(5840,1449,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(5841,1449,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(5842,1449,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(5843,1449,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(5844,1449,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(5845,1449,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(5846,1449,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(5847,1449,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(5848,1449,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(5849,1449,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(5883,200,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Soil (Source: University of Kentucky Agricultural Extension)'),(5890,1454,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(5891,1454,'_edit_last','2'),(5892,1454,'_edit_lock','1649708584:3'),(5893,1454,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(5894,1454,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(5895,1454,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(5896,1454,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1454\" /]'),(5897,1454,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(5898,1454,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(5899,1454,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(5900,1454,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(5901,1454,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Vegetated Roof</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>What is a Vegetated Roof?<br />\nA vegetated roof or green roof consists of vegetation in a lightweight growing medium placed on top of the drainage layer, root barrier, and waterproof membrane (see Figure 1). Vegetated roofs provide many environmental benefits such as decreased stormwater runoff and reduced building energy use. They absorb air pollutants and provide a habitat for beneficial insects and birds, serve as a sound barrier, and mitigate the urban heat island effect.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to How to Incorporate a Vegetated Roof<br />\nThere are many pre-engineered green roof systems available on the market, but green roof designs are often customized to achieve a project’s specific performance objectives. Consult a design professional and integrate the development of the green roof with the development of the building’s structure and systems. The roof strength must be able to hold 10-25 pounds per square foot above the requirements of an underlying roof.[1]<br />\nThe two primary categories of vegetated roofs include: extensive and intensive. Extensive vegetated roofs consist of lightweight systems with shallow soil (or other growing media) depths usually less than 6 inches.[2] Extensive vegetated roofs require less structural support than an intensive system and support a more limited palette of hardy plants adapted to extreme environments that need little maintenance. Intensive vegetated roofs typically have more than 6” of soil or other growing media, weigh more than extensive vegetated roofs, and can support a greater variety of plants. Intensive systems require more maintenance and a higher initial investment than an extensive roof.[3]<br />\nVegetated roofs can host a variety of plant species but typically include drought-tolerant species such as hardy succulents, sedums, and perennials. Consider low-maintenance, native species capable of living in the shallow soil. For a list of species indigenous to the Northeast, see NYC Greenbelt Native Plant Center or List of NJ Native Plants by County.<br />\nVegetated roof requires some maintenance such as watering during the establishment period and occasional weeding. Seasonal pruning and cutting of grasses and annual plants reduce the accumulation of combustible material on the roof. Regularly inspect and maintain the components of the roof’s drainage system such as gutters, underdrains, and downspouts.[4]<br />\nExample<br />\nGreen Roof in Teaneck, NJ.<br />\nHomeowners installed a vegetated roof, consisting of a system of trays holding a lightweight growing medium and drought resistant sedums, to reduce energy consumption and add aesthetic value. [5]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nReduced Stormwater Runoff<br />\nA vegetated roof can reduce stormwater runoff through retention and evapotranspiration and by slowing the release of precipitation, resulting in reduced peak flows in a watershed and reduced stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure.[6]<br />\nReduced Urban Heat Island Effect<br />\nThe evapotranspiration provided by vegetated roofs reduces both the temperature of the roof and the surrounding air temperature.[7] Vegetated roofs can remain 30-40% cooler than conventional roof surfaces, contributing to an average energy savings of 0.7% compared to non-vegetated roofs (see Cool Roofs).[8] Several vegetated roofs in the NYC region were monitored to collect data about vegetated roofs and the urban heat island effect through the Columbia University’s Center for Climate Systems Research and the data collected help document the role that vegetated roofs can play in mitigating the urban heat island effect.<br />\nReduced Air Pollution<br />\nGreen roofs serve as a carbon sink, helping to offset carbon emissions. Vegetation traps dust and particulate matter as well as other contaminants such as nitrogen oxides.[9]<br />\nEnergy conservation<br />\nThe multiple layers of a vegetated roof provide insulation (see Insulation). By increasing a building’s thermal mass, vegetated roofs can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season translating into less energy spent on climate control for the building (see Thermal Mass).[10]<br />\nIncreased Wildlife Habitat<br />\nAs the roof system matures, a mini-ecosystem, which supports a variety of beneficial insects, butterflies and birds can develop increasing biodiversity and providing a habitat for native wildlife (see Native and Adapted Plants and Wildlife Habitat).[11]<br />\nImproved Quality of Life<br />\nLike other urban greenery, vegetated roofs provide many intangible benefits for people. Installing a vegetated roof can be a method for integrating more green space into the site and the community. Also, neighboring buildings may gain a bonus view of nature when located near a building with a vegetated roof (see Biophilia).</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Costs<br />\nAccording to the US EPA, estimated costs of installing a green roof average $10/sf for extensive roofing, and $25/sf for intensive roofs. Maintenance costs vary for either type of roof and may range from $0.75–$1.50/sf.[12]<br />\nChanging temperatures and UV rays decrease the quality and life of a roof. Vegetated roofs protect rooftops and its structure, decreasing maintenance. Long-term savings from reduced heating and cooling costs and reduced maintenance can help offset the short-term capital costs.[13]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nVegetated roofs can provide thermal insulation throughout all four seasons, reducing energy consumption and reliance on the electrical grid. In the event of a power outage, they can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season. During heavy rainfalls and flooding events, vegetated roofs can help reduce stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure and reduce combined sewer overflows.[14] Vegetated roofs can also offer local communities the opportunity to grow some of their food, reducing dependency on supply chains and transportation networks often disrupted or compromised from storms and other events.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] City of Portland. https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469 (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[2] WBDG. Extensive Green Roofs. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[3] US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs.” https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands  (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[4] NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques. http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2 print.pdf (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[5] Native Bergen http://www.nativebergen.com/green-roof-grows-in-teaneck/  (accessed April 22, 2018).<br />\n[6] US EPA. “Green Roofs for Stormwater Runoff Control” February 2009. https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[7] GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf (accessed Sept 24, 2018).<br />\n[8] US EPA. Heat Island Effect: Using Green Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[9] Oberndorfer, Erica et. al. 2007. Green Roofs as Urban Ecosystems: Ecological Structures, Functions, and Services. Biosciencemag.org 57, no. 10. https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/10/823/232363 (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[10] James Hoff. “Reducing Peak Energy Demand: A Hidden Benefit of Cool Roofs.” TEGNOS Research. https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Peak-Demand-Hoff-11.11.14.pdf  (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[11] Whole Building Design Guide. Extensive green roofs. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[12] US EPA Heat Island Effect – Green Roofs http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[13] City of Portland. “EcoRoofs.” https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469 (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[14] GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Biophilic Design<br />\nCool Roofs<br />\nInsulation<br />\nNative and Adapted Plants<br />\nThermal Mass<br />\nWildlife Habitat</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_18  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Center for Neighborhood Technology – Green Values Calculator<br />\nNew Jersey Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques<br />\nUS EPA</p>\n<p>Green Roofs for Stormwater Control<br />\nGreen Roofs – Heat Island Effect<br />\nReducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs</p>\n<p>Gaffin, S. R., Kong, A.Y.Y., De Mel, J.M., and Rosenzweig, C. 2017. Green, White and Dark Roofs – The energy perspective. New York, NY, USA: Center for Climate Systems Research at Columbia University and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.<br />\nThe Sustainable Sites Initiative<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Extensive Vegetative Roofs</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_2\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1438\" /></span>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(5902,1454,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:29:10'),(5903,1454,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(5904,1454,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(5905,1454,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(5906,1454,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(5907,1454,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(5908,1454,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(5909,1454,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(5910,1454,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(5911,1454,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(5912,1454,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(5913,1454,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(5914,1454,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(5915,1454,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(5916,1454,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(5917,1454,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(5918,1454,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(5919,1454,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(5953,230,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1: A basic cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design & Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual).'),(5954,234,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Benefits of Green Roofs (Source: Hartman, Danielle. Poster presentation, ESRI International User Conference, San Diego. July 2009).'),(5962,1460,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(5963,1460,'_edit_last','2'),(5964,1460,'_edit_lock','1649709248:3'),(5965,1460,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(5966,1460,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(5967,1460,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(5968,1460,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1460\" /]'),(5969,1460,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(5970,1460,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(5971,1460,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(5972,1460,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(5973,1460,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Air Infiltration</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Air Infiltration?<br />\nAir infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.[1] Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.[2]  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems. [3] Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p></div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Manage Air Infiltration<br />\nMinimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see Insulation, Moisture Control, and Natural Ventilation).[4] Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.[5] A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.[6]<br />\nThe PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.[7]<br />\nMany green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the Passive House Institute US Certification Program (also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:[8]</p>\n<p>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.<br />\nAn airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.<br />\nWell installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.<br />\nBalanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.<br />\nPassive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nRocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.<br />\nThe RMI Innovation Center achieved Passive House US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value, 0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.[9] A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft2.[10]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nAirtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).[11]<br />\nCosts<br />\nContinuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.[12] Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nReducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.[13]<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings (accessed March 18, 2018).<br />\n[2] Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration. https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration  (accessed March 18, 2018).<br />\n[3] Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.<br />\n[4] Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[5] Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration. http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[6] Lstiburek, Joseph. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.  https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[7] US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[8] Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[9] Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/ (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[10] Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.” https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952 (accessed March 19. 2018).<br />\n[11] Whole Building Design Guide.http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php (accessed Mach 18, 2018).<br />\n[12] Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of<br />\nCommercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.” https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf(accessed Mach 19, 2018).<br />\n[13] Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/ (accessed March 19, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Insulation<br />\nMoisture Control<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</p>\n<p>US Department of Energy</p>\n<p>Blower Door Test<br />\nEnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software<br />\nPFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</p>\n<p> </div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_1\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1438\" /></span>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(5974,1460,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:29:10'),(5975,1460,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(5976,1460,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(5977,1460,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(5978,1460,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(5979,1460,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(5980,1460,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(5981,1460,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(5982,1460,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(5983,1460,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(5984,1460,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(5985,1460,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(5986,1460,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(5987,1460,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(5988,1460,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(5989,1460,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(5990,1460,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(5991,1460,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(6026,480,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)'),(6034,1467,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6035,1467,'_edit_last','2'),(6036,1467,'_edit_lock','1649784449:3'),(6037,1467,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6038,1467,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6039,1467,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6040,1467,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1467\" /]'),(6041,1467,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6042,1467,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6043,1467,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6044,1467,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6045,1467,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Cool Roofs</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Cool Roofs?<br />\nCool roofs reflect (solar reflectance) and radiate heat (thermal emittance) away from the building and reduce roof temperature. (See Figure 1). The Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) measures roof reflectance and emissivity on a scale of 0 to 100, and the higher the value, the “cooler” the roof.[1] White, light-colored, and reflective colored surfaces have a higher SRI than dark-colored roofs.</p></div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Conventional dark colored roofs absorb sunlight, generating heat and increasing the cooling load of the building. The heat generated by conventional roofs also contributes to the heat island effect in urban and dense suburban areas. Heat island effect takes place when built up or densely developed areas experience an increase in temperature due to larger areas of dark pavement and roofs that absorb heat from the sun. Rising temperatures result in increased energy demands, which can lead to higher air conditioning costs, increased greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and increased risk of heat-related illnesses.[2] Urbanized and densely populated suburban regions are more vulnerable to the heat island effect, and conditions tend to be worse during the summer months.<br />\nMany building codes and green building programs have a cool roof and urban heat island mitigation requirements that refer to ENERGY STAR and the Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) voluntary labeling programs.<br />\nENERGY STAR labels roof products that meet the following reflectance requirements and provides information about emissivity. </div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">The Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) does not set minimum requirements but uses independent and accredited testing laboratories and a random testing program to identify products on its online Rated Products Directory that meet the ANSI/CRRC S100 accredited standard.[4]<br />\nCool roofs options are available for most standard roofing materials and come in common roofing colors (e.g., gray, red).[5] There are two main types of cool roofs: low-sloped and steep-sloped. Low-slope roofs have less than 2 inches of rise for every 12 inches of run. In comparison, steep-sloped roofs have a more significant rise/run ratio.[6] For the majority of cases, steep-sloped roofs are utilized in residential construction, while low-sloped roofs are typically used for commercial buildings. Steep-sloped roofs are currently available in clay or concrete tiles. The light pigments of clay and concrete allow the roof to reflect and radiate heat. For steep-slope roofs, light-colored asphalt shingles, metal roofing, tiles, or shakes are also available.<br />\nHow to Incorporate Cool Roofs<br />\nThe decision to incorporate cool roofs depends on the local climate, a building’s heating and cooling loads, peak energy demands, and shading provided by surrounding trees or structures.[7] Incorporating cool roofs requires proper selection and installation of the roof product or roof coating. Refer to the Energy Star and CRRC products list. Cool roof design combined with appropriate roof insulation, shade tree placement, and adequately sized HVAC equipment maximizes energy and cost savings (See Insulation, Properly Sized HVAC, and Tree Protection and Placement).[8] Complementary strategies include vegetated roofs and roof-top photovoltaic systems (see Vegetated Roofs, Photovoltaic Systems).<br />\nBenefits<br />\nCool roofs offer several potential benefits, including:</p>\n<p>Energy cost savings by reducing cooling loads.[9]<br />\nLowered peak electricity demand which decreases the likelihood of power outages.[10]<br />\nReduced roof temperatures which may reduce roof maintenance and replacement expenses by extending roof life.[11]<br />\nIncreased indoor thermal comfort in summer, helping to prevent heat-related illness and deaths.[12]<br />\nMitigated heat island effect in cities and suburbs.[13]<br />\nReduced air pollution and smog formation.<br />\nWater reduction savings for urban irrigation.[14]<br />\nMinimized heat loss in winter in cold climates when combined with appropriate insulation levels.[15]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nA roof’s life cycle costs include upfront installation (materials and labor) and ongoing savings and maintenance costs (repair, recoating, and cleaning). The installed costs vary depending on the type and size of the roof, complexity of the roof system, and building location. In many cases, cool roofs cost about the same as conventional dark roofs with the cost premium ranging from $0.05 to $1.50/SF over conventional roofing products.[16] These costs can be recovered in the relatively short-term (1 year or less) through decreased energy consumption.[17]<br />\nFor a list of price premiums for cool roofs, see the Global Cool Cities Alliance’s Cool Roof and Pavements Toolkit. Financial incentives may be available for builders and homeowners who install cool roofs. For up-to-date information on available incentives, please visit the New Jersey Clean Energy website.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nCool roofs contribute to resiliency by providing a durable roofing material and through energy efficiency.  For example, cool roofs enhance roofing durability by reducing thermal flux and increasing the roof’s resiliency to changing climate conditions, heat and UV aging.  Cool roofs also contribute to decreased air-conditioning loads, thereby extending the life of AC units. Regarding energy efficiency, cool roofs, combined with proper insulation levels, can reduce heating and cooling loads, reducing stress on the grid, and help to regulate thermal comfort in the event of a power outage.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) http://coolroofs.org (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[2] Solecki, William D., et al., Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science, Research, and Technology (2004). http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf  (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[3] ENERGY STAR. “Roof Products Key Product Criteria.” http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_crit_roof_products (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[4] Cool Roof Rating Council. 2016. “Policy Makers and Code Official: Learn about Cool Roofs.”<br />\nhttp://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).<br />\n[5] Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 13. https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).<br />\n[6] Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) http://www.coolroofs.org/HomeandBuildingOwnersInfo.html (accessed March 26, 2018).<br />\n[7] Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 21. https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).<br />\n[8] Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 9. https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).<br />\n[9] US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[10] CRRC. “Resources for Code Officials and Policy Makers” http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[11] Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf (accessed June 25, 2018).<br />\n[12] US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[13] The “heat island effect” refers to developed areas that experience an increase in temperature that has the effect of increasing energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.<br />\n[14] Vahmani, Pouya. (2017) “Water Conservation Benefits of Urban Heat Mitigation.” Nature Communication 8, Article: 1072,  http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/ (accessed March 16. 2018).<br />\n[15] Ramamurthy, P. et al. “The joint influence of albedo and insulation on roof performance: An observational study,” 2015, Energy and Buildings, Volume 93, pages 249-258. https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study (accessed March 18, 2018).<br />\n[16] Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Page 12, Table 5. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf (accessed June 25, 2018).<br />\n[17] Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 35. https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Insulation<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nTree Protection and Placement<br />\nVegetated Roofs</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Berkeley Lab -Heat Island Group<br />\nCool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)<br />\nCool Metal Roofing<br />\nEnergy Star – Cool Roofs<br />\nEPA Roof Savings Calculator<br />\nGlobal Cool Cities Alliance –</p>\n<p>Cool Roof and Cool Pavements Toolkit</p>\n<p>National Roofing Contractors Association<br />\nUS EPA – Heat Island Effect: Cool Roofs<br />\nUS DOE</p>\n<p>Cool Roof Calculator: Estimates Cooling and Heating Savings for Flat Roofs with Non-Black Surfaces<br />\nGuidelines for Selecting Cool Roof</p>\n<p> </div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_0\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img width=\"16\" height=\"16\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1438\" /></span>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6046,1467,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:29:10'),(6047,1467,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6048,1467,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6049,1467,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6050,1467,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6051,1467,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6052,1467,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6053,1467,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6054,1467,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6055,1467,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6056,1467,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(6057,1467,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(6058,1467,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(6059,1467,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(6060,1467,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(6061,1467,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(6062,1467,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(6063,1467,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(6098,1468,'_edit_lock','1651067598:2'),(6099,1468,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6100,1468,'_edit_last','2'),(6102,1468,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6105,1468,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6106,1468,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6107,1468,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1468\" /]'),(6108,1468,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6109,1468,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6111,1468,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6112,1468,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6113,1468,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Biomass Energy Systems</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is a Biomass Energy System?<br />\nBiomass energy systems utilize biomass, a renewable resource, to power facility heating, electric power generation, or combined heat and power (CHP) systems (see Combined Heat and Power (CHP)).[1] Biomass sources include organic material such as plant matter, wood, waste wood, residue from agriculture or forestry and organic matter from municipal or industrial waste. Fumes from landfills such as methane, a natural gas, provide biomass for electricity generation.[2]</p>\n<p> <br />\nAccording to the Rutgers EcoComplex’s Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey:[3]</p>\n<p>Solid waste makes up 72% of biomass. Agriculture and forestry management also produce potential sources of biomass.<br />\nTechnologies for converting solid waste to biomass include combustion, gasification and anaerobic digestion.<br />\nThe counties of central and northeastern New Jersey contain the largest biomass concentrations.</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Biomass Energy Systems  <br />\nDirect-fired combustion is the most common method of producing heat and electricity from biomass.[4] Commercial scale facilities typically use woody biomass in the form of whole logs or firewood, wood chips, and wood pellets. Two types of chip-fired direct combustion systems include fixed-bed and atmospheric fluidized-bed systems.[5]<br />\nA direct combustion system burns biomass to generate hot gas, which provides heat directly or feeds biomass into a boiler to generate hot water or steam. In a boiler system, the steam provides heat for process or space heating. It can also transfer heat to a facility through typical space heating methods. In a combined heat and power system (CHP), the boiler produces steam to run a turbine and power a generator to produce electricity. Excess steam and hot water support heating applications. Combined heat and power (CHP) systems significantly increase overall energy efficiency to approximately 80%, from the standard biomass electricity-only systems with efficiencies of approximately 20%.[6] Cost-effect biomass energy systems utilize both electricity production and thermal energy.<br />\nSee NJ’s Clean Energy Program: Biopower to find out more about the types of biomass energy systems currently supported in New Jersey. Installing a biomass energy system requires professional expertise. Evaluate the facility’s waste stream to identify opportunities to convert waste into energy.<br />\nSee the NJ Office of Clean Energy’s Combined Heat and Power Program also offers incentives for CHP systems, with bonus incentives for CHP systems fueled by renewable fuel sources.<br />\nExamples<br />\nBiomass Energy Resource Center (BERC)<br />\nWith funding from the US DOE, the Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC) developed a series of case studies illustrating the design and operational experiences of various community-scale facilities, including businesses, campuses, community buildings, schools, housing and government facilities, that employ biomass systems in the US, Canada, Europe, and Scandinavia.<br />\nThe Rex Lumber Company, Englishtown, NJ.<br />\nThe Rex Lumber Company, with a rebate for nearly 50% from the NJ Clean Energy Program, replaced a natural gas system with a wood-waste boiler biomass system to heat its kilns.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nUsing biomass for energy turns waste into resources, provides a renewable source of electricity and reduces the use of and dependency on fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing fuel supply security. Biomass powered CHP technologies have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently.[7] Biomass reduces waste management costs like tipping fees while promoting local business and farming. Replacing up to 20% of fossil fuel such as coal with bio-fuel also reduces nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide emissions. Capturing methane, a gas emitted by the decomposition of waste 28-36 times stronger than carbon dioxide, reduces emissions of a significant greenhouse gas.[8]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe economics of biomass power generation depends on the availability of a predictable, local, sustainably-sourced, low-cost and long-term feedstock supply.[9] Differences in feedstock chemical composition impact the cost of the feedstock. For example, waste produced due to industrial processes can have a zero or even negative cost by avoiding waste disposal charges. Likewise, prices for dedicated energy crops can spike due to low productivity and high transportation costs. Lower cost options may include agricultural, and forestry residues collected and transported over short distances or available locally as a by-product.<br />\nThe wide range of bioenergy-fired power generation technologies translates into a broad range of installed costs. For example, installation costs for biomass heating plants average between $500 to $1500 per kW-thermal of installed heating rate capacity.[10] Installation for small-scale biomass electric plants typically cost between $3,000 to $4,000 per kW.[11]<br />\nFixed operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) costs, such as labor, scheduled maintenance, routine component or equipment replacement, and insurance for bioenergy power plants typically range from 2-6% of total installed costs per year, while variable O&amp;M costs average 0.005/KWh.[12]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nBiomass offers several resiliency benefits including the ability to stockpile fuel for emergencies.[13] Plans to recover, segregate, and process biomass fuel locally makes downed biomass from fallen trees and vegetation caused by storms and natural disasters a cost-saving resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.[14] Making use of downed biomass also frees up time and money for other recovery efforts, while at the same time providing short to long-term backup power for critical infrastructure and emergency services.<br />\nBiomass energy systems with off-grid or islanding capabilities and thermal energy storage provide enhanced energy independence, security, and reliability in the event of natural disasters and security threats while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see Thermal Energy Storage, Battery Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Demand Response and Peak Load Management).[15] Biomass-fired CHP systems promote the renewable energy industry in New Jersey by utilizing renewable sources of fuel, providing backup power and balancing the supply and demand of electricity from variable renewables such as wind and solar.[16] A form of distributed energy generation, biomass-fired CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids and the broader smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources and energy storage.<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Biomass to Heat. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat (accessed April 30, 2018).<br />\n[2] NJ Clean Energy Program. “Biopower.” http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower (accessed April 12, 2018).<br />\n[3] Rutgers EcoComplex: Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey. Version 2.0 Updated July 2015. http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/ (accessed April 30, 2018).<br />\n[4] WBDG: Biomass for Electricity Production https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation (accessed April 30, 2018).<br />\n[5] Ibid.<br />\n[6] Ibid.<br />\n[7] International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf (accessed Oct 9, 2018).<br />\n[8] US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas (accessed April 30, 2018).<br />\n[9] International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017 (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[10] WBDG. Biomass from Heating. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[11] WBDG. Biomass from Electricity. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[12] IREA. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017 (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[13] WBDG. Biomass from Heating. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[14] Ibid.<br />\n[15] Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG). Benefits of Biomass.  https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[16] International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nCombined Heat and Power (CHP)<br />\nDemand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nThermal Energy Storage</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experimental Station – Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey<br />\nFederal Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG)<br />\nInternational Renewable Energy Agency (IREA)</p>\n<p>Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017</p>\n<p>International Energy Agency (IEA)<br />\nNJ Clean Energy: Getting Started<br />\nNJ’s Clean Energy Program – Biopower<br />\nNJ’s Clean Energy Program – CHP<br />\nSustainable Energy Working Group</p>\n<p>US Department of Energy</p>\n<p>Bioenergy Technologies Program<br />\nBioenergy Knowledge Discovery Framework (KDF)</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</p>\n<p>Biomass for Electricity<br />\nBiomass for Heat</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6114,1468,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 09:04:12'),(6115,1468,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6116,1468,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6118,1468,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6119,1468,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6120,1468,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6121,1468,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6122,1468,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6123,1468,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6124,1468,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6127,1476,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6128,1476,'_edit_last','5'),(6129,1476,'_edit_lock','1733776302:5'),(6131,356,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1- Summer and Winter scenarios of GHPs (Source: NYSERDA)'),(6132,1476,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6135,1476,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6136,1476,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6137,1476,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1476\" /]'),(6138,1476,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6139,1476,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6141,1476,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6142,1476,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6143,1476,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Geothermal Heat Pumps?<br />\nGeothermal heat pumps (GHPs), also known as ground source heat pumps or geo-exchange systems, use the constant temperature (45°F- 75°F) of the earth to cool buildings in the summer and warm them in the winter. [1] Geothermal technology consists of open-loop or closed-loop systems. Open-loop systems draw water from a well or a surface water body to circulate as a heat exchange fluid through the system and then returns the water to the ground through a well or surface discharge.[2] Closed-loop systems, configured as horizontal, vertical, or pond/lake systems, use a non-toxic antifreeze solution as the heat exchanger.[3] Some GHPs have wells drilled vertically deep underground and can fit into space constricted areas, while others have horizontal loops a shorter distance below ground that require adequate space or land.[4]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Geothermal Heat Pumps<br />\nThe practicality of a geothermal heat pump for a specific project increases when considered early in the planning stages of the site and building design. Renewable energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site renewable energy system expertise. The US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems. [5] For example, site assessments include analysis of geology, hydrology, and land availability to determine whether to install vertical or horizontal ground loops and opportunities to utilize local water bodies. [6]<br />\nLook for ENERGY STAR qualified geothermal heat pumps that use about 45% less energy than a standard heat pump.[7] Find qualified installers through your local utility company, the International Ground Source Heat Pump Association, or the Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium.<br />\nExamples<br />\nAtlantic County Utilities Authority (ACUA), Atlantic City and Egg Harbor Township, NJ<br />\nThe ACUA’s clean energy initiatives include a geothermal heating and cooling system at its GeoBuilding. The system depends on heating well water through fifty closed-looped wells on a field adjacent to the building. The system extracts heat from the water in the winter and transfers heat to the ground in the summer.<br />\nTownship of Montclair Clean Energy Municipality, Montclair, NJ.<br />\nThe Rand School, serving grades K-5, in Montclair, NJ uses a geothermal heating and cooling system. A pump house manages the heat supplied from deep in the ground. The geothermal system heats and cools the building by utilizing liquid-filled tubes, cooled to 54 degrees Fahrenheit (cave temperature.)<br />\nBenefits<br />\nIncorporating a geothermal system reduces greenhouse gas emissions, protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. Geothermal pumps have a higher efficiency than air pumps and produce less noise pollution as most of the moving parts are underground.[8] Depending on the cost and type of fuel, heating with geothermal pumps can cost 25-50% less than that of conventional heating.[9] Compared to air-source heat pumps, geothermal pumps last longer, require less maintenance and do not depend on outside air temperatures.[10]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe capital cost of geothermal systems averages $7, 000.00 per ton including the bore field.[11] Highly site-specific, well field costs can quickly add tens of thousands of dollars to overall system cost. Life-cycle costs can deliver a relatively quick payback beginning at 5 years, based on significant heating cost savings.[12] Annual energy savings can vary from 25% to 50%.[13] Also, maintenance and upkeep cost less than traditional types of heating and cooling equipment.</p>\n<p>Incremental cost (e.g., the cost of the green technology minus the cost of conventional technology) is around $3,957/ton.[14]</p>\n<p>Annual cost savings (e.g., annual kWh saved * $0.14/kWh [the price of electricity])<br />\nAccording to US DOE Energy Savers, using GHPs reduce electricity consumption by 25-50%.</p>\n<p>Scenario: Consider a 20,000 SF commercial building using 50,000[15] btu/SF over five years.<br />\nIn one year:<br />\n50,000btu/SF ÷ 5 years = 10,000 btu<br />\n10,000 btu/SF * 20,000 SF = 200,000,000 btu<br />\n200,000,000 btu * (2.93×10-4 kWh/1 btu) = 58,614kWh consumed.<br />\nA reduction in electricity consumption of 50% means a savings of 29,307 kWh, or:<br />\n29,307 kWh * $0.14/kWh = $ 4,102.98</p>\n<p>Payback (Capital Costs or Incremental Costs / annual cost savings)Incremental Cost = $3,957</p>\n<p>Annual Cost Saving =             $4,102.98<br />\n$3,957/$4,102.98 =                 0.96<br />\nIt will take less than one year to achieve a return on the investment in a geothermal heat pump.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nGeothermal heat pumps increase grid resiliency by helping to diversify sources of clean and renewable energy and by providing a consistent and energy-efficient source of renewable energy to supply the grid in the absence of wind or solar. Geothermal heat pumps with thermal energy storage can operate off the grid and supply energy to emergency services and infrastructure during power outages.<br />\n[1] US DOE  “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed  April 4, 2018).<br />\n[2] ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed April 5, 2018).<br />\n[3] US DOE “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed April 5, 2018).<br />\n[4]  US DOE. “Guide to Geothermal Heat Pumps” https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf (accessed April 4, 2018).<br />\n[5] US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf (accessed May 8, 2018).<br />\n[6] ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed  April 4, 2018).<br />\n[7] ENERGY STAR. “Heat Pumps, Geothermal for Consumers.” http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP (accessed  April 4, 2018).<br />\n[8] Ibid.<br />\n[9] US DOE. Energy Savers: Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pumps. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed April 20, 2018).<br />\n[10] US DOE | EERE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed April 4, 2018).<br />\n[11] Rutgers University Facilities Department – Based on estimates received for new buildings.<br />\n[12] US DOE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed April 18, 2018).<br />\n[13] US DOE. Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump System. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed April 12, 2018).<br />\n[14] NEEP. “Mid-Atlantic Technical Reference Manual Version 7.” http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf (accessed April 18, 2018).<br />\n[15] US DOE | EERE. Planning, Budget &amp; Analysis: Commercial Buildings Total Energy Consumption. April 2008. https://www.energy.gov/eere/analysis/energy-intensity-indicators Assume an average of 50k btu for all sectors. (accessed April 18, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Thermal Energy Storage</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium<br />\nGeothermal Resource Council<br />\nInternational Ground Source Heat Pump Association</p>\n<p>NJ’s Clean Energy Program</p>\n<p>COOLAdvantage Program<br />\nC&amp;I Equipment Incentives</p>\n<p>US Department of Energy</p>\n<p>Geothermal Heat Pump Introduction<br />\nGeothermal Technologies Program</p>\n<p>National Resources</p>\n<p>US EPA – Geothermal Heating and Cooling Technologies<br />\nUSGS Geothermal Energy—Clean Power from the Earth’s Heat<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Geothermal Heat Pumps</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6144,1476,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2024-12-09 21:25:31'),(6145,1476,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6146,1476,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6148,1476,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6149,1476,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6150,1476,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6151,1476,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6152,1476,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6153,1476,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6154,1476,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6157,1476,'_thumbnail_id','356'),(6162,1476,'_wp_old_slug','nc-geothermal-heat-pumps'),(6164,1481,'_edit_lock','1655929037:3'),(6165,1481,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6166,1481,'_edit_last','3'),(6168,303,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).'),(6169,255,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 3 – Wind Speed Map at 30 meters (Source: US DOE | NREL – Wind Powering America).'),(6170,233,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 4 – A 10 kW wind turbine atop a lattice tower at Hamilton College, NY. (Source: Fortis Wind Energy).'),(6171,1481,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6174,1481,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6175,1481,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6176,1481,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1481\" /]'),(6177,1481,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6178,1481,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6179,1481,'_thumbnail_id','573'),(6180,1481,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6181,1481,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6182,1481,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">On-Site Wind Energy Systems</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are On-Site Wind Energy Systems?<br />\nOn-site wind energy systems provide renewable energy in areas with sufficient wind speed. Prime locations for harvesting wind energy in New Jersey are along the shore.[1]<br />\nThe two main types of wind turbines include horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT), the most common, and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT).[2] Initially designed to be mounted on high poles in open or rural areas, small wind turbines (SWTs) include systems that are 100 kilowatts (kW) or less. Small wind energy systems can either be stand-alone (e.g., not connected to the utility grid) or grid-connected. Built-environment wind turbines (BEWT) refer to projects constructed on, in, or near buildings.[3] The highly turbulent and variable wind directions often found in the built environment make VAWTs a viable option for these types of locations as VAWTs do not need to orient into the wind to generate power.[4] VAWTs come in two different designs: the Savonius design, which generates power through drag, and the Darrieus, which generates power through an aerodynamic lift.[5]</p>\n<p>How to Implement an On-site Wind Energy System<br />\nRenewable energy systems such as wind energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site wind energy expertise. The US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the NJ Office of Clean<br />\nEnergy to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems. [6] For example, siting turbines on the highest elevation on the site often correspond to the highest, unobstructed wind speeds. Wind speed increases with height, and small increases in speed boost a turbine’s generating-potential significantly.[7]</p>\n<p>Examples<br />\nJersey Atlantic Wind Farm, Atlantic City, NJ.<br />\nThe Jersey-Atlantic Wind Farm, a community-scale wind turbine installation, includes five, 380-foot turbines, producing a combined 7.5 megawatts of power. The wind turbines and on-site solar installation power the wastewater treatment plant, with surplus energy sent to the grid.