters and their lifesaving equipment, especially if any other exits are blocked off and inaccessible to the building’s occupants. Operable windows can also help provide natural ventilation and thermal comfort during a power outage.[14]<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide. Promote Health and Well Being http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being  (accessed January 12, 2019).<br />\n[2] GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Occupant Comfort. http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being (accessed January 12, 2019).<br />\n[3] Judith H. Heerwagen, Ph.D. Green Buildings, Organizational Success, and Occupant Productivity. Whole Building Design Guide. https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[4] Ulrich, Roger S. View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery. The Center for Health Design. https://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/article-pdfs/Ulrich-1984-CHD-KPS.pdf  (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[5] US EPA. AirNow. https://www.airnow.gov (accessed December 12, 2018).<br />\n[6] ASHRAE. http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018)<br />\n[7] California Sustainable Design Training. IEQ. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf  (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[8] Buildings.com “A Breath of Fresh Air.” http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx (accessed January 12, 2019).<br />\n[9] The American Institute of Architects (AIA). www.aiatopten.org/node/169 (accessed September 20, 2018)<br />\n[10] California Sustainable Design Training. IEQ. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf  (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[11] Buildings.com   “A Breath of Fresh Air.” http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[12] Judith H. Heerwagen, Ph.D. Green Buildings, Organizational Success, and Occupant Productivity. Whole Building Design Guide. https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[13] Buildings. “A Breath of Fresh Air.” http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx (accessed January 12, 2019)<br />\n[14] Building Green. Resilient Design: Natural Cooling. https://www.buildinggreen.com/blog/resilient-design-natural-cooling (accessed January 12, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Acoustic Comfort<br />\nBiophilic Design<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nIndividual Comfort Controls<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nAir Infiltration</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>ASHRAE. Operable Windows, Personal Control, and Occupant Comfort<br />\nGSA – Sustainable Toolkit – Occupant Comfort<br />\nInternational Living Building Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative<br />\nUSGBC LEED for New Construction Version 4<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7689,1718,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-12 11:24:39'),(7690,1718,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7695,525,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Office with operable windows and view of trees (Source: Flickr drewsaunders http://www.flickr.com/photos/drewbsaunders/116533602/ ).'),(7696,1718,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7699,1718,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7700,1718,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7701,1718,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1718\" /]'),(7702,1718,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7703,1718,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7704,1718,'_thumbnail_id','525'),(7705,1718,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7706,1718,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7707,1718,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7711,1726,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7712,1726,'_edit_last','2'),(7713,1726,'_edit_lock','1650294366:2'),(7715,1726,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7718,1726,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7719,1726,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7720,1726,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1726\" /]'),(7721,1726,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7722,1726,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7723,1726,'_thumbnail_id','382'),(7724,1726,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7725,1726,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7726,1726,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Composting</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_18  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Composting?<br />\nComposting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.[1] Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms Eisenia foetida). The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for offices and businesses with limited space.[2]</p>\n<p>How to Implement Composting<br />\nOrganic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.[3],[4] Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see Hoboken – Composting). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities: NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.[5] If composting in-house, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.<br />\nOutdoor Composting Process:<br />\nCompost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.[6]<br />\nIndoor Composting Process:[7]<br />\nIf outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.[8] Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.<br />\nBuilding a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)[9]</p>\n<p>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.<br />\nAdd about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.<br />\nPlace food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.<br />\nKeep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.<br />\nStore the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.<br />\nHarvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</p>\n<p>Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nCampbell Soup Company Headquarters, Camden, NJ<br />\nCampbell initiated a comprehensive waste reduction program, including composting, in 2014. That year, they diverted 2,776 tons of waste from going to the landfill through composting.<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Saves money on waste management<br />\nReduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).<br />\nImproves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases[10]<br />\nProvides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer.<br />\nFull size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.[11] Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily[12] or purchased (average $60-100 each)[13] and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).[14] Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.[15]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nComposting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.[16] Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Composting http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm (accessed April 7, 2019).<br />\n[2] US EPA. Vermicomposting. https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi (accessed April 8, 2019).<br />\n[3] US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process (accessed April 8, 2019).<br />\n[4] NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: A. Grass Clippings. http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[5] One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/<br />\nhttp://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[6] US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[7] Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/ (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[8] US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[9] Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805 (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[10] Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/ (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[11] Based on a survey of several manufacturers<br />\n[12] US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[13] Based on a survey of several manufacturers<br />\n[14] Based on a survey of several suppliers<br />\n[15] US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[16] Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf (accessed May 7, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_19  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Native and Adapted Plants<br />\nOperator and Occupant Training<br />\nRain gardens<br />\nSource Reduction and Recycling<br />\nSustainable Materials<br />\nTurf Grass Reduction<br />\nVegetated Roofs<br />\nWater-Efficient Landscaping</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_20  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>	Institute for Local-Self Reliance<br />\n	Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program<br />\n	Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think<br />\n	NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors<br />\n	NYC Master Composter Manual<br />\n	Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension<br />\n	US Composting Council<br />\n	US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin<br />\n	US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7727,1726,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-09 14:52:10'),(7728,1726,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7729,1726,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7731,1726,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7732,1726,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7733,1726,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7734,1726,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7735,1726,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7736,1726,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7737,1726,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7739,1732,'_edit_lock','1650295205:2'),(7740,1732,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7741,1732,'_edit_last','2'),(7743,269,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Shifting Demand (Source: MIT).'),(7744,1732,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7747,1732,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7748,1732,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7749,1732,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1732\" /]'),(7750,1732,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7751,1732,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7752,1732,'_thumbnail_id','269'),(7753,1732,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7754,1732,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7755,1732,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Demand Response and Peak Load Management?<br />\nDemand response refers to strategies employed by utilities that use time-based financial incentives to modify consumer electricity consumption during periods of peak demand, power scarcity, grid congestion or an anticipated grid outage.[1] The cost of electricity from the consumer’s perspective usually reflects the average cost to generate electricity throughout the day or year. Reducing peak demand reduces the cost of electricity by reducing the need for additional generation capacity and avoiding the construction and maintenance costs associated with “peakers” or standby energy plants. Utility companies often charge flat rates for energy consumption. These flat rates do not factor in the different costs of supplying energy during different times or usage levels. Energy usage peaks from air conditioner use on hot days and when people come home from work between the hours of 2 pm and 7 pm. Figure 1 illustrates the results of shifting energy use away from peak hours.[2]<br />\nIncreased peak demand strains the electric system, increases emissions, and adds to energy costs. In a demand response program, building operators manage the amount and timing of energy consumption to maximize energy efficiency and reduce energy costs by shedding loads or shifting activities to off-peak hours, which often coincide with lower energy prices or incentive payments. Demand response may include interrupting demand for a short period or adjusting demand levels by shedding or shifting loads or storing energy. For example, building operators can manually adjust or automatically set HVAC systems to cycle off during periods of peak demand and to cycle back on during off-peak hours, potentially lowering energy use and electricity bills. Advances in smart grid infrastructure including smart metering technologies has expanded the range of available demand response programs and dynamic price offerings.[3] Demand response programs often utilize dynamic pricing models such as time-of-use pricing, real-time pricing, variable peak pricing, critical peak pricing, critical time rebates or peak time rebates.[4] Smart metering and energy management systems provide detailed consumption and cost information, allowing building managers to make informed decisions concerning overall energy usage and energy use patterns at various time intervals. Demand response enabled devices such as smart thermostats and smart water heaters can signal consumers to adjust electricity consumption manually or allow utilities or aggregators to automatically turn off air-conditioning units or water heaters to avoid peak load issues (see Smart Sensors and Controls, and Smart Meters). Demand response programs can also signal buildings with on-site distributed energy generation, such as Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems and islandable photovoltaics, and energy storage capabilities to use, store, or sell renewable energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand (see Alternative Transportation, Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation, Combined Heat and Power (CHP), Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV, and Thermal Energy Storage). Additionally, utilities can notify demand response participants of a potential grid failure, and incentivize participants to reduce energy use, switch to on-site generation, backup power or a combination of these load management strategies.<br />\nHow to Incorporate a Demand Response Program or Peak Load Management?<br />\nCheck with your local utility or regional transmission organization such as PJM, to find out about available demand response programs, eligibility requirements, and offerings in your building’s service area. For example, PJM offers a list of Curtailment Service Providers (CSPs) that can assess available demand response offerings and customer eligibility. Smart energy management systems and smart metering technologies provide the data and two-way communication necessary for participation in many demand response programs (see Smart Metering). Other demand response enable devices may include lighting controls, thermostats, motors, pumps, and HVAC systems (see Smart Sensors and Controls).<br />\nPeak load management strategies may include:</p>\n<p>Activating, or turning on equipment sequentially, rather than all at once.[5]<br />\n“Coasting” the last hours of operation – turning down or off systems (such as temperature control, ventilation) while maintaining adequate levels of comfort.[6]<br />\nLoad shedding or switching non-critical loads such as HVAC systems, non-sensitive machines, and some lighting off during periods of maximum peak demands.[7]<br />\nLoad shifting or moving consumption to off-peak periods, such as pre-cooling refrigerators or temperature set-points to a lower temperature and then allowing the temperature to rise naturally during a load reduction.<br />\nLoad-displacement or offsetting peak demand with on-site generation such as renewable sources and energy storage (see Battery Storage and Backup Power, and Thermal Energy Storage).<br />\nDemand flexibility or communication and control technologies that allow significant loads to continuously respond to changing renewable supply levels, particularly wind and solar, and other market signals.[8]</p>\n<p>Examples<br />\nLiberty Property Trust – Demand Response<br />\nLiberty Property Trust implemented smart grid technology including smart metering into their existing building portfolio to optimize energy efficiency and enable participation in demand response programs. A study conducted by the Rutgers Center for Green Building found that tenants do not notice or are not negatively affected by load shedding associated with participation in a demand response event.[9]<br />\nThe PJM Interconnection (PJM)<br />\nThe PJM Interconnection (PJM), a regional transmission organization (RTO), offers two programs to New Jersey customers, the Economic Load Response Program and Emergency Capacity Program. In both programs, participants provide load reductions either through curtailing electricity use or operating on-site generation in exchange for wholesale electricity prices.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nDemand Response programs supported by smart grid and smart metering infrastructure provide multiple benefits to utilities, energy consumers, and the grid. By accounting for the real-time cost, availability, and source of electricity, and reducing peak consumption, demand response programs:</p>\n<p>Encourage energy conservation and reduce overall energy consumption eliminating the need for building new or maintaining older, less-efficient standby energy plants, passing savings onto ratepayers in the form of reduced electrical bills or incentive payments.[10]<br />\nReduce strain on the grid and increases grid reliability by reducing grid congestion, better balancing of supply and demand, and decreasing supply interruptions and losses.[11]<br />\nFacilitate the use and integration of cleaner energy sources by adjusting demand to match intermittent wind and solar supplies.<br />\nPromote energy storage technologies, such as Vehicle-to-Grid (see Battery Storage and Backup Power Generation and Thermal Energy Storage) that can shift load consumption to optimal times or provide backup power to the grid like a generator and support distributed renewables generation.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nEstablishing a demand response program and offering dynamic pricing to reduce peak demand may be cheaper and faster for a utility than building a peaker plant to meet increased demand. Demand response programs can encourage customers to modify their consumption behavior and reduce electric bills. Smart building and demand response enabling technologies, including smart energy management systems and smart metering are becoming more user-friendly, cost-competitive and widespread in the marketplace. As distributed energy resource capacity, including battery storage, grows so does the ability to shift loads and take advantage of potential cost savings and incentives offered by demand response and dynamic pricing programs.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nDemand response reduces stress on the electricity grid during times of prolonged disaster or shifts in weather. Demand response programs enable utility programs to reduce electricity demand, especially at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by avoiding system outages. Demand response programs also increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage.<br />\n[1] Connected Devices Alliance. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. https://cda.iea-4e.org (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[2] Applied Energy Journal  “Demand Side Management in a Day-Ahead Wholesale Market: A Comparison of Industrial &amp; Social Welfare Approaches” (MIT) https://amfarid.scripts.mit.edu/wpblog/tag/graph-theory/Flex (accessed  April 19, 2018).<br />\n[3] Smart grids are electricity supply networks that use digital communications technology to detect and react to changes in energy supply and demand and manage the transport of electricity from generation sources to end users.<br />\n[4] Smart Electric Power Alliance. 2017. “2017 Utility Demand Response Market Snapshot.”<br />\nhttps://sepapower.org/resource/2017-utility-demand-response-market-snapshot/thank-you/ (accessed September 12, 2018).<br />\n[5] BOMA International. “30 Ways to Save Energy – for little or no cost.” http://www.boma.org/research/Documents/Find%20a%20Resource/BEEPChecklist_final.pdf (accessed April 19, 2018).<br />\n[6] Ibid.<br />\n[7] Energy Exchange. Peak Shaving. https://www.eex.gov.au/opportunity/peak-shaving (accessed May 22, 2018).<br />\n[8] Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI). “Demand Flexibility: The Key to Enabling a Low-Cost, Low-Carbon Grid.” Insight Brief. Feb 2018. https://www.rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Insight_Brief_Demand_Flexibility_2018.pdf (accessed May 22, 2018).<br />\n[9] Handi Chandra Putra, Clinton J. Andrews, Jennifer A. Senick (2017). An agent-based model of building occupant behavior during load shedding. Building Simulation. An International Journal. DOI 10.1007/s12273-017-0384-x<br />\n[10] ACEEE. “Demand response programs can reduce utilities’ peak demand an average of 10%, complementing savings from energy efficiency programs” http://aceee.org/blog/2017/02/demand-response-programs-can-reduce  (accessed April 19, 2018).<br />\n[11] US DOE. “Benefits of Demand Response in Electricity Markets and Recommendations for Achieving Them.” https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/report-lbnl-1252d.pdf  (accessed April 19, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nSmart Metering<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nSolar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV<br />\nThermal Energy Storage</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>The IEA Demand-Side Management Programme &#8211; An international collaboration of 20 countries working together to develop and promote opportunities for demand-side management (DSM)<br />\nLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory – Demand Response Quick Assessment Tool<br />\nState of NJ Board of Public Utilities – Commercial Demand Response Filings<br />\nRocky Mountain Institute (RMI) – Economics of Demand Flexibility<br />\nSmart Electric Power Alliance (SEPA) &#8211; The trade association for companies that provide products and services in the areas of demand response, smart meters and smart grid technologies<br />\nUS DOE Demand Response</p>\n<p>PJM</p>\n<p>Demand Response – Data and Reports<br />\nDemand Response FAQs</p>\n<p>NJ Utility Demand Response Information</p>\n<p>PSEG<br />\nJCPL<br />\nACE<br />\nRECO</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7756,1732,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-12 11:24:39'),(7757,1732,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7758,1732,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7760,1732,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7761,1732,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7762,1732,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7763,1732,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7764,1732,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7765,1732,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7766,1732,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7768,1738,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7769,1738,'_edit_last','2'),(7770,1738,'_edit_lock','1650295600:2'),(7772,416,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Table 1 – Scenario based on a 20,000 sq. ft. building'),(7773,1738,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7776,1738,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7777,1738,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7778,1738,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1738\" /]'),(7779,1738,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7780,1738,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7781,1738,'_thumbnail_id','527'),(7782,1738,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7783,1738,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7784,1738,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Loads</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Loads?<br />\nENERGY STAR, a joint program of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the United States Department of Energy (US DOE), labels energy-efficient products and practices using third-party certified testing to guarantee quality and performance.[1]<br />\nOn average, computers and electronics account for 7% of energy use in commercial buildings, and other uses or miscellaneous electronic loads (MELs) or plug load accounting for 38%.[2] Plug load refers to any device plugged into the building’s electrical system including computers and monitors, task lighting, televisions, vending machines, kitchen equipment, and cell phone chargers.[3] Replacing conventional appliances and office equipment and other electronic devices at the end of their useful life with ENERGY STAR labeled products and managing plug loads can save money through reduced energy consumption and associated cost savings. ENERGY STAR products are 10-25% more efficient than required by the federal standard.[4] Labeled products include commercial electronics such as computers as well as several types of appliances, lighting fixtures, HVAC equipment, and water heaters.<br />\nMost appliance and electronic stores carry ENERGY STAR certified equipment. For a complete list, see ENERGY STAR certified products.<br />\nHow to Incorporate ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Loads<br />\nRequire ENERGY STAR appliances and equipment as part of your procurement and purchasing policy and educate staff on the benefits of labeled equipment and energy-saving behaviors.</p>\n<p>Step 1 – Create an inventory list of necessary equipment.<br />\nStep 2 – Purchase the most energy-efficient devices for the job. Estimate potential energy and cost savings using ENERGY STAR calculators.<br />\nStep 3 – Check for available incentives and rebates:Energy Star Rebate FinderDatabase of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)NJ Clean Energy Program Commercial Building Incentives<br />\nStep 4  – Follow the manufacturer’s instructions or hire a professional installer as poor installation can affect the performance of equipment.<br />\nStep 5 – Manage plug loads. Eliminate or unplug unnecessary devices. Turn off or power down devices when not in use and use power management settings, timers, and advanced power plugs. Engage staff and make sure they understand why, when, and how to power down.</p>\n<p>Examples<br />\nENERGY STAR Purchasing and Procurement Case Studies<br />\nGSA Green Proving Ground (GPG): Advanced Power Strips for Plug Load Control<br />\nA study conducted by the GSA Green Proving Ground Program found that advanced power strips (APS) that use pre-programmed timers to turn off equipment can reduce energy consumption by an average of 26% at workstations and by 50% in printer rooms and kitchens.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nBy avoiding the need to generate electricity in the first place, energy-efficiency reduces emissions and air pollution related to producing energy including greenhouse gases, acidifying substances, ozone precursors, and particulate matter or precursors.[5] The installation of ENERGY STAR qualified equipment and properly managing plug loads can reduce energy usage and lower energy and utility bills.[6]</p>\n<p>Extends product life and decreases maintenance<br />\nIncrease leasing and resale value of an energy-efficient building<br />\nLower operating costs</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nENERGY STAR cost savings calculators provided the following data which shows expected energy savings by switching from a conventional product to an ENERGY STAR product. The example includes common appliances and office equipment found in existing municipal buildings. Assumptions based on ENERGY STAR value assumptions for the various products listed.<br />\nTable 1 – Scenario based on a 20,000 sq. ft. building[7]</p>\n<p>Resiliency<br />\nUse of ENERGY STAR certified products and managing plug loads reduces energy usage, increasing grid reliability and reducing utility costs.<br />\n[1] ENERGY STAR. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=about.ab_index (accessed April 17, 2018).<br />\n[2] Lisa Schwartz et al. “Electricity end uses, energy-efficiency, and distributed energy resources baseline.” Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. January 2017. Page 24. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/Electricity%20End%20Uses,%20Energy%20Efficiency,%20and%20Distributed%20Energy%20Resources.pdf (accessed April 18, 2018).<br />\n[3] New Buildings Institute. 2012. “Plug Load Best Practices Guide: Managing Your Office Equipment Plug Load.” https://newbuildings.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/PlugLoadBestPracticesGuide1.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[4] ENERGY STAR. “Lighting, Appliances, Office Equipment.” http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=pt_reps_res_retail.pt_reps_res_retail (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[5] Lisa Schwartz et al. “Electricity end uses, energy-efficiency, and distributed energy resources baseline.” Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. January 2017. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/Electricity%20End%20Uses,%20Energy%20Efficiency,%20and%20Distributed%20Energy%20Resources.pdf (accessed April 18, 2018).<br />\n[6] ENERGY STAR. ENERGY STAR Qualified Appliances. https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/learn-benefits/value-energy-star-certification (accessed April 17, 2018).<br />\n[7] Table 1 – Expected energy savings by switching from a conventional product to an ENERGY STAR product. Annual Electric Savings (MWh) calculated per unit. All estimates based on the following per unit costs also used in New Jersey state energy plans and studies:14 $0.1316/kWh, $0.85/therm. Average Paybacks calculated with the following equation for each appliance:</p>\n<p>[average incremental cost] – [annual cost savings]*[years] = 0  Or: [average payback in years] = [average incremental cost] / [annual cost savings]</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Demand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE)<br />\nENERGY STAR Products<br />\nGreen Electronics Council<br />\nNJ’s Clean Energy Program Commercial Equipment Incentives</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7785,1738,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-12 11:24:39'),(7786,1738,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7787,1738,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7789,1738,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7790,1738,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7791,1738,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7792,1738,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7793,1738,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7794,1738,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7795,1738,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7797,1744,'_edit_last','2'),(7798,1744,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7799,1744,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7800,1744,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7801,1744,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7802,1744,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7803,1744,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7804,1744,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7805,1744,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7806,1744,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Green Cleaning</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Green Cleaning?<br />\nGreen cleaning refers to using cleaning products and procedures that minimize potential adverse impacts on human health and the environment.[1] Cleaning with green or natural products can lower airborne particulate matter concentration and improve indoor air quality. Comprehensive green cleaning programs prioritize environmental and health issues as well as the appearance of the facility.<br />\nThe commercial cleaning industry uses an estimated 8 billion pounds of chemicals and nearly 4.5 billion pounds of paper products annually, and a shift to greener cleaning has the potential for a significant impact on the environment.[2] Some cleaning products can have human health impacts such as burns or respiratory or skin, eye, nose, throat problems on skin contact or through inhalation exposure, while others may contribute to long-term health problems such as cancer or disruption to the endocrine system. Chlorine bleach or ammonia, which are found in many toilet and drain cleaners, can be corrosive. These chemicals can cause immediate health problems upon skin and inhalation exposure as well as damage to the environment when they go down the drain.[3],[4] When harsh chemical use is necessary, use appropriate gloves to avoid or minimize skin exposure. It is also essential to have good air circulation in the room while cleaning and never mix two different types of cleaners, particularly if the products contain chlorine (bleach) and ammonia.[5]<br />\nGreen cleaning programs prioritize non-toxic cleaning products and low-impact cleaning equipment and reduce the risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals.[6] Green cleaning is not just about products but also about cleaning procedures such as using the appropriate quantity of the right product for a specific job or reducing the frequency of labor-intensive tasks by using less intensive cleaning and maintenance activities more often. Simple changes such as limiting food consumption to specific areas can reduce cleaning needs and can also be part of an integrated pest management plan, reducing the need for toxic pest management chemicals in the building (see Integrated Pest Management). Green cleaning requires a holistic approach that includes the careful selection and use of products and equipment, a reevaluation of cleaning procedures, comprehensive custodial training, and orientation to green cleaning policies and procedures for all building occupants.<br />\nHow to Implement Green Cleaning<br />\nAs part of a building’s Operations &amp; Maintenance plan, develop a green cleaning program that prioritizes green or natural products, green cleaning services, and training staff in green cleaning practices (see Operator and Occupant Training).<br />\nThe Healthy Children and Family Study, conducted by Rutgers University, found that the use of a mop with a microfiber cloth and the use of vinegar and baking soda as cleaners lowered airborne particulate matter concentration. Vacuuming with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters help remove particulate matter and volatile organic compounds from the air.[7] Environmentally preferable purchasing (EPP) refers to products or services that have less impact on human health and the environment than competing products or services that serve the same purpose.[8] Choose environmentally preferable products that are rated green by independent, third-party organizations such as Greenguard, Green Seal, or US EPA’s Safer Choice program. It is also important to check product labels and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).  Custodial equipment, such as vacuums, and green cleaning services can also earn third-party certification through programs like the Carpet and Rug Institute Seal of Approval Program and Green Seal.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nImplementing a green cleaning program offers the following benefits:</p>\n<p>Protect the health and safety of building occupants and cleaning professionals.<br />\nReduce toxic chemicals in the indoor and outdoor environment and reduce the amount of hazardous waste requiring disposal.<br />\nImprove indoor air quality.<br />\nPromote better inventory management of chemicals and equipment.<br />\nReduce liability through safety training.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nOver the long-term, green cleaning can reduce the total cost of cleaning through reducing or eliminating hazardous cleaning chemicals. Because there are fewer toxic chemicals that employees must work with, liability exposure also is reduced. Similarly, with fewer toxic chemicals to store, track, maintain and dispose of, the cost of complying with regulatory requirements is reduced.[9] The University of Georgia’s facilities cleaning program, implemented by the Physical Plant’s building services’ department, earned recognition for a focus on cost-saving and workplace safety. The program covers 9.7 million square feet and includes a Building Services Academy that trains all department employees in green cleaning policies and procedures.[10] The University of Georgia’s program documented benefits such as a decrease in employee respiratory complaints associated with cleaning chemicals, a decrease in the number of severe employee injuries from slips/falls, and significant cost savings from transitioning from traditional cleaners to green cleaners.[11] Many green cleaning products are cost-competitive with traditional products, and green cleaning programs offer the added benefit of protecting human health and the environment. Also, when combined with daily cleaning, green cleaning can reduce a building’s energy usage by not requiring additional energy usage during off hours.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nGreen cleaning reduces the use of toxic and hazardous chemicals and products that can pose health hazards to the public and damage to natural resources. Reducing the need to store toxic chemicals and products helps reduce the risk, and danger of toxic substances spills or releases into the environment during an extreme event such as flooding or other disasters.[12] Minimizing the risk of toxic material spills and leaks help protect the public as well as those engaged in clean up and remediation activities, making it easier to recover after an unexpected event.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Sustainable Marketplace: Greener Products and Services. https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/greening-your-purchase-cleaning-products-guide-federal-purchasers (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[2] Facilities.net. Launching a Green Cleaning Program. http://www.facilitiesnet.com/iaq/article/Launching-a-Green-Cleaning-Program–8382 (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[3] American Lung Association. Cleaning Supplies and Household Chemicals. https://www.lung.org/our-initiatives/healthy-air/indoor/indoor-air-pollutants/cleaning-supplies-household-chem.html (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA. Sustainable Marketplace: Greener Products and Services. https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/greening-your-purchase-cleaning-products-guide-federal-purchasers (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[5] Cleveland Clinic. Household Chemical Products and Their Health Risks. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11397-household-chemical-products-and-their-health-risk (accessed March 3, 2019).<br />\n[6] GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. https://sftool.gov/search?Query=green+cleaning (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[7] Andrews, C.J., Mainelis, G., Wener, R., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Senick, J., Feygina, I., Autote, O., Ramkumar, S., Pryce, T., Marathe, R. and Ding, J. “Expanding the Definition of Green: Impacts of Green and Active Living Design on Health in Low Income Housing: Added Value of Behavioral Interventions as part of an Integrated Service Delivery Model”. Prepared by Rutgers Center for Green Building &amp; Associates for U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development. 2013. At http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/HUD-Expanding-the-Definition-of-Green-Healthy-Families-Study-2013_FINAL_revised.pdf (accessed March 21, 2019).<br />\n[8] US EPA. Sustainable Marketplace: Greener Products and Services. https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/about-environmentally-preferable-purchasing-program (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[9] Facilities.net. Launching a Green Cleaning Program.  https://www.facilitiesnet.com/iaq/article.aspx?id=8382 (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[10] UGA Today. Building excellence: green cleaning program earns two national honors. https://news.uga.edu/building-excellence-green-cleaning-program-wins-two-national-honors/ (accessed March 4, 2019).<br />\n[11] American School &amp; University Magazine. University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. https://www.asumag.com/green-cleaning-award-schools-amp-universities/university-georgia-athens-georgia (accessed March 4, 2019).<br />\n[12] Sciencecorps. Chemical Hazards in Flood and Disasters. http://www.sciencecorps.org/floods-fuels/ (accessed December 19, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Integrated Pest Management<br />\nOperator and Occupant Training</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>EWG’s Guide to Healthy Cleaning<br />\nGSA Sustainable Facilities Tool<br />\nUS EPA Greening Your Purchase of Cleaning Products: A Guide for Federal Purchasers<br />\nUS EPA Safer Choice<br />\nUS EPA Sustainable Marketplace: Greener Products and Services</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7807,1744,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-12 11:24:39'),(7808,1744,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7809,1744,'_edit_lock','1650296043:2'),(7811,1744,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7814,1744,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7815,1744,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7816,1744,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1744\" /]'),(7817,1744,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7818,1744,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7820,1744,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7821,1744,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7822,1744,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7827,249,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Spray bottles (Source: Flickr fatedsnowfox http://www.flickr.com/photos/fatedsnowfox/4540384687/sizes/l/in/photostream/)'),(7828,469,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Natural Cleaning Products. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)'),(7829,1744,'_thumbnail_id','249'),(7832,1750,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7833,1750,'_edit_last','2'),(7834,1750,'_edit_lock','1650296486:2'),(7836,1750,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7839,1750,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7840,1750,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7841,1750,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1750\" /]'),(7842,1750,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7843,1750,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7844,1750,'_thumbnail_id','252'),(7845,1750,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7846,1750,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7847,1750,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Green Power</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Green Power?<br />\nGreen power refers to renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit including electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, some forms of biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources (i.e., do not impact land use and fisheries).[1] Buildings get their power from a mix of energy sources with varying levels of environmental impacts and benefits (see Figure 1). Electricity generated from coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas, wind, and solar all goes to the same grid (see Figure 2). Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) represent 1 MWh of renewable electricity generation and provide proof of the electricity generated by green power.<br />\nEnergy-efficient commercial buildings that are not ideally suited for on-site renewable energy generation can choose to switch to green energy or purchase RECs to help offset their environmental and carbon footprints on a voluntary basis or to meet corporate sustainability goals or other mandates.</p>\n<p>How to Purchase Green Energy<br />\nIn New Jersey, the Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (EDECA) of 1999 (N.J.S.A. 48:3-49) separated the supply portion of the electric rate from the delivery portion, providing the consumer the opportunity to select among third-party electricity suppliers licensed by the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU). Consumers can make decisions on a variety of factors including cost or energy efficiency and sources of electricity generation (e.g., nuclear, natural gas, oil, solar).[2]<br />\nThrough the purchase of green power, a building does not necessarily receive renewable energy directly, but instead, the purchase of renewable energy increases the percentage that renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind) that contribute to power production within the region. Table 1 lists various ways to purchase green energy.<br />\nCommercial electricity consumers may choose to purchase RECs, contract with a green energy supplier or participate in a utility-sponsored green energy program. Green power products and programs often require customers to pay a premium over the standard electric price in return for green power (i.e., electricity bundled with RECs) but the utility continues to provide the electric transmission and distribution in the same way as a regular electric customer.<br />\nNote that green power supply options depend on available renewable energy resources and projects, and state and utility policies and programs. Check with your utility provider for available programs and current incentives. Other options include Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that directly support specific renewable energy projects.<br />\nThe decision to purchase green power involves identifying and comparing green power options among verified, third-party certified green power providers that meet nationally-accepted standards for product quality. At this time, the Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program is the only organization that certifies and independently verifies green power products in the United States.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nConventional electricity relies on fossil fuels and produces significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Green power provides the following environmental and sustainable marketing benefits:[3]</p>\n<p>Supports renewable energy resource and technology development either directly through PPAs and bundled green power products or indirectly through RECs.<br />\nReduces a business’s carbon footprint associated with electricity consumption.<br />\nServes as a marketing tool to demonstrate a business’s commitment to sustainability goals.</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nJacobstown Solar Farm, Burlington County, NJ.<br />\nThe Jacobstown Solar project, by Community Energy, Inc., provides green power to the Jersey Central Power &amp; Light (JCP&amp;L) regional electric grid and helps farmland preservation in the area by providing a source of local revenue. Landscaping on the site matches the rural surroundings and plantings of low mow turf grass reduce stormwater runoff and improve soil conditions for future agricultural uses. When NJ businesses choose to purchase green power, they support solar companies like Community Energy, Inc. and projects like the Jacobstown Solar Farm, that provide local sources of renewable energy.<br />\nCosts<br />\nWhile a switch to green power does not require any upfront capital costs, currently there exists a cost premium for green power of about 2 to 4 cents per kWh.[4] Prices for green power vary also depending on a variety of factors, including:</p>\n<p>Supply and demand variability<br />\nProduct type (e.g., RECs, PPAs, utility or competitive green power products)<br />\nPurchase volume (e.g., total kilowatt-hours)<br />\nContract length (e.g., short- or long-term)<br />\nResource and technology type (e.g., solar, wind)<br />\nGeography (e.g., local versus national)<br />\nCertification and verification status</p>\n<p>Resiliency<br />\nA switch to green power provides resiliency benefits by helping to diversify and strengthen the electric power grid through the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar and by supporting local renewable energy generators and distributed renewable energy (DER) projects.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Green Power Partnership. “What is Green Power?” https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power (accessed April 10, 2019).<br />\n[2] State of New Jersey. NJ Power Switch. Know Your Rights. https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/ (accessed April 10, 2019).<br />\n[3] US EPA. Green Power Partnership. Green Power Benefits. https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power (accessed April 10, 2019).<br />\n[4] Commercial Electric Rates for NJ based on 12-month contract for buildings with utility bills ranging from less than $1,000 to over $5000. https://www.electricrate.com (accessed April 9, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Biomass Energy Systems<br />\nGeothermal Heat Pumps<br />\nOn-site Wind Generation Systems<br />\nPhotovoltaic (PV) Systems</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program<br />\nNJ Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU)<br />\nNJ Power Switch<br />\nUS EPA – Switch to Green Power</p>\n<p>New Jersey Energy Delivery Companies (EDCs)</p>\n<p>Atlantic City Electric Company<br />\nJCP&amp;L<br />\nRockland Electric<br />\nPSE&amp;G</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7848,1750,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-09 18:11:06'),(7849,1750,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7850,1750,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7852,1750,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7853,1750,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7854,1750,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7855,1750,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7856,1750,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7857,1750,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7858,1750,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7860,1757,'_edit_last','2'),(7861,1757,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7862,1757,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7863,1757,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7864,1757,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7865,1757,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7866,1757,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7867,1757,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7868,1757,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7869,1757,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Integrated Pest Management</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Integrated Pest Management?