(1200,3,'2022-03-30 18:26:58','2022-03-30 18:26:58','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Energy Modeling\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Modeling?</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy modeling simulates a home’s energy use, helping to inform design decisions or diagnose underperformance. Model inputs include building geometry, envelope data, including construction materials specifications, mechanical systems data and projected or actual building use and operations including occupancy, lighting, and heating and cooling schedules.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>These inputs are combined with local weather data to simulate cost-effective building designs with optimized energy performance.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_404\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"594\"]<img class=\"wp-image-404 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Energy-Modeling-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Screenshot of BEopt Energy Modeling Software. (Source: NREL BEopt)\" width=\"594\" height=\"380\" /> Figure 1. Screenshot of BEopt Energy Modeling Software. (Source: NREL BEopt)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>How to Implement Energy Modeling</h2>\n<p>Implementing energy modeling into a new residential project requires an appropriately skilled team (see<span> </span><em>Integrated Design Process</em>).  The architect/designer/builder should be knowledgeable about energy-efficient and green building practices. A ‘Certified Energy Professional’ can evaluate or rate the home design using energy modeling software and recommend improvements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The necessary steps for implementing a building energy model comprise the following. First, create a model of the baseline home, which represents the building as designed. Next, manipulate specific variables to create alternate scenarios of the home’s energy performance. Many national green building certification programs require new buildings to meet or exceed a specified level of energy performance, and correspondingly require energy model documentation including these:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/newhomes/homes_prog_reqs/national_page\">US EPA Energy Star Certified Home Version 3.1</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE Zero Energy Ready Home Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed\">USGBC LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018) Certification Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>USGBC’s LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise references the Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Home Energy Rating System (HERS)<sup> <span> </span></sup>Index<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>for single-family homes, and for multifamily, the ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1–2010, Appendix G (with errata).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are a variety of software packages on the market available to create and analyze residential energy models. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) offers free energy modeling software called<span> </span><a href=\"https://beopt.nrel.gov/\">BEopt (Building Energy Optimization)</a><span> </span>that uses<span> </span><a href=\"https://energyplus.net/\">EnergyPlus</a>.</p>\n<p><strong><b>Example</b></strong></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Monmouth-County-Green-Homes-POE-Final.pdf\">Green Residential Home Study: A Shore Community in New Jersey</a></p>\n<p>This case study by the Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB) compared the performance of three single-family homes built by Fluid Construction in Monmouth County, New Jersey – a home built to the LEED for Homes Silver standard,  a “Code Plus”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>home, and an ENERGY STAR-rated home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>MaGrann Associates completed an energy analysis on the ENERGY STAR and LEED-H homes using REM/Rate Home Energy Analysis Software.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>The baseline model of each home allows for the comparison between predicted and actual performance, as well as for the comparison between homes built to different levels of energy performance. The results of the energy analysis showed that the LEED-H outperformed a typical code home, that its design/predicted performance closely matched its actual performance, but that it underperformed compared to the home built to Energy Star certification.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>Energy modeling facilitates the comparison of building design alternatives and assists in determining the most cost-effective path for meeting energy performance goals over the life cycle of the building. Energy modeling also supports green building certification and code compliance. When used early in the design process, energy modeling reduces redesigns and subsequent delays later in the project.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost for energy modeling can range from $.05/SF for larger/less complicated buildings to $.45/SF for small or complicated ones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>The project size, level of analysis, and the complexity of the building design and the mechanical system all impact the cost of energy modeling.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Energy modeling identifies and evaluates green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While energy modeling typically uses historical weather data, “specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data” can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy modeling that takes into account resiliency objectives may include design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels.</p>\n<p>For example, the NYC Mayor’s Office of Resiliency and Recovery’s Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines provides resilient design strategies including, cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy – Emerging Technologies. 2018. “About Building Energy Modeling.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/about-building-energy-modeling\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/about-building-energy-modeling</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>The Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Professional.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.resnet.us/professional/\">http://www.resnet.us/professional/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>The Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Home Energy Rating System (HERS) Index rates homes on a scale of 0 to 100 where 0 corresponds to net-zero energy and 100 corresponds to code-level energy efficiency.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>USGBC LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise (Updated Oct 2, 2017). Page 7-8.<span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/\">https://new.usgbc.org</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Home built according to 2006 NJ State Building Code.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB) and Associates. 2011. “Green Residential Home Study: A Shore Community in New Jersey.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Monmouth-County-Green-Homes-POE-Final.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Monmouth-County-Green-Homes-POE-Final.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>REM/Rate™<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.remrate.com/\">http://www.remrate.com</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>Ibid, “Green Residential Home Study,” page 8.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Amber Wood and John Lisman. 2017. “The Benefits of Early Stage Energy Modeling.” USGBC-Colorado.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/articles/benefits-earlystage-energy-modeling-usgbc-colorado\">https://www.usgbc.org/articles/benefits-earlystage-energy-modeling-usgbc-colorado</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Email correspondence with Mike Kornitas, Director of Sustainability and Energy, Rutgers University, July 11, 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Jim Nicolow, “Measuring the cost to Become LEED Certified,” November 2008.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.facilitiesnet.com/green/article/Measuring-The-Cost-To-Become-LEED-Certified--10057\">http://www.facilitiesnet.com/green/article/Measuring-The-Cost-To-Become-LEED-Certified–10057</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.aceee.org/topics/building-modeling-and-simulation\">American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)– Building Modeling and Simulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/professional-development/ashrae-certification/certification-types/bemp-building-energy-modeling-professional-certification\">ASHRAE Building Energy Modeling (BEM) Professional Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://beopt.nrel.gov/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) BEopt</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute – PHIUS+ 2018 Certification Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.resnet.us/\">Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET)</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.hersindex.com/\">HERS Index</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/\">USGBC LEEDv4 for Homes and Multifamily Midrise</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-energy-modeling-0\">Building Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bldrs_lenders_raters.homes_guidelns\">US EPA EnergyStar Certified Home Program</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy Modeling','','publish','closed','open','','nr-energy-modeling','','','2022-04-15 17:17:06','2022-04-15 17:17:06','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1200',0,'post','',0),(1202,3,'2022-03-30 18:26:58','2022-03-30 18:26:58','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Energy Modeling\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Modeling?</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy modeling simulates a home’s energy use, helping to inform design decisions or diagnose underperformance. Model inputs include building geometry, envelope data, including construction materials specifications, mechanical systems data and projected or actual building use and operations including occupancy, lighting, and heating and cooling schedules.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>These inputs are combined with local weather data to simulate cost-effective building designs with optimized energy performance.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_404\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"594\"]<img class=\"wp-image-404 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Energy-Modeling-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Screenshot of BEopt Energy Modeling Software. (Source: NREL BEopt)\" width=\"594\" height=\"380\" /> Figure 1. Screenshot of BEopt Energy Modeling Software. (Source: NREL BEopt)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>How to Implement Energy Modeling</h2>\n<p>Implementing energy modeling into a new residential project requires an appropriately skilled team (see<span> </span><em>Integrated Design Process</em>).  The architect/designer/builder should be knowledgeable about energy-efficient and green building practices. A ‘Certified Energy Professional’ can evaluate or rate the home design using energy modeling software and recommend improvements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The necessary steps for implementing a building energy model comprise the following. First, create a model of the baseline home, which represents the building as designed. Next, manipulate specific variables to create alternate scenarios of the home’s energy performance. Many national green building certification programs require new buildings to meet or exceed a specified level of energy performance, and correspondingly require energy model documentation including these:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/newhomes/homes_prog_reqs/national_page\">US EPA Energy Star Certified Home Version 3.1</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE Zero Energy Ready Home Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed\">USGBC LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018) Certification Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>USGBC’s LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise references the Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Home Energy Rating System (HERS)<sup> <span> </span></sup>Index<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>for single-family homes, and for multifamily, the ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1–2010, Appendix G (with errata).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are a variety of software packages on the market available to create and analyze residential energy models. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) offers free energy modeling software called<span> </span><a href=\"https://beopt.nrel.gov/\">BEopt (Building Energy Optimization)</a><span> </span>that uses<span> </span><a href=\"https://energyplus.net/\">EnergyPlus</a>.</p>\n<p><strong><b>Example</b></strong></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Monmouth-County-Green-Homes-POE-Final.pdf\">Green Residential Home Study: A Shore Community in New Jersey</a></p>\n<p>This case study by the Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB) compared the performance of three single-family homes built by Fluid Construction in Monmouth County, New Jersey – a home built to the LEED for Homes Silver standard,  a “Code Plus”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>home, and an ENERGY STAR-rated home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>MaGrann Associates completed an energy analysis on the ENERGY STAR and LEED-H homes using REM/Rate Home Energy Analysis Software.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>The baseline model of each home allows for the comparison between predicted and actual performance, as well as for the comparison between homes built to different levels of energy performance. The results of the energy analysis showed that the LEED-H outperformed a typical code home, that its design/predicted performance closely matched its actual performance, but that it underperformed compared to the home built to Energy Star certification.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>Energy modeling facilitates the comparison of building design alternatives and assists in determining the most cost-effective path for meeting energy performance goals over the life cycle of the building. Energy modeling also supports green building certification and code compliance. When used early in the design process, energy modeling reduces redesigns and subsequent delays later in the project.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost for energy modeling can range from $.05/SF for larger/less complicated buildings to $.45/SF for small or complicated ones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>The project size, level of analysis, and the complexity of the building design and the mechanical system all impact the cost of energy modeling.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Energy modeling identifies and evaluates green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While energy modeling typically uses historical weather data, “specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data” can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy modeling that takes into account resiliency objectives may include design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels.</p>\n<p>For example, the NYC Mayor’s Office of Resiliency and Recovery’s Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines provides resilient design strategies including, cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy – Emerging Technologies. 2018. “About Building Energy Modeling.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/about-building-energy-modeling\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/about-building-energy-modeling</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>The Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Professional.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.resnet.us/professional/\">http://www.resnet.us/professional/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>The Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Home Energy Rating System (HERS) Index rates homes on a scale of 0 to 100 where 0 corresponds to net-zero energy and 100 corresponds to code-level energy efficiency.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>USGBC LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise (Updated Oct 2, 2017). Page 7-8.<span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/\">https://new.usgbc.org</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Home built according to 2006 NJ State Building Code.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB) and Associates. 2011. “Green Residential Home Study: A Shore Community in New Jersey.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Monmouth-County-Green-Homes-POE-Final.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Monmouth-County-Green-Homes-POE-Final.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>REM/Rate™<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.remrate.com/\">http://www.remrate.com</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>Ibid, “Green Residential Home Study,” page 8.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Amber Wood and John Lisman. 2017. “The Benefits of Early Stage Energy Modeling.” USGBC-Colorado.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/articles/benefits-earlystage-energy-modeling-usgbc-colorado\">https://www.usgbc.org/articles/benefits-earlystage-energy-modeling-usgbc-colorado</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Email correspondence with Mike Kornitas, Director of Sustainability and Energy, Rutgers University, July 11, 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Jim Nicolow, “Measuring the cost to Become LEED Certified,” November 2008.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.facilitiesnet.com/green/article/Measuring-The-Cost-To-Become-LEED-Certified--10057\">http://www.facilitiesnet.com/green/article/Measuring-The-Cost-To-Become-LEED-Certified–10057</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.aceee.org/topics/building-modeling-and-simulation\">American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)– Building Modeling and Simulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/professional-development/ashrae-certification/certification-types/bemp-building-energy-modeling-professional-certification\">ASHRAE Building Energy Modeling (BEM) Professional Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://beopt.nrel.gov/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) BEopt</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute – PHIUS+ 2018 Certification Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.resnet.us/\">Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET)</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.hersindex.com/\">HERS Index</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/\">USGBC LEEDv4 for Homes and Multifamily Midrise</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-energy-modeling-0\">Building Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bldrs_lenders_raters.homes_guidelns\">US EPA EnergyStar Certified Home Program</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy Modeling','','inherit','closed','closed','','1200-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 18:26:58','2022-03-30 18:26:58','',1200,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1202',0,'revision','',0),(1203,3,'2022-03-30 18:26:59','2022-03-30 18:26:59','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Energy Modeling\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Modeling?</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy modeling simulates a home’s energy use, helping to inform design decisions or diagnose underperformance. Model inputs include building geometry, envelope data, including construction materials specifications, mechanical systems data and projected or actual building use and operations including occupancy, lighting, and heating and cooling schedules.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>These inputs are combined with local weather data to simulate cost-effective building designs with optimized energy performance.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_404\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"594\"]<img class=\"wp-image-404 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Energy-Modeling-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Screenshot of BEopt Energy Modeling Software. (Source: NREL BEopt)\" width=\"594\" height=\"380\" /> Figure 1. Screenshot of BEopt Energy Modeling Software. (Source: NREL BEopt)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>How to Implement Energy Modeling</h2>\n<p>Implementing energy modeling into a new residential project requires an appropriately skilled team (see<span> </span><em>Integrated Design Process</em>).  The architect/designer/builder should be knowledgeable about energy-efficient and green building practices. A ‘Certified Energy Professional’ can evaluate or rate the home design using energy modeling software and recommend improvements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The necessary steps for implementing a building energy model comprise the following. First, create a model of the baseline home, which represents the building as designed. Next, manipulate specific variables to create alternate scenarios of the home’s energy performance. Many national green building certification programs require new buildings to meet or exceed a specified level of energy performance, and correspondingly require energy model documentation including these:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/newhomes/homes_prog_reqs/national_page\">US EPA Energy Star Certified Home Version 3.1</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE Zero Energy Ready Home Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed\">USGBC LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018) Certification Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>USGBC’s LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise references the Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Home Energy Rating System (HERS)<sup> <span> </span></sup>Index<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>for single-family homes, and for multifamily, the ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1–2010, Appendix G (with errata).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are a variety of software packages on the market available to create and analyze residential energy models. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) offers free energy modeling software called<span> </span><a href=\"https://beopt.nrel.gov/\">BEopt (Building Energy Optimization)</a><span> </span>that uses<span> </span><a href=\"https://energyplus.net/\">EnergyPlus</a>.</p>\n<p><strong><b>Example</b></strong></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Monmouth-County-Green-Homes-POE-Final.pdf\">Green Residential Home Study: A Shore Community in New Jersey</a></p>\n<p>This case study by the Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB) compared the performance of three single-family homes built by Fluid Construction in Monmouth County, New Jersey – a home built to the LEED for Homes Silver standard,  a “Code Plus”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>home, and an ENERGY STAR-rated home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>MaGrann Associates completed an energy analysis on the ENERGY STAR and LEED-H homes using REM/Rate Home Energy Analysis Software.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>The baseline model of each home allows for the comparison between predicted and actual performance, as well as for the comparison between homes built to different levels of energy performance. The results of the energy analysis showed that the LEED-H outperformed a typical code home, that its design/predicted performance closely matched its actual performance, but that it underperformed compared to the home built to Energy Star certification.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>Energy modeling facilitates the comparison of building design alternatives and assists in determining the most cost-effective path for meeting energy performance goals over the life cycle of the building. Energy modeling also supports green building certification and code compliance. When used early in the design process, energy modeling reduces redesigns and subsequent delays later in the project.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost for energy modeling can range from $.05/SF for larger/less complicated buildings to $.45/SF for small or complicated ones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>The project size, level of analysis, and the complexity of the building design and the mechanical system all impact the cost of energy modeling.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Energy modeling identifies and evaluates green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While energy modeling typically uses historical weather data, “specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data” can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy modeling that takes into account resiliency objectives may include design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels.</p>\n<p>For example, the NYC Mayor’s Office of Resiliency and Recovery’s Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines provides resilient design strategies including, cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy – Emerging Technologies. 2018. “About Building Energy Modeling.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/about-building-energy-modeling\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/about-building-energy-modeling</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>The Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Professional.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.resnet.us/professional/\">http://www.resnet.us/professional/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>The Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Home Energy Rating System (HERS) Index rates homes on a scale of 0 to 100 where 0 corresponds to net-zero energy and 100 corresponds to code-level energy efficiency.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>USGBC LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise (Updated Oct 2, 2017). Page 7-8.<span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/\">https://new.usgbc.org</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Home built according to 2006 NJ State Building Code.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB) and Associates. 2011. “Green Residential Home Study: A Shore Community in New Jersey.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Monmouth-County-Green-Homes-POE-Final.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Monmouth-County-Green-Homes-POE-Final.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>REM/Rate™<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.remrate.com/\">http://www.remrate.com</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>Ibid, “Green Residential Home Study,” page 8.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Amber Wood and John Lisman. 2017. “The Benefits of Early Stage Energy Modeling.” USGBC-Colorado.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/articles/benefits-earlystage-energy-modeling-usgbc-colorado\">https://www.usgbc.org/articles/benefits-earlystage-energy-modeling-usgbc-colorado</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Email correspondence with Mike Kornitas, Director of Sustainability and Energy, Rutgers University, July 11, 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Jim Nicolow, “Measuring the cost to Become LEED Certified,” November 2008.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.facilitiesnet.com/green/article/Measuring-The-Cost-To-Become-LEED-Certified--10057\">http://www.facilitiesnet.com/green/article/Measuring-The-Cost-To-Become-LEED-Certified–10057</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.aceee.org/topics/building-modeling-and-simulation\">American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)– Building Modeling and Simulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/professional-development/ashrae-certification/certification-types/bemp-building-energy-modeling-professional-certification\">ASHRAE Building Energy Modeling (BEM) Professional Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://beopt.nrel.gov/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) BEopt</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute – PHIUS+ 2018 Certification Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.resnet.us/\">Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET)</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.hersindex.com/\">HERS Index</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/\">USGBC LEEDv4 for Homes and Multifamily Midrise</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-energy-modeling-0\">Building Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bldrs_lenders_raters.homes_guidelns\">US EPA EnergyStar Certified Home Program</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building Information Modeling','','inherit','closed','closed','','1200-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 18:26:59','2022-03-30 18:26:59','',1200,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1203',0,'revision','',0),(1205,3,'2022-03-30 18:27:03','2022-03-30 18:27:03','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Energy Modeling\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Modeling?</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy modeling simulates a home’s energy use, helping to inform design decisions or diagnose underperformance. Model inputs include building geometry, envelope data, including construction materials specifications, mechanical systems data and projected or actual building use and operations including occupancy, lighting, and heating and cooling schedules.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>These inputs are combined with local weather data to simulate cost-effective building designs with optimized energy performance.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_404\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"594\"]<img class=\"wp-image-404 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Energy-Modeling-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Screenshot of BEopt Energy Modeling Software. (Source: NREL BEopt)\" width=\"594\" height=\"380\" /> Figure 1. Screenshot of BEopt Energy Modeling Software. (Source: NREL BEopt)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>How to Implement Energy Modeling</h2>\n<p>Implementing energy modeling into a new residential project requires an appropriately skilled team (see<span> </span><em>Integrated Design Process</em>).  The architect/designer/builder should be knowledgeable about energy-efficient and green building practices. A ‘Certified Energy Professional’ can evaluate or rate the home design using energy modeling software and recommend improvements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The necessary steps for implementing a building energy model comprise the following. First, create a model of the baseline home, which represents the building as designed. Next, manipulate specific variables to create alternate scenarios of the home’s energy performance. Many national green building certification programs require new buildings to meet or exceed a specified level of energy performance, and correspondingly require energy model documentation including these:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/newhomes/homes_prog_reqs/national_page\">US EPA Energy Star Certified Home Version 3.1</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE Zero Energy Ready Home Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed\">USGBC LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018) Certification Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>USGBC’s LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise references the Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Home Energy Rating System (HERS)<sup> <span> </span></sup>Index<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>for single-family homes, and for multifamily, the ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1–2010, Appendix G (with errata).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are a variety of software packages on the market available to create and analyze residential energy models. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) offers free energy modeling software called<span> </span><a href=\"https://beopt.nrel.gov/\">BEopt (Building Energy Optimization)</a><span> </span>that uses<span> </span><a href=\"https://energyplus.net/\">EnergyPlus</a>.</p>\n<p><strong><b>Example</b></strong></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Monmouth-County-Green-Homes-POE-Final.pdf\">Green Residential Home Study: A Shore Community in New Jersey</a></p>\n<p>This case study by the Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB) compared the performance of three single-family homes built by Fluid Construction in Monmouth County, New Jersey – a home built to the LEED for Homes Silver standard,  a “Code Plus”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>home, and an ENERGY STAR-rated home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>MaGrann Associates completed an energy analysis on the ENERGY STAR and LEED-H homes using REM/Rate Home Energy Analysis Software.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>The baseline model of each home allows for the comparison between predicted and actual performance, as well as for the comparison between homes built to different levels of energy performance. The results of the energy analysis showed that the LEED-H outperformed a typical code home, that its design/predicted performance closely matched its actual performance, but that it underperformed compared to the home built to Energy Star certification.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>Energy modeling facilitates the comparison of building design alternatives and assists in determining the most cost-effective path for meeting energy performance goals over the life cycle of the building. Energy modeling also supports green building certification and code compliance. When used early in the design process, energy modeling reduces redesigns and subsequent delays later in the project.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost for energy modeling can range from $.05/SF for larger/less complicated buildings to $.45/SF for small or complicated ones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>The project size, level of analysis, and the complexity of the building design and the mechanical system all impact the cost of energy modeling.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Energy modeling identifies and evaluates green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While energy modeling typically uses historical weather data, “specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data” can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy modeling that takes into account resiliency objectives may include design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels.</p>\n<p>For example, the NYC Mayor’s Office of Resiliency and Recovery’s Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines provides resilient design strategies including, cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy – Emerging Technologies. 2018. “About Building Energy Modeling.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/about-building-energy-modeling\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/about-building-energy-modeling</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>The Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Professional.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.resnet.us/professional/\">http://www.resnet.us/professional/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>The Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Home Energy Rating System (HERS) Index rates homes on a scale of 0 to 100 where 0 corresponds to net-zero energy and 100 corresponds to code-level energy efficiency.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>USGBC LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise (Updated Oct 2, 2017). Page 7-8.<span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/\">https://new.usgbc.org</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Home built according to 2006 NJ State Building Code.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB) and Associates. 2011. “Green Residential Home Study: A Shore Community in New Jersey.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Monmouth-County-Green-Homes-POE-Final.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Monmouth-County-Green-Homes-POE-Final.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>REM/Rate™<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.remrate.com/\">http://www.remrate.com</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>Ibid, “Green Residential Home Study,” page 8.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Amber Wood and John Lisman. 2017. “The Benefits of Early Stage Energy Modeling.” USGBC-Colorado.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/articles/benefits-earlystage-energy-modeling-usgbc-colorado\">https://www.usgbc.org/articles/benefits-earlystage-energy-modeling-usgbc-colorado</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Email correspondence with Mike Kornitas, Director of Sustainability and Energy, Rutgers University, July 11, 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Jim Nicolow, “Measuring the cost to Become LEED Certified,” November 2008.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.facilitiesnet.com/green/article/Measuring-The-Cost-To-Become-LEED-Certified--10057\">http://www.facilitiesnet.com/green/article/Measuring-The-Cost-To-Become-LEED-Certified–10057</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.aceee.org/topics/building-modeling-and-simulation\">American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)– Building Modeling and Simulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/professional-development/ashrae-certification/certification-types/bemp-building-energy-modeling-professional-certification\">ASHRAE Building Energy Modeling (BEM) Professional Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://beopt.nrel.gov/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) BEopt</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute – PHIUS+ 2018 Certification Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.resnet.us/\">Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET)</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.hersindex.com/\">HERS Index</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/\">USGBC LEEDv4 for Homes and Multifamily Midrise</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-energy-modeling-0\">Building Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bldrs_lenders_raters.homes_guidelns\">US EPA EnergyStar Certified Home Program</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy Modeling','','inherit','closed','closed','','1200-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 18:27:03','2022-03-30 18:27:03','',1200,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1205',0,'revision','',0),(1206,3,'2022-03-30 18:55:10','2022-03-30 18:55:10','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Energy Modeling\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Modeling?</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy modeling simulates a home’s energy use, helping to inform design decisions or diagnose underperformance. Model inputs include building geometry, envelope data, including construction materials specifications, mechanical systems data and projected or actual building use and operations including occupancy, lighting, and heating and cooling schedules.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>These inputs are combined with local weather data to simulate cost-effective building designs with optimized energy performance.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_404\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"594\"]<img class=\"wp-image-404 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Energy-Modeling-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Screenshot of BEopt Energy Modeling Software. (Source: NREL BEopt)\" width=\"594\" height=\"380\" /> Figure 1. Screenshot of BEopt Energy Modeling Software. (Source: NREL BEopt)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>How to Implement Energy Modeling</h2>\n<p>Implementing energy modeling into a new residential project requires an appropriately skilled team (see<span> </span><em>Integrated Design Process</em>).  The architect/designer/builder should be knowledgeable about energy-efficient and green building practices. A ‘Certified Energy Professional’ can evaluate or rate the home design using energy modeling software and recommend improvements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The necessary steps for implementing a building energy model comprise the following. First, create a model of the baseline home, which represents the building as designed. Next, manipulate specific variables to create alternate scenarios of the home’s energy performance. Many national green building certification programs require new buildings to meet or exceed a specified level of energy performance, and correspondingly require energy model documentation including these:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/newhomes/homes_prog_reqs/national_page\">US EPA Energy Star Certified Home Version 3.1</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE Zero Energy Ready Home Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed\">USGBC LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018) Certification Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>USGBC’s LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise references the Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Home Energy Rating System (HERS)<sup> <span> </span></sup>Index<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>for single-family homes, and for multifamily, the ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1–2010, Appendix G (with errata).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are a variety of software packages on the market available to create and analyze residential energy models. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) offers free energy modeling software called<span> </span><a href=\"https://beopt.nrel.gov/\">BEopt (Building Energy Optimization)</a><span> </span>that uses<span> </span><a href=\"https://energyplus.net/\">EnergyPlus</a>.</p>\n<p><strong><b>Example</b></strong></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Monmouth-County-Green-Homes-POE-Final.pdf\">Green Residential Home Study: A Shore Community in New Jersey</a></p>\n<p>This case study by the Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB) compared the performance of three single-family homes built by Fluid Construction in Monmouth County, New Jersey – a home built to the LEED for Homes Silver standard,  a “Code Plus”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>home, and an ENERGY STAR-rated home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>MaGrann Associates completed an energy analysis on the ENERGY STAR and LEED-H homes using REM/Rate Home Energy Analysis Software.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>The baseline model of each home allows for the comparison between predicted and actual performance, as well as for the comparison between homes built to different levels of energy performance. The results of the energy analysis showed that the LEED-H outperformed a typical code home, that its design/predicted performance closely matched its actual performance, but that it underperformed compared to the home built to Energy Star certification.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>Energy modeling facilitates the comparison of building design alternatives and assists in determining the most cost-effective path for meeting energy performance goals over the life cycle of the building. Energy modeling also supports green building certification and code compliance. When used early in the design process, energy modeling reduces redesigns and subsequent delays later in the project.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost for energy modeling can range from $.05/SF for larger/less complicated buildings to $.45/SF for small or complicated ones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>The project size, level of analysis, and the complexity of the building design and the mechanical system all impact the cost of energy modeling.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Energy modeling identifies and evaluates green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While energy modeling typically uses historical weather data, “specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data” can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy modeling that takes into account resiliency objectives may include design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels.</p>\n<p>For example, the NYC Mayor’s Office of Resiliency and Recovery’s Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines provides resilient design strategies including, cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy – Emerging Technologies. 2018. “About Building Energy Modeling.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/about-building-energy-modeling\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/about-building-energy-modeling</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>The Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Professional.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.resnet.us/professional/\">http://www.resnet.us/professional/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>The Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Home Energy Rating System (HERS) Index rates homes on a scale of 0 to 100 where 0 corresponds to net-zero energy and 100 corresponds to code-level energy efficiency.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>USGBC LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise (Updated Oct 2, 2017). Page 7-8.<span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/\">https://new.usgbc.org</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Home built according to 2006 NJ State Building Code.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB) and Associates. 2011. “Green Residential Home Study: A Shore Community in New Jersey.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Monmouth-County-Green-Homes-POE-Final.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Monmouth-County-Green-Homes-POE-Final.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>REM/Rate™<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.remrate.com/\">http://www.remrate.com</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>Ibid, “Green Residential Home Study,” page 8.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Amber Wood and John Lisman. 2017. “The Benefits of Early Stage Energy Modeling.” USGBC-Colorado.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/articles/benefits-earlystage-energy-modeling-usgbc-colorado\">https://www.usgbc.org/articles/benefits-earlystage-energy-modeling-usgbc-colorado</a><span> </span>(accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Email correspondence with Mike Kornitas, Director of Sustainability and Energy, Rutgers University, July 11, 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Jim Nicolow, “Measuring the cost to Become LEED Certified,” November 2008.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.facilitiesnet.com/green/article/Measuring-The-Cost-To-Become-LEED-Certified--10057\">http://www.facilitiesnet.com/green/article/Measuring-The-Cost-To-Become-LEED-Certified–10057</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.aceee.org/topics/building-modeling-and-simulation\">American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)– Building Modeling and Simulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/professional-development/ashrae-certification/certification-types/bemp-building-energy-modeling-professional-certification\">ASHRAE Building Energy Modeling (BEM) Professional Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://beopt.nrel.gov/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) BEopt</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute – PHIUS+ 2018 Certification Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.resnet.us/\">Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET)</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.hersindex.com/\">HERS Index</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/\">USGBC LEEDv4 for Homes and Multifamily Midrise</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-energy-modeling-0\">Building Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bldrs_lenders_raters.homes_guidelns\">US EPA EnergyStar Certified Home Program</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy Modeling','','inherit','closed','closed','','1200-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 18:55:10','2022-03-30 18:55:10','',1200,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1206',0,'revision','',0),(1207,3,'2022-03-30 18:57:59','2022-03-30 18:57:59','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Life Cycle Assessment?</strong></h2>\n<p>A life cycle assessment (LCA) is a “cradle-to-grave” or “cradle-to-cradle” evaluation method that assesses the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>In the residential building sector, LCA is a tool that helps architects, building professionals and homeowners understand the embodied energy and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of a building or building product as defined by the ISO 14040/44 standard including resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal or recycling (see Figure 1).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>The evaluation at each phase also includes the associated activities of a particular building product or design. For example, during the operational phase, the LCA for a deck includes the impact of the resources used for cleaning (e.g., energy, water, detergents), staining, or replacing boards.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_470\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"508\"]<img class=\"wp-image-470 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-LCA-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)\" width=\"508\" height=\"466\" /> Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Defined environmental impact areas commonly include:<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Climate change (“carbon footprint”)</li>\n<li>Acidification (“acid rain”)</li>\n<li>Eutrophication (“algal bloom”)</li>\n<li>Photochemical oxidant creation (“summer smog”)</li>\n<li>Ozone depletion (“the ozone hole”)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>LCA’s support informed decision-making by providing a standardized system for verifying environmental footprints and claims, identifying environmental trade-offs, and making relative comparisons between different design paths or product choices.</p>\n<p>While LCA’s take into account environmental impacts, Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) evaluates the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems (see<span> </span><em>Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</em>).  Together, LCA’s and LCCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.<strong> </strong></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</strong></h2>\n<p>Increasingly, consumers and regulatory agencies are asking businesses and product manufacturers to provide environmental product declarations, which use LCA data to report the environmental impacts of their products, processes, and services (see<span> </span><em>Sustainable Materials</em>). In the building sector, green building programs such as LEED, offer credits for environmentally preferable products that contain recycled and recyclable content, reclaimed materials (e.g., salvaged, refurbished or reused), or reduced life-cycle impacts (e.g., local production).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>Likewise, the field of LCA continues to evolve as the quality and completeness of LCA data improves and LCA methodologies are tested and refined.</p>\n<p>The complete process of LCA includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Defining goals and assessment boundaries.</li>\n<li>Collecting information on materials and design alternative.</li>\n<li>Using accredited LCA assessment tools to perform impact calculations.</li>\n<li>Compiling and interpreting results.</li>\n<li>Documenting the process and providing assessment reports.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>LCA reports are often complex and technical in nature, but current tools attempt to summarize LCA information in a manageable format specifically targeted to design professionals. Tools are available for both whole building and product level LCA’s.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/our-software-data/ecocalculator/\">Athena EcoCalculator</a><span> </span>is a free online LCA calculator that provides a streamlined report of building’s footprint using LCA data on hundreds of common building products.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings</a><span> </span>is a free LCA-based software package for designers and building professionals that provides environmental impact data on over 1,000 structural and envelope assembly combinations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a><span> </span>is a free online tool for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products and includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 200+ building products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>The main benefit to LCA is credible, transparent data that informs greener design and product decisions and the associated cost savings and environmental benefits from reduced resource consumption, pollution, and waste.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project, data availability and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and designers perform LCA’s (see<span> </span><strong>Resources</strong>). Costs for performing an LCA typically include labor costs for data collection and data input and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>An LCA can identify and evaluate the environmental benefits of green building designs and products that enhance building resiliency. These may include specific design inputs for address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em>.<span> </span></em></strong>For example, resilient strategies may include cooling and shading features (e.g., cool pavements and cool roofs), improving the efficiency of building envelopes (e.g., insulation, windows, exterior walls), planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems (e.g., battery storage), and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features (e.g., properly-sized HVAC systems).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>LCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions and the ability to shelter in place.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>International Standard for Standardization (ISO). ISO14040 Standard (2006) provides LCA principles and framework;<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019); ISO 14044 Standard (2006) provides LCA Requirements and Guidelines.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. 2018. About LCA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf\">http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Rajesh Kumar Singh. 2017. “Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment Through LEED v4.” GBCI</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4\">http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4</a><span> </span>(accessed January 28, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>USGBC LEED Version 4.1 Single Family. 2019. Environmentally Preferable Products. <span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C Beta. 2019. Building Life-cycle Impact Reduction. <span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Sustainable Materials Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nist.gov/el/economics/BEESSoftware.cfm\">Building For Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES 4.0)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenblue.org/\">GreenBlue</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://thenaturalstep.org/\">The Natural Step</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide – Evaluating Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)','','publish','closed','open','','nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca','','','2022-06-23 17:43:17','2022-06-23 17:43:17','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1207',0,'post','',0),(1209,3,'2022-03-30 18:57:59','2022-03-30 18:57:59','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Life Cycle Assessment?</strong></h2>\n<p>A life cycle assessment (LCA) is a “cradle-to-grave” or “cradle-to-cradle” evaluation method that assesses the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>In the residential building sector, LCA is a tool that helps architects, building professionals and homeowners understand the embodied energy and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of a building or building product as defined by the ISO 14040/44 standard including resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal or recycling (see Figure 1).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>The evaluation at each phase also includes the associated activities of a particular building product or design. For example, during the operational phase, the LCA for a deck includes the impact of the resources used for cleaning (e.g., energy, water, detergents), staining, or replacing boards.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_470\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"508\"]<img class=\"wp-image-470 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-LCA-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)\" width=\"508\" height=\"466\" /> Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Defined environmental impact areas commonly include:<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Climate change (“carbon footprint”)</li>\n<li>Acidification (“acid rain”)</li>\n<li>Eutrophication (“algal bloom”)</li>\n<li>Photochemical oxidant creation (“summer smog”)</li>\n<li>Ozone depletion (“the ozone hole”)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>LCA’s support informed decision-making by providing a standardized system for verifying environmental footprints and claims, identifying environmental trade-offs, and making relative comparisons between different design paths or product choices.</p>\n<p>While LCA’s take into account environmental impacts, Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) evaluates the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems (see<span> </span><em>Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</em>).  Together, LCA’s and LCCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.<strong> </strong></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</strong></h2>\n<p>Increasingly, consumers and regulatory agencies are asking businesses and product manufacturers to provide environmental product declarations, which use LCA data to report the environmental impacts of their products, processes, and services (see<span> </span><em>Sustainable Materials</em>). In the building sector, green building programs such as LEED, offer credits for environmentally preferable products that contain recycled and recyclable content, reclaimed materials (e.g., salvaged, refurbished or reused), or reduced life-cycle impacts (e.g., local production).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>Likewise, the field of LCA continues to evolve as the quality and completeness of LCA data improves and LCA methodologies are tested and refined.</p>\n<p>The complete process of LCA includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Defining goals and assessment boundaries.</li>\n<li>Collecting information on materials and design alternative.</li>\n<li>Using accredited LCA assessment tools to perform impact calculations.</li>\n<li>Compiling and interpreting results.</li>\n<li>Documenting the process and providing assessment reports.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>LCA reports are often complex and technical in nature, but current tools attempt to summarize LCA information in a manageable format specifically targeted to design professionals. Tools are available for both whole building and product level LCA’s.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/our-software-data/ecocalculator/\">Athena EcoCalculator</a><span> </span>is a free online LCA calculator that provides a streamlined report of building’s footprint using LCA data on hundreds of common building products.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings</a><span> </span>is a free LCA-based software package for designers and building professionals that provides environmental impact data on over 1,000 structural and envelope assembly combinations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a><span> </span>is a free online tool for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products and includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 200+ building products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>The main benefit to LCA is credible, transparent data that informs greener design and product decisions and the associated cost savings and environmental benefits from reduced resource consumption, pollution, and waste.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project, data availability and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and designers perform LCA’s (see<span> </span><strong>Resources</strong>). Costs for performing an LCA typically include labor costs for data collection and data input and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>An LCA can identify and evaluate the environmental benefits of green building designs and products that enhance building resiliency. These may include specific design inputs for address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em>.<span> </span></em></strong>For example, resilient strategies may include cooling and shading features (e.g., cool pavements and cool roofs), improving the efficiency of building envelopes (e.g., insulation, windows, exterior walls), planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems (e.g., battery storage), and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features (e.g., properly-sized HVAC systems).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>LCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions and the ability to shelter in place.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>International Standard for Standardization (ISO). ISO14040 Standard (2006) provides LCA principles and framework;<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019); ISO 14044 Standard (2006) provides LCA Requirements and Guidelines.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. 2018. About LCA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf\">http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Rajesh Kumar Singh. 2017. “Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment Through LEED v4.” GBCI</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4\">http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4</a><span> </span>(accessed January 28, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>USGBC LEED Version 4.1 Single Family. 2019. Environmentally Preferable Products. <span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C Beta. 2019. Building Life-cycle Impact Reduction. <span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.aceee.org/topics/building-modeling-and-simulation\">American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)– Building Modeling and Simulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/professional-development/ashrae-certification/certification-types/bemp-building-energy-modeling-professional-certification\">ASHRAE Building Energy Modeling (BEM) Professional Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://beopt.nrel.gov/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) BEopt</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute – PHIUS+ 2018 Certification Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.resnet.us/\">Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET)</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.hersindex.com/\">HERS Index</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/\">USGBC LEEDv4 for Homes and Multifamily Midrise</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-energy-modeling-0\">Building Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bldrs_lenders_raters.homes_guidelns\">US EPA EnergyStar Certified Home Program</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1207-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 18:57:59','2022-03-30 18:57:59','',1207,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1209',0,'revision','',0),(1210,3,'2022-03-30 18:57:59','2022-03-30 18:57:59','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Life Cycle Assessment?