<br />\nNREL. “Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices.”<br />\nThis study looks at several case studies of Built Environment Wind Turbines (BEWTs), documenting mixed-results in the BEWT industry. Main obstacles cited include, 1) insufficient and not well-defined project feasibility and planning processes, 2) high-cost projects related to additional expenses for installation and operations in the built environment, 3) a lack of certified manufacturers for ongoing service and parts, and 4) over-estimated project performance due to the complexity of conducting accurate resource and production assessments in the built environment. BEWT projects with the best outcomes had well developed and quantified project goals that included energy production as well as educational and sustainability marketing goals. These projects also conducted thorough feasibility investigations, used certified HAWTs with a proven track record, and were installed on tall buildings relative to surrounding obstacles.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nWind power reduces dependence on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal.[8] Generating power from wind reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promotes the renewable energy industry in New Jersey.<br />\nCosts<br />\nRebates and tax credits base wind power incentives on expected energy production, rather than capacity. Commercial businesses or organizations may be eligible for the renewable Production Tax Credit (PTC), which provides a $0.019 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) benefit in 2017 (which is phased out over 2018 and 2019) for the first ten years of a renewable energy facility’s operation.[9]<br />\nIn New Jersey, between 2002 and 2013, wind turbine installation costs ranged from $19,000 for a 1 MW municipal project to $3.3 million for the ACUA Wind Farm in Atlantic City.[10] Nationwide, small wind turbines cost between $800/kW and $1100/kW and a typical 2 MW project costs between $1.6 and $2.2 million[11]. Necessary fees include utility company fees, township and county permits, and installation, accounting for about 4% of the total project cost.[12]<br />\nDepending on the strength of the wind resource and the cost of the system, the typical paybacks range from 6-15 years.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nOn-site wind energy systems rely on wind, a site-based resource and may operate independently from the power grid. Installed with additional hardware—including transfer switches, critical load panels, and appropriate controls—these systems can act as self-sufficient microgrids, generating energy and powering critical loads in the absence of utility sourced power. Wind energy systems provide additional protection from flooding events, based on elevated installations.<br />\n[1] American Wind Energy Association.  “Wind 101: Wind Energy Basics.” https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101 (accessed April 11, 2018).<br />\n[2] WBDG. Wind Technology. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology (accessed April 19, 2018).<br />\n[3] Jason Fields, Frank Oteri, Robert Press, and Ian Baring-Gould (2016) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf (accessed April 20, 2018).<br />\n[4] J. Smith, T. Forsyth, K. Sinclair, and F. Oteri. (2015) NREL. Built-Environment Wind Turbine Roadmap. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf (accessed April 20, 2018).<br />\n[5] WBDG. Wind Technology. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology (accessed April 19, 2018).<br />\n[6] US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf (accessed May 8, 2018).<br />\nDOE. Small Wind Guidebook. https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts (accessed April 11, 2018).<br />\n[8] McCollum, David, and Christopher Yang. 2009. “Achieving deep reductions in US transport greenhouse gas emissions: Scenario analysis and policy implications.” Energy Policy 37: 5580-5596.<br />\n[9] US DOE. Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit. https://www.energy.gov/savings/renewable-electricity-production-tax-credit-ptc (accessed April 18, 2018).<br />\n[10] NJCEP. Installation and Project Status Reports (REIP and CORE Programs). http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive (accessed April 18, 2018).<br />\n[11] US DOE. 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf (accessed April 18. 2018).<br />\n[12] Pacific Northwest National Lab (PNNL). Benchmarking US Small Wind Costs. https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf (accessed April 18, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Demand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nSmart Metering</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>General information and Starting Up<br />\nUS Department of Energy</p>\n<p>Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook<br />\n2016 Wind Technologies Market Report</p>\n<p>NJ Clean Energy Program</p>\n<p>Trade-Ally: Residential<br />\nWind Site Assessor</p>\n<p>Technical Guidance</p>\n<p>Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) Distributed Wind Energy Zoning and Permitting: A Toolkit for Local Governments</p>\n<p>US Department of Energy</p>\n<p>Small Wind Guidebook<br />\nNortheast Wind Resource Center<br />\nNREL Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices</p>\n<p>Funding Sources</p>\n<p>Community Wind Financing<br />\nDESIRE: Renewable Energy Incentives for New Jersey<br />\nNJ Clean Energy Program – see Financing Your System</p>\n<p> <br />\n </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p></div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6183,1481,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-29 03:59:29'),(6184,1481,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6185,1481,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6187,1481,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6188,1481,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6189,1481,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6190,1481,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6191,1481,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6192,1481,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6193,1481,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6195,1488,'_edit_lock','1649783156:2'),(6196,1488,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6197,1488,'_edit_last','2'),(6199,218,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Solar array on Maplewood, NJ Police Station (Source: Image Up Studio Metuchen, NJ).'),(6200,1488,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6203,1488,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6204,1488,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6205,1488,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1488\" /]'),(6206,1488,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6207,1488,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6209,1488,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6210,1488,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6211,1488,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Photovoltaic (PV) Systems?<br />\nPhotovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity.[1] PV cells placed together in a module are grouped together electrically to form an array applied to surfaces such as roofs, parking structures, utility poles, or ground mounts and capture light energy from the sun and produce electricity. For example, installing solar photovoltaic (PV) panels on parking structures provides shading to cars and comfort to their occupants, while providing clean electricity.<br />\nA specific PV system, known as Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) uses PV technology and applies it to building materials, serving multifunctional purposes. For example, a BIPV skylight not only captures energy, generating electricity for a building but also provides daylighting (see Daylighting).[2] Another strategy incorporates PV technology into an exterior wall for decorative purposes as well as collecting energy.<br />\nThe availability of PV combined with available incentives makes New Jersey one of the fastest growing markets for PV technology. [3]</p>\n<p>How to Implement Photovoltaic Systems<br />\nPhotovoltaic systems are complex and require project team members with renewable energy system expertise. The US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. Contact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding for Photovoltaic Systems. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems.[4]<br />\nWhile projects can tailor PV systems to meet the needs of a particular site and building, south facing surfaces not shaded by nearby trees, buildings, and structures provide the best results (see Building Orientation). If possible, orient collectors at the angle of the location’s latitude (in New Jersey, this is approximately 40°N). Flat roofs also work well for solar electric systems, allowing PV modules to tilt at an optimal angle toward the sun. Solar panels are usually roof mounted, but they can also be mounted on a pole or on the ground. Ground systems work well for projects with large sites and can be mounted on trackers to follow the sun.<br />\nHire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.[5]<br />\nExamples<br />\nVineland Solar One, Vineland, NJ.<br />\nLocated on 14 acres at the Landis Sewage Authority (LSA), the Vineland Solar One generation facility includes 13,456 monocrystalline silicon panels that produce up to 5,500 MWh of energy annually. The NJ Office of Clean Energy Solar Renewable Energy Credit (SREC) Program and a Power Purchase Agreement between the Vineland Municipal Electric Utility (VMEU) and Conectiv Energy helped finance this public/private partnership.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nIncorporating on-site renewable energy systems reduces greenhouse gas emissions,<br />\nprotects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. The modularity of PV systems allows great flexibility in applying this technology to buildings. Solar PV can help manage peak demand and lower utility rates, while also providing shade and urban heat island reduction benefits (see Demand Response and Peak Load Management). Additional benefits include low-cost operations and maintenance, and US-based manufacturers and installers that provide domestic jobs.[6]<br />\nCosts</p>\n<p>Capital cost – PV systems can have a high first cost. Non-residential solar project costs were about $4000/kW for projects &lt;500 kW and $3000/kW for projects &gt;500 kW in 2016.[7]<br />\nIncentives[8]</p>\n<p>The value of renewable energy certificates varies with trades of up to $700/MWh recorded. In April 2018, they are trading at $229.[9]<br />\nMaximum Incentive: 2018-2019 compliance year $300 per MWh (~$0.300 per kWh)<br />\nTerms: Systems must be registered with NJ Board of Public Utilities; facilities qualify to generate SRECs for 15 years after the date of interconnection</p>\n<p>Incremental cost – (e.g., cost of green technology – cost of conventional technology)</p>\n<p>Conventional Cost = $0.14/kWh (http://www.solarbuzz.com/statsCosts.htm)</p>\n<p>Annual Cost Savings (e.g., annual kWh saved *.14 (price of electricity))<br />\nPayback (Capital Costs or Incremental Costs / annual cost savings)</p>\n<p>Resiliency<br />\nSolar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV and Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.[10] Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.<br />\n[1] E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[2] Eiffert Ph. D, Patrina, and Gregory J. Kiss. NREL. Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Designs for Commercial and Institutional Structures: A Sourcebook for Architects.” www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf (accessed  April 5, 2018).<br />\n[3] NJ Clean Energy Program. Renewable Energy: Programs: SREC Registration Program. http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy (accessed April 12, 2018).<br />\n[4] US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf (accessed May 8, 2018).<br />\n[5] US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.” http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf (accessed April 5, 2018).<br />\n[6] Renewable Energy World. Advantages and disadvantages of Solar Photovoltaic – Quick Pros and Cons of Solar PV http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ugc/articles/2012/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-photovoltaic–quick-pros-and-cons-of-solar-pv.html (accessed  April 5, 2018).<br />\n[7] NJCEP Solar Project data<br />\n[8] DSIRE. New Jersey Incentives/Policies for Renewables http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?zipcode=08730 (accessed April 18, 2018).<br />\n[9] FlettExchange Spot Price New Jersey https://www.flettexchange.com/markets/new-jersey/market-data (accessed April 18, 2018).<br />\n[10] E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nBuilding Orientation<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nDemand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nSolar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources<br />\nGeneral information and Starting Up</p>\n<p>Go Solar California: How Small Solar Electric Systems Work<br />\nNREL: Solar Photovoltaic Technology Basics</p>\n<p>US Department of Energy</p>\n<p>A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun (US DOE)<br />\nPV Basics</p>\n<p>Technical Guidance</p>\n<p>US DOE: Things to Consider when installing a Solar Electric SystemWeather Underground Tool: calculate electricity generated from your system<br />\nNABCEP: PV Installation Professional Research Guide</p>\n<p>Funding Sources</p>\n<p>NJ Clean Energy Program: SREC Registration and How to Participate<br />\nDSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6212,1488,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 09:02:43'),(6213,1488,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6214,1488,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6216,1488,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6217,1488,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6218,1488,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6219,1488,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6220,1488,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6221,1488,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6222,1488,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6225,1488,'_thumbnail_id','218'),(6228,1494,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6229,1494,'_edit_last','2'),(6230,1494,'_edit_lock','1649783358:2'),(6232,278,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)'),(6233,1494,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6236,1494,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6237,1494,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6238,1494,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1494\" /]'),(6239,1494,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6240,1494,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6241,1494,'_thumbnail_id','278'),(6242,1494,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6243,1494,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6244,1494,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Solar Thermal Systems</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Solar Thermal Systems?<br />\nSolar thermal systems, whether passive or active, utilize solar power or energy from the sun to heat water for domestic or process uses. Solar thermal water heating systems use tanks and solar collectors. Active water systems also use pumps and controls. Three common types of solar collectors include flat-plate collectors, integral collectors, and evacuated tube collectors. Flat-plate collectors consist of insulated and weatherproof boxes with a dark absorber plate under glass or plastic covers that heats water. Integral collectors use the same system as a flat-plate collector, but the water continues to a traditional hot water tank, ensuring a consistent supply of hot water. Evacuated tube collectors consist of rows of transparent tubes that allow water to pass through and heat quickly.[1]<br />\nTwo main categories of solar thermal systems include concentrating versus non-concentrating, and low-, medium-, and high-temperature collectors. Concentrating collectors use lenses or mirrors to focus the rays of the sun. Non-concentrating collectors consist of a flat panel with the collector area equal to that of the absorber area. Low-, medium- or high-temperature refers to the operating temperature above the ambient temperature required or desired.<br />\nTable 1 – Solar Thermal Heating Systems by Level.[2]</p>\n<p>How to Install Solar Thermal Systems<br />\nSolar Thermal Systems are complex and require project team members with renewable energy system expertise. The US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems.[3]<br />\nHire an experienced solar thermal system installer, certified by the North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP) to properly site and size the thermal solar system in coordination with standard plumbing trade work.<br />\nExample<br />\nHealth Professions and Athletics Center, Wye Mills, MD.<br />\nTwo high-efficiency propane-fired water heaters preheated by a solar thermal system generate hot water for this LEED Platinum facility.<br />\nSolar Water Heating in Multifamily Building, Greenfield, MA.<br />\nThe Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB), a US DOE Building America team, installed a solar domestic hot water (SDHW) system (372 ft2 evacuated tube, 330 gallons storage) as part a major renovation project that converted an old school building into 12 high-performance apartments.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSolar thermal systems reduce greenhouse gas emissions, protect against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and save on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. Solar thermal systems reduce water consumption as well as the consumption of consumable, non-renewable, and often non-domestic energy sources such as natural gas.[4]<br />\nCosts<br />\nSolar thermal systems prove most cost-effective in locations with a consistent demand for heated water and high electric or natural gas prices. The average price of solar collector equipment varies depending on the type (low, medium, high temperature) and ranges from $1.94-$25.32 per square foot, averaging $7.01 per square foot.[5] The cost table below compares the average cost of solar thermal to conventional energy sources for 2017.</p>\n<p>New Jersey<br />\nElectricity<br />\nNatural Gas<br />\nSolar thermal</p>\n<p>Average Cost per kilowatt-hour in commercial and industrial sectors:<br />\n10.16-12.31¢[6]<br />\n9.05¢[7]<br />\n9.2-12¢[8]</p>\n<p>Resiliency<br />\nSolar water heaters offer energy system resiliency in that they can provide hot water needs without a need for electricity or natural gas when installed with additional hardware—including transfer switches, critical load panels, and appropriate controls.<br />\n[1] US DOE. Solar Water Heaters. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters (accessed April 12, 2018).<br />\n[2] EIA. Solar Thermal Manufacturing Activities. https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/ (accessed April 23, 2018).<br />\n[3] US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf (accessed May 8, 2018).<br />\n[4] Denholm, P. 2007. “The Technical Potential of Solar Water Heating to Reduce Fossil Fuel Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United States.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO.   https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf (accessed April 23, 2018).<br />\n[5] US DOE | EIA. Form EIA-63A, “Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey.” From table 2.12 at https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/ (accessed April 23, 2018).<br />\n[6] US DOE | EIA.   “Electricity Data Browser.”   https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin (accessed April 23, 2018).<br />\n[7] US DOE | EIA. “Natural Gas Prices.” 2017 Available for Commercial only https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm (accessed April 23, 2018).<br />\n[8] NREL. The U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmark: Q1 2017. https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html   (accessed April 23, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Building Orientation<br />\nPhotovoltaic Systems</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Commercial Building Tax Deduction Coalition<br />\nDatabase of Incentives for Renewables &amp; Efficiency – New Jersey<br />\nENERGY STAR solar water heaters<br />\nFlorida Solar Energy Center: Solar Thermal projects and programs<br />\nNJ Clean Energy Program – SREC Registration Program<br />\nNREL’s PVWatts Simulator<br />\nSolar Estimate.org<br />\nUS Department of Energy Solar Water Heater Information<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide: Introduction to Solar Water Heating</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6245,1494,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 09:02:43'),(6246,1494,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6247,1494,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6249,1494,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6250,1494,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6251,1494,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6252,1494,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6253,1494,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6254,1494,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6255,1494,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6258,1494,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(6269,132,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1: Reflectance and Emittance of cool roofs (Source: Cool Roof Rating Council)'),(6270,178,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','(source: Energy Star)'),(6277,1509,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6278,1509,'_edit_last','2'),(6279,1509,'_edit_lock','1649788770:3'),(6280,1509,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6281,1509,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6282,1509,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6283,1509,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1509\" /]'),(6284,1509,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6285,1509,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6286,1509,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6287,1509,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6288,1509,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Energy-Efficient Windows</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_19  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Energy-Efficient Windows?<br />\nWindows form part of the fenestration system of a building and play a key role in maintaining a highly insulated building envelope (see Insulation). The fenestration system, or arrangement of openings in a building envelope, determines a building’s HVAC requirements and daylighting.[1] Energy-efficient or high-performance windows maximize natural light and minimize glare and heat gain or loss, decreasing dependence on electric lighting and HVAC systems and improving thermal comfort, energy-efficiency, and daylighting (see Daylighting and Glare and Heat Gain Reduction).[2]<br />\nHigh-performance window technologies including low emissive or low-e glass panes, spacers, and insulated frames help prevent energy loss due to conduction, radiation, convection, and air leakage (see Air Infiltration).<br />\nLow-e windows, treated with a microscopically thin coating, reduce heat flow. Spacers or tiny pieces placed between panes in double- or triple- paned windows, create an insulated space often filled with an inert gas such as argon or krypton to decrease heat loss through the window.<br />\nState and local energy codes, federal tax credits, and utility incentives, and ENERGY STAR base their criteria for energy-efficient windows on certified ratings by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC). NFRC labels provide ratings for U-factor, Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), Visible Light Transmittance (VT), and optionally Air Leakage (AL) and Condensation Resistance (CR) ratings (See Figure 1).</p></div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_20  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_21  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">A window’s U-factor describes its rate of heat transfer or insulating properties. A lower U-factor indicates a window with higher resistance to heat flow, or a better-insulated window.[3] The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar heat energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. The Air Leakage (AL) rating describes leakage through cracks in the window assembly. Condensation Resistance (CR) rates windows on a range between 1 and 100 with higher numbers signaling increased resistance to condensation.<br />\nHow to Incorporate Energy Efficient Windows<br />\nUse simulation programs such as the Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool or Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the ENERGY STAR label, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.[4] When selecting a window based on performance, look for visible transmittance (VT) levels higher than (&gt; 70%), especially for daylighting applications (see Daylighting).[5] For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, EnergyStar recommends SHGC of 0.4 (40%) or lower for homes with moderate air conditioning requirements. Look for SHGC values of 0.25 or less for homes with significant air conditioning costs or summer overheating problems.[6] For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, a U-factor of &lt; 0.25 is recommended for high-performance homes (see Fig. 2).[7]<br />\nWindow performance depends on proper installation, sealing and flashing to prevent air leakage and water damage. Window manufacturers often provide detailed installation requirements and specifications for their products and may have recommendations of in-house installers and programs, 3rd party installers, or installer certification programs such as Installation Masters™. ASTM Standard E 2112 provides a nationally recognized standard for proper window installation.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_22  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_23  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Benefits<br />\nEnergy-efficient windows contribute to the satisfaction, health, and productivity of building occupants by providing daylighting, reducing glare, providing views of nature, and regulating thermal comfort. By providing natural light, managing glare, and eliminating the need for window treatments that completely block out sunlight, high-performance windows can reduce electric lighting loads while at the same time reducing the ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings. Heat gain and heat loss through windows represent 25%–30% of residential energy use from heating and cooling.[8] Installing low-e windows can save 12%–33% on heating and cooling costs, depending on the climate, window orientation, window area, shading devices, and window frame and glazing type.[9] Energy-efficient windows designed as part of an overall energy management strategy can lead to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see Properly-Sized HVAC System).<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe average national cost of window installation is $5,040, with most homeowners spending between $2,584 and $7,497.[10]  ENERGY STAR estimates that upgrading from a conventional single pane window to an ENERGY STAR certified window in the Mid-Atlantic region saves an average of $236 (20%) in one year.[11] Energy savings help offset the higher upfront cost of energy-efficient windows compared to conventional windows.<br />\nFor up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the ENERGY STAR and the NJ Clean Energy Program websites.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn the event of a power outage, a home built with energy-efficient windows maintains comfortable internal temperature for occupants by reducing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer months. During the winter months, energy-efficient windows provide better insulating properties compared to conventional windows while also offering daylighting, passive solar heating, and enhanced thermal comfort in the case of a power outage. Energy-efficient windows reduce reliance and stress on the grid and provide energy savings. In areas prone to flooding, wind-driven rain, snow storms or hurricanes, properly sealed and flashed windows protect against problems caused by water intrusion, including mold, warping, and structural damage.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Windows and Glazing http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[2] Efficient Windows Collaborative. Understanding Windows. http://www.efficientwindows.org/understanding.php (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[3] The Efficient Windows Collaborative. U-Factor. http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php (accessed May 4, 2018).<br />\n[4] Energy Star. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI (accessed April 8, 2018).<br />\n[5] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Windows and Glazing. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing (accessed April 8, 2018).<br />\n[6] Ibid.<br />\n[7] The Efficient Windows Collaborative. “Selecting Energy Efficient New Windows in New Jersey.” January 2016. http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf (accessed May 9, 2018).<br />\n[8] US DOE. Energy Savers. Windows https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/windows-doors-and-skylights/update-or-replace-windows (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[9] Ibid.<br />\n[10] HomeAdvisor – True Cost Guide – Installing Windows https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/doors-and-windows/install-windows/ (accessed April 6, 2018).<br />\n[11] ENERGY STAR. Benefits of ENERGY STAR Qualified Windows, Doors, and Skylights. https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights/benefits (accessed April 10, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_24  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nInsulation<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_25  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) – Caring for Your Windows, Doors, and Skylights<br />\nEfficient Windows Collaborative</p>\n<p>Financing and Incentives<br />\nWindow Selection Tool</p>\n<p>Energy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights<br />\nInstallation Masters – Window &amp; Door Installer Program<br />\nNational Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)<br />\nRensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center<br />\nUS DOE – Energy Savers</p>\n<p>Energy Performance Ratings for Windows<br />\nWindow Types and Technologies</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</p>\n<p>Windows and Glazing</p>\n<p> </div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_0\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img width=\"16\" height=\"16\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1438\" /></span>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6289,1509,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:27:23'),(6290,1509,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6291,1509,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6292,1509,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6293,1509,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6294,1509,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6295,1509,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6296,1509,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6297,1509,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6298,1509,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6299,1509,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(6300,1509,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(6301,1509,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(6302,1509,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(6303,1509,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(6304,1509,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(6305,1509,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(6306,1509,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(6340,181,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Example of NRFC certified window unit label. (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative)'),(6341,569,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – ENERGY STAR Recommended U-factor, SHGC and Air Leakage values for New Jersey’s Mixed Climate (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative)'),(6348,1514,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6349,1514,'_edit_last','2'),(6350,1514,'_edit_lock','1649788951:3'),(6351,1514,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6352,1514,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6353,1514,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6354,1514,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1514\" /]'),(6355,1514,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6356,1514,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6357,1514,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6358,1514,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6359,1514,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Energy Recovery Systems</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Energy Recovery Systems?<br />\nEnergy recovery systems transfer heat from outgoing air to incoming air in the winter and from incoming air to outgoing air in the summer, lowering heating and cooling costs and overall energy use. There are different types of systems, all featuring a heat exchanger, controls, and one or more fans to move air through a machine.<br />\nEnergy recovery technologies include heat-recovery ventilators (HRV) and energy-recovery ventilators (ERV). Energy-efficient, tightly sealed, homes require proper ventilation. Energy recovery ventilators (ERV) minimize energy loss while ventilating the home. Most systems include central, whole-house ventilators, but some smaller models can be mounted on walls or windows.</p></div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Energy Recovery Systems<br />\nSelect ERV systems certified by the Home Ventilating Institute that comply with local building codes for HVAC systems. Most energy recovery systems can share existing ductwork, which reduces maintenance and installation costs. Each room requires a supply and return duct. Proper installation, sizing, and placement of ducts as well as regular maintenance can impact performance.[1] In cold climates, energy recovery ventilators must have a device to prevent freezing and frost formation.[2] Experienced and qualified HVAC contractors should install, properly test, and balance the system. Improperly balanced systems can lead to negatively pressurized homes that backdraft from combustion appliances, drawing carbon monoxide and gases, such as radon, into the home.[3]<br />\nExample<br />\nGolda Meir House, Newton, MA.<br />\nThis multifamily project demonstrates significant energy improvements as well as annual energy savings by installing energy-efficient measures including an Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV) system.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEnergy recovery systems can recover about 70-80% of the energy in exiting air and transfer it to incoming air reducing energy consumption and costs.[4] By controlling humidity and cycling in fresh air to replace stale or contaminated indoor air, ERV’s improve indoor air quality and comfort in the home.<br />\nCosts<br />\nWhile costs vary according to quality, capacity, controls, efficiency, and type, medium-sized (70-120cfm) energy recovery ventilators generally cost between $600 and $1100, not including installation.[5] These systems are most cost-effective in climates with cold winters and hot summers, such as New Jersey, or where fuel costs are high.[6] Generally, energy recovery systems cost more to install than conventional systems and require more maintenance over their lifetime, but when correctly installed, can help reduce energy bills, and provide a healthier indoor environment.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nEnergy recovery systems offer an indirect resiliency benefit to buildings by reducing heating and cooling loads, thereby reducing stress on the grid, and the likelihood of brownouts.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] University of Minnesota (UMN). Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[2] US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[3] D. Kosar. 2016. Laboratory Evaluation of Energy Recovery Ventilators Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/66560.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[4] US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[5] University of Minnesota (UMN). Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[6] Sustainable Sources. “Energy Recovery Ventilation Systems.” http://sustainablesources.com (accessed April 16, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_18  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Home Ventilating Institute<br />\nNational Resources Canada (NRCan): Heat/Energy Recovery Systems<br />\nPassive House Institute US (PHIUS)+ 2015 Project Certification<br />\nUniversity of Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators<br />\nUS DOE: Energy Savers Whole House Ventilation<br />\nUS DOE: Zero Energy Ready Home<br />\nUS EPA Indoor AirPLUS</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6360,1514,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:27:23'),(6361,1514,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6362,1514,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6363,1514,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6364,1514,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6365,1514,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6366,1514,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6367,1514,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6368,1514,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6369,1514,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6370,1514,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(6371,1514,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(6372,1514,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(6373,1514,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(6374,1514,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(6375,1514,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(6376,1514,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(6377,1514,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(6411,1515,'_wp_attached_file','2022/04/download-2.png'),(6412,1515,'_wp_attachment_metadata','a:5:{s:5:\"width\";i:16;s:6:\"height\";i:16;s:4:\"file\";s:22:\"2022/04/download-2.png\";s:5:\"sizes\";a:0:{}s:10:\"image_meta\";a:12:{s:8:\"aperture\";s:1:\"0\";s:6:\"credit\";s:0:\"\";s:6:\"camera\";s:0:\"\";s:7:\"caption\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"created_timestamp\";s:1:\"0\";s:9:\"copyright\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"focal_length\";s:1:\"0\";s:3:\"iso\";s:1:\"0\";s:13:\"shutter_speed\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"title\";s:0:\"\";s:11:\"orientation\";s:1:\"0\";s:8:\"keywords\";a:0:{}}}'),(6413,221,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram (Source: DPoint Technologies)'),(6424,1521,'_edit_lock','1656015458:3'),(6425,1521,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6426,1521,'_edit_last','2'),(6428,76,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1- End used of water in Commercial Office Buildings. (Source: US EPA WaterSense).'),(6429,1521,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6432,1521,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6433,1521,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6434,1521,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1521\" /]'),(6435,1521,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6436,1521,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6438,1521,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6439,1521,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6440,1521,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Indoor Water Conservation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Indoor Water Conservation?<br />\nIndoor water conservation refers to building operations, occupant behaviors and water-efficient fixtures and appliances that help to reduce overall water consumption in a building. The commercial and industrial building sector uses large quantities of water, with office buildings representing 9% of water use.[1] Figure 1 shows that the three most significant areas for potential water savings in office buildings are restrooms, cooling and heating, and landscape irrigation.[2]<br />\nNew Jersey receives ample average rainfall of 45 inches per year, and the state’s geology supports the storage of large quantities of groundwater and surface water reservoirs. However, ongoing conservation efforts and water-efficient equipment upgrades can reduce the risk of water shortages and reduce costs associated with increasing population growth, aging water infrastructure, and climate change impacts such as droughts.[3]<br />\nIndoor water conservation generally addresses water use reductions in four areas:[4]</p>\n<p>Reducing water losses associated with leaks.<br />\nIncreasing the water efficiency of fixtures, equipment, systems, and processes.<br />\nEducating staff and occupants about water conservation to encourage water-saving behaviors.<br />\nReusing onsite wastewater for irrigation and non-potable uses.</p>\n<p>How to Implement Indoor Water Conservation<br />\nImplementing indoor water conservation depends on the functions of the building but typically includes:[5]</p>\n<p>Installing water meters and sub-meters and leak detection sensors to track water usage, find and fix leaks and equipment failures, and identify opportunities for water savings (see Smart Meters, and Smart Sensors and Controls).<br />\nSpecifying low-flow, WaterSense certified fixtures such as toilets, showers, faucets, and aerators, and energy-efficient, EnergyStar certified appliances, such as dishwashers and clothes washers, that also conserve water (see Energy Star Equipment and Plug Load).<br />\nProperly maintaining HVAC systems to minimize water used for cooling equipment, eliminating single-pass cooling, and optimizing boiler and steam systems by reusing excess steam.[6]<br />\nMinimizing irrigation or recovering wastewater for irrigation and uses that do not require potable water such as toilet and urinal flushing, and cooling tower make-up water (see Water Efficient Landscaping, Rain Barrels and Cisterns, On-Site Alternative Water Reuse).<br />\nEducating staff and occupants on water conservation efforts and procedures to ensure the proper use of water-saving equipment (e.g., instructions for dual flush toilets) and to help identify water saving opportunities (e.g., hotlines for leak reporting).[7]</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nUS EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings – Case Studies<br />\nThe US EPA WaterSense program provides case studies from across the country and within the commercial and industrial sector that document water efficiency efforts and best practices outlined in WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities including detailed descriptions of the project and associated water, energy and cost savings.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nIndoor water conservation reduces the strain on natural water resources and ensures future water supplies.[8] Water saving fixtures and appliances save money on water and energy bills without sacrificing performance, the latter savings due to the significant amount of energy often used to heat water.[9] For example, WaterSense certified fixtures and appliances save 20% more water than standard products.[10] EnergyStar certified commercial dishwashers use 40% less water and energy than standard models.[11] Indoor water conservation can also reduce the costs and the amount of energy required to treat, pump, and transport water and wastewater.[12]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.[13] Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIndoor water conservation enhances resiliency by reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity. Water use reductions also decrease the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure.[14]<br />\n[1] US EPA WaterSense. 2018. Types of Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities (accessed Oct 25, 2018).<br />\n[2] US EPA WaterSense. 2012. Saving Water in Office Buildings. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-offices.pdf (accessed Oct 25, 2018).<br />\n[3] New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2017, New Jersey Water Supply Plan 2017-2022: 484p, http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html (accessed Oct 25, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA WaterSense. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf   (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[5] US EPA WaterSense. 2018. Types of Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities (accessed Oct 25, 2018).<br />\n[6] US EPA. 2017. Water Management and Best Practices at EPA. https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-management-plans-and-best-practices-epa (accessed Oct 25, 2018).<br />\n[7] Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[8] NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience. 2018. The Case for Water Conservation in New Jersey. https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[9] US EPA WaterSense. 2012. Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities.<br />\nhttps://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-general-ci.pdf  (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[10] US EPA WaterSense. 2017. Statistics and Facts: WaterSense and Water Savings. https://www.epa.gov/watersense/statistics-and-facts (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[11] US DOE EnergyStar. 2018. Dishwashers. https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/dishwashers (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[12] NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience. 2018. The Case for Water Conservation in New Jersey. https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[13] Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[14] Ibid.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plugload<br />\nOn-Site Alternative Water Reuse<br />\nRain Barrels and Cisterns<br />\nSmart Meters<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nWater-Efficient Landscaping</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience<br />\nNJ DEP Creating Sustainable Communities – Indoor Water Conservation<br />\nNJ WaterSavers<br />\nUS EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings<br />\nUS EPA – Water Conservation at EPA<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Water Conservation</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6441,1521,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 09:02:43'),(6442,1521,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6443,1521,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6445,1521,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6446,1521,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6447,1521,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6448,1521,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6449,1521,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6450,1521,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6451,1521,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6453,1527,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6454,1527,'_edit_last','2'),(6455,1527,'_edit_lock','1649881554:2'),(6457,291,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Examples of On-site Alternative Water Reuse. (Source: US EPA WaterSense at Work)'),(6458,1527,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6461,1527,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6462,1527,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6463,1527,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1527\" /]'),(6464,1527,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6465,1527,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6466,1527,'_thumbnail_id','291'),(6467,1527,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6468,1527,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6469,1527,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">On-site Alternative Water Reuse</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is On-site Alternative Water Reuse?<br />\nOn-site alternative water reuse intentionally captures, treats, and utilizes stormwater, graywater, and wastewater for reuse at the building site. Stormwater includes precipitation such as rainfall and snowmelt. Graywater (also spelled gray water, greywater and grey water) refers to untreated water from bathroom sinks, laundry, and bathing and does not include water contaminated with toilet waste, food and grease content from kitchen sinks, or dishwasher soap residue.[1] Graywater is of lesser quality than potable (drinking) water but of higher quality than blackwater, which in New Jersey refers to wastewater from water closets, toilets, and urinals.[2] Potential sources of onsite alternative water include rainwater, treated graywater and blackwater, condensate from air conditioners, reject water from water treatment systems, and cooling equipment blowdown.[3] Figure 1 shows examples of end-uses for on-site alternative water reuse such as irrigation, cooling tower make-up water, and toilet and urinal flushing.</p>\n<p>How to Implement Onsite Alternative Water Reuse<br />\nImplementing on-site alternative water reuse starts with water conservation and includes identifying and evaluating opportunities to substitute or supplement potable water use with on-site alternative water sources based on the water quality and treatment requirements of the intended end-uses, and the feasibility of capturing and delivering alternative water sources to those end-uses (see Indoor Water Conservation).<br />\nHarvest and filter rainwater from rooftops to supplement or replace landscape irrigation and toilet and urinal flushing (see Rain Barrels and Cisterns, Vegetated Roofs, and Emergency Water Supply and Storage).[4] Rainwater that flows over parking lots and impervious hardscapes and filtered by rain gardens or captured by retention ponds also provides an alternative water source for landscape irrigation (see Rain Gardens, Water Efficient Landscaping).<br />\nCapture graywater from fixtures and appliances by designating separate drain lines, storage units, and pumps to deliver graywater to desired locations. Graywater used for subsurface irrigation of trees, shrubs, and flower gardens requires filtering to remove suspended solids. Indoor uses for graywater such as toilet and urinal flushing, or above-ground irrigation for turf grass or edible gardens often require additional treatment through natural, mechanical or chemical applications.[5] Treatment systems include engineered systems, tailored to specific projects, and packaged systems designed to fit a wide range of project applications.