<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management (IPM) is a practical and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that applies to both interiors and exteriors of buildings. It is a decision-making process with a goal of solving pest problems with the least toxic method.  IPM programs use comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment. This information, in combination with available pest control methods, is used to manage pest damage by the most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment.[1]<br />\nPesticides can contribute to indoor air quality problems, and other hazards include acute, immediate toxicity to humans and other non-target organisms; chronic or long-term toxicity such as cancer; and potential to contaminate air, or ground and surface water.  Some pests develop a resistance to specific pesticides, and in turn, require stronger chemicals for pest control.  Pesticide labels, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and resources such as Pesticide Action Network Pesticide Database provide information on many of these potential hazards for specific pesticides.[2] MSDS are documents prepared by a product’s manufacturer to provide information on the safe use and potential hazards of a product.<br />\nIn structural pest control (pest control in and around buildings), IPM focuses mainly on eliminating or reducing sources of food, water, and hiding spots that are available to pests, and limiting pest access into and throughout buildings. Control measures such as sanitation and building maintenance are essential aspects of a structural IPM program. Success requires the collaborative efforts of everyone involved in the management and maintenance of a building including service contractors, tenants, custodians, and other employees. Education and cooperation are necessary parts of any IPM program.[3]</p>\n<p>How to Implement Integrated Pest Management<br />\nEach IPM program is designed around individual pest prevention goals and eradication needs, considered in the context of the environment or setting. Although tailored for each setting, most successful IPM programs use the same four-tiered approach that includes 1) Setting action thresholds or defining the level for controlling a pest. 2) Monitoring and identifying pests. This step helps identify if and what pest problems exist and helps reduce the unnecessary use of pesticides. 3) Prevention, which includes proactive methods to prevent pests from becoming a threat such as repairing structural damage in a building and good garbage management. 4) Control. If necessary, implement strategic control methods such as mechanical control (trapping), or highly targeted chemicals. [4]<br />\nIPM recommendations developed Rutgers University identifies regular monitoring, repairing structural damage, proper sanitation and a combination of non-chemical/low-impact pesticides as critical components of a typical structural IPM program (see Figure 2).<br />\nHiring a vendor who uses IPM practices help ensure the safe and effective management of pests in and around the building. It is likely that vendors recommend cleaning up areas and making repairs. Simple changes may include cleaning up break rooms and not overwatering plants. More complex and expensive changes may involve patching holes and crevices, repairing leaks, sealing floor drains and vents, sealing cracks and other access areas for pests, and installing door sweeps. Some vendors may provide training sessions for office and maintenance staff. Designate a knowledgeable, trained staff member to work with the pest control operator and building-maintenance personnel to implement  IPM recommendations are followed. [5]</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nNJ School District Overcomes Pest Control Challenges<br />\nPaterson Public School District, NJ’s third-largest district, began the implementation of a comprehensive IPM program in 2009.  In the years since the district has experienced reduced pests, improved health of staff and students and a better understanding of the role of IPM and indoor air quality plays creating a healthy and safe environment for education.[6]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management:</p>\n<p>Promotes sound structures and healthy plants<br />\nImproves pest control<br />\nPromotes sustainable bio-based pest management alternatives<br />\nReduces the environmental risk associated with pest management by encouraging the adoption of more ecologically benign control tactics<br />\nReduces or eliminates issues related to pesticide residue<br />\nDecreases workers, tenants and public exposure to pesticides<br />\nReduces concern of the public about pests &amp; pesticide-related practices<br />\nMaintains or increases the cost-effectiveness of pest management programs[7]<br />\nPrevents the contamination of indoor air, buildings, soil, and water and keeps hazardous chemicals out of the food chain<br />\nProtects people (especially children and other vulnerable populations), animals and beneficial plants and insects from toxic exposures<br />\nDemonstrates responsible stewardship of environmental and community resources[8]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nIPM can reduce long-term pest management costs. Often IPM programs cost the same or less than traditional pest management programs. Costs may rise during the transition period as new equipment is acquired or after building upgrades. IPM can reduce costs by eliminating regular pesticide spraying, but those savings may be redirected toward preventive practices, such as training employees, inspecting for pests, and investing in building and landscaping improvements. Over time these budget shifts balance out, and improved maintenance, better sanitation and making repairs help make the building more attractive to everyone except pests.[9]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nMinimizing the use of hazardous pesticides reduces the risk of spills and contamination during an emergency event.  Less risk of pesticide exposure or dangerous chemical combinations makes clean up and recovery less dangerous and more efficient. Managing pests through an effective and environmentally sensitive program helps create a healthier indoor environment that can help protect occupant health.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Principles. https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/integrated-pest-management-ipm-principles (accessed December 28, 2018).<br />\n[2] The IPM Institute of North America. http://www.ipminstitute.org/faq.htm#Whatarepesticiderisks? (accessed December 28, 2018).<br />\n[3] Mass.gov. IPM Kit for Building Managers. https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/08/wk/ipm-kit-for-bldg-mgrs.pdf (accessed December 28, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Principles. https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/integrated-pest-management-ipm-principles (accessed December 28, 2018).<br />\n[5] Nyc.gov Integrated Pest Management Toolkit. https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/pesticide/ipm-toolkit.pdf (accessed December 28, 2018)<br />\n[6] Anderson, Marcia. US EPA. PESPWire Fall 2017. NJ School District Overcomes Pest Control Challenges (4-5). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-10/documents/pespwire_fall_2017_final_optimized.pdf (accessed December 28, 2018)<br />\n[7] Mass.gov. IPM Kit for Building Managers. https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/08/wk/ipm-kit-for-bldg-mgrs.pdf (accessed March 26, 2019).<br />\n[8] City of Newton. IPM Policy. https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Newton,_MA_Integrated_Pest_Management_Policy (accessed December 28, 2018).<br />\n[9] Mass.gov. IPM Kit for Building Managers. https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/08/wk/ipm-kit-for-bldg-mgrs.pdf (accessed March 26, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Green Cleaning<br />\nMoisture Control</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Integrated Pest Management Kit for Building Managers<br />\nIPM Institute of North America<br />\nNJ School Integrated Pest Management Program<br />\nNortheastern IPM Center<br />\nRutgers Cooperative Extension Pest Management – IPM Programs<br />\nSustainable Jersey – Integrated Pest Management<br />\nUS EPA Integrated Pest Management Principles<br />\nUS EPA Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program (PESP)</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7870,1757,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-09 18:11:06'),(7871,1757,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7872,1757,'_edit_lock','1650296760:2'),(7876,472,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – A typical household cockroach (Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/johnas/3481624912/)'),(7877,261,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','(Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building and Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station Cooperative Extension. A Guide to Integrated Pest Management. 2012.)'),(7878,1757,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7881,1757,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7882,1757,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7883,1757,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1757\" /]'),(7884,1757,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7885,1757,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7886,1757,'_thumbnail_id','472'),(7887,1757,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7888,1757,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7889,1757,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7892,1762,'_edit_last','2'),(7893,1762,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7894,1762,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7895,1762,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7896,1762,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7897,1762,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7898,1762,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7899,1762,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7900,1762,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7901,1762,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Operator and Occupant Training</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Operator and Occupant Training?<br />\nOperator and occupant training provides those who occupy and maintain a building with the tools and strategies to optimize the efficiency of the building’s systems and protect the health and comfort for the building’s occupants. Green buildings require an ongoing commitment by the building owner, facilities operators and building occupants to implement the intended sustainable performance goals. Effective, sustainable operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) strategies are the key to achieving long-term goals of economy, energy efficiency, resource conservation, and pollution prevention while meeting the comfort, health, and safety requirements of a facility.<br />\nHow to Implement Operator and Occupant Training<br />\nEffective O&amp;M strategies for high-performance buildings: [1]</p>\n<p>Integrate indoor environmental quality, energy efficiency, waste management, and water conservation into standard policies, procedures, and practices of the building’s property management and its contracts with maintenance companies and vendors<br />\nProvide regular professional development and training for O&amp;M staff as often as necessary to account for personnel turnover<br />\nEstablish a facility-wide “green team” to evaluate and improve on O&amp;M practices and get feedback from O&amp;M staff and building occupants on their experiences with using green products and adjust products or practices as necessary<br />\nInclude the preparation and upkeep of procedures, manuals, charts, and checklists<br />\nEnsure that occupants understand policy and procedures, including trash and recycling guidelines, and provide opportunities for communication about maintenance needs, repairs, and indoor air quality issues</p>\n<p>It is also important to have personnel trained in understanding product labels and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for information on product safety and toxicity.[2][3]<br />\nExample<br />\nPrinceton Office of Sustainability – Staff Ambassadors, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.<br />\nThe Princeton Sustainability Ambassadors program works with staff from a variety of campus departments, who participate in a one-year training program and as serve as sustainability ambassadors engaging their co-workers, offices, and groups in informational campaigns and activities that support campus sustainability goals as well as sustainability practices at work and at home.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nTraining for building operators and occupants and implementing sound O&amp;M practices helps to meet sustainable performance targets over the life of the building such as:[4]</p>\n<p>Scheduling of preventative service and maintenance that extend the life of equipment and building materials and reduce costs<br />\nConserving energy and water by optimizing the performance of building systems<br />\nReducing the use of toxics and minimizing solid and hazardous waste generation<br />\nProviding a high-quality indoor environment<br />\nReducing absenteeism and worker’s compensation claims<br />\nReducing occupant complaints<br />\nMaintaining landscaping and grounds with minimum use of water and chemicals (see Native and Adapted Plants and Integrated Pest Management)</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nProviding training for building operators and occupants helps reduce costs through extending the life of equipment and materials, optimizing the performance of systems, and maximizing the use of local resources. The costs associated with training for building operators and occupants vary according to the type of training and type of facility. Coursework for Building Operator Certification, for example, costs between $500 and $1,500 for multi-day programs.[5] Check training resources, such as the visit National Sustainable Structures Center (NSSC) at Pennsylvania College of Technology or the New Jersey Clean Energy Learning Center to learn more about training in your area.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nOperator and occupant training contributes to a building’s resiliency by ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Conducting emergency drills and training building staff and occupants for common emergencies and disasters helps to avoid or mitigate potential impacts and to support recovery efforts (see Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning). Prepared individuals and businesses can react quickly and safely to situations, reduce stress on local emergency responders and resources, and support local community outreach.<br />\n[1]Whole Building Design Guide. Sustainable Operations and Maintenance. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php (accessed April 1, 2019).<br />\n[2] MSDS Solutions Center.  http://www.msds.com/ (accessed April 1, 2019).<br />\n[3] National Safety Compliance.  ANSI Material Safety Data Sheets.  http://www.osha-safety-training.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;catid=11:osha-training-videos&amp;id=96:ansi-material-safety-data-sheet-training-video (accessed April 1, 2019).<br />\n[4] Whole Building Design Guide. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php (accessed April 1, 2019).<br />\n[5] Building Operator Certification, National Sustainable Structures Center (NSSC) at the Pennsylvania College of Technology. Current Course Offerings and Pricing. https://www.pct.edu/business/national-sustainable-structures-center/building-operator-certification (accessed April 1, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Green Cleaning<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management<br />\nNative and Adapted Plants<br />\nPreventative Maintenance<br />\nSmart Meters<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nSource Reduction and Recycling<br />\nStorm Preparation and Emergency Planning</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Building Operator Certification<br />\nBuilding Owners and Managers Association (BOMA)<br />\nBuilding Performance Institute<br />\nENERGY STAR – Owners and Managers<br />\nHarvard Sustainability – Green Office Resources<br />\nIsles – Center for Energy and Environmental Training (CEET)<br />\nNational Safety Compliance.  ANSI Material Safety Data Sheets<br />\nNJ Clean Energy Learning Center<br />\nPrinceton Office of Sustainability<br />\nSustainable Jersey<br />\nSustainable Jersey for Schools<br />\nUSGBC LEED v4.1 O&amp;M Guide<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Sustainable O &amp; M practices</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7902,1762,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-09 18:11:06'),(7903,1762,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7904,1762,'_edit_lock','1650296896:2'),(7907,1762,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7910,1762,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7911,1762,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7912,1762,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1762\" /]'),(7913,1762,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7914,1762,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7916,1762,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7917,1762,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7918,1762,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7921,1767,'_edit_lock','1650297178:2'),(7922,1767,'_edit_last','2'),(7923,1767,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7924,1767,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7925,1767,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7926,1767,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7927,1767,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7928,1767,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7929,1767,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7930,1767,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7931,1767,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Preventative Maintenance</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Preventative Maintenance?<br />\nPreventative maintenance, as opposed to reactive maintenance, refers to actions taken to prevent building systems, equipment or components from failing and extend their useful life by performing regularly scheduled repairs and improvements before apparent problems occur. More specifically, preventative maintenance serves as an essential element of a Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) program that encompasses several types of maintenance applications including reactive, preventative, and predictive (see Table 1).<br />\nReactive maintenance (i.e., breakdown or run-to-failure maintenance) occurs after a building component fails. Preventative maintenance (i.e., time-based) performs repairs on a time-based or predetermined schedule. Predictive maintenance initiates repairs and upgrades only when necessary and as determined by periodically monitoring building components for damage or degradation. RCM programs integrate a mix of maintenance strategies and take advantage of their respective strengths to maximize reliability and safety while minimizing life-cycle costs.[1]<br />\nHow to Implement Preventative Maintenance<br />\nThe following list provides basic steps for implementing RCM that incorporates preventative maintenance principles.</p>\n<p>Develop a list of equipment in your building.<br />\nPrioritize the list based on importance to building operation (i.e., cost of system downtime, safety concerns).<br />\nGroup similar components together.<br />\nDetermine schedule and required maintenance tasks for each component using manufacturers technical manuals, historical maintenance records, failure analysis, and engineering expertise.<br />\nAssess maintenance staff and identify appropriate tasks based on skill sets.<br />\nAnalyze equipment failure modes and impacts on components and systems.<br />\nDevelop maintenance guidelines with input from all stakeholders (e.g., government-legislated requirements, requirements of accreditation bodies, health and safety regulations; fire and building codes, recommendations of equipment manufacturers, quality standards and experiences of facilities personnel).</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nScheduling of preventative service and maintenance extends the life of the equipment and building materials, reduces costs, and provides other potential benefits such as:[2]</p>\n<p>Conserving energy and water by optimizing the performance of building systems<br />\nImproving equipment reliability and reduces costly equipment failure and system downtime<br />\nProviding a high-quality indoor environment that improves occupant comfort and reduces occupant complaints</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nA preventative maintenance program reorganizes and reallocates existing resources and does not significantly impact operating costs. Implementing a best-practice O&amp;M program can reduce facility energy use by 5–20% without significant capital investment.[3] Preventative maintenance helps reduce costs through extending the life of equipment and materials, optimizing the performance of systems, and maximizing the use of local resources.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nPreventative maintenance strengthens building performance and bolsters resiliency by regularly identifying and fixing vulnerable building systems and features, such as a leaking roof or windows, and helping to prevent additional damage and loss during extreme weather events.<br />\n[1] The Federal Energy Management Program’s Operations and Maintenance (O&amp;M) Best Practices Guide: Chapter 5 – Types of Maintenance Programs https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/downloads/operations-and-maintenance-best-practices-guide (accessed April 17, 2019).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php (accessed April 1, 2019).<br />\n[3] PECI. “The 15 Best Operation and Maintenance Practices for Energy-Efficient Buildings.”<br />\nPrepared with funding from the U.S. EPA and U.S. DOE, updated September 2016. https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/buildings/tools/Fifteen%20O%26M%20Best%20Practices.pdf  (accessed April 17, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Building Evaluation<br />\nCommissioning<br />\nGreen Cleaning<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management<br />\nOperator and Occupant Training<br />\nSmart Meters<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nStorm Preparation and Emergency Planning</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA)<br />\nEnergy Star O&amp;M Reports<br />\nThe Federal Energy Management Program’s Operations and Maintenance (O&amp;M) Best Practices Guide<br />\nGSA – Sustainable Facilities Toolkit – Maintenance and Operations<br />\nInsurance Institute for Business &amp; Home Safety Commercial Maintenance<br />\nUSGBC LEED v4.1 O&amp;M Guide<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Sustainable O &amp; M practices</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7932,1767,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-09 18:11:06'),(7933,1767,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7935,412,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Table 1 – Reliability Centered Maintenance Element Applications'),(7936,1767,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7939,1767,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7940,1767,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7941,1767,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1767\" /]'),(7942,1767,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7943,1767,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7944,1767,'_thumbnail_id','412'),(7945,1767,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7946,1767,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7947,1767,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7950,1772,'_edit_last','2'),(7951,1772,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7952,1772,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7953,1772,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7954,1772,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7955,1772,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7956,1772,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7957,1772,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7958,1772,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7959,1772,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Recycling Centers</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Recycling Centers?<br />\nRecycling Centers are designated areas in a building designed to facilitate recycling. Recycling converts materials that would otherwise become waste into valuable resources and generates financial, environmental, and social returns both locally and globally.[1] Recycling not only saves resources and but also reduces the need for landfills and resource recovery facilities.[2] Having a dedicated and organized recycling center in a building makes recycling easy and increases the likelihood that occupants adequately sort recyclables and trash.<br />\nRecycling certain materials in New Jersey is mandatory. For more information about solid waste and recycling in NJ, visit the NJ DEP Solid Hazardous Waste Management program website.<br />\nHow to Implement Recycling Centers<br />\nDesign recycling programs to comply with local laws and regulations and to make recycling convenient for building occupants and facilities staff. Give careful consideration to the type of recycling containers, space allocations for containers and storage, and the movement of recyclables throughout the facility from inside to outside. At a minimum, recycling programs should provide for the collection of paper, corrugated cardboard, glass, plastics, and metals. Designing and allocating space for the storage and collection of recyclables is required in LEED v4.[3]<br />\nWhen designing a recycling program, important considerations include:</p>\n<p>Allocate sufficient interior and exterior space.<br />\nPlan for how to transport the materials to the outside collection area.<br />\nConsider where materials are generated within the building and locate convenient central collection containers.<br />\nGive special consideration to spaces such as copy centers, kitchens, break rooms, receiving and shipping areas and loading docks.<br />\nPlace desktop or desk-side bins by employees’ desk for collection of office paper.<br />\nPlace collection containers for other recyclables such as newspapers and magazines in central locations.<br />\nLabel collection containers clearly to ensure proper sorting.<br />\nConsider space needs and access and collection by vehicles for outdoor storage areas.<br />\nImplement recycling policies and procedures.<br />\nConduct periodic training for building occupants and facilities staff.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nPlanning for a well-designed and well-run recycling program can lead to more efficient waste management and benefits for the facility occupants and the environment. There are many benefits related to recycling over disposal but taking steps towards source reduction and material reuse first, and then implementing recycling efforts provides the environmental benefit.[4]<br />\nSome benefits noted by the Natural Resources Defense Council include:[5]</p>\n<p>Conserves natural resources, such as timber, water, and mineral ores, from domestic and imported sources.<br />\nPrevents pollution caused by manufacturing from virgin resources.<br />\nSaves energy in the production of products from virgin materials that need to be harvested and manufactured.<br />\nReduces the need for landfills and incineration while also helping to reduce the pollution produced by these processes.<br />\nHelps protect and expand manufacturing jobs in America.<br />\nEngenders a sense of community involvement and responsibility in protecting the environment.</p>\n<p>For a list of economic and environmental benefits of recycling in New Jersey, go to http://www.state.nj.us/dep//dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm<br />\nCosts<br />\nRecycling costs vary, but a well-designed recycling program can improve a facility’s waste management practices and cost less than garbage disposal for an equivalent amount of material. Recycling can reduce the waste stream and may be able to reduce the frequency of trash pick-ups or the size of disposal containers.[6] Recycling bins for recycling center and spaces throughout the facility can vary in price depending on style and material but are widely available from a variety of manufacturers.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nProactive strategies for waste-related issues associated with disasters is an integral part of resilience planning.[7] Reducing waste and reusing or recycling materials can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm (accessed May 9, 2019).<br />\n[2] NJ DEP. Recycling in New Jersey. http://www.state.nj.us/dep//dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm (accessed May 9, 2019).<br />\n[3] USGBC. LEED BD+C New Construction v4. https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-commercial-interiors-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-healthcare-h-0?view=language  (accessed May 9, 2019).<br />\n[4] NJ DEP. Recycling in New Jersey. http://www.state.nj.us/dep//dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm (accessed May 9, 2019).<br />\n[5] Natural Resources Defense Council. Too Good to Throw Away. http://www.nrdc.org/cities/recycling/recyc/recyint.asp (accessed May 9, 2010).<br />\n[6] US EPA. Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm (accessed May 9, 2019).<br />\n[7] US EPA. Waste Management Planning to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change. https://www.epa.gov/homeland-security-waste/waste-management-planning-mitigate-impact-climate-change (accessed March 24, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Source Reduction and Recycling</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>NJ DEP – Recycling<br />\nNatural Resources Defense Council – Recycling: Beyond the Bin<br />\nUS EPA – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7960,1772,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-09 18:11:06'),(7961,1772,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7962,1772,'_edit_lock','1650297419:2'),(7964,192,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Separate trash and recycling bins (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)'),(7965,1772,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7968,1772,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7969,1772,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7970,1772,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1772\" /]'),(7971,1772,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7972,1772,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7973,1772,'_thumbnail_id','192'),(7974,1772,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7975,1772,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7976,1772,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7979,1777,'_edit_last','2'),(7980,1777,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7981,1777,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7982,1777,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7983,1777,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7984,1777,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7985,1777,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7986,1777,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7987,1777,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7988,1777,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Source Reduction and Recycling</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Source Reduction and Recycling?<br />\nSource reduction refers to reducing the amount (by weight or volume) or toxicity of waste that enters the solid waste stream. Recycling turns materials that would otherwise become waste into new resources.[1] Additionally, source reduction is the first tier in the waste management process. Source reduction decreases the amount of waste that enters the solid waste stream as well as decreases the disposal of toxic materials by sourcing fewer products out of toxic materials. Making products more durable and longer lasting are also activities synonymous with source reduction.[2]<br />\nAccording to the US EPA, “Commercial wastes from business and industry make up between 35 and 45 percent of the U.S. municipal solid waste stream.”[3] Source reduction activities not only conserve natural resources but also conserve the fuel used to make the products. From a business perspective, source reduction can save money in disposal and replacement costs. Source reduction aims to reuse materials (i.e., packaging materials, office furnishings) and not produce or minimize waste whenever possible. Everything put into the trash represents money spent on materials as well as money spent on removing those materials.<br />\nHow to Implement Source Reduction and Recycling<br />\nBefore starting a source reduction and recycling program, it is helpful to conduct a waste audit of the building. A waste audit determines what type, how much, and the toxicity content of waste produced by the building. The waste audit also details the sources of waste and the reasons for waste production. This information can inform better purchasing practices and environmental protection. A waste audit outlines a series of steps one should take to achieve waste and cost reduction goals.[4]<br />\nTo start a source reduction and recycling program in a commercial building, a written plan that details the proposed program should be created by the building owner or business owner. This plan should be made readily available and accessible to all current and future tenants or occupants of the building. A plan should include the types of materials to be collected and recycled, as well as the types of source reduction strategies to be implemented. Implement source separation of three recyclable materials (i.e., paper, glass, plastic) should be implemented and the collection method and target recycling goals should be displayed. The program should be periodically reviewed and updated.  Along with the detailed plan, develop an educational program to inform all occupants of the new strategies. This educational program should explain how building occupants can contribute to the recycling and source reduction program and why it is essential to take part in those activities. Deliver the educational program via email, social media, permanent signs (marking locations of recycling bins) or meetings. Make notifications to occupants in a timely fashion of any changes to the program. Lastly, have facility managers conduct regular checks to guarantee that the source reduction and recycling program follows protocol.[5]<br />\nSource reduction intersects with all aspects of operations from purchasing practices to office practices to shipping and receiving procedures to the lunchroom.[6] While there are many areas to focus on source reduction and recycling programs, computer paper is one of the most significant contributors to the solid waste stream from the workplace. Computer paper costs money to buy, store, and print, while wasting paper leads to profit losses and negative environmental impacts. Though it is essential to recycle computer paper when possible, it is more environmentally and fiscally responsible for reducing the amount of paper purchased. Print two-sided documents if printing is necessary but aims to post notices electronically and send documents for review via email. Communicate with occupants about the importance of conserving paper and that simple actions such as reusing materials can contribute to saving money on office supplies. Locate paper-recycling bins next to printers and trash cans and to encourage paper recycling.  (See Recycling Centers strategy).[7]<br />\nExample<br />\nUSGBC Waste Audits and Waste Diversion Efforts<br />\nEach quarter, the USGBC facilities team and janitorial crew works with a waste consultant to implement waste audits at the USGBC headquarters, allows the team to analyze the facility’s waste stream and work towards improvements in the facility’s waste diversion rate. As an organization, USGBC also works to minimize waste off-site and meetings and conferences.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nSource reduction and recycling can save money and reduce the amount of material entering the solid waste stream. Recycling reduces the amount of strain put on landfills and incinerators, which decreases air and water contamination as well as preserving open space. Additionally, recycling conserves resources and reduces the need for new resources to be extracted from forests, oil wells, and mines, among others.[8] Recycling also has many indirect benefits. Recycling can lead to the creation of jobs and tax revenues that can make communities stronger and more prone to start environmentally responsible initiatives. Also, recycling can reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG’s) because the production, transport, and disposing of solid waste produces GHG’s.[9]<br />\nCosts<br />\nEPA’s WasteWise partners have documented that source reduction can lead to cost savings, particularly in shipping and receiving, office operations, and manufacturing.[10] Recycling can help reduce disposal costs.[11] While the individual cost of purchasing reusable items may be more than disposable products, realizing the long-term benefits of reusable items and life-cycle cost comparisons can balance the initial costs. The life cycle costs include not only the purchase price but also its use by employees, distribution, sterilization of reusable products, and the cost for waste disposal. Consider factors such as its effects on the health of employees and the impacts on the environment. Some source reduction and recycling practices require a change in habits rather than a change in cost.[12]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSource reduction can decrease the quantity of waste generated when a natural or human-caused disaster occurs. Proactive strategies for waste-related issues associated with disasters is an integral part of resilience planning.[13] Reducing waste and reusing or recycling materials can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Recycling. http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[2] The State of New Jersey. “Recycling in NJ: Source Reduction (Waste Reduction).” http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/source_red.htm (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[3] US EPA. “Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States.” http://www.epa.gov/wastes/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/snapshot.pdf (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[4] USGBC. The How and Why of Waste Audits at USGBC. https://www.usgbc.org/articles/how-and-why-waste-audits-usgbc  (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[5] NYC DEC. Practical Source Reduction Tips for Business. http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8822.html (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[6] Ibid.<br />\n[7] CalRecycle. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/reducewaste/business  (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[8] NERC. “New Jersey Environmental Benefits Fact Sheet on Recycling.” http://www.nerc.org/documents/fsheets/nj-factsht.html (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[9] Stopwaste.org. Recycling and Climate Protection. http://www.stopwaste.org/recycling/business/recycling-and-climate-protection  (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[10] US EPA. Wastes – WasteWise Program.  https://archive.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/smm/wastewise/web/html/cost.html (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[11] US EPA. Managing and Reducing Wastes: A Guide for Commercial Buildings. https://www.epa.gov/smm/managing-and-reducing-wastes-guide-commercial-buildings (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[12] GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Life Cycle Approach. https://sftool.gov/plan/399/life-cycle-approach (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[13] US EPA. Waste Management Planning to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change. https://www.epa.gov/homeland-security-waste/waste-management-planning-mitigate-impact-climate-change (accessed March 24, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Sustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>	GSA – Sustainable Facilities Tool – Life Cycle Approach<br />\n	NJ DEP – Bureau of Recycling and Planning<br />\n	NJ DEP – Source Reduction (Waste Reduction)<br />\n	Reducing Hazardous Wastes in Your Business<br />\n	Source Reduction Tips for Businesses<br />\n	US EPA – Managing and Reducing Wastes: A Guide for Commercial Buildings<br />\n	US EPA – Reducing and Reusing Basics<br />\n	US EPA – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7989,1777,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-09 18:11:05'),(7990,1777,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7991,1777,'_edit_lock','1650297684:2'),(7993,225,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Volunteers help attendees at Greenbuild International Conference and Expo learn about waste diversion practices at the conference (Source: usgbc.org)'),(7994,1777,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7997,1777,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7998,1777,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7999,1777,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1777\" /]'),(8000,1777,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8001,1777,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8002,1777,'_thumbnail_id','225'),(8003,1777,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8004,1777,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8005,1777,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8009,1785,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8010,1785,'_edit_last','2'),(8011,1785,'_edit_lock','1651068519:2'),(8013,51,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Grid-interactive Efficient Building Key Characteristics (Source: U.S. DOE Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings 2019).'),(8014,334,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach'),(8015,1785,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8018,1785,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8019,1785,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8020,1785,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1785\" /]'),(8021,1785,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8022,1785,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8023,1785,'_thumbnail_id','51'),(8024,1785,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8025,1785,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8026,1785,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n					<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB)</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n					<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings?<br />\nA Grid-interactive Efficient Building (GEB) refers to an energy efficient building with smart technologies (e.g., smart meters, appliances, sensors and controls) designed to utilize multiple distributed energy resources (DERs) including solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, combined heat and power (CHP), energy storage, demand response (DR), electric vehicles (EVs), microgrids, and energy efficiency in an integrated way to optimize energy use for grid services (i.e., generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity from utility to consumer) and building occupants.[1]<br />\nFigure 1 shows several key features of GEBs. They are energy-efficient with high-performance features designed to reduce both net energy consumption and peak demand. Second, they are connected, with two-way communication capabilities that allow for response to grid conditions. Next, they are also smart with sensors and controls to optimize energy use for occupant patterns and preferences, utility price signals, weather forecasts, and available on-site generation and storage. Finally, they are flexible with the ability to reduce, shed, shift, modulate or generate electricity.<br />\nTraditional buildings do not interact with the grid or exchange energy data information. Smart buildings with advanced sensors and controls, and connected devices can utilize a variety of distribute energy resources (DERs) but often manage them separately. For example, smart metered buildings employ advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advanced monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply (see Smart Meters).[2] Smart metered buildings with on-site renewable energy generation (see Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems) and energy storage (see Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation) can signal consumers to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated on-site or from the grid when electricity demand is low (see Alternative Transportation).[3] Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.[4]<br />\nGrid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB) move beyond the siloed smart building approach to integrate across DERs, managing interactions and benefiting from synergies. Table 1 illustrates the integrated approach of GEBs. In this example, GEB is the sum (i.e., integrated DER approach) of the energy-efficiency and demand response columns (i.e., single DER approaches) and the additional capabilities of the GEB column.<br />\nTable 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach</p>\n<p>Implementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Building (GEB)<br />\nImplementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Building starts with optimizing energy efficiency, assessing DER opportunities and utilizing smart building technologies, which typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.<br />\nThe decision to install smart sensors and controls and the type of technologies selected depends on the size of the building and the building’s intended use. Smart system set-up and installation requires expert assistance. Look for devices with interoperability between smart building technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.<br />\nWhile sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.<br />\nContact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart building technologies that increase energy-efficiency.<br />\nExample<br />\nConnected Neighborhoods Project<br />\nThe Connected Neighborhoods Project recognizes the opportunities for maximizing building-to-grid interaction across a set of buildings. The first Smart Neighborhood, located in Birmingham, Alabama, is a joint project between Alabama Power, Signature Homes, and researchers at Southern Company, U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge Laboratory and the Electric Power Research Institute. This project integrates 62 high-performance homes with energy efficient systems and smart technologies, and a community-scale microgrid with PV panels, battery storage, and a backup natural gas generator to optimize grid services, cost savings, and resiliency.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nGEBs provide benefits to the grid by shifting energy loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from renewable sources thus reducing the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and preventing supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.[5] GEBs also help to balance new loads such as electric vehicles (EVs) and to support the electrification of transportation by hosting two-way EV charging locations. Also, GEBs can provide utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.[6]<br />\nGEBs add value to building owners by transforming traditional but flexible building energy demands like lighting and HVAC, along with DERs into energy assets.[7] GEBs equipped with smart technologies can respond to electric grid conditions, which helps avert system stress, enhancing the reliability of the entire grid. For building owners and operators, the benefits include cost-savings and efficiency gains from a better understanding of energy consumption patterns, advanced load and asset control mechanisms, and increased demand response and DER opportunities.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe initial cost, energy savings, and payback of GEB varies depending on the building’s technological features, size, layout, and existing building capabilities. In general, whole building applications benefit from economies of scale and cost less to install per square foot in larger buildings than in smaller ones. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation and commissioning costs compared to wired devices. Savings from the reduced utility demand charges often help cover the costs of building automatic systems and smart sensors and controls.[8]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nGEBs increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, GEBs help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently dispatching work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times, limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. [9]<br />\n[1] U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf  (accessed April 29, 2019).