</strong></h2>\n<p>A life cycle assessment (LCA) is a “cradle-to-grave” or “cradle-to-cradle” evaluation method that assesses the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>In the residential building sector, LCA is a tool that helps architects, building professionals and homeowners understand the embodied energy and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of a building or building product as defined by the ISO 14040/44 standard including resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal or recycling (see Figure 1).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>The evaluation at each phase also includes the associated activities of a particular building product or design. For example, during the operational phase, the LCA for a deck includes the impact of the resources used for cleaning (e.g., energy, water, detergents), staining, or replacing boards.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_470\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"508\"]<img class=\"wp-image-470 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-LCA-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)\" width=\"508\" height=\"466\" /> Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Defined environmental impact areas commonly include:<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Climate change (“carbon footprint”)</li>\n<li>Acidification (“acid rain”)</li>\n<li>Eutrophication (“algal bloom”)</li>\n<li>Photochemical oxidant creation (“summer smog”)</li>\n<li>Ozone depletion (“the ozone hole”)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>LCA’s support informed decision-making by providing a standardized system for verifying environmental footprints and claims, identifying environmental trade-offs, and making relative comparisons between different design paths or product choices.</p>\n<p>While LCA’s take into account environmental impacts, Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) evaluates the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems (see<span> </span><em>Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</em>).  Together, LCA’s and LCCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.<strong> </strong></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</strong></h2>\n<p>Increasingly, consumers and regulatory agencies are asking businesses and product manufacturers to provide environmental product declarations, which use LCA data to report the environmental impacts of their products, processes, and services (see<span> </span><em>Sustainable Materials</em>). In the building sector, green building programs such as LEED, offer credits for environmentally preferable products that contain recycled and recyclable content, reclaimed materials (e.g., salvaged, refurbished or reused), or reduced life-cycle impacts (e.g., local production).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>Likewise, the field of LCA continues to evolve as the quality and completeness of LCA data improves and LCA methodologies are tested and refined.</p>\n<p>The complete process of LCA includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Defining goals and assessment boundaries.</li>\n<li>Collecting information on materials and design alternative.</li>\n<li>Using accredited LCA assessment tools to perform impact calculations.</li>\n<li>Compiling and interpreting results.</li>\n<li>Documenting the process and providing assessment reports.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>LCA reports are often complex and technical in nature, but current tools attempt to summarize LCA information in a manageable format specifically targeted to design professionals. Tools are available for both whole building and product level LCA’s.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/our-software-data/ecocalculator/\">Athena EcoCalculator</a><span> </span>is a free online LCA calculator that provides a streamlined report of building’s footprint using LCA data on hundreds of common building products.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings</a><span> </span>is a free LCA-based software package for designers and building professionals that provides environmental impact data on over 1,000 structural and envelope assembly combinations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a><span> </span>is a free online tool for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products and includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 200+ building products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>The main benefit to LCA is credible, transparent data that informs greener design and product decisions and the associated cost savings and environmental benefits from reduced resource consumption, pollution, and waste.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project, data availability and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and designers perform LCA’s (see<span> </span><strong>Resources</strong>). Costs for performing an LCA typically include labor costs for data collection and data input and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>An LCA can identify and evaluate the environmental benefits of green building designs and products that enhance building resiliency. These may include specific design inputs for address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em>.<span> </span></em></strong>For example, resilient strategies may include cooling and shading features (e.g., cool pavements and cool roofs), improving the efficiency of building envelopes (e.g., insulation, windows, exterior walls), planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems (e.g., battery storage), and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features (e.g., properly-sized HVAC systems).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>LCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions and the ability to shelter in place.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>International Standard for Standardization (ISO). ISO14040 Standard (2006) provides LCA principles and framework;<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019); ISO 14044 Standard (2006) provides LCA Requirements and Guidelines.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. 2018. About LCA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf\">http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Rajesh Kumar Singh. 2017. “Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment Through LEED v4.” GBCI</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4\">http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4</a><span> </span>(accessed January 28, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>USGBC LEED Version 4.1 Single Family. 2019. Environmentally Preferable Products. <span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C Beta. 2019. Building Life-cycle Impact Reduction. <span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.aceee.org/topics/building-modeling-and-simulation\">American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)– Building Modeling and Simulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/professional-development/ashrae-certification/certification-types/bemp-building-energy-modeling-professional-certification\">ASHRAE Building Energy Modeling (BEM) Professional Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://beopt.nrel.gov/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) BEopt</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute – PHIUS+ 2018 Certification Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.resnet.us/\">Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET)</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.hersindex.com/\">HERS Index</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/\">USGBC LEEDv4 for Homes and Multifamily Midrise</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-energy-modeling-0\">Building Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bldrs_lenders_raters.homes_guidelns\">US EPA EnergyStar Certified Home Program</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy Modeling','','inherit','closed','closed','','1207-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 18:57:59','2022-03-30 18:57:59','',1207,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1210',0,'revision','',0),(1211,3,'2022-03-30 18:58:02','2022-03-30 18:58:02','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Life Cycle Assessment?</strong></h2>\n<p>A life cycle assessment (LCA) is a “cradle-to-grave” or “cradle-to-cradle” evaluation method that assesses the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>In the residential building sector, LCA is a tool that helps architects, building professionals and homeowners understand the embodied energy and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of a building or building product as defined by the ISO 14040/44 standard including resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal or recycling (see Figure 1).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>The evaluation at each phase also includes the associated activities of a particular building product or design. For example, during the operational phase, the LCA for a deck includes the impact of the resources used for cleaning (e.g., energy, water, detergents), staining, or replacing boards.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_470\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"508\"]<img class=\"wp-image-470 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-LCA-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)\" width=\"508\" height=\"466\" /> Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Defined environmental impact areas commonly include:<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Climate change (“carbon footprint”)</li>\n<li>Acidification (“acid rain”)</li>\n<li>Eutrophication (“algal bloom”)</li>\n<li>Photochemical oxidant creation (“summer smog”)</li>\n<li>Ozone depletion (“the ozone hole”)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>LCA’s support informed decision-making by providing a standardized system for verifying environmental footprints and claims, identifying environmental trade-offs, and making relative comparisons between different design paths or product choices.</p>\n<p>While LCA’s take into account environmental impacts, Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) evaluates the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems (see<span> </span><em>Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</em>).  Together, LCA’s and LCCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.<strong> </strong></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</strong></h2>\n<p>Increasingly, consumers and regulatory agencies are asking businesses and product manufacturers to provide environmental product declarations, which use LCA data to report the environmental impacts of their products, processes, and services (see<span> </span><em>Sustainable Materials</em>). In the building sector, green building programs such as LEED, offer credits for environmentally preferable products that contain recycled and recyclable content, reclaimed materials (e.g., salvaged, refurbished or reused), or reduced life-cycle impacts (e.g., local production).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>Likewise, the field of LCA continues to evolve as the quality and completeness of LCA data improves and LCA methodologies are tested and refined.</p>\n<p>The complete process of LCA includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Defining goals and assessment boundaries.</li>\n<li>Collecting information on materials and design alternative.</li>\n<li>Using accredited LCA assessment tools to perform impact calculations.</li>\n<li>Compiling and interpreting results.</li>\n<li>Documenting the process and providing assessment reports.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>LCA reports are often complex and technical in nature, but current tools attempt to summarize LCA information in a manageable format specifically targeted to design professionals. Tools are available for both whole building and product level LCA’s.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/our-software-data/ecocalculator/\">Athena EcoCalculator</a><span> </span>is a free online LCA calculator that provides a streamlined report of building’s footprint using LCA data on hundreds of common building products.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings</a><span> </span>is a free LCA-based software package for designers and building professionals that provides environmental impact data on over 1,000 structural and envelope assembly combinations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a><span> </span>is a free online tool for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products and includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 200+ building products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>The main benefit to LCA is credible, transparent data that informs greener design and product decisions and the associated cost savings and environmental benefits from reduced resource consumption, pollution, and waste.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project, data availability and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and designers perform LCA’s (see<span> </span><strong>Resources</strong>). Costs for performing an LCA typically include labor costs for data collection and data input and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>An LCA can identify and evaluate the environmental benefits of green building designs and products that enhance building resiliency. These may include specific design inputs for address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em>.<span> </span></em></strong>For example, resilient strategies may include cooling and shading features (e.g., cool pavements and cool roofs), improving the efficiency of building envelopes (e.g., insulation, windows, exterior walls), planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems (e.g., battery storage), and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features (e.g., properly-sized HVAC systems).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>LCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions and the ability to shelter in place.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>International Standard for Standardization (ISO). ISO14040 Standard (2006) provides LCA principles and framework;<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019); ISO 14044 Standard (2006) provides LCA Requirements and Guidelines.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. 2018. About LCA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf\">http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Rajesh Kumar Singh. 2017. “Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment Through LEED v4.” GBCI</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4\">http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4</a><span> </span>(accessed January 28, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>USGBC LEED Version 4.1 Single Family. 2019. Environmentally Preferable Products. <span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C Beta. 2019. Building Life-cycle Impact Reduction. <span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.aceee.org/topics/building-modeling-and-simulation\">American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)– Building Modeling and Simulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/professional-development/ashrae-certification/certification-types/bemp-building-energy-modeling-professional-certification\">ASHRAE Building Energy Modeling (BEM) Professional Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://beopt.nrel.gov/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) BEopt</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute – PHIUS+ 2018 Certification Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.resnet.us/\">Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET)</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.hersindex.com/\">HERS Index</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/\">USGBC LEEDv4 for Homes and Multifamily Midrise</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-energy-modeling-0\">Building Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bldrs_lenders_raters.homes_guidelns\">US EPA EnergyStar Certified Home Program</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1207-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 18:58:02','2022-03-30 18:58:02','',1207,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1211',0,'revision','',0),(1213,3,'2022-03-30 18:58:28','2022-03-30 18:58:28','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Life Cycle Assessment?</strong></h2>\n<p>A life cycle assessment (LCA) is a “cradle-to-grave” or “cradle-to-cradle” evaluation method that assesses the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>In the residential building sector, LCA is a tool that helps architects, building professionals and homeowners understand the embodied energy and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of a building or building product as defined by the ISO 14040/44 standard including resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal or recycling (see Figure 1).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>The evaluation at each phase also includes the associated activities of a particular building product or design. For example, during the operational phase, the LCA for a deck includes the impact of the resources used for cleaning (e.g., energy, water, detergents), staining, or replacing boards.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_470\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"508\"]<img class=\"wp-image-470 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-LCA-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)\" width=\"508\" height=\"466\" /> Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Defined environmental impact areas commonly include:<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Climate change (“carbon footprint”)</li>\n<li>Acidification (“acid rain”)</li>\n<li>Eutrophication (“algal bloom”)</li>\n<li>Photochemical oxidant creation (“summer smog”)</li>\n<li>Ozone depletion (“the ozone hole”)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>LCA’s support informed decision-making by providing a standardized system for verifying environmental footprints and claims, identifying environmental trade-offs, and making relative comparisons between different design paths or product choices.</p>\n<p>While LCA’s take into account environmental impacts, Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) evaluates the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems (see<span> </span><em>Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</em>).  Together, LCA’s and LCCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.<strong> </strong></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</strong></h2>\n<p>Increasingly, consumers and regulatory agencies are asking businesses and product manufacturers to provide environmental product declarations, which use LCA data to report the environmental impacts of their products, processes, and services (see<span> </span><em>Sustainable Materials</em>). In the building sector, green building programs such as LEED, offer credits for environmentally preferable products that contain recycled and recyclable content, reclaimed materials (e.g., salvaged, refurbished or reused), or reduced life-cycle impacts (e.g., local production).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>Likewise, the field of LCA continues to evolve as the quality and completeness of LCA data improves and LCA methodologies are tested and refined.</p>\n<p>The complete process of LCA includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Defining goals and assessment boundaries.</li>\n<li>Collecting information on materials and design alternative.</li>\n<li>Using accredited LCA assessment tools to perform impact calculations.</li>\n<li>Compiling and interpreting results.</li>\n<li>Documenting the process and providing assessment reports.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>LCA reports are often complex and technical in nature, but current tools attempt to summarize LCA information in a manageable format specifically targeted to design professionals. Tools are available for both whole building and product level LCA’s.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/our-software-data/ecocalculator/\">Athena EcoCalculator</a><span> </span>is a free online LCA calculator that provides a streamlined report of building’s footprint using LCA data on hundreds of common building products.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings</a><span> </span>is a free LCA-based software package for designers and building professionals that provides environmental impact data on over 1,000 structural and envelope assembly combinations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a><span> </span>is a free online tool for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products and includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 200+ building products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>The main benefit to LCA is credible, transparent data that informs greener design and product decisions and the associated cost savings and environmental benefits from reduced resource consumption, pollution, and waste.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project, data availability and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and designers perform LCA’s (see<span> </span><strong>Resources</strong>). Costs for performing an LCA typically include labor costs for data collection and data input and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>An LCA can identify and evaluate the environmental benefits of green building designs and products that enhance building resiliency. These may include specific design inputs for address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em>.<span> </span></em></strong>For example, resilient strategies may include cooling and shading features (e.g., cool pavements and cool roofs), improving the efficiency of building envelopes (e.g., insulation, windows, exterior walls), planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems (e.g., battery storage), and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features (e.g., properly-sized HVAC systems).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>LCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions and the ability to shelter in place.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>International Standard for Standardization (ISO). ISO14040 Standard (2006) provides LCA principles and framework;<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019); ISO 14044 Standard (2006) provides LCA Requirements and Guidelines.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. 2018. About LCA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf\">http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Rajesh Kumar Singh. 2017. “Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment Through LEED v4.” GBCI</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4\">http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4</a><span> </span>(accessed January 28, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>USGBC LEED Version 4.1 Single Family. 2019. Environmentally Preferable Products. <span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C Beta. 2019. Building Life-cycle Impact Reduction. <span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Sustainable Materials Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nist.gov/el/economics/BEESSoftware.cfm\">Building For Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES 4.0)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenblue.org/\">GreenBlue</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://thenaturalstep.org/\">The Natural Step</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide – Evaluating Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1207-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 18:58:28','2022-03-30 18:58:28','',1207,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1213',0,'revision','',0),(1214,3,'2022-03-30 18:59:43','2022-03-30 18:59:43','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Life Cycle Assessment?</strong></h2>\n<p>A life cycle assessment (LCA) is a “cradle-to-grave” or “cradle-to-cradle” evaluation method that assesses the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>In the residential building sector, LCA is a tool that helps architects, building professionals and homeowners understand the embodied energy and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of a building or building product as defined by the ISO 14040/44 standard including resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal or recycling (see Figure 1).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>The evaluation at each phase also includes the associated activities of a particular building product or design. For example, during the operational phase, the LCA for a deck includes the impact of the resources used for cleaning (e.g., energy, water, detergents), staining, or replacing boards.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_470\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"508\"]<img class=\"wp-image-470 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-LCA-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)\" width=\"508\" height=\"466\" /> Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Defined environmental impact areas commonly include:<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Climate change (“carbon footprint”)</li>\n<li>Acidification (“acid rain”)</li>\n<li>Eutrophication (“algal bloom”)</li>\n<li>Photochemical oxidant creation (“summer smog”)</li>\n<li>Ozone depletion (“the ozone hole”)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>LCA’s support informed decision-making by providing a standardized system for verifying environmental footprints and claims, identifying environmental trade-offs, and making relative comparisons between different design paths or product choices.</p>\n<p>While LCA’s take into account environmental impacts, Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) evaluates the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems (see<span> </span><em>Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</em>).  Together, LCA’s and LCCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.<strong> </strong></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</strong></h2>\n<p>Increasingly, consumers and regulatory agencies are asking businesses and product manufacturers to provide environmental product declarations, which use LCA data to report the environmental impacts of their products, processes, and services (see<span> </span><em>Sustainable Materials</em>). In the building sector, green building programs such as LEED, offer credits for environmentally preferable products that contain recycled and recyclable content, reclaimed materials (e.g., salvaged, refurbished or reused), or reduced life-cycle impacts (e.g., local production).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>Likewise, the field of LCA continues to evolve as the quality and completeness of LCA data improves and LCA methodologies are tested and refined.</p>\n<p>The complete process of LCA includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Defining goals and assessment boundaries.</li>\n<li>Collecting information on materials and design alternative.</li>\n<li>Using accredited LCA assessment tools to perform impact calculations.</li>\n<li>Compiling and interpreting results.</li>\n<li>Documenting the process and providing assessment reports.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>LCA reports are often complex and technical in nature, but current tools attempt to summarize LCA information in a manageable format specifically targeted to design professionals. Tools are available for both whole building and product level LCA’s.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/our-software-data/ecocalculator/\">Athena EcoCalculator</a><span> </span>is a free online LCA calculator that provides a streamlined report of building’s footprint using LCA data on hundreds of common building products.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings</a><span> </span>is a free LCA-based software package for designers and building professionals that provides environmental impact data on over 1,000 structural and envelope assembly combinations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a><span> </span>is a free online tool for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products and includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 200+ building products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>The main benefit to LCA is credible, transparent data that informs greener design and product decisions and the associated cost savings and environmental benefits from reduced resource consumption, pollution, and waste.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project, data availability and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and designers perform LCA’s (see<span> </span><strong>Resources</strong>). Costs for performing an LCA typically include labor costs for data collection and data input and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>An LCA can identify and evaluate the environmental benefits of green building designs and products that enhance building resiliency. These may include specific design inputs for address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em>.<span> </span></em></strong>For example, resilient strategies may include cooling and shading features (e.g., cool pavements and cool roofs), improving the efficiency of building envelopes (e.g., insulation, windows, exterior walls), planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems (e.g., battery storage), and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features (e.g., properly-sized HVAC systems).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>LCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions and the ability to shelter in place.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>International Standard for Standardization (ISO). ISO14040 Standard (2006) provides LCA principles and framework;<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019); ISO 14044 Standard (2006) provides LCA Requirements and Guidelines.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. 2018. About LCA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf\">http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Rajesh Kumar Singh. 2017. “Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment Through LEED v4.” GBCI</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4\">http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4</a><span> </span>(accessed January 28, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>USGBC LEED Version 4.1 Single Family. 2019. Environmentally Preferable Products. <span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C Beta. 2019. Building Life-cycle Impact Reduction. <span> </span><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Sustainable Materials Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nist.gov/el/economics/BEESSoftware.cfm\">Building For Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES 4.0)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenblue.org/\">GreenBlue</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://thenaturalstep.org/\">The Natural Step</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide – Evaluating Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1207-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 18:59:43','2022-03-30 18:59:43','',1207,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1214',0,'revision','',0),(1215,3,'2022-03-30 19:03:29','2022-03-30 19:03:29','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90.7%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a form of economic evaluation that compares the costs and savings of alternative building designs and systems over the life cycle of a building. Green building features generally have higher initial costs compared to conventional features but offer operational savings over time through decreased resource use (e.g., energy, water), maintenance and disposal fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>LCCA takes into account the overall costs of purchasing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system, which the initial purchase price does not reflect. Comparing the life cycle costs of various options helps determine the most cost-effective choice for a comparable building design or system in terms of function and performance by translating this data into dollar amounts and providing information about how long it takes an investment to pay for itself (e.g., internal rate of return, savings-to-investment ratio, payback period).