(1133,2,'2022-03-28 19:59:44','2022-03-28 19:59:44','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Tree Protection and Placement\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Tree Protection and Placement?</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees play an essential role in the overall environmental quality of a property. Protecting existing trees and properly siting new trees can increase the energy efficiency of a building design before considering mechanical enhancements or upgrades. Trees protect buildings by reducing energy loads, reducing interior glare, and blocking potentially harsh winds (see <em>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</em>). Trees also add aesthetic appeal, reduce stormwater runoff and soil erosion, and can improve air quality. It is essential to locate trees strategically. Trees can take 10-15 years to mature to a size that provides significant shade and protection, therefore protecting existing trees during construction is very important.</p>\n<p>Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees. Symptoms of tree damage from construction may not be visible immediately but may appear years later. In planning for tree protection and determining necessary tree removals, consider the species, size, maturity, location, and condition of each tree.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Sometimes saving a younger tree is more beneficial than saving a mature tree because they are better able to adapt to the disturbances of construction. It is essential to maintain a diversity of species and age of trees on the site.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_432\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-432 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Tree-Protection-and-Placement-Fig-1-300x288.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”\" width=\"300\" height=\"288\" /> Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Tree Protection and Placement</strong></h2>\n<p><strong> </strong>A tree protection plan should be created during design and enforced during construction. The plan should define parameters such as materials and dimensions of tree protection fencing required for all trees in the site protection plan. Fencing helps protect trees by keeping construction vehicles, equipment, and materials away from the tree. Penalties, such as a fine proportional to damages accrued, help construction workers adhere to the tree protection plan.</p>\n<p>When developing a strategy to preserve existing trees during site construction, it is essential to consider both the aboveground and belowground components of the trees. Machinery can damage the trunk and crown of a tree by breaking branches and gashing the trunk. When digging to install a foundation and utilities, roots are susceptible to being severed.  The majority of the roots of a tree are no more than a foot deep in the soil. However, in a mature tree, the root system can extend as far as 1 to 3 times the height of the tree.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> As Figure 1 illustrates, the drip line, a vertical plane extending from the perimeter of the crown to the ground, is the minimum area that should be left undisturbed when preserving a tree. Extending that boundary increases the likelihood of the tree’s survival. The closer the cut is made to the tree, the more damage the tree suffers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Removing roots also makes the tree more prone to falling over as they stabilize the tree in the ground.  If a utility line must run through the area of a tree, the International Society of Arboriculture recommends tunneling under the tree’s roots as opposed to running through them if possible.</p>\n<p>Although equipment may not always actually cut or physically damage a tree, it should never go within the drip line of a tree because the weight can cause the soil above the roots to compact and impair root development.  Adding or removing soil above the root system should be avoided to prevent smothering or rotting. When making changes to the grade of the soil, stay as far away from the trunk as possible. Exposing trees to the elements by removing nearby trees makes them vulnerable to damage from the sun and to breaking from wind and ice. All of these factors are important as trees require years to adjust to stresses caused by construction.  Continue to monitor and maintain trees and look out for any signs of poor health or safety hazards.  An arborist can provide guidance on how to properly maintain and treat any trees that have suffered damage.</p>\n<p><strong> </strong>Select trees carefully and maintain them as necessary to achieve maximum benefits.  To maximize energy savings associated with trees, plant deciduous trees on the south and west sides of the building to lower air-conditioning costs in the summer.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Locate trees so that they shade as much hardscape as possible. A commitment to the long-term care of trees is essential to maintaining their health. Consult an ISA-certified arborist for consultation and care.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><u>Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge</u></p>\n<p>A reconstruction project at Washington’s Headquarters included taking an inventory of existing trees, protecting historic trees, removing invasive species, and pruning and fertilizing remaining trees on the property.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_420\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-420 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Tree-Protection-and-Placement-Fig-2-300x201.