<br />\n[2] Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes (accessed August 17, 2018).<br />\n[3] Ibid.<br />\n[4] Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/  (accessed May 3, 2018)<br />\n[5] Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.<br />\n[6] 2006 FERC Report, 18 http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[7] U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf  (accessed April 29, 2019).<br />\n[8] EPRI. “Estimating the Cost and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf (accessed May 5, 2018).<br />\n[9] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nEnergy Star Equipment and Plug Load<br />\nEnergy Storage and Backup Power Generation<br />\nDemand Response and Peak-Load Management<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nSmart Metering<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>GRIDWISE ALLIANCE<br />\nNew Buildings Institute (NBI) GridOptimal Buildings Initiative<br />\nNJ Office of Clean Energy<br />\nNREL Electric Vehicle Grid Integration<br />\nSmart Energy Consumer Collaborative<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nSmart Grid – Where Power is Going?<br />\nUS DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8027,1785,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-04-25 19:02:02'),(8028,1785,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8029,1785,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8031,1785,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8032,1785,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8033,1785,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8034,1785,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8035,1785,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8036,1785,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8037,1785,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8039,1793,'_edit_lock','1650298289:2'),(8040,1793,'_edit_last','2'),(8041,1793,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8042,1793,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8043,1793,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8044,1793,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8045,1793,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8046,1793,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8047,1793,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8048,1793,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8049,1793,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n					<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">High-Efficiency Lighting System and NLCs</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n					<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are High-Efficiency Lighting System and NLCs?<br />\nA high-efficiency lighting system integrates daylighting and energy efficient electrical lighting with networked lighting controls (NLCs), to provide a comfortable environment for occupants while reducing energy usage and costs (see Daylighting, and Smart Sensors and Controls).[1] Lighting accounts for 17% of the total electricity consumption in commercial buildings and contributes to a building’s cooling load by emitting waste heat.[2] More stringent building codes, a phasing out of traditional lighting technologies (e.g., incandescents), utility incentives and rebates, and more energy efficient federal standards for lighting applications (e.g., screw-in light bulbs) have helped to drive the market for energy-efficient lighting technologies.[3]<br />\nFor example, fluorescent and high emitting diodes (HIDs) replaced incandescents, regarding energy efficiency and performance in the same way that LEDs (light emitting diodes) promise to command the commercial building sector, as LED technology and performance advance beyond screw-based fixtures to linear fixtures.[4] Fig 1 shows an OLED (organic light emitting diode), an emerging lighting technology, which utilizes carbon-based materials and can be molded into a variety of thin-profile configurations such as tiles and window-like materials to provide diffuse light.[5] OLEDs hold the potential to outperform LEDs as the technology commercializes and costs decline. Advances in materials, optics, electronic design, and smart sensors and controls, including lighting technologies paired with networked lighting controls, promise to offer additional performance and efficiency gains and an enhanced occupant experience through daylight harvesting, vacancy sensing, and task tuning. [6] By providing a foundation for future applications of the IoT (Internet of Things), networked lighting controls may also hold the potential to create new benefits and functions beyond supplying basic illumination, such as enhanced security, indoor environmental quality monitoring, and remote maintenance and service (see Smart Sensors and Controls).[7]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate a High-Efficiency Lighting System and NCLs?<br />\nElectrical lighting design involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process (see Integrated Design Process). For example, window glazing influences interior electrical lighting design, sizing of mechanical systems, and interior design layouts (see Energy-Efficient Windows, Glare, and Heat Gain Reduction, and Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).<br />\nLighting guidelines provide general principles and examples, but project specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting and lighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools that can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.[8]<br />\nThe following provides general best practice guidance on how to optimize daylighting and electrical lighting in new commercial buildings.[9]</p>\n<p>Set a Maximum Lighting Power Density (LPD) goal to avoid overlit spaces and to achieve an appropriate level of lighting per area lit or watts per square foot.<br />\nSet a Daylight Sufficiency Goal that establishes the amount of daylighting, measured in lumens or foot-candles, required to perform a typical task in each space without electrical lighting.<br />\nDevelop a layered lighting strategy that first utilizes daylight to provide primary or ambient lighting levels, and then adds electrical lighting options and controls to vary lighting levels for a variety of tasks and occupant preferences.<br />\nSpecify lighting products from the DesignLights Consortium or ENERGY STAR qualified product lists.<br />\nUse vacancy sensors (manual on, automatic off) as opposed to occupancy sensors (automatic on, automatic off) to save energy by requiring occupants to flip a switch if they require additional light.<br />\nProvide adjustable task lighting at individual workspaces to save energy by directing appropriate lighting to specific tasks.<br />\nIncorporate exterior motion sensors to save energy and enhance security and safety.<br />\nConsider photo-luminescent egress signage subject to local fire code.<br />\nPlan for backup power for critical lighting needs during a power outage, such as emergency and night-time lighting (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).<br />\nCommission and regularly re-commission all lighting systems and controls to optimize performance and energy savings.</p>\n<p>Examples<br />\nGSA Proving Ground – Advanced Lighting Controls and LED<br />\nThis case study conducted by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) investigated LED lighting and Advanced Lighting Controls (ALCs), including light-level tuning, occupancy sensing, and daylight harvesting in open-plan office buildings. The results showed 43% energy savings for buildings that utilized LED and ALCs compared to buildings that only implemented LED lighting. The study also found a significant increase in occupant satisfaction in buildings that utilized light-level tuning. The study concluded that LED and ALCs increase in cost-effectiveness in buildings with high utility rates, generous incentives, and open floor plans.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSupplementing natural daylight with high-efficiency lighting systems and NLCs provides multiple benefits:</p>\n<p>Reduced operating costs through energy efficiency gains and reduced maintenance and replacement costs through longer-lasting bulbs and fixtures.[10]<br />\nReduced cooling loads and downsized HVAC systems through less heat gain from electrical lighting (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).[11]<br />\nReduced number of toxic chemicals released into the waste stream and reduced light pollution.<br />\nImproved employee productivity and satisfaction based on a shared preference for naturally daylit spaces, reinforcement of circadian rhythms, and connection to nature.[12]<br />\nAbove average lease rates and lower tenant turnover.[13]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nHigh-efficiency lighting design and NLCs should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated throughout the design process. The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.<br />\nThe table below shows costs for Commercial and Industrial LED Luminaries[14]<br />\nCheck the New Jersey Office of Clean Energy for available incentives. At the time of this writing, incentives for lighting controls range from $20-$45 per fixture. The incentives for performance lighting are $1.00 per watt below the allowable wattage as determined by ASHRAE 90.1-2013 baseline and $30 per eligible fixture. Prescriptive lighting incentives range from $5 to $150 per fixture.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nImplementing high-efficiency lighting and NCLs provides energy savings and reduces reliance and stress on the electricity grid. Daylit-optimized buildings paired with high-efficiency lighting systems and built-in backup power for critical lighting needs further reduce stress on the grid, especially in the event of a power outage.<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide. (WBDG). Energy Efficient Lighting. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/efficientlighting.php (accessed May 16, 2018).<br />\n[2] US Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2017. CBECS 2012 – Trends in Lighting in Commercial Buildings.<br />\n[3] The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) requires general service lighting products sold as of January 1, 2020, to have an efficacy of at least 45 lumens per watt.<br />\n[4] US DOE. 2017. “Guiding SSL Technology Advances.” Department of Solid-State Lighting. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/guiding-ssl-technology-advances_sep2016.pdf (accessed Dec 13, 2018).<br />\n[5] US DOE. 2017. OLED Basics. Department of Solid-State Lighting. https://www.energy.gov/eere/ssl/oled-basics (accessed Dec 13, 2018).<br />\n[6] US DOE. 2017. “Guiding SSL Technology Advances.” Department of Solid-State Lighting. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/guiding-ssl-technology-advances_sep2016.pdf (accessed Dec 13, 2018).<br />\n[7] Iain Campbell et al. 2017. “A New Way to Think About Office Lighting.” Harvard Business Review. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Buildings Program. https://hbr.org/2017/06/a-new-way-to-think-about-office-lighting (accessed Dec 13, 2018).<br />\n[8] WBDG. Daylighting. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php (accessed April 4, 2018).<br />\n[9] General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf  (accessed Dec 11, 2018).<br />\n[10] Ibid WBDG.<br />\n[11] Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylight Controls. Windows for High-Performance Buildings. http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php (accessed July 5, 2018).<br />\n[12] California Energy Commission and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”<br />\nhttp://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf (accessed April 5, 2018).<br />\n[13] Daylight Dividends, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. “Daylighting Resources – Productivity.” http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/dr_productivity.asp (accessed April 4, 2018).<br />\n[14] US DOE: Energy Savers. “Purchasing Energy-Efficient Commercial and Industrial LED Luminaires.” https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/purchasing-energy-efficient-commercial-and-industrial-led-luminaires (accessed May 18, 2018).<br />\n[15] The Best Available Model category is calculated based on the most efficient model in the database collected from manufacturers as of February 2017.<br />\n[16] The Required Model category is calculated based on new FEMP designated efficiency requirements. Federal agencies must purchase products that meet or exceed FEMP designated efficiency requirements.<br />\n[17] The Less Efficient Model category is calculated based on the previous FEMP requirement for this product type.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Daylighting<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency<br />\nDesignLights Consortium<br />\nIlluminating Engineering Society (IES)<br />\nInternational Association of Lighting Designers (IALD)<br />\nLighting Research Center, Lighting Patterns for Healthy Buildings<br />\nNext Generation Lighting Industry Alliance (NGLIA)</p>\n<p>General Service Administration (GSA)</p>\n<p>Proving Ground<br />\nSustainable Facilities Tool</p>\n<p>NJ’s Clean Energy Program</p>\n<p>Commercial and Industrial Programs<br />\nLighting Incentives (See Performance Lighting and Prescriptive Lighting)</p>\n<p>US DOE</p>\n<p>Tax Credits, Rebates, and Savings (Lighting, New Jersey)<br />\nUS DOE – The Building Technologies Office’s Solid-State Lighting Program</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide</p>\n<p>Energy Efficient Lighting<br />\nElectric Lighting Controls</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8050,1793,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-04-25 19:02:02'),(8051,1793,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8053,589,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1. OLED Office Lighting (Source: US DOE Solid-State Lighting Program)'),(8054,295,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Table 1 - Commercial and Industrial Luminaries'),(8055,1793,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8058,1793,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8059,1793,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8060,1793,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1793\" /]'),(8061,1793,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8062,1793,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8063,1793,'_thumbnail_id','589'),(8064,1793,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8065,1793,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8066,1793,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8069,1798,'_edit_last','2'),(8070,1798,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8071,1798,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8072,1798,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8073,1798,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8074,1798,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8075,1798,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8076,1798,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8077,1798,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8078,1798,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n					<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\"> Smart Sensors and Controls</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n					<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Smart Sensors and Controls?<br />\nSmart sensors are devices that monitor conditions of the physical environment and building equipment such as temperature, air flow, moisture, humidity, lighting and daylighting levels, offer smoke and CO detection, and collect data about real-time building occupancy, and energy and water use (see Daylighting). Electronic actuators process these measurements, and smart controls utilize the data to adjust building conditions and optimize building performance in areas such as lighting and shading, HVAC systems, security, fire suppression, equipment plug loads, and landscape irrigation.[1] Controls utilize software with standardized communication protocols on networked computing devices such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, PCs or through dedicated hardware interfaces such as wall-mounted controls. Smart buildings consist of an integrated network of advanced sensors and controls and use Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to connect building systems and enable automated building operations and control.[2]<br />\nFor example, smart thermostats coupled with smart HVAC systems use multiple sensors and controls to monitor and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings, control energy consumption in unoccupied areas, and detect and diagnose issues. Smart appliances such as refrigerators and freezers use sensors and controls to remotely track and manage variables such as temperature, humidity, and energy use. Demand response enabled devices, including smart thermostats and certain appliances, can be controlled remotely by an energy provider to reduce peak power demand (see Demand Response and Peak Load Management).[3] Smart lighting consists of networked LED and linear fluorescent luminaires with advanced sensors that can detect lighting failure and advanced controls that utilize dual-technology infrared plus ultrasonic occupancy and vacancy sensing, daylight harvesting, dimming controls and task tuning (see High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls).[4] Smart solar window films adjust window tints based on incoming daylight, and window shading systems use auto-controlled devices that open and close at specific times of the day to manage light levels and solar heat gain (see Energy-Efficient Windows).[5] Smart plug load controls, including smart outlets and advanced power strips, use scheduling, motion sensing, or load detection to turn off equipment when not in use (see ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load). Smoke detectors enable automated sprinkler systems to function correctly, and CO sensors trigger alarms to protect building occupants before exposure to dangerous CO levels. Smart security systems automatically unlock doors for building employees using different types of sensors such as facial recognition or mobile phone GPS. Smart water metering and irrigation systems use sensors to monitor water use, detect leaks, and prevent irrigation systems from running when it is raining or when unnecessary.<br />\nSmart building technologies can connect users to a smart grid (see Smart Metering). Smart metered buildings utilize advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advanced monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply.[6] Smart metered buildings with on-site renewable energy generation (see Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems) and energy storage (see Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation) can signal consumers to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated on-site or from the grid when electricity demand is low (see Alternative Transportation).[7] Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.[8]<br />\nHow to Incorporate Smart Sensors and Controls<br />\nThe decision to install smart sensors and controls and the type of technologies selected depends on the size of the building and the building’s intended use. Smart system set-up and installation requires expert assistance. A building can incorporate multiple smart technologies or a single service such as a smart lighting system or a smart security system depending on the needs and desires of the building users. Look for devices with interoperability between smart building technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.<br />\nWhile sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.<br />\nContact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart building technologies that increase energy-efficiency.<br />\nExamples<br />\nGSA Green Proving Ground (GPG): Wireless Pneumatic Thermostats<br />\nA study conducted by the GSA Green Proving Ground Program found that wireless pneumatic thermostats, which detect space temperature and can wirelessly control HVAC systems, can cost-effectively reduce energy use by implementing unoccupied/occupied energy-saving control strategies.<br />\nPanasonic Corporation of North America, Newark, NJ.<br />\nThrough New Jersey’s Clean Energy Pay for Performance Program, Panasonic received guidance and financial incentives to implement lighting control strategies including daylight harvesting.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSmart building technologies provide tools to detect and manage building operations and maintenance, comfort, and energy performance issues, resulting in better equipment maintenance, higher occupant satisfaction, and reduced energy consumption and costs. Smart metered buildings can also track real-time energy consumption, allowing business owners to monitor and certify peak energy use reductions, and take advantage of lower electricity charges and peak demand incentive programs offered by utilities.[9]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe initial cost, energy savings, and payback of smart technologies vary depending on the technology’s features and capabilities. In general, smart technologies that cover the whole building in one application benefit from economies of scale and cost less to install per square foot in larger buildings than in smaller ones. Individual technologies, such as smart thermostats typically cost less for smaller buildings. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation and commissioning costs compared to wired devices. Savings from the reduced utility demand charges often cover the costs of smart control projects.[10]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSmart controls contribute to a building’s resiliency by providing real-time feedback on the status of critical building systems, notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, and providing remote access for turning systems on or off during potential power outages or other disruptive events. Smart sensors that do not rely on external power or wired networks can continue to provide feedback during power outages. Smart metering and smart devices and appliances with demand response ready equipment also benefit the energy system and promote resiliency by supporting grid stability, reducing peak energy demand, and increasing the use of renewable energy.<br />\n[1] Marina Sofos. 2018. “Sensor and Control Technologies: R&amp;D Overview.” Building Technologies Office (BTO). U.S. Department of Energy: Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. BTO Peer Review. April 30, 2018. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/05/f52/Sofos-Peer-Review-S%26C-043018.pdf (accessed Aug 13, 2018).<br />\n[2] Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[3] Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes (accessed August 17, 2018).<br />\n[4] Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[5] Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: A Deeper Dive into Market Segments.” December 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[6] Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes (accessed August 17, 2018).<br />\n[7] Ibid.<br />\n[8] Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/  (accessed May 3, 2018)<br />\n[9] Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/  (accessed May 3, 2018)<br />\n[10] EPRI. “Estimating the Cost and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf (accessed May 5, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nDemand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nOn-Site Wind Energy Generation<br />\nPhotovoltaic (PV) Systems<br />\nSmart Metering</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)<br />\nThe Connected Devices Alliance (CDA) Centre of Excellence<br />\nENERGY STAR – Smart Thermostats<br />\nSmart Buildings Center<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Smart Controls</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8079,1798,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-04-25 19:02:02'),(8080,1798,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8081,1798,'_edit_lock','1650298520:2'),(8083,1798,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8086,1798,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8087,1798,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8088,1798,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1798\" /]'),(8089,1798,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8090,1798,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8091,1798,'_thumbnail_id','239'),(8092,1798,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8093,1798,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8094,1798,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8097,1802,'_edit_last','2'),(8098,1802,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8099,1802,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8100,1802,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8101,1802,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8102,1802,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8103,1802,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8104,1802,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8105,1802,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8106,1802,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n					<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Smart Meters</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n					<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Smart Meters?<br />\nSmart meters or advanced meters, a component of the broader smart grid[1], use digital meters to record and transmit energy consumption and generation data, namely electricity, but also natural gas or water usage in intervals of an hour or less through a secure wireless network back to the utility and consumer at least daily.[2] As opposed to traditional analog or automated meter readers, smart meter technology includes remote reading, two-way communication, support of dynamic pricing[3], and remote disablement and enablement of supply.[4] Energy companies can use data from smart meters to better monitor and manage energy supply and demand, power outages and the integration of clean energy sources into the electric grid. Smart meters provide documentation for participation in utility-sponsored demand response programs, which incentivize consumers to interrupt or adjust energy use by reducing or shifting loads or storing energy during peak demand and periods of higher energy costs or enable utilities to remotely switch electricity services on or off based on the cost or availability of energy.[5] For example, consumption data from smart meters can signal a utility or consumer to remotely turn off air-conditioning units to avoid peak load issues or to run appliances during lower demand, lower-cost times of the day (see Smart Sensors and Controls).<br />\nData collected from smart meters connected to a smart grid supports the advancement and adoption of distributed energy generation and energy storage technologies, such as wind and solar, and plug-in electric vehicles (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).[6] By measuring both electricity generated as well as delivered, smart meters can help utilities better manage and control the storage and transmission of renewable power from distributed energy sources and micro-grids to end-users. Smart meter data can also provide consumers with information on when to use, store, or sell on-site renewable energy generation back to the grid and encourage smart electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours (see Alternative Transportation).<br />\nHow to Implement a Smart Metering System<br />\nImplementing a smart metering system begins with identifying the intended use and goals of the system as this determines the system’s requirements and features. Smart meter systems typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.<br />\nNon-sub-metered systems bill tenants based on a percentage of the total usage for the entire building. A smart sub-metered system makes billing tenants for their actual usage possible.[7] In commercial buildings with multiple tenants or businesses, smart meters provide individual tenants and the utility company information on electricity, natural gas, and water usage, providing the opportunity to track progress on conservation strategies and participation in demand response programs and to identify opportunities to increase energy efficiency and cost savings.<br />\nContact local electricity, natural gas, and water service providers for information on smart metering opportunities and demand response programs. In the absence of a utility run program, smart meters can be implemented by business owners to provide building operators with instant energy and water data for making informed energy choices or to help identify potential equipment issues and leaks, saving energy and money.<br />\nExample<br />\nOrange &amp; Rockland Smart Meter Program<br />\nThe Orange &amp; Rockland Electric Utility plans to install 400,000 smart meters to residential and commercial customers by 2020. The smart metering program aims to utilize the data from smart meters to boost grid reliability and cut the length of power outages by automatically notifying the utility when outages occur leading to faster restoration. Potential benefits to customers include data on energy use habits to promote behavior change or to signal customers to run building equipment and devices at off-peak hours or when cleaner, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are available.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSmart meters provide benefits to both utility companies and consumers. Data gathered from smart meters provides utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.[8] Via demand response, smart meters support the shift of loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from cleaner or renewable sources, reduce the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and prevent supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.[9] Benefits to consumers include enhanced customer service, reduced theft due to the remote and real-time meter reading, and the establishment of time-based rates. Smart meters also inform consumers of their real-time energy usage, providing them with data to make informed energy use decisions and potentially change behavior. Smart metering water lines allow commercial facility managers to see consumption trends within the building and to target areas for improvement.<br />\nCosts<br />\nOne study estimated that the average commercial customer would pay $7,000 to $10,000 for smart meter technology, which includes transmission and distribution upgrades and various customer costs (primarily the costs of the in-building technologies).[10] As an example, Rockland Electric predicts deployment costs of $16.5 million and estimates operational and management expenses over 20 years at $12 million. The utility projects to save $82 million over two decades in reduced labor and outage costs.[11]<br />\nFor smart water meters, project costs range widely based on the number of customers, the specific metering, and communications technologies selected, the level of software integration, and the state of the metering system before smart metering system implementation.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSmart meters increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, smart meters help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently sending work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times and limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. [12]<br />\n[1] Smart grids are electricity supply networks that use digital communications technology to detect and react to changes in energy supply and demand and manage the transport of electricity from generation sources to end users.<br />\n[2] U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2017. Frequently Asked Questions: Smart Meters. Updated December 7, 2017. https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1 (accessed Sept 5, 2018).<br />\n[3] Dynamic pricing includes time-of-use pricing, real-time pricing, variable peak pricing, critical peak pricing, and critical or peak time rebates.<br />\n[4] Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.<br />\n[5] Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.<br />\n[6] Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative. “Do smart meters help the environment?” http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment (accessed Sept 6, 2018).<br />\n[7] National Conference of State Legislatures “Utility Submetering” http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[8] 2006 FERC Report, 18 http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[9] Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.<br />\n[10] EPRI, “Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[11] Tom Johnson. 2017. NJ Spotlight. “Is New Jersey Finally Getting Smarter about Smart Meters?” http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/ (accessed Sept 7, 2018).<br />\n[12] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018)</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nSolar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV Systems</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>GRIDWISE ALLIANCE<br />\nNJ Office of Clean Energy<br />\nSmart Energy Consumer Collaborative<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nSmart Grid – Where Power is Going?<br />\nState of NJ Board of Public Utilities</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8107,1802,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-04-25 19:02:02'),(8108,1802,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8109,1802,'_edit_lock','1650298725:2'),(8111,405,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Electric smart meter (Source: Rutgers University Facilities).'),(8112,1802,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8115,1802,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8116,1802,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8117,1802,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1802\" /]'),(8118,1802,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8119,1802,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8120,1802,'_thumbnail_id','591'),(8121,1802,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8122,1802,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8123,1802,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8140,574,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.'),(8159,1814,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8160,1814,'_edit_last','2'),(8161,1814,'_edit_lock','1650985311:3'),(8163,90,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Example of software that tracks building performance (Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).'),(8164,377,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 3 – Infrared imaging showing improperly installed or damaged insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).'),(8165,1814,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8168,1814,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8169,1814,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8170,1814,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1814\" /]'),(8171,1814,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8172,1814,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8173,1814,'_thumbnail_id','377'),(8174,1814,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8175,1814,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8176,1814,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n					<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Building Evaluation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n					<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Building Evaluation?<br />\nBuilding evaluation is the ongoing process of assessing the actual performance of a building as compared to design or facility goals or a peer group of buildings or building types. Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) refers to a type of building evaluation that measures aspects of building performance such as resource consumption (i.e., energy, water). Other measures of a BPE may include accessibility, aesthetics, cost-effectiveness, productivity, safety and security, and sustainability.[1] Building evaluation may also include a systematic evaluation of the opinions of building users (i.e., occupants, visitors).  This additional aspect of building evaluation commonly falls under the rubric of Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE).[2]  Both BPE and POE can improve the functionality and efficiency of the target building as well as inform future green building design strategies. These evaluation methods are valuable yet often overlooked aspects of commercial green building.<br />\nIn a green building, the most significant areas for evaluation often include satisfaction of occupants, indoor environmental quality including air quality, lighting, acoustics, thermal comfort, and other areas such as occupant health, energy efficiency, and water conservation.  Other factors that may be important to evaluate, depending on the location, include the use of alternative transportation and site-specific choices like landscaping or other outdoor amenities.<br />\nThe Rutgers Center for Green Building has conducted several green building evaluations of various building types available on the Center’s website and as case studies on the NJ Green Building Manual site. Common key findings across these building evaluations include:</p>\n<p>Building occupants rarely behave as designers expect<br />\nGlare problems continue to plague successful implementation of daylighting strategies<br />\nBuilding design and interior space design and management require further coordination<br />\nHighly sophisticated equipment calls for a highly trained / knowledgeable   full-time facilities manager<br />\nGreen buildings generally outperform conventional buildings in energy consumption but underperform their design intent<br />\nEnergy models may be flawed</p>\n<p>How to Perform a Building Evaluation<br />\nThere are several ways to implement BPEs or POEs. An essential first step in the process is determining the criteria for evaluation as well as the methods. A green building evaluation may involve a combination of the following: interviews with occupants, space utilization surveys or floor plan analysis, analysis of utility data, deployment of monitoring or metering equipment and analysis of its results, indoor air quality tests, and other indicative, investigative or diagnostic tools (see Smart Sensors and Controls, and Smart Metering).<br />\nFor example, low-cost detection methods in combination with cost-effective thermal imaging can give property owners a complete assessment of building-related health and safety hazards. While property owners can pursue lower costs methods using consumer-grade technologies (e.g. ‘Foobot’ and ‘Air Visual’ products), they might want to work with a research center like the Center for Green Building (at Rutgers University) to utilize thermal imaging technologies (see Figure 2).[3] The cost of such technologies is decreasing, but data processing requires computing power and specialized software that is typically beyond the access and affordability of building managers. Such technologies enable owners to quickly identify and rectify problem spots in the building envelope and avoid the costs of more common but invasive and destructive trial-and-error processes.<br />\nBuilding Performance Evaluation (BPE) Analysis Tools developed by the US DOE Commercial Buildings Program are available for free download on their website.</p>\n<p>Examples<br />\nCost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards, Bronx Borough, NYC.<br />\nThis HUD-funded study led by a multidisciplinary team of researchers from Rutgers University explored the integration of infrared thermography and laser scanning for building hazard detection. The integration allowed a quick and objective measurement of common building defects that are relevant to a healthy building. The team developed a systematic method that consisted of infrared and laser scan data collection, data fusion, and data analysis. The study included an evaluation of two large multi-family multi-story buildings in the Bronx Borough of NYC. A total of 30 apartments were surveyed and analyzed according to several quantitative metrics including missing insulation, moisture issues, air infiltration, and thermal bridging.<br />\nPoor or missing insulation can impair the thermal performance of the building components significantly (see Figure 3). Moisture is the most common form of deterioration for a building potentially causing reduced insulation value, mold growth, brick sprawling, and roof membrane fastener corrosion. Air leakage and air infiltration can lead to higher energy consumption and condensation in construction which in its turn can cause a poor indoor climate. Thermal bridges are the elements or areas that are characterized by higher thermal conductance and can lead to an increase of energy heating requirements during the winter season.<br />\nThe results of the study showed varied conditions in the apartments, some of them having alarming concerns about thermal performance and hazardous conditions. The main finding deals with the relationship between missing insulation and particle penetration from outdoors to indoors. Investigators found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of airborne particles and the indoor/outdoor ratio of those particles, meaning that apartments with higher percentages of missing insulation also had higher (I/O) ratios. Additionally, in apartments where residents reported mold, higher amounts of insulation were missing – a finding that also matched residents’ asthma reports, leading investigators to conclude that building defects such as missing insulation have a direct effect on the residents’ well-being. This field study showed that low-cost detection of building hazards can generate precise measures to gauge the performance of the building and that integrating indoor air quality data and questionnaires with data from infrared thermography and laser scans can help create a complete picture of building performance and residents’ health.[4]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nBuilding evaluation identifies both successes and failures in building performance, with an emphasis on human interaction with building systems. BPE and POE can contribute to more efficient system operations, greater occupant comfort, and cost savings. Understanding trends in performance also inform new developments in predictive software for building designers and highlight the need for new technologies and more accurate modeling of realistic occupants. Finally, building evaluation helps build a body of knowledge about the performance of buildings that can inform future projects, policies and programs.<br />\nCosts<br />\nCosts for a building evaluation vary based on the level of evaluation and time constraints.  Depending on the resources of the organization, in-house staff can perform some aspects of a building evaluation. In the experience of the Rutgers Center for Green Building, building evaluations range from $15,000 for a very basic one through upwards of $150,000 for a robust building evaluation including multiple data points over time (longitudinal study).<br />\nCheck the NJ Clean Energy Program for available incentives, programs, and funding opportunities.<br />\nThe US EPA Building Performance with EnergyStar program also offers a free energy assessment and tracking tool called Portfolio Manager for commercial buildings.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nBuilding evaluation contributes to a building’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of critical building systems and notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Ongoing building evaluation can also evaluate how successfully a building is performing in response to increasing heat, more intense precipitation and storms, rising sea levels, and flooding, and increased frequency of power outages – all indicators of resiliency. Additionally, building evaluation can help prepare a building for these circumstances by evaluating whether a building has or has not implemented green building strategies with resiliency benefits. Examples include cooling and shading the building, improving the efficiency of the building envelope, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide. Facility Performance Evaluation. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php (accessed Jan 8, 2019).<br />\n[2] Post Occupancy Evaluation. https://postoccupancyevaluation.com/ (accessed Jan 9, 2019).<br />\n[3] Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.<br />\n[4] Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017). Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards. http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf (accessed Jan 10, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration<br />\nMoisture Control<br />\nSmart Metering<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017). Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards.<br />\nThe Rutgers Center for Green Building – Building Evaluation Projects<br />\nUniversity of California, Berkeley – Center for the Built Environment<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Facility Performance Evaluation</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8177,1814,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-04-25 19:02:02'),(8178,1814,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8179,1814,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8181,1814,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8182,1814,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8183,1814,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8184,1814,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8185,1814,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8186,1814,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8187,1814,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8192,1823,'_edit_last','2'),(8193,1823,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8194,1823,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8195,1823,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8196,1823,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8197,1823,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8198,1823,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8199,1823,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8200,1823,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8201,1823,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Commissioning</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Commissioning?<br />\nCommissioning refers to a quality assurance process for new building projects for optimizing performance and improving building operation that includes verifying and documenting that the building and its systems and assemblies are planned, designed, installed, tested, operated and maintained to meet the owner’s requirements.[1] For new commercial building projects, commissioning begins during pre-design and continues through design, construction, occupancy, and operations. Changes in design or improper installation can lead to systems working inefficiently. Building systems also degrade and lose efficiency over time making re-commissioning and ongoing commissioning essential steps in the overall commissioning process (see Figure 1).</p>\n<p>How to Implement Commissioning<br />\nThe first step in the commissioning process is to designate the commissioning team, which often includes the Commissioning Agent (CxA), Building Owner, Architect/Engineer A/E, Construction Manager/General Contractor, Contractors, maintenance and operations personnel, and occupants (when available). The Building Commissioning Association (BCxA) recommends hiring a third-party independent CxA with excellent written and verbal communication skills, current engineering knowledge and extensive hands-on field experience regarding building systems, including principles of building system performance and system start-up, balancing, testing and troubleshooting, as well as knowledge and experience with building operation and maintenance procedures and the building and design process.[2]<br />\nThe commissioning team assures the completion on all of the steps in the commissioning process and the realization of building objectives and develops the building commissioning plan, which outlines and organizes the commissioning process schedule and allocation of resources and includes details of systems tests and procedures, system and equipment checklists, and testing and documentation responsibilities.<br />\nBuilding commissioning plans may include the following building systems and green building elements (as applicable):[3]</p>\n<p>HVAC systems (control settings and sequencing)<br />\nBuilding assembly (envelope, interior, paths of egress)<br />\nConveying systems (elevators and escalators)<br />\nProtective systems (fire suppression, lightning protection)<br />\nPlumbing (water distribution, sanitary or stormwater)<br />\nElectrical (power distribution, lighting)<br />\nCommunication systems (telecom, wireless networks, sound, video)<br />\nAlarm Systems (fault detection, security, leak detection)<br />\nIndoor air quality (moisture, airborne particles)<br />\nIndoor environmental quality (acoustics, thermal comfort)<br />\nRenewable energy (photovoltaics, wind energy)<br />\nSmart building technology (advanced metering, building automation systems)<br />\nEnergy storage and back-up power generation systems (ice storage, batteries)<br />\nAlternative water reuse systems (greywater recycling, composting toilets)</p>\n<p>The commissioning process provides testing and documentation that establishes valuable performance benchmarks, and a baseline for the future operation and the re-commissioning and ongoing commissioning of the building. Commissioning teams may consider issuing an occupant survey before re-commissioning to identify areas of concern and focus. The final re-commissioning report provides building upgrade recommendations and operations and maintenance improvement opportunities and describes the potential improvement, estimated implementation costs, and savings for each opportunity.