</p>\n<p>While LCCA’s take into account the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems, a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems (see<span> </span><em><i>Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Perform the LCCA early in the project and as part of an integrated design process to allow sufficient time and resources to refine the design and ensure the highest quality product for the lowest cost (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). Depending on project team expertise, hire a consulting service or conduct the LCCA in-house.</p>\n<p>The first task of an LCCA involves determining the costs and benefits of alternative project options. Cost inputs for an LCCA are often broken down into the following categories:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Initial Costs—Purchase, Acquisition, Construction Costs</li>\n<li>Fuel Costs</li>\n<li>Operation, Maintenance, and Repair Costs</li>\n<li>Replacement Costs</li>\n<li>Residual Values—Resale or Salvage Values or Disposal Costs</li>\n<li>Finance Charges—Loan Interest Payments</li>\n<li>Non-Monetary Benefits or Costs</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Next, project teams can conduct several sensitivity analyses that include variations in the<span> </span><em><i>discount rate, study period or building lifespan, and energy escalation rates.</i></em></p>\n<p><em><i>The discount rate</i></em><span> </span>is a measure that decreases the value of dollars spent or received in the future, so future costs and returns are worth progressively less in terms of today’s dollars. The interest rate used for discounting is a rate that reflects an investor’s opportunity cost of money over time. The LCCA method converts cash flows to present values by discounting them to a common point in time, usually the base date.</p>\n<p>The US Department of Energy (US DOE) suggests a real discount rate of 3.0%, based on a 12-month average of long-term Treasury bond rates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p><em><i>Study period</i></em><span> </span>or<span> </span><em><i>building lifespan</i></em><span> </span>refers to the length of time the LCCA covers.</p>\n<p><em><i>Energy escalation rates</i></em><span> </span>refer to projected average annual energy price increases obtained either from the supplier or from energy price escalation rates published annually on April 1 by US DOE in<span> </span><em><i>Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are several online tools for performing an LCCA and links to more information in the<span> </span><strong><b>Resources<span> </span></b></strong>section below.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/new-jersey-association-of-realtors-njar-green-building-cost-benefit-analysis/\">New Jersey Association of Realtors (NJAR): Green Building Cost-Benefit Analysis</a></p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building in partnership with the New Jersey Association of Realtors completed a detailed analysis of the upfront costs, operating savings, payback period, and appraisal and valuation benefits of several residential green building features, including energy-efficient windows, appliances, heating  and cooling systems, ventilation systems, and use of sustainable and healthy materials. The research looked at the costs and benefits of purchasing a green home on a life-cycle basis, from upfront costs through expected resale value. The research aims to help the real estate industry understand the net economic benefits of green home building.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_313\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"694\"]<img class=\"wp-image-313 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-LCCA-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"694\" height=\"388\" /> Fig 1. LCCA of residential energy strategies. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can offer environmental and monetary benefits for new residential construction projects by revealing the most environmentally-friendly and cost-effective solutions for the long run that purchase price alone cannot quantify. Potential benefits include reduced energy, water, and fuel consumption and cost savings on utility bills, maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life disposal costs. While an LCCA cannot remove all uncertainty surrounding a building project, the results equip the design team with the means to identify the optimal balance between green design and economic efficiency.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and developers perform an initial LCCA (see<span> </span><strong><b>Resources</b></strong>). Costs for performing an LCCA typically include labor costs for data collection, energy modeling (if necessary), LCCA calculations, and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>An LCCA can identify and evaluate the costs and benefits of green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While LCCAs and energy modeling typically use historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>LCCA’s can take into account resiliency objectives. These may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em><b><i>,<span> </span></i></b></em></strong>including cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>LCCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions and the ability to shelter in place.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLLC).<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc\">http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA).<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca</a><span> </span>(accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>This rate for life-cycle cost analyses is valid through March 31, 2019, according to US DOE.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/articles/2021-discount-rates\">Current Discount Rates</a><span> </span>(accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2018. Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – 2018: Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs</a><span> </span>(accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210508120444/https://www.gsa.gov/node/81412\">General Service Administration (GSA) Life Cycle Costing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">US DOE Building Life Cycle Cost Programs and Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.rsmeans.com/\">R. S. Means Company – Construction Cost Databases</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/design-for-maintainability\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Design for Maintainability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)','','publish','closed','open','','nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca','','','2022-06-23 17:47:56','2022-06-23 17:47:56','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1215',0,'post','',0),(1217,3,'2022-03-30 19:03:29','2022-03-30 19:03:29','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90.7%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a form of economic evaluation that compares the costs and savings of alternative building designs and systems over the life cycle of a building. Green building features generally have higher initial costs compared to conventional features but offer operational savings over time through decreased resource use (e.g., energy, water), maintenance and disposal fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>LCCA takes into account the overall costs of purchasing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system, which the initial purchase price does not reflect. Comparing the life cycle costs of various options helps determine the most cost-effective choice for a comparable building design or system in terms of function and performance by translating this data into dollar amounts and providing information about how long it takes an investment to pay for itself (e.g., internal rate of return, savings-to-investment ratio, payback period).</p>\n<p>While LCCA’s take into account the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems, a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems (see<span> </span><em><i>Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Perform the LCCA early in the project and as part of an integrated design process to allow sufficient time and resources to refine the design and ensure the highest quality product for the lowest cost (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). Depending on project team expertise, hire a consulting service or conduct the LCCA in-house.</p>\n<p>The first task of an LCCA involves determining the costs and benefits of alternative project options. Cost inputs for an LCCA are often broken down into the following categories:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Initial Costs—Purchase, Acquisition, Construction Costs</li>\n<li>Fuel Costs</li>\n<li>Operation, Maintenance, and Repair Costs</li>\n<li>Replacement Costs</li>\n<li>Residual Values—Resale or Salvage Values or Disposal Costs</li>\n<li>Finance Charges—Loan Interest Payments</li>\n<li>Non-Monetary Benefits or Costs</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Next, project teams can conduct several sensitivity analyses that include variations in the<span> </span><em><i>discount rate, study period or building lifespan, and energy escalation rates.</i></em></p>\n<p><em><i>The discount rate</i></em><span> </span>is a measure that decreases the value of dollars spent or received in the future, so future costs and returns are worth progressively less in terms of today’s dollars. The interest rate used for discounting is a rate that reflects an investor’s opportunity cost of money over time. The LCCA method converts cash flows to present values by discounting them to a common point in time, usually the base date.</p>\n<p>The US Department of Energy (US DOE) suggests a real discount rate of 3.0%, based on a 12-month average of long-term Treasury bond rates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p><em><i>Study period</i></em><span> </span>or<span> </span><em><i>building lifespan</i></em><span> </span>refers to the length of time the LCCA covers.</p>\n<p><em><i>Energy escalation rates</i></em><span> </span>refer to projected average annual energy price increases obtained either from the supplier or from energy price escalation rates published annually on April 1 by US DOE in<span> </span><em><i>Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are several online tools for performing an LCCA and links to more information in the<span> </span><strong><b>Resources<span> </span></b></strong>section below.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/new-jersey-association-of-realtors-njar-green-building-cost-benefit-analysis/\">New Jersey Association of Realtors (NJAR): Green Building Cost-Benefit Analysis</a></p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building in partnership with the New Jersey Association of Realtors completed a detailed analysis of the upfront costs, operating savings, payback period, and appraisal and valuation benefits of several residential green building features, including energy-efficient windows, appliances, heating  and cooling systems, ventilation systems, and use of sustainable and healthy materials. The research looked at the costs and benefits of purchasing a green home on a life-cycle basis, from upfront costs through expected resale value. The research aims to help the real estate industry understand the net economic benefits of green home building.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_313\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"694\"]<img class=\"wp-image-313 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-LCCA-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"694\" height=\"388\" /> Fig 1. LCCA of residential energy strategies. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can offer environmental and monetary benefits for new residential construction projects by revealing the most environmentally-friendly and cost-effective solutions for the long run that purchase price alone cannot quantify. Potential benefits include reduced energy, water, and fuel consumption and cost savings on utility bills, maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life disposal costs. While an LCCA cannot remove all uncertainty surrounding a building project, the results equip the design team with the means to identify the optimal balance between green design and economic efficiency.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and developers perform an initial LCCA (see<span> </span><strong><b>Resources</b></strong>). Costs for performing an LCCA typically include labor costs for data collection, energy modeling (if necessary), LCCA calculations, and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>An LCCA can identify and evaluate the costs and benefits of green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While LCCAs and energy modeling typically use historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>LCCA’s can take into account resiliency objectives. These may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em><b><i>,<span> </span></i></b></em></strong>including cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>LCCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions and the ability to shelter in place.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLLC).<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc\">http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA).<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca</a><span> </span>(accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>This rate for life-cycle cost analyses is valid through March 31, 2019, according to US DOE.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2018. Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – 2018: Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs</a><span> </span>(accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/node/81412\">General Service Administration (GSA) Life Cycle Costing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">US DOE Building Life Cycle Cost Programs and Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.rsmeans.com/\">R. S. Means Company – Construction Cost Databases</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/design-for-maintainability\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Design for Maintainability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1215-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 19:03:29','2022-03-30 19:03:29','',1215,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1217',0,'revision','',0),(1218,3,'2022-03-30 19:03:29','2022-03-30 19:03:29','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90.7%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a form of economic evaluation that compares the costs and savings of alternative building designs and systems over the life cycle of a building. Green building features generally have higher initial costs compared to conventional features but offer operational savings over time through decreased resource use (e.g., energy, water), maintenance and disposal fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>LCCA takes into account the overall costs of purchasing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system, which the initial purchase price does not reflect. Comparing the life cycle costs of various options helps determine the most cost-effective choice for a comparable building design or system in terms of function and performance by translating this data into dollar amounts and providing information about how long it takes an investment to pay for itself (e.g., internal rate of return, savings-to-investment ratio, payback period).</p>\n<p>While LCCA’s take into account the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems, a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems (see<span> </span><em><i>Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Perform the LCCA early in the project and as part of an integrated design process to allow sufficient time and resources to refine the design and ensure the highest quality product for the lowest cost (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). Depending on project team expertise, hire a consulting service or conduct the LCCA in-house.</p>\n<p>The first task of an LCCA involves determining the costs and benefits of alternative project options. Cost inputs for an LCCA are often broken down into the following categories:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Initial Costs—Purchase, Acquisition, Construction Costs</li>\n<li>Fuel Costs</li>\n<li>Operation, Maintenance, and Repair Costs</li>\n<li>Replacement Costs</li>\n<li>Residual Values—Resale or Salvage Values or Disposal Costs</li>\n<li>Finance Charges—Loan Interest Payments</li>\n<li>Non-Monetary Benefits or Costs</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Next, project teams can conduct several sensitivity analyses that include variations in the<span> </span><em><i>discount rate, study period or building lifespan, and energy escalation rates.</i></em></p>\n<p><em><i>The discount rate</i></em><span> </span>is a measure that decreases the value of dollars spent or received in the future, so future costs and returns are worth progressively less in terms of today’s dollars. The interest rate used for discounting is a rate that reflects an investor’s opportunity cost of money over time. The LCCA method converts cash flows to present values by discounting them to a common point in time, usually the base date.</p>\n<p>The US Department of Energy (US DOE) suggests a real discount rate of 3.0%, based on a 12-month average of long-term Treasury bond rates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p><em><i>Study period</i></em><span> </span>or<span> </span><em><i>building lifespan</i></em><span> </span>refers to the length of time the LCCA covers.</p>\n<p><em><i>Energy escalation rates</i></em><span> </span>refer to projected average annual energy price increases obtained either from the supplier or from energy price escalation rates published annually on April 1 by US DOE in<span> </span><em><i>Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are several online tools for performing an LCCA and links to more information in the<span> </span><strong><b>Resources<span> </span></b></strong>section below.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/new-jersey-association-of-realtors-njar-green-building-cost-benefit-analysis/\">New Jersey Association of Realtors (NJAR): Green Building Cost-Benefit Analysis</a></p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building in partnership with the New Jersey Association of Realtors completed a detailed analysis of the upfront costs, operating savings, payback period, and appraisal and valuation benefits of several residential green building features, including energy-efficient windows, appliances, heating  and cooling systems, ventilation systems, and use of sustainable and healthy materials. The research looked at the costs and benefits of purchasing a green home on a life-cycle basis, from upfront costs through expected resale value. The research aims to help the real estate industry understand the net economic benefits of green home building.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_313\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"694\"]<img class=\"wp-image-313 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-LCCA-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"694\" height=\"388\" /> Fig 1. LCCA of residential energy strategies. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can offer environmental and monetary benefits for new residential construction projects by revealing the most environmentally-friendly and cost-effective solutions for the long run that purchase price alone cannot quantify. Potential benefits include reduced energy, water, and fuel consumption and cost savings on utility bills, maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life disposal costs. While an LCCA cannot remove all uncertainty surrounding a building project, the results equip the design team with the means to identify the optimal balance between green design and economic efficiency.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and developers perform an initial LCCA (see<span> </span><strong><b>Resources</b></strong>). Costs for performing an LCCA typically include labor costs for data collection, energy modeling (if necessary), LCCA calculations, and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>An LCCA can identify and evaluate the costs and benefits of green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While LCCAs and energy modeling typically use historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>LCCA’s can take into account resiliency objectives. These may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em><b><i>,<span> </span></i></b></em></strong>including cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>LCCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions and the ability to shelter in place.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLLC).<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc\">http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA).<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca</a><span> </span>(accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>This rate for life-cycle cost analyses is valid through March 31, 2019, according to US DOE.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2018. Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – 2018: Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs</a><span> </span>(accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/node/81412\">General Service Administration (GSA) Life Cycle Costing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">US DOE Building Life Cycle Cost Programs and Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.rsmeans.com/\">R. S. Means Company – Construction Cost Databases</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/design-for-maintainability\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Design for Maintainability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1215-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 19:03:29','2022-03-30 19:03:29','',1215,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1218',0,'revision','',0),(1220,3,'2022-03-30 19:03:32','2022-03-30 19:03:32','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90.7%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a form of economic evaluation that compares the costs and savings of alternative building designs and systems over the life cycle of a building. Green building features generally have higher initial costs compared to conventional features but offer operational savings over time through decreased resource use (e.g., energy, water), maintenance and disposal fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>LCCA takes into account the overall costs of purchasing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system, which the initial purchase price does not reflect. Comparing the life cycle costs of various options helps determine the most cost-effective choice for a comparable building design or system in terms of function and performance by translating this data into dollar amounts and providing information about how long it takes an investment to pay for itself (e.g., internal rate of return, savings-to-investment ratio, payback period).</p>\n<p>While LCCA’s take into account the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems, a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems (see<span> </span><em><i>Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Perform the LCCA early in the project and as part of an integrated design process to allow sufficient time and resources to refine the design and ensure the highest quality product for the lowest cost (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). Depending on project team expertise, hire a consulting service or conduct the LCCA in-house.</p>\n<p>The first task of an LCCA involves determining the costs and benefits of alternative project options. Cost inputs for an LCCA are often broken down into the following categories:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Initial Costs—Purchase, Acquisition, Construction Costs</li>\n<li>Fuel Costs</li>\n<li>Operation, Maintenance, and Repair Costs</li>\n<li>Replacement Costs</li>\n<li>Residual Values—Resale or Salvage Values or Disposal Costs</li>\n<li>Finance Charges—Loan Interest Payments</li>\n<li>Non-Monetary Benefits or Costs</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Next, project teams can conduct several sensitivity analyses that include variations in the<span> </span><em><i>discount rate, study period or building lifespan, and energy escalation rates.</i></em></p>\n<p><em><i>The discount rate</i></em><span> </span>is a measure that decreases the value of dollars spent or received in the future, so future costs and returns are worth progressively less in terms of today’s dollars. The interest rate used for discounting is a rate that reflects an investor’s opportunity cost of money over time. The LCCA method converts cash flows to present values by discounting them to a common point in time, usually the base date.</p>\n<p>The US Department of Energy (US DOE) suggests a real discount rate of 3.0%, based on a 12-month average of long-term Treasury bond rates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p><em><i>Study period</i></em><span> </span>or<span> </span><em><i>building lifespan</i></em><span> </span>refers to the length of time the LCCA covers.</p>\n<p><em><i>Energy escalation rates</i></em><span> </span>refer to projected average annual energy price increases obtained either from the supplier or from energy price escalation rates published annually on April 1 by US DOE in<span> </span><em><i>Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are several online tools for performing an LCCA and links to more information in the<span> </span><strong><b>Resources<span> </span></b></strong>section below.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/new-jersey-association-of-realtors-njar-green-building-cost-benefit-analysis/\">New Jersey Association of Realtors (NJAR): Green Building Cost-Benefit Analysis</a></p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building in partnership with the New Jersey Association of Realtors completed a detailed analysis of the upfront costs, operating savings, payback period, and appraisal and valuation benefits of several residential green building features, including energy-efficient windows, appliances, heating  and cooling systems, ventilation systems, and use of sustainable and healthy materials. The research looked at the costs and benefits of purchasing a green home on a life-cycle basis, from upfront costs through expected resale value. The research aims to help the real estate industry understand the net economic benefits of green home building.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_313\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"694\"]<img class=\"wp-image-313 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-LCCA-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"694\" height=\"388\" /> Fig 1. LCCA of residential energy strategies. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can offer environmental and monetary benefits for new residential construction projects by revealing the most environmentally-friendly and cost-effective solutions for the long run that purchase price alone cannot quantify. Potential benefits include reduced energy, water, and fuel consumption and cost savings on utility bills, maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life disposal costs. While an LCCA cannot remove all uncertainty surrounding a building project, the results equip the design team with the means to identify the optimal balance between green design and economic efficiency.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and developers perform an initial LCCA (see<span> </span><strong><b>Resources</b></strong>). Costs for performing an LCCA typically include labor costs for data collection, energy modeling (if necessary), LCCA calculations, and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>An LCCA can identify and evaluate the costs and benefits of green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While LCCAs and energy modeling typically use historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>LCCA’s can take into account resiliency objectives. These may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em><b><i>,<span> </span></i></b></em></strong>including cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>LCCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions and the ability to shelter in place.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLLC).<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc\">http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc</a><span> </span>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a>(accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA).<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca</a><span> </span>(accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>This rate for life-cycle cost analyses is valid through March 31, 2019, according to US DOE.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2018. Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – 2018: Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs</a><span> </span>(accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/node/81412\">General Service Administration (GSA) Life Cycle Costing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">US DOE Building Life Cycle Cost Programs and Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.rsmeans.com/\">R. S. Means Company – Construction Cost Databases</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/design-for-maintainability\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Design for Maintainability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1215-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 19:03:32','2022-03-30 19:03:32','',1215,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1220',0,'revision','',0),(1222,3,'2022-03-30 21:13:17','2022-03-30 21:13:17','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"New Residential Buildings\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The Manual supports the construction of new green homes with diminished energy and environmental footprints and the greening of existing homes. This approach limits the impact of the built environment on the natural environment, while sensitivity to the location of building activities helps to prevent urban sprawl and preserves natural resources.</p>\n<p>The Residential Buildings section includes strategies for new single-family homes. Many of the strategies also pertain to existing single-family homes and support energy-efficient and green home improvement projects that provide resiliency benefits. Whether building a new home or upgrading old systems, new and existing homeowners have the opportunity to select ENERGY STAR equipment, including high-efficiency water heaters, and HVAC equipment. Likewise, all homeowners can incorporate grid back-up capabilities (based on individualized risk factors and site opportunities) and consider storm preparation and planning for disruptive events.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Design\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf568;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operational Tools\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe035;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/\">Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Water\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf043;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Backup Systems\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf5df;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Build\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf6e3;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Operate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf085;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operations & Maintenance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe038;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Smart Infrastructure\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1eb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Evaluate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf3fd;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Building Performance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf080;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.03)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Case Studies</h2>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"30%\" module_alignment=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_divider][et_pb_portfolio fullwidth=\"off\" include_categories=\"5\" show_categories=\"off\" show_pagination=\"off\" hover_overlay_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_portfolio][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','New Residential','','inherit','closed','closed','','1003-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:13:17','2022-03-30 21:13:17','',1003,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1222',0,'revision','',0),(1225,3,'2022-03-30 21:19:10','2022-03-30 21:19:10','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Alternative Transportation\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Alternative Transportation?