[6]<br />\nReuse wastewater from building applications and processes for use in another onsite applications. For example, use condensate from air conditioners for cooling tower make-up water or subsurface irrigation. Use water rejected from water treatment systems for a range of end-uses that do not require potable water such as toilet and urinal flushing, cooling tower make-up water, above-ground irrigation, and decorative water features.[7]<br />\nBlackwater treatment systems require a higher level of treatment to bring recycled water to acceptable standards for reuse. Constructed wetlands use a combination of plants, snails, clams, algae, and fish to filter and break down compounds in blackwater. Commercial treatment systems may include sedimentation, membrane filtration or UV sterilization. Composting toilets provide another way to reduce potable water use and reduce the need for wastewater treatment.<br />\nHire certified professionals familiar with the design, construction, and maintenance of onsite alternative water reuse systems. Review local ordinances, permitting requirements, and plumbing codes.<br />\nThe International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials Green Plumbing &amp; Mechanical Code Supplement provides guidance on implementing onsite alternative water reuse for non-potable end-uses.<br />\nThe NSF International/American National Standards Institute (NSF/ANSI) 350, Onsite Residential and Commercial Reuse Treatment Systems establishes design, construction and performance requirements for onsite alternative reuse systems.<br />\nExample<br />\nThe Solaire, New York City<br />\nThe Solaire, a LEED Gold certified residential high-rise building in Battery Park completed in 2003 offers examples of on-site alternative water reuse and wastewater treatment technologies applicable to new commercial buildings. Indoor water conservation measures include low-flow fixtures, toilets, and appliances that reduce potable water use by 43%. The building’s onsite wastewater treatment plant utilizes digestion, membrane filtration, and ultraviolet disinfection to processes 30,000 gallons of blackwater each day and reuses it as cooling water for two on-site cooling towers and to flush toilets in both the Solaire and an adjacent building, the Verdesian. The Solaire’s vegetated roof helps manage stormwater and diverts excess stormwater runoff to a 10,000-gallon basement water storage tank that stores the water for later use by the vegetated roofs drip irrigation system.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nOn-site alternative water reuse reduces potable water use and the reliance on surface water, groundwater, and reclaimed water purchased from a third-party.[8] Harvesting rainwater can reduce stormwater runoff, flooding, and pollution. Graywater and blackwater reuse reduces the strain on municipal water and wastewater treatment plants. Compared to potable water, recycled water used for irrigation often contains higher levels of nutrients, such as nitrogen, that lessens the need for synthetic fertilizers. On-site alternative water reuse reduces the energy required to transport water or pump water from deep underground sources. Using recycled water for applications that do not require water treated to potable or drinkable water quality standards saves energy and money by reducing treatment requirements.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and onsite alternative water use technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.[9] Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods. As on-site alternative water technologies evolve, and costs decline, and water shortages and water quality issues become more common, the resiliency benefits of a local and reliable water resource on reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. [10]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nUsing on-site alternative water resources enhances resiliency by utilizing safe, reliable, redundant and locally controlled water supplies, by reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity, and by protecting sensitive, natural water bodies. Reducing potable water use reduces the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure (see Emergency Water Supply and Storage).[11] Many water pumps run on electricity, and without a source of backup power, fail to operate during power outages highlighting the importance of on-site alternative water sources and treatment options that cover all or part of onsite water use and wastewater treatment needs (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation). Compostable toilets also increase resiliency by continuing to operate during water shortages and by preventing sewage backups.<br />\n[1] Alliance for Water Efficiency. 2018. Graywater Introduction. http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx (accessed Nov 15, 2018).<br />\n[2] NJ DEP. Division of Water Quality. Standards for Individual Subsurface Sewage Disposal Systems. www.state.nj.us/dep/dwq/pdf/njac79a.pdf (accessed October 22, 2018).<br />\n[3] US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf (accessed Nov 14, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf (accessed Nov 14, 2018).<br />\n[5] US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf (accessed Nov 14, 2018).<br />\n[6] Alliance for Water Efficiency. 2018. Graywater Introduction. http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx (accessed Nov 15, 2018).<br />\n[7] US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf (accessed Nov 14, 2018).<br />\n[8] US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf (accessed Nov 14, 2018).<br />\n[9] Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[10] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[11] Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation<br />\nEmergency Water Supply and Storage<br />\nIndoor Water Conservation<br />\nRain Barrels and Cisterns<br />\nRain Gardens<br />\nVegetated Roofs<br />\nWater-Efficient Landscaping</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Alliance for Water Efficiency<br />\nThe Center for Resilience<br />\nNew Jersey Department of Environmental Protection – Division of Water Quality<br />\nResilient Design Institute<br />\nRutgers University NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program</p>\n<p>US Environmental Protection Agency</p>\n<p>WaterSense for Commercial Buildings<br />\nWater Conservation at EPA<br />\nWater Recycling<br />\nWaterReuse<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Water Conservation</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6470,1527,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-11 13:30:45'),(6471,1527,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6472,1527,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6474,1527,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6475,1527,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6476,1527,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6477,1527,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6478,1527,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6479,1527,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6480,1527,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6482,1533,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6483,1533,'_edit_last','2'),(6484,1533,'_edit_lock','1649882019:2'),(6486,1533,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6489,1533,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6490,1533,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6491,1533,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1533\" /]'),(6492,1533,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6493,1533,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6495,1533,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6496,1533,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6497,1533,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation?<br />\nIn the last 20 years, an increase in the frequency and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, and ice storms in New Jersey and the associated costs of storm-related power outages, highlight the need for resilient energy systems that provide backup power in the event of a grid failure.[1]<br />\nHistorically, generators fueled by fossil fuels, such as diesel or natural gas, provide backup power in the event of a power outage or natural disaster. In New Jersey, Hurricane Sandy exposed the vulnerability of generators, as the storm disrupted access to fuel and competing fuel demands from the transportation sector quickly depleted local fuel reserves.[2]<br />\nEnergy storage refers to storing energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, or for energy arbitrage storing low priced energy and using that energy during peak demand when prices climb.[3] The following categories highlight current and emerging energy storage technologies applicable to the building sector:[4]</p>\n<p>Solid State Batteries<br />\nFlow Solid State Batteries<br />\nFlywheels<br />\nCompressed Air Energy Storage<br />\nThermal(see Thermal Energy Storage)</p>\n<p>Backup power provides energy required for supporting critical building functions by utilizing stored electrical or thermal energy (energy storage) from on-site power generation systems with islanding (generating power when the electrical grid is down) capabilities, or power from local microgrids and distributed energy generators. Energy storage systems could also help provide grid stabilization functionalities such as Contingency Reserve and Frequency Regulation.<br />\nAs the costs of energy storage and backup power generation systems continue to decline and the integration of these technologies continues to advance, several viable options exist for supplementing or replacing traditional standby generators, including:[5]</p>\n<p>Islandable Photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery storage (see Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV)<br />\nCombined Heat and Power (CHP) systems with or without energy storage (see Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and Thermal Energy Storage)<br />\nFuel Cells and hydrogen storage[6]<br />\nVehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology and battery storage (see Alternative Transportation)[7]</p>\n<p>How to Implement Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nFirst, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from backup power in the event of power outage.<br />\nDistinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, emergency and night-time lighting, water pumps, and phone or laptop charging, and online access via a cable modem or wireless router versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.[8] Figure 1 shows considerations for sizing solar and battery storage for backup power generation.<br />\nCritical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Note that configuring power systems to operate independently of the grid requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, energy storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful islanding to take place.[9]<br />\nAs per the Insurance Institute for Business and Home and Safety’s (IBHS) FORTIFIED Commercial Hurricane Standard, locate electrical connections for backup power generation and energy storage at an elevation above the 500-year flood level or 3 ft above the Base Flood Elevation (BFE) for the property or provide dry flood protection such as flood gates, walls or doors, inflatable barriers, or sand bags to prevent water intrusion.[10]<br />\nAccounting for cost savings during regular business operations (demand response) and for the cost of electric grid power outages and lost business (resiliency benefit) lowers the payback period for energy storage and backup power investments.[11]<br />\nContact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding.<br />\nExamples<br />\nPV and Battery Pilot Project, Hopewell Valley Central Highschool, Pennington, NJ<br />\nAs part of PSE&amp;G’s Solar 4 All Program, which supports solar technologies that also contribute to grid resiliency, the Hopewell Valley Central Highschool installed an 876 kilowatt-dc rooftop solar and parking lot solar canopy system with large lithium ion batteries.[12] The system can connect to the grid or charge batteries, allowing the highschool to participate in the PJM Frequency Regulation Market. During power outages, the system provides critical functions including heating/cooling, emergency lighting, and food refrigeration.<br />\nGAF Headquarters Building, Parsippany, NJ.<br />\nThe GAF Headquarters Building led the way in 2016 becoming the first building to ever be awarded the LEED pilot credit for resilient design (now being incorporated into the RELi resilience standard).[13] The project team designed the building to maintain critical functions in the event of a hurricane, by avoiding flood zones, designing flood preparation and backup capabilities for long-term power outages, reinforcing roof structures to hurricane wind standards, and developing a business continuity recovery plan that details employee and business procedures in the event of a disaster.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nOn-site energy storage and backup power generation provides a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see Demand Response and Peak Load Management, and Smart Metering). For example, energy storage systems provide a way for customers to shift power demands to off-peak hours and to take advantage of time-of-day pricing and lower energy prices.<br />\nPV systems with solar islanding capabilities and battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, with the added benefit of increased power reliability. Battery storage helps to reduce common challenges with PV systems such as ramping, output variability, voltage and current inconsistencies that impact power quality, and a disconnect between the power supply (morning sun) and power demand (afternoon and evening air conditioning spikes).[14] Islandable PV systems with battery storage also provide value throughout the year, do not require refueling and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.[15]<br />\nCHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy resulting from the overgeneration of heat and electricity.[16] A form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.[17] Typical cost savings and project cost associated with CHP applications can be found on the DOE IAC database.[18]<br />\nFuel cells offer a clean, energy-efficient, grid-independent and reliable source of power provided adequate fuel supply from a variety of domestic energy sources such as hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol making them a viable alternative for backup power generation and storage.[19] Excess electricity produced by fuel cells can run an electrolyzer and extract hydrogen from water, providing hydrogen for storage and for later use in the fuel cell to produce electricity when it is needed.<br />\nVehicle-to-grid applications with bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages.[20]<br />\nCosts<br />\nCompared to traditional power generation systems, islandable systems with energy storage require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs.[21] As the cost of energy storage and backup power generation technologies decline and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. [22]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nEnergy storage and backup power generation support energy resiliency in many ways. Backup power generation systems that utilize energy storage or islanding and microgrid ready capabilities can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand. Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats. Energy storage and backup power generation allow customers to take full advantage of demand response programs that signal when to use, store, or sell energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand.  Likewise, energy storage and on-site backup power help to support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid.<br />\n[1] New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Understanding New Jersey’s Vulnerability to Climate Change. http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file<br />\n[2] E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)<br />\nhttps://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[3] Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration<br />\nhttp://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration (accessed Oct 18, 2018).<br />\n[4] Energy Storage Association. 2018. Energy Storage Technologies. http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies (accessed Oct 18, 2018).<br />\n[5] Ibid. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey.<br />\n[6] US DOE. 2018. Fuel Cells. https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells (accessed Oct 23, 2018).<br />\n[7] NREL. 2018. Vehicle to Grid Integration. Energy Systems Integration Facility. https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html (accessed Oct 18, 2018).<br />\n[8] Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf (accessed Oct 1, 2018)<br />\n[9] NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html (accessed Oct 1, 2018).<br />\n[10] Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS). 2017 FORTIFIED Commercial – Hurricane Standard.<br />\nhttp://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf (accessed October 19, 2018).<br />\n[11] NREL. 2018. Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf (accessed Oct 18, 2018).<br />\n[12] Clean Energy Group. 2016. Hopewell Valley Highschool. https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/ (accessed Oct 23, 2018).<br />\n[13] USGGB Center for Resilience. 2018. Profiles of Resilience. https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf (accessed Oct 23, 2018).<br />\n[14] Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration<br />\nhttp://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration (accessed Oct 18, 2018).<br />\n[15] NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[16] International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).<br />\n[17] International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf (accessed Oct 9, 2018).<br />\n[18] US Department of Energy. 2018. “CHP Applications.” Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34 (accessed Dec 10, 2018).<br />\n[19] U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). 2016. Fuel Cells and Renewable Hydrogen. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen (accessed October 18, 2018).<br />\n[20] Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles (accessed August 21, 2018).<br />\n[21] NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[22] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Combined Power and Heat (CHP)<br />\nDemand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nSmart Metering<br />\nSolar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV<br />\nThermal Energy Storage</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Energy Storage Association<br />\nDistributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)<br />\nDSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables<br />\nGRIDWISE ALLIANCE<br />\nInsurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS) – FORTIFIED Program<br />\nHighland Park Solar Islanding Project<br />\nLawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids<br />\nNJ Office of Clean Energy<br />\nNREL Energy Systems Integration Facility<br />\nUS DOE – How Microgrids Work<br />\nSmart Energy Consumer Collaborative<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nSmart Grid – Where Power is Going?<br />\nState of NJ Board of Public Utilities</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6498,1533,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 09:01:22'),(6499,1533,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6500,1533,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6502,1533,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6503,1533,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6504,1533,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6505,1533,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6506,1533,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6507,1533,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6508,1533,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6512,1539,'_edit_lock','1651067924:2'),(6513,1539,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6514,1539,'_edit_last','2'),(6516,1539,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6519,1539,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6520,1539,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6521,1539,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1539\" /]'),(6522,1539,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6523,1539,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6525,1539,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6526,1539,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6527,1539,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Emergency Water Supply and Storage</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Emergency Water Supply and Storage?<br />\nNew Jersey receives ample rainfall, and the state’s geology supports the storage of large quantities of groundwater and surface water.[1] However, water conservation and planning for water scarcity when water is plentiful can reduce the risk and the costs associated with increasing population growth, aging water infrastructure, and climate change impacts such as droughts on future water quality and availability. An increase in extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, ice storms, and flooding in New Jersey has highlighted the importance of having access to clean and safe water to meet drinking, sanitation and hygiene needs during and after natural disasters, extended power outages, and other emergencies. For example, flooding can overwhelm municipal water and wastewater treatment plants and storm-related power outages can impact plant operations. Flood waters can contaminate local water supplies and private wells with raw sewage and stormwater runoff containing chemicals, debris, and other contaminants that can cause serious illness.[2] While backup generators at municipal water and wastewater treatment plants can prevent power outages and elevating equipment can protect plant operations, individual building owners and operators can also take steps to safeguard water for emergencies.<br />\nStrategies to safeguard water at the building level include designating back-up power for water pumps, providing on-site water storage, and designing redundant water supply and treatment systems that utilize captured rainwater or recycled wastewater as the primary or backup water supply (see Rain Barrels and Cisterns, and On-site Alternative Water Reuse).<br />\nHow to Provide for Emergency Water Supply and Storage<br />\nPlanning for access to potable water during a power outage or storm-related event, starts with water conservation, and can include reusing water on-site, such as harvested rainwater or recycled greywater for storage and later use during emergencies to cover operations such as toilet flushing, mechanical equipment, and irrigation (see Water-Efficient Landscaping, Indoor Water Conservation, On-site Alternative Water Reuse).<br />\nThe specifics depend on whether or not the building utilizes the municipal water system. During a water emergency, a building on municipal water may still have access to clean potable water due to the municipal water and treatment plant’s backup water storage or backup power system.[3] In this situation, planning for emergency water supply and storage requires providing backup power generation to operate water pumps and to distribute water throughout a building (see Energy Storage and Back-Up Power Generation).<br />\nBuildings with deep-well pumps that do not rely on the municipal water supply can utilize energy storage and back-power generation, or hand pumps to power the deep-well pump. Gravity-fed water from an on-site spring or cistern part of a rainwater harvesting system, which includes adequate water storage can provide a redundant or backup water supply to complement public or deep-well water resources. Where there is no option for on-site water replenishment, look to provide emergency water storage that can gravity-feed water to the building, such as rooftop water tanks or water storage with pumps powered by stored energy or off-grid generators.<br />\nExample<br />\nStony Brook-Millstone Watershed Association Center<br />\nRainwater collected from the building’s rooftop supplies water for flushing toilets, reducing municipal potable water, stormwater runoff, and energy used to pump and treat water.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nThe benefits of planning for emergency water supply and storage become most apparent during an emergency or disaster. Proper preparations can reduce business closures and avoid health and safety hazards associated with water emergencies. Planning for access to potable water during emergencies can also benefit overall water conservation efforts during normal operations, as alternative solutions and reuse scenarios are considered to utilize and manage water on a site.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and back-up technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.[4] Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods. As the cost of water storage and backup power generation technologies decline and power outages and water emergencies become more common, the resiliency benefits of reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. [5]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nProviding for emergency water supply and storage enhances resiliency by utilizing redundant and local water supplies and reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity. Ensuring access to potable water during emergencies decreases the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure.[6]<br />\n[1] New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2017, New Jersey Water Supply Plan 2017-2022: 484p, http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html (accessed Oct 25, 2018).<br />\n[2] Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018. Healthy Water – Water-Related Emergencies and Outbreaks. https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/ (accessed Nov 6, 2018).<br />\n[3] Wilson, Alex. 2015. LEED Pilot Credits on Resilient Design Adopted! http://www.resilientdesign.org/leed-pilot-credits-on-resilient-design-adopted/ (accessed Nov 6, 2018).<br />\n[4] Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[5] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[6] Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nIndoor Water Conservation<br />\nOn-site Alternative Water Reuse<br />\nRain Barrels and Cisterns<br />\nSolar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV<br />\nWater-Efficient Landscaping</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Center for Disease Control – Healthy Water<br />\nThe Center for Resilience<br />\nResilient Design Institute<br />\nUS EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings<br />\nUS EPA – Water Conservation at EPA<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Water Conservation</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6528,1539,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 09:01:22'),(6529,1539,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6530,1539,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6532,1539,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6533,1539,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6534,1539,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6535,1539,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6536,1539,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6537,1539,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6538,1539,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6539,1539,'_wp_old_slug','auto-draft'),(6542,1539,'_thumbnail_id','67'),(6545,1546,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6546,1546,'_edit_last','2'),(6547,1546,'_edit_lock','1650656816:2'),(6549,400,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1. Diagram of a typical microgrid configuration. (Source: NREL https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0'),(6550,134,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.'),(6551,1546,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6554,1546,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6555,1546,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6556,1546,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1546\" /]'),(6557,1546,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6558,1546,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6559,1546,'_thumbnail_id','292'),(6560,1546,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6561,1546,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6562,1546,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV?<br />\nPhotovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity (see Photovoltaic (PV) systems).[1] Most grid-tied PV systems connect to the traditional centralized grid or macrogrid and loose power whenever the large-scale electric power system goes down.[2] Islanding refers to when a distributed energy resource (DER), such as a PV system, continues to power a location with available solar even after a grid outage. Laws typically require grid-tied PV systems to have a grid-tie inverter with an anti-islanding capability, which can sense when a power outage occurs, automatically disconnect from the grid, and shut itself off, protecting utility workers from live wires and preventing power surges.[3]<br />\nUnlike the traditional macrogrid, microgrids function as locally controlled systems (see Figure 1) and can allow for intentional solar islanding or operating independently of the grid.[4] The United States Department of Energy Microgrid Exchange Group defines a microgrid as:[5]<br />\n“A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (DER)     within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode.”</p>\n<p>Microgrids can operate at different scales or classifications based on the size and organization of the Distributed Energy Resources (DER) connected to the grid. For example, Level 1 or single customer microgrids may include PV systems that serve one customer or building through a single meter.<br />\nPV systems with solar islanding capability and battery storage can provide emergency power for critical building functions during grid outages and emergency situations (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation). They can also function independently of the traditional grid during the year to manage peak demand and energy prices through participation in Demand Response (DR) programs (see Demand Response and Peak Load Management). Likewise, PV systems designed to connect to local or future microgrid connections helps support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage power outages, peak demand, and the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid (see Smart Metering, and Demand Response and Peak Load Management).<br />\nHow to Implement Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV<br />\nReconfiguring PV systems to operate independently of the grid and serve as self-sufficient microgrids requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, battery storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful solar islanding to take place (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).[6]<br />\nFirst, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from solar islanding. Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, lighting, and phone or laptop charging versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.[7] See the Highland Park Solar Islanding example below for advice on calculating critical loads and determining capacity requirements for an islandable PV and battery storage system.<br />\nHire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.[8] Contact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Funding and incentive programs may require islandable PV and battery storage systems to blackstart or startup without a direct connection to the electric utility grid and operate at critical load for a set minimum period.[9]<br />\nExamples<br />\nSolar Islanding Project, Highland Park, NJ.<br />\nThis report analyzes the power demands and associated functions potentially sustained by three existing solar installations in Highland Park, NJ if converted into solar power islands. The report includes recommendations in language consistent with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) standard for adoption by other municipalities who may already have solar islands.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSolar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems with battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, while also providing a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs. By providing localized power generation, islandable PV systems increase energy efficiency by reducing transmission and distribution losses typical of centralized grid systems.[10] Unlike diesel and fossil-fueled generators, typically used only during emergencies, islandable PV systems with battery storage provide value throughout the year, do not require regular maintenance or refueling, and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.[11]<br />\nCosts<br />\nCompared to traditional grid-tied PV systems, islandable PV and battery storage systems require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs (see Photovoltaic (PV) Systems).[12] As the cost of solar and battery storage declines and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, may offset these incremental costs. [13]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSolar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.[14] Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.<br />\n[1] E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[2] Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf (accessed Oct 1, 2018).<br />\n[3] NREL (2017) Microgrid-Ready Solar PV – Planning for Resiliency. Updated September 2017. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf (accessed Oct 1, 2018).<br />\n[4] Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. 2018. Microgrids at Berkeley Labs. https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0  (accessed Oct 2, 2018).<br />\n[5] NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html (accessed Oct 1, 2018).<br />\n[6] NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html (accessed Oct 1, 2018).<br />\n[7] Ibid. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf (accessed Oct 1, 2018).<br />\n[8] US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.” http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf (accessed April 5, 2018).<br />\n[9] NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2018. Energy Resilience Bank. https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html (accessed Oct 2, 2018).<br />\n[10] E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[11] NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[12] NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[13] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[14] E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nDemand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nPhotovoltaic (PV) Systems<br />\nSmart Metering</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)<br />\nDSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables<br />\nGRIDWISE ALLIANCE<br />\nHighland Park Solar Islanding Project<br />\nLawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</p>\n<p>NJ Office of Clean Energy</p>\n<p>Town Center Distributed Energy Resource Microgrid Feasibility Study Incentive Program</p>\n<p>US DOE – How Microgrids Work<br />\nSmart Energy Consumer Collaborative<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nSmart Grid – Where Power is Going?<br />\nState of NJ Board of Public Utilities</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6563,1546,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 09:01:22'),(6564,1546,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6565,1546,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6567,1546,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6568,1546,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6569,1546,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6570,1546,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6571,1546,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6572,1546,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6573,1546,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6576,1546,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(6578,1553,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6579,1553,'_edit_last','2'),(6580,1553,'_edit_lock','1649882746:2'),(6582,1553,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6585,1553,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6586,1553,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6587,1553,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1553\" /]'),(6588,1553,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6589,1553,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6591,1553,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6592,1553,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6593,1553,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning?<br />\nSevere weather and natural hazards such as droughts, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, winter storms, pandemic influenza, thunderstorms and lighting, tornadoes, and wildfires and associated power outages, flooding, evacuations, and property damage create emergency situations that impact New Jersey businesses on a regular basis. Storm preparation and emergency planning includes steps that residents and businesses can take to avoid or mitigate impacts and increase safety and comfort before, during and after adverse events. Proper preparation and planning also refers to resilient design and green building practices that increase a structure’s ability to withstand or recover from severe weather and adverse conditions and protect building occupants. For example, at the building owner level, the Federal Emergency Management Association (FEMA) recommends securing property to protect against hurricane damage by:</p>\n<p>Installing permanent storm shutters for windows or boarding up windows with 5/8” plywood, cut to fit and ready to install.<br />\nAdding straps or clips to securely fasten roof to the frame structure and reduce roof damage.<br />\nClearing loose and clogged rain gutters and downspouts.<br />\nBringing in outdoor objects such as furniture, equipment and tools or anchoring them if they cannot be brought indoors.</p>\n<p>At the design and building level, the FORTIFIED Building Standards by the Institute of Business and Home Safety (IBHS) recommend roofing and fenestration best practices to protect buildings in hurricane prone areas and areas susceptible to hail and high winds. Together, these precautions provide redundancy and increase the likelihood of avoiding major damages and injuries.<br />\nFor more information on hurricane preparedness, see the New Jersey Office of Emergency Management (NJOEM) and the NJ Hurricane Survival Guide.<br />\nHow to implement Storm Preparation and Emergency Preparedness<br />\nA number of local, state and national organizations provide resources and information on storm preparation and emergency preparedness (see Resources below). The NJOEM’s “Be Ready: Follow the “Three Steps to Safety” outlines basic preparations for the most common disaster scenarios in New Jersey.<br />\nStep One: “Get a Kit” – Assemble emergency supplies including food, water, basic first aid supplies, alternative communication and other emergency equipment such as flashlights and duct tape. See Ready.gov “Build a Kit.”<br />\nStep Two: “Make a Plan” – Know your area’s evacuation routes and shelter locations. Keep a list of emergency contacts and local emergency numbers. Visit the American Red Cross Ready Rating web page for more information.<br />\nStep Three: “Stay Informed” – Part of preparation is knowing exactly what kind of disasters you might face and knowing what to do in each situation. Keep track of Current Weather Forecasts and Alerts with:</p>\n<p>Local radio or TV stations<br />\nNOAA Weather Radio– or listen online<br />\nNJOEM’sWeather Links</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nUsing resilient building practices and developing emergency preparedness plans and supply kits:</p>\n<p>Reduces fear, anxiety, and losses.<br />\nAvoids or mitigates impacts and costs.<br />\nSpeeds recovery efforts and reduces further damage and losses.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nStorm preparation and emergency planning can reduce severe weather and disaster-related costs by reducing the physical and financial toll from such events. For example, identify vulnerabilities that offer the greatest potential to reduce avoidable suffering.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nHaving a plan in place and supplies on hand for common emergencies and disasters helps to avoid or mitigate potential impacts and to support recovery efforts. Prepared individuals and businesses can react quickly and safely to situations, reduce stress on local emergency responders and resources, and support local community outreach.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Emergency Water Supply and Storage<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nSolar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Red Cross Ready Rating<br />\nBe Ready Campaign<br />\nCenter for Disease Control and Prevention – Center for Preparedness and Response<br />\nFederal Emergency Management Association (FEMA)<br />\nInstitute for Business and Home Safet</p>\n<p>Open for Business (OFB-EZ)<br />\nEmergency Preparedness and Response Planning (EZ-Prep)<br />\nFORTIFIED Commercial Building Standards</p>\n<p>State of New Jersey Office of Emergency Management<br />\nRELi 2.0 Rating Guidelines for Resilient Design + Construction – HP: Hazard Preparedness</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6594,1553,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 09:01:22'),(6595,1553,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6596,1553,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6598,1553,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6599,1553,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6600,1553,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6601,1553,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6602,1553,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6603,1553,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6604,1553,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6605,1553,'_wp_old_slug','auto-draft'),(6615,1553,'_thumbnail_id','413'),(6629,1565,'_edit_lock','1655927025:3'),(6630,1565,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6631,1565,'_edit_last','2'),(6633,1565,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6636,1565,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6637,1565,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6638,1565,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1565\" /]'),(6639,1565,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6640,1565,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6641,1565,'_thumbnail_id','167'),(6642,1565,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6643,1565,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6644,1565,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Active Living</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Active Living?<br />\nActive living incorporates physical activity on a daily basis to promote physical and mental well-being.[1] Many adults do not meet the Surgeon General’s recommendations for regular physical activity, mainly because driving replaces walking and biking as the primary mode of transportation.[2] Some of this change is due to individual decisions. Another explanation is the built environment; many communities lack sidewalks and bike lanes and other amenities that would otherwise promote active living.[3] The settings where people spend their time – work, home, and school, for example – influence daily behaviors.[4]<br />\nActive living incorporates physical activity into daily routines, such as:[5]</p>\n<p>Playing in the park<br />\nTaking the stairs<br />\nUsing recreation facilities<br />\nWalking or bicycling for exercise, pleasure, or transportation<br />\nWorking in the yard</p>\n<p>Active design contributes to public health initiatives and also has positive environmental effects. Strategies that increase the physical activity – such as promoting walking over driving, stairs over elevator usage and recreation over stationary activities such as video games – all also tend to lower energy consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[6] Active living design provides access by people of all ages and varying mobility.</p>\n<p>How to Implement Active Living<br />\nDesign strategies that contribute to active living should be considered early in project development and an integrated design process will optimize opportunities and help minimize costs.  Equitable planning is key as “healthy” communities are often limited to those who can afford them. Communities of color and immigrant populations are increasingly occupying suburbs that often have limited safe and accessible walking and biking options.[7] Racial and ethnic minorities in the United States face health disparities including higher rates of chronic disease.[8]  The NJ Department of Health’s State Health Assessment Data (NJSHAD) provides searchable data about the health of the population in NJ that can help inform decision-making. Key recommended measures for implementing active living in developing a site include:[9]</p>\n<p>Develop mixed land use in neighborhoods and maintain existing mixed conditions.<br />\nIncorporate pedestrian-friendly design including traffic calming features, landscaping, lighting, benches, and water fountains.<br />\nCreate continuous bike networks and incorporate bicycle infrastructure including indoor and outdoor bike parking accommodations.<br />\nEnsure a pleasant, safe and secure outdoor environment for pedestrians and cyclists by including, pedestrian-scale lighting, entrances that are easy to see and access from cross streets, ADA accessible sidewalks and ramps, and ground floor windows that provide “eyes on the street.”<br />\nProvide easy access to open spaces, parks, plazas, public buildings, recreational facilities, schools, and trails.<br />\nDesign public spaces to accommodate a wide range of public uses.<br />\nImprove access to public transit and multi-modal transit hubs.<br />\nImprove the access and availability of healthy food by providing easy access to local grocery stores and farmer’s markets.<br />\nDe-emphasize motor vehicle parking, avoid expansive parking lots, and locate necessary parking in areas away from primary pedestrian traffic.</p>\n<p>There are also steps that can be taken to incorporate active living into building design. Steps that architects can take to promote physical activity within their structures incorporate some of the following:[10]</p>\n<p>Encouraging stair use by placing the main stairway in a convenient location for everyday use as well as signage encouraging the use of stairs over elevators. Stairs should also be designed to be visually pleasing and inviting with ample daylight or electrical lighting.<br />\nIncorporating exercise facilities in easily visible locations as well as providing locker rooms, showers, drinking fountains, and bicycle storage.<br />\nDesigning the building exterior and envelope to contribute to a pedestrian-friendly atmosphere and including a variety of entries and canopies.<br />\nImproving the access and availability of healthy food by providing on-site gardens on rooftops, in courtyards or on patio spaces.</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nGet Healthy Camden<br />\nGet Healthy Camden is working to building a culture of health in the City of Camden. The organization implements programs related to healthy eating, healthy living, and active living. These programs grew from the blueprint developed by Get Healthy Camden to address community health with an action plan that includes adopting a “comprehensive citywide wellness policy that consists of policies and systems that create walking and biking paths, parks and open space, healthy and affordable food outlets, and that makes Camden an environment that supports daily physical activity and nutrition.”[11]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nActive living can provide both short and long-term benefits to people of all ages and abilities. Short-term benefits include:[12]</p>\n<p>increased ease performing daily activities such as climbing stairs<br />\nincreased energy and the ability to cope with stress<br />\nimproved sleep<br />\ndecreased risk of depression<br />\nimprovements in student performance, including grades and standardized test scores[13]</p>\n<p>Potential long-term benefits include reduced risk for specific health problems such as:[14]</p>\n<p>back pain<br />\nhigh blood pressure<br />\nobesity and obesity-related diseases<br />\nanxiety and depression<br />\ncancer [15]</p>\n<p>Active living can also reduce reliance on automobiles and promote increased positive/personal interaction in the community.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe cost to implement active living strategies depends on a variety of factors. As with any community design process, some costs include collecting data from the neighborhood as well as the implementation costs of various programs such as walking clubs or bicycle recycle initiatives.[16] These costs are dependent on the existing design of a community as well as the population within it and their willingness to volunteer their time and resources to active living.<br />\nAn integrated design process and considering active living design strategies from the start can minimize costs regardless of project scale. A study released in 2018 identified the total cost of chronic diseases related to individuals identified as obese or overweight was $1.72 trillion or 9.3% of the United States gross domestic product (GDP).[17] Active living can have long-term positive impacts on public health that reduce costs on a community scale.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nHealth is a key factor in community resilience, defined as the sustained ability of communities to withstand, adapt to, and recover from adversity.[18] Active living helps promote a healthier community of people who are better able to endure and recover from a disaster or emergency event. Accessible public spaces help develop community connections that are important sources of support during emergencies.<br />\n[1] Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128 (accessed September 18, 2018).<br />\n[2] Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128 (accessed September 18, 2018).<br />\n[3] Ibid.<br />\n[4] CDC. Adult Obesity – Causes &amp; Consequences.  https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html (accessed January 6, 2019).<br />\n[5] Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128 (accessed September 18, 2018).<br />\n[6] New York City Department of Design and Construction. “Active Design Guidelines.” https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[7]Aces Connection. Resilient Communities are Healthy Communities. https://www.acesconnection.com/blog/resilient-communities-are-healthy-communities (accessed January 6, 2019).