<br />\nFor a more detailed overview of the commissioning process, including re-commissioning and ongoing commissioning see the Building Commissioning Association’s New Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices and Tools Handbook.<br />\nExample<br />\nNJ Meadowlands New Observatory Classroom Building<br />\nCommissioning through the construction of this building ensured that systems worked as designed and desired by the occupants. The formalized review process helped the building achieve LEED platinum certification.<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Optimized building systems and quality assurance.[4]<br />\nLower utility bills through reduced energy savings of 14-16%.[5]<br />\nImproved indoor environmental quality and occupant comfort.<br />\nFewer building system issues at building turnover.<br />\nEnhanced operation and maintenance.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nCommissioning costs depend on the type of facility, the complexity of the building systems, and the type and number of systems included in the process. The cost of not commissioning equals the costs of correcting mistakes plus the costs of inefficient operations.[6] Minimize costs by budgeting at least 0.5% to 1.5% of total construction costs or about $1.16 per square foot to cover the costs for commissioning agent services at the beginning of the project as opposed to adding on these services later.[7],[8] Reduce the costs of on-going commissioning by installing systems that make that process more manageable such as smart metering (see Smart Metering). The payback period for costs in extra time and labor and parts are around one to four years.[9] Other estimates find that payback can be less than two years and often less than six months.[10]<br />\nSee the New Jersey Office of Clean Energy for available programs and incentives related to commissioning.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nCommissioning contributes to a building’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of critical building systems and notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Commissioning identifies opportunities for energy savings and if implemented, helps to reduce stress on the grid and the likelihood of grid failures.<br />\n[1] Building Commissioning Association (BCxA). 2018. New Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices including BCxA Essential Attributes Updated May 2018.  https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf (accessed January 15, 2019).<br />\n[2] Building Commissioning Association (BCxA). 2018. New Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices including BCxA Essential Attributes Updated May 2018.  https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf (accessed January 15, 2019).<br />\n[3] Building Commissioning Association. 2016. Existing Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices and Tools https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf (accessed Jan 11, 2019).<br />\n[4] GSA Sustainable Facilities Toolkit. 2018. Building Commissioning. https://sftool.gov/search?query=Building+Commissioning (accessed Jan 14, 2019).<br />\n[5] LBNL. Building Commission – Summary of the 2009 Cost Assessment. http://cx.lbl.gov/2009-assessment.html (accessed January 17, 2019).<br />\n[6] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Building Commissioning. http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php (accessed Jan 14, 2019).<br />\n[7] LBNL. Building Commissioning. http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html (accessed January 14, 2019).<br />\n[8] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Owner’s Role and Responsibilities in the Commissioning Process.  http://www.wbdg.org/project/plan_comm_process.php (accessed January 14, 2019).<br />\n[9] LBNL. Building Commissioning. http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html (accessed January 14, 2019).<br />\n[10] US DOE | EERE. Federal Energy Management Program. Operations and Maintenance Best Practices Guide: Chapter 7. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/OM_7.pdf (accessed January 14, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Building Evaluation<br />\nSmart Metering</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>ASHRAE Standard 202-2018 – Commissioning Process for Buildings and Systems<br />\nBuilding Commissioning Association<br />\nUS DOE Building Commissioning for Federal Buildings<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Building Commissioning</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8202,1823,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-08 00:01:54'),(8203,1823,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8204,1823,'_edit_lock','1651068572:2'),(8206,65,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1- Types of Commissioning. (Source: US DOE Federal Energy Management Program Operations and Maintenance Best Practices).'),(8207,1823,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8210,1823,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8211,1823,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8212,1823,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1823\" /]'),(8213,1823,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8214,1823,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8216,1823,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8217,1823,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8218,1823,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8227,1829,'_edit_lock','1655929038:3'),(8228,1829,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8229,1829,'_edit_last','3'),(8231,1829,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8234,1829,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8235,1829,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8236,1829,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1829\" /]'),(8237,1829,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8238,1829,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8239,1829,'_thumbnail_id','457'),(8240,1829,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8241,1829,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8242,1829,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Integrated Design Process</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is an Integrated Design Process?<br />\nBuilding systems are interdependent and require cooperation and creative thinking across disciplines. An integrated design process identifies opportunities to achieve synergies across disciplines and building systems throughout the planning and design phases and beyond.[1] For example, decision-making about building shape, orientation, and window placement relate to several green building considerations and relies on the knowledge of multiple disciplines; these building envelope strategies impact heating and cooling loads as well as occupant satisfaction and even productivity, a function of thermal comfort and daylighting.[2] With an integrated design process that considers these multiple benefits, and sometimes trade-offs among them, it is much more likely that the building performs as intended and achieves projected cost savings.<br />\nMany green building strategies also convey resiliency benefits or “the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events.”[3] At the building level, these include an emphasis on daylighting, superior insulation values, thermal massing and on-site renewable energy, and water harvesting. These strategies reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling, and other critical functions, making buildings more resilient to power outages and disruptive events.<br />\nA successful integrative design process challenges project teams to design, build, and manage high-performance buildings that are both green and resilient.</p>\n<p>How to Implement an Integrated Design Process<br />\nA truly integrated design process includes ongoing interactions among the entire project team and uses tools and modeling software to support and reinforce design integration.<br />\nThe following are standards and guidelines for incorporating an integrated design process.</p>\n<p>The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Integrative Process (IP) – ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© – Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities identify best practices for developing an integrated process.[4]<br />\nThe American Institute of Architect (AIA) Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) outlines a step-by-step process for the client, design, and construction teams to achieve IPD goals.[5]<br />\nLEED v4 for Building Design and Construction credit requirements for the Integrative Process include an analysis of at least two energy-related systems (i.e., shading, renewable energy opportunities), and two water-related systems (i.e., on-site rainwater and graywater, cooling tower water demand), and documentation on how this analysis informed building site and design decisions.[6]<br />\nRELi,[7] a national consensus standard for resilient design requires a “Panoramic Approach” that includes “Pre-Planning and Discovery” and “Systems Thinking Design.”[8]</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nChesapeake Bay Brock Environmental Center, Virginia Beach, VA.<br />\nThe integrated design process for the Brock Environmental Center included early charrettes with the client and neighbors, collaboration with the architect, engineer, owner, green consultant, and contractor throughout the design process, and a full-day, pre-design charrette with stakeholders from all design disciplines including local officials, community representatives, and Living Building Challenge (LBC) and LEED experts.[9] Energy and climate simulation tools informed the decision to utilize on-site wind energy and early discussions with regulatory agencies made possible the collection of rainwater for potable use.[10]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEarly coordination regarding the interactions of complex building systems can maximize the effectiveness and output of these systems and reduce total project costs.<br />\nAn integrated design process can result in a project that:</p>\n<p>Increases the opportunity to achieve more aggressive sustainability goals<br />\nOptimizes energy efficiency and incorporates alternative energy solutions<br />\nRecognizes and plans for synergies between green building and resilient design<br />\nMoves beyond minimizing environmental impacts to creating positive, regenerative impacts on the environment<br />\nMaximizes cost effectiveness</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe integrated design process can both minimize incremental capital cost and result in operational savings. Capital cost can be redistributed to achieve high-performance goals without incremental costs. For example, the opportunity to eliminate or reduce the size of equipment or systems can offset the higher first cost of some energy efficiency strategies.  An integrated approach can also reduce operational expenditures through increased communication among the project team, resulting in a more efficient design.<br />\nCosts associated with an integrated design process may include things like additional consultant fees to facilitate a goal-setting workshop and time and associated costs of having project team members participate in additional meetings and coordination.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nAn integrated design process provides an opportunity for project teams to incorporate resilient design strategies into green building practice. Project teams may want to consider the following when identifying and evaluating green building strategies that also offer resiliency benefits.[11]</p>\n<p>Understand regional impacts: Identify climate impacts for the building’s location.<br />\nEvaluate performance targets: Understand how the building performs under current peak climate conditions.<br />\nConduct a scenario analysis: Analyze how the building responds to projected climate impacts, modeling different system options under a variety of climatic conditions.<br />\nConsider resilient design strategies: Evaluate resilient design strategies that provide passive or efficient responses to more extreme climate events such as higher or lower temperatures, higher wind speeds, and increased or decreased precipitation levels, to maintain occupant comfort while preventing increased energy use.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;<br />\n[1] USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. (Updated April 6, 2018). Credit. Integrative Process. Page 10. https://new.usgbc.org (accessed June 10, 2018).<br />\n[2] City of New York Department of Design and Construction. 1999. “High-Performance Building Guidelines.” Page 17. http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[3] National Academy of Sciences. 2012. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.<br />\n[4] Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© February 2, 2012, for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities.<br />\nhttps://webstore.ansi.org (Search: Integrative Process)<br />\n[5] American Institute of Architects (AIA). 2007. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council. Version 1. http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf (accessed June 10, 2018).<br />\n[6] Ibid, Credit. Integrative Process, Page 10-11.<br />\n[7] The RELI Action List is a resource included in the RELi Green + Resilient Property Underwriting Standard. At the time of this publication, the USGBC was working to synthesize the LEED Resilient Design pilot credits with RELi’s Hazard Mitigation and Adaptation credits.<br />\n[8] The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783 (accessed June 10, 2018).<br />\n[9] The International Living Future Institute (ILFI). 2016. Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay Brock Environmental Center. https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/ (accessed June 10, 2018).<br />\n[10] Ibid.<br />\n[11] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)<br />\nLife Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)<br />\nRe-Commissioning</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© February 2, 2012, for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities. (Search: Integrative Process)<br />\nIntegrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council (2007). Version 1.<br />\nNYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency<br />\nSustainable Facilities Tool Kit (GSA) -Integrative Design Process<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide (WGBD) – Whole Building Approach</p>\n<p>Green Building Rating Systems and Standards</p>\n<p>American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Envision Rating System<br />\nThe C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List<br />\nInternational Living Future Institute (ILFI) – Living Building Challenge<br />\nUSGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8243,1829,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-07-13 23:10:58'),(8244,1829,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8245,1829,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8247,1829,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8248,1829,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8249,1829,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8250,1829,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8251,1829,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8252,1829,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8253,1829,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8255,1835,'_edit_last','2'),(8256,1835,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8257,1835,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8258,1835,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8259,1835,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8260,1835,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8261,1835,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8262,1835,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8263,1835,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8264,1835,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\"> Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Life Cycle Assessment?<br />\nA life cycle assessment (LCA) is a “cradle-to-grave” or “cradle-to-cradle” evaluation method that assesses the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services.[1] In the commercial building sector, LCA is a tool that helps architects and building professionals understand the embodied energy and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of a building or building product as defined by the ISO 14040/44 standard including resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal or recycling (see Figure 1).[2] The evaluation at each phase also includes the associated activities of a particular building product or design. For example, during the operational phase, the LCA for a deck includes the impact of the resources used for cleaning (e.g., energy, water, detergents), staining, or replacing boards.[3]<br />\nDefined environmental impact areas commonly include: [4]</p>\n<p>Climate change (“carbon footprint”)<br />\nAcidification (“acid rain”)<br />\nEutrophication (“algal bloom”)<br />\nPhotochemical oxidant creation (“summer smog”)<br />\nOzone depletion (“the ozone hole”)</p>\n<p>LCA’s support informed decision-making by providing a standardized system for verifying environmental footprints and claims, identifying environmental trade-offs, and making relative comparisons between different design paths or product choices.<br />\nWhile LCA’s take into account environmental impacts, Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) evaluates the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems (see Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)).  Together, LCA’s and LCCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.<br />\nHow to Implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)<br />\nIncreasingly, consumers and regulatory agencies are asking businesses and product manufacturers to provide environmental product declarations, which use LCA data to report the environmental impacts of their products, processes, and services (see Sustainable Materials).  In the building sector, green building programs such as LEED, offer credits for completing a whole building LCA as part of the integrated design process.[5] LEED credits are also offered to promote the reuse of historic buildings and the renovation of abandoned or blighted buildings.[6] Likewise, the field of LCA continues to evolve as the quality and completeness of LCA data improves and LCA methodologies are tested and refined.<br />\nThe complete process of LCA includes:[7]</p>\n<p>Defining goals and assessment boundaries.<br />\nCollecting information on materials and design alternative.<br />\nUsing accredited LCA assessment tools to perform impact calculations.<br />\nCompiling and interpreting results.<br />\nDocumenting the process and providing assessment reports.</p>\n<p>LCA reports are often complex and technical in nature, but current tools attempt to summarize LCA information in a manageable format specifically targeted to design professionals. Tools are available for both whole building and product level LCA’s.<br />\nAthena EcoCalculator is a free online LCA calculator that provides a streamlined report of building’s footprint using LCA data on hundreds of common building products.<br />\nAthena Impact Estimator for Buildings is a free LCA-based software package for designers and building professionals that provides environmental impact data on over 1,000 structural and envelope assembly combinations.<br />\nBuilding for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES) is a free online tool for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products and includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 200+ building products.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nThe main benefit to LCA is credible, transparent data that informs greener design and product decisions and the associated cost savings and environmental benefits from reduced resource consumption, pollution, and waste.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe costs for performing an LCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project, data availability and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and designers perform LCA’s (see Resources). Costs for performing an LCA typically include labor costs for data collection and data input and the interpretation and reporting of results.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nAn LCA can identify and evaluate the environmental benefits of green building designs and products that enhance building resiliency. These may include specific design inputs for address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels. For example, resilient strategies may include cooling and shading features (e.g., cool pavements and cool roofs), improving the efficiency of building envelopes (e.g., insulation, windows, exterior walls), planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems (e.g., battery storage), and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features (e.g., Properly-Sized HVAC systems).[8] LCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. [9]<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[2] International Standard for Standardization (ISO). ISO14040 Standard (2006) provides LCA principles and framework; https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html (accessed January 30, 2019); ISO 14044 Standard (2006) provides LCA Requirements and Guidelines. https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[3] Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. 2018. About LCA.<br />\nhttp://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[4] Rajesh Kumar Singh. 2017. “Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment Through LEED v4.” GBCI<br />\nhttp://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4 (accessed January 28, 2019).<br />\n[5] USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C Beta. 2019. Building Life-cycle Impact Reduction  https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41 (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[6] Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.<br />\n[7] Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.<br />\n[8] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[9] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Athena Sustainable Materials Institute<br />\nBuilding For Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES 4.0)<br />\nGreenBlue<br />\nThe Natural Step<br />\nNational Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Evaluating Green Products</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8265,1835,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:31:58'),(8266,1835,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8267,1835,'_edit_lock','1650305664:2'),(8269,1835,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8272,1835,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8273,1835,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8274,1835,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1835\" /]'),(8275,1835,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8276,1835,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8277,1835,'_thumbnail_id','470'),(8278,1835,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8279,1835,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8280,1835,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8283,1840,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8284,1840,'_edit_last','2'),(8285,1840,'_edit_lock','1650305919:2'),(8287,1840,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8290,1840,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8291,1840,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8292,1840,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1840\" /]'),(8293,1840,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8294,1840,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8295,1840,'_thumbnail_id','551'),(8296,1840,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8297,1840,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8298,1840,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)?<br />\nLife Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a form of economic evaluation that compares the costs and savings of alternative building designs and systems over the life cycle of a building. Green building features generally have higher initial costs compared to conventional features but offer operational savings over time through decreased resource use (e.g., energy, water), maintenance, and disposal fees.[1] LCCA takes into account the overall costs of purchasing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system, which the initial purchase price does not reflect. Comparing the life cycle costs of various options helps to determine the most cost-effective choice for a comparable building design or system in terms of function and performance by translating this data into dollar amounts and providing information about how long it takes an investment to pay for itself (e.g., internal rate of return, savings-to-investment ratio, payback period).  For existing buildings, LCC also compares the costs of not doing something (e.g., replacing windows) by considering any future maintenance and operational costs.<br />\nWhile LCCA’s take into account the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems, a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems (see Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)).[2] Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.<br />\nHow to Perform a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)<br />\nPerform the LCCA early in the renovation or upgrade project and as part of an integrated design process to allow sufficient time and resources to refine the design and ensure the highest quality product for the lowest cost (see Integrated Design Process). Depending on project team expertise, hire a consulting service or conduct the LCCA in-house. Project teams should refer to the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method, which covers the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and repair, and disposal.[3]<br />\nThe first task of an LCCA involves determining the costs and benefits of alternative project options. Next, project teams can conduct several sensitivity analyses that include variations in the discount rate, study period or building lifespan, and energy escalation rates.<br />\nThe discount rate is a measure that decreases the value of dollars spent or received in the future, so future costs and returns are worth progressively less in terms of today’s dollars. The interest rate used for discounting is a rate that reflects an investor’s opportunity cost of money over time. The LCCA method converts cash flows to present values by discounting them to a common point in time, usually the base date.<br />\nThe US Department of Energy (US DOE) suggests a real discount rate of 3.0%, based on a 12-month average of long-term Treasury bond rates.[4]<br />\nStudy period or building lifespan refers to the length of time the LCCA covers. The study period for non-residential buildings typically falls between 20 and 40 years and may reflect a shorter period than the actual intended life of the facility.<br />\nEnergy escalation rates refer to projected average annual energy price increases obtained either from the supplier or from energy price escalation rates published annually on April 1 by US DOE in Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135.[5]<br />\nThere are several online tools for performing an LCCA and links to more information in the Resources section below.<br />\nExample<br />\nNew Jersey Meadowlands Commission: Observatory and Classroom Building LCCA, Lyndhurst, NJ.<br />\nThe Rutgers Center for Green Building conducted an LCCA of the Meadowlands Environmental Center, a LEED Platinum building, modeling the building’s metabolic flows, including heating, lighting, ventilation, water, and power consumption, and waste production. The result was a quantification of any added capital investments encountered during construction and commissioning of the LEED-compliant structure, as well as a use-phase evaluation of the economic impacts of adherence to a green building standard.<br />\nBesides the Photovoltaic System (PV), the study results showed that daylight sensors provided the most cost-effective green feature, providing savings under all of the modeled situations as well as the most significant savings compared to other green features. The HVAC system projected savings consistently, although of lower value than the daylight sensors. Insulation provided savings under a majority of circumstances but showed a low return value in all cases. The study noted that the value of SREC’s directly impacts the cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic (PV) system.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nLCCA’s can offer environmental and monetary benefits for existing building upgrades and renovations by revealing the most environmentally-friendly and cost-effective solutions for the long run that purchase price alone cannot quantify. Potential benefits include reduced energy, water, and fuel consumption and cost savings on utility bills, maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life disposal costs. While an LCCA cannot remove all uncertainty surrounding a building project, the results equip the design team with the means to identify the optimal balance between green design and economic efficiency.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe costs for performing an LCCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building upgrade and renovation project and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and developers perform an initial LCCA (see Resources). Costs for performing an LCCA typically include labor costs for data collection, energy modeling (if necessary), LCCA calculations, and the interpretation and reporting of results.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nLCCA’s can identify and evaluate the costs and benefits of green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While LCCAs and energy modeling typically use historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.[6] For example, in the NJMC study mentioned above, the team ran an energy model scenario according to low-emissions mid-century predictions of climate change developed by the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA).[7]<br />\nLCCA’s can take into account resiliency objectives. These may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels, including cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.[8] LCCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions.[9]<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLLC). http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[2] National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[3] ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems. https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm (accessed January 27, 2019).<br />\n[4] This rate for life-cycle cost analyses is valid through March 31, 2019, according to US DOE. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf (accessed January 27, 2019).<br />\n[5] The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2018. Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – 2018: Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135. https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs (accessed January 27, 2019).<br />\n[6] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[7] Krogmann, U., Minderman, N., Senick, J. and Andrews, C.J. “Life-Cycle Assessment of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental and Scientific Education Building.” 2008. Prepared by Rutgers Center for Green Building for New Jersey Meadowland Commission. At http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf (accessed June 19, 2018).<br />\n[8] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[9] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Integrated Design Process<br />\nLife Cycle Assessment (LCA)</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems<br />\nBuilding for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES) – a free online tool developed by NIST for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products.<br />\nGeneral Service Administration (GSA) Life Cycle Costing<br />\nUS DOE Building Life Cycle Cost Programs and Tools<br />\nR. S. Means Company – Construction Cost Databases<br />\nThe Sustainable Facilities Tool<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Design for Maintainability<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8299,1840,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:31:58'),(8300,1840,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8301,1840,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8303,1840,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8304,1840,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8305,1840,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8306,1840,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8307,1840,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8308,1840,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8309,1840,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8323,1849,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8324,1849,'_edit_last','2'),(8325,1849,'_edit_lock','1650305857:2'),(8327,1849,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8330,1849,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8331,1849,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8332,1849,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1849\" /]'),(8333,1849,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8334,1849,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8335,1849,'_thumbnail_id','65'),(8336,1849,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8337,1849,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8338,1849,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Re-Commissioning</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Re-Commissioning?<br />\nRe-commissioning or Retro-Commissioning refers to a quality assurance process for existing buildings to optimize performance and improve building operation that includes verifying and documenting that the building and its systems and assemblies are operating efficiently and meet the current requirements of the building.[1] Many existing buildings never went through an initial commissioning process after construction. Changes in design or improper installation can lead to systems working inefficiently. Additionally, building systems degrade and lose efficiency over time make re-commissioning and ongoing commissioning essential steps in the overall quality assurance process (see Figure 1).</p>\n<p>How to Implement Re-Commissioning<br />\nThe first step in the re-commissioning process is to designate the re-commissioning team, which often includes the Commissioning Agent (CxA), Building Owner, Construction Manager/General Contractor, Contractors, maintenance and operations personnel, and occupants. The Building Commissioning Association (BCxA) recommends hiring a third-party independent CxA with excellent written and verbal communication skills, current engineering knowledge and extensive hands-on field experience regarding building systems, including principles of building system performance and system start-up, balancing, testing and troubleshooting, as well as knowledge and experience with building operation and maintenance procedures and the building and design process.[2]<br />\nThe re-commissioning team assures the completion on all of the steps in the re-commissioning process and the realization of building objectives and develops the building re-commissioning plan, which outlines and organizes the commissioning process schedule and allocation of resources and includes details of systems tests and procedures (i.e., energy audit), system and equipment checklists, and testing and documentation responsibilities. The re-commissioning process should include an energy audit, which provides an analysis of the building’s energy use and potential for savings. LEED requires energy audits to meet both the requirements of the ASHRAE preliminary energy use analysis and an ASHRAE Level 1 walk-through assessment identified in the ASHRAE Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits or equivalent.[3]<br />\nBuilding re-commissioning plans may include some or all of the following building systems and green building elements (as applicable):[4]</p>\n<p>HVAC systems (control settings and sequencing)<br />\nBuilding assembly (envelope, interior, paths of egress)<br />\nConveying systems (elevators and escalators)<br />\nProtective systems (fire suppression, lightning protection)<br />\nPlumbing (water distribution, sanitary or stormwater)<br />\nElectrical (power distribution, lighting)<br />\nCommunication systems (telecom, wireless networks, sound, video)<br />\nAlarm Systems (fault detection, security, leak detection)<br />\nIndoor air quality (moisture, airborne particles)<br />\nIndoor environmental quality (acoustics, thermal comfort)<br />\nRenewable energy (photovoltaics, wind energy)<br />\nSmart building technology (advanced metering, building automation systems)<br />\nEnergy storage and back-up power generation systems (ice storage, batteries)<br />\nAlternative water reuse systems (greywater recycling, composting toilets)</p>\n<p>The re-commissioning process provides testing and documentation that establishes valuable performance benchmarks, and a baseline for the future operation and the ongoing commissioning of the building. Re-commissioning teams may consider issuing an occupant survey before re-commissioning to identify areas of concern and focus. The final re-commissioning report provides building upgrade recommendations and operations and maintenance improvement opportunities and describes the potential improvement, estimated implementation costs, and savings for each opportunity.<br />\nFor a more detailed overview of the re-commissioning process, including retro-commissioning and ongoing commissioning see the Building Commissioning Association’s Existing Building Commissioning Best Practices and Tools Handbook.<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Optimized building systems and quality assurance.[5]<br />\nLower utility bills through reduced energy savings of 14-16%.[6]<br />\nImproved indoor environmental quality and occupant comfort.<br />\nFewer building system issues at building turnover.<br />\nEnhanced operation and maintenance.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of not re-commissioning equals the costs of correcting mistakes plus the costs of inefficient operations.[7] Re-commissioning for existing buildings costs on average $.30 per square foot for commissioning agent services.[8],[9] Reduce the costs of on-going re-commissioning by installing systems that make that process more manageable such as smart metering (see Smart Metering). The payback period for costs in extra time and labor and parts are around one to four years.[10] Other estimates find that payback can be less than two years and often less than six months.[11]<br />\nSee the New Jersey Office of Clean Energy for available programs and incentives related to commissioning.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nRe-commissioning contributes to a building’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of critical building systems and notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Re-commissioning identifies opportunities for energy savings and if implemented, help to reduce stress on the grid and the likelihood of grid failures.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Building Commissioning Association (BCxA). 2018. Existing Building Commissioning Best Practices including BCxA Essential Attributes. Updated May 2018.  https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf (accessed January 15, 2019).<br />\n[2] Building Commissioning Association (BCxA). 2018. New Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices including BCxA Essential Attributes Updated May 2018.  https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf (accessed January 15, 2019).<br />\n[3] USGBC. 2019. LEED v4.10 O+M Beta Guide https://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-v41-om-beta-guide (accessed January 23, 2019).<br />\n[4] Building Commissioning Association. 2016. Existing Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices and Tools https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf (accessed Jan 11, 2019).<br />\n[5] GSA Sustainable Facilities Toolkit. 2018. Building Commissioning. https://sftool.gov/search?query=Building+Commissioning (accessed Jan 14, 2019).<br />\n[6] LBNL. Building Commission – Summary of the 2009 Cost Assessment. http://cx.lbl.gov/2009-assessment.html (accessed January 17, 2019).<br />\n[7] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Building Commissioning. http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php (accessed Jan 14, 2019).<br />\n[8] LBNL. Building Commissioning. http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html (accessed January 14, 2019).<br />\n[9] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Owner’s Role and Responsibilities in the Commissioning Process.  http://www.wbdg.org/project/plan_comm_process.php (accessed January 14, 2019).<br />\n[10] LBNL. Building Commissioning. http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html (accessed January 14, 2019).<br />\n[11] US DOE | EERE. Federal Energy Management Program. Operations and Maintenance Best Practices Guide: Chapter 7. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/OM_7.pdf (accessed January 14, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>	Smart Metering<br />\n	Smart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>ASHRAE Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits<br />\nASHRAE Standard 202-2018 – Commissioning Process for Buildings and Systems <br />\nBuilding Commissioning Association<br />\nUS DOE Building Commissioning for Federal Buildings<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Building Commissioning</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8339,1849,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:31:58'),(8340,1849,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8341,1849,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8343,1849,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8344,1849,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8345,1849,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8346,1849,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8347,1849,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8348,1849,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8349,1849,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8361,1860,'_edit_lock','1650307287:2'),(8362,1860,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8363,1860,'_edit_last','2'),(8365,1860,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8368,1860,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8369,1860,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8370,1860,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1860\" /]'),(8371,1860,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8372,1860,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8373,1860,'_thumbnail_id','184'),(8374,1860,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8375,1860,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8376,1860,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Alternative Transportation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Development (TOD)?<br />\nAlternative transportation discourages dependence on the personal automobile and encourages public transportation options such as carpooling, vanpooling, busing, walking, and cycling.<br />\nTelecommuting, informal transit options, compressed workweeks, and alternative fuel vehicles such as plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) also help reduce the number of greenhouse gases produced by single occupancy vehicles.[1] Commuting to and from an average office building built to modern energy codes consumes thirty percent more energy compared to the energy the building itself consumes.[2] The location of buildings and how people get to them are important factors to consider in a building’s overall environmental impact. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) concentrates development around transit stations, such as train, light rail, and bus stations, and other amenities to create places for people to live, work, and play without requiring the use of a car.[3]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Alternative Transportation and TOD<br />\nThere are several general topics regarding alternative transportation to consider when incorporating alternative transportation strategies into an existing commercial project that can also help to earn your project LEED credits.</p>\n<p>Proximity to existing public transportation, pedestrian, and bicycle networks and establishing a shuttle service if beyond a short walk away.<br />\nProximity to existing infrastructure, services and economic activity such as stores, schools, offices, and parks.<br />\nMinimizing on-site parking and providing bicycle changing facilities and storage.[4]<br />\nProviding covered areas for people awaiting carpool/vanpool rides and drop-off/pick-up zones for vehicles.<br />\nProviding facilities to encourage energy-efficient vehicle use, such as two-way electric plug-in charging stations that enable EVs to both draw electricity from and supply electricity to the grid, and liquid or gas alternative fueling facilities or a battery switching station.</p>\n<p>Many local programs assist with alternative transportation options such as the Hudson County Transportation Management Authority that offers rideshare, carpool, and vanpool services as well as other useful information for commuters.<br />\nBusinesses and organizations can implement telecommuting policies that contribute to sustainable workplace practices by allowing employees to communicate via telephone and computers to accomplish tasks that traditionally occur in central office spaces, reducing traffic congestion and strain on transportation systems, fuel consumption, and associated emissions and air quality issues.[5]<br />\nTOD begins with site selection near transit hubs. Consider local regulations and interest in transit hub development to reduce delays and conflict. Identify special zoning and permit systems designed to expedite efficient redevelopment of urban centers.<br />\nThe New Jersey Department of Transportation and New Jersey Transit leads a multi-agency partnership known as the Transit Village Initiative that encourages pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods and community revitalization. This program aims to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality and promote growth in areas where infrastructure and public transit already exist.[6]<br />\nExamples<br />\nCranford Crossing, Cranford, NJ.<br />\nCranford Crossing, a mixed-use redevelopment integrated into Cranford’s pedestrian-friendly environment and located one block from Cranford’s train station.<br />\nRegional Plan Association Report – The Fourth Regional Plan<br />\nThis report provides examples of several Transit Oriented Developments (TODs) throughout NJ that encourage alternative transportation.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEncouraging the use of alternative transportation options provides benefits for developers, property owners, and building occupants as well as benefits for the environment and the community. Alternative transportation reduces automobile congestion, fossil fuel consumption and carbon emissions.[7] Some forms of alternative transportation also provide options for healthier lifestyle choices. Proximity to public transportation and neighborhood services can improve quality of life and reduce commuting stress, all of which provide positive marketing opportunities for a new commercial facility. Businesses can participate in programs that encourage alternative transportation strategies such as New Jersey Smart Workplaces, a partnership between NJ DOT, NJ Transit, and the state’s Transportation Management Association, that recognizes organizations and individuals who help reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality.[8]<br />\nCosts<br />\nIncluding alternative transportation options in the initial design phase and locating projects near rapid transit helps to reduce upfront project costs. Transit-oriented design saves developers money by capitalizing on existing infrastructure and upgrades rather than relying on the developer to provide new infrastructure and parking, a significant redevelopment cost (see Brownfield and Infill sites).<br />\nBuilding excessive parking adds to construction costs and may contribute to environmental problems such as the heat island effect and increased stormwater runoff (see High Reflectance Hardscape Materials and Pervious Hardscape Materials). Providing excessive parking also encourages driving, which causes congestion, air pollution, and contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases. The fewer spaces dedicated to parking, the more for open space, parks, community rooms, or additional building square footage.[9]<br />\nCosts associated with providing facilities and equipment that encourage alternative transportation options such as biking and walking vary by project and may include costs to provide shower and changing facilities. Bicycle racks can accommodate about ten bikes for the same space and cost as one parking space. The cost of adding bike lanes depends on the existing condition of the roads.  The cost of adding a sidewalk is about $70 per linear foot along existing roads, though it can be significantly less if included as part of the initial road construction work.