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Alternative transportation discourages dependence on the personal automobile and encourages public transportation options such as carpooling, vanpooling, busing, walking, and cycling. Telecommuting, informal transit options, compressed workweeks, and alternative fuel vehicles such as plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) also help reduce the number of greenhouse gasses produced by single occupancy vehicles.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Commuting to and from an average office building built to modern energy codes consumes thirty percent more energy compared to the energy the building itself consumes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> The location of residential buildings and their proximity to other resources and services are important factors to consider in a home’s overall environmental impact. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) concentrates development around transit stations, such as train, light rail, and bus stations, and other amenities to create places for people to live, work, and play without requiring the use of a car.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_184\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"678\"]<img class=\"wp-image-184 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Alternative-Transportation-and-TOD-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).\" width=\"678\" height=\"484\" /> Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Alternative Transportation<br /></b></strong></h2>\n<p>There are several alternative transportation strategies to consider when developing a new residential project that can also help to earn your project LEEDv4 Home credits.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proximity to existing public transportation, pedestrian, and bicycle networks and establishing a shuttle service if beyond a short walk away.</li>\n<li>Proximity to existing infrastructure, services and economic activity such as stores, schools, offices, and parks.</li>\n<li>Minimizing on-site parking and providing bicycle changing facilities and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Providing covered areas for people awaiting carpool/vanpool rides and drop-off/pick-up zones for vehicles.</li>\n<li>Providing facilities to encourage energy-efficient vehicle use, such as two-way electric plug-in charging stations that enable EVs to both draw electricity from and supply electricity to the grid, and liquid or gas alternative fueling facilities or a battery switching station.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Many local programs assist with alternative transportation options such as the <a href=\"http://www.hudsontma.org/index.php?page=ridesharecarpoo&amp;option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=44&amp;cat_id=18&amp;Itemid=54\">Hudson County Transportation Management Authority</a> that offers rideshare, carpool, and vanpool services as well as other useful information for commuters.</p>\n<p>Employees can take advantage of or look to work for companies that offer telecommuting options, which contribute to sustainable workplace practices by allowing employees to communicate via telephone and computers to accomplish tasks that traditionally occur in central office spaces, reducing traffic congestion and strain on transportation systems, fuel consumption, and associated emissions and air quality issues.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>TOD begins with site selection near transit hubs. Consider local regulations and interest in transit hub development to reduce delays and conflict. Identify special zoning and permit systems designed to expedite efficient redevelopment of urban centers.</p>\n<p>The New Jersey Department of Transportation and New Jersey Transit leads a multi-agency partnership known as the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">Transit Village Initiative</a> that encourages pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods and community revitalization. This program aims to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality and promote growth in areas where infrastructure and public transit already exist.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h3>Examples</h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.njfuture.org/smart-growth-101/smart-growth-awards/2005-award/cranford-crossing/\">Cranford Crossing, Cranford, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Cranford Crossing, a mixed-use redevelopment integrated into Cranford’s pedestrian-friendly environment and located one block from Cranford’s train station.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://library.rpa.org/pdf/RPA-The-Fourth-Regional-Plan.pdf\">Regional Plan Association Report – The Fourth Regional Plan</a></p>\n<p>This report provides examples of several Transit Oriented Developments (TODs) throughout NJ that encourage alternative transportation.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Encouraging the use of alternative transportation options provides benefits for developers, property owners, and building occupants as well as benefits for the environment and the community. Alternative transportation reduces automobile congestion, fossil fuel consumption, and carbon emissions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Some forms of alternative transportation also provide options for healthier lifestyle choices. Initiatives like increased bike parking and storage can lead to a more active lifestyle on the part of residents as well as potentially lowering the risk of diseases such as diabetes linked to unhealthy diets and low activity. Proximity to public transportation and neighborhood services can improve quality of life and reduce commuting stress, all of which provide positive marketing opportunities for a new residential or mixed-use facility.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Including alternative transportation options in the initial design phase and locating projects near rapid transit helps to reduce upfront project costs. Transit-oriented design saves developers money by capitalizing on existing infrastructure and upgrades rather than relying on the developer to provide new infrastructure and parking, a significant redevelopment cost (see <em><i>Brownfield and Infill sites</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Building excessive parking adds to construction costs and may contribute to environmental problems such as the heat island effect and increased stormwater runoff (see <em><i>High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</i></em> and <em><i>Pervious Hardscape Materials</i></em>). Providing excessive parking also encourages driving, which causes congestion, air pollution, and contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases. The fewer spaces dedicated to parking, the more for open space, parks, community rooms, or additional building square footage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Costs associated with providing facilities and equipment that encourage alternative transportation options such as biking and walking vary by project and may include costs to provide shower and changing facilities. Bicycle racks can accommodate about ten bikes for the same space and cost as one parking space. The cost of adding bike lanes depends on the existing condition of the roads.  The cost of adding a sidewalk is about $70 per linear foot along existing roads<strong><b>, </b></strong>though it can be significantly less if included as part of the initial road construction work.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Locating residential buildings and homes with access to a variety of alternative transportation options increases a building and its occupant’s resiliency by providing access to a seamless network of diverse mobility choices fueled by multiple energy sources and insulated from disruptions caused by extreme weather events, security threats, and disaster-related scenarios.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Telecommuting and flexible work schedules reduce congestion and strain on transportation systems, especially during vulnerable times such as storms and inclement weather. Providing bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations supports alternative fuel vehicle adoption, and vehicle-to-grid applications, which enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages (see <em><i>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<p>TOD encourages community interaction that can lead to better cultural understanding, stronger social ties, and in turn, more resilient communities that come together to support each other in times of need. Also, TOD and telecommuting help reduce the number of cars on the road, an added benefit, especially during times of mandatory evacuations when roads need to be accessible to first responders.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> USGBC. LEED O+M: Existing Buildings | LEED v4.  Alternative Transportation. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Alex Wilson and Rachel Navaro. Driving to Green Buildings: The Transportation Intensity of Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings\">https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJTOD.org. “What is Transit Oriented Development?” <a href=\"http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/\">http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/</a> (accessed March 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018. <a href=\"http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties\">http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US General Service Administration (GSA). “Resources for Managing Teleworkers.” <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers</a> (accessed Sept 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NJ DOT. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/</a> (accessed April 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> New Jersey Future – Smart Growth Awards: Cranford Crossing  <a href=\"http://www.njfuture.org/smart-growth-101/smart-growth-awards/2005-award/cranford-crossing/\">http://www.njfuture.org/smart-growth-101/smart-growth-awards/2005-award/cranford-crossing/</a>  (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Federal Transit Administration. Transit-Oriented and Joint Development. <a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment\">https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment</a>  (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Stop Waste.  Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> The Sidewalk Study. <a href=\"http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm\">http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Victoria Transport Policy Institute. (2017) “Evaluating Transportation Resilience</p>\n<p>Evaluating the Transportation System’s Ability to Accommodate Diverse, Variable and Unexpected Demands with Minimal Risk.” <a href=\"http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm\">http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/\">High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://vtc.rutgers.edu/\">Alan M. Vorhees Transportation Center (VTC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/TOD\">Federal Transit Administration – Transit Oriented Development</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njbikeped.org/\">NJ Bicycle &amp; Pedestrian Resource Center  (Complete Streets)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://cleancities.energy.gov/coalitions/new-jersey\">NJ Clean Cities Coalition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtod.org/\">NJTOD.org (A partnership between NJ Transit and Rutgers University)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Department of Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njslom.org/\">NJ State League of Municipalities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Transit Village Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/\">SmartGrid.Org</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.rpa.org/regions/new-jersey\">Regional Plan Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth\">US EPA – Smart Growth</a></li>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Alternative Transportation','','publish','closed','open','','nr-alternative-transportation','','','2022-06-23 17:48:23','2022-06-23 17:48:23','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1225',0,'post','',0),(1227,3,'2022-03-30 21:19:10','2022-03-30 21:19:10','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Integrated Design Process\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is an Integrated Design Process?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building systems are interdependent and require cooperation and creative thinking across disciplines. An integrated design process identifies opportunities to achieve synergies across disciplines and building systems throughout the planning and design phases and beyond.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> For example, decision-making about building shape, orientation, and window placement relates to several green building considerations and relies on the knowledge of multiple disciplines; these building envelope strategies impact heating and cooling loads as well as occupant satisfaction and even productivity, a function of thermal comfort and daylighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> With an integrated design process that considers these multiple benefits, and sometimes trade-offs among them, it is much more likely that the building performs as intended and achieves projected cost savings.</p>\n<p>Many green building strategies also convey resiliency benefits or “the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> At the building level, these include an emphasis on daylighting, superior insulation values, thermal massing and on-site renewable energy, and water harvesting. These strategies reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling and other critical functions, making buildings more resilient to power outages and disruptive events.</p>\n<p>A successfully integrative design process challenges project teams to design, build, and manage high-performance homes that are both green and resilient.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_173\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1298\"]<img class=\"wp-image-173 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Integrated-Design-Process-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1.  A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process\" width=\"1298\" height=\"702\" /> Table 1. A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement an Integrated Design Process </b></strong></h2>\n<p>A truly integrated design process includes ongoing interactions among the entire project team and uses tools and modeling software to support and reinforce design integration.</p>\n<p>The following are standards and guidelines for incorporating an integrated design process.The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) <em><i>Integrative Process (IP) – ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© – Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities </i></em>identify best practices for developing an integrated process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>The American Institute of Architect (AIA) <em><i>Integrated Project Delivery (IPD</i></em>) outlines a step-by-step process for client, design, and construction teams to achieve IPD goals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><i></i></li>\n<li><em><i>LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise </i></em>credit requirements for the Integrative Process include the following three options:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a>\n<ul>\n<li>Form an interdisciplinary “Integrative Project Team” that meets regularly throughout the different phases of the building project.</li>\n<li>Hold a “Design Charrette” with the project team.</li>\n<li>Hold a “Trades Training” on green project aspects before construction begins.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><em><i>RELi,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup><strong><b>[7]</b></strong></sup></a></i></em> a national consensus standard for resilient design, requires a “Panoramic Approach” that includes “Pre-Planning and Discovery” and “Systems Thinking Design.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.njit.edu/abs/green/bridgeton.htm\">Bridgeton Revitalization Project, Bridgeton, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Bridgeton Revitalization Project used an integrated design process to incorporate green affordable housing into the town’s historic district. Several public meetings were held throughout the project to garner support and to gather input from residents, neighbors and staff of the local housing authority.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> The project’s unique historic location made it important to involve private stakeholders and experts early in the process, especially to coordinate the project’s utility and street improvements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> A whole building approach encouraged the engineers, the builder and the architect to consider sustainable materials and systems in all aspects of the project.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p>This process not only created greener affordable housing for the municipality, it also ensured that the people who would be living in or near the new buildings were actively involved in determining the form that the development would take. This example illustrates how an integrated design process can help address both environmental and social issues related to a new residential development and result in a successful project.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Early coordination regarding the interactions of complex building systems can maximize effectiveness and output of these systems and reduce total project costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<p>An integrated design process can result in a project that:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases the opportunity to achieve more aggressive sustainability goals</li>\n<li>Optimizes energy efficiency and incorporates alternative energies</li>\n<li>Recognizes and plans for synergies between green building and resilient design</li>\n<li>Moves beyond minimizing environmental impacts to creating positive, regenerative impacts on the environment</li>\n<li>Maximizes cost effectiveness</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The integrated design process can both minimize incremental capital cost and result in operational savings. Capital cost can be redistributed to achieve high-performance goals without incremental costs. For example, the opportunity to eliminate or reduce the size of equipment or systems can offset the higher first cost of some energy efficiency strategies.  An integrated approach can also reduce operational expenditures through increased communication amongst the project team, resulting in a more efficient design.</p>\n<p>Costs associated with an integrated design process may include things like additional consultant fees to facilitate a goal-setting workshop and time and associated costs of having project team members participate in additional meetings and coordination.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>An integrated design process provides an opportunity for project teams to incorporate resilient design strategies into green building practice. Project teams may want to consider the following when identifying and evaluating green building strategies that also offer resiliency benefits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li><em><i>Understand regional impacts:</i></em> Identify climate impacts for the building’s location.</li>\n<li><em><i>Evaluate performance targets</i>: </em>Understand how the building performs under current peak climate conditions.</li>\n<li><em><i>Conduct a scenario analysis:</i></em> Analyze how the building responds to projected climate impacts, modeling different system options under a variety of climatic conditions.</li>\n<li><em><i>Consider resilient deign strategies:</i></em> Evaluate resilient design strategies that provide passive or efficient responses to more extreme climate events such as higher or lower temperatures, greater wind speeds, and increased or decreased precipitation levels, to maintain occupant comfort while preventing increased energy use.</li>\n</ol>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. (Updated April 6, 2018). Credit. Integrative Process. Page 10. <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org\">https://new.usgbc.org</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> City of New York Department of Design and Construction. 1999. “High Performance Building Guidelines.” Page 17. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable\">http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> National Academy of Sciences. 2012. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© <em><i>February 2, 2012, </i></em>for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities. <a href=\"https://webstore.ansi.org\">https://webstore.ansi.org</a> (Search: Integrative Process)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> American Institute of Architects (AIA). 2007. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council. Version 1. <a href=\"http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf\">http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> USGBC. LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise (Updated Oct 2, 2017). Credit. Integrative Process. Page 7-8. <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org\">https://new.usgbc.org</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> The RELI Action List is a resource included in the RELi Green + Resilient Property Underwriting Standard. At the time of this publication, the USGBC was working to synthesize the LEED Resilient Design pilot credits with RELi’s Hazard Mitigation and Adaptation credits.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List <a href=\"http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783\">http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Affordable Housing Design Advisor (AHDA). New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT). Bridgeton Revitalization. <a href=\"https://web.njit.edu/abs/green/bridgeton.htm\">https://web.njit.edu/abs/green/bridgeton.htm</a> (accessed March 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> AHDA. NJIT. Bridgeton Revitalization.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2014. Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings, Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. <a href=\"https://ashrae.iwrapper.com/ViewOnline/Standard_189.1-2014\">https://ashrae.iwrapper.com/ViewOnline/Standard_189.1-2014</a> (accessed Feb 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://vtc.rutgers.edu/\">Alan M. Vorhees Transportation Center (VTC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/TOD\">Federal Transit Administration – Transit Oriented Development</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njbikeped.org/\">NJ Bicycle &amp; Pedestrian Resource Center  (Complete Streets)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.njcleancities.com/\">NJ Clean Cities Coalition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtod.org/\">NJTOD.org (A partnership between NJ Transit and Rutgers University)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Department of Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njslom.org/\">NJ State League of Municipalities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Transit Village Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/\">SmartGrid.Org</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.rpa.org/regions/new-jersey\">Regional Plan Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth\">US EPA – Smart Growth</a></li>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Alternative Transportation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1225-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:19:10','2022-03-30 21:19:10','',1225,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1227',0,'revision','',0),(1228,3,'2022-03-30 21:19:10','2022-03-30 21:19:10','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Integrated Design Process\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is an Integrated Design Process?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building systems are interdependent and require cooperation and creative thinking across disciplines. An integrated design process identifies opportunities to achieve synergies across disciplines and building systems throughout the planning and design phases and beyond.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> For example, decision-making about building shape, orientation, and window placement relates to several green building considerations and relies on the knowledge of multiple disciplines; these building envelope strategies impact heating and cooling loads as well as occupant satisfaction and even productivity, a function of thermal comfort and daylighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> With an integrated design process that considers these multiple benefits, and sometimes trade-offs among them, it is much more likely that the building performs as intended and achieves projected cost savings.</p>\n<p>Many green building strategies also convey resiliency benefits or “the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> At the building level, these include an emphasis on daylighting, superior insulation values, thermal massing and on-site renewable energy, and water harvesting. These strategies reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling and other critical functions, making buildings more resilient to power outages and disruptive events.</p>\n<p>A successfully integrative design process challenges project teams to design, build, and manage high-performance homes that are both green and resilient.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_173\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1298\"]<img class=\"wp-image-173 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Integrated-Design-Process-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1.  A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process\" width=\"1298\" height=\"702\" /> Table 1. A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement an Integrated Design Process </b></strong></h2>\n<p>A truly integrated design process includes ongoing interactions among the entire project team and uses tools and modeling software to support and reinforce design integration.</p>\n<p>The following are standards and guidelines for incorporating an integrated design process.The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) <em><i>Integrative Process (IP) – ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© – Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities </i></em>identify best practices for developing an integrated process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>The American Institute of Architect (AIA) <em><i>Integrated Project Delivery (IPD</i></em>) outlines a step-by-step process for client, design, and construction teams to achieve IPD goals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><i></i></li>\n<li><em><i>LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise </i></em>credit requirements for the Integrative Process include the following three options:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a>\n<ul>\n<li>Form an interdisciplinary “Integrative Project Team” that meets regularly throughout the different phases of the building project.</li>\n<li>Hold a “Design Charrette” with the project team.</li>\n<li>Hold a “Trades Training” on green project aspects before construction begins.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><em><i>RELi,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup><strong><b>[7]</b></strong></sup></a></i></em> a national consensus standard for resilient design, requires a “Panoramic Approach” that includes “Pre-Planning and Discovery” and “Systems Thinking Design.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.njit.edu/abs/green/bridgeton.htm\">Bridgeton Revitalization Project, Bridgeton, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Bridgeton Revitalization Project used an integrated design process to incorporate green affordable housing into the town’s historic district. Several public meetings were held throughout the project to garner support and to gather input from residents, neighbors and staff of the local housing authority.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> The project’s unique historic location made it important to involve private stakeholders and experts early in the process, especially to coordinate the project’s utility and street improvements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> A whole building approach encouraged the engineers, the builder and the architect to consider sustainable materials and systems in all aspects of the project.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p>This process not only created greener affordable housing for the municipality, it also ensured that the people who would be living in or near the new buildings were actively involved in determining the form that the development would take. This example illustrates how an integrated design process can help address both environmental and social issues related to a new residential development and result in a successful project.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Early coordination regarding the interactions of complex building systems can maximize effectiveness and output of these systems and reduce total project costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<p>An integrated design process can result in a project that:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases the opportunity to achieve more aggressive sustainability goals</li>\n<li>Optimizes energy efficiency and incorporates alternative energies</li>\n<li>Recognizes and plans for synergies between green building and resilient design</li>\n<li>Moves beyond minimizing environmental impacts to creating positive, regenerative impacts on the environment</li>\n<li>Maximizes cost effectiveness</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The integrated design process can both minimize incremental capital cost and result in operational savings. Capital cost can be redistributed to achieve high-performance goals without incremental costs. For example, the opportunity to eliminate or reduce the size of equipment or systems can offset the higher first cost of some energy efficiency strategies.  An integrated approach can also reduce operational expenditures through increased communication amongst the project team, resulting in a more efficient design.</p>\n<p>Costs associated with an integrated design process may include things like additional consultant fees to facilitate a goal-setting workshop and time and associated costs of having project team members participate in additional meetings and coordination.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>An integrated design process provides an opportunity for project teams to incorporate resilient design strategies into green building practice. Project teams may want to consider the following when identifying and evaluating green building strategies that also offer resiliency benefits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li><em><i>Understand regional impacts:</i></em> Identify climate impacts for the building’s location.</li>\n<li><em><i>Evaluate performance targets</i>: </em>Understand how the building performs under current peak climate conditions.</li>\n<li><em><i>Conduct a scenario analysis:</i></em> Analyze how the building responds to projected climate impacts, modeling different system options under a variety of climatic conditions.</li>\n<li><em><i>Consider resilient deign strategies:</i></em> Evaluate resilient design strategies that provide passive or efficient responses to more extreme climate events such as higher or lower temperatures, greater wind speeds, and increased or decreased precipitation levels, to maintain occupant comfort while preventing increased energy use.</li>\n</ol>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. (Updated April 6, 2018). Credit. Integrative Process. Page 10. <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org\">https://new.usgbc.org</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> City of New York Department of Design and Construction. 1999. “High Performance Building Guidelines.” Page 17. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable\">http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> National Academy of Sciences. 