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" /> Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees are essential to healthy, livable communities as they provide beauty, shade, and enhance a community’s quality of life. As described in further detail below, trees provide numerous benefits such as cleaning our air, reducing stormwater runoff, cooling buildings, and can even stimulate business in downtown areas by creating a more inviting and comfortable environment.</p>\n<p><u>Environment</u></p>\n<p><em>Absorption of Air Pollutants – </em>Preserving and increasing trees on site is a simple strategy for improving local air quality. Trees remove pollutants from the air by absorbing airborne particles and gaseous pollution. According to the US Forestry Service, 100 trees remove 53 tons of carbon dioxide and 430 pounds of other air pollutants per year.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><em>Carbon Sequestration – </em>Trees reduce greenhouse gases by storing carbon dioxide in their leaves, branches, trunks, and roots. They use carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and cellulose for plant structure and function and release oxygen back into the atmosphere.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup></p>\n<p><em>Reducing the Urban Heat Island Effect – </em>The high percentage of impervious surfaces in urban areas absorb heat and create what is known as the urban heat island effect; this causes the annual, mean air temperature of cities to be 5.4°F warmer than surrounding areas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Trees help cool urban areas by shading pavement and absorbing excess urban heat, reducing the urban heat island effect. This same strategy can be applied in less densely built areas by shading hardscaped areas.</p>\n<p><em>Energy Conservation – </em>Trees strategically placed on-site can reduce the energy needed to cool and heat buildings. In the summertime, large trees on the west and east side of a building can save up to 30% of air-conditioning costs and allow units to operate more efficiently (see <em>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><em>Capturing Storm Water Runoff and Preventing Erosion – </em>Trees capture and absorb rainwater, reducing stormwater runoff. Tree roots also hold soil in place, preventing erosion (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><u>People</u></p>\n<p><em>Biophilia – </em>The presence of trees nurtures the inherent affinity that humans are believed to have with nature known as biophilia (see <em>Biophilic Design</em>). Well-treed environments have also been shown to reduce stressors in urban environments due to the beauty and serenity they convey. For instance, a study in a Chicago public housing development showed reduced crime levels in apartment buildings that were surrounded by greenery compared to the same buildings in barren landscapes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Another study showed that exposure to greener play environments reduced ADHD symptoms in children in the United States.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Also, studies find a connection between the presence of trees and lower levels of violence.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><em>Noise Reduction, Traffic Calming, and Pedestrian Safety – </em>Trees can serve as useful sound buffers. For example, a 98-foot-wide by 49-foot-tall tree belt can reduce highway noise pollution by 6 to 10 decibels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Trees also serve as physical barriers which protect pedestrians in high traffic areas. Since the presence of trees often indicates the presence of pedestrians, trees near roads help suppress the notion of a transportation corridor meant only for vehicles and can help calm traffic.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p><u>Economy</u></p>\n<p><em>Increased property values – </em>Property values have been found to increase by as much as 10%, according to the U.S. Forest Service, while the International Society of Arboriculture estimates a 5-20% increase in property value due to street trees.</p>\n<p><em>Increased Business in Shopping Districts – </em>A study conducted by University of Washington’s Center for Urban Horticulture found that the presence of trees and other vegetation positively influenced consumers’ perception of retail districts. Furthermore, shoppers spent more time shopping in downtown business districts that were well landscaped compared to those areas with little vegetation. Shoppers were also willing to pay more for parking and spend up to 11% more for goods and services in highly treed retail areas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>On average, caring for a large tree costs $13/year but returns about $65 in energy savings, improved stormwater management, and higher property values.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>The cost benefits of large, medium and small trees are as follows:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a></p>\n<p><em>Large Tree                                                         Medium Tree</em></p>\n<p>Total benefits/year = $55                                   Total benefits/year = $33</p>\n<p>Total costs/year = $18                                       Total costs/year = $17</p>\n<p>Net benefits/year = $37                                     Net benefits/year = $16</p>\n<p>Life expectancy = 120 years                              Life expectancy = 60 years</p>\n<p>Lifetime benefits = $6,600                               Lifetime benefits = $1,980</p>\n<p>Lifetime costs = $2,160                                     Lifetime costs = $1,020</p>\n<p>Value to community = $4,440                         Value to community = $960</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><em>Small Tree</em></p>\n<p>Total benefits/year = $23</p>\n<p>Total costs/year = $14</p>\n<p>Net benefits/year = $9</p>\n<p>Life expectancy = 30 years</p>\n<p>Lifetime benefits = $690</p>\n<p>Lifetime costs = $420</p>\n<p>Value to community = $270</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees provide multiple resiliency benefits. During severe storms, tree roots help to manage flooding and coastal/riparian erosion by soaking up water and stabilizing soil. Trees help reduce strain on local sewer systems, especially combined sewer systems where flooding events can negatively affect water quality and lead to public health concerns.  