[10]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nLocating buildings with access to a variety of alternative transportation options increases a building and its occupant’s resiliency by providing access to a seamless network of diverse mobility choices fueled by multiple energy sources and insulated from disruptions caused by extreme weather events, security threats, and disaster-related scenarios.[11] Telecommuting and flexible work schedules reduce congestion and strain on transportation systems, especially during vulnerable times such as storms and inclement weather. Providing bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations supports alternative fuel vehicle adoption, and vehicle-to-grid applications, which enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).[12]<br />\nTOD encourages community interaction that can lead to better cultural understanding, stronger social ties, and in turn, more resilient communities that come together to support each other in times of need. Also, TOD helps reduce the number of cars on the road, an added benefit, especially during times of mandatory evacuations when roads need to be accessible to first responders.<br />\nA study by the Federal Highway Administration, “The Post Hurricane Sandy Transportation Resilience Study in New York-New Jersey-Connecticut,” provides an assessment of the region’s transportation system’s resilience to climate, sea level rise and extreme weather leveraging lessons learned from Hurricane Sandy as well as future climate projections and identifies strategies to reduce and manage extreme weather vulnerabilities.[13]<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] USGBC. LEED O+M: Existing Buildings | LEED v4.  Alternative Transportation. https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41 (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[2] Alex Wilson and Rachel Navaro. Driving to Green Buildings: The Transportation Intensity of Buildings. https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[3] NJTOD.org. “What is Transit Oriented Development?” http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/ (accessed March 28, 2018).<br />\n[4] Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.  http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[5] US General Service Administration (GSA). “Resources for Managing Teleworkers.” https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers (accessed Sept 10, 2018).<br />\n[6] NJ DOT. http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/ (accessed April 1, 2018).<br />\n[7] Federal Transit Administration. Transit-Oriented and Joint Development. https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[8] NJ DOT. http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/njsw/partners.shtm#tma (accessed March 1, 2018)<br />\n[9] Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.<br />\n[10] The Sidewalk Study. http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[11] Victoria Transport Policy Institute. (2017) “Evaluating Transportation Resilience&lt;<br />\nEvaluating the Transportation System’s Ability to Accommodate Diverse, Variable and Unexpected Demands with Minimal Risk.” http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm (accessed March 8, 2018).<br />\n[12] Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles (accessed August 21, 2018).<br />\n[13] Federal Highway Administration (FHA). “Post-Hurricane Sandy Transportation Resilience Study of NY, NJ, and CT.” October 2017. Final Report. http://www.njtpa.org/planning/regional-studies/completed-studies/post-hurricane-sandy-transportation-resilience/ny-nj-ct-hurricane-sandy-follow-up (accessed March 8, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Active Living<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Alan M. Vorhees Transportation Center (VTC)<br />\nFederal Transit Administration – Transit Oriented Development<br />\nNJ Bicycle &amp; Pedestrian Resource Center (Complete Streets)<br />\nNJ Clean Cities Coalition<br />\nNJTOD.org (A partnership between NJ Transit and Rutgers University)<br />\nNJ Department of Transportation<br />\nNJ State League of Municipalities<br />\nNJ Transit Village Initiative<br />\nRegional Plan Association<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nSmartGrid.Org<br />\nUS EPA – Smart Growth<br />\nUS GSA – Resources for Managing Teleworkers</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8377,1860,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:31:58'),(8378,1860,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8379,1860,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8381,1860,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8382,1860,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8383,1860,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8384,1860,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8385,1860,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8386,1860,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8387,1860,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8389,1866,'_edit_lock','1650307516:2'),(8390,1866,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8391,1866,'_edit_last','2'),(8393,1866,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8396,1866,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8397,1866,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8398,1866,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1866\" /]'),(8399,1866,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8400,1866,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8401,1866,'_thumbnail_id','382'),(8402,1866,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8403,1866,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8404,1866,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Composting</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Composting?<br />\nComposting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.[1] Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms Eisenia foetida). The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for offices and businesses with limited space.[2]</p>\n<p>How to Implement Composting<br />\nOrganic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.[3],[4] Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see Hoboken – Composting). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities: NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.[5] If composting in-house, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.<br />\nOutdoor Composting Process:<br />\nCompost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.[6]<br />\nIndoor Composting Process:[7]<br />\nIf outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.[8] Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.<br />\nBuilding a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)[9]</p>\n<p>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.<br />\nAdd about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.<br />\nPlace food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.<br />\nKeep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.<br />\nStore the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.<br />\nHarvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</p>\n<p>Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nCampbell Soup Company Headquarters, Camden, NJ<br />\nCampbell initiated a comprehensive waste reduction program, including composting, in 2014. That year, they diverted 2,776 tons of waste from going to the landfill through composting.<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Saves money on waste management<br />\nReduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).<br />\nImproves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases[10]<br />\nProvides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer.<br />\nFull size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.[11] Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily[12] or purchased (average $60-100 each)[13] and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).[14] Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.[15]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nComposting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.[16] Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Composting http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm (accessed April 7, 2019).<br />\n[2] US EPA. Vermicomposting. https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi (accessed April 8, 2019).<br />\n[3] US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process (accessed April 8, 2019).<br />\n[4] NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: A. Grass Clippings. http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[5] One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/<br />\nhttp://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[6] US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[7] Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/ (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[8] US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[9] Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805 (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[10] Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/ (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[11] Based on a survey of several manufacturers<br />\n[12] US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[13] Based on a survey of several manufacturers<br />\n[14] Based on a survey of several suppliers<br />\n[15] US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[16] Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf (accessed May 7, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Operator and Occupant Training<br />\nSite and Stormwater Management<br />\nSource Reduction and Recycling<br />\nSustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Institute for Local-Self Reliance<br />\nLower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program<br />\nNatural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think<br />\nNJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors<br />\nNYC Master Composter Manual<br />\nRutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension<br />\nUS Composting Council<br />\nUS EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin<br />\nUS EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8405,1866,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:31:58'),(8406,1866,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8407,1866,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8409,1866,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8410,1866,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8411,1866,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8412,1866,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8413,1866,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8414,1866,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8415,1866,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8417,1873,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8418,1873,'_edit_last','2'),(8419,1873,'_edit_lock','1650311681:2'),(8421,268,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Chicago City Hall rooftop garden (Source: Flickr)'),(8422,89,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)'),(8423,383,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 3- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute)'),(8424,455,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 5 – A cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design & Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual)'),(8425,1873,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8428,1873,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8429,1873,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8430,1873,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1873\" /]'),(8431,1873,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8432,1873,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8433,1873,'_thumbnail_id','268'),(8434,1873,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8435,1873,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8436,1873,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Site and Stormwater Management</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Site and Stormwater Management?<br />\nSite and stormwater management includes techniques for handling stormwater to avoid runoff, erosion, flooding and other harmful effects of uncontrolled water discharge as well as other site protection and resource conservation practices. Stormwater runoff occurs when precipitation, in all forms, falls on land or impervious surfaces and does not infiltrate into the ground. When the runoff flows over the land or impermeable surfaces, including paved surfaces and building rooftops, it combines with pollutants such as debris, chemicals, and sediments. This polluted stormwater can negatively affect the hydrology and water quality of local water sources, resulting in habitat modification and loss, increased flooding, decreased biological diversity, increased sedimentation and erosion, contaminated drinking water, and forced beach closings due to health threats to swimmers.[1]<br />\nSite and stormwater management includes both Low Impact Development (also known as nonstructural strategies) and Green Infrastructure. Low Impact Development is the concept of designing a site to reduce the negative environmental impacts. Design techniques include[2]</p>\n<p>Preserving stream buffers<br />\nMinimizing the number of trees cut down during construction<br />\nReducing the use of heavy equipment<br />\nSelecting soils and vegetation beneficial to the site<br />\nUtilizing green infrastructure practices that treat stormwater through soil and vegetation</p>\n<p>The NJ Department of Environmental Protection’s Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual provides guidance on Low Impact Development strategies for new and existing projects in New Jersey.<br />\nGreen Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration.[3] For example, green infrastructure can effectively turn parking lot islands, street medians, tree planter boxes, and landscaped areas near buildings into specialized stormwater treatment systems. Developers and property owners can redesign parking lots to reduce impervious coverage and increase stormwater infiltration. Innovative site and stormwater management designs may also include vegetated or green roofs, methods for capturing and reusing rainwater, and the use of pervious paving materials in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.<br />\nThe NJ DEP’s Green Infrastructure for New Jersey website provides informational fact sheets on common green infrastructure practices, including rain gardens/bioretention basins, grass swales, constructed gravel wetlands, and rain barrels. The Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey provides detailed information for the identification, design, and implementation of green infrastructure practices throughout New Jersey.<br />\nHow to Integrate Site and Stormwater Management<br />\nBoth LEED v4.1 Operations &amp; Maintenance (O+M), and SITES require stormwater management as part of their certification systems. Under Sustainable Sites, LEED O+M awards points for rainwater and site management strategies. SITES offers a comprehensive, performance-based rating system for sustainable landscapes. SITES certification applies to new construction projects as well as existing sites that include significant renovations (with or without buildings). Projects constructed within the last two years with a minimum of 2,000 square feet qualify for certification.<br />\nExisting commercial projects that impact the site should have a site protection plan included in the contract documents. A site protection plan protects the natural resources of a project site and adjacent areas and achieves compliance with local laws and codes. Existing trees and vegetation, healthy soils and natural hydrologic systems on a site are all valuable resources to consider protecting before a construction project begins.<br />\nThe sections below focus on the redesign of landscaping and incorporation of pervious paving materials, rain gardens, and vegetated roofs as ways to reduce a current commercial building’s stormwater runoff and incorporate best management practices for site development.<br />\nNative and Adapted Plants<br />\nConsider incorporating a native NJ habitat with plants adapted for the site. A native plant species thrive naturally in a particular region, ecosystem or habitat without direct or indirect human actions.[4] Adapted plants have evolved to the physical conditions such as soil, climate, and geology of a site but were not formally part of the natural ecosystem.[5] Invasive plants grow quickly and aggressively, often displacing native plants and adversely impacting native wildlife, local food sources, and pollination.[6]<br />\nLandscaping with plants that are native and adapted to the Mid-Atlantic geographic region nurtures a diverse and healthy ecosystem and saves time and money on maintenance. Diverse native habitats resist disease and reduce the need for synthetic pesticides, increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife, reduce stormwater runoff and mitigate flooding, and provide an alternative to the time-consuming, energy-intensive, and water-inefficient practices of lawn and turf care.<br />\nThe Native Plant Society of New Jersey provides a list of NJ native plants by County.<br />\nSome projects may be eligible for the Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program. Resources such as Jersey-Friendly Yards offer plant information and an easily searchable plant database.<br />\nPervious Hardscape Materials<br />\nPervious paving systems absorb water rather than diverting water into underlying soils, reducing runoff and treating pollutants as water passes through soils and replenishes groundwater.[7] Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers. Review municipal regulations for permission to use pervious paving materials and consult with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.<br />\nUsing pervious hardscape materials reduces:</p>\n<p>Decrease the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff<br />\nReduces pollution of total suspended solids and nutrients in the soil<br />\nEliminates the need for or reduces the size of detention ponds, protecting open space and wildlife habitats</p>\n<p>Three types of pervious pavement systems include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, and interlocking concrete pavers. Proper installation and base materials such as open-grade crushed stone maximize the surface’s ability to absorb and store water.[8]<br />\nMaintenance and Tips:</p>\n<p>Consider using salvaged bricks or recycled stone pavers<br />\nLook for a regionally-quarried stone to reduce transportation costs<br />\nPrevent clogging by cleaning any soil deposited on pavement and vacuum (as necessary) twice each year<br />\nMaintain planted areas adjacent to the pavement</p>\n<p> For additional information regarding the design of pervious pavement, see the NJ DEP Stormwater Best Practices Manual and the Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for NJ.<br />\nRain Barrels and Cisterns<br />\nRain barrel and cistern systems collect, store, and distribute water for later use, providing a cost-effective and environmentally beneficial way to conserve water and minimize problems associated with stormwater runoff. Use rainwater collected in barrels and cisterns from catchment areas such as rooftops for irrigation, flushing toilets and other non-potable uses. Treat or filter the water depending on the intended use. Commercial applications often use cisterns or large-scale rain barrels.<br />\nStandard components of a rain harvesting system include[9]</p>\n<p>Catchment area such as a roof<br />\nGutters and downspouts<br />\nLeaf screens<br />\nRain barrel or cistern for storage<br />\nConveyance system to deliver stored water via gravity or pump<br />\nWater treatment or filter system</p>\n<p>Set aside sufficient space, either interior, above ground or underground, for the appropriately sized barrel or cistern. The size of rain barrels and cisterns varies from as small as 55-gallons to systems that hold thousands of gallons )which may require the use of an electric pump for distribution). To calculate the volume of water available for capture, assume that every 1,000 square feet of catchment area generates 600 gallons of runoff during a one-inch rainfall event.[10]<br />\nCatchment Area * Inches of Rain * 600 gallons *0 .75</p>\n<p>1,000 square feet<br />\nConsider combining rain barrels and cisterns with a drip irrigation system to direct overflow to a dry well, rain garden or bio-retention area.<br />\nRain barrels require maintenance. Use water within two weeks to prevent algae growth and clean barrels every few months. A screen with a cover prevents algae growth and mosquito breeding. Drain, disconnect and store rain barrels during the winter months.<br />\nFor more detailed information about the design and construction of rain barrels and cisterns see the Rutgers Water Resources Program’s – Green Infrastructure Manual for New Jersey.<br />\nRain Gardens<br />\nRain gardens, also referred to as vegetated swales and bioswales, consist of sloped depressions in the landscape planted densely with native plants that can soak up and filter stormwater runoff from rooftops, streets, or parking lots. Rain garden vegetation absorbs and filters stormwater before it enters storm drains.<br />\nPlace rain gardens to capture runoff from a site effectively. Observe the site during the next rain and note where runoff problems exist. Consider the following:</p>\n<p>Does it come from a roof or downspout?<br />\nIs there runoff from a parking lot?<br />\nDoes the runoff gravitate towards one place more than another?</p>\n<p>As a general rule of thumb, place the rain gardens at least 10 feet from building foundations if the structure has a basement; for buildings without basements, place rain gardens at least 2 feet from buildings.[11]<br />\nThe Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station’s Water Resources Program has installed over 125 demonstration rain gardens in New Jersey.<br />\nFor step-by-step guidance on installing a rain garden, see The Rutgers Water Resources Program and the Native Plant Society of New Jersey’s Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey.<br />\nVegetated Roofs<br />\nA vegetated roof or green roof consists of vegetation in a lightweight growing medium placed on top of the drainage layer, root barrier, and waterproof membrane (see Figure 1). Vegetated roofs provide many environmental benefits such as decreased stormwater runoff and reduced energy use. They absorb air pollutants and provide a habitat for beneficial insects and birds, serve as a sound barrier, and mitigate the urban heat island effect. Use a pre-engineered green roof system or customize the green roof to achieve a project’s specific performance objectives. Vegetated roofs often weigh between 10-50 pounds per square foot. Consult a structural engineer and evaluate the strength of the roof before installing a vegetated roof on a building. Consider reinforcing the roof to support the added weight.<br />\nThe two primary categories of vegetated roofs include: extensive and intensive. Extensive vegetated roofs consist of lightweight systems with shallow soil (or other growing media)  depths usually less than 6 inches.[12] Extensive vegetated roofs require less structural support than an intensive system and support a limited palette of hardy plants adapted to extreme environments that need little maintenance. Intensive vegetated roofs have deeper soil typically have more than 6″ of soil or other growing media, weigh more than extensive vegetated roofs, and can support a greater variety of plants. Intensive systems require more maintenance and a higher initial investment than an extensive roof.[13]<br />\nVegetated roofs can host a variety of plant species but typically include drought-tolerant species such as hardy succulents, sedums, and perennials. Consider low-maintenance, native species capable of living in the shallow soil. For a list of species indigenous to the Northeast, see NYC Greenbelt Native Plant Center or List of NJ Native Plants by County.<br />\nVegetated roof requires some maintenance such as watering during the establishment period and occasional weeding. Seasonal pruning and cutting of grasses and annual plants reduce the accumulation of combustible material on the roof. Regularly inspect and maintain the components of the roof’s drainage system such as gutters, underdrains, and downspouts.[14]<br />\nBlue roofs are systems designed to store and slowly release stormwater. Orifices, weirs, or other outlet devices manage and control the discharge rate of rooftop runoff, thereby reducing the size of downstream detention basins. Locations where the roof makes up a majority of the impervious surface area of the site, and where there is little room at the site for other stormwater management strategies make blue roofs most effective. </p>\n<p>For more information on blue roofs, see the NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 9.8 Blue Roofs.<br />\n Water-Efficient Landscaping<br />\nDesign landscapes that rely on natural rainfall and only require supplemental irrigation during the plants’ initial establishment period. Use native and appropriate non-native vegetation adapted to site conditions and climate. Group plants with similar water requirements to maximize irrigation efficiency and use climate-based controllers for irrigation systems to lower water consumption. Collect non-potable water for irrigation from sources such as rooftops, greywater, air conditioner condensate, or stormwater basins.[15]<br />\nFor more information, refer to US EPA’s WaterSense Water-Smart Landscaping Design Guide.<br />\nExample of Site and Stormwater Management<br />\nSouthwest Park, Hoboken, NJ<br />\nA one-acre park designed with green infrastructure such as bioswales, rain gardens, permeable pavement, and underground chambers that can store 200,000 gallons of stormwater runoff, South Park in Hoboken NJ helps reduce localized flooding in the surrounding neighborhood.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEffective stormwater management can;[16]</p>\n<p>Alleviate the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff, thus mitigates flooding.<br />\nProtect wetlands and aquatic ecosystems<br />\nImprove quality of receiving waterbodies<br />\nConserve water resources<br />\nProtect public health</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nNatural areas lost to development and replaced with impervious surfaces require new and costly levees, pipes, and pollution-control technology to perform displaced ecosystem functions.<br />\nThe cost of site and stormwater management systems varies depending on the type of landscape and selection of strategies. For example, rain gardens vary in cost depending on the size of the roof and the selection of plants. According to the US EPA, estimated costs of installing a green roof average $10/sf for extensive roofing, and $25/sf for intensive roofs. Maintenance costs vary for either type of roof and may range from $0.75–$1.50/sf.[17] The typical cost for institutional rain gardens ranges from $30-$40 per square foot depending on existing soil conditions, the selection of plants, and whether or not the project requires professional installation, organizes volunteers, or uses in-house personnel.[18]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nGreen infrastructure integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure.<br />\nIn coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, native and adapted plants act as an essential buffer to encroaching water during flood periods while acting as a routine defense against beach erosion.  For example, American Beachgrass considered one of the best lines of shoreline defense against storms and may also help prevent increasing levels of brackish water from infiltrating water tables close to a salt-water body.[19] In general, the root systems of native plants can reduce runoff and mitigate flooding.[20]  In the event of droughts, water-efficient landscapes designed with native and adapted plants add layers of protection against water scarcity. Rain gardens designed with native and adapted plants support ecological resilience by increasing the biological diversity of plants and animals in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.<br />\nWhen massive storms, hurricanes, or droughts cause municipal water sources to shut down or pollute wells, rain barrels and cisterns can provide stockpiled water. Filter and purify before using the water to irrigate edible gardens, wash dishes, and or provide water for drinking and showering.<br />\nVegetated roofs can provide thermal insulation throughout all four seasons, reducing energy consumption and reliance on the electrical grid. In the event of a power outage, they can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season. During heavy rainfalls and flooding events, vegetated roofs can help reduce stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure and reduce combined sewer overflows.[21] Vegetated roofs can also offer local communities the opportunity to grow some of their food, reducing dependency on supply chains and transportation networks often disrupted or compromised from storms and other events.<br />\n[1] US EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Stormwater Program https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[2] NJ DEP. Green Infrastructure in NJ. Pervious Pavement. http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/ (accessed April 3, 2018).<br />\n[3] Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[4] Audubon. Plant Natives. http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[5] Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2010. National Park Service and U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service. “Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas.”  Washington, D.C. http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[6] PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.  “Invasive Plants” http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx  (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[7] NJ DEP. Green Infrastructure in NJ. Pervious Pavement. http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/ (accessed April 3, 2018).<br />\n[8] NJ DEP. New Jersey Stormwater Best Practices Manual. “Best Practices Standard for Pervious Paving Systems” http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf (accessed March 24, 2018).<br />\n[9] US DOE | EERE. “Best Management Practices:  Alternate Water Sources.”  https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practice-14-alternative-water-sources (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[10] Rutgers Water Resources Program. Green Infrastructure Manual for NJ. http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf (accessed April 3, 2018).<br />\n[11] The Rutgers Cooperative Extension Water Resources Program and the Native Plant Society of New Jersey’s Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[12] WBDG. Extensive Green Roofs. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[13] US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs.” https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands  (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[14] NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques. http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2 print.pdf (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[15] Dr. Steve Windhager, University of Texas School of Architecture.  Sustainable Sites  https://soa.utexas.edu/sites/default/disk/urban_ecosystems/urban_ecosystems/09_03_fa_windhager_calaci_ml.pdf (accessed April 15, 2018).<br />\n[16] US EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System – Problems with Stormwater Pollution. https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program (accessed April 3, 2018).<br />\n[17] US EPA Heat Island Effect – Green Roofs http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[18] Sustainble Jersey. 2017. Rain Gardens Action. http://www.sustainablejersey.com (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[19] Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. StormSmart Properties Fact Sheet 1: Artificial Dunes and Dune Nourishment.  http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[20] USDA Forest Service. Native Gardening. https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml (accessed November 9, 2018).<br />\n[21] GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Native and Adapted Plants<br />\nPervious Hardscape Materials<br />\nRain Barrels and Cisterns<br />\nRain Gardens<br />\nVegetated Roofs<br />\nWater-Efficient Landscaping</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Center for Neighborhood Technology – Green Values Calculator<br />\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2018). Estimating the environmental effects of green roofs: A case study in Kansas City, Missouri. EPA 430-S-18-001. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands<br />\nGaffin, S. R., Kong, A.Y.Y., De Mel, J.M., and Rosenzweig, C. 2017. Green, White and Dark Roofs – The energy perspective. New York, NY, USA: Center for Climate Systems Research at Columbia University and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.<br />\nGreen Roofs for Healthy Cities<br />\nJersey-Friendly Yards<br />\nNative Plant Society of New Jersey<br />\nNative Plant Database<br />\nWater Environment Federation<br />\nThe Sustainable Sites Initiative<br />\nNJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide</p>\n<p>NJ DEP</p>\n<p>Stormwater Management<br />\nGreen Infrastructure</p>\n<p>Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program</p>\n<p>Green Infrastructure<br />\nRain Gardens</p>\n<p>US EPA</p>\n<p>Green Infrastructure<br />\nGreen Infrastructure Wizard</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8437,1873,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-09 14:52:10'),(8438,1873,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8439,1873,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8441,1873,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8442,1873,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8443,1873,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8444,1873,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8445,1873,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8446,1873,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8447,1873,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8450,1882,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8451,1882,'_edit_last','2'),(8452,1882,'_edit_lock','1650311923:2'),(8454,1882,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8457,1882,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8458,1882,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8459,1882,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1882\" /]'),(8460,1882,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8461,1882,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8462,1882,'_thumbnail_id','595'),(8463,1882,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8464,1882,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8465,1882,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Air Infiltration</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Air Infiltration?<br />\nAir infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.[1] Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.[2]  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems. [3] Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n<p>How to Manage Air Infiltration<br />\nMinimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see Exterior Wall Systems, Moisture Control, and Natural Ventilation).[4] Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.[5] A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.[6]<br />\nThe PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.[7]<br />\nMany green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the Passive House Institute US Certification Program (also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:[8]</p>\n<p>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.<br />\nAn airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.<br />\nWell installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.<br />\nBalanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.<br />\nPassive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nRocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.<br />\nThe RMI Innovation Center achieved Passive House US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value, 0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.[9] A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft2.[10]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nAirtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls).[11]<br />\nCosts<br />\nContinuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.[12] Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nReducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.[13]<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings (accessed March 18, 2018).<br />\n[2] Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration. https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration  (accessed March 18, 2018).<br />\n[3] Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.<br />\n[4] Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[5] Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration. http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[6] Lstiburek, Joseph. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.  https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[7] US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[8] Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[9] Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/ (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[10] Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.” https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952 (accessed March 19. 2018).<br />\n[11] Whole Building Design Guide.http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php (accessed Mach 18, 2018).<br />\n[12] Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of<br />\nCommercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.” https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf(accessed Mach 19, 2018).<br />\n[13] Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/ (accessed March 19, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Exterior Wall Systems<br />\nMoisture Control<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nProperly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</p>\n<p>US DOE</p>\n<p> Blower Door Test<br />\nEnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software<br />\nPFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8466,1882,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:31:14'),(8467,1882,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8468,1882,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8470,1882,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8471,1882,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8472,1882,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8473,1882,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8474,1882,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8475,1882,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8476,1882,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8478,1889,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8479,1889,'_edit_last','2'),(8480,1889,'_edit_lock','1650312341:2'),(8482,116,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Daylighting strategies incorporated into Atrium II, an office building in Secaucus, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)'),(8483,1889,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8486,1889,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8487,1889,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8488,1889,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1889\" /]'),(8489,1889,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8490,1889,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8491,1889,'_thumbnail_id','116'),(8492,1889,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8493,1889,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8494,1889,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Daylighting</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Daylighting?<br />\nDaylighting combines building orientation, fenestration (e.g., the location of windows and openings in a building), shading devices, interior design, and lighting and controls.  Daylighting illuminates indoor spaces with appropriate levels of natural light, minimizes glare and heat gain, and reduces electrical lighting needs (see Integrated Design Process, Building Orientation, High-Efficiency Lighting Systems, and Networked Lighting Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction and Sensor Controls).</p>\n<p>Building orientation, in combination with window selection and placement and reflection and glare from adjacent buildings, impacts daylighting levels, thermal comfort, ventilation, and views to nature (see Natural Ventilation and Views and Operable Windows). A daylighting-optimized building maximizes south and north exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive more favorable sources of direct and indirect natural light, respectively.[1] The design and choice of window glazing also affect the amount, distribution, and quality of daylight.[2] For example, glazing systems with tinted glass and low-solar low-E coatings reduce solar heat gain with little reduction in visible transmittance or the amount of light in the visible portion of the spectrum.[3] Introducing daylight from skylights or solar tubes can also help balance daylight in a room. Utilize the upper portion of windows to introduce high levels of daylight and avoid glare issues, while taking advantage of views from the lower portion of windows, balanced by proper shading.[4] Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, louvers, and reflecting systems and self-shading elements of building form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light. Interior designs that incorporate open layouts and light-colored surfaces also bounce light throughout interior spaces. For example, dark interior finishes can compromise an otherwise successful daylighting design.[5] Furniture, cubicles, and workstations can block light and have a substantial impact on the light levels in a given space. Model any partition systems or permanent furniture in the design phase as they can have a significant impact on interior light levels.[6] Reduce electrical lighting consumption and costs, and associated waste heat by pairing harvested daylight with automated dimmers and photosensors (see High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls).</p>\n<p>How to Implement Daylighting<br />\nDesigning for daylighting in existing buildings involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process. Renovations provide an opportunity to assess current daylight levels and identify opportunities for improvement.</p>\n<p>The first step to a daylighting and lighting upgrade is to conduct a lighting audit or survey that establishes information about all the lighting technologies and consumption patterns in a building.  Use Energy Star Portfolio Manager to benchmark energy usage and identify lighting upgrade opportunities.</p>\n<p>The following steps outline strategies to integrate daylighting and electrical lighting into lighting upgrade projects.[7]</p>\n<p>	Set a Maximum Lighting Power Density (LPD) goal to avoid overlit spaces and to achieve an appropriate level of lighting per area lit or watts per square foot.<br />\n	Set a Daylight Sufficiency Goal that establishes the amount of daylighting, measured in lumens or foot-candles, required to perform a typical task in each space without electrical lighting.<br />\n	Develop a layered lighting strategy that first utilizes daylight to provide basic or ambient lighting levels, and then adds electrical lighting options and controls to vary lighting levels for a variety of tasks and occupant preferences.</p>\n<p>While daylighting strategies, such as maximizing southern building orientation, may not be technically or financially feasible for a renovation project, many daylighting strategies are available for existing buildings, including:[8]</p>\n<p>	Opening the building perimeter to office space.<br />\n	Transferring light through perimeter spaces through lower partitions or by replacing opaque panels with transparent or translucent panels.[9]<br />\n	Exposing closed-off overhead glazing.<br />\n	Creating light shelves for high spaces.<br />\n	Adding skylights, clerestories, atria, or roof monitors.<br />\n	Improving reflectance values for ceiling tiles, walls, and carpet.[10]</p>\n<p>Daylighting guidelines provide general principles and examples, but project specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools, which can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.[11]</p>\n<p>The Facade Design Tool by the Efficient Windows Collaborative compares several design parameters including orientation, window area, controls, shading, and window type to predict performance outcomes such as annual energy use and savings, daylight levels, glare, and thermal comfort.</p>\n<p>Low Energy – High Performance:  Building Façade Solutions by Berkeley Lab offers a list of simulation software for modeling window system performance.</p>\n<p>For daylighting strategies specific to existing commercial projects, see Guide 5 of the Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines.<br />\nExamples<br />\nAtrium II, Secaucus, NJ </p>\n<p>Renovations to Atrium II, a 260,000 square foot office building in Secaucus, NJ, included improved daylighting through upgrades to the building envelope and the installation of lighting controls such as timers, photocells, and motion sensors.</p>\n<p>Perimeter Office Zones, Washington, DC</p>\n<p>This case study and design guide examine the best combination of window area, shading device and glazing type to save energy.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nControlled, natural lighting can lead to many improvements:</p>\n<p>	Reduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.[12]<br />\n	Reduced cooling loads and downsized HVAC systems through less heat gain from electrical lighting (see Properly-Sized, High-Efficiency HVAC and Controls).[13]<br />\n	Improved employee productivity and satisfaction based on a shared preference for naturally daylit spaces, reinforcement of circadian rhythms, and connection to nature.[14]<br />\n	Above average lease rates and lower tenant turnover.[15]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost associated with integrating daylighting strategies into an existing building varies depending on the scope of the project. The design and material selected for interior or exterior shading and solar control devices, for example, impacts the cost. There is a range of options available from very low-cost solutions such as rearranging the layout of a room to a more comprehensive approach of adding integrated lighting controls and shading devices. The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn the event of a power outage, a daylighting-optimized building continues to provide interior light to building occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid and providing energy savings.</p>\n<p>[1] Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32. https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf (accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p>[2] Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylighting. http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php (accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p>[3] Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Window Technologies: Transmittance. http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php (accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p>[4] General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf  (accessed Dec 11, 2018).</p>\n<p>[5] US DOE. Lighting Design. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/lighting-design  (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p>[6] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) Daylighting. September 2016. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting (accessed September 10, 2018)</p>\n<p>[7] General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf  (accessed Dec 11, 2018).</p>\n<p>[8] Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines. www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p>[9] California Energy Commission (CEC) and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”</p>\n<p>http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p>[10] Ibid. CEC and Heschong Mahone Group.</p>\n<p>[11] WBDG. Daylighting. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p>[12] Ibid WBDG.</p>\n<p>[13] Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylight Controls. Windows for High-Performance Buildings. http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php (accessed July 5, 2018).