<br />\n[8] National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425844/ (accessed January 6, 2019).<br />\n[9] New York City Department of Design and Construction. “Active Design Guidelines.” https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[10] Ibid.<br />\n[11] New Jersey Health Initiatives. 2016. Get Healthy Camden – A Partnership for Healthy Kids Program https://www.njhi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Get-Healthy-Camden_NJHI-Blueprint_v2_FULL.pdf (accessed January 7, 2019).<br />\n[12] US Dept. of Health and Human Services. Importance of Physical Activity https://www.hhs.gov/fitness/be-active/importance-of-physical-activity/index.html (accessed January 6. 2019).<br />\n[13] Leadership for Healthy Communities. http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/leadership-for-healthy-communities.aspx (accessed January 5, 2019).<br />\n[14] Warburton, D.E., Whitney Nicol, C., Bredin, S.S. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence Can. Med. Assoc. J., Mar 2006; 174: 801 – 809<br />\n[15]  US Dept. of Health and Human Services. Active Living. https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/priorities/prevention/strategy/active-living.html (accessed January 5, 2019)<br />\n[16] Active Living By Design. “5P Strategies and Tactics.” http://www.activelivingbydesign.org/our-approach/5p-strategies-tactics (accessed March 18, 2011).<br />\n[17] Waters, Hugh and Marlon Graf. America’s Obesity Crisis: The Health and Economic Costs of Excess Weight. https://www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/view/944 (accessed January 6, 2019).<br />\n[18] Public Health Emergency. Build and Sustain Healthy, Resilient Communities. https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/authority/nhss/Pages/communities.aspx (accessed January 6, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nBiophilic Design<br />\nFlexible Work Spaces<br />\nViews and Operable Windows</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Active Living Research<br />\nAmerican Society of Landscape Architects – Designing for Active Living<br />\nCenter for Active Design<br />\nCoalition for a Healthy New Jersey – Active Living &amp; Healthy Living<br />\nFitCity10 – Promoting Physical Activity through Design<br />\nHealthy Places by Design<br />\nIncreasing Physical Activity Through Community Design: A Guide for Public Health Practitioners and Livable Community Advocates<br />\nLivable Communities Resource Guide<br />\nNJ Bicycle and Pedestrian Resource Center<br />\nNJ Healthy Community Network<br />\nNew York City Department of Design and Construction – Active Design<br />\nState of NJ Department of Health – Healthy New Jersey 2020<br />\nSustainable Jersey – Building Healthier Communities<br />\nUS Department of Health and Human Services – Active Living</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6645,1565,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 09:01:22'),(6646,1565,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6647,1565,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6649,1565,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6650,1565,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6651,1565,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6652,1565,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6653,1565,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6654,1565,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6655,1565,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6657,1571,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6658,1571,'_edit_last','2'),(6659,1571,'_edit_lock','1649947159:2'),(6669,571,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1- A cathedral has many biophilic elements in the way in which it manipulates light and space and air, and material and shape and form, and color (Source: http://www.stanford.edu/~dorris/photos/ely3.jpg).'),(6670,596,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – QBG Rainwater harvest feature (Source: Jeff Goldberg, Esto)'),(6671,1571,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6674,1571,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6675,1571,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6676,1571,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1571\" /]'),(6677,1571,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6678,1571,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6679,1571,'_thumbnail_id','596'),(6680,1571,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6681,1571,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6682,1571,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Biophilic Design</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Biophilic Design?<br />\nBiophilic design is related to the concept of biophilia, a term popularized by biologist E.O. Wilson, that suggests connections with the natural world enhance human physical and mental well-being. [1] The biophilia hypothesis indicates that people have a biological affinity for nature, based on such an affinity’s evolutionary advantage. An affinity for the natural world can be broken down into nine categories representing different values and expressions of biophilia, including the natural world as a source of material utilization and exploitation, physical beauty and appeal, empirical<br />\nknowledge and understanding, communication and thought, exploration and discovery, bonding and companionship, mastery and control, moral and spiritual connection, and fear and repression.[2] Biophilic design, which incorporates connections to natural systems and materials into the built environment, creates an opportunity for exercising and strengthening biophilic values, which in turn, opens the door to physical, intellectual, and emotional benefits.<br />\nKey Elements of Biophilic Design[3]</p>\n<p>Environmental features<br />\nNatural shapes and forms<br />\nNatural patterns and processes<br />\nDaylight and open space<br />\nPlace-based relationships<br />\nEvolved human-nature relationships</p>\n<p>These biophilic design attributes are defined further in the book, “Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life” by Stephen R. Kellert, Judith Heerwagen, and Martin Mador.<br />\nHow to Incorporate Biophilic Design<br />\nSpecify biophilic design goals early in the design process and engage the entire project team. Biophilic design involves the use of local, natural materials, potted plants, courtyard gardens, views to nature, natural light and ventilation, water features, animals and aquariums, and blurring the boundaries between the building and the surrounding landscape (see Views and Operable Windows, Native and Adapted Plants, Daylighting, Natural Ventilation).<br />\nStudies show that fractal patterns found in nature and natural patterns such as “waves, leaves in a breeze, fish swimming in an aquarium, or a flickering fire,” captivate people’s attention and induce states of relaxation far better than spaces and views without “visual richness” such as blank, white walls or tree-less streets.[4] Look to incorporate patterns found in nature through representational artwork, ornamentation, biomorphic forms and use of natural materials such as wood and stone.<br />\nExample<br />\nSunlight and Water, Queens Botanical Garden (QBG) Visitor Center, Flushing, NY<br />\nThe QBG Visitor Center illustrates biophilic design with the windows in the first-floor corridor, which capture the sun reflecting off the rainwater harvest feature that runs along the exterior of the building. Depending on the time of day and amount of sunlight, an occupant of the building can see patterns of sunlight reflected on the interior walls and ceiling. The interplay between sun and water connects people inside to the changes in the outdoor environment throughout the day.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nMany studies document the benefits of a connection to nature in the built environment. For example, studies point to positive gains in workplace productivity through increased mental focus and attention, enhanced cognitive functioning, reduced stress levels, greater worker satisfaction, elevated moods, and less sick days; views to nature result in shorter recovery rates in hospitals, and daylighting increases sales in retail buildings and improves test scores and accelerates learning rates in schools.[5] For example, pain medication was requested 23 percent less with patients in hospital rooms with morning sunshine compared to rooms lacking natural light.[6] Another study showed that students with access to natural light from operable skylights improved 19-20% faster than students in classrooms without a skylight.[7]<br />\nCosts<br />\nRecent studies that quantify the benefits of biophilic design elements in the built environment help advance biophilic design from an add-on to an integrated design strategy and profitable pursuit.[8] One peer-reviewed study by Terrapin Bright Green, LLC (see Resources) measures and quantifies the cost-benefits of biophilic design on the following indicators of productivity:[9]</p>\n<p>Illness and absenteeism<br />\nStaff retention<br />\nJob performance (mental stress/fatigue)<br />\nHealing rates<br />\nClassroom learning rates<br />\nRetail sales<br />\nViolence statistics</p>\n<p>Resiliency<br />\nBiophilic design can lead to a deeper connection to nature, which in turn, can foster an environmental ethic that supports ecological resilience by protecting the biological diversity of native plants and animals in a given area and enhancing the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance. Common biophilic design features such as daylighting provide resiliency benefits by maintaining lighting levels for critical functions when the grid goes down due to environmental or other issues. The use of local materials supports local knowledge and resources for maintaining and rebuilding after storms. Natural materials such as stone provide strength and durability and also help in maintaining thermal comfort during power outages (see Thermal Mass). Biophilic design connects buildings to nature and links building systems to complex, natural systems that can adapt to changing conditions – a cornerstone of resiliency. Some of our most historic and beloved buildings incorporate biophilic design elements, supporting the notion that people and communities look to maintain and protect beautiful, timeless and inspiring buildings.<br />\n[1] International Living Building Institute. Biophilic Design Initiative. https://living-future.org/biophilic design-overview/ (accessed January 4, 2019).<br />\n[2] Kellert, Stephen. “Kinship to Mastery: Biophilia in Human Evolution and Development.” Island Press, Shearwater Books. Washington, D.C. 1997. Page 3.<br />\n[3] International Living Future Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative. https://living-future.org/biophilic-design-overview/ (accessed January 6, 2019).<br />\n[4] Terrapin Bright Green, LLC. The Economics of Biophilia – Why designing with nature in mind makes financial sense. Peer Review by Judith Heerwagen and Vivian Loftness https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter (accessed Sept 28, 2018).<br />\n[5] Terrapin Bright Green, LLC. Biophilia – Why designing with nature in mind makes financial sense. Peer Review by Judith Heerwagen and Vivian Loftness https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter (accessed September 28, 2018).<br />\n[6] Sole-Smith, Virginia. “Nature on the Threshold.” New York Times, September 7, 2006, Home and Garden section. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/07/garden/07bio.html (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[7] Heschong, Lisa. Daylighting in Schools. California Board for Energy Efficiency. 1999. http://www.coe.uga.edu/sdpl/research/daylightingstudy.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[8] Wilson, Alex. Biophilia in Practice: Buildings that Connect People with Nature. Building Green, July 2006. https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/biophilia-practice-buildings-connect-people-nature<br />\n(accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[9] Terrapin Bright Green, LLC. Biophilia – Why designing with nature in mind makes financial sense. Peer Review by Judith Heerwagen and Vivian Loftness. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter (accessed January 4 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Daylighting<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nNative and Adapted Plants<br />\nThermal Mass<br />\nViews and Operable Windows</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Biophilic Design – The Architecture of Life</p>\n<p>Heerwagen, Judith, Kellert, Stephen, Mador, Martin. Biophilic Design: Theory, Research, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life. John Wiley.<br />\nKellert, Steven. 2005. Buildings for Life – Designing and Understanding the Human-Nature Connection. Island Press.</p>\n<p>GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool – Biophilic Design<br />\nInternational Living Future Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative<br />\nTerrapin Bright Green LLC – The Economics of Biophilia – Why designing with nature makes economic sense<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Psychosocial Value of Space</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6683,1571,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 09:01:22'),(6684,1571,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6685,1571,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6687,1571,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6688,1571,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6689,1571,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6690,1571,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6691,1571,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6692,1571,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6693,1571,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6695,1577,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6696,1577,'_edit_last','2'),(6697,1577,'_edit_lock','1649947301:2'),(6699,1577,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6702,1577,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6703,1577,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6704,1577,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1577\" /]'),(6705,1577,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6706,1577,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6708,1577,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6709,1577,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6710,1577,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is a Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan?<br />\nA construction indoor air quality management plan is a step-by-step approach to protecting indoor air during construction and pre-occupancy. People who work in an office environment spend up to 90% of their day indoors.[1] Several studies show that pollutant levels indoors are two to five times greater than outdoors. Poor indoor air quality can cause dizziness, asthma, fever, lung cancer and many other health problems.[2],[3]Implementing protective practices during the construction phase can help prevent poor indoor air quality.<br />\nStrategies, such as protecting absorptive materials from exposure to moisture to prevent mold growth and using air filters when running equipment during the installation of interior duct systems or during power equipment use (sanding) reduces the risk of poor air quality. These strategies also protect the workforce during construction and building occupants after the structure is built (see Table 1 for a list of conventional sources of air pollution).<br />\nTable 1: Common Sources of Indoor Air Pollution[4]</p>\n<p>Pollutant<br />\nSource</p>\n<p>Environmental tobacco smoke<br />\nOther smokers</p>\n<p>Asbestos<br />\nInsulating or fire-retardant building supplies</p>\n<p> Biological contaminants<br />\nMold, pollen, People plus dirty/poorly-maintained ventilation systems or water-damaged walls</p>\n<p>Pesticides<br />\nPest-controlling chemicals</p>\n<p>Formaldehyde<br />\nPressed wood products and adhesives</p>\n<p>Particulate Matter<br />\nDust, dirt, soot, smoke</p>\n<p>Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)<br />\nPaints, adhesives, copying machines, air fresheners, and other cleaning materials and chemicals</p>\n<p>Other Gases<br />\nRadon (entering a building through cracks from water and natural breakdown in rocks and soil), Carbon Monoxide (combustion, exhaust, heating systems)</p>\n<p>How to Implement a Construction IAQ Management Plan<br />\nThe Construction IAQ Management Plan is developed during the design phase and implemented at the outset of the construction phase (see Integrated Design Process). The IAQ plan also addresses the period between the completion of construction and occupancy. Control emissions during both construction and post-construction by selecting low-emitting materials whenever possible, holding off on installation of absorbent materials (e.g., carpet, ceiling tiles) until emissions from construction contaminants (e.g., oils, adhesives, paints) have subsided, increasing ventilation during periods of high emission, protecting ducts from dust and contaminants and delaying occupancy of unit until emissions have dissipated. If occupants are present in the building, it is vital to isolate construction contaminants by establishing a full enclosure around the construction zone, establishing negative pressure within containment zone with exhaust fans and making sure that contaminants don’t re-enter the building through open windows or HVAC system intakes.[5] Also, the building should be flushed out before occupancy. Flush out involves forcing large quantities of outdoor air through the new building to remove pollutants before occupancy.  Recommendations for the duration of the flush-out period vary from 3 to 90 days.[6]<br />\nThe following list includes some of the construction IAQ management elements outlined in the US Green Building Council’s LEED BD+C Rating System for the design and construction of commercial buildings. For more detailed information see LEED Guidance:[7]</p>\n<p>Meet or exceed the recommended control measures of the Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning National Contractors Association (SMACNA) 2007 IAQ Plan Guidelines. SMACNA includes measures such as covering ductwork and using low VOC materials.<br />\nProhibit tobacco use.<br />\nProtect absorptive materials from moisture damage.<br />\nWhen required to use permanently installed air-handlers during construction, use filtration media with a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 8 at each return air grille, as determined by ASHRAE Standard 52.2-2007 (with errata but without addenda 1). Replace all filtration media immediately before occupancy.</p>\n<p>Benefits</p>\n<p>Protects the health of the construction team (and building occupants if the building remains occupied) during the construction phase.<br />\nProtects the health of the occupants following construction.<br />\nPrevents potential health problems by reducing airborne contaminants.<br />\nIncreases productivity of occupants through thermal comfort and proper ventilation.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nWhen combined with an integrated design process, developing and implementing an IAQ management plan is not a significant financial burden but requires extensive coordination with the project team.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nImplementing a comprehensive construction IAQ management plan helps ensure the building and building systems begin operation without contaminants or elements that can degrade indoor air quality. Sound IAQ management contributes to operation efficiencies through protecting building systems and indoor environmental quality for occupants. Good indoor air quality and efficient operations help contribute to a building, building systems and building occupants’ ability to withstand, recover from and adapt to extreme or unpredictable events.[8]<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US EPA. The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality. https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/inside-story-guide-indoor-air-quality  (accessed April 20, 2018).<br />\n[2] See US EPA’s webpage on Health Effects due to poor indoor air quality for a list of identified illnesses. (accessed April 20, 2018).<br />\n[3] Also see Health Impact at WHO’s webpage on Indoor Air Pollution and Health (accessed April 20, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA. Indoor Pollutants and Sources.  https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-pollutants-and-sources (accessed December 18, 2018).<br />\n[5] US EPA. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/renovation-and-new-construction-text-module-indoor-air-quality-building#cr52 (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[6] US EPA. Controlling Pollutants and Sources: Indoor Air Quality Design Tools for Schools. https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/controlling-pollutants-and-sources-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools#AirOutandFlushOut (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[7] U.S Green Building Council – LEED BD+C New Construction v4. Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan. https://www.usgbc.org/node/2615033?return=/credits (accessed May 8, 2019).<br />\n[8] US EPA. Indoor Air and Climate Readiness. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/climate_readiness.pdf (accessed December 18, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Sustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>ASHRAE Indoor Air Quality Guide<br />\nUS Department of Labor – Occupational Safety and Health Administration: IAQ<br />\nUS EPA</p>\n<p>iBeam<br />\nIndoor Air Quality<br />\nOffice Building Occupant’s Guide to Indoor Air Quality</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6711,1577,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 08:59:53'),(6712,1577,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6713,1577,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6715,1577,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6716,1577,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6717,1577,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6718,1577,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default');
INSERT INTO `wp_postmeta` VALUES (6719,1577,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6720,1577,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6721,1577,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6723,1584,'_edit_last','2'),(6724,1584,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6725,1584,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6726,1584,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6727,1584,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6728,1584,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6729,1584,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6730,1584,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6731,1584,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6732,1584,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Flexible Workspaces</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Flexible Workspaces?<br />\nFlexible workspaces are settings that support a variety of business arrangements tailored to the needs of the user.[1] Changes in technology, management approaches, and business models drive a need for spaces that can adapt quickly to change. [2] Disassembly, deconstruction, and demolition are essential considerations for managing resources and the waste stream when creating new building environments (see Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction). New construction should emphasize reusable parts and easy access to infrastructure, plumbing, and wiring as well as planning for recycling or reuse of leftover materials.[3] In addition to a focus on flexible workspaces in a traditional office environment, there is also an increasing number of people using flexible work locations such as co-working spaces or fully equipped shared spaces (see Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Design).<br />\nHow to Implement Flexible Workspaces<br />\nFlexible workspaces should provide flexible infrastructure, adjustable workstations and support mobility within the office and outside of the office. Re-configurable furniture in meeting spaces as well as providing options for subdividing larger spaces help contribute to a more flexible work environment.[4]<br />\nTo implement flexible workspaces, it is essential to:</p>\n<p>Engage in an integrated design process (see Integrated Design Process).<br />\nProvide flexibility for delivering power, voice, data, and internet.<br />\nProvide distributed, vertical cores, satellite closets, and generous horizontal plenum spaces with mobile, user-based services to accommodate changing technology.<br />\nProvide systems that are controllable and adjustable by the users without depending on outside contractors (see Individual Comfort Controls).<br />\nIncorporate sustainable design principles, which can help achieve flexible spaces.[5]<br />\nUse durable materials that are worth recovering for reuse or recycling (see Durable and Adaptable Materials).<br />\nPlan for the movement and safety of occupants to allow for building adaptation.[6]</p>\n<p>Table 1. Drivers, Solutions, and Issues for the Changing Workplace (Adapted from Whole Building Design Guide – The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work, and Workplace) [7]</p>\n<p>Benefits</p>\n<p>Reduces the need to alter infrastructure<br />\nEnables low-cost and less complicated reconfiguration<br />\nPromotes productivity and efficiency and occupant satisfaction<br />\nReduces real estate costs (by de-linking physical space consumption from occupant headcount)<br />\nImproves organizational flexibility and agility to respond to current and future workforce demands<br />\nIncreases options for disassembly and deconstruction[8]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nCompanies need to plan for flexibility and change to keep up with changing business models and technology. The GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool includes a case study for the renovation of the PBS Chicago Regional Office. Through incorporating flexible design strategies, the renovation reduced costs of reconfiguration of workstations from $900 per workstation and $1650 per office to $0. Plug and play data and telecom enabled GSA staff to make changes without the help of outside technicians, saving approximately $125 per change. Designing flexible workspaces can minimize costs associated with reconfigurations as technology and office environments evolve. [9]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nFlexibility and adaptability are elements that contribute to a resilient workplace. As described by Judith Heerwagen and Michael Bloom in the Resilient Workplace, workplaces need to promote the capacity of humans to be creative and adapt in the face of disruption and change.[10]<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design. http://www.wbdg.org/design/design_change.php (accessed January 6, 2019).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide. Office Building. https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/office-building  (accessed January 6, 2019).<br />\n[3] US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design (accessed January 20, 2019).<br />\n[4] GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool. Flexible Workplace Design.  (accessed January 20, 2019).<br />\n[5] Whole Building Design Guide. Design for the Changing Workplace. (accessed January 20, 2019 ).<br />\n[6] US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design (accessed January 20, 2019).<br />\n[7] Adapted from Whole Building Design Guide. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/chngorgwork.php (accessed January 20, 2019).<br />\n[8] GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool. Flexible Workplace Design. https://sftool.gov/learn/about/243/flexible-workplace-design (accessed January 20, 2019).<br />\n[9] GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool. (accessed January 20, 2019).<br />\n[10] Heerwagen, Judith and Michael F. Bloom. The Resilient Workplace. http://workandplace.com/the-resilient-workplace/ (accessed January 20, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nConstruction and Demolition(C&amp;D) Waste<br />\nIndividual Comfort Controls<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nSustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool – Flexible Workplace Design<br />\nUC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment<br />\nUS EPA – Sustainable Materials Management. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials. Designing for Adaptability, Disassembly, and Reuse<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Design for the Changing Workplace<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work and Workplace</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6733,1584,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 08:59:53'),(6734,1584,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6735,1584,'_edit_lock','1649947694:2'),(6737,262,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Table 1. Drivers, Solutions, and Issues for the Changing Workplace (Adapted from Whole Building Design Guide – The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work, and Workplace) [7]'),(6738,1584,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6741,1584,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6742,1584,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6743,1584,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1584\" /]'),(6744,1584,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6745,1584,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6747,1584,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6748,1584,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6749,1584,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6752,1589,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6753,1589,'_edit_last','2'),(6754,1589,'_edit_lock','1651068024:2'),(6756,49,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 3 – Stained concrete floor (source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)'),(6757,94,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 4 – Recycled carpet (source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)'),(6758,1589,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6761,1589,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6762,1589,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6763,1589,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1589\" /]'),(6764,1589,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6765,1589,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6766,1589,'_thumbnail_id','428'),(6767,1589,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6768,1589,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6769,1589,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Non-toxic Materials</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Non-toxic Materials?<br />\nNon-toxic or low-emitting materials release relatively low levels of odorous, irritating, toxic, or hazardous substances unhealthy to building occupants.[1] Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (including formaldehyde), particulates, and fibers include substances often emitted from building materials that can adversely impact human health.<br />\nVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) contain carbon molecules and can vaporize from material surfaces into indoor air at average room temperatures (a process known as off-gassing).[2] A non-toxic material must meet different thresholds of VOC emissions compliance depending on the material.[3] Found in many everyday products and building materials, VOCs can escape into the air and cause illness and allergic reactions. Studies have linked elevated levels of VOCs and interior pollutants to health concerns that cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination, nausea, and other health problems. [4] People with respiratory problems, children, seniors and people with compromised immune systems are at higher risk to reactions from exposure than general population.<br />\nAccording to the EPA, concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors (up to ten times) than outdoors. Paints, sealants, manufactured wood products, and adhesives as well as some furnishings and carpet systems often release VOCs. Inherently non-emitting sources of VOCs such as stone, ceramic, powder-coated metals, plated or anodized metal, glass, concrete, clay, brick, and unfinished or untreated solid wood do not require VOC emissions testing if they do not include VOC emitting surface coatings, binders, or sealants.[5]<br />\nFormaldehyde (CH2O), a known carcinogen, is a colorless gas with a strong odor that can cause eye, nose, skin, and lung irritations. It forms an essential component of several polymers used in many building materials including urea formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde, and melamine resin. When selecting safe, non-toxic materials, avoid building materials and products containing formaldehyde resins. Pressed-wood products, such as particleboard, oriented strand board (OSB), plywood, medium density fiberboard, glues and adhesives, permanent-press fabrics, paper product coatings, and specific insulation materials often use formaldehyde resins.[6] More information about formaldehyde can be found through resources such as the US EPA website. If a formaldehyde-containing product is purchased, it should be aired out before it is used.</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Non-toxic Materials<br />\nIncreased awareness about possible health risks and indoor air quality concerns have helped to expand the market for safe, non-toxic materials. Low-emitting material credit requirements by LEED and other green building certifications have led to a demand for products lower in VOCs and toxic chemicals.[7] Several certification programs, standards, and criteria for selecting and evaluating sustainable materials include GREENGUARD (indoor air quality certification), Green Label Plus (carpets/rugs), Green Seal, and Scientific Certification Systems.<br />\nThe definition of a “low” concentration of VOC emissions varies according to the product type. For example, for interior paints and coatings, low-VOC emitting products have concentrations below 50 g/L; a zero-VOC paint has fewer than 5 grams per liter.[8] Paints and finishes come in either oil-based formulas or latex (water) based, which are generally less toxic and less VOC-emitting than oil-based paints.[9] Not all latex-based formulas are low in VOC’s, however, and a few oil-based products now qualify as low-VOC. For independent certifications and standards, see greenseal.org and greenguard.org (which measures VOC emissions).<br />\nThere are many hard, low-formaldehyde flooring materials on the market. Formaldehyde occurs naturally in wood and making wood-containing flooring products are never 100% formaldehyde free. By using materials such as concrete and recycled tile, a homeowner can significantly reduce the amount of formaldehyde concentration in a home, while also preserving natural resources such as wood commonly used for flooring.<br />\nIf choosing to install new wood, consider salvaged wood or look for products that earn the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certification label. The FSC specializes in providing certification for wood products produced from sustainable harvesting practices that contain low levels of formaldehyde. FSC-certified wood floors do not include added urea-formaldehyde.<br />\nExample<br />\nRutgers University Visitor Center<br />\nThe Rutgers University Visitor Center was constructed using low-emitting materials including paints, finishes and recycled content carpet.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nThe selection of building material and furnishings have a significant impact on indoor environmental quality. Benefits of choosing low-emitting materials include: [10]</p>\n<p>Improved indoor air quality.<br />\nImproved worker safety and health.<br />\nReduced incidents of an eye and respiratory irritation, headaches, fatigue.<br />\nHealthier environment for building occupants who are sensitive to specific products.<br />\nReduced pollution of groundwater and water supplies.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nMany low-emitting materials are cost-competitive with conventional materials. Low/no-VOC paints typically cost about the same as conventional paints.[11] Many wood product manufacturers are replacing formaldehyde-based bonding resins with non-toxic substitutes. Cost impacts for such non-formaldehyde wood products can vary.[12]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nThe use of non-toxic materials in building assemblies and furnishings can help to reduce the release of toxic chemicals when debris from buildings finds its way into the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds caused by natural disasters and severe storm events. For example, Superstorm Sandy generated over 8 million cubic yards of debris across the nine hardest-hit counties in New Jersey in only one day.[13] Damaged and contaminated materials may include waterlogged drywall, plaster, insulation, flooring, carpets, mattresses, and upholstered furniture, that when put it into unlined landfills, can contaminate groundwater.<br />\n[1] Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[3] LEED BD+C: New Construction | v4 – LEED v4. Low-emitting materials<br />\nhttps://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0  (accessed April 25, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA. An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality. https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality  (accessed April 23, 2018).<br />\n[5] LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[6] Healthy Building Network. Formaldehyde Found in Building Materials.  https://healthybuilding.net/uploads/files/formaldehyde-found-in-building-materials.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[7] LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[8] GreenGuard. Your Guide to Low-And Zero-VOC Paints. http://greenguard.org/files/LivingGreenPaintGuide.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[9] Ibid.<br />\n[10] WBDG. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[11] Cost Helper. How Much Does Painting an Interior Cost? http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[12] Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[13] NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities.<br />\nhttp://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Sustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>NJ Department of Health and Senior Services – Indoor Environments<br />\nUS EPA Indoor Air Quality – Green Indoor Environments<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide: Evaluating and Selecting Green Products</p>\n<p>Green Product Certifications and Standards:</p>\n<p>Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label Program<br />\nCradle to Cradle<br />\nThe GREENGUARD Environmental Institute is an industry-independent, not-for-profit organization that oversees the GREENGUARD Certification programs.<br />\nGreen Seal<br />\nInternational Living Future Institute<br />\nLEED: Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels<br />\nScientific Certification Systems Indoor Advantage<br />\nSMaRt Consensus Sustainable Product Standards</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6770,1589,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 08:59:53'),(6771,1589,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6772,1589,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6774,1589,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6775,1589,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6776,1589,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6777,1589,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6778,1589,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6779,1589,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6780,1589,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6782,1596,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6783,1596,'_edit_last','2'),(6784,1596,'_edit_lock','1651068090:2'),(6786,304,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 5 – Barn at Fallingwater (Source: Fallingwater.org)'),(6787,1596,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6790,1596,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6791,1596,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6792,1596,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1596\" /]'),(6793,1596,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6794,1596,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6795,1596,'_thumbnail_id','304'),(6796,1596,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6797,1596,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6798,1596,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Sustainable Materials</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Sustainable Materials?<br />\nSustainable materials provide environmental and human health benefits and reduce negative impacts over the life of the material and generally incorporate characteristics that contribute to:[1]</p>\n<p>Resource efficiency &amp; conservation<br />\nIndoor air quality<br />\nEnergy efficiency<br />\nAffordability<br />\nSafe and healthy indoor environments<br />\nDurability and adaptability</p>\n<p>There are environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of a material (extracting resources, processing, producing, shipping, installation and use, and discarding). Evaluating and understanding the health and environmental impacts of materials is complex and can be confusing, but good resources and increased availability of product information can help.[2]</p>\n<p>How to Integrate Sustainable Materials<br />\nSustainable material management (SMM) refers to the process of researching the system-wide impacts of the life cycle of materials.[3] A comprehensive approach that incorporates social, environmental, and economic factors relies on the use of research, innovation, and technology to support decisions about appropriate material selection and use.[4] Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) provide information about the environmental impact of a material throughout its life cycle. LEEDv4 rewards project teams for incorporating materials and products that have life cycle information available and verified positive environmental life cycle impacts.[5]<br />\nWhen choosing materials, consider the following aspects of sustainability:</p>\n<p>Recycled content and recyclability<br />\nCertified wood (such as Forest Stewardship Council-certified products)<br />\nLocally produced and sourced products<br />\nRapidly renewable materials<br />\nSalvaged materials<br />\nNon-toxic, no/low-emitting materials<br />\nDurability and adaptability</p>\n<p>When developing material specifications and standards for a project, it is important to consider environmental factors such as waste prevention and disposal (see Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction, Demolition, and Source Reduction and Recycling).[6] It is also essential to develop an environmentally preferable purchasing policy to guide purchasing. According to documents guiding federal sustainability (Executive Order 13693), environmentally preferable purchasing refers to “products or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose” as it applies to raw materials, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, use, reuse, operation, maintenance, and disposal.[7]<br />\nThe US EPA website has several useful tools for finding and evaluating green products and services.[8] There are a number of certification programs, standards and criteria available to help provide guidance in selecting and evaluating sustainable materials such as GREENGUARD (indoor air quality certification), Green Label Plus (carpets/rugs), Green Seal, Scientific Certification Systems, Rainforest Alliance Certification, and Forest Stewardship Council Certification. Also, life cycle assessment tools such as those offered by the Athena Sustainable Materials Institute are useful in helping to assess the cost and impact of a material. Cradle to Cradle is a third-party certification for products that promote safety for humans, the environment, and are designed for future life cycles rather than being disposed.[9]<br />\nRecycled Content &amp; Recyclability<br />\nUsing recycled materials reduces the amount of waste that ends up in landfills or incinerators and reduces the extraction of resources used to produce new products and materials. Many common building materials and furnishings contain recycled materials such as asphalt, steel, carpet, ceiling tiles, and concrete. Post-consumer recycled content is material that has been used by consumers, collected and re-manufactured into new products and materials. Plastic lumber is a product that often has high post-consumer recycled content. Some plastic lumber is composed of 100% post-consumer plastic such as milk jugs and laundry detergent bottles.<br />\nLabeling related to recycled content can be confusing. The recycling symbol is in the public domain, so its use can have a variety of meanings. Some products have labeling that identifies the percentage of pre-consumer and/or post-consumer recycled content in the product. If a product is not labeled, contact the manufacturer and ask about recycled content.<br />\nTypical materials that often contain post-consumer recycled content include:[10]</p>\n<p>Drywall<br />\nInsulation<br />\nPlastic lumber<br />\nKitchen countertops<br />\nGlass tiles<br />\nLandscaping materials<br />\nCarpet and carpet padding<br />\nSteel</p>\n<p>The recyclability of materials is also an essential consideration in materials selection. Some materials are recyclable at the end of their useful life into new high-quality carpeting with very little waste such as carpet products that are Cradle to Cradle (C2C) certified.[11]<br />\nCertified Wood<br />\nCertified wood refers to wood harvested from forests that practice environmentally and economically responsible forestry. A third-party entity documents the sustainable forestry practices and the chain of custody, which tracks wood from the forest through milling and manufacturing to the point of sale. Certifiers also grant chain-of-custody certifications to companies that manufacture and sell products made from certified wood. Forest certification intends to let consumers know that wood or paper product comes from forests managed under strict environmental and social standards. The Forest Resource Certification Center provides information about several well-known certification programs.<br />\nThe Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is one example of a popular certification program. FSC has established a program that monitors third-party certifiers of forests and forest products. During FSC forest-management assessments, teams of foresters, ecologists and social scientists visit forestry operations and inspect their practices for compliance with FSC’s standards, such as:</p>\n<p>Ensuring harvesting rates and clearing sizes do not exceed a forest’s natural capacity to regenerate<br />\nMaintaining natural forest conditions needed for wildlife and healthy ecosystem function<br />\nProtecting rare, threatened and endangered species and forest types<br />\nEstablishing new plantations on agricultural and pasture lands and avoiding the replacement of natural forests with barren tree plantations<br />\nCreating adequate conservation zones<br />\nMinimizing or eliminating chemical use<br />\nProtecting streams and rivers from soil erosion that degrades water quality and fish habitat<br />\nProtecting the rights and interests of workers, communities, and indigenous people who benefit from the forestry operation</p>\n<p>Forestry operations that meet the standards are granted an FSC forest management certification and audited annually. Forestry operations are required to make improvements as a condition of getting certified and staying certified over time.[12]<br />\nDuring the design stages of a building, specify certified wood as an alternative to conventional wood including certified plywood and veneers. There are several resources available to assist with finding certified wood such as the FSC Certificate Database. This database includes primarily manufacturers and distributors, not retailers. To find products carried by a local retailer, contact them directly.[13] Look for the FSC logo (Figure 3) stamped on the product. In addition to choosing certified wood, selecting salvaged or reclaimed wood also helps protect resources and reduce waste. Purchase wood from local producers when possible to reduce CO2 emissions from transporting the materials.<br />\nLocally Produced and Sourced Products<br />\nThe LEED system includes a location valuation factor that promotes the use of products extracted, manufactured and purchased within 100 miles of a project. Purchasing locally produced products helps support local businesses and reduce transportation-related environmental impacts.[14]<br />\nSalvaged Materials<br />\nSalvaged materials include materials saved during the deconstruction process and sold, donated, stored for later use, or reused on future projects (see Deconstruction). Construction and Demolition (C&amp;D) debris accounts for 534 million tons of waste, 90% the result of demolition work with the remaining 10% generated by construction activities.[15] Carefully dismantling a structure with the intent of reusing materials extends the useful life materials, requires less energy and raw materials, and produces less pollution than discarding or recycling materials.<br />\nIdentify materials to reuse, sell, donate, or recycle early in the planning process and develop a plan for salvaged materials in project documents such as the construction and demolition waste management plan (see Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction).[16] Salvageable materials may include plumbing, light fixtures, doors, cabinets, working appliances, windows, millwork, carpet, brick, ceiling and floor tiles, wood, HVAC equipment, and decorative items such as fireplaces and stonework.[17] When reusing salvaged materials, keep in mind that materials may contain chemicals not safe for the environment and human health. The EPA’s Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials site has information on potentially contaminated materials and substances.[18],[19]<br />\nContact organizations and programs that facilitate the exchange or purchase of salvaged or surplus building materials. Other options include auctions and classified websites designed to sell, donate or buy materials. Check with a consulting a site such as The Better Business Bureau Wise Giving Alliance to identify organizations eligible to receive donations.<br />\nRapidly Renewable Resources<br />\nRapidly renewable materials are natural, non-petroleum-based building materials and include agricultural by-products such as bamboo, straw, cork, natural linoleum products, cotton, sunflowers, hemp, wool, wheatboard, and strawboard. Using materials produced with rapidly growing plant-based products reduces the harvesting of forests and other resources that take decades to regenerate. Consider green building materials comprised of a composite of rapidly renewable materials and recycled content (e.g., newsprint, cotton, soy-based materials, seed husks).