By infiltrating water where it falls, trees help replenish groundwater reserves, relieving stress on local water supplies and reducing the need to import potable water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a> Consequently, trees can lessen the impact of droughts.</p>\n<p>In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.</p>\n<p>Note that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lighting is often one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> International Society of Arboriculture (ISA). Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018.)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ISA. Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> ISA. Trees are Good. “Tree Care Information:  Benefits of Trees.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” <a href=\"http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf\">http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US Forestry Service: Benefits of Trees. <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees\">https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Colorado Tree Coalition.  “Education: Why Plant a Tree?”  <a href=\"http://coloradotrees.org/education/\">http://coloradotrees.org/education/</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” <a href=\"http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf\">http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA.   “Heat Island Effect.”   <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Arbor Day Foundation.  “Benefits of Trees.” <a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm\">https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). <em>Environment and crime in the inner city: Does vegetation reduce crime?</em><em> </em><em>Environment and Behavior</em><em>,</em> 33(3), 343-367. <a href=\"http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm\">http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm</a> (accessed April 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Faber Taylor, A., Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). “Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings.” <em>Environment and Behavior</em>, 33(1), 54-77. <a href=\"http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm\">http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Sullivan, W.C. &amp; F. E. Kuo.  Human-Environment Research Laboratory Department of</p>\n<p>Natural Resources and the Environmental Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-</p>\n<p>Champaign.  “Do Trees Strengthen Urban Communities, Reduce Domestic Violence?”  January 1996.  <a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html\">http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> National Forest Foundation.  “New Research Proves Just How Green Urban Forests Are.” <a href=\"https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests\">https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Jacobs, Allan B.  <em>Great Streets</em>.  Cambridge MA: MIT Press.  1995.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources.  “Fact Sheet #5: Trees in Business Districts.”  <a href=\"http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf\">http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Forest Service, Center for Urban Forestry Research and Information.  “The Large Tree Argument.”  <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf\">https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> US EPA. Green Infrastructure: Climate Resiliency. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency\">https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency</a> (accessed April 25, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/rain-gardens-and-cisterns/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/\">Arbor Day Foundation Tree Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.treesaregood.org/\">International Society of Arboriculture – Trees Are Good</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.itreetools.org/\">I-Tree Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://global.nature.org/?intc=glob_sol.topnav.logo\">The Nature Conservancy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/forest/community/\">NJ DEP Division of Parks and Forestry – Community Forestry</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtrees.org/\">NJ Tree Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phillywatersheds.org/what_were_doing/community_partnerships/programs/soak-it-adoption/green-stormwater-tools\">Philadelphia Water Department</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/extension/\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/topics/urban-forests-and-climate-change\">Urban Forests and Climate Change</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg0604.html\">University of Minnesota Extension Service: Fitting Trees and Shrubs into the Landscape</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">US EPA Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/spf/coop/programs/wf/\">US Forest Service Watershed Forestry</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Tree Protection and Placement','','inherit','closed','closed','','1128-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 19:59:44','2022-03-28 19:59:44','',1128,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1133',0,'revision','',0),(1134,2,'2022-03-28 20:04:26','2022-03-28 20:04:26','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Turf Grass Reduction\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Turf Grass?