</p>\n<p>[14] California Energy Commission and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”</p>\n<p>http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p>[15] Daylight Dividends, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. “Daylighting Resources – Productivity.” http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/dr_productivity.asp (accessed April 4, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nProperly-Sized, High-Efficiency HVAC and Controls<br />\nWindows and Skylights</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Berkeley Lab – Building Technology and Urban Systems- Windows and Daylighting – Software Tools<br />\nEfficient Windows Collaborative. Windows for High-Performance Commercial Buildings<br />\nIlluminating Engineering Society of North America<br />\nLBNL and US DOE. The Integrated Approach – Tips for Daylighting with Windows<br />\nRensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center<br />\nSeventhwave<br />\nUS DOE – Energy Savers – Daylighting<br />\nPhiladelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines</p>\n<p>National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide</p>\n<p>Daylighting<br />\nGlazing<br />\nSun Control and Shading Devices<br />\nWindows</p>\n<p>New Buildings Institute (NBI)</p>\n<p>Daylighting Pattern Guide</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8495,1889,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:31:14'),(8496,1889,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8497,1889,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8499,1889,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8500,1889,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8501,1889,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8502,1889,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8503,1889,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8504,1889,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8505,1889,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8513,1889,'_wp_old_slug','auto-draft'),(8515,1896,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8516,1896,'_edit_lock','1651068717:2'),(8517,1896,'_edit_last','2'),(8519,26,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Window energy flows (Source: ENERGY STAR)'),(8520,328,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2. EIFs and metal panel assembly with an R-value of 16 and continuous insulation. (Source: US DOE Better Buildings Solution Center)'),(8521,1896,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8524,1896,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8525,1896,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8526,1896,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1896\" /]'),(8527,1896,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8528,1896,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8529,1896,'_thumbnail_id','26'),(8530,1896,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8531,1896,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8532,1896,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Exterior Wall Systems</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Upgrading Exterior Wall Systems?<br />\nConditions that may lead to an upgrade of an exterior wall system include but are not limited to: water damage, mold, inadequate insulation, holes, cracks or other fractures that compromise structural integrity. Upgrading exterior walls provides the opportunity to fix structural or cosmetic damages, control moisture, improve insulation, and increase daylighting. Common wall system upgrades include:</p>\n<p>Adding insulation<br />\nAir sealing doors and windows<br />\nRepairing holes, cracks and gaps<br />\nUpgrading windows and glazing</p>\n<p>The building envelope or the physical structure between the inside of the building and the outside environment includes walls, windows, doors, roof systems, and the foundation.[1] Exterior wall systems often comprise the majority of the building envelope, playing a pivotal role in determining levels of comfort, natural lighting and ventilation, and the energy required to heat and cool a building.[2]<br />\nBuilding R-values assess a wall’s thermal resistance. The higher the R-value, the better the building in reducing heat loss.[3] Air leakage contributes to 25- 40% of a building’s heat loss (see Air Infiltration).[4] Maintaining and investing in well-insulated (high R-value rating) walls/wall systems yields energy savings.<br />\nThe following includes examples of insulation materials and wall systems:[5]</p>\n<p>Continuous and Cavity Insulation. Continuous insulation runs uninterrupted over structural membranes, avoids thermal bridging and is installed on the exterior surface of the building envelope.[6] Cavity insulation is installed between structural components such as wood studs.<br />\nComposite Metal Panels consist of two sheets of metal adhered to a core material and include:[7]</p>\n<p>Foamed-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels<br />\nLaminated-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels<br />\nHoneycomb Core Metal Wall Panels</p>\n<p>Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFs) consists of exterior wall cladding made of rigid insulation boards. The polymer-based (PB) system is most popular and consists of closed expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation finished with a polymeric (organic) bonded aggregate and cement reinforced with a glass mesh.[8] Being lightweight and low cost, and the ability to achieve different aesthetic effects make EIFs a popular choice.[9]<br />\nInsulated Concrete Forms (ICFs) consists of concrete walls poured inside foam insulation forms with steel reinforcing and stacked as interlocking blocks.[10] Insulated concrete block or concrete masonry units (CMUs) form prefabricated blocks applied like traditional block wall construction.<br />\nStructural Insulated Panels (SIPs) consist of an insulating foam core placed between two structural panels, typically oriented strand board (OSB) or fiber cement panels.[11]<br />\nVacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) consist of an interior, solid layer of a high R-value material wrapped in an exterior layer of airtight foil with a vacuum drawn inside the airtight foil.[12] They can achieve an R-value of 50 without adding bulk, making them cost-effective on roofs.[13]</p>\n<p>How to Upgrade Exterior Wall Systems<br />\nAssess the building’s existing insulation and daylighting levels. Consider hiring a building envelope contractor experienced in air sealing and insulation. Perform an energy audit including a blower door test to measures the airtightness of the building and identify problem areas. Hire a daylighting professional to identify cost-effective opportunities to improve daylighting (see Daylighting and Windows and Skylights).<br />\nThe US DOE recommends reducing envelope leakage and minimizing air infiltration by sealing, caulking and placing weather-strip to the following areas:[14]</p>\n<p>Joints around fenestration and door frames.<br />\nJunctions between walls and foundations, between walls at building corners, between walls and structural floors or roofs, and between walls and roof or wall panels.<br />\nOpenings at penetrations of utility services through roofs, walls, and floors.<br />\nSite-built fenestration and doors.<br />\nBuilding assemblies used as ducts or plenums.<br />\nJoints, seams, and penetrations of vapor retarders.<br />\nAll other openings in the building envelope.</p>\n<p>Re-caulking and weather stripping windows and doors provide a low-cost option for upgrading the exterior wall system by minimizing air leakage. Poorly sealed buildings lack humidity control, contributing to moisture damage and mold growth that damages building materials and impacts the structural integrity of the building. Airtight buildings improve the effectiveness of insulation. Balancing airtightness with controlled ventilation helps to supply the appropriate level of fresh air into the building.<br />\nExample<br />\nPassive House Institute, US strategies applicable to commercial building retrofits, include:</p>\n<p>A combination of internal and external insulation to reduce thermal bridging<br />\nWhole building air barriers, with commissioning before occupancy<br />\nMoisture management in enclosure assemblies<br />\n“Cool walls” that have optimum reflectivity and ventilation against solar gain</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nA properly designed exterior wall system offers the following benefits.[15]</p>\n<p>Reduces energy costs<br />\nPrevents moisture condensation<br />\nReduces capacity and size of new mechanical equipment<br />\nReduces noise levels<br />\nIncreases indoor environmental quality and thermal comfort.[16]<br />\nProvides fire protection</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of adding insulation, air sealing doors and windows, and filling gaps and holes vary based on the conditions and scope of the project. There are often incentives available for upgrading exterior wall systems. See the New Jersey Office of Clean Energyfor available incentives and financing programs.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nExpertly designed and installed exterior wall systems offer several essential resiliency benefits. In the event of a power outage, well-insulated buildings protect against heat loss in the winter and heat gain in the summer, helping to maintain comfortable internal temperatures for building occupants, and reducing stress on the grid. A daylighting-optimized building continues to provide interior light to building occupants when the power goes out. Wall assembly systems (with insulating properties) such as precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), and structural insulated panels (SIPs) offer resistance to hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.[17]<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Arnold, Chris. 2016. “Building Envelop Design Guide.” Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[2] Vivian Loftness et al. (2012) State of the Art in Enclosure Technologies and Integrated Systems for 50% Energy Savings in Existing Commercial Buildings. Consortium for Building Energy Innovation. http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf (accessed June 4, 2018).<br />\n[3] US DOE | Energy Savers: Insulation. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation (accessed May 31, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA Energy Star. Reduce Air Infiltration. https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_homes_features.hm_f_reduced_air_infiltration (accessed May 31, 2018).<br />\n[5] US DOE: Better Building Solution Center. Building Envelope Webinars for Walls<br />\nhttps://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/toolkits/building-envelope-webinars-walls (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[6] US DOE Building Energy Codes Resource Center. “Cavity and Continuous Insulation.”<br />\nhttps://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_cavity_and_continuous_insulation_in_rescheck.pdf (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[7] Zwayer, Gary L. 2016 “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences.https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[8] Lstiburek, Joseph. 2007. “EIFs: Problems and Solutions.” Building Science Corporation. https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-146-eifs-problems-and-solutions (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[9] Zwayer, Gary L. 2016. “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences.https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[10] US DOE: Building America Solution Center: ICFs. https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/insulated-concrete-forms-icfs#quicktabs-guides=1 (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[11] Structural Insulated Panel Association (SIPA). “What are SIPS?” https://www.sips.org/about/what-are-sips (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[12] Dan Howell et al. “Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) in a roofing application of US Post Office and Courthouse Camden, NJ.” March 2014. ORNL https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[13] GSA. Green Proving Ground Program. “Vacuum Insulated Panels in Roofing Applications.” March 2016. https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels(accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[14] US DOE Advanced Energy Retrofit Guides. https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/advanced-energy-retrofit-guides(accessed May 31, 2018).<br />\n[15] National Insulation Association. Benefits of Insulation. https://insulation.org/about-insulation/benefits-of-insulation/ (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[16] Whole Building Design Guide. “HVAC Integration of the Building Envelope.” http://wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[17] New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nWindows and Skylights</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Air Barrier Association of America<br />\nContinuous Insulation<br />\nInsulation Institute<br />\nMetal Building Manufacturers Association<br />\nNorth American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA)<br />\nNJ Clean Energy Program<br />\nPassive House Institute US<br />\nPhiladelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines – Guide 3<br />\nPenn State Consortium for Building Energy Innovation<br />\nStructural Insulated Panel Association<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Envelope</p>\n<p>US DOE</p>\n<p>Advanced Energy Retrofit Guides<br />\nBetter Buildings – Building Envelope</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8533,1896,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:31:14'),(8534,1896,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8535,1896,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8537,1896,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8538,1896,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8539,1896,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8540,1896,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8541,1896,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8542,1896,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8543,1896,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8545,1903,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8546,1903,'_edit_last','2'),(8547,1903,'_edit_lock','1650312928:2'),(8549,1903,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8552,1903,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8553,1903,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8554,1903,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1903\" /]'),(8555,1903,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8556,1903,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8558,1903,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8559,1903,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8560,1903,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Glare and Heat Gain Reduction?<br />\nGlare occurs when sunlight or artificial light inhibits a person from visually focusing on his or her task either by casting a veil of light between the task and the viewer or by flooding the eyes with light. For example, sun glare on a document makes the black text almost as bright as the white background, reducing the contrast and making the document difficult to read.</p>\n<p>Heat gain describes when solar radiation or warmth enters a building through windows, skylights or other glazing systems. Maximizing heat gain during the winter through passive solar strategies and minimizing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer, while maintaining daylighting quality, provides energy and cost savings and enhances thermal comfort (see Daylighting).</p>\n<p>Reducing glare and heat gain requires balancing electrical lighting and daylighting goals and utilizing protective barriers such as high-performance window glazing systems and external or internal physical barriers such as shades, blinds, awnings, overhangs or vegetation (see High-Efficiency Lighting Systems, Energy-Efficient Windows, and Energy-Efficient Landscaping).</p>\n<p>How to Implement Glare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nDesigning for glare and heat gain reduction in existing commercial building involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process (see Integrated Design Process). Renovations provide an opportunity to assess current glare and heat gain issues and to identify opportunities for improvement.</p>\n<p>The first step is to conduct an energy audit to identify cost-effective strategies to reduce energy consumption and improve thermal comfort in glare and heat reduction categories such as daylighting and lighting, window replacement, and building envelope upgrades (see Energy Audit). Use Energy Star Portfolio Manager to benchmark energy usage and identify upgrade opportunities.</p>\n<p>Project-specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting or lighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools that can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.[1]</p>\n<p>Use simulation programs such as the Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool or Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the ENERGY STAR label, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.[2]</p>\n<p>The following strategies and information provide general guidance on reducing glare and heat gain in existing buildings:</p>\n<p>The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. Using high-performance windows to provide solar control reduces the need for operating shades, resulting in increased daylight and unobstructed views.</p>\n<p>When selecting a window based on performance, look for visible transmittance (VT) levels higher than (&gt; 70%), especially for daylighting applications (see Daylighting).[3] For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, EnergyStar recommends SHGC of 0.4 (40%) or lower for buildings with moderate air conditioning requirements. Look for SHGC values of 0.25 or less for buildings with significant air conditioning costs or summer overheating problems.[4] For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, a U-factor of &lt; 0.25 is recommended for high-performance buildings.[5]</p>\n<p>Managing solar heat gains on the exterior of the building prevents heat from entering the building in the first place. In combination with high-performance glazing systems, consider shading devices early in the design process to achieve a well-integrated architectural design.</p>\n<p>Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, louvers, and reflecting systems and self-shading elements of building form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light.</p>\n<p>Interior glare control devices, such as Venetian blinds, miniblinds, vertical<br />\nslatted blinds, pleated and honeycomb shades, and roll-down shades can reduce direct sunlight and glare but are less effective at reducing cooling loads since they only block sunlight and do not prevent solar gains from entering the building.[6] Motorized and automated shading systems use sensors, time clocks, a building automation system or occupant control to adjust the position of window coverings to reduce glare, daylighting or privacy levels or heat gain (see Smart Sensors and Controls).</p>\n<p>Natural landscaping such as mature trees or hedgerows can provide shading. Plant a shade tree near the window or skylight to shade it during the summer months and let as much light and heat in as possible during the winter months (see Energy-Efficient Landscaping).<br />\nExamples<br />\nSmith Middle School Chapel Hill, NC.</p>\n<p>This case study documents that proper daylighting design that addresses glare and heat gain reductions can result in energy savings (64% reduction in lighting energy), occupant comfort (teachers and students favor daylighting in the classrooms) and return on investment (4.2 years).</p>\n<p>Perimeter Office Zones, Washington, DC.</p>\n<p>This case study and design guide examine the best combination of window area, shading device and glazing type to save energy.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEffectively managing glare and heat gains offers multiple benefits, including:</p>\n<p>	Reduced peak heat gain and cooling requirements in the summer and maximized solar heat gain in winter, leading to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).[7]<br />\n	Improved daylighting design, reducing electrical lighting requirements.<br />\n	Diminished ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings.<br />\n	Added environmental benefits such as stormwater management and occupant benefits including views and connection to nature by utilizing energy-efficient landscaping.<br />\n	Increased occupant visual and thermal comfort by managing glare and solar heat gains resulting in increased occupant satisfaction and productivity.[8]<br />\n	Enhanced visual interest in building design through the use of shading devices, building orientation and architectural form.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nCosts vary depending on the types of strategies implemented. Designing for glare and heat gain reduction should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated throughout the design process. The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.</p>\n<p>The cost of windows varies by project. Energy savings combined with improved visual and thermal comfort and daylighting benefits often justify the investment in high-performance windows. Available rebates and incentives can help offset upfront costs. For up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the ENERGY STAR and the NJ Clean Energy Program websites.</p>\n<p>The cost of planting a tree or shrub for shade may range from as little as $10 to hundreds of dollars depending on materials and labor and maturity of selected landscaping vegetation.[9]</p>\n<p>External window coverings range in price from low-budget options for an aluminum awning to more costly investments for a shade structure. There are also additional costs associated with maintenance of outdoor structures, notably year-round or permanently affixed shades.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn the event of a power outage or a heat wave during the summer months, a building designed to optimize daylighting and reduce glare and heat gain can maintain comfortable internal temperatures and lighting levels for building occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid by reducing the need for electrical lighting and air conditioning.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>[1] WBDG. Daylighting. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p>[2] Energy Star. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI (accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p>[3] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Windows and Glazing. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing (accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p>[4] Ibid.</p>\n<p>[5] The Efficient Windows Collaborative. “Selecting Energy Efficient New Windows in New Jersey.” January 2016. http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf (accessed May 9, 2018).</p>\n<p>[6] US DOE. “Energy-Efficient Window Attachments.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p>[7] WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p>[8] WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p>[9] Cost averaged from several suppliers.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Daylighting<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nProperly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Efficient Windows Collaborative – High-Performance Commercial Buildings<br />\nEfficient Window Coverings and Attachments<br />\nEnergy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights<br />\nNational Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)<br />\nRensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</p>\n<p>New Buildings Institute</p>\n<p>Daylighting Pattern Guide<br />\nDaylighting Guide for Office Interiors </p>\n<p>US DOE – Energy Savers</p>\n<p>Energy Efficient Window Attachments<br />\nEnergy Performance Ratings for Windows<br />\nWindow Types and Technologies</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</p>\n<p>Passive Solar Heating<br />\nProvide Comfortable Environments<br />\nSun Control and Shading Devices<br />\nWindows and Glazing</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8561,1903,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:31:14'),(8562,1903,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8563,1903,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8565,1903,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8566,1903,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8567,1903,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8568,1903,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8569,1903,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8570,1903,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8571,1903,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8573,1910,'_edit_lock','1650313166:2'),(8574,1910,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8575,1910,'_edit_last','2'),(8577,187,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Cool roof with a highly reflective acrylic top coat that helps reduce carbon emissions and lowers internal building temperatures. (Source: Design Build Network)'),(8578,223,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 - Roof types'),(8579,1910,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8582,1910,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8583,1910,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8584,1910,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1910\" /]'),(8585,1910,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8586,1910,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8587,1910,'_thumbnail_id','187'),(8588,1910,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8589,1910,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8590,1910,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Roof Replacements and Upgrades</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Roof Replacements and Upgrades?<br />\nRoof replacements and upgrades include the replacement, repair or improvement of an entire roof or a portion of the roof. Most roofs last 20-25 years, providing multiple opportunities over the life of the building to reevaluate roofing options as well to as assess a roof’s impact on the building’s energy and environmental performance. Opportunities include evaluating thermal performance, systems integration, rooftop HVAC upgrades, water management (storm runoff capture), indoor environmental quality, and the impact of the roofing material on the environment.[1] For example, improving roof insulation can reduce heating and cooling needs, allowing for the downsizing of HVAC equipment, and further energy savings (see Insulation and Properly Sized HVAC Equipment). Selecting roofing materials with a high Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) reduces cooling loads, mitigates the urban heat island effect, and extends the life of the roof and rooftop mechanical equipment (see Cool Roofs). Incorporating skylights or solar tubes into a roof replacement or upgrade improves daylighting (see Daylighting). Green or vegetated roofs and rooftop cisterns provide stormwater management benefits (see Site and Stormwater Management). Replacing or upgrading a roof also provides the opportunity to consider on-site renewable energy systems and thermal energy storage. (See On-Site Renewable Energy Systems and Thermal Energy Storage). Non-toxic roofing materials with recycled content (e.g., cool metal roof) are available that are durable, low maintenance, and recyclable at the end of their useful life.[2] Other advances in roofing technology include integrated data systems, such as drones that take infrared scans and provide alerts of water or moisture build-up on the roof or that provide pictures necessary for job estimates and simplify and improve roof installation and maintenance.[3]<br />\nThere are two main types of roofs: low-sloped and steep-sloped (the majority of commercial buildings have low-sloped roofs). The following lists roofing coverings for low-slope and steep-slope roofs.[4]</p>\n<p>How to Implement Roof Replacements and Upgrades<br />\nAutomatically selecting a replacement or upgrade similar to the existing roof fails to recognize changes that affect roof and building performance such as the addition over time of new mechanical equipment, changing weather patterns, or unanticipated rooftop uses. When implementing a roof replacement or upgrades, consider roofing strategies that offer multiple benefits.<br />\nMany building codes and green building programs have a cool roof and urban heat island mitigation requirements that refer to ENERGY STAR and the Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) voluntary roof labeling programs (see Cool Roofs). Converting an existing roof into a cool roof involves either retrofitting the roof with heat-reflective coatings or materials, re-covering the roof with a new waterproofing surface or entirely replacing the roof with a new cool roof.[7]<br />\nExamples<br />\nState of the Art in Enclosure Technologies and Integrated Systems for 50% Energy Savings in Existing Commercial Buildings.<br />\nThe One-Factor-At-a-Time (OTA) Evaluation of Building Enclosure Measures Study demonstrated a 19.8% reduction in heating energy and a 17.1% reduction in total energy by installing R30 roof insulation cool roofing material with a high Solar Reflectance Index (SRI).[8]<br />\nUS Post Office and Courthouse, Camden, NJ<br />\nThis retrofit roofing project, sponsored by the General Service Administration (GSA) Green Proving Ground (GPG) program, installed Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) at the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse in Camden, New Jersey. VIPs consist of a solid interior layer of a high R-value material wrapped in an exterior layer of airtight foil with a vacuum drawn inside the airtight foil.[9] The study used energy modeling and thermographic images and found that VIPs can offer a favorable payback in one-story buildings in regions with extreme climates and high utility costs.[10] They can achieve an R-value of 50 without adding bulk, making them cost-effective on roofs.[11]<br />\nSolar Panel System added to Distribution Facility in Edison, NJ.<br />\nWith funding from the PSE&amp;G Solar Loan Program, Avidan Management installed a 4.26-megawatt photovoltaic system in Edison, New Jersey, which produces 5 million kilowatt hours of power a year, about half of the power needs of the facility’s seventeen commercial tenants.[12]<br />\nThe Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation Green Roof, Morristown, NJ.<br />\nThe Foundation’s 2,000 square foot vegetated roof, planted with native plant species, provides a home for many bird and butterfly species and absorbs 90% of rainfall.[13]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nRoof improvement projects offer several potential benefits, including.</p>\n<p>Energy cost savings by reducing cooling loads.[14]<br />\nLowered peak electricity demand which decreases the likelihood of power outages.[15]<br />\nReduced roof temperatures which may reduce roof maintenance and replacement expenses by extending roof life.[16]<br />\nIncreased indoor thermal comfort in summer, helping to prevent heat-related illness and deaths.[17]<br />\nMitigated heat island effect in cities and suburbs.[18]<br />\nReduced air pollution and smog formation.<br />\nWater reduction savings for urban irrigation.[19]<br />\nMinimized heat loss in winter in cold climates when combined with appropriate insulation levels.[20]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of a roof replacement or upgrade varies depending on the type of roof improvement and scope of the project. Preventative maintenance and regular roof inspections help to save costs through early detection and avoided or reduced repair costs. Replacing the roof before it fails saves money by preventing extensive damage to the building interior. Prescheduling also allows time for evaluating roofing options, preparing specifications, and selecting a qualified and cost-competitive installer.<br />\nA roof’s life-cycle costs include upfront installation (materials and labor) and ongoing savings and maintenance costs (repair, recoating, and cleaning). The installed costs vary depending on the type and size of the roof, complexity of the roof system, and building location. For example, in cases where new roof surfaces need to be installed, adding a cool roof coating to a new roof cost about the same as adding a conventional dark roof with the cost premium ranging from $0.00 to $1.90/SF over conventional roofing products.[21] Energy costs savings provide for a relatively short-term (1 year or less) payback.[22]<br />\nFor a list of price premiums for cool roof upgrades, see the Global Cool Cities Alliance’s Cool Roof and Pavements Toolkit. The City of New York Department of Design and Construction Cool &amp; Green Roofing Manual also provides a cost analysis of green and cool roof upgrades. For up-to-date information on available incentives, please visit the New Jersey Clean Energy Program.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nWell designed, correctly installed, and routinely maintained roofs contribute to resiliency by providing a durable roofing material and through energy efficiency.  For example, cool roofs enhance roofing durability by reducing thermal flux and increasing the roof’s resiliency to changing climate conditions, heat and UV aging.  Cool roofs also contribute to decreased air-conditioning loads, thereby extending the life of AC units. Regarding energy efficiency, adequately insulated roofs, can reduce heating and cooling loads, reducing stress on the grid, and help to regulate thermal comfort in the event of a power outage. In addition to stormwater management benefits, such as reduced flooding, vegetated roofs can offer the opportunity for local communities to grow food, reducing the dependency on supply chains and transportation networks often disrupted or compromised due to storms and other events.<br />\n <br />\n[1] Vivian Loftness et al. (2012) State of the Art in Enclosure Technologies and Integrated Systems for 50% Energy Savings in Existing Commercial Buildings. Consortium for Building Energy Innovation. http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf (accessed June 4, 2018).<br />\n[2] Ibid.<br />\n[3] BCC Research. Commercial Roofing in North America: Key Market Trends http://blog.bccresearch.com/commercial-roofing-webinar-recap (accessed May 31, 2018).<br />\n[4] Whole Building Design Guide – Roofing Systems. https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/roofing-systems (accessed May 31, 2018).<br />\n[5] Slope = rise/run. Low slope means that for every 12 horizontal inches, the roof’s rise is three vertical inches or less.<br />\n[6] Slope = rise/run. Steep slope means that for every 12 horizontal inches, the roof’s rise is three vertical inches or greater.<br />\n[7] US DOE. Cool Roofs. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/cool-roofs (accessed June 27, 2018).<br />\n[8] Vivian Loftness et al. (2012) State of the Art in Enclosure Technologies and Integrated Systems for 50% Energy Savings in Existing Commercial Buildings. Consortium for Building Energy Innovation. Page 21. http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf (accessed June 4, 2018).<br />\n[9] Dan Howell et al. “Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) in a roofing application of US Post Office and Courthouse Camden, NJ.” March 2014. ORNL https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[10] Ibid.<br />\n[11] GSA. Green Proving Ground Program. “Vacuum Insulated Panels in Roofing Applications.” March 2016.  https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[12] The Avidan Group -Solar. https://www.theavidangroup.com/solar2.html (accessed June 27, 2018).<br />\n[13] WRT Planning and Design. A Sustainable Workplace: Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation Headquarters http://www.wrtdesign.com/work/geraldine-r-dodge-foundation-headquarters (accessed June 27, 2018).<br />\n[14] US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[15] CRRC. “Resources for Code Officials and Policy Makers” http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[16] Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf (accessed June 25, 2018).<br />\n[17] US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[18] The “heat island effect” refers to developed areas that experience an increase in temperature that has the effect of increasing energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.<br />\n[19] Vahmani, Pouya. (2017) “Water Conservation Benefits of Urban Heat Mitigation.” Nature Communication 8, Article: 1072,  http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/ (accessed March 16. 2018).<br />\n[20] Ramamurthy, P. et al. “The joint influence of albedo and insulation on roof performance: An observational study,” 2015, Energy and Buildings, Volume 93, pages 249-258. https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study (accessed March 18, 2018).<br />\n[21] Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 35. https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).<br />\n[22] Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 35. https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Daylighting<br />\nExterior Wall Systems<br />\nProperly Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls<br />\nOn-Site Renewable Energy<br />\nRoof Replacements and Upgrades<br />\nSite and Stormwater Management<br />\nThermal Energy Storage</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Berkeley Lab -Heat Island Group<br />\nCity of New York Department of Design and Construction Cool &amp; Green Roofing Manual<br />\nCool Roof Rating Council<br />\nCool Metal Roofing Coalition<br />\nENERGY STAR Roof Products<br />\nGlobal Cool Cities Alliance<br />\nCool Roof and Cool Pavements Toolkit<br />\nNational Roofing Contractors Association<br />\nPenn State Consortium for Building Energy Innovation<br />\nPhiladelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines</p>\n<p>Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety: FORTIFIED Standards</p>\n<p>Commercial Hurricane Standard<br />\nCommercial Highwind and Hail Standard</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide</p>\n<p>Cool Metal Roofing<br />\nRoofing Systems</p>\n<p>US DOE</p>\n<p>Cool Roof Calculator: Estimates Cooling and Heating Savings for Flat Roofs with Non-Black Surfaces<br />\nGuidelines for Selecting Cool Roofs</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8591,1910,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:31:14'),(8592,1910,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8593,1910,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8594,1910,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8595,1910,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8596,1910,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8597,1910,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8598,1910,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8599,1910,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8600,1910,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8602,1917,'_edit_lock','1651068912:2'),(8603,1917,'_edit_last','2'),(8604,1917,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8605,1917,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8606,1917,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8607,1917,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8608,1917,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8609,1917,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8610,1917,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8611,1917,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8612,1917,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Window and Skylight Upgrades</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Window and Skylight Upgrades?<br />\nWindows and skylights form part of the fenestration system of a building and play a key role in maintaining a highly insulated building envelope (see Exterior Wall Systems). The fenestration system, or arrangement of openings in a building envelope, determines a building’s HVAC requirements and daylighting.[1] Appropriately placed and selected energy-efficient or high-performance windows maximize natural light and minimize glare and heat gain or loss, decreasing dependence on electric lighting and HVAC systems and improving thermal comfort, energy-efficiency, and daylighting (see Daylighting and Glare and Heat Gain Reduction).[2] Advanced window technologies such as chromogenic windows and auto-operated windows and shading devices offer daylighting, solar heat gain control and ventilation benefits. Two types of chromogenic windows include thermochromic, which uses adhesive coating to adjust tinting passively with window surface temperature; and electrochromic, which use operable switches or automated building control systems to tint the window via electric current.[3] Operable windows and shading systems use auto-controlled devices that open and close at specific times of the day to manage ventilation levels or light levels and control indoor temperatures and manage solar heat gain.[4]<br />\nHigh-performance window technologies including low emissive or low-e glass panes, spacers, and insulated frames help prevent energy loss due to conduction, radiation, convection, and air leakage (see Air Infiltration). Low-e windows, treated with a microscopically thin coating, reduce heat flow. Spacers or tiny pieces placed between panes in double- or triple- paned windows, create an insulated space often filled with an inert gas such as argon or krypton to increase the window’s insulation properties (see Exterior Wall Systems).<br />\nState and local energy codes, federal tax credits, and utility incentives, and ENERGY STAR base their criteria for energy-efficient windows on certified ratings by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC). NFRC labels provide ratings for U-factor, Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), Visible Light Transmittance (VT), and optionally Air Leakage (AL) and Condensation Resistance (CR) ratings.<br />\nA window’s U-factor describes its rate of heat transfer or insulating properties. A lower U-factor indicates a window with higher resistance to heat flow, or a better-insulated window.[5] The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. The Air Leakage (AL) rating describes leakage through cracks in the window assembly. Condensation Resistance (CR) rates windows on a range between 1 and 100 with higher numbers signaling increased resistance to condensation.<br />\nHow to implement window and skylight upgrades<br />\nFirst, conduct an energy audit to identify sources of air infiltration and to determine opportunities to improve energy-efficiency. Consider improvements to windows and skylights (and the entire fenestration system) early in the renovation process and integrate with updates to other building systems. For example, increasing roof insulation and wall systems in combination with window system upgrades offer a significant opportunity for energy savings.  A retrofit of the windows and skylights also offers the opportunity to improve natural light and introduce complementary systems such as daylighting sensors. Use simulation programs such as the Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool or Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the ENERGY STAR label, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.[6]<br />\nImprovements to consider when upgrading windows and frames include:[7]</p>\n<p>Double or triple-paned glass<br />\nInert gas fill (e.g., krypton, argon, or nitrogen)<br />\nLow-e, glass or film and other advanced coatings and films<br />\nWindow tinting appropriate for the climate and building orientation<br />\nInsulated frames, low-conductivity materials<br />\nChromogenic windows that can reduce HVAC and lighting energy use by controlling heat transfer and daylight transmittance in real time.</p>\n<p>Window performance depends on proper installation, sealing and flashing to prevent air leakage and water damage. Window manufacturers often provide detailed installation requirements and specifications for their products and may have recommendations for in-house installers and programs, 3rd party installers, or installer certification programs such as Installation Masters™. ASTM Standard E 2112 provides a nationally recognized standard for proper window installation.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEnergy-efficient windows contribute to the satisfaction, health, and productivity of building occupants by providing daylighting, reducing glare, providing views of nature, and regulating thermal comfort. By providing natural light, managing glare, and eliminating the need for window treatments that completely block out sunlight, high-performance windows can reduce electric lighting loads while at the same time reducing the ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings. Energy-efficient windows designed as part of an overall energy management strategy can lead to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see Properly-Sized HVAC System).<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe cost of window and skylight upgrades varies by project. Energy savings combined with improved thermal comfort, daylighting, and enhanced security benefits often justify fenestration upgrades. Smaller HVAC systems and annual energy savings can offset the cost of upgrading to high-performance windows and skylights when combined with wall upgrades. Energy savings alone can justify upgrading the glazing to soft coat double-pane, and low-e.  Better glazings can result in higher energy savings in connection with daylighting systems. Commercial buildings with adequately specified fenestration systems have the potential to reduce lighting and HVAC costs 10%–40%.[8] Maintenance and repair have a significant impact on the life-cycle cost of windows and skylights. Glass, a highly durable material only needs replacement when broken. Window frame durability depends upon maintenance. Framing materials typically have a useful life of 20 to 50 years depending upon the type of deterioration such as rot and corrosion.  Sealants, caulks, tapes, and other glazing materials used to achieve weather-tightness typically have a useful life of 15 to 30 years depending upon thermal stress, movement, and environmental exposure.[9] Driven by the demand for large TV screens and recent improvements in thin glass technology, the cost of sub-millimeter glass compares to standard, double-strength glass.[10]<br />\nFor up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the ENERGY STAR and the NJ Clean Energy Program websites.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn the event of a power outage, a building with energy-efficient windows maintains comfortable internal temperature for building occupants by reducing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer months. During the winter months, energy-efficient windows provide better insulating properties compared to conventional windows while also offering daylighting, passive solar heating, and enhanced thermal comfort in the case of a power outage. Energy-efficient windows reduce reliance and stress on the grid and provide energy savings. In areas prone to flooding, wind-driven rain, snow storms or hurricanes, properly sealed and flashed windows protect against problems caused by water intrusion, including mold, warping, and structural damage.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Windows and Glazing http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[2] Efficient Windows Collaborative. Understanding Windows. http://www.efficientwindows.org/understanding.php (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[3] Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[4] Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: A Deeper Dive into Market Segments.” December 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[5] The Efficient Windows Collaborative. U-Factor. http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php (accessed May 4, 2018).<br />\n[6] Energy Star. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI (accessed April 8, 2018).<br />\n[7] Ibid.<br />\n[8] US DOE Office of Renewable Energy &amp; Technology (Feb 2018) Windows and Envelope R&amp;D Opportunities Workshop https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/bto-windows-envelope-workshop-report-2018-03-01.pdf (accessed April 11, 2018).<br />\n[9] Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines. http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf (accessed April 11, 2018).<br />\n[10] US DOE Office of Renewable Energy &amp; Technology (Feb 2018) Windows and Envelope R&amp;D Opportunities Workshop https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/bto-windows-envelope-workshop-report-2018-03-01.pdf (accessed April 11, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nExterior Wall Systems<br />\nProperly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC and Controls<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Energy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights<br />\nNational Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)<br />\nRensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center<br />\nUS DOE – Building Technologies Office – Windows and Building Envelope<br />\nPhiladelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines</p>\n<p>Efficient Windows Collaborative</p>\n<p>High-Performance Commercial Buildings<br />\nFinancing and Incentives<br />\nSoftware and Tools</p>\n<p>New Buildings Institute (NBI)</p>\n<p>Daylighting Pattern Guide<br />\nDaylighting Guide for Office Interiors</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</p>\n<p>Provide Comfortable Environments<br />\nWindows and Glazing</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8613,1917,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:30:29'),(8614,1917,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8616,423,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Windows and Skylights (Source: US DOE Energy Savers)'),(8617,1917,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8620,1917,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8621,1917,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8622,1917,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1917\" /]'),(8623,1917,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8624,1917,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8625,1917,'_thumbnail_id','423'),(8626,1917,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8627,1917,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8628,1917,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8632,1923,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8633,1923,'_edit_last','3'),(8634,1923,'_edit_lock','1650313800:3'),(8635,1923,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8636,1923,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8637,1923,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8638,1923,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1923\" /]'),(8639,1923,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8640,1923,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8641,1923,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8642,1923,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8643,1923,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Insulation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Insulation?