[20] Compare the environmental trade-offs of using a product such as global warming, resource depletion, indoor air quality.[21] Although some materials might be from rapidly renewable sources, they may require shipping from long distances or may not be as durable as other conventional materials.<br />\nExample<br />\nBarn at Fallingwater<br />\nAn adaptive reuse project at the Barn at Fallingwater in Mill Run, Pennsylvania used the original characteristics of the barn and provided new space for administrative offices, exhibitions, lectures, classes, and programs. Along with furthering the connection between nature and architecture, the project earned a Silver LEED rating. This adaptive reuse project also incorporated several renewable resources such as straw panels for sound absorptive wall finishes and products from sunflower seed composite.<br />\nNon-toxic, No/low-emitting Materials<br />\nSafe, non-toxic or low-emitting materials release relatively low levels of odorous, irritating, toxic, or hazardous substances unhealthy to building occupants.[22] Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (including formaldehyde), particulates, and fibers include substances often emitted from building materials that can adversely impact human health.<br />\nVOCs contain carbon molecules and can vaporize from material surfaces into indoor air at average room temperatures (a process known as off-gassing).[23] A non-toxic material must meet different thresholds of VOC emissions compliance depending on the material.[24] Found in many everyday products and building materials, VOCs can escape into the air and cause illness and allergic reactions. Studies have linked elevated levels of VOCs and interior pollutants to health concerns that cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination, nausea, and other health problems. [25] People with respiratory problems, children, seniors and people with compromised immune systems are at higher risk of reactions from exposure than the general population.<br />\nIncreased awareness about possible health risks and indoor air quality concerns have helped to expand the market for safe, non-toxic materials. Low-emitting material credit requirements by LEED and other green building certifications have led to a demand for products lower in VOCs and toxic chemicals.[26] Several certification programs, standards, and criteria for selecting and evaluating sustainable materials include GREENGUARD (indoor air quality certification), Green Label Plus (carpets/rugs), Green Seal, and Scientific Certification Systems (see Safe, Non-Toxic Materials).<br />\nDurable Materials and Designing for Adaptability<br />\nSelecting durable and adaptable materials reduces waste, extends the useful life of a building and contributes to the resiliency of the structure.[27] Durable materials require less repair and less frequent replacement so the environmental impacts of the resources that have been invested in those materials can be spread out over a longer time.[28] A durability plan can help inform decision making throughout every phase of a building’s development and addresses factors such as sunlight, moisture, heat, insects, and natural disasters.[29] Designing for adaptability allows materials to be easily disassembled and reused, thus providing economic benefits and reducing environmental impacts.[30]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nCareful selection and use of sustainable materials provide environmental benefits in many ways such as:</p>\n<p>Conserving resources<br />\nReducing greenhouse gas emissions (in extraction, production, and shipping)<br />\nSupporting local businesses and economy<br />\nEnsuring safer air quality indoor (also overall regional air quality)</p>\n<p>Consumer demand for sustainable materials and product certification is a powerful incentive for manufacturers and suppliers. By purchasing certified wood, for example, forest managers are more likely to adopt ecologically sound practices that maintain natural forest characteristics. Also, demand can help to move the wood industry away from destructive techniques like large-scale clearcutting, logging in endangered and old growth forests, and destruction of natural forests for replacement by barren tree plantations.[31]<br />\nChoosing certified and/or salvaged wood and wood products can help:</p>\n<p>Protect natural forests and other habitats<br />\nReduce the use of highly hazardous pesticides<br />\nMinimize the cultivation of genetically modified trees (GMOs)<br />\nProtect the rights of indigenous peoples</p>\n<p>Using post-consumer recycled content:[32]</p>\n<p>Reduces waste going into landfills and incinerators<br />\nPreserves natural resources by reducing the use of virgin materials used to produce new products and materials<br />\nSaves energy and prevents pollution caused by the extraction and processing of virgin materials and the manufacture of products using virgin materials<br />\nContributes to the recycling economy</p>\n<p>Using rapidly renewable materials can:</p>\n<p>Reduce the use and depletion of finite raw materials<br />\nReduce the number and quantity of products made from fossil-fuel derivatives<br />\nReduce demand for materials that require longer to regenerate</p>\n<p>Salvaging materials during the demolition process shift the construction industry away from the conventional practice of consumption and disposal towards an ethic of resource efficiency and reuse. The benefits of using salvaged materials include:[33]</p>\n<p>Minimizing landfill waste and pollution and the need for more landfills<br />\nDecreasing consumption and demand for new materials, reducing waste and pollution associated with the production of virgin materials<br />\nCreating value-added markets from waste materials<br />\nExpanding job opportunities and workforce development skills<br />\nReducing project costs through avoided disposal costs and purchases of new materials, revenue earned from material sales, and tax breaks gained for donations<br />\nPreserving architectural and cultural heritage by salvaging unique materials</p>\n<p>The selection of building material and furnishings have a significant impact on indoor environmental quality. Benefits of choosing low-emitting materials include: [34]</p>\n<p>Improved indoor air quality.<br />\nImproved worker safety and health.<br />\nReduced incidents of an eye and respiratory irritation, headaches, fatigue.<br />\nHealthier environment for building occupants who are sensitive to specific products.<br />\nReduced pollution of groundwater and water supplies.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThere is a perception that sustainable products always cost more than conventional products. Some materials do have a higher first cost; however, the first cost is often made up within the overall life cycle cost of the material. Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) (see Life Cycle Cost Analysis) takes into account the lifecycle costs of building designs and systems while a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (see Life Cycle Assessment) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems.[35] Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. There are also many sustainable materials available that are comparable in price to conventional materials.[36] Low- and no-VOC paints typically cost about the same as a manufacturer’s premium line of paints.[37] Furthermore, non-sustainable materials often do not reflect the costs (often referred to as “externalities”), such as expenses associated with cleaning up contamination and losses due to human health and illness.<br />\nAs a result of increased demand and changes in technology, post-consumer recycled products are readily available on the market today and are often comparable in cost and quality to products made with virgin materials. The price for recycled content padding and carpeting, for example, is often comparable to a conventional, virgin-fiber carpet.[38] Whether virgin or recycled, many factors impact the cost of products such as availability, cost of material feedstocks, energy costs, distributor mark-up, transportation charges, size and type of order, and geographic location. The cost-effectiveness of reusing, donating or selling salvaged building materials varies with each project, depending on the value of the salvaged materials, the market for these materials, and the costs of labor and disposal. Post-consumer recycled products may last longer or require less maintenance than their counterparts made with virgin material which can offset any additional up-front costs. Therefore, items with high wear and tear, maintenance or replacement frequency may be ideal candidates for post-consumer recycled products with higher upfront costs, but longer useful life expectancy.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nMany of the benefits listed above also contribute to resiliency. Selecting sustainable materials can help protect human health by minimizing exposure to toxic components during an emergency and contributing to the durability of the facility and its contents. Protecting indoor air quality contributes to building occupants’ health and well-being and the ability of the occupants to function during and recover from disruption. Using sustainable materials, such as certified or salvaged wood can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems. Established networks and markets for salvaged materials also help divert and reuse debris generated by natural disasters and severe storm events that can contaminate the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds.[39] Salvaging materials from storms turn recovery efforts into a profit-generating resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<br />\nThe use of safe, non-toxic materials in building assemblies and furnishings can help reduce the release of toxic chemicals into debris following storm surges, flooding, and high winds caused by natural disasters and severe storm events. For example, Superstorm Sandy generated over 8 million cubic yards of debris across the nine hardest-hit counties in New Jersey in only one day.[40] Damaged and contaminated materials may include waterlogged drywall, plaster, insulation, flooring, carpets, mattresses, and upholstered furniture, that when put it into unlined landfills, can contaminate groundwater.<br />\nUsing moisture protective and inherent moisture-wicking materials, as well as materials resistant to excessive humidity such as glazed brick, concrete, stone, and decay-resistant lumber can also contribute to more resilient structures.<br />\n[1] CalRecycle. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Greenbuilding/Materials/ (accessed February 1, 2019)).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed February 1, 2019).<br />\n[3] US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. The Road Ahead. https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-materials-management-road-ahead (accessed November 28, 2018).<br />\n[4] BIAC. The Voice of OECD Business. Key Business Messages. Sustainable Materials Management. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/18/46235661.pdf (accessed November 28, 2018).<br />\n[5] USGBC. Building Product Disclosure and Optimization – environmental product declarations. https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-retail-new-construction-healthca-22 (accessed February 1, 2019).<br />\n[6] Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[7] US EPA. About the Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Program. https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/about-environmentally-preferable-purchasing-program (accessed February 3, 2019).<br />\n[8] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[9] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[10] Cal Recycle. Matrix: Overview of Recycled Content and Availability. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/greenbuilding/materials/matrix (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[11] The Cradle to CradleÒ program certifies products that meet multi-attribute criteria for: human and environmental health; Recyclability/compostability; renewable energy use; water stewardship social responsibility.<br />\n[12] Natural Resources Defense Council. http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[13] Forest Stewardship Council. https://us.fsc.org/en-us (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[14] USGBC. LEEDv4. https://www.usgbc.org/guide/bdc (accessed February 1, 2019).<br />\n[15] US EPA. Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2014 Fact Sheet. November 2016<br />\nhttps://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/2014_smmfactsheet_508.pdf (accessed  June 23, 2018)  (As cited in US EPA. Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Materials. February 2018. (https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials)<br />\n[16] US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials. Aug 23, 2017. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials (accessed July 2, 2018)<br />\n[17] Habitat for Humanity. Habitat ReStore. “8 things to donate when renovating.”<br />\nhttps://www.habitat.org/stories/8-things-to-donate-when-renovating (accessed July 13, 2018).<br />\n[18] US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials. Aug 23, 2017. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials (accessed July 2, 2018).<br />\n[19]  US EPA Sustainable Materials Management. Comprehensive Procurement Guideline (CPG) Program. June 2018. https://www.epa.gov/smm/comprehensive-procurement-guideline-cpg-program#content (accessed July 13, 2018).<br />\n[20] Green-buildings.com. What are Rapidly Renewal Materials?  http://www.green-buildings.com/content/78325-rapidly-renewable-materials-leed-mr-credit-6-what-are-they (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[21] Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use  (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[22] Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[23] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[24] LEED BD+C: New Construction | v4 – LEED v4. Low-emitting materials<br />\nhttps://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0  (accessed April 25, 2018).<br />\n[25] US EPA. An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality. https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality  (accessed April 23, 2018).<br />\n[26] LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[27] US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials (accessed February 18, 2019).<br />\n[28] GreenBiz. Durability: A Key Component of Green Building. https://www.greenbiz.com/news/2005/12/18/durability-key-component-green-building (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[29] Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[30] US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials.  https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[31] Natural Resources Defense Council. How to Buy Good Wood. http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[32] New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Economic Benefits of Recycling. http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/economic.htm (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[33] CalRecycle. Construction and Demolition Debris Recycling. February 2018. http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/ (accessed July 9, 2018).<br />\n[34] Whole Building Design Guide. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[35] National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[36] CalRecycle. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/Greenbuilding/Training/StateManual/Materials.doc  (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[37] Cost Helper. How Much Does Painting an Interior Cost? http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[38] New World Climate. Best Low Voc Carpets for your Home. http://www.nwclimate.org/green-home/low-voc-carpets-and-rugs/  (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[39] NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf (accessed July 20, 2018).<br />\n[40] NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Construction &amp; Demolition Waste Reduction<br />\nFlexible Workspaces<br />\nSafe, Non-toxic Materials<br />\nLife Cycle Assessment<br />\nLife Cycle Cost Analysis<br />\nMoisture Control<br />\nSource Reduction and Recycling</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>NJ Department of Health and Senior Services – Indoor Environments<br />\nUS EPA Indoor Air Quality – Green Indoor Environments<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide: Evaluating and Selecting Green Products</p>\n<p>Green Product Certifications and Standards:</p>\n<p>Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label Program<br />\nCradle to Cradle<br />\nThe GREENGUARD Environmental Institute is an industry-independent, not-for-profit organization that oversees the GREENGUARD Certification programs.<br />\nGreen Seal<br />\nInternational Living Future Institute<br />\nLEED: Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels<br />\nScientific Certification Systems Indoor Advantage<br />\nSMaRt Consensus Sustainable Product Standards</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6799,1596,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 08:59:53'),(6800,1596,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6801,1596,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6803,1596,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6804,1596,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6805,1596,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6806,1596,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6807,1596,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6808,1596,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6809,1596,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6812,1596,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','5'),(6815,1589,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','4'),(6817,1605,'_edit_lock','1649954235:2'),(6818,1605,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6819,1605,'_edit_last','2'),(6821,240,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – The Willow School (Source: Mark Biedron LEED AP, co-Founder)'),(6822,1605,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6825,1605,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6826,1605,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6827,1605,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1605\" /]'),(6828,1605,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6829,1605,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6830,1605,'_thumbnail_id','86'),(6831,1605,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6832,1605,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6833,1605,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Construction and Demolition (C&amp;D) Waste?<br />\nConstruction and demolition (C&amp;D) waste consists of the debris generated during the construction, renovation, and demolition of buildings. C&amp;D waste often contains bulky, heavy materials, such as concrete, wood, metals, glass, and salvaged building components.[1] Demolition accounts for more than 90% of C&amp;D waste and construction represent less than 10%[2]; therefore, the concept of deconstruction is also essential to consider. Deconstruction is the practice of disassembling a building to salvage materials (joists, flooring, siding, fixtures) reused for new construction.[3] Carefully dismantling a structure with the intent of reusing materials extends the useful life of the material and requires less energy and raw materials and produces less pollution than discarding or even recycling materials.<br />\nThe disposal of C&amp;D waste contributes to environmental concerns including wasted materials and embodied energy, greenhouse gas generation, and other environmental impacts associated with producing new materials instead of using existing materials. Also, the number of C&amp;D landfills is declining, which means fewer disposal options, greater hauling distances, and increased fuel consumption and vehicle emissions.[4] Many C&amp;D waste materials can be reused on-site or elsewhere, or recycled (see Sustainable Materials, Source Reduction &amp; Recycling).[5] Some materials may be toxic or classified as hazardous waste and require special handling and disposal.</p>\n<p>How to Implement C&amp;D Waste Reduction<br />\nDesigning to prevent waste is an important first step in C&amp;D waste management, accomplished by using standard sizes, advanced framing techniques, prefabrication, on-site protection of materials, and by returning unused materials to suppliers, among other strategies.[6] Make a plan and communicated clearly to the construction team specifying which items to reuse and which to recycle.<br />\nImportant considerations for construction and demolition waste reduction include:[7]</p>\n<p>Design to prevent waste<br />\nKnow the waste stream (e.g., project waste materials, including hazardous materials)<br />\nBecome familiar with local ordinances and regulations<br />\nUse specifications to set recycling goals and delineate responsibilities<br />\nRequire a construction waste management plan<br />\nEducate project team about construction &amp; demolition waste recycling goals<br />\nMonitor waste management performance</p>\n<p>Materials can be recycled onsite or offsite at a construction and demolition processor. Typical materials recycled from building sites include metal, lumber, asphalt, pavement, concrete, roofing material, corrugated cardboard, and wallboard.[8] There are many recycling centers in New Jersey for the scrap metal and corrugated cardboard generated by construction and demolition activities. Concrete, concrete block, asphalt, and brick are typically crushed and used as a substitute for quarry stone in road construction projects or used as a fill material in various applications. Decorative landscaping material use crushed brick and non-chemically treated and non-painted wood scrap, as well as tree stumps and tree trunks, are shredded and sold as landscaping mulch.<br />\nPlanning is also essential for a successful deconstruction project. There are many steps to consider with deconstruction such as creating safety and materials management plans, surveying and taking inventory of the building materials, environmental health, and compliance, and coordinating with historic preservation designations.<br />\nExample<br />\nThe Willow School – Gladstone, N.J.<br />\nAccording to the founder of The Willow School, the first LEED Gold Certified Building in NJ (2002), the project recycled over 85% of its construction waste. White pine trees removed during construction were sent to an NJ company to be milled and made into a wide variety of furniture. Built-in closets, bookshelves, chairs, and desks for students utilized salvaged white pine from the property.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nBenefits of reducing and recycling C&amp;D waste:[9],[10]</p>\n<p>Conserves landfill space<br />\nReduces the release of methane (a potent greenhouse gas) from landfills<br />\nReduces the environmental impact of producing new materials<br />\nConserves natural resources<br />\nReduces overall project expenses through avoided purchase or disposal costs<br />\nCreates jobs<br />\nDeconstruction preserves architectural heritage by salvaging unique materials</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nEPA’s Recycling Economic Information (REI) report indicates that recycling and reuse of materials create jobs and generates local and state tax revenues. Out of the recycling categories, C&amp;D materials recycling contributed the most in the areas considered: jobs, wage, and tax revenue.[11] Cost savings associated with C&amp;D waste reduction reduces costs by avoiding the cost of disposal, potential revenue from the sale of recycled materials, and reductions in the need for waste disposal services.[12] Disposal fees are an expensive part of the demolition.<br />\nDepending on the building, deconstruction can salvage a large amount of material from a building and lead to savings on avoided disposal fees. Deconstruction typically requires more time and labor than traditional demolition but also provides more jobs and is an excellent opportunity for job training in the construction trades. The feasibility and cost-effectiveness of deconstruction are different for every building depending on a building’s construction and the material composition. Most wood-frame and some metal-frame buildings can apply deconstruction methods. The building components, their condition, and the method of attachment to the structure can affect the cost-effectiveness of salvaging materials. Deconstruction requires more labor for disassembly, removal, and sorting than conventional demolition. These costs can be balanced out with careful planning and accounting for the value of the salvaged building materials and the avoided cost of disposal.[13]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nMany of the benefits listed above also contribute to resiliency. Reducing waste and reusing or recycling materials can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems. Established networks and markets for salvaged materials also help divert and reuse debris generated by natural disasters and severe storm events that can contaminate the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds.[14] Salvaging materials from storms turn recovery efforts into a profit-generating resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Construction and Demolition Materials. http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/rrr/imr/cdm/index.htm (accessed March 20, 2019).<br />\n[2] US EPA. Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Materials https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials#America (accessed March 20, 2019).<br />\n[3] BMRA. https://bmra.org/  (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[4] Whole Building Design Guide. Construction Waste Management. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[5] Whole Building Design Guide. Construction Waste Management. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php (accessed March 20, 2019).<br />\n[6] Northeast Recycling Council. https://nerc.org/documents/moving_toward_zero_waste_cost_savings_a_roadmap_contractors_builders.pdf (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[7] CalRecycle. C&amp;D Recycling Toolkit for Contractors. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/Toolkit/ (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[8] US EPA. Recover your Resources. https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-recover-your-resources-reduce-reuse-and-recycle-construction-and-demolition  (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[9] Ibid.<br />\n[10] NYC DDC. http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/waste.pdf (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[11] US EPA. Recycling Economic Information report. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/final_2016_rei_report.pdf (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[12] NJ DEP. The Economic Benefits of Recycling and Waste Reduction – Wastewise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors. https://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[13] Seattle.gov. Salvage and Deconstruction. http://www.seattle.gov/util/forbusinesses/construction/cdwastemanagement/salvageanddeconstruction/ (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[14] NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf (accessed July 20, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Source Reduction and Recycling<br />\nSustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Build it Green! NYC<br />\nBuilding Materials Reuse Association<br />\nCity of New York Department of Design and Construction – Construction and Demolition Manual<br />\nConstruction and Demolition Recycling Association<br />\nHabitat for Humanity Restore Directory – New Jersey<br />\nMorris Habitat for Humanity – Deconstruction<br />\nNJ DEP – The Economic Benefits of Recycling and Waste Reduction – Wastewise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors<br />\nNJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste Program<br />\nNortheast Recycling Council<br />\nNortheast Recycling Council – Moving Toward Zero Waste &amp; Cost Savings – A Roadmap for Builders and Contractors for Construction &amp; Demolition Projects<br />\nUS EPA: Deconstruction and Reuse<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Construction Waste Management Database<br />\nZero Waste Design Guidelines</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6834,1605,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 08:59:53'),(6835,1605,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6836,1605,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6838,1605,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6839,1605,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6840,1605,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6841,1605,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6842,1605,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6843,1605,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6844,1605,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6847,1605,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(6853,1611,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6854,1611,'_edit_lock','1649954633:2'),(6855,1611,'_edit_last','2'),(6857,1611,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6860,1611,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6861,1611,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6862,1611,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1611\" /]'),(6863,1611,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6864,1611,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6865,1611,'_thumbnail_id','281'),(6866,1611,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6867,1611,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6868,1611,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are High Reflectance Hardscape Materials?<br />\nHigh reflectance hardscape materials or “cool” pavements are paving materials with high solar reflectance (albedo), such as concrete, that absorb minimal heat, reducing the heat island effect.[1] Albedo, or solar reflectance, is the ratio of the amount of light reflected from a surface to the amount of light shining on that surface. Pavements with a lower albedo absorb more sunlight and increase in temperature, while pavements with higher albedo absorb less sunlight, remaining cooler.[2] The heat island effect refers to the increase in temperature in developed areas that results from heat-absorbing paved areas, the loss of naturally cooling vegetation, and waste heat produced by buildings, motor vehicles, and machinery. This increase in temperature leads to increased energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.[3]  Urban areas exacerbate the heat island effect where 1/3 of surfaces are covered by pavement, particularly dark colored surfaces, which absorb more sunlight than light-colored surfaces and remit heat back in the environment (see Cool Roofs).[4]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate High Reflectance Materials<br />\nHigh reflective “cool” pavements stay cooler in the sun than traditional pavements. Use reflective aggregate, a reflective or clear binder, or a reflective surface coating to enhance the reflective properties of pavement.[5] When selecting hardscape materials, consider the albedo (solar reflectance) and solar reflectance index (SRI) of the material. The SRI, which ranges from zero to 100, indicates the effect of a surface’s reflectance and emittance on its surface temperature. Materials with the highest SRI are the coolest. New asphalt pavement has an SRI of 0, while new white Portland cement concrete can have an SRI of between 86 and 100. Emittance, or emissivity, is a range between 0 and 1 that indicates how much heat is emitted by a surface. Since most opaque materials used for paving have an emittance of around .9, the albedo of a material determines its SRI.[6]<br />\nConsider using pavers (concrete masonry units) as an alternative to asphalt and other dark materials for driveways, parking lots, plazas, and streets. Most pavers use high reflectance materials and some pavers also help reduce stormwater runoff by allowing water infiltration (see Pervious Hardscape Materials).[7]  Check with the manufacturer to find out each product’s specifications. Pavers are available in a wide array of shapes, colors, and sizes.<br />\nThe natural landscape can help cool a building and the site (including parking lots, streets, and entranceways into the building). For example, using trees and other vegetation to shade paved areas can protect the area from unwanted solar energy. Incorporating trees and plants for shade also decreases surface and air temperature, increases comfort, and connects people to the natural environment (see Biophilic Design and Energy-Efficient Landscaping).[8]<br />\nExamples<br />\nNew York State Energy and Research Development Authority: Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces<br />\nThis study used a regional climate model in combination with observed meteorological, satellite, and GIS data to determine the impact of urban forestry, living (green) roofs, and light-colored surfaces on near-surface air temperature and the urban heat island effect in New York City. Findings showed that among the single-strategy scenarios, light surfaces, light roofs, and living roofs can potentially reduce the summer peak electric load more than the other strategies.<br />\nUrban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region<br />\nThis research project focused on the analysis of the urban heat island effect in the greater Camden region and on mitigation strategies for the urban heat island in the city of Camden and adjoining communities. Mitigation strategies for the urban heat island effect included increased urban vegetation and lighter-colored surfacing.<br />\nBenefits </p>\n<p>Reduces energy demand and lowers utility costs.<br />\nImproves water quality by reducing the surface temperature of stormwater runoff and protecting aquatic life.[9]<br />\nImproves air quality, as decreased energy demand results in decreased air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.<br />\nImproves aesthetics with an increase of trees and vegetation along with a reduction of large paved spaces.<br />\nImproves health and comfort by reducing the heat island effect.[10]<br />\nIncreases the solar reflectance of roads, enhancing road visibility and reducing the electricity required for street lighting at night.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of any pavement application varies by region, the contractor, the time of year, materials, accessibility of the site, local availability of materials, underlying soils, size of the project, expected traffic, and the desired life of the pavement. Although the cost of these materials varies based on the factors listed above, an estimated cost range for a standard concrete installation is $4.00–$5.00/square foot, while a standard asphalt installation costs $3.00–$3.25/square foot.[11] However, concrete has an estimated service of 15-35 years, while conventional asphalt’s service life is about 7-20 years.[12]  High reflectance concrete pavers are comparable in price to darker colored concrete pavers. For cost information for shading (see Tree Protection and Placement).<br />\nThere are also cost savings associated with mitigating the urban heat island effect. For every 1°F increase in air temperature, electricity demand for cooling grows by 1.5-2%.[13] Densely populated urban areas are often 2 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit higher than surrounding suburban and undeveloped areas; this translates to an increase in cooling demand ranging between 3.5-15.75%.[14] Project teams that want to use high reflectance pavements as part of a heat island mitigation program may find it hard to estimate the net costs or benefits based on temperature reduction alone. The highest overall value may result when multiple benefits, such as improved stormwater management and water quality, are also factored into the evaluation of a paving project. For more in-depth cost-benefit analysis of various urban heat island mitigation scenarios using high reflectance hardscape materials and shading see Section 6 of the New York State Energy and Research Development Authority’s Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nHigh reflectance hardscape materials contribute to resiliency through their reduction of the heat island effect, especially during severe heat waves or power outages, when vulnerable populations are at risk from heat-related illnesses, and air-conditioning demands put additional stress on an outdated and overtaxed electricity grid.<br />\n[1] Portland Cement Association. “Heat Island Reduction.” http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[2] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Heat Island Group. “Cool Pavements.” https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements  (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[3] NJ DEP. “Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region.” http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[4] Berkeley Labs. Cool Pavements. https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements (accessed May 14, 2018).<br />\n[5] Berkeley Labs. Cool Pavements. https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements (accessed May 14, 2018).<br />\n[6] Portland Cement Association. “Heat Island Reduction.” http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[7] Portland Cement Association. “Hardscape &amp; Pavers – Permeable Pavement and Surfaces.” http://www.concretethinker.com/applications/Hardscape-Pavers.aspx  (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[8] US EPA. “Heat Island Effect: Using Trees and Vegetation to Reduce Heat Islands.” https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-trees-and-vegetation-reduce-heat-islands  (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[9] US EPA. “Heat Island Impacts.” https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts  (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[10] US EPA.  “Climate Change Indicators in the United States: Heat-Related Deaths.” Updated August 2016 https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/print_heat-deaths-2016.pdf  pg. 1 (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[11] Costs provided by two of the significant asphalt and concrete suppliers in NJ (May 14, 2018).<br />\n[12] US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies: Cool Pavements,” https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_5.pdf. (accessed March 22, 2018)<br />\n[13] US EPA. “Heat Island Impacts.” https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[14] Rutgers Center for Green Building. “CAP Project.” http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/ (accessed March 22, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Biophilic Design<br />\nCool Roofs<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Landscaping<br />\nTree Protection and Placement<br />\nPervious Hardscape Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Berkeley Lab Heat Island Group<br />\nNJ DEP Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region<br />\nNew York State Energy and Research Development Authority’s Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces</p>\n<p>US Environmental Protection Agency</p>\n<p>Cool Pavements<br />\nHeat Island Effect</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6869,1611,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 08:59:53'),(6870,1611,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6871,1611,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6873,1611,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6874,1611,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6875,1611,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6876,1611,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6877,1611,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6878,1611,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6879,1611,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6881,1617,'_edit_last','2'),(6882,1617,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6883,1617,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6884,1617,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6885,1617,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6886,1617,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6887,1617,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6888,1617,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6889,1617,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6890,1617,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Light Pollution Reduction</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Light Pollution?<br />\nLight pollution refers to noticeable artificial light at night (ALAN), an unwelcome by-product of excessive outdoor lighting, especially vertical illuminance that includes such effects as skyglow, the brightening of the night sky, light trespass, the spilling of light beyond a property or intended lighting boundary, and glare, the obtrusive brightness of light viewed against an unlit background.[1] The commercial building sector contributes to light pollution through a variety of sources, including advertising lighting, architectural and landscape lighting, interior nighttime lighting, and security lighting.<br />\nThe following includes a list of several negative impacts of light pollution.</p>\n<p>Interferes with wildlife migratory and breeding patterns, impacting nighttime ecosystems and biodiversity.[2]<br />\nWastes energy and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.<br />\nLeads to glare issues and unsafe driving conditions, particularly for older motorists.<br />\nImpacts human metabolism and disrupts sleep through constant exposure to artificial light, particularly light from the blue end of the spectrum.[3]<br />\nReduces ability to view stars and interferes with astronomical observatories. [4]<br />\nCauses a nuisance to neighboring properties by casting unwanted nighttime glare into windows.</p>\n<p>How to reduce light pollution?<br />\nThe first steps to reducing light pollution are to evaluate the outdoor lighting requirements of a particular location (i.e., aesthetics, security, or utility), to eliminate unnecessary lighting, and to strategically place energy-efficient lighting and controls to meet the remaining lighting requirements (see High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls).<br />\nDownlighting refers to a lighting strategy that directs light down and only lights the predetermined area; therefore reducing light pollution. Technologies to reduce light pollution also include full cutoff luminaires, low-reflectance surfaces, and low-angle spotlights. Cutoff luminaires have no direct uplight, help eliminate glare, and efficiently direct lighting down to the predetermined area.<br />\nGeneral guidelines for efficient outdoor lighting include:</p>\n<p>Consider location and surrounding areas during the lighting design, and select luminaires, locations, and orientations that minimize light trespass onto adjacent properties.<br />\nReplace traditional HIDs (high-intensity discharge) luminaires and lamps, including high-pressure sodium and metal halide lamps, with EnergyStar certified outdoor LEDs.<br />\nConsider installing solar powered outdoor LED lights for outdoor pathways.<br />\nAim floodlight angles low so that the entire beam falls within the intended lighted area and direct light downward whenever possible.<br />\nUse well-shielded luminaires and lamps, and other control devices when up-lighting is required to maximize the efficiency of the light source (e.g., reflectors, deflectors, and covers).<br />\nCouple outdoor lightings systems, with lighting controls such as motion detectors, photosensors, and schedule controls, to enhance an energy efficiency and security.<br />\nAdjust timers to the minimum period necessary and dim or switch lights off when not needed to save energy and cut electric bills.<br />\nPlan for backup power for critical lighting needs during a power outage, such as emergency and night-time lighting (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).<br />\nCommission and regularly re-commission all lighting systems and controls to optimize performance and energy savings.</p>\n<p>For project specific advice, consult the Illuminating Engineering Society’s lighting design guides, which provide lighting professionals with standards and recommended best practices for a variety of lighting applications.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEfficient outdoor lighting design helps to reduce light pollution, and its associated adverse effects including wasted energy reduced nighttime visibility for astronomers and scientists, disruption of nocturnal wildlife and ecology, and impacts on human health and well-being.[5]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe costs of implementing lighting designs and technologies that reduce light pollution vary depending on the selection of lighting sources, fixtures, and controls. Effective and efficient outdoor lighting solutions are not always the least expensive option, but as with any comprehensive cost evaluation, operating costs, including energy savings, lifetime performance, and maintenance, are essential factors to consider.[6]<br />\nCheck the New Jersey Office of Clean Energy for available incentives.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nReducing light pollution provides energy savings and reduces reliance and stress on the electricity grid. Outdoor lighting designs that supplement solar-powered LED lighting technologies for a portion of regular lighting requirements (e.g., pedestrian pathways) and plan for backup power for critical lighting needs further reduce stress on the grid, especially in the event of a power outage.<br />\n[1] The Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/Seminarpresentation.pdf (accessed October 22, 2018).<br />\n[2] Gaston KJ, Visser ME, Ho ̈lker F. 2015 The biological impacts of artificial light at night: the research challenge. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 370: 20140133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133 (accessed Dec 19, 2018).<br />\n[3] Illuminating Engineering Society, International Dark Sky Association.  Model Lighting Ordinance. http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/16_MLO_FINAL_JUNE2011.PDF (accessed October 22, 2018)<br />\n[4] Cornell University, Astronomy Department. 2018. “Ask an Astronomer: How does light pollution affect astronomers?” http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/116-observational-astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollution-affect-astronomers-intermediate (accessed Dec 20, 2018).<br />\n3 LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/LEED%20v4%20BDC_07.2.18_current.pdf  (accessed Oct. 22, 2018).<br />\n[5] International Dark-Sky Association. Light Pollution. http://darksky.org/light-pollution/  (accessed October 22, 2018).<br />\n[6] Illuminating Engineering Society. IES Lighting Handbook, 10th Edition. https://www.ies.org/handbook/DiLaura/Introduction%20to%20the%20IES%20Handbook%20PDF.pdf  (accessed October 22, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls (NLCs)<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Illuminating Engineering Society<br />\nInternational Dark-Sky Association<br />\nLighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute<br />\nLoss of the Night Network<br />\nNJ Astronomical Association</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6891,1617,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 07:29:45'),(6892,1617,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6893,1617,'_edit_lock','1651068153:2'),(6895,337,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Downlighting from a commercial building (Source: Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/mrhayata/321358583/sizes/m/in/p)'),(6896,1617,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6899,1617,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6900,1617,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6901,1617,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1617\" /]'),(6902,1617,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6903,1617,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6904,1617,'_thumbnail_id','337'),(6905,1617,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6906,1617,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6907,1617,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6909,1622,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6910,1622,'_edit_last','2'),(6911,1622,'_edit_lock','1655927110:3'),(6913,1622,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6916,1622,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6917,1622,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6918,1622,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1622\" /]'),(6919,1622,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6920,1622,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6921,1622,'_thumbnail_id','24'),(6922,1622,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6923,1622,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6924,1622,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Native and Adapted Plants</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Native and Adapted Plants?<br />\nNative plant species thrive naturally in a particular region, ecosystem or habitat without direct or indirect human actions.[1] Adapted plants have evolved to the physical conditions such as soil, climate, and geology of a site but were not formally part of the natural ecosystem.[2] Invasive plants grow quickly and aggressively, often displacing native plants and adversely impacting native wildlife, local food sources, and pollination.[3]<br />\nLandscaping with plants that are native and adapted to the Mid-Atlantic geographic region nurtures a diverse and healthy ecosystem and saves time and maintenance costs. Diverse native habitats resist disease, reduce the need for synthetic pesticides, increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife, reduce stormwater runoff and mitigate flooding, and provide an alternative to the time-consuming, energy-intensive, and water-inefficient practices of lawn and turf care (see Turf Grass Reduction).</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Native and Adapted Plants</p>\n<p>Assess existing site conditions: Is the site sunny or shaded? Flat or sloped? Is soil tight (clay) or loose (sand)? Drainage (quick or slow)? What is the existing vegetation on the site?<br />\nResearch local nurseries that specialize in native plants and contact nurseries in advance to obtain availability lists.<br />\nChoose plants appropriate for the site conditions. The Native Plant Society of New Jersey provides a list of NJ native plants by County. Some projects may be eligible for the Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program. Resources such as Jersey-Friendly Yards offer plant information and an easily searchable plant database.<br />\nSite preparation: minimize disturbance to the natural landscape, test the soil, and amend the soil with compost when necessary.<br />\nInstall plants and water regularly until established (see Water-Efficient Landscaping).<br />\nCreate and implement a long-term land management plan for maintenance, including integrated pest management (see Integrated Pest Management).</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nIncorporating native and adapted plants:</p>\n<p>Reduces the amount of water used in landscaping.