</h2>\n<p>Turf grass refers to a form of grass used when growing a lawn and typically includes species such as bluegrass, rye, and fescue.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> These species, referred to as conventional turf grass, grow evenly and to a uniform height when maintained. Conventional turf grass requires high levels of maintenance, irrigation, and fertilization to achieve a consistently green and manicured look. Turf grass had become common in the United States after post-World War II when it became a mainstream middle-class status symbol. At that time many types of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers were becoming commercially available.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Alternatives to conventional turf grass lawns include replacing the lawn with native grasses or groundcover and reducing the size of the lawn by incorporating other types of natural landscaping or garden beds (see <em>Native and Adapted Plants</em>).). There are many varieties of groundcovers, including those that are edible or flowering. Groundcover refers to plants that, once established, form a uniform layer over the ground and require little to no maintenance. Native grasses are species of grass that are native to a particular area and climate. These grasses require less maintenance and are less susceptible to pests.</p>\n<p>[caption id=\"attachment_587\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"622\"]<img class=\"wp-image-587 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Turf-Grass-Reduction-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – An example of non-lawn outdoor space (Source: Ithaca College).\" width=\"622\" height=\"540\" /> Figure 1 – An example of non-lawn outdoor space (Source: Ithaca College).[/caption]</p>\n<p>Reasons to consider reducing the use of turf grass include:</p>\n<p><u>High Maintenance Requirements</u></p>\n<p>Lawns require frequent and sometimes costly maintenance. Lawn maintenance often involves hiring lawn care employees, purchasing fertilizers, and maintaining lawn care equipment. Lawns may require mowing multiple times a week during the peak growing season. During a drought, lawns require irrigation. Landscapes consume 9 billion gallons of water each day in the United States, mostly to irrigate lawns.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p><u>High Pollution Outputs that Create Public Health Risks</u></p>\n<p>Lawn care chemicals can pose a threat to people, pets and the environment. Studies have found numerous adverse health consequences associated with the synthetic chemicals found in traditional lawn care products, especially for children due to their size, physiological development and proximity to the ground.</p>\n<p>Lawns can also contribute to water pollution as chemicals used to treat lawns combine with stormwater runoff and flow into freshwater supplies, adversely affecting plants and animal life. Many commercial lawns require frequent fertilization to maintain quality turf grass. Excessive fertilizer use can also lead to fertilizers entering sources of drinking water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Note that while conventional turf grass does help remove carbon dioxide from the air, the amount sequestered does not cancel out the greenhouse gas emissions produced from fertilizer production, mowing, leaf blowing and other lawn management practices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p><u>Lack of Biodiversity</u></p>\n<p>Conventional turf grass lawns lack biodiversity, an essential component of healthy ecosystems, and do not support a wide variety of birds, beneficial insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<h2>How to Reduce Turf Grass</h2>\n<p>Turf grass accounts for 30-40 million acres of land in the United States.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Many fiscally and environmentally responsible alternatives to lawns exist such as minimizing turfgrass areas, using more eco-friendly grass species for remaining turf areas, and planting a wide variety of low-maintenance trees, shrubs, and perennials to create garden spaces, rain gardens, and native habitats (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>). When designing an alternative lawn, select eco-friendly grass and grass-like species such as native sedges and meadow mixes and limit turf areas for defining garden edges, active recreation areas, pathways between planting beds and other structural and functional purposes. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Native grasses and sedges can provide a low maintenance alternative with high ecological value.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><u>Use Groundcover</u></p>\n<p>Groundcovers refer to low-growing plants including native grasses and sedges but also include taller trees and shrubs that grow together to form dense vegetation. Choose groundcovers that require little maintenance and support wildlife.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a>  Increasing the size of shrub beds and adding groundcovers can facilitate the reduction of erosion and water runoff.