2012. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© <em><i>February 2, 2012, </i></em>for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities. <a href=\"https://webstore.ansi.org\">https://webstore.ansi.org</a> (Search: Integrative Process)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> American Institute of Architects (AIA). 2007. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council. Version 1. <a href=\"http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf\">http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> USGBC. LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise (Updated Oct 2, 2017). Credit. Integrative Process. Page 7-8. <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org\">https://new.usgbc.org</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> The RELI Action List is a resource included in the RELi Green + Resilient Property Underwriting Standard. At the time of this publication, the USGBC was working to synthesize the LEED Resilient Design pilot credits with RELi’s Hazard Mitigation and Adaptation credits.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List <a href=\"http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783\">http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Affordable Housing Design Advisor (AHDA). New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT). Bridgeton Revitalization. <a href=\"https://web.njit.edu/abs/green/bridgeton.htm\">https://web.njit.edu/abs/green/bridgeton.htm</a> (accessed March 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> AHDA. NJIT. Bridgeton Revitalization.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2014. Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings, Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. <a href=\"https://ashrae.iwrapper.com/ViewOnline/Standard_189.1-2014\">https://ashrae.iwrapper.com/ViewOnline/Standard_189.1-2014</a> (accessed Feb 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://vtc.rutgers.edu/\">Alan M. Vorhees Transportation Center (VTC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/TOD\">Federal Transit Administration – Transit Oriented Development</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njbikeped.org/\">NJ Bicycle &amp; Pedestrian Resource Center  (Complete Streets)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.njcleancities.com/\">NJ Clean Cities Coalition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtod.org/\">NJTOD.org (A partnership between NJ Transit and Rutgers University)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Department of Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njslom.org/\">NJ State League of Municipalities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Transit Village Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/\">SmartGrid.Org</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.rpa.org/regions/new-jersey\">Regional Plan Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth\">US EPA – Smart Growth</a></li>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Integrated Design Process','','inherit','closed','closed','','1225-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:19:10','2022-03-30 21:19:10','',1225,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1228',0,'revision','',0),(1229,3,'2022-03-30 21:19:13','2022-03-30 21:19:13','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Integrated Design Process\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is an Integrated Design Process?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building systems are interdependent and require cooperation and creative thinking across disciplines. An integrated design process identifies opportunities to achieve synergies across disciplines and building systems throughout the planning and design phases and beyond.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> For example, decision-making about building shape, orientation, and window placement relates to several green building considerations and relies on the knowledge of multiple disciplines; these building envelope strategies impact heating and cooling loads as well as occupant satisfaction and even productivity, a function of thermal comfort and daylighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> With an integrated design process that considers these multiple benefits, and sometimes trade-offs among them, it is much more likely that the building performs as intended and achieves projected cost savings.</p>\n<p>Many green building strategies also convey resiliency benefits or “the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> At the building level, these include an emphasis on daylighting, superior insulation values, thermal massing and on-site renewable energy, and water harvesting. These strategies reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling and other critical functions, making buildings more resilient to power outages and disruptive events.</p>\n<p>A successfully integrative design process challenges project teams to design, build, and manage high-performance homes that are both green and resilient.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_173\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1298\"]<img class=\"wp-image-173 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Integrated-Design-Process-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1.  A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process\" width=\"1298\" height=\"702\" /> Table 1. A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement an Integrated Design Process </b></strong></h2>\n<p>A truly integrated design process includes ongoing interactions among the entire project team and uses tools and modeling software to support and reinforce design integration.</p>\n<p>The following are standards and guidelines for incorporating an integrated design process.The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) <em><i>Integrative Process (IP) – ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© – Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities </i></em>identify best practices for developing an integrated process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>The American Institute of Architect (AIA) <em><i>Integrated Project Delivery (IPD</i></em>) outlines a step-by-step process for client, design, and construction teams to achieve IPD goals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><i></i></li>\n<li><em><i>LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise </i></em>credit requirements for the Integrative Process include the following three options:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a>\n<ul>\n<li>Form an interdisciplinary “Integrative Project Team” that meets regularly throughout the different phases of the building project.</li>\n<li>Hold a “Design Charrette” with the project team.</li>\n<li>Hold a “Trades Training” on green project aspects before construction begins.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><em><i>RELi,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup><strong><b>[7]</b></strong></sup></a></i></em> a national consensus standard for resilient design, requires a “Panoramic Approach” that includes “Pre-Planning and Discovery” and “Systems Thinking Design.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.njit.edu/abs/green/bridgeton.htm\">Bridgeton Revitalization Project, Bridgeton, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Bridgeton Revitalization Project used an integrated design process to incorporate green affordable housing into the town’s historic district. Several public meetings were held throughout the project to garner support and to gather input from residents, neighbors and staff of the local housing authority.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> The project’s unique historic location made it important to involve private stakeholders and experts early in the process, especially to coordinate the project’s utility and street improvements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> A whole building approach encouraged the engineers, the builder and the architect to consider sustainable materials and systems in all aspects of the project.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p>This process not only created greener affordable housing for the municipality, it also ensured that the people who would be living in or near the new buildings were actively involved in determining the form that the development would take. This example illustrates how an integrated design process can help address both environmental and social issues related to a new residential development and result in a successful project.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Early coordination regarding the interactions of complex building systems can maximize effectiveness and output of these systems and reduce total project costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<p>An integrated design process can result in a project that:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases the opportunity to achieve more aggressive sustainability goals</li>\n<li>Optimizes energy efficiency and incorporates alternative energies</li>\n<li>Recognizes and plans for synergies between green building and resilient design</li>\n<li>Moves beyond minimizing environmental impacts to creating positive, regenerative impacts on the environment</li>\n<li>Maximizes cost effectiveness</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The integrated design process can both minimize incremental capital cost and result in operational savings. Capital cost can be redistributed to achieve high-performance goals without incremental costs. For example, the opportunity to eliminate or reduce the size of equipment or systems can offset the higher first cost of some energy efficiency strategies.  An integrated approach can also reduce operational expenditures through increased communication amongst the project team, resulting in a more efficient design.</p>\n<p>Costs associated with an integrated design process may include things like additional consultant fees to facilitate a goal-setting workshop and time and associated costs of having project team members participate in additional meetings and coordination.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>An integrated design process provides an opportunity for project teams to incorporate resilient design strategies into green building practice. Project teams may want to consider the following when identifying and evaluating green building strategies that also offer resiliency benefits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li><em><i>Understand regional impacts:</i></em> Identify climate impacts for the building’s location.</li>\n<li><em><i>Evaluate performance targets</i>: </em>Understand how the building performs under current peak climate conditions.</li>\n<li><em><i>Conduct a scenario analysis:</i></em> Analyze how the building responds to projected climate impacts, modeling different system options under a variety of climatic conditions.</li>\n<li><em><i>Consider resilient deign strategies:</i></em> Evaluate resilient design strategies that provide passive or efficient responses to more extreme climate events such as higher or lower temperatures, greater wind speeds, and increased or decreased precipitation levels, to maintain occupant comfort while preventing increased energy use.</li>\n</ol>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. (Updated April 6, 2018). Credit. Integrative Process. Page 10. <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org\">https://new.usgbc.org</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> City of New York Department of Design and Construction. 1999. “High Performance Building Guidelines.” Page 17. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable\">http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> National Academy of Sciences. 2012. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© <em><i>February 2, 2012, </i></em>for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities. <a href=\"https://webstore.ansi.org\">https://webstore.ansi.org</a> (Search: Integrative Process)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> American Institute of Architects (AIA). 2007. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council. Version 1. <a href=\"http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf\">http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> USGBC. LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise (Updated Oct 2, 2017). Credit. Integrative Process. Page 7-8. <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org\">https://new.usgbc.org</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> The RELI Action List is a resource included in the RELi Green + Resilient Property Underwriting Standard. At the time of this publication, the USGBC was working to synthesize the LEED Resilient Design pilot credits with RELi’s Hazard Mitigation and Adaptation credits.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List <a href=\"http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783\">http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Affordable Housing Design Advisor (AHDA). New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT). Bridgeton Revitalization. <a href=\"https://web.njit.edu/abs/green/bridgeton.htm\">https://web.njit.edu/abs/green/bridgeton.htm</a> (accessed March 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> AHDA. NJIT. Bridgeton Revitalization.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2014. Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings, Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. <a href=\"https://ashrae.iwrapper.com/ViewOnline/Standard_189.1-2014\">https://ashrae.iwrapper.com/ViewOnline/Standard_189.1-2014</a> (accessed Feb 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://vtc.rutgers.edu/\">Alan M. Vorhees Transportation Center (VTC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/TOD\">Federal Transit Administration – Transit Oriented Development</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njbikeped.org/\">NJ Bicycle &amp; Pedestrian Resource Center  (Complete Streets)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.njcleancities.com/\">NJ Clean Cities Coalition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtod.org/\">NJTOD.org (A partnership between NJ Transit and Rutgers University)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Department of Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njslom.org/\">NJ State League of Municipalities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Transit Village Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/\">SmartGrid.Org</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.rpa.org/regions/new-jersey\">Regional Plan Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth\">US EPA – Smart Growth</a></li>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Alternative Transportation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1225-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:19:13','2022-03-30 21:19:13','',1225,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1229',0,'revision','',0),(1231,3,'2022-03-30 21:21:40','2022-03-30 21:21:40','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Alternative Transportation\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Alternative Transportation?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Alternative transportation discourages dependence on the personal automobile and encourages public transportation options such as carpooling, vanpooling, busing, walking, and cycling. Telecommuting, informal transit options, compressed workweeks, and alternative fuel vehicles such as plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) also help reduce the number of greenhouse gasses produced by single occupancy vehicles.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Commuting to and from an average office building built to modern energy codes consumes thirty percent more energy compared to the energy the building itself consumes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> The location of residential buildings and their proximity to other resources and services are important factors to consider in a home’s overall environmental impact. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) concentrates development around transit stations, such as train, light rail, and bus stations, and other amenities to create places for people to live, work, and play without requiring the use of a car.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_184\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"678\"]<img class=\"wp-image-184 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Alternative-Transportation-and-TOD-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).\" width=\"678\" height=\"484\" /> Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Alternative Transportation<br /></b></strong></h2>\n<p>There are several alternative transportation strategies to consider when developing a new residential project that can also help to earn your project LEEDv4 Home credits.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proximity to existing public transportation, pedestrian, and bicycle networks and establishing a shuttle service if beyond a short walk away.</li>\n<li>Proximity to existing infrastructure, services and economic activity such as stores, schools, offices, and parks.</li>\n<li>Minimizing on-site parking and providing bicycle changing facilities and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Providing covered areas for people awaiting carpool/vanpool rides and drop-off/pick-up zones for vehicles.</li>\n<li>Providing facilities to encourage energy-efficient vehicle use, such as two-way electric plug-in charging stations that enable EVs to both draw electricity from and supply electricity to the grid, and liquid or gas alternative fueling facilities or a battery switching station.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Many local programs assist with alternative transportation options such as the <a href=\"http://www.hudsontma.org/index.php?page=ridesharecarpoo&amp;option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=44&amp;cat_id=18&amp;Itemid=54\">Hudson County Transportation Management Authority</a> that offers rideshare, carpool, and vanpool services as well as other useful information for commuters.</p>\n<p>Employees can take advantage of or look to work for companies that offer telecommuting options, which contribute to sustainable workplace practices by allowing employees to communicate via telephone and computers to accomplish tasks that traditionally occur in central office spaces, reducing traffic congestion and strain on transportation systems, fuel consumption, and associated emissions and air quality issues.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>TOD begins with site selection near transit hubs. Consider local regulations and interest in transit hub development to reduce delays and conflict. Identify special zoning and permit systems designed to expedite efficient redevelopment of urban centers.</p>\n<p>The New Jersey Department of Transportation and New Jersey Transit leads a multi-agency partnership known as the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">Transit Village Initiative</a> that encourages pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods and community revitalization. This program aims to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality and promote growth in areas where infrastructure and public transit already exist.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h3>Examples</h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.njfuture.org/smart-growth-101/smart-growth-awards/2005-award/cranford-crossing/\">Cranford Crossing, Cranford, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Cranford Crossing, a mixed-use redevelopment integrated into Cranford’s pedestrian-friendly environment and located one block from Cranford’s train station.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://library.rpa.org/pdf/RPA-The-Fourth-Regional-Plan.pdf\">Regional Plan Association Report – The Fourth Regional Plan</a></p>\n<p>This report provides examples of several Transit Oriented Developments (TODs) throughout NJ that encourage alternative transportation.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Encouraging the use of alternative transportation options provides benefits for developers, property owners, and building occupants as well as benefits for the environment and the community. Alternative transportation reduces automobile congestion, fossil fuel consumption, and carbon emissions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Some forms of alternative transportation also provide options for healthier lifestyle choices. Initiatives like increased bike parking and storage can lead to a more active lifestyle on the part of residents as well as potentially lowering the risk of diseases such as diabetes linked to unhealthy diets and low activity. Proximity to public transportation and neighborhood services can improve quality of life and reduce commuting stress, all of which provide positive marketing opportunities for a new residential or mixed-use facility.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Including alternative transportation options in the initial design phase and locating projects near rapid transit helps to reduce upfront project costs. Transit-oriented design saves developers money by capitalizing on existing infrastructure and upgrades rather than relying on the developer to provide new infrastructure and parking, a significant redevelopment cost (see <em><i>Brownfield and Infill sites</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Building excessive parking adds to construction costs and may contribute to environmental problems such as the heat island effect and increased stormwater runoff (see <em><i>High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</i></em> and <em><i>Pervious Hardscape Materials</i></em>). Providing excessive parking also encourages driving, which causes congestion, air pollution, and contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases. The fewer spaces dedicated to parking, the more for open space, parks, community rooms, or additional building square footage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Costs associated with providing facilities and equipment that encourage alternative transportation options such as biking and walking vary by project and may include costs to provide shower and changing facilities. Bicycle racks can accommodate about ten bikes for the same space and cost as one parking space. The cost of adding bike lanes depends on the existing condition of the roads.  The cost of adding a sidewalk is about $70 per linear foot along existing roads<strong><b>, </b></strong>though it can be significantly less if included as part of the initial road construction work.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Locating residential buildings and homes with access to a variety of alternative transportation options increases a building and its occupant’s resiliency by providing access to a seamless network of diverse mobility choices fueled by multiple energy sources and insulated from disruptions caused by extreme weather events, security threats, and disaster-related scenarios.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Telecommuting and flexible work schedules reduce congestion and strain on transportation systems, especially during vulnerable times such as storms and inclement weather. Providing bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations supports alternative fuel vehicle adoption, and vehicle-to-grid applications, which enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages (see <em><i>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<p>TOD encourages community interaction that can lead to better cultural understanding, stronger social ties, and in turn, more resilient communities that come together to support each other in times of need. Also, TOD and telecommuting help reduce the number of cars on the road, an added benefit, especially during times of mandatory evacuations when roads need to be accessible to first responders.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> USGBC. LEED O+M: Existing Buildings | LEED v4.  Alternative Transportation. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Alex Wilson and Rachel Navaro. Driving to Green Buildings: The Transportation Intensity of Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings\">https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJTOD.org. “What is Transit Oriented Development?” <a href=\"http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/\">http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/</a> (accessed March 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018. <a href=\"http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties\">http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US General Service Administration (GSA). “Resources for Managing Teleworkers.” <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers</a> (accessed Sept 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NJ DOT. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/</a> (accessed April 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> New Jersey Future – Smart Growth Awards: Cranford Crossing  <a href=\"http://www.njfuture.org/smart-growth-101/smart-growth-awards/2005-award/cranford-crossing/\">http://www.njfuture.org/smart-growth-101/smart-growth-awards/2005-award/cranford-crossing/</a>  (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Federal Transit Administration. Transit-Oriented and Joint Development. <a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment\">https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment</a>  (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Stop Waste.  Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> The Sidewalk Study. <a href=\"http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm\">http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Victoria Transport Policy Institute. (2017) “Evaluating Transportation Resilience</p>\n<p>Evaluating the Transportation System’s Ability to Accommodate Diverse, Variable and Unexpected Demands with Minimal Risk.” <a href=\"http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm\">http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/\">High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://vtc.rutgers.edu/\">Alan M. Vorhees Transportation Center (VTC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/TOD\">Federal Transit Administration – Transit Oriented Development</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njbikeped.org/\">NJ Bicycle &amp; Pedestrian Resource Center  (Complete Streets)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.njcleancities.com/\">NJ Clean Cities Coalition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtod.org/\">NJTOD.org (A partnership between NJ Transit and Rutgers University)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Department of Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njslom.org/\">NJ State League of Municipalities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Transit Village Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/\">SmartGrid.Org</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.rpa.org/regions/new-jersey\">Regional Plan Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth\">US EPA – Smart Growth</a></li>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Alternative Transportation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1225-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:21:40','2022-03-30 21:21:40','',1225,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1231',0,'revision','',0),(1232,3,'2022-03-30 21:25:11','2022-03-30 21:25:11','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Composting\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Composting?</strong></h2>\n<p>Composting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms<span> </span><em>Eisenia foetida)</em>. The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for residential properties with limited space.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_382\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"374\"]<img class=\"wp-image-382 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)\" width=\"374\" height=\"280\" /> Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Composting</strong></h2>\n<p>Organic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></sup><span> </span>Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/compost\">Hoboken – Composting</a>). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities:<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/classcfc.htm\">NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities</a>. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>If composting at home, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.</p>\n<p><u>Outdoor Composting Process</u>:</p>\n<p>Compost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Indoor Composting Process</u>:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>If outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.</p>\n<p>Building a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.</li>\n<li>Add about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.</li>\n<li>Place food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.</li>\n<li>Keep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.</li>\n<li>Store the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.</li>\n<li>Harvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</li>\n</ol>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_285\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"592\"]<img class=\"wp-image-285 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)\" width=\"592\" height=\"440\" /> Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.lambertvillenj.org/third-can-recycling-program\">Third Can Program – Lambertville, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The City of Lambertville realized that food waste comprised approximately 15% of the city’s waste stream. Beginning in 2014, Lambertville initiated the Third Can Program on a voluntary basis for residents.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves money on waste management</li>\n<li>Reduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).</li>\n<li>Improves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Provides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer. Full size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> or purchased (average $60-100 each)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Composting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Composting <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm</a> (accessed April 7, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Vermicomposting. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: <em>A. Grass Clippings.</em> <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. <a href=\"https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/\">https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Based on a survey of several suppliers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics\">https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. <a href=\"https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf\">https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed May 7, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-homeowner-training/\">Homeowner Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://ilsr.org/\">Institute for Local-Self Reliance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/stories/composting-way-easier-you-think\">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/docs/nyc-master-composter-manual-mcm.pdf\">NYC Master Composter Manual</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.asp?cat=5&amp;sub=36\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20220620092328/https://www.compostingcouncil.org/page/Education\">US Composting Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</a></li>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Composting','','publish','closed','open','','nr-composting','','','2022-06-23 19:43:18','2022-06-23 19:43:18','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1232',0,'post','',0),(1234,3,'2022-03-30 21:25:11','2022-03-30 21:25:11','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Composting\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Composting?</strong></h2>\n<p>Composting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms<span> </span><em>Eisenia foetida)</em>. The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for residential properties with limited space.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_382\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-382 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-1-300x225.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" /> Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Composting</strong></h2>\n<p>Organic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></sup><span> </span>Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/compost\">Hoboken – Composting</a>). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities:<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/classcfc.htm\">NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities</a>. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>If composting at home, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.</p>\n<p><u>Outdoor Composting Process</u>:</p>\n<p>Compost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Indoor Composting Process</u>:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>If outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.</p>\n<p>Building a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.</li>\n<li>Add about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.</li>\n<li>Place food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.</li>\n<li>Keep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.</li>\n<li>Store the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.</li>\n<li>Harvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</li>\n</ol>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_285\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"592\"]<img class=\"wp-image-285 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)\" width=\"592\" height=\"440\" /> Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.lambertvillenj.org/third-can-recycling-program\">Third Can Program – Lambertville, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The City of Lambertville realized that food waste comprised approximately 15% of the city’s waste stream. Beginning in 2014, Lambertville initiated the Third Can Program on a voluntary basis for residents.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves money on waste management</li>\n<li>Reduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).</li>\n<li>Improves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Provides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer. Full size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> or purchased (average $60-100 each)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Composting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Composting <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm</a> (accessed April 7, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Vermicomposting. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: <em>A. Grass Clippings.</em> <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. <a href=\"https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/\">https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Based on a survey of several suppliers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics\">https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. <a href=\"https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf\">https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed May 7, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-homeowner-training/\">Homeowner Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://ilsr.org/\">Institute for Local-Self Reliance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/stories/composting-way-easier-you-think\">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/docs/nyc-master-composter-manual-mcm.pdf\">NYC Master Composter Manual</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.asp?cat=5&amp;sub=36\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.compostingcouncil.org/education/resources.php\">US Composting Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</a></li>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Composting','','inherit','closed','closed','','1232-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:25:11','2022-03-30 21:25:11','',1232,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1234',0,'revision','',0),(1235,3,'2022-03-30 21:25:11','2022-03-30 21:25:11','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Composting\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Composting?</strong></h2>\n<p>Composting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms<span> </span><em>Eisenia foetida)</em>. The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for residential properties with limited space.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_382\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-382 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-1-300x225.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" /> Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Composting</strong></h2>\n<p>Organic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></sup><span> </span>Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/compost\">Hoboken – Composting</a>). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities:<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/classcfc.htm\">NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities</a>. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>If composting at home, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.</p>\n<p><u>Outdoor Composting Process</u>:</p>\n<p>Compost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Indoor Composting Process</u>:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>If outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.</p>\n<p>Building a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.</li>\n<li>Add about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.</li>\n<li>Place food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.</li>\n<li>Keep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.</li>\n<li>Store the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.</li>\n<li>Harvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</li>\n</ol>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_285\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"592\"]<img class=\"wp-image-285 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)\" width=\"592\" height=\"440\" /> Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.lambertvillenj.org/third-can-recycling-program\">Third Can Program – Lambertville, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The City of Lambertville realized that food waste comprised approximately 15% of the city’s waste stream. Beginning in 2014, Lambertville initiated the Third Can Program on a voluntary basis for residents.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves money on waste management</li>\n<li>Reduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).</li>\n<li>Improves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Provides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer. Full size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> or purchased (average $60-100 each)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Composting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Composting <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm</a> (accessed April 7, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Vermicomposting. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: <em>A. Grass Clippings.</em> <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. <a href=\"https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/\">https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Based on a survey of several suppliers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics\">https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. <a href=\"https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf\">https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed May 7, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-homeowner-training/\">Homeowner Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://ilsr.org/\">Institute for Local-Self Reliance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/stories/composting-way-easier-you-think\">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/docs/nyc-master-composter-manual-mcm.pdf\">NYC Master Composter Manual</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.asp?cat=5&amp;sub=36\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.compostingcouncil.org/education/resources.php\">US Composting Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</a></li>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Alternative Transportation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1232-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:25:11','2022-03-30 21:25:11','',1232,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1235',0,'revision','',0),(1236,3,'2022-03-30 21:25:14','2022-03-30 21:25:14','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Composting\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Composting?</strong></h2>\n<p>Composting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms<span> </span><em>Eisenia foetida)</em>. The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for residential properties with limited space.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_382\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-382 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-1-300x225.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" /> Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Composting</strong></h2>\n<p>Organic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></sup><span> </span>Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/compost\">Hoboken – Composting</a>). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities:<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/classcfc.htm\">NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities</a>. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>If composting at home, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.</p>\n<p><u>Outdoor Composting Process</u>:</p>\n<p>Compost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Indoor Composting Process</u>:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>If outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.</p>\n<p>Building a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.</li>\n<li>Add about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.</li>\n<li>Place food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.</li>\n<li>Keep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.</li>\n<li>Store the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.</li>\n<li>Harvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</li>\n</ol>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_285\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"592\"]<img class=\"wp-image-285 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)\" width=\"592\" height=\"440\" /> Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.lambertvillenj.org/third-can-recycling-program\">Third Can Program – Lambertville, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The City of Lambertville realized that food waste comprised approximately 15% of the city’s waste stream. Beginning in 2014, Lambertville initiated the Third Can Program on a voluntary basis for residents.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves money on waste management</li>\n<li>Reduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).</li>\n<li>Improves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Provides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer. Full size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> or purchased (average $60-100 each)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Composting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Composting <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm</a> (accessed April 7, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Vermicomposting. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: <em>A. Grass Clippings.</em> <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. <a href=\"https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/\">https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Based on a survey of several suppliers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics\">https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. <a href=\"https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf\">https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed May 7, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-homeowner-training/\">Homeowner Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://ilsr.org/\">Institute for Local-Self Reliance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/stories/composting-way-easier-you-think\">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/docs/nyc-master-composter-manual-mcm.pdf\">NYC Master Composter Manual</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.asp?cat=5&amp;sub=36\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.compostingcouncil.org/education/resources.php\">US Composting Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</a></li>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Composting','','inherit','closed','closed','','1232-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:25:14','2022-03-30 21:25:14','',1232,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1236',0,'revision','',0),(1237,3,'2022-03-30 21:25:50','2022-03-30 21:25:50','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Composting\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Composting?</strong></h2>\n<p>Composting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms<span> </span><em>Eisenia foetida)</em>. The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for residential properties with limited space.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_382\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"374\"]<img class=\"wp-image-382 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)\" width=\"374\" height=\"280\" /> Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Composting</strong></h2>\n<p>Organic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></sup><span> </span>Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/compost\">Hoboken – Composting</a>). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities:<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/classcfc.htm\">NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities</a>. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>If composting at home, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.</p>\n<p><u>Outdoor Composting Process</u>:</p>\n<p>Compost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Indoor Composting Process</u>:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>If outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.</p>\n<p>Building a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.</li>\n<li>Add about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.</li>\n<li>Place food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.</li>\n<li>Keep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.</li>\n<li>Store the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.</li>\n<li>Harvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</li>\n</ol>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_285\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"592\"]<img class=\"wp-image-285 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)\" width=\"592\" height=\"440\" /> Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.lambertvillenj.org/third-can-recycling-program\">Third Can Program – Lambertville, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The City of Lambertville realized that food waste comprised approximately 15% of the city’s waste stream. Beginning in 2014, Lambertville initiated the Third Can Program on a voluntary basis for residents.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves money on waste management</li>\n<li>Reduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).</li>\n<li>Improves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Provides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer. Full size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> or purchased (average $60-100 each)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Composting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Composting <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm</a> (accessed April 7, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Vermicomposting. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: <em>A. Grass Clippings.</em> <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. <a href=\"https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/\">https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Based on a survey of several suppliers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics\">https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. <a href=\"https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf\">https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed May 7, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-homeowner-training/\">Homeowner Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://ilsr.org/\">Institute for Local-Self Reliance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/stories/composting-way-easier-you-think\">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/docs/nyc-master-composter-manual-mcm.pdf\">NYC Master Composter Manual</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.asp?cat=5&amp;sub=36\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.compostingcouncil.org/education/resources.php\">US Composting Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</a></li>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Composting','','inherit','closed','closed','','1232-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:25:50','2022-03-30 21:25:50','',1232,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1237',0,'revision','',0),(1238,3,'2022-03-30 21:28:28','2022-03-30 21:28:28','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Brownfield and Infill Sites\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Brownfield and Infill Development?</h2>\n<p>The reuse of urbanized brownfield and infill sites utilizes existing infrastructure and maximizes the value of existing resources. Brownfields consist of properties whose expansion, redevelopment, or reuse may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>These properties include sites with historical use as an industrial or commercial site and are often located in urban areas. According to the NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJ DEP), there are an estimated 10,000 brownfield sites located throughout the state.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Of the more than 10,000 sites, some 2,544 acres of brownfields fall into 267 sites that the NJ DEP calls<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">Brownfield Development Areas</a><span> </span>(BDAs). The NJ DEP has designated BDAs in communities that are affected by multiple brownfield sites in need of remediation. The BDA Initiative, a program of the NJ DEP, assembles large parcels of brownfields and coordinates clean up and redevelopment efforts to elicit a more significant impact environmentally, economically, and socially.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Once remediated, these sites find a reuse for any type of development, from parks and housing to new commercial and industrial development. As New Jersey reaches build-out, redeveloping brownfields emphasizes the benefit of maintaining undeveloped lands for use as farmland and open space – recognizing that diverse landscapes build value for the developed environment. Brownfield redevelopment revitalizes urban areas, improves adjacent property values and adds to the overall quality of life for residents and the community.</p>\n<p>Redevelopment of brownfields and infill development in existing developed areas provides opportunities for alternative transportation such as walking and bicycling and can reduce reliance on the automobile as a mode of transportation (see<span> </span><em>Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Design</em>). These sites gain value by locating in areas of existing infrastructure (i.e., public transportation, water, sewer, electricity). For developers, there are numerous incentives to redevelop these sites, offering compelling benefits for investors as well. As a community benefit, redevelopment restores economic and social value to the surrounding neighborhood adding value to the community at large.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_446\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"802\"]<img class=\"wp-image-446 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Lafayette Village, Jersey City, NJ Before (left) and After (right) (Source: NJ DEP)\" width=\"802\" height=\"318\" /> Figure 1 – Lafayette Village, Jersey City, NJ Before (left) and After (right) (Source: NJ DEP)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Develop Brownfield and Infill Sites</strong></h2>\n<p>Conducting an initial investigation of a brownfield site indicates the level of contamination on the property – and the level of cleanup required. This phase is often inexpensive and is a common element of due diligence in real estate development. It is important to realize that many brownfield sites are minimally contaminated, and it may be inexpensive to neutralize or stabilize the site.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>New technologies, such as<span> </span><em>the Triad Approach,</em><span> </span>assess a site both speedily and comprehensively – two significant issues of concern to investors and developers.  The Triad Approach focuses on three main principles and uses real-time environmental sensors:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Systematic Project Plans</li>\n<li>Dynamic Work Strategies</li>\n<li>Innovative rapid sampling and Analytical Technologies<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>New residential developments, especially single-family residential developments, are subject to strict cleanup measures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Developers may also want to consider planning a mixed-use development.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>To pursue the development of new residential construction on a contaminated or brownfield site, the developer may follow these steps:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Gain local support – speak with local zoning officials, planning officials, or community development department to confirm that the redevelopment plan is within the community’s neighborhood plan. Make sure to address the following questions:<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Is the brownfield or contaminated site located within a BDA?</li>\n<li>How is the parcel or area zoned according to municipal zoning ordinance?</li>\n<li>Is the proposed end-use consistent with the municipality’s master plan? If not, would they accept an end-use change?</li>\n</ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Gather community input – consult with the community and foster support for the project. Depending on the size of the site to be developed, host a public hearing.</li>\n<li>Consult with the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/state/planning/spc-redevelopment.html\">Brownfields Interagency Team</a><span> </span>(BRIT) of the NJ Department of State’s Business Action Center. BRIT brings together over a dozen agencies that may be relevant to a redevelopment project, including departments that offer financial incentives.</li>\n<li>Find an appropriate site –<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njbrownfieldsproperties.com/default.aspx\">New Jersey Brownfields Site Mart</a><span> </span>is an online searchable database of brownfield properties. The Location Assessment tool allows searching by land characteristics, demographics, and economic opportunity zones for any address in New Jersey.<sup> <span> </span></sup>Additionally, check the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">NJ DEP’s Known Contaminated Site Report</a>, which is more exhaustive. Known contaminated sites may be appropriate for redevelopment and eligible for incentives.</li>\n<li>Hire a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a>To oversee the clean-up process – The LSRP assists in conducting a preliminary assessment, site investigation, remedial investigation, and creation of a remedial action work plan by the Brownfield and Contaminated Site Remediation Act. The preliminary assessment is critical because a brownfield, by definition, does not necessarily have contamination. Instead, it “is perceived to have contamination.” As a result, some designated brownfields may require little or no clean-up effort and may not be costly.</li>\n<li>Investigate obtaining environmental insurance.</li>\n<li>Engage the services of an environmental or redevelopment attorney. These professionals support the developer in understanding their liability and obligations once they have acquired a contaminated site.</li>\n<li>Research funding sources and incentives and additional resources through the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/state/bac/dos_bac_advocates.html\">NJ Department of State’s Office of Business Advocacy</a></li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://nepis.epa.gov/\">Marina Village, Elizabeth, NJ</a></p>\n<p>Leveraging $6.2 million in state and federal funding, the city of Elizabeth was able to identify, remediate and develop ten contiguous contaminated sites in the Elizabeth port neighborhood. In addition to an initial grant from the EPA, sources of funding included the NJ Redevelopment Authority, the City of Elizabeth Home funds, the State of New Jersey Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program, the New Jersey Balance Housing Program, NJRA Brownfields Remediation Program, and the State Urban Enterprise Zone. The city hired Brand New Day, Inc., a local nonprofit housing developer to construct a 35-unit affordable housing development.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p><strong><em>Saves</em><em><span> </span>on infrastructure</em><em><span> </span>costs</em><em>/</em><em>Utilizes</em><span> </span><em>existing</em><em><span> </span>infrastructure</em></strong></p>\n<p>Brownfields, vacant or abandoned property, or underutilized parcels, are often located in dense urban areas near mass transit and other existing infrastructure, helping to avoid costs of building new utilities, roads, and other expensive infrastructure. Existing infrastructure also reduces the amount of land disturbance necessary for a project.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><strong><em>Saves on land costs/Increases property values</em></strong></p>\n<p>Brownfield sites, vacant or abandoned land, or underutilized property, can have substantially lower property costs than other properties, offsetting the cost of assessment and remediation. Due to low initial cost, property value can increase significantly after redevelopment. Also, the surrounding property values can increase by addressing brownfields and vacant or underutilized parcels in the area. According to the US EPA, addressing nearby brownfields can increase residential property values by 2 to 3 percent.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p><strong><em>Enjoys significant incentives</em></strong></p>\n<p>The State of New Jersey has created multiple funding streams for brownfield development that may be available to developers. The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/obr/\">Office of Brownfield Reuse</a><span> </span>administers the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/\">Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Program</a>, the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bf_reimbursement.htm\">Brownfield Reimbursement Fund Program</a>, and the Landfill Redevelopment Program. Federal tax incentive certifications may also be available. Incentives and programs are subject to change. To determine what incentives are available, developers should meet with a representative from the NJ Brownfields Redevelopment InterAgency Team.</p>\n<p>The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/\">New Jersey Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Fund (HDSRF)</a><span> </span>created a partnership between the NJDEP and New Jersey Economic Development Authority (NJEDA) to provide remediation funding for innocent purchasers. An innocent purchaser is an individual who, “by an honest agreement, buys property in the absence of sufficient knowledge to charge him or her with notice of any defect in the transaction.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>New Jersey designates Brownfield Development Areas (BDAs) in areas of planned redevelopment and existing brownfield sites. This competitive process provides management, technical and financial assistance. The BDA Initiative provides “funding to public entities (municipalities, counties, and redevelopment agencies), qualifying private entities (businesses, corporations, homeowners) and non-profit organizations for the investigation or remediation of a suspected or known discharge of a hazardous substance.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p>The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bf_reimbursement.htm\">Brownfield Reimbursement Program</a><span> </span>reimburses developers up to 75 percent of remediation costs based on new taxes developed from the brownfield project.</p>\n<p>The US EPA also funds assessment, cleanup for brownfield sites and provides technical and financing information (<a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm</a>).</p>\n<p><strong><em>Creates density and improves existing markets</em></strong></p>\n<p>Due to the location of most brownfield sites, there is the benefit of being close to existing markets. The same is true when pursuing infill development within already developed areas. Urban areas provide the necessary density that other areas cannot for certain types of businesses. Locating a business near an existing market or in a densely populated area can ease the costs of remediation, alleviate the higher cost of land in an urban area as opposed to a greenfield, and limit the costs associated with marketing and attracting business.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Revitalizes urban/former industrial areas</em></strong></p>\n<p>Cleaning up brownfield sites or redeveloping vacant, abandoned, or underutilized land can revitalize urban areas. By promoting infill and creating denser walkable communities, cities can improve the sense of community among residents.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Removes hazardous material from soil and groundwater and protects human health</em></strong></p>\n<p>Many brownfield sites contain some level of a contaminant in the soil. These contaminants can be harmful to human and environmental health for the surrounding area. Rainfall can transport pollutants into groundwater and negatively impact downstream sites. Brownfields can pose a health risk to the people living nearby and to waterways in the area or downstream. Remediating and stabilizing these sites can improve overall environmental quality and avoid potential environmental and human health risks (see<span> </span><em>Soil Test</em>).</p>\n<p><strong><em>Creates jobs</em></strong></p>\n<p>As of May 2017, assessment grants and other EPA Brownfields grants have contributed more than 124,759 jobs and $24 billion of public and private funding for brownfield and infill development. On average, $16.11 was leveraged for each EPA Brownfields dollar and 8.5 jobs leveraged per $100,000 of EPA brownfields funds expended on assessment, cleanup, and revolving loan fund cooperative agreements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a><span> </span>Also, finding uses for vacant, abandoned, or underutilized properties can create jobs both in the development of the project and afterward. Since these are in dense urban areas, developing mixed-use buildings on these sites can generate jobs even after the construction phase of the project.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Builds public support</em></strong></p>\n<p>There is often strong public support to remove brownfield sites and the potential health risks they might pose. Also, vacant, abandoned, underutilized land can bring down property values in the area and residents are often in favor of addressing these issues and improving the aesthetics of the community.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Benefits to Water Quality, Air Quality, and Lower Traffic Congestion</em></strong></p>\n<p>US EPA estimates that redevelopment projects can reduce stormwater impacts, especially if the redevelopment project incorporates green technologies, such as green roofs, stormwater harvest and reuse systems, and landscaping elements such as bioswales and rain gardens (see<span> </span><em>Vegetated Roofs and Rain Gardens</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p>By promoting development near existing infrastructure and services, brownfield and infill development can improve air quality by creating denser, pedestrian and bicycle-friendly communities (see<span> </span><em>Active Living</em>). In denser, urban areas people are more likely to walk, thus reducing traffic congestion, improving overall air quality, and improving public health by encouraging residents to walk.