<br />\nReduces use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which contaminate water from runoff and pose a threat to humans, pets and the environment.<br />\nIncreases wildlife habitat and biodiversity.<br />\nReduces stormwater runoff and improves stormwater quality (replacing lawns and turf with natural vegetation maximizes stormwater absorption).<br />\nReduces the amount of landscape waste often generated from routine maintenance of a manicured landscape.<br />\nIncreases appreciation for regional, natural resources and sense of place.<br />\nSaves maintenance cost (once established, native plants can be less costly to maintain than some non-native landscapes).</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nAll landscapes require regular maintenance and a long-term maintenance plan. The cost of maintaining any landscape depends on the type of plants and the expectations for that landscape. Once established, native landscapes maintenance costs may be lower than some non-native landscapes.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, native and adapted plants act as an essential buffer to encroaching water during flood periods while acting as a routine defense against beach erosion.  For example, American Beachgrass considered one of the best lines of shoreline defense against storms, may also help prevent increasing levels of brackish water from infiltrating water tables close to a salt-water body.[4] In general, the root systems of native plants can reduce runoff and mitigate flooding.[5] In the event of droughts, water-efficient landscapes designed with native and adapted plants add layers of protection against water scarcity. Native plants also increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife necessary for a healthy and resilient ecosystem that can better rebound after a disturbance.[6]<br />\n[1] Audubon. Plant Natives. http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[2] Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2010. National Park Service and U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service. “Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas.”  Washington, D.C. http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[3] PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.  “Invasive Plants” http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx  (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[4] Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. StormSmart Properties Fact Sheet 1: Artificial Dunes and Dune Nourishment.  http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[5] USDA Forest Service. Native Gardening.  https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml (November 9, 2018).<br />\n[6] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Why Native Plants. https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants (accessed November 4, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Integrated Pest Management<br />\nTurf Grass Reduction<br />\nWater-Efficient Landscaping</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>	Center for Urban Restoration Ecology – A Collaboration between Rutgers University and Brooklyn Botanic Garden<br />\n	Green Values Stormwater Toolbox<br />\n	Jersey-Friendly Yards<br />\n	Native Plant Database<br />\n	The Native Plant Society of New Jersey<br />\n	Rutgers – New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station – Incorporating Native Plants<br />\n	Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas<br />\n	Sustainable Sites Initiative<br />\n	USDA and NRCS Aberdeen Plant Materials Center – Plants for Riparian Buffers<br />\n	USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service<br />\n	US EPA Greenscapes</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6925,1622,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 07:29:45'),(6926,1622,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6927,1622,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6929,1622,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6930,1622,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6931,1622,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6932,1622,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6933,1622,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6934,1622,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6935,1622,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6937,1628,'_edit_lock','1649958240:2'),(6938,1628,'_edit_last','2'),(6939,1628,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6940,1628,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6941,1628,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6942,1628,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6943,1628,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6944,1628,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6945,1628,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6946,1628,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6947,1628,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Pervious Hardscape Materials?<br />\nPervious paving systems absorb water rather than diverting water into underlying soils, reducing runoff and treating pollutants as water passes through soils and replenishes groundwater.[1] Stormwater runoff occurs when precipitation, of all forms, falls on land or impervious surfaces and does not infiltrate into the ground. When the runoff flows over the land or impermeable surfaces, including impervious paved surfaces, it combines with pollutants such as debris, chemicals, and sediments. This polluted stormwater can negatively affect the hydrology and water quality of local water sources, resulting in habitat modification and loss, increased flooding, decreased biological diversity, increased sedimentation and erosion, contaminated drinking water, and forced beach closings due to health threats to swimmers.[2]<br />\nGreen Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices, such as pervious hardscape materials, that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration (see Rain Barrels and Cisterns and Vegetated Roofs).[3] Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers for use in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.<br />\nThe essential components of pervious surfaces include:[4]</p>\n<p>Uncompacted subgrade (original, undisturbed soil)<br />\nBase layer/filter fabric/geotextile<br />\nUniform crushed stone base<br />\nPorous layer (pavement/paver/brick/stone)</p>\n<p>How to Use Pervious Hardscape Materials<br />\nReview municipal regulations for permission to use pervious paving materials and consult with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.<br />\nProper installation and base materials such as open-grade crushed stone maximize the surface’s ability to absorb and store water.[5] Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the components of typical permeable concrete paver systems.<br />\nMaintenance and Tips</p>\n<p>Consider using salvaged bricks or recycled stone pavers.<br />\nLook for a regionally-quarried stone to reduce transportation costs and environmental footprint.<br />\nTo prevent clogging, immediately clean any soil deposited on pavement and vacuum (as necessary) twice each year.<br />\nMaintain planted areas adjacent to the pavement.</p>\n<p>For additional information regarding the design of pervious pavement, see the NJ DEP Stormwater Best Practices Manual and the Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for NJ.<br />\nExamples<br />\nUS EPA Region 2 Laboratory Parking Lot, Edison, NJ<br />\nThis demonstration project in Edison NJ included three types of permeable surfaces for a 110-vehicle-capacity parking lot. The project leveraged funding from US EPA’s Office of Research and Development (ORD) long-term research project examining various stormwater management practices and installed  instrumentation to study the impact of permeable surfaces on stormwater quanitity and quality, erosion, and threats to aquatic life.[6]<br />\nAltoona Downtown Revitalization – Altoona, PA<br />\nA collaborative effort initiated by downtown business owners and other stakeholders resulted in over 42,000 SF of pervious pavers. A combination of pervious hardscapes was chosen depending on the application, from pavers to withstand traffic loads to compact stone for pedestrians.<br />\nMorton Arboretum Visitor’s Center Parking Lot – Lisle, IL<br />\nRather than create detention facilities to address water runoff from required hardscapes (entrance road, passenger drop-off, parking lot), Morton Arboretum opted for permeable pavers covering 173,000 SF, allowing the site design to protect water quality and facilitate water management.<br />\nSouthwest Park, Hoboken, NJ<br />\nA one-acre park designed with green infrastructure such as bioswales, rain gardens, permeable pavement, and underground chambers that can store 200,000 gallons of stormwater runoff, South Park in Hoboken NJ helps reduce localized flooding in the surrounding neighborhood (see Rain Gardens).<br />\nBenefits<br />\nUsing pervious hardscape materials:</p>\n<p>Alleviates the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff, thus mitigates flooding.<br />\nReduces pollution of total suspended solids and nutrients in the soil.<br />\nHelps reduce the need for and size of detention ponds, thereby reducing the need to clear more land and wildlife habitats.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nCosts for pervious paving materials vary by the project. The size of the project, local labor expenses, and the type of material all influence the final costs. Cost comparisons for paving materials can be misleading. For example, on average, a standard asphalt installation costs between $3.00 – $3.25 per square foot requires additional stormwater management systems, whereas pervious paving systems incorporate stormwater management.[7]<br />\nA more accurate cost comparison considers stormwater management costs. When asphalt projects consider stormwater management costs, for example, the cost rises to between $7 and $15 per square foot.[8] Gravel pavers typically cost between $3.00 and $10.00 per square foot, while interlocking concrete pavers cost between $6.00 and $15.00 per square foot, and porous concrete cost ranges from $4.00 to $6.00 per square foot.[9] [10] While these pervious paving materials may cost more initially than conventional asphalt, longer lifespans due to the higher durability inherent in concrete, reduce long-term maintenance costs and reduce repair costs and premature replacement.[11]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nGreen infrastructure, such as pervious hardscape materials, integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure. For example, pervious hardscape materials help to increase stormwater infiltration, reducing stress on municipal sewer systems during heavy rain events and help to recharge groundwater, during periods of drought.<br />\n[1] NJ DEP. Green Infrastructure in NJ. Pervious Pavement. http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/ (accessed April 3, 2018).<br />\n[2] US EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Stormwater Program https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[3] Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[4] NJ DEP. New Jersey Stormwater Best Practices Manual. “Best Practices Standard for Pervious Paving Systems.” http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf (accessed March 24, 2018).<br />\n[5] NJ DEP. New Jersey Stormwater Best Practices Manual. “Best Practices Standard for Pervious Paving Systems” http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf (accessed March 24, 2018).<br />\n[6] US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/water-research/experimental-permeable-pavement-parking-lot-and-rain-garden-stormwater-management  (accessed March 24, 2018). <br />\n[7] Costs provided by a significant asphalt supplier in NJ (May 14, 2018).<br />\n[8] Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.” https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Permeable-Pavement_Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines.pdf (accessed March 24, 2018).<br />\n[9] Homeadvisor.com. https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/   (accessed March 24, 2018).<br />\n[10] Improvenet.com.  https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers (accessed March 24, 2018).<br />\n[11] Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.”</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>	Rain Barrels and Cisterns<br />\n	Rain Gardens<br />\n	Vegetated Roofs</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide<br />\nInterlocking Concrete Pavement Institute<br />\nLandscape Architecture Foundation<br />\nRutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure<br />\nThe Sustainable Sites Initiative<br />\nWater Environment Federation</p>\n<p>NJ Department of Environmental Protection</p>\n<p>Green Infrastructure<br />\nStormwater Management</p>\n<p>US Environmental Protection Agency</p>\n<p>Community Solutions for Storm Water Management<br />\nGreen Infrastructure<br />\nGreen Infrastructure Wizard</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6948,1628,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-10 00:34:58'),(6949,1628,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6951,577,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Pervious hardscape (Source: Design New Jersey/Cambridge Pavers).'),(6952,424,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010).'),(6953,106,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 3- Typical construction of pervious paving (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems).'),(6954,1628,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6957,1628,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6958,1628,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6959,1628,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1628\" /]'),(6960,1628,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6961,1628,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6962,1628,'_thumbnail_id','577'),(6963,1628,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6964,1628,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6965,1628,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6968,1633,'_edit_last','2'),(6969,1633,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6970,1633,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6971,1633,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6972,1633,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6973,1633,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6974,1633,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6975,1633,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6976,1633,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6977,1633,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Vegetated Roofs</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is a Vegetated Roof?<br />\nA vegetated roof or green roof consists of vegetation in a lightweight growing medium placed on top of the drainage layer, root barrier, and waterproof membrane (see Figure 1). Vegetated roofs provide many environmental benefits such as decreased stormwater runoff and reduced energy use. They absorb air pollutants and provide a habitat for beneficial insects and birds, serve as a sound barrier, and mitigate the urban heat island effect.</p>\n<p>How to How to Incorporate a Vegetated Roof<br />\nThere are many pre-engineered green roof systems available on the market, but green roof designs are often customized to achieve a project’s specific performance objectives. Consult a design professional and integrate the development of the green roof with the development of the building’s structure and systems. The roof strength must be able to hold 10-25 pounds per square foot above the requirements of an underlying roof.[1]<br />\nThe two primary categories of vegetated roofs include: extensive and intensive. Extensive vegetated roofs consist of lightweight systems with shallow soil (or other growing media) depths usually less than 6 inches.[2] Extensive vegetated roofs require less structural support than an intensive system and support a limited palette of hardy plants adapted to extreme environments that need little maintenance. Intensive vegetated roofs typically have more than 6″ of soil or other growing media, weigh more than extensive vegetated roofs, and can support a greater variety of plants. Intensive systems require more maintenance and a higher initial investment than an extensive roof.[3]<br />\nVegetated roofs can host a variety of plant species but typically include drought-tolerant species such as hardy succulents, sedums, and perennials. Consider low-maintenance, native species capable of living in the shallow soil. For a list of species indigenous to the Northeast, see NYC Greenbelt Native Plant Center or List of NJ Native Plants by County.<br />\nVegetated roofs require some maintenance such as watering during the establishment period and occasional weeding. Seasonal pruning and cutting of grasses and annual plants reduce the accumulation of combustible material on the roof. Regularly inspect and maintain the components of the roof’s drainage system such as gutters, underdrains, and downspouts.[4]<br />\nExample<br />\nThe Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation Green Roof, Morristown, NJ.<br />\nNative plant species inhabit the Foundation’s 2,000 square foot vegetated roof and provide a home for many bird and butterfly species while absorbing 98% of rainfall.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nReduced Stormwater Runoff<br />\nA vegetated roof can reduce stormwater runoff through retention and evapotranspiration and by slowing the release of precipitation, resulting in reduced peak flows in a watershed and reduced stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure.[5]<br />\nReduced Urban Heat Island Effect<br />\nThe evapotranspiration provided by vegetated roofs reduces both the temperature of the roof and the surrounding air temperature.[6] Vegetated roofs can remain 30-40% cooler than conventional roof surfaces, contributing to an average energy savings of 0.7% compared to non-vegetated roofs (see Cool Roofs).[7] Several vegetated roofs in the NYC region were monitored to collect data about vegetated roofs and the urban heat island effect through the Columbia University’s Center for Climate Systems Research and the data collected help document the role that vegetated roofs can play in mitigating the urban heat island effect.<br />\nReduced Air Pollution<br />\nGreen roofs serve as a carbon sink, helping to offset carbon emissions. Vegetation traps dust and particulate matter as well as other contaminants such as nitrogen oxides.[8]<br />\nEnergy Conservation<br />\nThe multiple layers of a vegetated roof provide insulation (see Insulation). By increasing a building’s thermal mass, vegetated roofs can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season translating into less energy spent on climate control for the building (see Thermal Mass).[9]<br />\nIncreased Wildlife Habitat<br />\nAs the roof system matures, a mini-ecosystem, which supports a variety of beneficial insects, butterflies and birds can develop increasing biodiversity and providing a habitat for native wildlife.[10]<br />\nImproved Quality of Life<br />\nLike other urban greenery, vegetated roofs provide many intangible benefits for people. Installing a vegetated roof can be a method for integrating more green space into the site and the community. Also, neighboring buildings may gain a bonus view of nature when located near a building with a vegetated roof (see Biophilic Design and Energy-Efficient Windows).</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nAccording to the US EPA, estimated costs of installing a green roof average $10/sf for extensive roofing, and $25/sf for intensive roofs. Maintenance costs vary for either type of roof and may range from $0.75–$1.50/sf.[11]<br />\nChanging temperatures and UV rays decrease the quality and life of a roof. Vegetated roofs protect rooftops and its structure, decreasing maintenance. Long-term savings from reduced heating and cooling costs and reduced maintenance can help offset the short-term capital costs.[12]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nVegetated roofs can provide thermal insulation throughout all four seasons, reducing energy consumption and reliance on the electrical grid. In the event of a power outage, they can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season. During heavy rainfalls and flooding events, vegetated roofs can help reduce stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure and reduce combined sewer overflows.[13] Vegetated roofs can also offer local communities the opportunity to grow some of their food, reducing dependency on supply chains and transportation networks often disrupted or compromised from storms and other events.<br />\n[1] City of Portland. https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469 (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[2] WBDG. Extensive Green Roofs. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[3] US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs.” https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands  (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[4] NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques. http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2 print.pdf (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[5] US EPA. “Green Roofs for Stormwater Runoff Control” February 2009. https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[6] GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf (accessed Sept 24, 2018).<br />\n[7] US EPA. Heat Island Effect: Using Green Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[8] Oberndorfer, Erica et. al. 2007. Green Roofs as Urban Ecosystems: Ecological Structures, Functions, and Services. Biosciencemag.org 57, no. 10. https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/10/823/232363 (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[9] James Hoff. “Reducing Peak Energy Demand: A Hidden Benefit of Cool Roofs.” TEGNOS Research.<br />\nhttps://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Peak-Demand-Hoff-11.11.14.pdf  (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[10] Whole Building Design Guide. Extensive green roofs. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[11] US EPA Heat Island Effect – Green Roofs http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[12] City of Portland. “EcoRoofs.” https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469 (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n18  US EPA.  “Lower Building Energy Demands.”  https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/lower-building-energy-demands (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[13] GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Biophilic Design<br />\nCool Roofs<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nInsulation<br />\nNative and Adapted Plants<br />\nThermal Mass</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Center for Neighborhood Technology – Green Values Calculator<br />\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2018). Estimating the environmental effects of green roofs: A case study in Kansas City, Missouri. EPA 430-S-18-001.<br />\nGaffin, S. R., Kong, A.Y.Y., De Mel, J.M., and Rosenzweig, C. 2017. Green, White and Dark Roofs – The energy perspective. New York, NY, USA: Center for Climate Systems Research at Columbia University and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.<br />\nGreen Roofs for Healthy Cities<br />\nNew Jersey Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques<br />\nThe Sustainable Sites Initiative<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Extensive Vegetative Roofs</p>\n<p>US Environmental Protection Agency</p>\n<p>Green Roofs for Stormwater Control<br />\nGreen Roofs – Heat Island Effect<br />\nReducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6978,1633,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 07:29:45'),(6979,1633,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6980,1633,'_edit_lock','1650293008:2'),(6982,273,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 3 – Benefits of Green Roofs (Source: Hartman, Danielle. Poster presentation, ESRI International User Conference, San Diego. July 2009).'),(6983,1633,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6986,1633,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6987,1633,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6988,1633,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1633\" /]'),(6989,1633,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6990,1633,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6991,1633,'_thumbnail_id','500'),(6992,1633,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6993,1633,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6994,1633,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7004,1640,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7005,1640,'_edit_last','2'),(7006,1640,'_edit_lock','1650029703:2'),(7008,242,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).'),(7009,1640,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7012,1640,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7013,1640,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7014,1640,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1640\" /]'),(7015,1640,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7016,1640,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7017,1640,'_thumbnail_id','242'),(7018,1640,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7019,1640,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7020,1640,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Air Infiltration</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Air Infiltration?<br />\nAir infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.[1] Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.[2]  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems. [3] Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n<p>How to Manage Air Infiltration<br />\nMinimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see Insulation, Moisture Control, and Natural Ventilation).[4] Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.[5] A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.[6]<br />\nThe PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.[7]<br />\nMany green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the Passive House Institute US Certification Program (also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:[8]</p>\n<p>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.<br />\nAn airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.<br />\nWell installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.<br />\nBalanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.<br />\nPassive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nRocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.<br />\nThe RMI Innovation Center achieved Passive House US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value, 0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.[9] A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft2.[10]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nAirtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).[11]<br />\nCosts<br />\nContinuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.[12] Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nReducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.[13]<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings (accessed March 18, 2018).<br />\n[2] Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration. https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration  (accessed March 18, 2018).<br />\n[3] Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.<br />\n[4] Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[5] Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration. http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[6] Lstiburek, Joseph. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.  https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[7] US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[8] Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[9] Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/ (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[10] Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.” https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952 (accessed March 19. 2018).<br />\n[11] Whole Building Design Guide.http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php (accessed Mach 18, 2018).<br />\n[12] Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of<br />\nCommercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.” https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf(accessed Mach 19, 2018).<br />\n[13] Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/ (accessed March 19, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Insulation<br />\nMoisture Control<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</p>\n<p>US Department of Energy</p>\n<p>Blower Door Test<br />\nEnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software<br />\nPFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7021,1640,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 07:29:45'),(7022,1640,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7023,1640,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7025,1640,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7026,1640,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7027,1640,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7028,1640,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7029,1640,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7030,1640,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7031,1640,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7033,1646,'_edit_lock','1650030151:2'),(7034,1646,'_edit_last','2'),(7035,1646,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7036,1646,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7037,1646,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7038,1646,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7039,1646,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7040,1646,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7041,1646,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7042,1646,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7043,1646,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Cool Roofs</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Cool Roofs?<br />\nCool roofs reflect (solar reflectance) and radiate heat (thermal emittance) away from the building and reduce roof temperature (see Figure 1). The Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) measures roof reflectance and emissivity on a scale of 0 to 100, and the higher the value, the “cooler” the roof.[1] White, light-colored, and reflective colored surfaces have a higher SRI than dark-colored roofs.<br />\nConventional dark colored roofs absorb sunlight, generating heat and increasing the cooling load of the building. The heat generated by conventional roofs also contributes to the heat island effect in urban and dense suburban areas. Heat island effect takes place when built up or densely developed areas experience an increase in temperature due to larger areas of dark pavement and roofs that absorb heat from the sun. Rising temperatures result in increased energy demands, which can lead to higher air conditioning costs, increased greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and increased risk of heat-related illnesses.[2] Urbanized and densely populated suburban regions are more vulnerable to the heat island effect, and conditions tend to be worse during the summer months.<br />\nMany building codes and green building programs have a cool roof and urban heat island mitigation requirements that refer to ENERGY STAR and the Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) voluntary labeling programs.<br />\nENERGY STAR labels roof products that meet the following reflectance requirements and provides information about emissivity.[3]</p>\n<p>The Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) does not set minimum requirements but uses independent and accredited testing laboratories and a random testing program to identify products on its online Rated Products Directory that meet the ANSI/CRRC S100 accredited standard.[4]<br />\nCool roofs options are available for most standard roofing materials and come in common roofing colors (e.g., gray, red).[5] There are two main types of cool roofs: low-sloped and steep-sloped (the majority of commercial buildings have low-sloped roofs).<br />\nThe following table lists roofing coverings for low-slope and steep-slope roofs.[6]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Cool Roofs<br />\nThe decision to incorporate cool roofs depends on the local climate, a building’s heating and cooling loads, peak energy demands, and shading provided by surrounding trees or structures.[9] Incorporating cool roofs requires proper selection and installation of the roof product or roof coating. Refer to the Energy Star and CRRC products list. Cool roof design combined with appropriate roof insulation, shade tree placement, and properly sized HVAC equipment maximizes energy and cost savings (See Insulation, Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment, and Tree Protection and Placement).[10] Complementary strategies include vegetated roofs and roof-top photovoltaic systems (see Vegetated Roofs, Photovoltaic Systems).<br />\nBenefits<br />\nCool roofs offer several potential benefits, including:</p>\n<p>Energy cost savings by reducing cooling loads.[11]<br />\nLowered peak electricity demand which decreases the likelihood of power outages.[12]<br />\nReduced roof temperatures which may reduce roof maintenance and replacement expenses by extending roof life.[13]<br />\nIncreased indoor thermal comfort in summer, helping to prevent heat-related illness and deaths.[14]<br />\nMitigated heat island effect in cities and suburbs.[15]<br />\nReduced air pollution and smog formation.<br />\nWater reduction savings for urban irrigation.[16]<br />\nMinimized heat loss in winter in cold climates when combined with appropriate insulation levels.[17]</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nA study by the NYC Department of Design &amp; Construction (DDC) found that installing cool roofs throughout the New York Metropolitan region could reduce the effects of urban heat island effect by 2-3°F.[18]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nA roof’s life cycle costs include upfront installation (materials and labor) and ongoing savings and maintenance costs (repair, recoating, and cleaning). The installed costs vary depending on the type and size of the roof, complexity of the roof system, and building location. In many cases, cool roofs cost about the same as conventional dark roofs with the cost premium ranging from $0.05 to $1.50/SF over conventional roofing products.[19] These costs can be recovered in the relatively short-term (1 year or less) through decreased energy consumption.[20]<br />\nFor a list of price premiums for cool roofs, see the Global Cool Cities Alliance’s Cool Roof and Pavements Toolkit. For up-to-date information on available incentives, please visit the New Jersey Clean Energy website.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nCool roofs contribute to resiliency by providing a durable roofing material and through energy efficiency.  For example, cool roofs enhance roofing durability by reducing thermal flux and increasing the roof’s resiliency to changing climate conditions, heat and UV aging.  Cool roofs also contribute to decreased air-conditioning loads, thereby extending the life of AC units. Regarding energy efficiency, cool roofs, combined with proper insulation levels, can reduce heating and cooling loads, reducing stress on the grid, and help to regulate thermal comfort in the event of a power outage.<br />\n[1] Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) http://coolroofs.org (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[2] Solecki, William D. et al., Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science, Research, and Technology (2004). http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf  (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[3] ENERGY STAR. “Roof Products Key Product Criteria.” http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_crit_roof_products (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[4] Cool Roof Rating Council. 2016. “Policy Makers and Code Official: Learn about Cool Roofs.”<br />\nhttp://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).<br />\n[5] Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 13. https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).<br />\n[6] Whole Building Design Guide – Roofing Systems. https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/roofing-systems (accessed May 31, 2018).<br />\n[7] Slope = rise/run. Low slope means that for every 12 horizontal inches, the roof’s rise is three vertical inches or less.<br />\n[8] Slope = rise/run. Steep slope means that for every 12 horizontal inches, the roof’s rise is three vertical inches or greater.<br />\n[9] Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 21. https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).<br />\n[10] Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 9. https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).<br />\n[11] US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[12] CRRC. “Resources for Code Officials and Policy Makers” http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[13] Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf (accessed June 25, 2018).<br />\n[14] US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[15] The “heat island effect” refers to developed areas that experience an increase in temperature that has the effect of increasing energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.<br />\n[16] Vahmani, Pouya. (2017) “Water Conservation Benefits of Urban Heat Mitigation.” Nature Communication 8, Article: 1072, http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/ (accessed March 16. 2018).<br />\n[17] Ramamurthy, P. et al. “The joint influence of albedo and insulation on roof performance: An observational study,” 2015, Energy and Buildings, Volume 93, pages 249-258. https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study (accessed March 18, 2018).<br />\n[18] New York City Department of Design and Construction. DDC Cool &amp; Green Roofing Manual. http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/cool_green_roof_man.pdf (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[19] Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Page 12, Table 5. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf (accessed June 25, 2018).<br />\n[20] Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 35. https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Insulation<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nTree Protection and Placement<br />\nVegetated Roofs</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Berkeley Lab -Heat Island Group<br />\nCool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)<br />\nCool Metal Roofing<br />\nEnergy Star – Cool Roofs<br />\nEPA Roof Savings Calculator<br />\nGlobal Cool Cities Alliance</p>\n<p>Cool Roof and Cool Pavements Toolkit</p>\n<p>National Roofing Contractors Association<br />\nUS EPA – Heat Island Effect: Cool Roofs</p>\n<p>US Department of Energy</p>\n<p>Cool Roof Calculator: Estimates Cooling and Heating Savings for Flat Roofs with Non-Black Surfaces<br />\nGuidelines for Selecting Cool Roofs</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7044,1646,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 07:29:45'),(7045,1646,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7047,8,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','(Source: Energy Star)'),(7048,224,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','(source: National Institute of Building Sciences, Whole Building Design Guide)'),(7049,441,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – The light-colored roof of the EDA Tech Center in Camden, NJ reduces the urban heat island effect and lowers summer cooling loads. (Source: Clint Andrews, Rutgers Center for Green Building).'),(7050,1646,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7053,1646,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7054,1646,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7055,1646,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1646\" /]'),(7056,1646,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7057,1646,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7059,1646,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7060,1646,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7061,1646,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7064,1651,'_edit_lock','1650030457:2'),(7065,1651,'_edit_last','2'),(7066,1651,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7067,1651,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7068,1651,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7069,1651,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7070,1651,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7071,1651,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7072,1651,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7073,1651,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7074,1651,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Energy-Efficient Windows</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Energy-Efficient or High-Performance Windows?<br />\nWindows form part of the fenestration system of a building and play a key role in maintaining a highly insulated building envelope (see Insulation). The fenestration system, or arrangement of openings in a building envelope, determines a building’s HVAC requirements and daylighting.[1] Appropriately placed and selected energy-efficient or high-performance windows maximize natural light and minimize glare and heat gain or loss, decreasing dependence on electric lighting and HVAC systems and improving thermal comfort, energy-efficiency, and daylighting (see Daylighting and Glare and Heat Gain Reduction).[2]<br />\nHigh-performance window technologies including low emissive or low-e glass panes, spacers, and insulated frames help prevent energy loss due to conduction, radiation, convection, and air leakage (see Air Infiltration). Low-e windows, treated with a microscopically thin coating, reduce heat flow. Spacers or tiny pieces placed between panes in double- or triple- paned windows, create an insulated space often filled with an inert gas such as argon or krypton to increase the window’s insulation properties (see Insulation). Advanced window technologies such as chromogenic windows and auto-operated windows and shading devices offer daylighting, solar heat gain control and ventilation benefits. Two types of chromogenic windows include thermochromic, which uses adhesive coating to adjust tinting passively with window surface temperature; and electrochromic, which use operable switches or automated building control systems to tint the window via electric current.[3] Operable windows and shading systems use auto-controlled devices that open and close at specific times of the day to manage ventilation levels or light levels and control indoor temperatures and manage solar heat gain.[4]<br />\nState and local energy codes, federal tax credits, and utility incentives, and ENERGY STAR base their criteria for energy-efficient windows on certified ratings by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC). NFRC labels provide ratings for U-factor, Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), Visible Light Transmittance (VT), and optionally Air Leakage (AL) and Condensation Resistance (CR) ratings (see Figure 2).<br />\nA window’s U-factor describes its rate of heat transfer or insulating properties. A lower U-factor indicates a window with higher resistance to heat flow, or a better-insulated window.[5] The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. The Air Leakage (AL) rating describes leakage through cracks in the window assembly. Condensation Resistance (CR) rates windows on a range between 1 and 100 with higher numbers signaling increased resistance to condensation.<br />\nHow to Incorporate Energy Efficient Windows<br />\nUse simulation programs such as the Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool or Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the ENERGY STAR label, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.[6] When selecting a window based on performance, look for visible transmittance (VT) levels higher than (&gt; 70%), especially for daylighting applications (see Daylighting).[7] For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, EnergyStar recommends SHGC of 0.4 (40%) or lower for buildings with moderate air conditioning requirements. Look for SHGC values of 0.25 or less for buildings with significant air conditioning costs or summer overheating problems.[8] For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, a U-factor of &lt; 0.25 is recommended for high-performance buildings (see Fig. 2).[9]<br />\nWindow performance depends on proper installation, sealing and flashing to prevent air leakage and water damage. Window manufacturers often provide detailed installation requirements and specifications for their products and may have recommendations of in-house installers and programs, 3rd party installers, or installer certification programs such as Installation Masters™. ASTM Standard E 2112 provides a nationally recognized standard for proper window installation.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nEnergy-efficient windows contribute to the satisfaction, health, and productivity of building occupants by providing daylighting, reducing glare, providing views of nature, and regulating thermal comfort. By providing natural light, managing glare, and eliminating the need for window treatments that completely block out sunlight, high-performance windows can reduce electric lighting loads while at the same time reducing the ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings. Energy-efficient windows designed as part of an overall energy management strategy can lead to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see Properly-Sized HVAC System).<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe cost of windows varies by project. Energy savings combined with improved thermal comfort, daylighting, and enhanced security benefits often justify the investment in high-performance windows. High-performance glazing can result in higher energy savings in connection with daylighting systems. Commercial buildings with adequately specified fenestration systems have the potential to reduce lighting and HVAC costs 10%–40%.[10] Maintenance and repair have a significant impact on the life-cycle cost of windows. Glass, a highly durable material only needs replacement when broken. Window frame durability depends upon maintenance. Framing materials typically have a useful life of 20 to 50 years depending upon the type of deterioration such as rot and corrosion.  Sealants, caulks, tapes, and other glazing materials used to achieve weather-tightness typically have a useful life of 15 to 30 years depending upon thermal stress, movement, and environmental exposure.[11] Driven by the demand for large TV screens and recent improvements in thin glass technology, the cost of sub-millimeter glass compares to standard, double-strength glass.[12]<br />\nFor up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the ENERGY STAR and the NJ Clean Energy Program websites.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn the event of a power outage, a building with energy-efficient windows maintains comfortable internal temperature for building occupants by reducing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer months. During the winter months, energy-efficient windows provide better insulating properties compared to conventional windows while also offering daylighting, passive solar heating, and enhanced thermal comfort in the case of a power outage. Energy-efficient windows reduce reliance and stress on the grid and provide energy savings. In areas prone to flooding, wind-driven rain, snow storms or hurricanes, properly sealed and flashed windows protect against problems caused by water intrusion, including mold, warping, and structural damage.<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Windows and Glazing http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[2] Efficient Windows Collaborative. Understanding Windows. http://www.efficientwindows.org/understanding.php (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[3] Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[4] Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: A Deeper Dive into Market Segments.” December 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[5] The Efficient Windows Collaborative. U-Factor. http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php (accessed May 4, 2018).<br />\n[6] Energy Star. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI (accessed April 8, 2018).<br />\n[7] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Windows and Glazing. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing (accessed April 8, 2018).<br />\n[8] Ibid.<br />\n[9] The Efficient Windows Collaborative. “Selecting Energy Efficient New Windows in New Jersey.” January 2016. http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf (accessed May 9, 2018).<br />\n[10] US DOE Office of Renewable Energy &amp; Technology (Feb 2018) Windows and Envelope R&amp;D Opportunities Workshop https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/bto-windows-envelope-workshop-report-2018-03-01.pdf (accessed April 11, 2018).<br />\n[11] Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines. http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf (accessed April 11, 2018).