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Select non-invasive groundcovers that do not threaten plant biodiversity or affect wildlife that depends on native species as a food source.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>To select an appropriate groundcover, talk with the local cooperative extension agent and refer to the <a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">NJ Native Plant Society’s</a> listing of native and invasive species and the <a href=\"https://www.nwf.org/NativePlantFinder/About\">Native Plant Finder</a>. Native species often vary across regions, even within New Jersey. Note that the USDA identifies New Jersey as being in Hardiness Zones 5 through 7.</li>\n<li>To contain groundcovers, install an edge barrier such as a row of low bricks or wood frame. Extend edging a few inches into the soil to contain roots.</li>\n<li>Weed and mulch groundcover regularly, especially in the first year of planting.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">County Extension Offices</a> trains volunteer in each county through its Master Gardeners Program to provide guidance on lawn alternatives.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Tips on Removing Lawn</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use a sod cutter to remove sections of existing lawn gradually.</li>\n<li>Remove existing lawn but do not disturb the soil as turning the soil allows weeds to compete with the new native seedlings.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Tips for Caring for Existing Lawns</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Keep mower at 2 1⁄2 inches, water in the early morning and de-thatch if thatch reaches more than 1⁄2 inch in thickness. Cutting lawns too short decreases root growth.</li>\n<li>Leave clippings on the lawn as a natural source of nitrogen for the soil, recycle the clippings or start a compost pile.</li>\n<li>Reduce water needs by mulching the garden beds around an existing lawn.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Economic</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Decreases maintenance costs and reduces water bills. Once established, groundcovers appropriate to the site conditions require less upkeep than conventional turf grass.</li>\n<li>Reduces costs spent on fertilizers and pesticides.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Environmental</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases biodiversity and support of wildlife such as birds, insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.</li>\n<li>Dense and short growing groundcover plants eliminate weeds, preserve moisture in the soil, and do not require mowing.</li>\n<li>Reduces the need for lawn irrigation (see <em>Water-Efficient Landscaping</em>).</li>\n<li>Groundcovers act as mulch, enhancing the soil.</li>\n<li>Groundcovers and native grasses require less maintenance to prevent soil erosion compared to turfgrass.</li>\n<li>Reduces toxic emissions released into the environment from lawnmowers.</li>\n<li>Reduces use of fossil fuels required by lawn and irrigation equipment.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Personal Wellness</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves time and labor.</li>\n<li>Connects people to the natural landscape.</li>\n<li>Creates a diverse and aesthetically pleasing outdoor environment.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of lawn alternatives varies depending on the type and size of the landscape. For example, cost per square foot of alternative groundcovers depends upon the type of plants chosen and the size of the groundcover. The higher initial cost of selecting plants specific to the site pays for itself over time through reduced maintenance costs compared to less adaptive and higher-maintenance turf grass.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Replacing conventional turf grass with native plants and water-efficient landscaping promotes resiliency by decreasing water use and reducing the reliance and stress on municipal water infrastructure. Alternatives to turf grass can also increase groundwater infiltration, helping to slow stormwater runoff and reduce erosion during flooding events. Also, replacing turf grass with diverse native plants increases the biological diversity in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> American-Lawns. “Mixtures and Blends.” <a href=\"http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html\">http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Turf Grass Madness: Reasons to Reduce the Lawn in Your Landscape.”  <a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf\">http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> U.S. EPA.  Outdoor Water Use in the United States.  <a href=\"https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html\">https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html</a> (accessed March 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA, University of West Virginia. “Managing Turfgrass and Garden Fertilizer Application to Prevent Contamination of Drinking Water.” <a href=\"http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf\">http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> University of California, Irvine.  Turfgrass. <a href=\"https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/\">https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/</a>  (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> NJ DEP. 2015. New Jersey Natural Heritage Program. <a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/\">https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/</a> (accessed Sept 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Earth Institute at Columbia University.  “The Problem of Lawns.” <a href=\"http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2010/06/04/the-problem-of-lawns/\">http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2010/06/04/the-problem-of-lawns/</a> (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Less Lawn. “Native Grass Lawns.” <a href=\"http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html\">http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html</a> (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> The Nature Conservancy. Habitat Network. Native Grasses for your Native Lawn. <a href=\"http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/\">http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/</a> (accessed November 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Groundcover Alternatives to Turf Grass.”  <a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf\">http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/rain-gardens-and-cisterns/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.audubon.org/bird/at_home/pdf/AAHPA-21-32-Lawn.pdf\">Audubon Society – Lawn Alternatives</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cleanwaternj.org/garden.html\">Clean Water NJ – In the Garden</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friendly-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nwf.org/NativePlantFinder/About\">Native Plant Finder</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/\">Nature Conservancy – Habitat Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/watershedrestoration/waterbook_chp6.html\">NJ DEP Lawn and Garden Care</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">Rutgers NJ Agriculture Experiment Station</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.php?cat=5&amp;sub=35\">Commercial Turfgrass and Landscape Maintenance Fact Sheets &amp; Bulletins</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://turf.rutgers.edu/\">Center for Turfgrass Science</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html\">Rutgers Water Resource Program – Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>University Extension Services – Groundcovers</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf\">Delaware</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170911143317/http://extension.umd.edu:80/hgic/groundcover-list\">Maryland</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>US Environmental Protection Agency</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/tools/greenscapes/web/html/brochure.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US EPA Greenscapes: Environmentally Beneficial Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Turf Grass Reduction','','publish','closed','open','','nc-turf-grass-reduction','','','2022-06-23 17:57:19','2022-06-23 17:57:19','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1134',0,'post','',0),(1135,2,'2022-03-28 20:00:19','2022-03-28 20:00:19','','NC Turf Grass Reduction','','inherit','closed','closed','','1134-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 20:00:19','2022-03-28 20:00:19','',1134,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1135',0,'revision','',0),(1137,2,'2022-03-28 20:04:26','2022-03-28 20:04:26','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Tree Protection and Placement\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Turf Grass?</h2>\n<p>Turf grass refers to a form of grass used when growing a lawn and typically includes species such as bluegrass, rye, and fescue.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> These species, referred to as conventional turf grass, grow evenly and to a uniform height when maintained. Conventional turf grass requires high levels of maintenance, irrigation, and fertilization to achieve a consistently green and manicured look. Turf grass had become common in the United States after post-World War II when it became a mainstream middle-class status symbol. At that time many types of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers were becoming commercially available.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Alternatives to conventional turf grass lawns include replacing the lawn with native grasses or groundcover and reducing the size of the lawn by incorporating other types of natural landscaping or garden beds (see <em>Native and Adapted Plants</em>).). There are many varieties of groundcovers, including those that are edible or flowering. Groundcover refers to plants that, once established, form a uniform layer over the ground and require little to no maintenance. Native grasses are species of grass that are native to a particular area and climate. These grasses require less maintenance and are less susceptible to pests.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_587\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"622\"]<img class=\"wp-image-587 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Turf-Grass-Reduction-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – An example of non-lawn outdoor space (Source: Ithaca College).\" width=\"622\" height=\"540\" /> Figure 1 – An example of non-lawn outdoor space (Source: Ithaca College).[/caption]<p>Reasons to consider reducing the use of turf grass include:</p>\n<p><u>High Maintenance Requirements</u></p>\n<p>Lawns require frequent and sometimes costly maintenance. Lawn maintenance often involves hiring lawn care employees, purchasing fertilizers, and maintaining lawn care equipment. Lawns may require mowing multiple times a week during the peak growing season. During a drought, lawns require irrigation. Landscapes consume 9 billion gallons of water each day in the United States, mostly to irrigate lawns.