<br />\nInsulation includes material that reduces the amount of heat lost from a building. Properly insulating a new home relates to creating an efficient building envelope. A properly insulated building envelope increases the efficiency of the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, reducing energy costs while increasing occupant thermal comfort by acting as a thermal barrier and controlling indoor temperature and humidity levels. For example, in cold and damp basements, adequately insulated foundation walls and floor slabs reduce heating and cooling costs and result in more comfortable below-grade rooms. Insulation also helps prevent problems with moisture, insects, and radon in the home (see Radon Mitigation System strategy). It is important to note that insulation only helps reduce air and heat flow in the space where it is contained. Therefore it is most effective when the home is also correctly sealed against excess air infiltration (See Air Infiltration Reduction).[1] Other components of the typical building envelope include windows, doors, walls, roof, and foundation, all of which require different types of insulation.</p></div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Insulate<br />\nA highly insulated building envelope requires an integrated design approach during the pre-design phase of a new home project that views the building as a whole system and coordinates the insulation of all the building elements (see Integrated Design Process). Consider the selection of materials used in the walls, doors, roof, windows and foundation, as well as daylighting strategies, the design of HVAC and electrical systems, and the home’s energy performance goals. For example, a highly insulated building envelope reduces the energy requirements and therefore the size of the home’s HVAC system by minimizing the loss of conditioned air to the outside (see Properly Sized HVAC Equipment).<br />\nInsulation ratings refer to R-value or resistance to heat flow. [2] An insulation’s material composition and thickness contribute to its R-value. A higher R-value indicates higher expected thermal performance. However, more is not always better, as there is a point of diminishing returns with insulation (i.e., the intersection between cost and energy savings).[3] Look for Energy Star certified insulation tested for performance and safety standards. Compare the R-value of the selected insulation to local and state building code requirements and best practice recommendations for the local climate region. The International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) Compliance Guide for Homes in New Jersey provides detailed information about the different climate zones in New Jersey and corresponding insulation standards.[4]<br />\nWhile fiberglass batt insulation remains popular, a growing number of other insulation options exist (see Table 1). For example, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), insulated pre-cast concrete wall systems and structural insulated panels (SIPs), provide structural support with built-in insulation.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Proper installation impacts the R-value of insulation. Homeowners can install some types of insulation, such as batts and rolls, but other types may require professional installation.[5] The US DOE offers the following guidelines when hiring an experienced installer:[6]</p>\n<p>Obtain written cost estimates based on R-value from several contractors.<br />\nAsk contractors about air-sealing services and costs.</p>\n<p>For more information on the different types of insulation and on hiring a professional installer, see the US DOE: Energy Savers – Types of Insulation and Energy Star websites.<br />\nExamples<br />\nBASF Near-Zero Energy Home, Paterson, NJ<br />\nBASF, a chemical company, constructed a near-zero energy, single-family model home in Paterson, New Jersey. The structure incorporates three types of insulating foam technologies to reduce energy consumption. Additionally, the building uses ENERGY STAR certified, low-e, glazed windows to block solar heat gain while allowing natural daylight into the home. Air-sealing included weather-stripping around windows and doors.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Baseline Home vs. Model of Energy Efficient New Home in NJ.<br />\nThis study investigated the costs and benefits of different residential energy efficiency scenarios, including advanced framing and upgraded insulation, compared to a baseline, single-family detached home.<br />\nThe basic framing/insulation upgrade used a 2×6 @ 24” on-center advance framing technique. This model upgrade included the following insulation improvements:</p>\n<p>Foundation walls insulated with R-20 rigid extruded polystyrene, closed-cell foam insulation.[7]<br />\nAbove-grade walls insulated with rigid foil-faced isocyanurate, a closed-cell, rigid foam insulation with an R-value of 7 per inch.[8]</p>\n<p>Study results showed that the basic framing and insulation upgrade had a lower initial investment ($19k, or 19%) as compared to the baseline and saved approximately $300, or 9% in annual operating costs.[9]<br />\nThe enhanced framing/insulation upgrade used Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs) for the foundation walls, Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) in the above-grade walls, upgraded ceiling insulation of R-70 blown-in cellulose, and fiberglass floor insulation with a higher R-value of 49.[10]<br />\nStudy results showed that the enhanced framing and insulation upgrade cost less in initial investment ($ 1k) as compared to the baseline and saved approximately $500, or 16% in annual operating costs. [11]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nAn important benefit of a properly insulated new home includes lower costs of mechanical systems. An adequately insulated new home allows for the installation of an appropriately sized HVAC system. Older, poorly insulated buildings often require oversized HVAC systems to accommodate for the loss of conditioned air through air leakage. Sealing air leaks and adding insulation can increase occupant thermal comfort and save an average of 10% on annual energy costs.[12] Properly insulated homes maintain comfortable indoor temperature and humidity levels and guard against outside noise, pollen, dust, and insects.[13]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe cost of implementing a highly insulated building envelope vary depending on the size and orientation of the home, climate, design elements, and the type of insulation and building material. Annual energy savings and incentives offered by the NJ Office of Clean Energy can help offset upfront costs.<br />\nWhile foam insulation products and installation typically have higher first costs compared to traditional batt insulation, foam insulation has lower life-cycle costs due to reduced construction time for installation, and the avoided costs associated with weatherizing a home (i.e., caulking, house wrapping, vapor barriers) because of its high R-value and tight air barrier.[14]<br />\nFor information about costs for various insulation materials see Home Advisor: Insulation Costs: https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/insulation/#closing-article<br />\nResiliency<br />\nA properly insulated home offers several essential resiliency benefits. In the event of a power outage, well-insulated homes protect against heat loss in the winter and heat gain in the summer, helping to maintain comfortable internal temperatures for building occupants. Wall assembly systems (with insulating properties) such as precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), and structural insulated panels (SIPs) offer resistance to hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.[15]<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US DOE: Insulation Fact Sheet. 2008. https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/docs/factSheets/Insulation-FactSheet-2008.pdf (accessed May 4, 2018).<br />\n[2] US DOE: Energy Saver. “Insulation” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[3] Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB). 2011. “Costs and Benefits of Residential Energy Efficiency Investments.” Prepared for the New Jersey Association of REALTORS® Governmental Research Foundation. Page 21 http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/costs-and-benefits-of-residential-energy-efficiency-investments/ (accessed May 9, 2018).<br />\n[4] Responsible Energy Codes Alliance (RECA). International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) Compliance Guide for Homes in New Jersey. https://reca-codes.com (accessed May 4, 2018). Note: IECC Code 2015 is the current adopted NJ Building Code for New Residential Construction in NJ.<br />\n[5] Energy Star. Types of Insulation and Skill Leve Required to Install. https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=home_sealing.hm_improvement_certified_insulation (accessed May 7, 2018).<br />\n[6] US DOE: Energy Savers – Types of Insulation. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation/types-insulation (accessed May 4, 2018).<br />\n[7] Rutgers Center for Green Building. 2011. “Costs and Benefits of Residential Energy Efficiency Investments.” Prepared for the New Jersey Association of REALTORS® Governmental Research Foundation. Page 23. http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/costs-and-benefits-of-residential-energy-efficiency-investments/ (accessed May 9, 2018).<br />\n[8] Ibid, page 24.<br />\n[9] Ibid, page 24.<br />\n[10] Ibid, page 26.<br />\n[11] Ibid, page 26-27.<br />\n[12] Energy Star. Seal and Insulate with Energy Star. https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=home_sealing.hm_improvement_seal_insulate (accessed May 7, 2018).<br />\n[13] Energy Star. Why Seal and Insulate? https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=home_sealing.hm_improvement_sealing (accessed May 7, 2018).<br />\n[14] US DOE: Energy Savers: Types of Insulation. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation/types-insulation (accessed May 7, 2018).<br />\n[15] New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>The Efficient Windows Collaborative: New Jersey Guide<br />\nENERGY STAR</p>\n<p>A Do-It-Yourself Guide to Sealing and Insulating<br />\nSeal and Insulate</p>\n<p>NJ’s Clean Energy Program<br />\nNorth American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA)<br />\nResponsible Energy Codes Alliance (RECA) – Compliance Guide for Homes in New Jersey to Meet the 2015 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)<br />\nUS DOE</p>\n<p>Home Energy Saver Calculator<br />\nInsulation for New Home Construction<br />\nProgram to determine recommended insulation levels for a new home based on zip code and building materials</p></div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8644,1923,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:27:22'),(8645,1923,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8646,1923,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8647,1923,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8648,1923,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8649,1923,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8650,1923,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8651,1923,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8652,1923,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8653,1923,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8654,1923,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(8655,1923,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(8656,1923,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(8657,1923,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(8658,1923,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(8659,1923,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(8660,1923,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(8661,1923,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(8664,338,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – The BASF Near-Zero Energy Home in Paterson, NJ'),(8665,63,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Table 1 – Common types of insulation used in residential applications. (Source: Adapted from US DOE Types of Insulation).'),(8666,387,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1. Blown-in cellulose insulation in a home attic. (Source: Cellulose Insulation Manufacturers Association).'),(8675,1930,'_edit_lock','1651068923:2'),(8676,1930,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8677,1930,'_edit_last','2'),(8679,1930,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8682,1930,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8683,1930,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8684,1930,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1930\" /]'),(8685,1930,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8686,1930,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8687,1930,'_thumbnail_id','589'),(8688,1930,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8689,1930,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8690,1930,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and NLCs?<br />\nA high-efficiency lighting system integrates daylighting and energy efficient electrical lighting with networked lighting controls (NLCs), to provide a comfortable environment for occupants while reducing energy usage and costs (see Daylighting, and Smart Sensors and Controls).[1] Lighting accounts for 17% of the total electricity consumption in commercial buildings and contributes to a building’s cooling load by emitting waste heat.[2] More stringent building codes, a phasing out of traditional lighting technologies (e.g., incandescents), utility incentives and rebates, and more energy efficient federal standards for lighting applications (e.g., screw-in light bulbs) have helped to drive the market for energy-efficient lighting technologies.[3]<br />\nFor example, fluorescent and high emitting diodes (HIDs) replaced incandescents, regarding energy efficiency and performance in the same way that LEDs (light emitting diodes) promise to command the commercial building sector, as LED technology and performance advance beyond screw-based fixtures to linear fixtures.[4] Fig 1 shows an OLED (organic light emitting diode), an emerging lighting technology, which utilizes carbon-based materials and can be molded into a variety of thin-profile configurations such as tiles and window-like materials to provide diffuse light.[5] OLEDs hold the potential to outperform LEDs as the technology commercializes and costs decline. Advances in materials, optics, electronic design, and smart sensors and controls, including lighting technologies paired with networked lighting controls, promise to offer additional performance and efficiency gains and an enhanced occupant experience through daylight harvesting, vacancy sensing, and task tuning. [6] By providing a foundation for future applications of the IoT (Internet of Things), networked lighting controls may also hold the potential to create new benefits and functions beyond supplying basic illumination, such as enhanced security, indoor environmental quality monitoring, and remote maintenance and service (see Smart Sensors and Controls).[7]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate a High-Efficiency Lighting System and NCLs?<br />\nUpgrading to high-efficiency lighting systems and NCLs in existing buildings involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process (see Integrated Design Process). For example, window glazing influences interior electrical lighting design, sizing of mechanical systems, and interior design layouts (see Windows and Skylights, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, and Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls). Renovations also provide an opportunity to assess current natural light and electrical lighting levels and identify opportunities for improvement.<br />\nThe first step to a high-efficiency lighting upgrade is to conduct a lighting audit or survey that establishes information about all the lighting technologies and consumption patterns in a building. Hire a lighting specialist and/or use Energy Star Portfolio Manager to benchmark energy usage and identify lighting upgrade opportunities. Based on the study, identify suitable replacement solutions including lamps, luminaires, and controls, and devise an implementation program.<br />\nLighting upgrade guidelines, such as the EnergyStar Building Upgrade Manual Chapter 6: Lighting, provide general principles and examples, but project specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting and lighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools that can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.[8]<br />\nThe following provides general best practice guidance on how to optimize daylighting and electrical lighting in existing commercial buildings.[9]</p>\n<p>Set a Maximum Lighting Power Density (LPD) goal to avoid overlit spaces and to achieve an appropriate level of lighting per area lit or watts per square foot.<br />\nSet a Daylight Sufficiency Goal that establishes the amount of daylighting, measured in lumens or foot-candles, required to perform a typical task in each space without electrical lighting.<br />\nDevelop a layered lighting strategy that first utilizes daylight to provide primary or ambient lighting levels, and then adds electrical lighting options and controls to vary lighting levels for a variety of tasks and occupant preferences.<br />\nSpecify lighting products from the DesignLights Consortium or ENERGY STAR qualified product lists.<br />\nUse vacancy sensors (manual on, automatic off) as opposed to occupancy sensors (automatic on, automatic off) to save energy by requiring occupants to flip a switch if they require additional light.<br />\nProvide adjustable task lighting at individual workspaces to save energy by directing appropriate lighting to specific tasks.<br />\nIncorporate exterior motion sensors to save energy and enhance security and safety.<br />\nConsider photo-luminescent egress signage subject to local fire code.<br />\nPlan for backup power for critical lighting needs during a power outage, such as emergency and night-time lighting (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).<br />\nCommission and regularly re-commission all lighting systems and controls to optimize performance and energy savings.</p>\n<p>Examples<br />\nGSA Proving Ground – TLED Lighting Retrofits with Dedicated Drives<br />\nThis case study conducted by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) looked at the energy saving benefits of replacing Linear Fluorescent Lamps (LFLs) with Light-Emitting Diode (LED) lamps and with Advanced Lighting Controls (ALCs), such as dimming and occupancy sensing that do not require modifications to the existing ceiling for installation. The study found LED energy savings ranging from 27%-29% when LEDs replaced T8 LFLs with electronic ballasts.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSupplementing natural daylight with high-efficiency lighting systems and NLCs provides multiple benefits:</p>\n<p>Reduced operating costs through energy efficiency gains and reduced maintenance and replacement costs through longer-lasting bulbs and fixtures.[10]<br />\nReduced cooling loads and downsized HVAC systems through less heat gain from electrical lighting (see Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls).[11]<br />\nReduced number of toxic chemicals released into the waste stream and reduced light pollution.<br />\nImproved employee productivity and satisfaction based on a shared preference for naturally daylit spaces, reinforcement of circadian rhythms, and connection to nature.[12]<br />\nAbove average lease rates and lower tenant turnover.[13]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nHigh-efficiency lighting design and NLCs should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated throughout the design process. The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.<br />\nThe table below shows costs for Commercial and Industrial LED Luminaries[14]<br />\nCheck the New Jersey Office of Clean Energy for available incentives. At the time of this writing, incentives for lighting controls range from $20-$45 per fixture. The incentives for performance lighting are $1.00 per watt below the allowable wattage as determined by ASHRAE 90.1-2013 baseline and $30 per eligible fixture. Prescriptive lighting incentives range from $5 to $150 per fixture.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nImplementing high-efficiency lighting and NCLs provides energy savings and reduces reliance and stress on the electricity grid. Daylit-optimized buildings paired with high-efficiency lighting systems and built-in backup power for critical lighting needs further reduce stress on the grid, especially in the event of a power outage.<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide. (WBDG). Energy Efficient Lighting. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/efficientlighting.php (accessed May 16, 2018).<br />\n[2] US Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2017. CBECS 2012 – Trends in Lighting in Commercial Buildings.<br />\n[3] The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) requires general service lighting products sold as of January 1, 2020, to have an efficacy of at least 45 lumens per watt.<br />\n[4] US DOE. 2017. “Guiding SSL Technology Advances.” Department of Solid-State Lighting. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/guiding-ssl-technology-advances_sep2016.pdf (accessed Dec 13, 2018).<br />\n[5] US DOE. 2017. OLED Basics. Department of Solid-State Lighting. https://www.energy.gov/eere/ssl/oled-basics (accessed Dec 13, 2018).<br />\n[6] US DOE. 2017. “Guiding SSL Technology Advances.” Department of Solid-State Lighting. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/guiding-ssl-technology-advances_sep2016.pdf (accessed Dec 13, 2018).<br />\n[7] Iain Campbell et al. 2017. “A New Way to Think About Office Lighting.” Harvard Business Review. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Buildings Program. https://hbr.org/2017/06/a-new-way-to-think-about-office-lighting (accessed Dec 13, 2018).<br />\n[8] WBDG. Daylighting. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php (accessed April 4, 2018).<br />\n[9] General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf  (accessed Dec 11, 2018).<br />\n[10] Ibid WBDG.<br />\n[11] Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylight Controls. Windows for High-Performance Buildings. http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php (accessed July 5, 2018).<br />\n[12] California Energy Commission and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”<br />\nhttp://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf (accessed April 5, 2018).<br />\n[13] Daylight Dividends, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. “Daylighting Resources – Productivity.” http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/dr_productivity.asp (accessed April 4, 2018).<br />\n[14] US DOE: Energy Savers. “Purchasing Energy-Efficient Commercial and Industrial LED Luminaires.” https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/purchasing-energy-efficient-commercial-and-industrial-led-luminaires (accessed May 18, 2018).<br />\n[15] The Best Available Model category is calculated based on the most efficient model in the database collected from manufacturers as of February 2017.<br />\n[16] The Required Model category is calculated based on new FEMP designated efficiency requirements. Federal agencies must purchase products that meet or exceed FEMP designated efficiency requirements.<br />\n[17] The Less Efficient Model category is calculated based on the previous FEMP requirement for this product type.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Daylighting<br />\nWindows and Skylights<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nProperly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency<br />\nDesignLights Consortium<br />\nIlluminating Engineering Society (IES)<br />\nInternational Association of Lighting Designers (IALD)<br />\nLighting Research Center, Lighting Patterns for Healthy Buildings<br />\nNext Generation Lighting Industry Alliance (NGLIA)</p>\n<p>General Service Administration (GSA)</p>\n<p>Proving Ground<br />\nSustainable Facilities Tool</p>\n<p>NJ’s Clean Energy Program</p>\n<p>Commercial and Industrial Programs<br />\nLighting Incentives (See Performance Lighting and Prescriptive Lighting)</p>\n<p>US DOE</p>\n<p>Tax Credits, Rebates, and Savings (Lighting, New Jersey)<br />\nUS DOE – The Building Technologies Office’s Solid-State Lighting Program</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide</p>\n<p>Energy Efficient Lighting<br />\nElectric Lighting Controls</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8691,1930,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:30:29'),(8692,1930,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8693,1930,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8695,1930,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8696,1930,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8697,1930,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8698,1930,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8699,1930,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8700,1930,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8701,1930,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8703,1937,'_edit_lock','1650378631:2'),(8704,1937,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8705,1937,'_edit_last','2'),(8707,1937,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8710,1937,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8711,1937,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8712,1937,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1937\" /]'),(8713,1937,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8714,1937,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8715,1937,'_thumbnail_id','337'),(8716,1937,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8717,1937,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8718,1937,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Light Pollution Reduction</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Light Pollution?<br />\nLight pollution refers to noticeable artificial light at night (ALAN), an unwelcome by-product of excessive outdoor lighting, especially vertical illuminance that includes such effects as skyglow, the brightening of the night sky, light trespass, the spilling of light beyond a property or intended lighting boundary, and glare, the obtrusive brightness of light viewed against an unlit background.[1] The commercial building sector contributes to light pollution through a variety of sources, including advertising lighting, architectural and landscape lighting, interior nighttime lighting, and security lighting.<br />\nThe following includes a list of several negative impacts of light pollution.</p>\n<p>Interferes with wildlife migratory and breeding patterns, impacting nighttime ecosystems and biodiversity.[2]<br />\nWastes energy and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.<br />\nLeads to glare issues and unsafe driving conditions, particularly for older motorists.<br />\nImpacts human metabolism and disrupts sleep through constant exposure to artificial light, particularly light from the blue end of the spectrum.[3]<br />\nReduces ability to view stars and interferes with astronomical observatories. [4]<br />\nCauses a nuisance to neighboring properties by casting unwanted nighttime glare into windows.</p>\n<p>How to reduce light pollution?<br />\nThe first steps to reducing light pollution are to evaluate the outdoor lighting requirements of a particular location (i.e., aesthetics, security, or utility), to eliminate unnecessary lighting, and to strategically place energy-efficient lighting and controls to meet the remaining lighting requirements (see High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls).<br />\nDownlighting refers to a lighting strategy that directs light down and only lights the predetermined area; therefore reducing light pollution. Technologies to reduce light pollution also include full cutoff luminaires, low-reflectance surfaces, and low-angle spotlights. Cutoff luminaires have no direct uplight, help eliminate glare, and efficiently direct lighting down to the predetermined area.<br />\nGeneral guidelines for efficient outdoor lighting include:</p>\n<p>Consider location and surrounding areas during the lighting design, and select luminaires, locations, and orientations that minimize light trespass onto adjacent properties.<br />\nReplace traditional HIDs (high-intensity discharge) luminaires and lamps, including high-pressure sodium and metal halide lamps, with EnergyStar certified outdoor LEDs.<br />\nConsider installing solar powered outdoor LED lights for outdoor pathways.<br />\nAim floodlight angles low so that the entire beam falls within the intended lighted area and direct light downward whenever possible.<br />\nUse well-shielded luminaires and lamps, and other control devices when up-lighting is required to maximize the efficiency of the light source (e.g., reflectors, deflectors, and covers).<br />\nCouple outdoor lightings systems, with lighting controls such as motion detectors, photosensors, and schedule controls, to enhance an energy efficiency and security.<br />\nAdjust timers to the minimum period necessary and dim or switch lights off when not needed to save energy and cut electric bills.<br />\nPlan for backup power for critical lighting needs during a power outage, such as emergency and night-time lighting (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).<br />\nCommission and regularly re-commission all lighting systems and controls to optimize performance and energy savings.</p>\n<p>For project specific advice, consult the Illuminating Engineering Society’s lighting design guides, which provide lighting professionals with standards and recommended best practices for a variety of lighting applications.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEfficient outdoor lighting design helps to reduce light pollution, and its associated adverse effects including wasted energy reduced nighttime visibility for astronomers and scientists, disruption of nocturnal wildlife and ecology, and impacts on human health and well-being.[5]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe costs of implementing lighting designs and technologies that reduce light pollution vary depending on the selection of lighting sources, fixtures, and controls. Effective and efficient outdoor lighting solutions are not always the least expensive option, but as with any comprehensive cost evaluation, operating costs, including energy savings, lifetime performance, and maintenance, are essential factors to consider.[6]<br />\nCheck the New Jersey Office of Clean Energy for available incentives.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nReducing light pollution provides energy savings and reduces reliance and stress on the electricity grid. Outdoor lighting designs that supplement solar-powered LED lighting technologies for a portion of regular lighting requirements (e.g., pedestrian pathways) and plan for backup power for critical lighting needs further reduce stress on the grid, especially in the event of a power outage.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] The Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/Seminarpresentation.pdf (accessed October 22, 2018).<br />\n[2] Gaston KJ, Visser ME, Ho ̈lker F. 2015 The biological impacts of artificial light at night: the research challenge. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 370: 20140133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133 (accessed Dec 19, 2018).<br />\n[3] Illuminating Engineering Society, International Dark Sky Association.  Model Lighting Ordinance. http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/16_MLO_FINAL_JUNE2011.PDF (accessed October 22, 2018)<br />\n[4] Cornell University, Astronomy Department. 2018. “Ask an Astronomer: How does light pollution affect astronomers?” http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/116-observational-astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollution-affect-astronomers-intermediate (accessed Dec 20, 2018).<br />\n3 LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/LEED%20v4%20BDC_07.2.18_current.pdf  (accessed Oct. 22, 2018).<br />\n[5] International Dark-Sky Association. Light Pollution. http://darksky.org/light-pollution/  (accessed October 22, 2018).<br />\n[6] Illuminating Engineering Society. IES Lighting Handbook, 10th Edition. https://www.ies.org/handbook/DiLaura/Introduction%20to%20the%20IES%20Handbook%20PDF.pdf  (accessed October 22, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>	High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\n	Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Illuminating Engineering Society<br />\nInternational Dark-Sky Association<br />\nLighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute<br />\nLoss of the Night Network<br />\nNJ Astronomical Association</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8719,1937,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:30:29'),(8720,1937,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8721,1937,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8723,1937,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8724,1937,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8725,1937,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8726,1937,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8727,1937,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8728,1937,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8729,1937,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8735,1945,'_edit_lock','1650379230:2'),(8739,1930,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(8741,1945,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8742,1945,'_edit_last','2'),(8744,403,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Fig 2. New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health. (Source: Rutger University).'),(8745,1945,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8748,1945,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8749,1945,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8750,1945,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1945\" /]'),(8751,1945,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8752,1945,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8754,1945,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8755,1945,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8756,1945,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Chilled Beams</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Chilled Beams?<br />\nChilled beams are room air recirculation systems integrated with acoustic ceilings or independently mounted that rely on radiant heat transfer from chilled or heated water coils to cool or heat a space.  Chilled beams use water as a heat transfer medium instead of air to cool or heat a room, taking advantage of water’s higher heat transfer capacity and lower transport energy and freeing up space and saving energy through reduced fan energy and equipment requirements.[1] Chilled beams provide a flexible, easy to maintain, and energy-efficient alternative to variable air volume (VAV) systems and conventional air conditioning and heating systems, particularly for spaces that utilize individual zone control and experience moderate internal moisture loads.[2]<br />\nThere are three types of chilled beam systems: passive, active, and multi-service. Passive chilled beams rely on the natural buoyancy of air to circulate through the heat exchanger, usually coils, to cool the air. In a passive system (most often used for cooling), hot air rises and becomes trapped in a space located above the chilled beams. Once the hot air interacts with the lower temperature beams, it naturally falls back into the room. Unlike active beams, passive beams are not directly connected to the ducted air supply and require a parallel ventilation system to handle dehumidification and latent loads and provide the primary air to drive the passive beam system.[3] Active systems direct air through the use of nozzles to the cooling or heating coils and allow for humidity control. Multi-purpose chilled beams can be used to supply other buildings services, such as lighting, speaker systems, IT systems, fire protection (sprinklers and detectors), acoustic insulation, Building Automation System sensors, and photocells.</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Chilled Beams<br />\nChilled beams require specific applications but are often good candidates for retrofit projects and upgrades to HVAC systems in existing buildings due to their limited space requirements and ease of installation. However, chilled beams require specific applications and each chilled beam system design is unique, requiring project engineers to work closely with the manufacturer’s engineers in the design and selection of the chilled beam.[4]<br />\nAccording to best practice guidance from ASHRAE and REVHA chilled beams work best in applications with low air-side load fractions (or the percentage of the total air supply required by code for a zone) and in applications with high sensible heat ratios (or the percentage of the cooling load that is sensible compared to latent). For example, chilled beam systems can offer benefits over conventional systems if the sensible cooling load is substantially higher than the capacity of the air supplied to satisfy the latent loads.[5]<br />\nFor comprehensive tools and guidance on designing, commissioning, and operating active and passive beam systems refer to the joint publication by ASHRAE and REVHA, “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.” Available for purchase at https://www.ashrae.org<br />\nANSI/ASHRAE Standard 200-2018, Methods of Testing Chilled Beams, establishes testing methods and procedures for determining the performance of chilled beams. Certification programs (Eurovent, AHRI) guarantee the accuracy of manufacturers’ technical data.<br />\nExample<br />\nNew Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.<br />\nThe IFNH building at Rutgers University, designed by Ballinger Architects finished in 2015 and built to LEED Gold standards is the first Rutgers University building to incorporate chilled beams as part of the building’s open laboratory design.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nChilled beams have the potential to save significant amounts of energy and operating costs compared to completely air-based systems because they move heat more efficiently by using water instead of air as the heat transfer fluid, reducing the reheat and fan energy required to operate the system.[6] Chilled beams also increase the usable floor space and ceiling height in a building by eliminating additional ductwork and equipment space requirements and allowing for modular configurations and flexible installations. Other advantages include enhanced thermal comfort (e.g., uniform air distribution), acoustic control (e.g., quiet operation) and indoor air quality (e.g., utilize 100% outside air and limit room to room air recirculation).[7] Finally, chilled beams offer lower maintenance and repair costs due to fewer mechanical components than conventional HVAC systems.<br />\nCost<br />\nThe cost of chilled beams varies depending on the design and application. Chilled beams often have higher materials costs than conventional VAV systems but lower installation, maintenance, and energy costs. For example, by requiring fewer air exchanges, chilled beams can result in the downsizing of ductwork, air-handling units, exhaust fans, chillers, and boilers, reducing first costa and helping to offset the cost of chilled beam infrastructure.[8] The growing number of certified manufacturers and installers and available incentives are also helping to make chilled beams more cost competitive with conventional technologies.<br />\nSee the NJ Clean Energy Program for current incentives and programs http://www.njcleanenergy.com<br />\nResiliency<br />\nChilled beams contribute to resiliency by decreasing energy consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”<br />\n[2] ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”<br />\n[3] Energy Design Resources. 2010. E-News #69: Chilled Beams. February 2010.<br />\nhttps://energydesignresources.com/resources/e-news/e-news-69-chilled-beams.aspx (accessed Jan 8, 2019).<br />\n[4] The American Society for Healthcare Engineering (ASHE), the Association for the Healthcare Environment (AHE), and the Association for Healthcare Resource &amp; Materials Management (AHRMM) of the American Hospital Association (AHA). 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ Accessed Jan 8, 2019).<br />\n[5] ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”<br />\n[6] ASHE et al. 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ Accessed Jan 8, 2019).<br />\n[7] ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”<br />\n[8] ASHE et al. 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ Accessed Jan 8, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Re-Commissioning<br />\nIndividual Comfort Controls<br />\nProperly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Air-Conditioning, Heating &amp; Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Chilled Beams Certification<br />\nASHRAE<br />\nASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”<br />\nREHVA – Federation of European Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Associations</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8757,1945,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:30:29'),(8758,1945,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8759,1945,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8761,1945,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8762,1945,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8763,1945,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8764,1945,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8765,1945,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8766,1945,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8767,1945,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8771,1945,'_thumbnail_id','403'),(8774,1956,'_edit_last','2'),(8775,1956,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8776,1956,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8777,1956,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8778,1956,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8779,1956,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8780,1956,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8781,1956,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8782,1956,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8783,1956,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Demand Control Ventilation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Demand Control Ventilation?<br />\nVentilation systems in commercial buildings, whether passive or active, help maintain the proper mix of gases in the air, control odors, and exhaust contaminants from occupied spaces (see Natural Ventilation, Properly Sized, High-Performance HVAC and Controls). Ventilation systems typically provide a constant flow of fresh air to occupants based on maximum building occupancy or full ventilation rates in contrast to a minimum or area ventilation rate based on reduced occupancy levels. Demand control ventilation (DCV) modulates between full and area ventilation rates based on actual or estimated occupancy levels, saving energy and improving indoor air quality. DCV systems can measure occupancy levels and adjust ventilation using one or more of the following methods:[1]</p>\n<p>Carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors that adjust airflow based on CO2 levels or the number of occupants in a space.<br />\nOccupant counting which counts actual or estimated occupants in a space using ticket sales, security swipes or video monitoring.<br />\nOccupancy sensors that detect occupancy and switch between full or area ventilation rates.<br />\nScheduled ventilation based on estimated and scheduled occupancy.<br />\nSet supply air CO2 concentrations based on design occupancy conditions in designated zones.</p>\n<p>Figure 1 compares the different DCV methods and corresponding ventilation rates in response to changing occupancy levels.</p>\n<p>How to Implement Demand Control Ventilation<br />\nProper ventilation and good indoor air quality start with eliminating or reducing familiar sources of indoor air pollution such as off-gassing from building materials and furnishings.<br />\nWhen incorporating a DCV system into an existing ventilation system, best practices include using zone occupancy sensors for small and less densely occupied zones, and CO2 sensors in large or densely occupied spaces, both with setpoints that follow the specific guidelines in Appendix A of the ASHRAE Standard 62.1 User’s Manual.[2] Well-designed and executed DCV systems take into account user requirements, operator training, and coordination among different building systems, such as occupancy sensors used for lighting and air flow. Commissioning and recommissioning provides an opportunity to check DCV set-points and offer potential energy and cost savings.<br />\nExamples<br />\nEnergy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation (DCV), Case Study, Minnesota.<br />\nInformation on a subset of six building systems collected from 32 buildings was taken across all seasons using building automation system data and instrumentation to document energy savings and indoor air quality before and after recommissioning of Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) systems. Building occupants also completed a comfort survey. System designers and operators provided lessons learned. Results showed that DCV implemented in large VAV systems can provide significant energy and cost savings in cold climates and recommissioning either provides additional energy savings or increased indoor air quality.[3]<br />\nOradell Public School, Oradell, NJ<br />\nThe Oradell Public School conducted an energy audit as part of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities’ Local Government Energy Audit Program. The report recommended Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) as an Energy Conservation Measure (ECM) to reduce energy and utility costs and to improve indoor air quality. The following summarizes the estimated implementation costs and savings for Demand Control Ventilation (DCV):</p>\n<p>Electricity Savings: 18,400<br />\nNatural Gas Savings: 2,700<br />\nEstimated Savings: $5,200<br />\nEstimated Installed Cost: $10,000<br />\nPayback Period: 1.9</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nVentilation requires energy to heat or cool outside air. Demand control ventilation (DCV) saves energy by reducing ventilation rates during times of vacancy and reduced peak occupancy. DCV improves indoor air quality, contributing to occupant health and productivity, by closely monitoring CO2 concentrations and occupancy levels that impact indoor air pollution and air quality.<br />\nCosts<br />\nCompared to conventional ventilation systems, demand control ventilation adds up-front costs depending on the complexity and size of the system and number of sensors installed, ranging between $1 – $3 per cfm of outside air.[4]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nDemand control ventilation (DCV) offers an indirect resiliency benefit to buildings by reducing heating and cooling loads, thereby reducing stress on the grid, and the likelihood of brownouts.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] U.S. DOE. “Demand-Controlled Ventilation.” https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cn_demand_control_ventilation.pdf  (accessed May 31, 2018).<br />\n[2] SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources.https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf (accessed Nov 19, 2018).<br />\n[3] SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources. https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf (accessed Nov 19, 2018).<br />\n[4] SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources.https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf (accessed Nov 19, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>	Natural Ventilation<br />\n	Properly Sized, High-Performance HVAC and Controls<br />\n	Sustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>General Service Administration (GSA) – Sustainable Facilities Tool<br />\nSeventh Wave – Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)<br />\nUS DOE: Building Energy Codes – Demand Control Ventilation</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8784,1956,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:30:29'),(8785,1956,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8786,1956,'_edit_lock','1650379400:2'),(8788,1956,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8791,1956,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8792,1956,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8793,1956,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1956\" /]'),(8794,1956,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8795,1956,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8796,1956,'_thumbnail_id','246'),(8797,1956,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8798,1956,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8799,1956,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8802,1961,'_edit_lock','1650379671:2'),(8803,1961,'_edit_last','2'),(8804,1961,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8805,1961,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8806,1961,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8807,1961,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8808,1961,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8809,1961,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8810,1961,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8811,1961,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8812,1961,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls?<br />\nHeating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems consume 40% of the energy used in commercial buildings, providing opportunities for significant energy savings (10-40%), especially in existing buildings by replacing aging systems with properly-sized, high-performance HVAC systems and controls.[1] Each successive generation of HVAC equipment tends to be more efficient than the previous generation as a result of improved or new technology and design. In addition, as HVAC systems age and parts of the system experience decline in performance or failure due to wear and tear, the system becomes less efficient. Also, design engineers often oversize HVAC systems to comply with code or to meet the most extreme loads such as the coldest and hottest days of the year, and design systems with a built-in capacity for overloads which occur only 1% to 2.5% of the time.[2] Oversized equipment can result in higher installation and capital costs, reduced operating efficiency, and potential negative impacts on comfort. For example, short-cycling or excessive cycling of air conditioning equipment can lead to poor humidity control and moisture or mold issues and contributes to the wear and tear and longevity of equipment. Oversized systems use more fan power for blowers and can increase peak demand during the cooling season, leading to higher energy costs.[3] Oversizing can occur for a variety of reasons. Contractors may use standard rules of thumb based on experience rather than industry accepted practices and customers often request oversized units without understanding the calculations that go into sizing equipment or to accommodate planned expansions.[4]<br />\nFurthermore, many existing buildings are never commissioned to ensure that HVAC systems and HVAC controls, which regulate HVAC systems to maintain occupant comfort and save energy, are working correctly (see Re-Commissioning). Controls give operations and maintenance personnel the ability to monitor and adjust the HVAC system based upon real-time changes in the outdoor environment and indoor occupancy levels (see Smart Sensors and Controls). Controls include but are not limited to programmable thermostats to reduce heating and cooling loads (temperature), variable frequency drives (ventilation), occupancy sensors (lighting), and system integrated windows, all of which can have a significant impact upon the indoor environmental quality of a given space. Ongoing training for building operators and commissioning can ensure that HVAC systems and controls work effectively.<br />\nProperly-sized, high-performance HVAC equipment, and controls consider the interaction among building systems, and the potential synergies and contradictions among these systems, taking into account the energy savings achieved through building envelope strategies, smart controls, and occupant behaviors when selecting equipment and designing air distribution systems (see Integrated Design Process, Roof Replacement and Upgrades, Windows and Skylights, and Exterior Wall System Upgrades).</p>\n<p>How to Implement Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment<br />\nFirst, commission the HVAC system or conduct commissioning on the whole building that includes a comprehensive energy audit to determine the costs and benefits of energy efficiency improvements, operation and maintenance changes, and HVAC equipment upgrades. The evaluation process should include an examination of all the components of the HVAC systems for wear and tear, from the most expensive components to the piping and insulation.[5] Use the results of the energy audit and final commissioning report to incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Select appropriately sized, high-performance HVAC equipment and controls that reflect the impact of different energy-efficient design measures and building operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as how often the system runs on part load (see Chilled Beams, Demand Control Ventilation, Natural Ventilation, Thermal Energy Storage, and Variable Frequency Drives). Consider part-load performance when selecting equipment as most heating, and cooling equipment fails to operate at peak efficiency unless fully loaded (see Part-Load Efficiency).[6] One approach to downsizing HVAC equipment uses a small, efficient system to manage normal loads, and designates a backup system or relies on energy storage for extreme conditions that demand additional load capacity and occur less frequently (see Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Thermal Energy Storage).[7] In general, properly sizing HVAC equipment avoids providing excess capacity and allocates extra physical space for additional equipment and designs modular distribution systems that can accept additional equipment for future expansion.[8]<br />\nThe Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA), Manual N, “Commercial Load Calculation,” and provides industry-accepted standards for properly sizing HVAC systems, and the ACCA Manual Q, “Commercial Duct Design,” provides guidance and performance criteria for duct system design.</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nGSA’s Emerging Building Technologies – HVAC Published Findings<br />\nThe General Service Administration’s Emerging Building Technologies program publishes case study findings, such as innovative and cost-effective HVAC technologies to inform decision making on federal buildings.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nProperly-sized, high-performance HVAC equipment and controls reduce energy consumption, water use and emissions, provide cost savings, manage occupant comfort and maintain indoor air quality.<br />\nCosts<br />\nIncorporating a whole-building energy-saving approach including envelope strategies, high-performance lighting, and energy-efficient windows can reduce peak heating and cooling loads and result in smaller HVAC systems that cost less upfront than larger capacity models and save 30% on average on annual utility costs  (see High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls, and Windows and Skylights).[9] Additional upfront costs for commissioning and energy audits often pay for themselves through realized energy and cost savings.<br />\nFor information on available HVAC equipment incentives, visit The New Jersey Clean Energy’s Smart Start Building Program. State incentives tend to be in the form of low-interest loans, grants, and tax incentives for the greening of buildings.[10]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nProperly-sized, high-performance HVAC equipment and controls increase resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption and peak loads which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid natural gas, water, and wastewater infrastructure.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. HVAC Interaction of the Building Envelope.  http://www.wbdg.org/resources/env_hvac_integration.php (accessed May 23, 2018).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[3] NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf  (accessed May 23, 2018).<br />\n[4] NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf  (accessed May 23, 2018).<br />\n[5] ENERGY STAR Building Manual. https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/buildings/tools/EPA_BUM_CH9_HVAC.pdf  “Heating and Cooling System Upgrades” (accessed May 28, 2018).<br />\n[6] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[7] Roth, Amir. 2017. “Building Energy Modeling 101: HVAC Design and Operation Use Case.” US DOE Building Technologies Program. https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case (accessed Nov 26, 2018).<br />\n[8] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[9] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[10] US DOE. “Tax Credits, Rebates, &amp; Savings” https://www.energy.gov/savings/search?keyword=HVAC&amp;f%5B0%5D=im_field_rebate_state%3A860091  (accessed May 28, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration<br />\nChilled Beams<br />\nDemand Control Ventilation<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nExterior Walls System Upgrades<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nPart-Load Efficiency<br />\nRoof Replacement and Upgrades<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nThermal Energy Storage<br />\nWindows and Skylights<br />\nVariable Frequency Drives</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)<br />\nAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)<br />\nDatabase of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency<br />\nNJ’s Clean Energy Program<br />\nSustainable Facilities Tool</p>\n<p>ENERGY STAR</p>\n<p>Building Program – Heating and Cooling System Upgrades<br />\nMaintenance Checklist<br />\nVerified HVAC Installations (ESVI)</p>\n<p>US DOE</p>\n<p>Building Technologies Program Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing<br />\nComputer Program Listing for a range of HVAC measurements and calculations</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide</p>\n<p>Energy Analysis Tools<br />\nHigh-Performance HVAC<br />\nRelevant codes</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8813,1961,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:30:29'),(8814,1961,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8816,272,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – A High-Efficiency Electric Chiller (Source: Association for Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education)'),(8817,567,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Heating system composed of several gas-fired boilers controlled by variable frequency drives that optimize boiler operation (Source: Rutgers University)'),(8818,1961,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8821,1961,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8822,1961,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8823,1961,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1961\" /]'),(8824,1961,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8825,1961,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8826,1961,'_thumbnail_id','272'),(8827,1961,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8828,1961,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8829,1961,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8832,1966,'_edit_lock','1650381267:2'),(8833,1966,'_edit_last','2'),(8834,1966,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8835,1966,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8836,1966,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8837,1966,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8838,1966,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8839,1966,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8840,1966,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8841,1966,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8842,1966,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Variable Frequency Drives</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)?<br />\nA variable frequency drive (VFD), also known as a variable-speed drive, adjustable-speed drive or inverter refers to a device that controls the voltage and frequency supplied to a motor, varying the speed of a motor or the flow in distribution systems.[1] Flow can refer to various systems such as water, air or energy. Many applications and existing commercial HVAC systems use fixed or single speed motors and regulate flow and pressure with dampers and valves, which can throttle and reduce efficiency.[2]<br />\nVFDs on fans (e.g., supply and return fans, exhaust fans, boiler fans, or condenser fans) save energy by allowing the volume of air moved to match the system demand. VFDs can control the speed of electric motors by applying a low frequency and a low voltage during motor startup, then ramping up to accelerate the load while limiting current. During a shutdown, VFDs can also allow motors to ramp down at a controlled rate. [3] When applied to a HVAC system, more specifically the air handling units (AHU), VFDs can vary motor speed to precisely match the load, a critical energy-saving measure for frequently oversized HVAC systems that work inefficiently at part-load (see Part-Load Efficiency and Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).[4]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Variable Frequency Drives<br />\nCoordinate work between the mechanical engineer and contractor to determine opportunities to install VFDs and to size VFDs to match load requirements accurately. In general, existing systems with constant speed motors that already modulate flow with mechanical devices provide a better match for VFD retrofits than existing systems that require constant flow.[5]<br />\nExample<br />\nRutgers University Campuses, New Brunswick, Newark and Camden, NJ.<br />\nUniversity engineers at Rutgers conducted a comprehensive energy audit and identified the opportunity to save energy and costs by installing premium efficiency motors and variable frequency drives at multiple campus buildings spanning several university locations. The project expects to have a three-year payback and save an average of 2.8 million kilowatt hours of electricity and prevent the release of 1,500 tons of CO2 on an annual basis.[6] VFDs can also contribute to demand reduction under the right operational scenario.<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Minimizes mechanical and electrical stress on the motor system, lowering maintenance and repair costs and extending motor life.[7]<br />\nReduces the horsepower (HP) required to run a system by the cube of its motor speed, providing significant energy, demand and costs savings when motor speeds can vary to match a load.[8]<br />\nEnhances overall system performance by matching system capacity to the actual load.<br />\nAllows for improvements in thermal comfort which can impact occupant satisfaction and productivity.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of incorporating VFDs into an existing HVAC system depends on the characteristics of the existing system and on the manufacturer and supplier. Equipment costs also vary depending on the horsepower (HP) rating, ranging from $1,000 for 5 HP VFD models to $15,000 for 200 HP VFD models.[9] Energy savings from reduced maintenance and longer equipment life and available incentives can reduce payback periods and increase long-term savings.<br />\nCheck the New Jersey Office of Clean Energy for available incentives.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nVFDs increase resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, and peak loads which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid and natural gas and water and wastewater infrastructure.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Bernier, Michael A, and Bernard Bourret. 1999. Pumping energy and variable frequency drives. ASHRAE Journal. 37.<br />\n[2] Centre for Energy Advancement through Technological Innovation (CEATI) International. 2009. Variable Frequency Drives: Energy Efficiency Reference Guide. https://www.ceati.com/freepublications/7025_guide_web.pdf (accessed Dec 7, 2018)<br />\n[3]Yaskawa. “Five Reasons for VFDs in HVAC Applications.” https://www.yaskawa.com/delegate/getAttachment?documentId=WP.HVAC.03&amp;cmd=documents&amp;documentName=WP.HVAC.03.pdf (accessed June 4, 2018).<br />\n[4] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[5] Edward Sullivan. 2014. “Analyze VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) Retrofit Applications To Ensure Savings.” FacilitiesNet https://www.facilitiesnet.com/hvac/article/Analyze-VFD-Variable-Frequency-Drive-Retrofit-Applications-To-Ensure-Savings–14674 (accessed Dec 5, 2018).<br />\n[6] Project information, savings and environmental benefits provided by Michael Kornitas, Energy Conservation Manager, Rutgers University.<br />\n[7] California Energy Commission. “Water/Wastewater Efficiency:  Variable frequency drives.” http://www.energy.ca.gov/process/pubs/vfds.pdf (accessed June 4, 2018).<br />\n[8] American Society for Healthcare Engineering (ASHE). 2010. Sustainability Roadmap: Install Variable Frequency Drives on Pumps and Motors. http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/224#.XAgk9C3Mzq0 (accessed Dec 7, 2018).<br />\n[9] Navigant. 2013. “Incremental Cost Study Phase Two Final Report – A Report on 12 Energy Efficiency Measures Incremental Costs in Six Northeast and Mid-Atlantic Markets. Prepared for the Evaluation, Measurement and Verification Forum. Chaired by the Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships. https://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/NEEP%20ICS2%20FINAL%20REPORT%202013Feb11-Website.pdf (accessed Dec 19, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Integrated Design Process<br />\nPart-Load Efficiency<br />\nProperly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)<br />\nENERGY STAR Verified HVAC Installations (ESVI)<br />\nUS Department of Energy – Adjustable Speed Drive Part-Load Efficiency<br />\nNJ Clean Energy SmartStart Buildings Program</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8843,1966,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:29:50'),(8844,1966,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8846,1966,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8849,1966,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8850,1966,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8851,1966,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1966\" /]'),(8852,1966,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8853,1966,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8854,1966,'_thumbnail_id','168'),(8855,1966,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8856,1966,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8857,1966,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8861,1971,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8862,1971,'_edit_last','3'),(8863,1971,'_edit_lock','1650380853:3'),(8864,1971,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8865,1971,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8866,1971,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8867,1971,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1971\" /]'),(8868,1971,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8869,1971,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8870,1971,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8871,1971,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8872,1971,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">High-Efficiency Water Heaters</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are High-Efficiency Water Heaters?<br />\nHigh-efficiency water heaters provide an energy-efficient method of supplying domestic hot water. Figure 1 shows several different types of water heaters, including storage, tankless, heat pump, solar, and tankless coil, and indirect water heaters.<br />\nConventional, storage water heaters hold hot water in a tank, while tankless water heaters only heat the water upon demand. Heat pump water heaters use electricity to transport heat from one source to another (e.g., air-source heat pumps, geothermal heat pumps) instead of providing heat for hot water directly (see Geothermal Heat Pumps).[1] Solar water heaters utilize the sun’s heat and tankless coil, and indirect water heaters use a building’s heating system to provide domestic hot water (see Solar Thermal Systems).<br />\nTypical energy sources for high-efficiency water heaters include natural gas, propane, electricity, and solar. The availability and cost of any of these sources or combinations of these sources can dictate equipment and system selection along with other selection criteria including the home’s hot water requirements such as usage times, amount of water use, temperature range, and flow rates.</p></div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Incorporate a High-Efficiency Water Heater<br />\nSelecting a high-efficiency water heater is part of a whole home water conservation strategy to reduce indoor water consumption by specifying water-efficient fixtures, equipment, and systems (see Indoor Water Conservation). Work with experienced and knowledgeable residential water heater professionals to navigate the marketplace of available high-efficiency water heaters to find the best water heater model to supply hot water reliably, while saving energy and costs.<br />\nThe NJ Office of Clean Energy offers the following recommendations for purchasing and installing a water heater for your home.[2]</p>\n<p>Choose a properly-sized tank or equipment capacity to meet your household’s hot water needs.<br />\nInstall your new system in an easy to access and maintain location.<br />\nProperly vent and insulate at least the first 15 feet of your hot water pipes.<br />\nUnderstand the maintenance requirements of your water heater and have your installer show you how to perform basic maintenance tasks.</p>\n<p>The US Department of Energy’s Energy Saver 101: Water Heating infographic provides additional information about the different types of water heaters and advice on selecting the right model for your home. Before purchasing a water heater, consult Energy Star’s list of qualified products and check the New Jersey Office of Clean Energy for rebate requirements, including the minimum Uniform Energy Factor (UEF), which measures the energy efficiency of the water heater.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nHigh-efficiency water heaters use less energy than a standard water heater, primarily by taking less time to heat water, which in turn translates to fewer carbon emissions and lower utility bills.<br />\nCosts<br />\nHigh-efficiency water heaters have higher upfront costs than standard water heaters but provide long-term cost savings through reduced energy costs. If different fuel options are available in your area, contact your local utility to compare fuel costs and rates as average cost savings depend largely on energy costs.[3]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nHigh-efficiency water heaters contribute to resiliency by decreasing energy consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on fuel sources and energy infrastructure.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US DOE. 2018. Heat Pump Water Heaters. https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41#bdc (accessed January 24, 2019).<br />\n[2] New Jersey’s Clean Energy Program. 2018. WARMAdvantage Rebates http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/warmadvantage (accessed January 23, 2019).<br />\n[3] US DOE. 2018. Selecting a New Water Heater. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/selecting-new-water-heater (accessed January 23, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Geothermal Heat Pumps<br />\nIndoor Water Conservation<br />\nSolar Thermal Systems</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Online Database<br />\nNJ’s Clean Energy Program<br />\nUS DOE: Selecting a New Water Heater</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8873,1971,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:27:22'),(8874,1971,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8875,1971,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8876,1971,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8877,1971,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8878,1971,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8879,1971,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8880,1971,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8881,1971,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8882,1971,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8883,1971,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(8884,1971,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(8885,1971,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(8886,1971,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(8887,1971,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(8888,1971,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(8889,1971,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(8890,1971,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(8924,42,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1. Types of water heaters. (Source: US DOE Energy Saver 101: Water Heaters)'),(8932,1976,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8933,1976,'_edit_last','3'),(8934,1976,'_edit_lock','1650383166:3'),(8935,1976,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8936,1976,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8937,1976,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8938,1976,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1976\" /]'),(8939,1976,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8940,1976,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8941,1976,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8942,1976,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8943,1976,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Rain Barrels?<br />\nRain barrels collect, store, and distribute water for later use, providing a cost-effective and environmentally beneficial way to conserve water and minimize problems associated with stormwater runoff. Use rainwater collected in barrels from catchment areas such as rooftops for irrigation, flushing toilets and other non-potable uses (see On-site Alternative Water Reuse). Treat or filter the water depending on the intended use.<br />\nStandard components of a rain harvesting system include[1]</p>\n<p>Catchment area such as a roof<br />\nGutters and downspouts<br />\nLeaf screens<br />\nRain barrel for storage<br />\nConveyance system to deliver stored water via gravity or pump<br />\nWater treatment or filter system</p></div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Incorporate Rain Barrels<br />\nSet aside sufficient space, either interior, above ground or underground, for the appropriately sized barrel. Residential rain barrels can range in size but typically hold 55-gallons. To calculate the volume of water available for capture, assume that every 1,000 square feet of catchment area generates 600 gallons of runoff during a one-inch rainfall event.[2]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Consider combining rain barrels with a drip irrigation system to direct overflow to a dry well, rain garden or bio-retention area.<br />\nRain barrels require maintenance. Use water within two weeks to prevent algae growth and clean barrels every few months. A screen with a cover prevents algae growth and mosquito breeding. Drain, disconnect and store rain barrels during the winter months.<br />\nFor more detailed information about the design and construction of rain barrels see the Rutgers Water Resources Program’s – Green Infrastructure Manual for New Jersey.<br />\nExample<br />\nResidential Rain Barrel, Lakehurst, NJ<br />\nPart of the Rutgers Sustainable Landscape Demonstration Site Program, the Lakehurst residential renovation project included a 35-gallon rain-barrel or repurposed trash can to collect and redirect water to an adjacent ornamental flower bed, eliminating the need for on-site irrigation and municipal water use.<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Reduces demand for potable water for irrigation and other non-potable uses (see Water-Efficient Landscape Design).<br />\nLowers peak demand and peak discharge rate on public water systems.<br />\nReduces overall potable water use and saves money on water bills.<br />\nReduces stormwater runoff via storage (see Emergency Water Supply and Storage).<br />\nReduces runoff of contaminants into soils and waterways.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nCosts vary depending on the size and type of rain barrel selected. Small-scale systems cost around $60 for a 55-gallon barrel.[3] Some watershed associations or municipalities offer rain barrels at a discount or provide rebates.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nWater stored in rain barrel can provide an alternative water source for non-potable uses during storms, hurricanes and droughts or when municipal water sources are shut down or become polluted. Filter and purify before using the water to irrigate edible gardens, wash dishes, or provide water for drinking and showering. Rain barrels also help mitigate flooding by capturing water that would end up in the municipal water system.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US DOE | EERE. “Best Management Practices:  Alternate Water Sources.”  https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practice-14-alternative-water-sources (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[2] Rutgers Water Resources Program. Green Infrastructure Manual for NJ. http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf (accessed April 3, 2018).<br />\n[3] Massachusetts Metropolitan Area Planning Council.  “Low Impact Development Toolkit – Fact Sheet: Cisterns and Rain Barrels.” http://www.mapc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/LID_toolkit_factsheets_7-9.pdf (accessed March 25, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Emergency Water Supply and Storage<br />\nOn-Site Alternative Water Reuse<br />\nWater-Efficient Landscaping</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>NJ DEP</p>\n<p>Stormwater Management<br />\nGreen Infrastructure</p>\n<p>US EPA</p>\n<p>Build Your Own Rain Barrel Brochure<br />\nGreen Infrastructure</p>\n<p>Rutgers Cooperative Extension</p>\n<p>Water Resources Group<br />\nRutgers Water Resources Program<br />\nRain Barrels Part I: How to Build a Rain Barrel<br />\nRain Barrels Part II: Installation and Use<br />\nRain Barrels Part III: Building a Rain Barrel from a Plastic Trash Can<br />\nFact Sheet, Where to Get Your Drinking Water Tested in New Jersey: A List of State Certified Water Testing Laboratories by County<br />\nRutgers Rain Barrel Train the Trainer Program</p>\n<p>Landscape for Life<br />\nThe Sustainable Sites Initiative</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8944,1976,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-09 14:52:10'),(8945,1976,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8946,1976,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8947,1976,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8948,1976,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8949,1976,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8950,1976,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8951,1976,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8952,1976,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8953,1976,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8954,1976,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(8955,1976,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(8956,1976,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(8957,1976,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(8958,1976,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(8959,1976,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(8960,1976,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(8961,1976,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(8995,1978,'_edit_last','2'),(8996,1978,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8997,1978,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8998,1978,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8999,1978,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(9000,1978,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(9001,1978,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(9002,1978,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(9003,1978,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(9004,1978,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Combined Heat and Power (CHP)?<br />\nCombined Heat and Power (CHP), also known as cogeneration, is a type of distributed energy resource that produces both electricity and thermal energy onsite, using one primary fuel.[1] CHP recovers heat usually wasted in conventional power generation as thermal energy for a building’s space heating and cooling, process heating and cooling, dehumidification, or the production of more electricity generation.[2] CHP system can use fossil or renewable fuels and typically utilize the following prime mover technologies to combust the fuel including reciprocating engines, gas turbines, microturbines, fuel cells, and boiler or steam turbines.<br />\nFor example, (see Figure 1) a prime mover, such as a reciprocating engine or gas turbine uses a fuel such as natural gas to power a generator that creates electricity and emits heat. Generated electricity supplies electrical loads in the building, feeds back to the grid, or utilizes energy storage for later use (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation). A heat recovery unit captures the heat and processes it for use onsite, typically for building heating applications but also for absorption cooling, an application that utilizes heat energy to cool buildings.[3] CHP systems can utilize thermal energy storage to save excess heat energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, to increase energy efficiency, and to store low priced energy and use that energy during peak demand when prices climb (see Thermal Energy Storage).[4]<br />\nMicroturbines use gaseous or liquid fuels, most commonly natural gas, to produce electricity and recover exhaust heat for direct use or use in a heat recovery boiler.[5] Steam turbines do not consume fuel directly but use steam generated by natural gas, oil, coal or biomass driven boilers or heat recovery steam generators, to produce power and thermal energy (see On-Site Renewable Energy Systems).[6]<br />\nFuel cells used for CHP applications utilize an electrochemical process to reform natural gas or biogas into hydrogen and then react hydrogen to generate electricity.[7]<br />\nHow to Integrate CHP<br />\nThe practicality of integrating CHP into a project increases when considered early in the planning stages, including early engagement with the local utility to identify permitting issues and available incentives.<br />\nContact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current CHP programs, tools, and available funding. For example, the NJ Office of Clean Energy Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Program currently offers incentives for the following CHP technologies:[8]</p>\n<p>Powered by non-renewable (i.e., natural gas) or renewable fuel source (i.e., biomass).<br />\nGas internal combustion engine.<br />\nGas combustion turbine.<br />\nMicroturbine<br />\nFuel cells with heat recovery.<br />\nWaste heat to power.</p>\n<p>The use of Class 1 renewable fuel sources and installation of CHP with black-start and islanding capabilities at designated critical facilities may qualify projects for additional incentives.<br />\nExample<br />\nWestin – Starwood Hotel, Jersey City, NJ<br />\nThe Westin Jersey City Newport qualified for the NJ Clean Energy Combined Heat &amp; Power Program by installing three Tecogen® Inc. 100-kW natural gas engine CHP units. The co-generation units are expected to produce 1,985 MWh of electricity and 132,962 therms of energy per year. The Westin Jersey City Newport qualified for $600,000 in NJCEP incentives, covering more than 27 percent of the $2,158,229 project cost, which includes ten years of maintenance service by the manufacturer. The co-generation units could potentially save the hotel, on average, 367,209 kWh of electricity and 91,198 therms of natural gas per year, resulting in annual savings ranging from $123,007 to $212,000. With the NJCEP incentives, the project expects to pay for itself within a decade when factoring in federal tax credits.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nInherently inefficient, conventional electricity generation converts only about a third of a fuel’s potential energy into usable energy.[9] It is reasonable to expect CHP applications to operate at 65-75% efficiency, a large improvement over the national average of ~50% for these services when separately provided.[10] Since overgeneration of heat and electricity occurs frequently, CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy.[11] The significant increase in energy efficiency with CHP means lower fuel consumption and reduced greenhouse gas emissions for the same level of output when compared to the separate generation of heat and power. Biomass powered CHP systems have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently (see On-Site Renewable Energy Systems).[12] Other benefits include CHP’s proven track record and the versatility of CHP to work with existing and planned technologies for various industrial and commercial applications. CHP also localizes energy generation, avoiding congestion issues and improving grid transmission and distribution losses associated with centralized power stations, reducing the risk of electrical grid disruptions and enhancing energy reliability. As a distributed energy generator, CHP provides a reliable and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and grid outages and can help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see Demand Response and Peak Load Management).<br />\nCosts<br />\nCHP makes the most economic sense when electricity prices are high, and natural gas prices are low. While the initial cost of CHP systems often exceed that of conventional heating or cooling systems, reduced energy and operating costs associated with cogeneration can often justify the investment.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nCHP can improve the resiliency of critical infrastructure, by acting as a self-sufficient microgrid keeping essential facilities and systems running without any interruption in electric or thermal service in the absence of utility sourced power due to storms or other events.[13]<br />\nFor example, South Oaks Hospital in Amityville, New York remained open and operational during Superstorm Sandy while over 8.5 million Long Island Power Authority (LIPA) customers had no power for a week.[14] South Oaks Hospital had five 250 kW units, which kept lights on and refrigeration units operational for 15 days, even allowing the hospital to admit new patients.<br />\nA form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids with the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.[15] Combined with energy storage capabilities, CHP systems hold the potential to help diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of distributed energy resources and energy storage (see Thermal Energy Storage, Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US EPA and US DOE. Guide to Using Combined Heat and Power for Enhancing Reliability and Resiliency in Buildings. September 2013. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_for_reliability_guidance.pdf  (accessed April 18, 2018).<br />\n[2] E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf   (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[3] International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf (accessed Oct 9, 2018).<br />\n[4] Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration<br />\nhttp://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration (accessed Oct 18, 2018).<br />\n[5] US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Microturbines https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Microturbines_0.pdf (accessed Oct 4, 2018).<br />\n[6] US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Steam Turbines. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Steam%20Turbine.pdf (accessed Oct 4, 2018).<br />\n[7] US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Fuel Cells https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Fuel%20Cell.pdf (accessed Oct 4, 2018).<br />\n[8] NJ Office of Clean Energy. 2018. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Program. http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power (accessed Oct 5, 2018).<br />\n[9] Electropaedia. http://www.mpoweruk.com/fossil_fuels.htm (accessed April 12, 2018).<br />\n[10] DOE. Combined Heat and Power Basics. https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics (accessed April 12, 2018).<br />\n[11] International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future.https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).<br />\n[12] International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf (accessed Oct 9, 2018).<br />\n[13] ICF International. 2013. “Combined Heat and Power: Enabling Resilient Energy Infrastructure for Critical Facilities.” Prepared for Oak Ridge National Laboratory. March 2013. Page 2. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_critical_facilities.pdf (accessed April 12, 2018).<br />\n[14] ACEEE. New and Improved Methods for Evaluating CHP Cost-Effectiveness. https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2016/data/papers/4_837.pdf (accessed April 12, 2018).<br />\n[15] International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Demand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nOn-Site Renewable Energy Systems<br />\nThermal Energy Storage</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Combined Heat and Power Installations in New Jersey<br />\nDatabase of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency<br />\nInternational Energy Association (IEA)<br />\nNew Jersey’s Clean Energy Program<br />\nUS EPA Combined Power and Heat Partnership<br />\nUS DOE Combined Heat and Power Basics</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(9005,1978,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:29:50'),(9006,1978,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(9007,1978,'_edit_lock','1650381446:2'),(9009,1978,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(9012,1978,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(9013,1978,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(9014,1978,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1978\" /]'),(9015,1978,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(9016,1978,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(9017,1978,'_thumbnail_id','212'),(9018,1978,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(9019,1978,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(9020,1978,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(9023,1982,'_edit_last','2'),(9024,1982,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(9025,1982,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(9026,1982,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(9027,1982,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(9028,1982,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(9029,1982,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(9030,1982,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(9031,1982,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(9032,1982,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Green Power</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Green Power?<br />\nGreen power refers to renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit including electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, some forms of biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources (i.e., do not impact land use and fisheries).[1] Buildings get their power from a mix of energy sources with varying levels of environmental impacts and benefits (see Figure 1). Electricity generated from coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas, wind, and solar all goes to the same grid (see Figure 2). Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) represent 1 MWh of renewable electricity generation and provide proof of the electricity generated by green power.<br />\nEnergy-efficient commercial buildings that are not ideally suited for on-site renewable energy generation can choose to switch to green energy or purchase RECs to help offset their environmental and carbon footprints on a voluntary basis or to meet corporate sustainability goals or other mandates.</p>\n<p>How to Purchase Green Energy<br />\nIn New Jersey, the Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (EDECA) of 1999 (N.J.S.A. 48:3-49) separated the supply portion of the electric rate from the delivery portion, providing the consumer the opportunity to select among third-party electricity suppliers licensed by the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU). Consumers can make decisions on a variety of factors including cost or energy efficiency and sources of electricity generation (e.g., nuclear, natural gas, oil, solar).[2]<br />\nThrough the purchase of green power, a building does not necessarily receive renewable energy directly, but instead, the purchase of renewable energy increases the percentage that renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind) that contribute to power production within the region. Table 1 lists various ways to purchase green energy.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\nCommercial electricity consumers may choose to purchase RECs, contract with a green energy supplier or participate in a utility-sponsored green energy program. Green power products and programs often require customers to pay a premium over the standard electric price in return for green power (i.e., electricity bundled with RECs) but the utility continues to provide the electric transmission and distribution in the same way as a regular electric customer.<br />\nNote that green power supply options depend on available renewable energy resources and projects, and state and utility policies and programs. Check with your utility provider for available programs and current incentives. Other options include Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that directly support specific renewable energy projects.<br />\nThe decision to purchase green power involves identifying and comparing green power options among verified, third-party certified green power providers that meet nationally-accepted standards for product quality. At this time, the Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program is the only organization that certifies and independently verifies green power products in the United States.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nConventional electricity relies on fossil fuels and produces significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Green power provides the following environmental and sustainable marketing benefits:[3]</p>\n<p>Supports renewable energy resource and technology development either directly through PPAs and bundled green power products or indirectly through RECs.<br />\nReduces a business’s carbon footprint associated with electricity consumption.<br />\nServes as a marketing tool to demonstrate a business’s commitment to sustainability goals.</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nJacobstown Solar Farm, Burlington County, NJ.<br />\nThe Jacobstown Solar project, by Community Energy, Inc., provides green power to the Jersey Central Power &amp; Light (JCP&amp;L) regional electric grid and helps farmland preservation in the area by providing a source of local revenue. Landscaping on the site matches the rural surroundings and plantings of low mow turf grass reduce stormwater runoff and improve soil conditions for future agricultural uses. When NJ businesses choose to purchase green power, they support solar companies like Community Energy, Inc. and projects like the Jacobstown Solar Farm, that provide local sources of renewable energy.<br />\nCosts<br />\nWhile a switch to green power does not require any upfront capital costs, currently there exists a cost premium for green power of about 2 to 4 cents per kWh.[4] Prices for green power vary also depending on a variety of factors, including:</p>\n<p>Supply and demand variability<br />\nProduct type (e.g., RECs, PPAs, utility or competitive green power products)<br />\nPurchase volume (e.g., total kilowatt-hours)<br />\nContract length (e.g., short- or long-term)<br />\nResource and technology type (e.g., solar, wind)<br />\nGeography (e.g., local versus national)<br />\nCertification and verification status</p>\n<p>Resiliency<br />\nA switch to green power provides resiliency benefits by helping to diversify and strengthen the electric power grid through the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar and by supporting local renewable energy generators and distributed renewable energy (DER) projects.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US EPA. Green Power Partnership. “What is Green Power?” https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power (accessed April 10, 2019).<br />\n[2] State of New Jersey. NJ Power Switch. Know Your Rights. https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/ (accessed April 10, 2019).<br />\n[3] US EPA. Green Power Partnership. Green Power Benefits. https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power (accessed April 10, 2019).<br />\n[4] Commercial Electric Rates for NJ based on 12-month contract for buildings with utility bills ranging from less than $1,000 to over $5000. https://www.electricrate.com (accessed April 9, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>On-Site Renewable Energy Systems</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program<br />\nNJ Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU)<br />\nNJ Power Switch<br />\nUS EPA – Switch to Green Power</p>\n<p>New Jersey Energy Delivery Companies (EDCs)</p>\n<p>Atlantic City Electric Company<br />\nJCP&amp;L<br />\nRockland Electric<br />\nPSE&amp;G</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(9033,1982,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:29:50'),(9034,1982,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(9035,1982,'_edit_lock','1650381673:2'),(9037,1982,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(9040,1982,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(9041,1982,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(9042,1982,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1982\" /]'),(9043,1982,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(9044,1982,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(9045,1982,'_thumbnail_id','252'),(9046,1982,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(9047,1982,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(9048,1982,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(9051,1987,'_edit_lock','1650381910:2'),(9052,1987,'_edit_last','2'),(9053,1987,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(9054,1987,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(9055,1987,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(9056,1987,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(9057,1987,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(9058,1987,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(9059,1987,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(9060,1987,'_et_pb_first_image',''),