<br />\n[12] US DOE Office of Renewable Energy &amp; Technology (Feb 2018) Windows and Envelope R&amp;D Opportunities Workshop https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/bto-windows-envelope-workshop-report-2018-03-01.pdf (accessed April 11, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nInsulation<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Energy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights<br />\nNational Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)<br />\nRensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center<br />\nUS DOE – Building Technologies Office – Windows and Building Envelope</p>\n<p>New Buildings Institute (NBI)</p>\n<p>Daylighting Pattern Guide<br />\nDaylighting Guide for Office Interiors</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</p>\n<p>Provide Comfortable Environments<br />\nWindows and Glazing</p>\n<p>Efficient Windows Collaborative</p>\n<p>High-Performance Commercial Buildings<br />\nFinancing and Incentives<br />\nSoftware and Tools</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7075,1651,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 04:44:44'),(7076,1651,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7078,491,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Windows and Skylights (Source: US DOE Energy Savers).'),(7079,534,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – ENERGY STAR Recommended U-factor, SHGC and Air Leakage values for New Jersey’s Mixed Climate (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative).'),(7080,529,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – ENERGY STAR Recommended U-factor, SHGC and Air Leakage values for New Jersey’s Mixed Climate (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative).'),(7081,1651,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7084,1651,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7085,1651,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7086,1651,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1651\" /]'),(7087,1651,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7088,1651,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7089,1651,'_thumbnail_id','491'),(7090,1651,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7091,1651,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7092,1651,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7095,1656,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7096,1656,'_edit_last','2'),(7097,1656,'_edit_lock','1650031782:2'),(7099,575,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1. Envelope Systems of a typical building (Source: Whole Building Design Guide).'),(7100,1656,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7103,1656,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7104,1656,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7105,1656,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1656\" /]'),(7106,1656,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7107,1656,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7108,1656,'_thumbnail_id','575'),(7109,1656,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7110,1656,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7111,1656,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Insulation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Insulation?<br />\nInsulation includes materials that reduce the amount of heat lost from a building. Properly insulating a new building relates to creating an efficient building envelope. The building envelope or the physical structure between the inside of the building and the outside environment includes walls, windows, doors, roof systems, and the foundation.[1] A properly insulated building envelope increases the efficiency of the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, reducing energy costs while increasing occupant thermal comfort by acting as a thermal barrier and controlling indoor temperature and humidity levels.[2] It is important to note that insulation only helps reduce air and heat flow in the space where it is contained. Therefore it is most effective when the building is also correctly sealed against excess air infiltration (see Air Infiltration strategy).[3]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Insulation<br />\nA highly insulated building envelope requires an integrated design approach during the pre-design phase of a project that views the building as a whole system and coordinates all of the building elements that need to be adequately insulated (see Integrated Design Process). Factors to consider include building orientation and daylighting (windows), material selection (walls, doors, roof, foundation), HVAC and electrical system (mechanical equipment), and the local climate (see Building Orientation and Daylighting strategies). The outdoor environment can impact the effectiveness of a building’s envelope. The North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA) provides insulation guidelines for specific climate zones and building types. In the indoor environment, thermal loads may come from mechanical equipment and lighting. Windows and exterior doors, which are part of the fenestration system of a building, can influence the HVAC requirements and also the amount of daylight. For example, HVAC systems are a significant component of the overall energy demand for new commercial buildings. However, a more efficiently insulated building envelope can reduce the energy requirements of the building’s HVAC system by minimizing the loss of conditioned air to the outside (see Properly Sized HVAC Equipment strategy). The building’s layout and interior design elements can impact thermal heat exchange. Specific building materials conduct heat at differing rates (see Thermal Massing strategy), and building components such as walls, joints, studs, and others can act as a conduit for heat conduction. Finally, a highly insulated roof combined with solar reflective roofing materials offer the opportunity to save on heating and cooling costs, improve thermal comfort, and reduce peak cooling loads (see Cool Roof sstrategy).[4] An analysis of these factors early in the design process helps to determine the optimal building footprint to building orientation and the selection of building materials to maximize the energy efficiency benefits of a highly insulated building envelope.<br />\nInsulation ratings refer to R-value or resistance to heat flow. [5] An insulation’s material composition and thickness contribute to its R-value. A higher R-value indicates higher expected thermal performance. However, more is not always better, as there is a point of diminishing returns with insulation (i.e., the intersection between cost and energy savings).[6] Look for Energy Star certified insulation tested for performance and safety standards. Refer to resources such as the North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA) for recommended R-values for the local climate and more specific information about insulation materials.<br />\nThe following list includes examples of both widely-used and more innovative insulation materials and wall systems for commercial buildings:[7]</p>\n<p>Continuous and Cavity Insulation. Continuous insulation runs uninterrupted over structural membranes, avoids thermal bridging and is installed on the exterior surface of the building envelope.[8] Cavity insulation is installed between structural components such as wood studs.<br />\nComposite Metal Panels consist of two sheets of metal adhered to a core material and include:[9]</p>\n<p>Foamed-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels<br />\nLaminated-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels<br />\nHoneycomb Core Metal Wall Panels</p>\n<p>Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFs) consists of exterior wall cladding made of rigid insulation boards. The polymer-based (PB) system is most popular and consists of closed expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation finished with a polymeric (organic) bonded aggregate and cement reinforced with a glass mesh.[10] Being lightweight and low cost, and the ability to achieve different aesthetic effects make EIFs a popular choice.[11]<br />\nInsulated Concrete Forms (ICFs) consists of concrete walls poured inside foam insulation forms with steel reinforcing and stacked as interlocking blocks.[12] Insulated concrete block or concrete masonry units (CMUs) form prefabricated blocks applied like traditional block wall construction.<br />\nStructural Insulated Panels (SIPs) consist of an insulating foam core placed between two structural panels, typically oriented strand board (OSB) or fiber cement panels.[13]<br />\nVacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) consist of a solid interior layer of a high R-value material wrapped in an exterior layer of airtight foil with a vacuum drawn inside the airtight foil.[14] They can achieve an R-value of 50 without adding bulk, making them cost-effective on roofs.[15]</p>\n<p>Examples<br />\nUS Post Office and Courthouse, Camden, NJ<br />\nThis roofing project, sponsored by the General Service Administration (GSA) Green Proving Ground (GPG) program, installed Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) at the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse in Camden, New Jersey. VIPs consist of a solid interior layer of a high R-value material wrapped in an exterior layer of airtight foil with a vacuum drawn inside the airtight foil.[16] The study used energy modeling and thermographic images and found that VIPs can offer a favorable payback in one-story buildings in regions with extreme climates and high utility costs.[17] They can achieve an R-value of 50 without adding bulk, making them cost-effective on roofs.[18]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nA properly designed and installed insulation system offers the following benefits.[19]</p>\n<p>Reduces energy costs<br />\nPrevents moisture condensation<br />\nReduces capacity and size of new mechanical equipment<br />\nEnhances acoustical performance through reduced noise levels<br />\nIncreases indoor environmental quality and thermal comfort.[20]<br />\nProvides fire protection</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of implementing a highly insulated building envelope vary depending on the size and orientation of the home, climate, design elements, and the type of insulation and building material. Annual energy savings and incentives offered by the NJ Office of Clean Energy can help offset upfront costs.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nA properly insulated building offers several essential resiliency benefits. In the event of a power outage, highly insulated buildings protect against heat loss in the winter and heat gain in the summer, helping to maintain comfortable internal temperatures for building occupants, and reducing stress on the grid. Wall assembly systems (with insulating properties) such as precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), and structural insulated panels (SIPs) offer resistance to hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.[21]<br />\n[1] Arnold, Chris. 2016. “Building Envelop Design Guide.” Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[2] US DOE | Better Buildings. “Building Envelope.” https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[3] US DOE: Insulation Fact Sheet. 2008. https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/docs/factSheets/Insulation-FactSheet-2008.pdf (accessed May 4, 2018).<br />\n[4] Vivian Loftness et al. 2012. “State of the Art in Enclosure Technologies and Integrated Systems for 50% Energy Savings in Existing Commercial Buildings.” Consortium for Building Energy Innovation. Page 23. http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf (accessed June 4, 2018).<br />\n[5] US DOE: Energy Saver. “Insulation” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[6] Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB). 2011. “Costs and Benefits of Residential Energy Efficiency Investments.” Prepared for the New Jersey Association of REALTORS® Governmental Research Foundation. Page 21 http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/costs-and-benefits-of-residential-energy-efficiency-investments/ (accessed May 9, 2018).<br />\n[7] US DOE: Better Building Solution Center. Building Envelope Webinars for Walls<br />\nhttps://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/toolkits/building-envelope-webinars-walls (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[8] US DOE Building Energy Codes Resource Center. “Cavity and Continuous Insulation.”<br />\nhttps://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_cavity_and_continuous_insulation_in_rescheck.pdf (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[9] Zwayer, Gary L. 2016 “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences. https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[10] Lstiburek, Joseph. 2007. “EIFs: Problems and Solutions.” Building Science Corporation. https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-146-eifs-problems-and-solutions (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[11] Zwayer, Gary L. 2016. “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences. https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[12] US DOE: Building America Solution Center: ICFs. https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/insulated-concrete-forms-icfs#quicktabs-guides=1 (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[13] Structural Insulated Panel Association (SIPA). “What are SIPS?” https://www.sips.org/about/what-are-sips (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[14] Dan Howell et al. “Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) in a roofing application of US Post Office and Courthouse Camden, NJ.” March 2014. ORNL https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[15] GSA. Green Proving Ground Program. “Vacuum Insulated Panels in Roofing Applications.” March 2016.  https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[16] Dan Howell et al. “Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) in a roofing application of US Post Office and Courthouse Camden, NJ.” March 2014. ORNL https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[17] Ibid.<br />\n[18] GSA. Green Proving Ground Program. “Vacuum Insulated Panels in Roofing Applications.” March 2016.  https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[19] National Insulation Association (NIA). 2018 “Benefits of Insulation.” https://insulation.org/about-insulation/benefits-of-insulation/ (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[20] Arnold, Chris. 2016. “HVAC Integration of the Building Envelope.” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences. http://wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[21] New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration<br />\nBuilding Orientation<br />\nCool Roofs<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nThermal Massing</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Air Barrier Association of America<br />\nContinuous Insulation<br />\nInsulation Institute<br />\nMetal Building Manufacturers Association<br />\nNorth American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA)<br />\nNJ Clean Energy Program<br />\nStructural Insulated Panel Association<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Envelope<br />\nUS DOE: Better Buildings – Building Envelope</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7112,1656,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 04:44:44'),(7113,1656,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7114,1656,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7116,1656,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7117,1656,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7118,1656,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7119,1656,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7120,1656,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7121,1656,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7122,1656,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7137,1664,'_edit_lock','1650033018:2'),(7138,1664,'_edit_last','2'),(7139,1664,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7140,1664,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7141,1664,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7142,1664,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7143,1664,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7144,1664,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7145,1664,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7146,1664,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7147,1664,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Chilled Beams</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Chilled Beams?<br />\nChilled beams are room air recirculation systems integrated with acoustic ceilings or independently mounted that rely on radiant heat transfer from chilled or heated water coils to cool or heat a space.  Chilled beams use water as a heat transfer medium instead of air to cool or heat a room, taking advantage of water’s higher heat transfer capacity and lower transport energy and freeing up space and saving energy through reduced fan energy and equipment requirements.[1] Chilled beams provide a flexible, easy to maintain, and energy-efficient alternative to variable air volume (VAV) systems and conventional air conditioning and heating systems, particularly for spaces that utilize individual zone control and experience moderate internal moisture loads.[2]<br />\nThere are three types of chilled beam systems: passive, active, and multi-service. Passive chilled beams rely on the natural buoyancy of air to circulate through the heat exchanger, usually coils, to cool the air. In a passive system (most often used for cooling), hot air rises and becomes trapped in a space located above the chilled beams. Once the hot air interacts with the lower temperature beams, it naturally falls back into the room. Unlike active beams, passive beams are not directly connected to the ducted air supply and require a parallel ventilation system to handle dehumidification and latent loads and provide the primary air to drive the passive beam system.[3] Active systems direct air through the use of nozzles to the cooling or heating coils and allow for humidity control. Multi-purpose chilled beams can be used to supply other buildings services, such as lighting, speaker systems, IT systems, fire protection (sprinklers and detectors), acoustic insulation, Building Automation System sensors, and photocells.</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Chilled Beams<br />\nChilled beams require specific applications and each chilled beam system design is unique, requiring project engineers to work closely with the manufacturer’s engineers in the design and selection of the chilled beam.[4]<br />\nAccording to best practice guidance from ASHRAE and REVHA chilled beams work best in applications with low air-side load fractions (or the percentage of the total air supply required by code for a zone) and in applications with high sensible heat ratios (or the percentage of the cooling load that is sensible compared to latent). For example, chilled beam systems can offer benefits over conventional systems if the sensible cooling load is substantially higher than the capacity of the air supplied to satisfy the latent loads.[5]<br />\nFor comprehensive tools and guidance on designing, commissioning, and operating active and passive beam systems refer to the joint publication by ASHRAE and REVHA, “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.” Available for purchase at https://www.ashrae.org<br />\nANSI/ASHRAE Standard 200-2018, Methods of Testing Chilled Beams, establishes testing methods and procedures for determining the performance of chilled beams. Certification programs (Eurovent, AHRI) guarantee the accuracy of manufacturers’ technical data.<br />\nExample<br />\nNew Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.<br />\nThe IFNH building at Rutgers University, designed by Ballinger Architects finished in 2015 and built to LEED Gold standards is the first Rutgers University building to incorporate chilled beams as part of the building’s open laboratory design.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nChilled beams have the potential to save significant amounts of energy and operating costs compared to completely air-based systems because they move heat more efficiently by using water instead of air as the heat transfer fluid, reducing the reheat and fan energy required to operate the system.[6] Chilled beams also increase the usable floor space and ceiling height in a building by eliminating additional ductwork and equipment space requirements and allowing for modular configurations and flexible installations. Other advantages include enhanced thermal comfort (e.g., uniform air distribution), acoustic control (e.g., quiet operation) and indoor air quality (e.g., utilize 100% outside air and limit room to room air recirculation).[7] Finally, chilled beams offer lower maintenance and repair costs due to fewer mechanical components than conventional HVAC systems.<br />\nCost<br />\nThe cost of chilled beams varies depending on the design and application. Chilled beams often have higher materials costs than conventional VAV systems but lower installation, maintenance, and energy costs. For example, by requiring fewer air exchanges, chilled beams can result in the downsizing of ductwork, air-handling units, exhaust fans, chillers, and boilers, reducing first costa and helping to offset the cost of chilled beam infrastructure.[8] The growing number of certified manufacturers and installers and available incentives are also helping to make chilled beams more cost competitive with conventional technologies.<br />\nSee the NJ Clean Energy Program for current incentives and programs http://www.njcleanenergy.com<br />\nResiliency<br />\nChilled beams contribute to resiliency by decreasing energy consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid.<br />\n[1] ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”<br />\n[2] ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”<br />\n[3] Energy Design Resources. 2010. E-News #69: Chilled Beams. February 2010.<br />\nhttps://energydesignresources.com/resources/e-news/e-news-69-chilled-beams.aspx (accessed Jan 8, 2019).<br />\n[4] The American Society for Healthcare Engineering (ASHE), the Association for the Healthcare Environment (AHE), and the Association for Healthcare Resource &amp; Materials Management (AHRMM) of the American Hospital Association (AHA). 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ Accessed Jan 8, 2019).<br />\n[5] ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”<br />\n[6] ASHE et al. 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ Accessed Jan 8, 2019).<br />\n[7] ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”<br />\n[8] ASHE et al. 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ Accessed Jan 8, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Commissioning<br />\nIndividual Comfort Controls<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Air-Conditioning, Heating &amp; Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Chilled Beams Certification<br />\nASHRAE<br />\nASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.” Available for purchase<br />\nREHVA – Federation of European Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Associations</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7148,1664,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 04:44:44'),(7149,1664,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7151,347,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Active and Passive Chilled Beams (Source: US EPA).'),(7152,524,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Fig 3. New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health. (Source: Rutger University).'),(7153,1664,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7156,1664,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7157,1664,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7158,1664,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1664\" /]'),(7159,1664,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7160,1664,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7161,1664,'_thumbnail_id','347'),(7162,1664,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7163,1664,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7164,1664,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7167,1669,'_edit_lock','1650034636:2'),(7168,1669,'_edit_last','2'),(7169,1669,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7170,1669,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7171,1669,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7172,1669,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7173,1669,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7174,1669,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7175,1669,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7176,1669,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7177,1669,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Combined Heat and Power (CHP)?<br />\nCombined Heat and Power (CHP), also known as cogeneration, is a type of distributed energy resource that produces both electricity and thermal energy onsite, using one primary fuel.[1] CHP recovers heat usually wasted in conventional power generation as thermal energy for a building’s space heating and cooling, process heating and cooling, dehumidification, or the production of more electricity generation.[2] CHP system can use fossil or renewable fuels and typically utilize the following prime mover technologies to combust the fuel including reciprocating engines, gas turbines, microturbines, fuel cells, and boiler or steam turbines.<br />\nFor example, (see Figure 1) a prime mover, such as a reciprocating engine or gas turbine uses a fuel such as natural gas to power a generator that creates electricity and emits heat. Generated electricity supplies electrical loads in the building, feeds back to the grid, or utilizes energy storage for later use (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation). A heat recovery unit captures the heat and processes it for use onsite, typically for building heating applications but also for absorption cooling, an application that utilizes heat energy to cool buildings.[3] CHP systems can utilize thermal energy storage to save excess heat energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, to increase energy efficiency, and to store low priced energy and use that energy during peak demand when prices climb (see Thermal Energy Storage).[4]<br />\nMicroturbines use gaseous or liquid fuels, most commonly natural gas, to produce electricity and recover exhaust heat for direct use or use in a heat recovery boiler.[5] Steam turbines do not consume fuel directly but use steam generated by natural gas, oil, coal or biomass driven boilers or heat recovery steam generators, to produce power and thermal energy (see Biomass Energy Systems).[6]<br />\nFuel cells used for CHP applications utilize an electrochemical process to reform natural gas or biogas into hydrogen and then react hydrogen to generate electricity.[7]<br />\nHow to Integrate CHP<br />\nThe practicality of integrating CHP into a project increases when considered early in the planning stages, including early engagement with the local utility to identify permitting issues and available incentives.<br />\nContact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current CHP programs, tools, and available funding. For example, the NJ Office of Clean Energy Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Program currently offers incentives for the following CHP technologies:[8]</p>\n<p>Powered by non-renewable (i.e., natural gas) or renewable fuel source (i.e., biomass).<br />\nGas internal combustion engine.<br />\nGas combustion turbine.<br />\nMicroturbine<br />\nFuel cells with heat recovery.<br />\nWaste heat to power.</p>\n<p>The use of Class 1 renewable fuel sources and installation of CHP with black-start and islanding capabilities at designated critical facilities may qualify projects for additional incentives.<br />\nExample<br />\nWestin – Starwood Hotel, Jersey City, NJ<br />\nThe Westin Jersey City Newport qualified for the NJ Clean Energy Combined Heat &amp; Power Program by installing three Tecogen® Inc. 100-kW natural gas engine CHP units. The co-generation units are expected to produce 1,985 MWh of electricity and 132,962 therms of energy per year. The Westin Jersey City Newport qualified for $600,000 in NJCEP incentives, covering more than 27 percent of the $2,158,229 project cost, which includes ten years of maintenance service by the manufacturer. The co-generation units could potentially save the hotel, on average, 367,209 kWh of electricity and 91,198 therms of natural gas per year, resulting in annual savings ranging from $123,007 to $212,000. With the NJCEP incentives, the project expects to pay for itself within a decade when factoring in federal tax credits.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nInherently inefficient, conventional electricity generation converts only about a third of a fuel’s potential energy into usable energy.[9] It is reasonable to expect CHP applications to operate at 65-75% efficiency, a large improvement over the national average of ~50% for these services when separately provided.[10] Since overgeneration of heat and electricity occurs frequently, CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy.[11] The significant increase in energy efficiency with CHP means lower fuel consumption and reduced greenhouse gas emissions for the same level of output when compared to the separate generation of heat and power. Biomass powered CHP systems have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently (see Biomass Energy Systems).[12] Other benefits include CHP’s proven track record and the versatility of CHP to work with existing and planned technologies for various industrial and commercial applications. CHP also localizes energy generation, avoiding congestion issues and improving grid transmission and distribution losses associated with centralized power stations, reducing the risk of electrical grid disruptions and enhancing energy reliability. As a distributed energy generator, CHP provides a reliable and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and grid outages and can help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see Demand Response and Peak Load Management).<br />\nCosts<br />\nCHP makes the most economic sense when electricity prices are high, and natural gas prices are low. While the initial cost of CHP systems often exceed that of conventional heating or cooling systems, reduced energy and operating costs associated with cogeneration can often justify the investment.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nCHP can improve the resiliency of critical infrastructure, by acting as a self-sufficient microgrid keeping essential facilities and systems running without any interruption in electric or thermal service in the absence of utility sourced power due to storms or other events.[13]<br />\nFor example, South Oaks Hospital in Amityville, New York remained open and operational during Superstorm Sandy while over 8.5 million Long Island Power Authority (LIPA) customers had no power for a week.[14] South Oaks Hospital had five 250 kW units, which kept lights on and refrigeration units operational for 15 days, even allowing the hospital to admit new patients.<br />\nA form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids with the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.[15] Combined with energy storage capabilities, CHP systems hold the potential to help diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of distributed energy resources and energy storage (see Thermal Energy Storage, Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).<br />\n[1] US EPA and US DOE. Guide to Using Combined Heat and Power for Enhancing Reliability and Resiliency in Buildings. September 2013. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_for_reliability_guidance.pdf  (accessed April 18, 2018).<br />\n[2] E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf   (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[3] International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf (accessed Oct 9, 2018).<br />\n[4] Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration<br />\nhttp://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration (accessed Oct 18, 2018).<br />\n[5] US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Microturbines https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Microturbines_0.pdf (accessed Oct 4, 2018).<br />\n[6] US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Steam Turbines. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Steam%20Turbine.pdf (accessed Oct 4, 2018).<br />\n[7] US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Fuel Cells https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Fuel%20Cell.pdf (accessed Oct 4, 2018).<br />\n[8] NJ Office of Clean Energy. 2018. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Program. http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power (accessed Oct 5, 2018).<br />\n[9] Electropaedia. http://www.mpoweruk.com/fossil_fuels.htm (accessed April 12, 2018).<br />\n[10] DOE. Combined Heat and Power Basics. https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics (accessed April 12, 2018).<br />\n[11] International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future.https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).<br />\n[12] International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf (accessed Oct 9, 2018).<br />\n[13] ICF International. 2013. “Combined Heat and Power: Enabling Resilient Energy Infrastructure for Critical Facilities.” Prepared for Oak Ridge National Laboratory. March 2013. Page 2. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_critical_facilities.pdf (accessed April 12, 2018).<br />\n[14] ACEEE. New and Improved Methods for Evaluating CHP Cost-Effectiveness. https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2016/data/papers/4_837.pdf (accessed April 12, 2018).<br />\n[15] International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Biomass Energy Systems<br />\nDemand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nThermal Energy Storage</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Combined Heat and Power Installations in New Jersey<br />\nDatabase of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency<br />\nInternational Energy Association (IEA)<br />\nNew Jersey’s Clean Energy Program<br />\nUS EPA Combined Power and Heat Partnership<br />\nUS DOE Combined Heat and Power Basics</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7178,1669,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 04:44:44'),(7179,1669,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7181,212,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1. Reciprocating engine or gas turbine with heat recovery. (Source: US DOE CHP)'),(7182,1669,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7185,1669,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7186,1669,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7187,1669,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1669\" /]'),(7188,1669,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7189,1669,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7190,1669,'_thumbnail_id','212'),(7191,1669,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7192,1669,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7193,1669,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7196,1673,'_edit_lock','1650034843:2'),(7197,1673,'_edit_last','2'),(7198,1673,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7199,1673,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7200,1673,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7201,1673,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7202,1673,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7203,1673,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7204,1673,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7205,1673,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7206,1673,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Demand Control Ventilation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Demand Control Ventilation?<br />\nVentilation systems in commercial buildings, whether passive or active, help maintain the proper mix of gases in the air, control odors, and exhaust contaminants from occupied spaces (see Natural Ventilation, Properly Sized HVAC Equipment). Ventilation systems typically provide a constant flow of fresh air to occupants based on maximum building occupancy or full ventilation rates in contrast to a minimum or area ventilation rate based on reduced occupancy levels. Demand control ventilation (DCV) modulates between full and area ventilation rates based on actual or estimated occupancy levels, saving energy and improving indoor air quality. DCV systems can measure occupancy levels and adjust ventilation using one or more of the following methods:[1]</p>\n<p>Carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors that adjust airflow based on CO2 levels or the number of occupants in a space.<br />\nOccupant counting which counts actual or estimated occupants in a space using ticket sales, security swipes or video monitoring.<br />\nOccupancy sensors that detect occupancy and switch between full or area ventilation rates.<br />\nScheduled ventilation based on estimated and scheduled occupancy.<br />\nSet supply air CO2 concentrations based on design occupancy conditions in designated zones.</p>\n<p>Figure 1 compares the different DCV methods and corresponding ventilation rates in response to changing occupancy levels.</p>\n<p>How to Implement Demand Control Ventilation<br />\nProper ventilation and good indoor air quality start with eliminating or reducing familiar sources of indoor air pollution such as off-gassing from building materials and furnishings.<br />\nWhen designing a new DCV system, best practices include using zone occupancy sensors for small and less densely occupied zones, and CO2 sensors in large or densely occupied spaces, both with setpoints that follow the specific guidelines in Appendix A of the ASHRAE Standard 62.1 User’s Manual.[2] Well-designed and executed DCV systems take into account user requirements, operator training, and coordination among different building systems, such as occupancy sensors used for lighting and air flow. Commissioning and recommissioning provides an opportunity to check DCV set-points and offer potential energy and cost savings.<br />\nExamples<br />\nEnergy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation (DCV), Case Study, Minnesota.<br />\nInformation on a subset of six building systems collected from 32 buildings was taken across all seasons using building automation system data and instrumentation to document energy savings and indoor air quality before and after recommissioning of Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) systems. Building occupants also completed a comfort survey. System designers and operators provided lessons learned. Results showed that DCV implemented in large VAV systems can provide significant energy and cost savings in cold climates and recommissioning either provides additional energy savings or increased indoor air quality.[3]<br />\nOradell Public School, Oradell, NJ<br />\nThe Oradell Public School conducted an energy audit as part of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities’ Local Government Energy Audit Program. The report recommended Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) as an Energy Conservation Measure (ECM) to reduce energy and utility costs and to improve indoor air quality. The following summarizes the estimated implementation costs and savings for Demand Control Ventilation (DCV):</p>\n<p>Electricity Savings: 18,400<br />\nNatural Gas Savings: 2,700<br />\nEstimated Savings: $5,200<br />\nEstimated Installed Cost: $10,000<br />\nPayback Period: 1.9</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nVentilation requires energy to heat or cool outside air. Demand control ventilation (DCV) saves energy by reducing ventilation rates during times of vacancy and reduced peak occupancy. DCV improves indoor air quality, contributing to occupant health and productivity, by closely monitoring CO2 concentrations and occupancy levels that impact indoor air pollution and air quality.<br />\nCosts<br />\nCompared to conventional ventilation systems, demand control ventilation adds up-front costs depending on the complexity and size of the system and number of sensors installed, ranging between $1 – $3 per cfm of outside air.[4]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nDemand control ventilation (DCV) offers an indirect resiliency benefit to buildings by reducing heating and cooling loads, thereby reducing stress on the grid, and the likelihood of brownouts.<br />\n[1] U.S. DOE. “Demand-Controlled Ventilation.” https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cn_demand_control_ventilation.pdf  (accessed May 31, 2018).<br />\n[2] SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources.https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf (accessed Nov 19, 2018).<br />\n[3] SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources. https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf (accessed Nov 19, 2018).<br />\n[4] SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources.https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf (accessed Nov 19, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Natural Ventilation<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nSustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>General Service Administration (GSA) – Sustainable Facilities Tool<br />\nSeventh Wave – Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)<br />\nUS DOE: Building Energy Codes – Demand Control Ventilation</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7207,1673,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 04:44:44'),(7208,1673,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7210,246,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Fig 1. Ventilation rates provided with fixed ventilation and DCV alternatives (Source: US DOE: Building Energy Codes)'),(7211,1673,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7214,1673,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7215,1673,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7216,1673,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1673\" /]'),(7217,1673,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7218,1673,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7219,1673,'_thumbnail_id','246'),(7220,1673,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7221,1673,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7222,1673,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7227,1677,'_edit_last','2'),(7228,1677,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7229,1677,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7230,1677,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7231,1677,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7232,1677,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7233,1677,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7234,1677,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7235,1677,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7236,1677,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Energy Recovery Systems</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Energy Recovery Systems?<br />\nEnergy recovery systems transfer heat from outgoing air to incoming air in the winter and from incoming air to outgoing air in the summer, lowering heating and cooling costs and overall energy use. There are different types of systems, all featuring a heat exchanger, controls, and one or more fans to move air through the machine.<br />\nEnergy recovery technologies include heat-recovery ventilators (HRV) and energy-recovery ventilators (ERV). Large ventilation systems with dedicated or shared duct systems may contain small, wall or window-mounted units. ERVs transfer a portion of the water vapor, along with heat energy, while HRVs transfer heat only.[1]<br />\nCommon design configurations include:</p>\n<p>Flat-plate heat exchanger systems that transfer energy between the incoming and exhaust air streams using a fixed heat exchanger.[2]<br />\nRun-around coil systems utilize waste heat in the process cooling water from an application such as laboratory equipment and supply domestic hot water and space heating for facilities.<br />\nRegenerative heat wheels consist of revolving discs filled with an air-permeable medium that transfer heat and moisture from one air stream to the next reducing warm air infiltration or heat and moisture loss from buildings.</p>\n<p>How to Implement Energy Recovery Systems<br />\nProper installation, sizing, and placement of ducts and regular maintenance impacts performance.[4] In cold climates, energy recovery ventilators must have a device to prevent freezing and frost formation.[5] Experienced and qualified HVAC contractors should install, properly test, and balance the system. Regularly clean exchangers to ensure high performance and prevent mold and bacteria buildup.[6]<br />\nExample<br />\nWaterfront Technology Center – Camden, NJ<br />\nThe LEED-Core &amp; Shell Gold Certified Waterfront Technology Center in Camden, NJ, includes an ERV incorporated into its rooftop mechanical room. This five-story, 100,000 square foot facility leases to a range of tenants including offices and wet labs.<br />\nPanasonic Corporation of North America, Newark, NJ<br />\nThe Panasonic building utilized expert guidance and financial incentives offered through the NJ Clean Energy Pay for Performance Program and incorporated an energy recovery ventilation thermal wheel system, resulting in 15 percent less energy use compared to a minimally code-compliant building.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEnergy recovery systems can recover about 70-80% of the energy in exiting air and transfer it to incoming air reducing energy consumption and costs.[7] By controlling humidity and cycling in fresh air to replace stale or contaminated indoor air, ERV’s can improve indoor air quality and occupant thermal comfort, which is often linked to increased occupant satisfaction and productivity.<br />\nCosts<br />\nClimates with extreme temperatures or areas with high heating and cooling costs make energy recovery systems most cost-effective.[8] Properly designed systems can reduce the size of the HVAC system by 50%, and energy use by 33%, achieving a life-cycle cost savings of zero to three years.[9]  Typical cost savings and project cost associated with various heat recovery systems, both industrial and commercial, can be found on the DOE IAC database.[10]<br />\nFinancial paybacks depend on the following:</p>\n<p>Added capital costs for ERV equipment<br />\nAvoided capital costs that result from HVAC equipment downsizing<br />\nNet annual energy savings provided by ERV systems<br />\nIncremental annual maintenance cost increases due to ERV systems[11]</p>\n<p>Resiliency<br />\nEnergy recovery systems offer an indirect resiliency benefit to buildings by reducing heating and cooling loads, thereby reducing stress on the grid, and the likelihood of brownouts.<br />\n[1] National Resources Canada (NRCan): Heat/Energy Recovery Systems<br />\nhttps://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/categories/cooling-ventilating/ventilating/hrv/16197 (accessed Dec 17, 2018).<br />\n[2] US EPA. School Advanced Ventilation Engineering Software. https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/school-advanced-ventilation-engineering-software-saves(accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[3] US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[4] University of Minnesota (UMN). Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[5] US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[6] US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[7] US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[8] Ibid.<br />\n[9] Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory. Energy Recovery. http://ateam.lbl.gov/Design-Guide/DGHtm/energyrecovery.htm (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[10] US DOE. 2018. “Energy Recovery Systems.” Industrial Assessment Center.   https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.24 &amp; https://iac.university/recommendationTypes/2.24 (accessed Dec 17, 2018).<br />\n[11] US EPA. School Advanced Ventilation Engineering Software. https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/school-advanced-ventilation-engineering-software-saves (accessed April 16, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>National Resources Canada (NRCan): Heat/Energy Recovery Systems<br />\nNJ Office of Clean Energy: Pay for Performance Program<br />\nUS DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation</p>\n<p>US Environmental Protection Agency</p>\n<p>Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV) for Schools<br />\nThe School Advanced Ventilation Engineering Software (SAVES) – helps assess cost savings and benefits of ERV systems in schools</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7237,1677,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 03:51:09'),(7238,1677,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7239,1677,'_edit_lock','1650035278:2'),(7241,243,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram[3] (Source: DPoint Technologies)'),(7242,1680,'_edit_last','2'),(7243,1680,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7244,1680,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7245,1680,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7246,1680,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7247,1680,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7248,1680,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7249,1680,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7250,1680,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7251,1680,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Smart Sensors and Controls</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Smart Sensors and Controls?<br />\nSmart sensors are devices that monitor conditions of the physical environment and building equipment such as temperature, air flow, moisture, humidity, lighting and daylighting levels, offer smoke and CO detection, and collect data about real-time building occupancy, and energy and water use (see Daylighting). Electronic actuators process these measurements, and smart controls utilize the data to adjust building conditions and optimize building performance in areas such as lighting and shading, HVAC systems, security, fire suppression, equipment plug loads, and landscape irrigation.[1] Controls utilize software with standardized communication protocols on networked computing devices such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, PCs or through dedicated hardware interfaces such as wall-mounted controls. Smart buildings consist of an integrated network of advanced sensors and controls and use Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to connect building systems and enable automated building operations and control.[2]<br />\nFor example, smart thermostats coupled with smart HVAC systems use multiple sensors and controls to monitor and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings, control energy consumption in unoccupied areas, and detect and diagnose issues. Smart appliances such as refrigerators and freezers use sensors and controls to remotely track and manage variables such as temperature, humidity, and energy use. Demand response enabled devices, including smart thermostats and certain appliances, can be controlled remotely by an energy provider to reduce peak power demand (see Demand Response and Peak Load Management).[3] Smart lighting consists of networked LED and linear fluorescent luminaires with advanced sensors that can detect lighting failure and advanced controls that utilize dual-technology infrared plus ultrasonic occupancy and vacancy sensing, daylight harvesting, dimming controls and task tuning (see High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls).[4] Smart solar window films adjust window tints based on incoming daylight, and window shading systems use auto-controlled devices that open and close at specific times of the day to manage light levels and solar heat gain (see Energy-Efficient Windows).[5] Smart plug load controls, including smart outlets and advanced power strips, use scheduling, motion sensing, or load detection to turn off equipment when not in use (see ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load). Smoke detectors enable automated sprinkler systems to function correctly, and CO sensors trigger alarms to protect building occupants before exposure to dangerous CO levels. Smart security systems automatically unlock doors for building employees using different types of sensors such as facial recognition or mobile phone GPS. Smart water metering and irrigation systems use sensors to monitor water use, detect leaks, and prevent irrigation systems from running when it is raining or when unnecessary.