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p><u>High Pollution Outputs that Create Public Health Risks</u></p>\n<p>Lawn care chemicals can pose a threat to people, pets and the environment. Studies have found numerous adverse health consequences associated with the synthetic chemicals found in traditional lawn care products, especially for children due to their size, physiological development and proximity to the ground.</p>\n<p>Lawns can also contribute to water pollution as chemicals used to treat lawns combine with stormwater runoff and flow into freshwater supplies, adversely affecting plants and animal life. Many commercial lawns require frequent fertilization to maintain quality turf grass. Excessive fertilizer use can also lead to fertilizers entering sources of drinking water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Note that while conventional turf grass does help remove carbon dioxide from the air, the amount sequestered does not cancel out the greenhouse gas emissions produced from fertilizer production, mowing, leaf blowing and other lawn management practices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p><u>Lack of Biodiversity</u></p>\n<p>Conventional turf grass lawns lack biodiversity, an essential component of healthy ecosystems, and do not support a wide variety of birds, beneficial insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<h2>How to Reduce Turf Grass</h2>\n<p>Turf grass accounts for 30-40 million acres of land in the United States.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Many fiscally and environmentally responsible alternatives to lawns exist such as minimizing turfgrass areas, using more eco-friendly grass species for remaining turf areas, and planting a wide variety of low-maintenance trees, shrubs, and perennials to create garden spaces, rain gardens, and native habitats (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>). When designing an alternative lawn, select eco-friendly grass and grass-like species such as native sedges and meadow mixes and limit turf areas for defining garden edges, active recreation areas, pathways between planting beds and other structural and functional purposes. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Native grasses and sedges can provide a low maintenance alternative with high ecological value.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><u>Use Groundcover</u></p>\n<p>Groundcovers refer to low-growing plants including native grasses and sedges but also include taller trees and shrubs that grow together to form dense vegetation. Choose groundcovers that require little maintenance and support wildlife.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a>  Increasing the size of shrub beds and adding groundcovers can facilitate the reduction of erosion and water runoff.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Select non-invasive groundcovers that do not threaten plant biodiversity or affect wildlife that depends on native species as a food source.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">10</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>To select an appropriate groundcover, talk with the local cooperative extension agent and refer to the <a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">NJ Native Plant Society’s</a> listing of native and invasive species and the <a href=\"https://www.nwf.org/NativePlantFinder/About\">Native Plant Finder</a>. Native species often vary across regions, even within New Jersey. Note that the USDA identifies New Jersey as being in Hardiness Zones 5 through 7.</li>\n<li>To contain groundcovers, install an edge barrier such as a row of low bricks or wood frame. Extend edging a few inches into the soil to contain roots.</li>\n<li>Weed and mulch groundcover regularly, especially in the first year of planting.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">County Extension Offices</a> trains volunteer in each county through its Master Gardeners Program to provide guidance on lawn alternatives.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Tips on Removing Lawn</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use a sod cutter to remove sections of existing lawn gradually.</li>\n<li>Remove existing lawn but do not disturb the soil as turning the soil allows weeds to compete with the new native seedlings.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Tips for Caring for Existing Lawns</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Keep mower at 2 1⁄2 inches, water in the early morning and de-thatch if thatch reaches more than 1⁄2 inch in thickness. Cutting lawns too short decreases root growth.</li>\n<li>Leave clippings on the lawn as a natural source of nitrogen for the soil, recycle the clippings or start a compost pile.</li>\n<li>Reduce water needs by mulching the garden beds around an existing lawn.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Economic</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Decreases maintenance costs and reduces water bills. Once established, groundcovers appropriate to the site conditions require less upkeep than conventional turf grass.</li>\n<li>Reduces costs spent on fertilizers and pesticides.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Environmental</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases biodiversity and support of wildlife such as birds, insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.</li>\n<li>Dense and short growing groundcover plants eliminate weeds, preserve moisture in the soil, and do not require mowing.</li>\n<li>Reduces the need for lawn irrigation (see <em>Water-Efficient Landscaping</em>).</li>\n<li>Groundcovers act as mulch, enhancing the soil.