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of brownfield remediation varies substantially, depending on the extent of the contamination and the intended reuse. Because a brownfield is considered a site that<span> </span><em>may</em><span> </span>be contaminated, a remediation investigation may reveal limited contamination, in which case, the remediation cost is minimal. In cases where a heating fuel tank was buried and leaked, the damage can be extensive, but, again, may be relatively inexpensive ($10,000-$100,000).<sup>22</sup><span> </span>For more complex sites, which have multiple contaminants and higher levels of contaminants, costs can run in the millions.</p>\n<p>A significant area of cost is that of uncertainty. In instances where the property has been in industrial use for many years, there could be contaminants that predate any tracking systems, making them difficult to anticipate and requiring more than one investigation.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/triad/\">Triad</a><span> </span>is a recommended program because it fully characterizes the extent and type of spill all at once, whereas traditional approaches tested where they expected to be the extent of contamination, and, if they were wrong, had to go into the field a second time and test again. In some instances, these repeat tests could delay projects by months. Though<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/triad/\">Triad</a><span> </span>is more expensive initially, for complex sites where there is an extensive industrial history, it can expedite the clean up significantly. The level of cleanup required also determines the cost. In New Jersey, non-industrial cleanup requirements (such as would be required to build housing on a previously industrial property) must meet a higher standard than a cleanup for a property that returns to industrial use. Depending upon the project, some developed brownfield sites require ongoing monitoring by a responsible party as determined.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Brownfield reuse offers multiple environmental and resiliency benefits by reducing the number of impermeable surfaces in a given area, especially by preserving open space and park space, often lacking in many residential areas across New Jersey.  Instead of developing existing greenfields which can be critical natural habitats and create more stormwater runoff (through higher levels of asphalt, concrete, and other impermeable surfaces), brownfields use existing, impermeable sites.</p>\n<p>Redeveloped brownfield sites can serve as an emergency headquarters or storm shelter in underserved areas that could house mobile assistance; for example, serving as a location for food trucks or mobile health services. Other reuse may include warehouses with solar panels for backup power generation, or broadband and wireless access to support communications/dispatch mobile services.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US EPA.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/\">http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 2nd, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP Site Remediation Program.  Known Contaminated Sites in New Jersey Reports, Updated February 2017. <span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/</a>  (accessed March 2nd, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP Brownfield Development Area Initiative.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>USGBC LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>Triad Resource Center, Overview.<span> </span><a href=\"https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm\">https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm</a><span> </span>(accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Restrictions apply to the end use of a partially remediated site. While some restrictions may be allowed on residential uses, the NJ DEP does not like to see restrictions on single-family residences. For example, contamination capped with soil restricts residents from digging in the yard, placing a more substantial burden for single-family homeowners compared to townhomes or multi-family properties managed by a property management group. To determine the level of clean up necessary for the end user, developers work with a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (NJ DEP, 2010).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>A mixed-use development incorporates multiple uses within a building or neighborhood – a green building practice that places housing within walking distance of commercial and recreational activities. However, mixed-use developments on brownfields cause complications because commercial and residential uses require different cleanup measures.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Content for this section draws on two interviews, cited below. Kloo, Ken. Administrator, Site Remediation Program (NJ DEP). Interview by Caitlin Salemi. November 16, 2010. Rendiero, Donna. Director of Community Planning, New Jersey Redevelopment Authority (NJRA). Interview by Caitlin Salemi. November 19, 2010.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Answering these questions helps determine available incentives.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>In New Jersey, the Site Remediation Reform Act (SRRA) (2009) outlines how remediation takes place on contaminated sites. Under the SRRA, approval is not required by the NJDEP before beginning the remediation process. However, when the SRRA became fully active in 2012, any remediating party was required to use a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP) and must start the cleanup without NJ DEP approval. The SRRA established the LSRP program. Qualified professionals receive a license from an LSRP Board to conduct remediation of sites in New Jersey.  See<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/regs/statutes/srra.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/regs/statutes/srra.pdf</a><span> </span>for further information.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a>U.S. EPA, New Jersey Redevelopment Authority (NJRA)<span> </span><a href=\"https://nepis.epa.gov/\">https://nepis.epa.gov/</a><span> </span>(accessed April 1,2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>U.S. EPA “Brownfields.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields\">https://www.epa.gov/brownfields</a><span> </span>(accessed April 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>The Free Dictionary.<span> </span><a href=\"http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser\">http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser</a>. (Accessed April 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP HDSRF Fact Sheet website.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/factsheet.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/factsheet.htm</a>. (Accessed April 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a><span> </span>US EPA News Releases, May 2017.<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20171016062630/https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-brownfields-funding-announced-three-communities-south-carolina\">https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-brownfields-funding-announced-three-communities-south-carolina</a>  (accessed April 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a><span> </span>US EPA, Brownfields Program Accomplishments and Benefits.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits\">https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits</a>  (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a><span> </span>LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction</p>\n<ol></ol>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/\">Soil Test</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cclr.org/\">Center for Creative Land Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/state/planning/spc-redevelopment-brownfields-task-force.html\">NJ Department of State – Brownfields Redevelopment Task Force</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/obr/\">NJ DEP Office of Brownfield Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/\">NJ DEP Site Remediation Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">NJ DEP – New Jersey Known Contaminated Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-and-land-revitalization-new-jersey-new-york-puerto-rico-and-us-virgin\">US EPA Region 2 Brownfields Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-12/documents/state_brownfields_voluntary_response_program_report_508_11-2017_web.pdf\">US EPA State Brownfields and Voluntary Response Programs, New Jersey</a><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Brownfield and Infill Sites','','publish','closed','open','','nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites','','','2022-06-23 18:01:49','2022-06-23 18:01:49','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1238',0,'post','',0),(1240,3,'2022-03-30 21:28:28','2022-03-30 21:28:28','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Brownfield and Infill Sites\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Brownfield and Infill Development?</h2>\n<p>The reuse of urbanized brownfield and infill sites utilizes existing infrastructure and maximizes the value of existing resources. Brownfields consist of properties whose expansion, redevelopment, or reuse may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>These properties include sites with historical use as an industrial or commercial site and are often located in urban areas. According to the NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJ DEP), there are an estimated 10,000 brownfield sites located throughout the state.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Of the more than 10,000 sites, some 2,544 acres of brownfields fall into 267 sites that the NJ DEP calls<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">Brownfield Development Areas</a><span> </span>(BDAs). The NJ DEP has designated BDAs in communities that are affected by multiple brownfield sites in need of remediation. The BDA Initiative, a program of the NJ DEP, assembles large parcels of brownfields and coordinates clean up and redevelopment efforts to elicit a more significant impact environmentally, economically, and socially.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Once remediated, these sites find a reuse for any type of development, from parks and housing to new commercial and industrial development. As New Jersey reaches build-out, redeveloping brownfields emphasizes the benefit of maintaining undeveloped lands for use as farmland and open space – recognizing that diverse landscapes build value for the developed environment. Brownfield redevelopment revitalizes urban areas, improves adjacent property values and adds to the overall quality of life for residents and the community.</p>\n<p>Redevelopment of brownfields and infill development in existing developed areas provides opportunities for alternative transportation such as walking and bicycling and can reduce reliance on the automobile as a mode of transportation (see<span> </span><em>Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Design</em>). These sites gain value by locating in areas of existing infrastructure (i.e., public transportation, water, sewer, electricity). For developers, there are numerous incentives to redevelop these sites, offering compelling benefits for investors as well. As a community benefit, redevelopment restores economic and social value to the surrounding neighborhood adding value to the community at large.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_446\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"802\"]<img class=\"wp-image-446 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Lafayette Village, Jersey City, NJ Before (left) and After (right) (Source: NJ DEP)\" width=\"802\" height=\"318\" /> Figure 1 – Lafayette Village, Jersey City, NJ Before (left) and After (right) (Source: NJ DEP)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Develop Brownfield and Infill Sites</strong></h2>\n<p>Conducting an initial investigation of a brownfield site indicates the level of contamination on the property – and the level of cleanup required. This phase is often inexpensive and is a common element of due diligence in real estate development. It is important to realize that many brownfield sites are minimally contaminated, and it may be inexpensive to neutralize or stabilize the site.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>New technologies, such as<span> </span><em>the Triad Approach,</em><span> </span>assess a site both speedily and comprehensively – two significant issues of concern to investors and developers.  The Triad Approach focuses on three main principles and uses real-time environmental sensors:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Systematic Project Plans</li>\n<li>Dynamic Work Strategies</li>\n<li>Innovative rapid sampling and Analytical Technologies<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>New residential developments, especially single-family residential developments, are subject to strict cleanup measures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Developers may also want to consider planning a mixed-use development.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>To pursue the development of new residential construction on a contaminated or brownfield site, the developer may follow these steps:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Gain local support – speak with local zoning officials, planning officials, or community development department to confirm that the redevelopment plan is within the community’s neighborhood plan. Make sure to address the following questions:<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Is the brownfield or contaminated site located within a BDA?</li>\n<li>How is the parcel or area zoned according to municipal zoning ordinance?</li>\n<li>Is the proposed end-use consistent with the municipality’s master plan? If not, would they accept an end-use change?</li>\n</ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Gather community input – consult with the community and foster support for the project. Depending on the size of the site to be developed, host a public hearing.</li>\n<li>Consult with the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/state/planning/spc-redevelopment.html\">Brownfields Interagency Team</a><span> </span>(BRIT) of the NJ Department of State’s Business Action Center. BRIT brings together over a dozen agencies that may be relevant to a redevelopment project, including departments that offer financial incentives.</li>\n<li>Find an appropriate site –<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njbrownfieldsproperties.com/default.aspx\">New Jersey Brownfields Site Mart</a><span> </span>is an online searchable database of brownfield properties. The Location Assessment tool allows searching by land characteristics, demographics, and economic opportunity zones for any address in New Jersey.<sup> <span> </span></sup>Additionally, check the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">NJ DEP’s Known Contaminated Site Report</a>, which is more exhaustive. Known contaminated sites may be appropriate for redevelopment and eligible for incentives.</li>\n<li>Hire a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a>To oversee the clean-up process – The LSRP assists in conducting a preliminary assessment, site investigation, remedial investigation, and creation of a remedial action work plan by the Brownfield and Contaminated Site Remediation Act. The preliminary assessment is critical because a brownfield, by definition, does not necessarily have contamination. Instead, it “is perceived to have contamination.” As a result, some designated brownfields may require little or no clean-up effort and may not be costly.</li>\n<li>Investigate obtaining environmental insurance.</li>\n<li>Engage the services of an environmental or redevelopment attorney. These professionals support the developer in understanding their liability and obligations once they have acquired a contaminated site.</li>\n<li>Research funding sources and incentives and additional resources through the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/state/bac/dos_bac_advocates.html\">NJ Department of State’s Office of Business Advocacy</a></li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://nepis.epa.gov/\">Marina Village, Elizabeth, NJ</a></p>\n<p>Leveraging $6.2 million in state and federal funding, the city of Elizabeth was able to identify, remediate and develop ten contiguous contaminated sites in the Elizabeth port neighborhood. In addition to an initial grant from the EPA, sources of funding included the NJ Redevelopment Authority, the City of Elizabeth Home funds, the State of New Jersey Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program, the New Jersey Balance Housing Program, NJRA Brownfields Remediation Program, and the State Urban Enterprise Zone. The city hired Brand New Day, Inc., a local nonprofit housing developer to construct a 35-unit affordable housing development.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p><strong><em>Saves</em><em><span> </span>on infrastructure</em><em><span> </span>costs</em><em>/</em><em>Utilizes</em><span> </span><em>existing</em><em><span> </span>infrastructure</em></strong></p>\n<p>Brownfields, vacant or abandoned property, or underutilized parcels, are often located in dense urban areas near mass transit and other existing infrastructure, helping to avoid costs of building new utilities, roads, and other expensive infrastructure. Existing infrastructure also reduces the amount of land disturbance necessary for a project.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><strong><em>Saves on land costs/Increases property values</em></strong></p>\n<p>Brownfield sites, vacant or abandoned land, or underutilized property, can have substantially lower property costs than other properties, offsetting the cost of assessment and remediation. Due to low initial cost, property value can increase significantly after redevelopment. Also, the surrounding property values can increase by addressing brownfields and vacant or underutilized parcels in the area. According to the US EPA, addressing nearby brownfields can increase residential property values by 2 to 3 percent.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p><strong><em>Enjoys significant incentives</em></strong></p>\n<p>The State of New Jersey has created multiple funding streams for brownfield development that may be available to developers. The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/obr/\">Office of Brownfield Reuse</a><span> </span>administers the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/\">Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Program</a>, the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bf_reimbursement.htm\">Brownfield Reimbursement Fund Program</a>, and the Landfill Redevelopment Program. Federal tax incentive certifications may also be available. Incentives and programs are subject to change. To determine what incentives are available, developers should meet with a representative from the NJ Brownfields Redevelopment InterAgency Team.</p>\n<p>The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/\">New Jersey Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Fund (HDSRF)</a><span> </span>created a partnership between the NJDEP and New Jersey Economic Development Authority (NJEDA) to provide remediation funding for innocent purchasers. An innocent purchaser is an individual who, “by an honest agreement, buys property in the absence of sufficient knowledge to charge him or her with notice of any defect in the transaction.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>New Jersey designates Brownfield Development Areas (BDAs) in areas of planned redevelopment and existing brownfield sites. This competitive process provides management, technical and financial assistance. The BDA Initiative provides “funding to public entities (municipalities, counties, and redevelopment agencies), qualifying private entities (businesses, corporations, homeowners) and non-profit organizations for the investigation or remediation of a suspected or known discharge of a hazardous substance.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p>The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bf_reimbursement.htm\">Brownfield Reimbursement Program</a><span> </span>reimburses developers up to 75 percent of remediation costs based on new taxes developed from the brownfield project.</p>\n<p>The US EPA also funds assessment, cleanup for brownfield sites and provides technical and financing information (<a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm</a>).</p>\n<p><strong><em>Creates density and improves existing markets</em></strong></p>\n<p>Due to the location of most brownfield sites, there is the benefit of being close to existing markets. The same is true when pursuing infill development within already developed areas. Urban areas provide the necessary density that other areas cannot for certain types of businesses. Locating a business near an existing market or in a densely populated area can ease the costs of remediation, alleviate the higher cost of land in an urban area as opposed to a greenfield, and limit the costs associated with marketing and attracting business.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Revitalizes urban/former industrial areas</em></strong></p>\n<p>Cleaning up brownfield sites or redeveloping vacant, abandoned, or underutilized land can revitalize urban areas. By promoting infill and creating denser walkable communities, cities can improve the sense of community among residents.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Removes hazardous material from soil and groundwater and protects human health</em></strong></p>\n<p>Many brownfield sites contain some level of a contaminant in the soil. These contaminants can be harmful to human and environmental health for the surrounding area. Rainfall can transport pollutants into groundwater and negatively impact downstream sites. Brownfields can pose a health risk to the people living nearby and to waterways in the area or downstream. Remediating and stabilizing these sites can improve overall environmental quality and avoid potential environmental and human health risks (see<span> </span><em>Soil Test</em>).</p>\n<p><strong><em>Creates jobs</em></strong></p>\n<p>As of May 2017, assessment grants and other EPA Brownfields grants have contributed more than 124,759 jobs and $24 billion of public and private funding for brownfield and infill development. On average, $16.11 was leveraged for each EPA Brownfields dollar and 8.5 jobs leveraged per $100,000 of EPA brownfields funds expended on assessment, cleanup, and revolving loan fund cooperative agreements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a><span> </span>Also, finding uses for vacant, abandoned, or underutilized properties can create jobs both in the development of the project and afterward. Since these are in dense urban areas, developing mixed-use buildings on these sites can generate jobs even after the construction phase of the project.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Builds public support</em></strong></p>\n<p>There is often strong public support to remove brownfield sites and the potential health risks they might pose. Also, vacant, abandoned, underutilized land can bring down property values in the area and residents are often in favor of addressing these issues and improving the aesthetics of the community.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Benefits to Water Quality, Air Quality, and Lower Traffic Congestion</em></strong></p>\n<p>US EPA estimates that redevelopment projects can reduce stormwater impacts, especially if the redevelopment project incorporates green technologies, such as green roofs, stormwater harvest and reuse systems, and landscaping elements such as bioswales and rain gardens (see<span> </span><em>Vegetated Roofs and Rain Gardens</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p>By promoting development near existing infrastructure and services, brownfield and infill development can improve air quality by creating denser, pedestrian and bicycle-friendly communities (see<span> </span><em>Active Living</em>). In denser, urban areas people are more likely to walk, thus reducing traffic congestion, improving overall air quality, and improving public health by encouraging residents to walk.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of brownfield remediation varies substantially, depending on the extent of the contamination and the intended reuse. Because a brownfield is considered a site that<span> </span><em>may</em><span> </span>be contaminated, a remediation investigation may reveal limited contamination, in which case, the remediation cost is minimal. In cases where a heating fuel tank was buried and leaked, the damage can be extensive, but, again, may be relatively inexpensive ($10,000-$100,000).<sup>22</sup><span> </span>For more complex sites, which have multiple contaminants and higher levels of contaminants, costs can run in the millions.</p>\n<p>A significant area of cost is that of uncertainty. In instances where the property has been in industrial use for many years, there could be contaminants that predate any tracking systems, making them difficult to anticipate and requiring more than one investigation.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/triad/\">Triad</a><span> </span>is a recommended program because it fully characterizes the extent and type of spill all at once, whereas traditional approaches tested where they expected to be the extent of contamination, and, if they were wrong, had to go into the field a second time and test again. In some instances, these repeat tests could delay projects by months. Though<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/triad/\">Triad</a><span> </span>is more expensive initially, for complex sites where there is an extensive industrial history, it can expedite the clean up significantly. The level of cleanup required also determines the cost. In New Jersey, non-industrial cleanup requirements (such as would be required to build housing on a previously industrial property) must meet a higher standard than a cleanup for a property that returns to industrial use. Depending upon the project, some developed brownfield sites require ongoing monitoring by a responsible party as determined.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Brownfield reuse offers multiple environmental and resiliency benefits by reducing the number of impermeable surfaces in a given area, especially by preserving open space and park space, often lacking in many residential areas across New Jersey.  Instead of developing existing greenfields which can be critical natural habitats and create more stormwater runoff (through higher levels of asphalt, concrete, and other impermeable surfaces), brownfields use existing, impermeable sites.</p>\n<p>Redeveloped brownfield sites can serve as an emergency headquarters or storm shelter in underserved areas that could house mobile assistance; for example, serving as a location for food trucks or mobile health services. Other reuse may include warehouses with solar panels for backup power generation, or broadband and wireless access to support communications/dispatch mobile services.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US EPA.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/\">http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 2nd, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP Site Remediation Program.  Known Contaminated Sites in New Jersey Reports, Updated February 2017. <span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/</a>  (accessed March 2nd, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP Brownfield Development Area Initiative.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>USGBC LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>Triad Resource Center, Overview.<span> </span><a href=\"https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm\">https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm</a><span> </span>(accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Restrictions apply to the end use of a partially remediated site. While some restrictions may be allowed on residential uses, the NJ DEP does not like to see restrictions on single-family residences. For example, contamination capped with soil restricts residents from digging in the yard, placing a more substantial burden for single-family homeowners compared to townhomes or multi-family properties managed by a property management group. To determine the level of clean up necessary for the end user, developers work with a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (NJ DEP, 2010).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>A mixed-use development incorporates multiple uses within a building or neighborhood – a green building practice that places housing within walking distance of commercial and recreational activities. However, mixed-use developments on brownfields cause complications because commercial and residential uses require different cleanup measures.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Content for this section draws on two interviews, cited below. Kloo, Ken. Administrator, Site Remediation Program (NJ DEP). Interview by Caitlin Salemi. November 16, 2010. Rendiero, Donna. Director of Community Planning, New Jersey Redevelopment Authority (NJRA). Interview by Caitlin Salemi. November 19, 2010.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Answering these questions helps determine available incentives.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>In New Jersey, the Site Remediation Reform Act (SRRA) (2009) outlines how remediation takes place on contaminated sites. Under the SRRA, approval is not required by the NJDEP before beginning the remediation process. However, when the SRRA became fully active in 2012, any remediating party was required to use a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP) and must start the cleanup without NJ DEP approval. The SRRA established the LSRP program. Qualified professionals receive a license from an LSRP Board to conduct remediation of sites in New Jersey.  See<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/regs/statutes/srra.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/regs/statutes/srra.pdf</a><span> </span>for further information.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a>U.S. EPA, New Jersey Redevelopment Authority (NJRA)<span> </span><a href=\"https://nepis.epa.gov/\">https://nepis.epa.gov/</a><span> </span>(accessed April 1,2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>U.S. EPA “Brownfields.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields\">https://www.epa.gov/brownfields</a><span> </span>(accessed April 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>The Free Dictionary.<span> </span><a href=\"http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser\">http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser</a>. (Accessed April 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP HDSRF Fact Sheet website.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/factsheet.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/factsheet.htm</a>. (Accessed April 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a><span> </span>US EPA News Releases, May 2017.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-brownfields-funding-announced-three-communities-south-carolina\">https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-brownfields-funding-announced-three-communities-south-carolina</a>  (accessed April 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a><span> </span>US EPA, Brownfields Program Accomplishments and Benefits.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits\">https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits</a>  (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a><span> </span>LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction</p>\n<ol></ol>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-homeowner-training/\">Homeowner Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://ilsr.org/\">Institute for Local-Self Reliance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/stories/composting-way-easier-you-think\">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/docs/nyc-master-composter-manual-mcm.pdf\">NYC Master Composter Manual</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.asp?cat=5&amp;sub=36\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.compostingcouncil.org/education/resources.php\">US Composting Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</a></li>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Brownfield and Infill Sites','','inherit','closed','closed','','1238-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 21:28:28','2022-03-30 21:28:28','',1238,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1240',0,'revision','',0),