<br />\nSmart building technologies can connect users to a smart grid (see Smart Metering). Smart metered buildings utilize advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advanced monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply.[6] Smart metered buildings with on-site renewable energy generation (see Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems) and energy storage (see Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation) can signal consumers to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated on-site or from the grid when electricity demand is low (see Alternative Transportation).[7] Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.[8]<br />\nHow to Incorporate Smart Sensors and Controls<br />\nThe decision to install smart sensors and controls and the type of technologies selected depends on the size of the building and the building’s intended use. Smart system set-up and installation requires expert assistance. A building can incorporate multiple smart technologies or a single service such as a smart lighting system or a smart security system depending on the needs and desires of the building users. Look for devices with interoperability between smart building technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.<br />\nWhile sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.<br />\nContact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart building technologies that increase energy-efficiency.<br />\nExamples<br />\nGSA Green Proving Ground (GPG): Wireless Pneumatic Thermostats<br />\nA study conducted by the GSA Green Proving Ground Program found that wireless pneumatic thermostats, which detect space temperature and can wirelessly control HVAC systems, can cost-effectively reduce energy use by implementing unoccupied/occupied energy-saving control strategies.<br />\nPanasonic Corporation of North America, Newark, NJ.<br />\nThrough New Jersey’s Clean Energy Pay for Performance Program, Panasonic received guidance and financial incentives to implement lighting control strategies including daylight harvesting.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSmart building technologies provide tools to detect and manage building operations and maintenance, comfort, and energy performance issues, resulting in better equipment maintenance, higher occupant satisfaction, and reduced energy consumption and costs. Smart metered buildings can also track real-time energy consumption, allowing business owners to monitor and certify peak energy use reductions, and take advantage of lower electricity charges and peak demand incentive programs offered by utilities.[9]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe initial cost, energy savings, and payback of smart technologies vary depending on the technology’s features and capabilities. In general, smart technologies that cover the whole building in one application benefit from economies of scale and cost less to install per square foot in larger buildings than in smaller ones. Individual technologies, such as smart thermostats typically cost less for smaller buildings. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation and commissioning costs compared to wired devices. Savings from the reduced utility demand charges often cover the costs of smart control projects.[10]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSmart controls contribute to a building’s resiliency by providing real-time feedback on the status of critical building systems, notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, and providing remote access for turning systems on or off during potential power outages or other disruptive events. Smart sensors that do not rely on external power or wired networks can continue to provide feedback during power outages. Smart metering and smart devices and appliances with demand response ready equipment also benefit the energy system and promote resiliency by supporting grid stability, reducing peak energy demand, and increasing the use of renewable energy.<br />\n[1] Marina Sofos. 2018. “Sensor and Control Technologies: R&amp;D Overview.” Building Technologies Office (BTO). U.S. Department of Energy: Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. BTO Peer Review. April 30, 2018. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/05/f52/Sofos-Peer-Review-S%26C-043018.pdf (accessed Aug 13, 2018).<br />\n[2] Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[3] Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes (accessed August 17, 2018).<br />\n[4] Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[5] Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: A Deeper Dive into Market Segments.” December 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[6] Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes (accessed August 17, 2018).<br />\n[7] Ibid.<br />\n[8] Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/  (accessed May 3, 2018)<br />\n[9] Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/  (accessed May 3, 2018)<br />\n[10] EPRI. “Estimating the Cost and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf (accessed May 5, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nDemand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nOn-Site Wind Energy Generation<br />\nPhotovoltaic (PV) Systems<br />\nSmart Metering</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)<br />\nThe Connected Devices Alliance (CDA) Centre of Excellence<br />\nENERGY STAR – Smart Thermostats<br />\nSmart Buildings Center<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Smart Controls</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7252,1680,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 04:44:44'),(7253,1680,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7254,1680,'_edit_lock','1650035275:2'),(7256,239,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Weather-Based Irrigation Control System (Source: Flickr user slworking2)'),(7257,1680,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7260,1680,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7261,1680,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7262,1680,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1680\" /]'),(7263,1680,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7264,1680,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7265,1680,'_thumbnail_id','239'),(7266,1680,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7267,1680,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7268,1680,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7271,1677,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7274,1677,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7275,1677,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7276,1677,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1677\" /]'),(7277,1677,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7278,1677,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7279,1677,'_thumbnail_id','243'),(7280,1677,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7281,1677,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7282,1677,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7288,1685,'_edit_lock','1650035616:2'),(7289,1685,'_edit_last','2'),(7290,1685,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7291,1685,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7292,1685,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7293,1685,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7294,1685,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7295,1685,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7296,1685,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7297,1685,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7298,1685,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Thermal Energy Storage</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Thermal Energy Storage?<br />\nThermal energy storage (TES) stockpiles thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium for later use in heating and cooling applications and power generation.[1] Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems can utilize thermal energy storage to manage energy loads and reduce peak demand or to provide backup power (see Energy Storage and Backup Power, Combined Heat and Power (CHP), Demand Response and Peak Load Management). In the building sector, TES systems supply thermal energy for domestic hot water, space heating, and air-conditioning. The solar industry utilizes TES to store energy for concentrating solar power (CSP) plants, which use mirrors to focus sunlight and produce and store high-temperature thermal energy for electricity production in the absence of sunlight.[2]<br />\nThere are three kinds of TES systems:</p>\n<p>Sensible heat storage, which stores thermal energy by heating or cooling a liquid or solid storage medium (e.g., water, sand, molten salts, rocks).<br />\nLatent heat storage, which uses phase change materials or PCMs (e.g., from a solid state into a liquid state).<br />\nThermo-chemical storage (TCS), which uses chemical reactions to store and release thermal energy.[3]</p>\n<p>Sensible heat storage and latent heat storage are the most widely used for commercial building applications. Currently more complicated and cost prohibitive, future advances in thermochemical heat storage (THS) systems hold the potential for high storage density, low volume requirements, low heat loss, longer storage periods and low charging temperature.[4]<br />\nTES technologies for heating applications include electrical or solar thermal water heating systems that use hot water tanks to store water until it is needed. TES systems improve the energy efficiency of buildings and provide cost savings by storing waste heat or by-product heat when it is available and supplying it upon demand.[5] Typical independent parameters that characterize TES systems in use are shown in the below table.[6]</p>\n<p>TES technologies for cool storage include:</p>\n<p>Sensible heat storage systems, such as chilled water (CHW) TES, and low-temperature fluid (LTF) TES, which store thermal energy as a temperature change.<br />\nLatent heat storage systems, such as ice TES, which store thermal energy as a change of phase material (e.g., water to ice).</p>\n<p>How to Integrate a Thermal Energy Storage System<br />\nFirst, assess whether the building meets one or more of the following conditions for integrating TES: high utility demand costs, high peak-use utility costs, high daily load variations, short durations of loads, infrequent cyclical loads, and available incentives or rebates.[7]<br />\nNext, determine what type of TES system to install based on the building size and utility costs. Phase change TES system typically work for small buildings while larger buildings often utilize temperature change systems. For example, small commercial buildings with space constraints may want to consider ice storage systems designed with integrated roof-top mounted, direct-expansion cooling systems. For larger commercial buildings, think about a stand-alone water chiller system with high thermal storage capacity. TES technology also scales well to district energy systems that serve multiple buildings.<br />\nFinal steps include installation and monitoring performance to fine-tune the system and to calculate payback periods and cost-savings.<br />\nExamples<br />\nNREL’s Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF), Golden, CO.<br />\nThe Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) at the US DOE’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) houses a state-of-the-art high-performance computing data center built to LEED Platinum. Hot water loops harvest waste heat from the data center and provide heating for the offices and labs.[8] Data center waste heat also heats glycol loops located under the plaza and walkway, melting snow and improving walkway safety.[9]  Utility rebates supported building commissioning, performance verification, and system improvements.<br />\nTIAA-CREF, New York City, NY<br />\nThe Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association (TIAA) replaced an aging chiller system with a new rooftop, chilled water system for ice production that runs during off-peak hours and includes a 30-tank thermal storage system.<br />\nDurst Organization, New York City, NY<br />\nThe 41-story Durst Organization headquarters building uses off-peak, nigh-time electricity to make and store ice in 28 storage tanks located in the basement. Small pumps move ice-cooled fluid past fans that blow cold air into the building during daytime operations.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nThermal Energy Storage (TES) systems facilitate participation in demand response programs, reducing peak demand, energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and costs by utilizing less expensive, off-peak electricity and by increasing the overall efficiency of energy systems (see Demand Response and Peak Load Management). TES systems improve grid reliability by shifting peak heating and cooling loads from periods of high-demand to low-demand, eliminating the need for building new or maintaining older, less-efficient standby energy plants, and providing backup power to the grid like a generator and supporting distributed renewables generation.<br />\nCosts<br />\nTES saves money on electricity and maintenance costs depending on the design of the system, the cooling, and heating requirements of the space, and the time of day during which the storage unit uses energy for its operation. Ideally, TES systems remove thermal energy from the medium during off-peak periods and circulate it during periods of high heating and cooling demand.[10]<br />\nTES systems increase in effectiveness when existing electricity demands vary during the day, as the heat capacity of the medium enables the spreading out of electricity demands more than would be possible with a traditional cooling system. As a result, TES systems work most effectively in buildings experiencing peaks in electricity demands throughout the day and in a location with high peak rates for electricity.[11]<br />\nPrices vary depending on the type of TES system selected, variations in site-specific conditions and individual vendor offerings, but annual energy savings can offset the system costs within ten years.[12] Also, financing and incentives are sometimes available from utility companies to implement sizeable thermal energy storage systems. For example, the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) helped fund the TIAA-CREF building mentioned above.<br />\nWhile the cost-savings of shifting load to off-peak hours drives adoption of most TES systems, designs that reduce chiller size and cost and improve building system efficiency make TES systems for customers with a flat electricity rate a viable option as well.[13]<br />\nCheck with the New Jersey Clean Energy Program’s Combined Heat &amp; Power Program, Pay for Performance Program, and NJ SmartStart Buildings Programs for available incentives and rebates.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nTES systems offer a redundant building system for sustaining uninterrupted power in the event of a power outage. In the case of an emergency, TES systems provide a backup resource to supply heating or cooling to critical areas of a building. TES systems can complement traditional backup generation as part of an islandable microgrid and provide backup power during a grid outage or mechanical failure.[14] By contributing to the downsizing of chillers and HVAC equipment, TES systems reduce the stress on the grid during severe winter weather and heat waves, contributing to grid reliability. By shifting energy loads to off-peak hours, TES systems encourage the use of clean and renewable energy sources.<br />\n[1] International Energy Agency Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (IEA-ETSAP) and International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). January 2013. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief. https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E17%20Thermal%20Energy%20Storage.pdf (accessed April 11, 2018).<br />\n[2] Mehos, Mark, et al. 2016. On the Path to SunShot: Advancing Concentrating Solar Power Technology, Performance, and Dispatchability. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65688.pdf (accessed April 13, 2018).<br />\n[3] IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief. https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E17%20Thermal%20Energy%20Storage.pdf (accessed April 11, 2018).<br />\n[4] Devrim Aydin et al. The latest advancements in thermochemical heat storage systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol 41. Jan 2015. Pages 356-357. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114007308?via%3Dihub (accessed April 13, 2018).<br />\n[5] IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief. (accessed April 11, 2018).<br />\n[6] Sarbu, I.; Sebarchievici, C. A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage. Sustainability 2018, 10, 191.<br />\n[7] IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief.<br />\n[8] IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief.<br />\nntegration Facility (ESIF).” High-Performance Buildings. Spring 2015. http://www.hpbmagazine.org/attachments/article/12185/15S-Energy-Systems-Integration-Facility-Golden-CO.pdf (accessed April 12, 2018).<br />\n[9] Michael Sheppy et al. “Energy Integration – Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF).” High-Performance Buildings. Spring 2015.<br />\n[10] NJ Department of Environmental Protection. “Infrastructure Energy Efficiency” http://www.state.nj.us/dep/opsc/docs/Infrastructure_Energy.pdf (accessed April 11, 2018).<br />\n[11] US DOE. Federal Energy Management Program. “Thermal Energy Storage for Space Cooling.” https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996 (accessed April 13, 2018).<br />\n[12] US DOE. Federal Energy Management Program. “Thermal Energy Storage for Space Cooling.” https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996 (accessed April 13, 2018).<br />\n[13] Ibid.<br />\n[14] NREL. Analysis Identifies Where Commercial Customers Might Benefit from Battery Energy Storage. https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/where-commercial-customers-benefit-from-battery-energy-storage.html (accessed April 13, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nCombined Heat and Power (CHP)<br />\nDemand Response and Peak Load Management</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Energy Conservation through Energy Storage<br />\nNational Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Battery and Thermal Energy Storage<br />\nNew Jersey’s Clean Energy Program – Commercial Buildings</p>\n<p>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory</p>\n<p>Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Program<br />\nThe Role of Energy Storage in Commercial Buildings – Preliminary Report</p>\n<p>US Department of Energy</p>\n<p>Thermal Storage R&amp;D for CSP systems<br />\nThermal Energy Storage for Space Cooling</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7299,1685,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 03:51:09'),(7300,1685,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7302,526,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Stratified water thermal storage system at Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Source: US DOE).'),(7303,561,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Typical independent parameters that characterize TES systems'),(7304,1685,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7307,1685,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7308,1685,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7309,1685,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1685\" /]'),(7310,1685,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7311,1685,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7312,1685,'_thumbnail_id','526'),(7313,1685,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7314,1685,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7315,1685,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7318,1689,'_edit_last','2'),(7319,1689,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7320,1689,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7321,1689,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7322,1689,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7323,1689,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7324,1689,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7325,1689,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7326,1689,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7327,1689,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)?<br />\nA variable frequency drive (VFD), also known as a variable-speed drive, adjustable-speed drive or inverter, refers to a device that controls the voltage and frequency supplied to a motor, varying the speed of a motor or the flow in distribution systems.[1] Flow can refer to various systems such as water, air or energy. Many applications and commercial HVAC systems use fixed or single speed motors and regulate flow and pressure with dampers and valves, which can throttle and reduce efficiency.[2]<br />\nVFDs on fans (e.g., supply and return fans, exhaust fans, boiler fans, or condenser fans) save energy by allowing the volume of air moved to match the system demand. VFDs can control the speed of electric motors by applying a low frequency and a low voltage during motor startup, then ramping up to accelerate the load while limiting current. During a shutdown, VFDs can also allow motors to ramp down at a controlled rate. [3] When applied to an HVAC system, more specifically the air handling units (AHU), VFDs can vary motor speed to precisely match the load, a critical energy-saving measure for frequently oversized HVAC systems that work inefficiently at part-load (see Part-Load Efficiency and Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).[4]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Variable Frequency Drives<br />\nConsider all project components and systems during the design phase and coordinate work between the mechanical engineer and contractor (see Integrated Design Process). A mechanical engineer can determine opportunities to install VFDs and to size VFDs to match load requirements accurately.<br />\nExample<br />\nRutgers University Campuses, New Brunswick, Newark and Camden, NJ.<br />\nUniversity engineers at Rutgers conducted a comprehensive energy audit and identified the opportunity to save energy and costs by installing premium efficiency motors and variable frequency drives at multiple campus buildings spanning several university locations. The project expects to have a three-year payback and save an average of 2.8 million kilowatt hours of electricity and prevent the release of 1,500 tons of CO2 on an annual basis.[5]  VFDs can also contribute to demand reduction under the right operational scenario.<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Minimizes mechanical and electrical stress on the motor system, lowering maintenance and repair costs and extending motor life.[6]<br />\nReduces the horsepower (HP) required to run a system by the cube of its motor speed, providing significant energy, demand and costs savings when motor speeds can vary to match a load.[7]<br />\nEnhances overall system performance by matching system capacity to the actual load.<br />\nAllows for improvements in thermal comfort which can impact occupant satisfaction and productivity.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of incorporating VFDs into an HVAC system varies for each project and depend on the manufacturer and supplier. Equipment costs also vary depending on the horsepower (HP) rating, ranging from $1,000 for 5 HP VFD models to $15,000 for 200 HP VFD models.[8] Energy savings from reduced maintenance and longer equipment life and available incentives can reduce payback periods and increase long-term savings.<br />\nCheck the New Jersey Clean Energy’s SmartStart Building Program for available incentives.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nVFDs increase resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, and peak loads which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid, natural gas, and water and wastewater infrastructure.<br />\n[1] Bernier, Michael A, and Bernard Bourret. 1999. Pumping energy and variable frequency drives. ASHRAE Journal. 37.<br />\n[2] Centre for Energy Advancement through Technological Innovation (CEATI) International. 2009. Variable Frequency Drives: Energy Efficiency Reference Guide. https://www.ceati.com/freepublications/7025_guide_web.pdf (accessed Dec 7, 2018)<br />\n[3]Yaskawa. “Five Reasons for VFDs in HVAC Applications.” https://www.yaskawa.com/delegate/getAttachment?documentId=WP.HVAC.03&amp;cmd=documents&amp;documentName=WP.HVAC.03.pdf (accessed June 4, 2018).<br />\n[4] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[5] Project information, savings and environmental benefits provided by Michael Kornitas, Energy Conservation Manager, Rutgers University.<br />\n[6] California Energy Commission. “Water/Wastewater Efficiency:  Variable frequency drives.” http://www.energy.ca.gov/process/pubs/vfds.pdf (accessed June 4, 2018).<br />\n[7] American Society for Healthcare Engineering (ASHE). 2010. Sustainability Roadmap: Install Variable Frequency Drives on Pumps and Motors. http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/224#.XAgk9C3Mzq0 (accessed Dec 7, 2018).<br />\n[8] Navigant. 2013. “Incremental Cost Study Phase Two Final Report – A Report on 12 Energy Efficiency Measures Incremental Costs in Six Northeast and Mid-Atlantic Markets. Prepared for the Evaluation, Measurement and Verification Forum. Chaired by the Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships. https://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/NEEP%20ICS2%20FINAL%20REPORT%202013Feb11-Website.pdf (accessed Dec 19, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Integrated Design Process<br />\nPart-Load Efficiency<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)<br />\nENERGY STAR Verified HVAC Installations (ESVI)<br />\nUS Department of Energy – Adjustable Speed Drive Part-Load Efficiency<br />\nNJ Clean Energy SmartStart Buildings Program</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7328,1689,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 03:51:09'),(7329,1689,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7330,1689,'_edit_lock','1650042716:2'),(7332,168,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Variable frequency drives, Atrium Building – Secaucus, NJ (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)'),(7333,1689,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7336,1689,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7337,1689,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7338,1689,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1689\" /]'),(7339,1689,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7340,1689,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7341,1689,'_thumbnail_id','168'),(7342,1689,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7343,1689,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7344,1689,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7348,1696,'_edit_lock','1651068414:2'),(7349,1696,'_edit_last','2'),(7350,1696,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7351,1696,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7352,1696,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7353,1696,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7354,1696,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7355,1696,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7356,1696,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7357,1696,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7358,1696,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Acoustic Comfort</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Acoustic Comfort?<br />\nAcoustic comfort refers to a building occupant’s experience related to sound in a building or a specific space within a building. A space with good acoustics has a minimal echo, allows for confidential conversations that don’t interrupt others working in the space, and controls excess noise from outside sources as well as sources within the building.[1] Three common noise issues include excess noise from outside, noise from adjacent spaces and noise control issues within a space.[2] Controlling these aspects of sound can help improve indoor environmental quality (IEQ).[3]<br />\nThe Center for the Built Environment (CBE) at U.C. Berkeley maintains a post-occupancy evaluation (POE) database related to indoor environmental quality that includes input about acoustic satisfaction in office buildings. The main categorization of complaints related to acoustics includes excessive noise, lack of speech privacy, and lack of speech clarity.[4]<br />\nExcessive noise issues come from poor sound isolation, which occurs when background noises are too high from outside noises penetrating inside or from noise generated by office equipment or other people.<br />\nSpeech Privacy issues occur when a speaker is not able to communicate with a listener because the speech becomes indiscernible. Courtrooms, hospitals, clinics, and doctor and legal offices are some of the places most affected, especially considering the private discussions that occur in these spaces. Adjusting the ratio between speech and noise levels can control speech privacy. For example, increasing background noise and reducing the noise energy from speech can improve speech privacy concerns. See sound masking section below for details on how to incorporate this technique.<br />\nSpeech Clarity issues make communication difficult and stem from excessive background noise and too much reverberation (sound reflecting off various surfaces).<br />\nHow to Improve Acoustic Comfort<br />\nAn integrated design process is key to achieving a high level of acoustic comfort. Project goals related to security and sustainability, for example, are sometimes perceived to conflict with acoustic goals but involving professionals from those areas of expertise from the start of the project, helps achieve synergistic goals.[5] The following concepts and terms are important to understand when considering acoustic comfort.<br />\nSound Absorbing Technologies</p>\n<p>Sound Transmission Class (STC): STC is a numerical rating system that measures the ability of a wall, floor, or ceiling to minimize sound transmission. The table below details how the rating system works. Hire an acoustical engineer to address conditions in rooms such as conference rooms and mechanical equipment rooms.[6]</p>\n<p>Sound Masking: Sound masking produces unobtrusive sound through speakers installed above ceiling tiles. The background sound reduces interference from distracting office sounds in a manner that also helps make conversations between workers more coherent. Whether installed in an enclosed area or more open office space, adjustments can be made to sound masking. Sound masking can subsequently increase worker productivity as well as improve morale and speech privacy.<br />\nSound Isolation separates sources of noise from the building’s occupants. For example, mechanical equipment such as a building’s HVAC system can become too noisy and make conversations difficult. Implementing sound-absorbing elements along with the proper STC walls, floor, and ceilings can help mitigate the sounds that a noisy HVAC system may create. Consider the following recommendations to increase sound isolation for HVAC systems:<br />\nAvoid through-the-wall air return louvers that draw air from one room through another in private offices, conference rooms, and other rooms where confidential discussions are expected to occur. All air returns should be ducted.<br />\nDo not locate air supply or return registers close to each other on opposite sides of a partition wall. Doing so causes the sound to pass directly from one room to another, negating the acoustical value of the partition.<br />\nSpecify quiet HVAC equipment. Though the price may be somewhat higher, the alternative to using standard equipment may lead to costly and disruptive remediation.</p>\n<p>Consider the following recommendations to develop an indoor environment that provides acoustic comfort:</p>\n<p>Specify sound absorbing materials (e.g., walls, carpets, ceilings) and configure spaces to dampen rather than magnify sound reverberation.<br />\nProvide sound masking if necessary.<br />\nLimit transmission of noise from outside by designing high sound transmission class (STC) walls between work areas and high noise areas inside and outside the building.<br />\nMinimize background noise from the building’s HVAC system and other equipment.<br />\nProvide opportunities for privacy and concentration when needed in open plan offices.<br />\nEnclose or separate group activity spaces from work areas when the concentration is essential.[7]</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nAcoustic comfort can reduce stress, protect health, and increase occupant satisfaction and productivity by contributing to a more comfortable environment psychologically and acoustically.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe cost of implementing strategies to achieve acoustic comfort varies depending on specific project goals and the approach taken. The GSA Sound Matters report in the Resources section below provides costs related to typical partition, wall and ceiling materials. Through increased worker productivity as well as improved indoor environmental quality and the health benefits associated with it, good acoustics can contribute to overall cost savings.[8]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nAcoustic comfort is a critical element of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) that affects the health and well-being of building occupants. In the event of a disaster or emergency event, a high-quality indoor environment helps protect building occupants and contribute to a built environment that can provide protection and recovery from hazardous events.<br />\n[1] GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Indoor Environmental Quality.  https://sftool.gov/learn/about/1/indoor-environmental-quality-ieq (accessed December 26, 2018).<br />\n[2] WBDG. Acoustic Comfort. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic-comfort (accessed December 27, 2018).<br />\n[3] National Institute of Building Sciences – WBDG. Acoustic Comfort. September 2018. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic.php?r=ieq (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[4] UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. Acoustical Analysis in Office Environments Using POE Surveys. http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/acoustic_poe.htm (accessed December 27, 2018).<br />\n[5] WBDG. Acoustic Comfort. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic-comfort (accessed December 27, 2018).<br />\n[6] NAIMA. Noise Control http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/BI476.pdf (accessed September 10, 2018)<br />\n[7] National Institute of Building Sciences – WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. September, 2018. http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[8] U.S General Services Administration. Interior Finishes. August 2017. http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/101251 (accessed September 10, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Individual Comfort Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Acoustical Society of America<br />\nGeneral Services Administration – Sound Matters<br />\nInsulation Institute<br />\nThe Well Building Standard – Comfort Features<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Acoustic Comfort</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7359,1696,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 03:51:09'),(7360,1696,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7568,454,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Sound Transmission Class Ratings (Source: Adapted from NIAIMA’s Noise Control).'),(7569,1696,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7572,1696,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7573,1696,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7574,1696,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1696\" /]'),(7575,1696,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7576,1696,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7578,1696,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7579,1696,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7580,1696,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7586,1701,'_edit_last','2'),(7587,1701,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7588,1701,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7589,1701,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7590,1701,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7591,1701,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7592,1701,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7593,1701,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7594,1701,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7595,1701,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Entryway Systems</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Entryway Systems?<br />\nEntryway or “walk-off” systems are grills, grates, or mats that reduce the amount of dirt, dust, pollen, and other biological and non-biological agents entering the building.[1] Once brought indoors, these substances can enter into air circulation, and the HVAC system and the building occupants can become exposed to them. The goal is to minimize and control pollutant entry into buildings and cross-contamination of regularly occupied areas. Entryway systems can prevent 80 to 90 percent of dust, dirt, and other particles commonly tracked into a building from reaching the interior.[2] Designing exterior entrances with permanent entryway systems to catch and hold particles helps enhance indoor environmental quality by contributing to source control of dust, pollen, and other particles.[3]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Entryway Systems<br />\nInstall permanent entryway systems at outside entrances to prevent dirt from entering the building. Entryway systems include permanently installed grates, grilles, or slotted systems that allow for cleaning underneath. Roll-out mats can also serve as entryway systems that protect the indoor environmental quality, but they need to be maintained weekly and be designed to guide traffic along the entire length of the mat. Incorporate specifics about entryway maintenance in the facility’s green cleaning program (see Green Cleaning).<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Reduces contaminants/pollutants in the facility<br />\nReduces cleaning/maintenance costs<br />\nProtects indoor air quality<br />\nImproves indoor environmental quality<br />\nProtects occupant health<br />\nProtects indoor flooring surfaces<br />\nContributes to the durability of the facility</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of entryway systems varies depending on the type of system installed. An entrance mat may cost as little as $4-6/sf, and a metal grate system cost approximately $20/sf (material only).[4] On average, people track over a pound of dirt a week into a building through just one entryway so reducing the amount of dirt and other particles that enter the building can reduce the cost of cleaning.[5]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nEntryway systems help protect indoor air quality and the integrity of indoor flooring materials during events that cause wet conditions such as storms and flooding, contributing to the protection of occupants during and following storm events as well as the long-term durability of the facility.<br />\n[1] Yale University, Green Cleaning Standards.  Published by the Yale Facilities Management Department and The Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education (AASHE), February 2012. https://stars.aashe.org/media/secure/241/7/652/5915/GreenCleaning.pdf (accessed July 28th, 2018)<br />\n[2] Lynne Knoblock Fedders, Cleanlink.  Published by the National Floor Safety Institute, October 2013.  https://nfsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/design.pdf (accessed July 28, 2018)<br />\n[3] Whole Building Design Guide. http://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php (accessed July 28, 2018).<br />\n[4] Costs based on average data from several manufacturers.<br />\n[5] Corrine Zudonyi, CleanLink. Floor Care, Rolling out the Welcome Mat.   http://www.cleanlink.com/hs/article/Floor-Care-Rolling-Out-The-Welcome-Mat–8939 (accessed July 28, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Green Cleaning</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>General Services Administration – Sustainable Facilities Tool – Entryway Systems/Walk-off Mats<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7596,1701,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 03:51:09'),(7597,1701,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7598,1701,'_edit_lock','1650043284:2'),(7600,369,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Installation of a metal grate as part of the entryway system for Queens Botanical Garden Visitor Center (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)'),(7601,1701,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7604,1701,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7605,1701,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7606,1701,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1701\" /]'),(7607,1701,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7608,1701,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7609,1701,'_thumbnail_id','369'),(7610,1701,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7611,1701,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7612,1701,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7615,1706,'_edit_lock','1650043584:2'),(7616,1706,'_edit_last','2'),(7617,1706,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7618,1706,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7619,1706,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7620,1706,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7621,1706,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7622,1706,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7623,1706,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7624,1706,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7625,1706,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Individual Comfort Controls</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Individual Comfort Controls?<br />\nIndividual comfort controls promote occupant comfort and well-being by enabling building occupants to control airflow and temperature in individual workspaces. Individual comfort controls support flexibility within the interior environment by supporting individual adjustment for localized conditions and user preference.<br />\nIndividual comfort levels vary due to differences in clothing, activity level (metabolic rate), and individual preferences.[1] ASHRAE Standard 55, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, a widely used thermal comfort measure, aim to satisfy most of the people, most of the time and combines four of the traditional comfort factors (air temperature, air humidity, radiant temperature, and airspeed) to define comfort ranges for occupants. Satisfying the people who fall outside ASHRAE’s standardized comfort bands requires individualized comfort controls at each workstation.[2]<br />\nHow to Implement Individual Comfort Controls<br />\nDesign the building and systems with comfort controls to allow adjustments to suit individual needs or those of groups in shared spaces. ASHRAE Standard 55 identifies the factors of thermal comfort and a process for developing comfort criteria for building spaces that suit the needs of the occupants involved in their daily activities. Control strategies can expand beyond basic comfort criteria and allow adjustments to suit individual needs and preferences. For example, individual comfort controls can involve system designs incorporating operable windows, hybrid systems integrating operable windows and mechanical systems, or mechanical systems alone (see Natural Ventilation, Energy-Efficient Windows, and Views and Operable Windows).[3] Individual adjustments may involve individual thermostat controls, local diffusers at the floor, desk or overhead levels, or control of individual radiant panels, or other means integrated into the overall building, thermal comfort systems, and energy systems design (see Smart Sensors and Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, and Daylighting). Also, designers should evaluate the closely tied interactions between thermal comfort (as required by ASHRAE Standard 55) and acceptable indoor air quality (as required by ASHRAE Standard 62.1, whether natural or mechanical ventilation).[4] Individual comfort controls can also refer to lighting controls and automatic daylighting systems and provide occupants with the ability to adjust lighting levels and reduce glare in their workspaces through task lighting or operable shading devices (see Daylighting, and High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls). Green building certification programs such as LEEDv4[5] and the Well Building Standard[6] give credit for including individual comfort controls.<br />\nExample<br />\nBuilding Users are the Key to Successful Energy Efficient Strategies<br />\nStudies of individual control of ventilation and temperature suggest energy savings, improvements in satisfaction, and a decrease in discomfort complaints. Results of a research study by Dr. Clinton Andrews and the Consortium for Building Energy Innovation showed that personal environmental control improved environmental satisfaction. The objective of the study was to evaluate the benefits of personal controls over lighting and ventilation and temperature in offices regarding occupant satisfaction, mood and visual comfort, as well as energy efficiency.[7]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nIndividual comfort controls: [8]</p>\n<p>Improve thermal comfort for individual occupants.<br />\nImprove air movement and ventilation effectiveness; a cleaner environment.<br />\nImprove task lighting and reduce glare and heat gain at individual workspaces.<br />\nReduce building energy use.<br />\nLower building operating costs.<br />\nImprove occupant satisfaction and the potential to increase worker productivity.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of implementing a system that allows for individual comfort controls vary by project but is usually most cost effective when incorporated through an integrated design process (see Integrated Design Process). Higher first costs such as raised access flooring can be reduced or offset by reduced costs for ductwork, electrical services, and mechanical equipment.[9] In addition to the increased potential for improved well-being and increased productivity, enhancing thermal comfort through individual comfort controls can reduce occupant complaints and associated time spent by facilities maintenance staff. [10]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIf the power does not go out during emergency situations and severe weather events, occupants can maintain control of the temperature and ventilation of specific areas within a building with individual controls, thus improving comfort. Individual comfort controls can decrease overall energy use and improve occupant comfort, health, and well-being, all of which can contribute to resiliency through helping occupants and communities withstand and recover from disruptions.[11]<br />\n[1] UC Berkeley. Thermal Comfort in UFAD Systems. http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/thermalcomfort.htm (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[2] ASHRAE Standard. Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-55-thermal-environmental-conditions-for-human-occupancy (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[3] Stanford University. EQ Credit 6.2: Controllability of Systems: Thermal Comfort. https://web.stanford.edu/class/cee115/wiki/uploads/Main/StudentGroup2NewBuildingAnalyisBillingsMilleaVictorsson/BillingsEQcredit6_2.pdf (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[4] Chris Mueller, ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer. ASHRAE Standard 62.1 The IAQ Procedure and LEED.  https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/ciaq-webinar-muller.pdf (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[5] USGBC. LEED v4. Thermal Controls – Controllability. https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62 (accessed January 19, 2019).<br />\n[6] Well Building Standard – Individual Thermal Control.  https://standard.wellcertified.com/comfort/individual-thermal-control?_ga=2.191711722.134009741.1547941804-560727732.1547313140 (accessed January 19, 2019).<br />\n[7] Andrews, C.J., Senick, J.A., Wener, R.W., and M. Sorensen Allacci. (2012) “Investigating Building Performance Through Simulation of Occupant Behavior,” GreenBuild 2012 Proceedings, San Francisco, CA.<br />\n[8] UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems. http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[9] UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems. http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm  (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[10]  Well Building Standard. Thermal Comfort. https://v2.wellcertified.com/v2.1/en/thermal%20comfort (accessed January 19, 2019).<br />\n[11] GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Occupant Comfort. https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort (accessed January 19, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Daylighting<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nViews and Operable Windows</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Consortium for Building Energy Innovation – Empowering Energy Efficient Occupants<br />\nGSA Sustainable Tools – Occupant Comfort<br />\nNew Jersey Office of Clean Energy<br />\nUC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment – Research on Indoor Environmental Quality<br />\nUSGBC – LEEDv4 Thermal Comfort – controllability<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Provide Comfortable Environments</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7626,1706,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 03:51:08'),(7627,1706,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7629,1706,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7632,1706,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7633,1706,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7634,1706,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1706\" /]'),(7635,1706,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7636,1706,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7638,1706,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7639,1706,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7640,1706,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7645,95,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Underfloor air distribution systems can improve occupant comfort (Source: UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment).'),(7646,1706,'_thumbnail_id','95'),(7649,1712,'_edit_last','2'),(7650,1712,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7651,1712,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7652,1712,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7653,1712,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7654,1712,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7655,1712,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7656,1712,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7657,1712,'_et_pb_first_image',''),