</li>\n<li>Groundcovers and native grasses require less maintenance to prevent soil erosion compared to turfgrass.</li>\n<li>Reduces toxic emissions released into the environment from lawnmowers.</li>\n<li>Reduces use of fossil fuels required by lawn and irrigation equipment.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Personal Wellness</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves time and labor.</li>\n<li>Connects people to the natural landscape.</li>\n<li>Creates a diverse and aesthetically pleasing outdoor environment.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of lawn alternatives varies depending on the type and size of the landscape. For example, cost per square foot of alternative groundcovers depends upon the type of plants chosen and the size of the groundcover. The higher initial cost of selecting plants specific to the site pays for itself over time through reduced maintenance costs compared to less adaptive and higher-maintenance turf grass.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Replacing conventional turf grass with native plants and water-efficient landscaping promotes resiliency by decreasing water use and reducing the reliance and stress on municipal water infrastructure. Alternatives to turf grass can also increase groundwater infiltration, helping to slow stormwater runoff and reduce erosion during flooding events. Also, replacing turf grass with diverse native plants increases the biological diversity in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> American-Lawns. “Mixtures and Blends.” <a href=\"http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html\">http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Turf Grass Madness: Reasons to Reduce the Lawn in Your Landscape.”  <a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf\">http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> U.S. EPA.  Outdoor Water Use in the United States.  <a href=\"https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html\">https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html</a> (accessed March 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA, University of West Virginia. “Managing Turfgrass and Garden Fertilizer Application to Prevent Contamination of Drinking Water.” <a href=\"http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf\">http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> University of California, Irvine.  Turfgrass. <a href=\"https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/\">https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/</a>  (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> NJ DEP. 2015. New Jersey Natural Heritage Program. <a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/\">https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/</a> (accessed Sept 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Earth Institute at Columbia University.  “The Problem of Lawns.” <a href=\"http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2010/06/04/the-problem-of-lawns/\">http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2010/06/04/the-problem-of-lawns/</a> (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Less Lawn. “Native Grass Lawns.” <a href=\"http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html\">http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html</a> (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> The Nature Conservancy. Habitat Network. Native Grasses for your Native Lawn. <a href=\"http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/\">http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/</a> (accessed November 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Groundcover Alternatives to Turf Grass.”  <a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf\">http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/rain-gardens-and-cisterns/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.audubon.org/bird/at_home/pdf/AAHPA-21-32-Lawn.pdf\">Audubon Society – Lawn Alternatives</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cleanwaternj.org/garden.html\">Clean Water NJ – In the Garden</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friendly-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nwf.org/NativePlantFinder/About\">Native Plant Finder</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/\">Nature Conservancy – Habitat Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/watershedrestoration/waterbook_chp6.html\">NJ DEP Lawn and Garden Care</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">Rutgers NJ Agriculture Experiment Station</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.php?cat=5&amp;sub=35\">Commercial Turfgrass and Landscape Maintenance Fact Sheets &amp; Bulletins</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.turf.rutgers.edu/\">Center for Turfgrass Science</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html\">Rutgers Water Resource Program – Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>University Extension Services – Groundcovers</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf\">Delaware</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://extension.umd.edu/hgic/groundcover-list\">Maryland</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>US Environmental Protection Agency</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/tools/greenscapes/web/html/brochure.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US EPA Greenscapes: Environmentally Beneficial Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Turf Grass Reduction','','inherit','closed','closed','','1134-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 20:04:26','2022-03-28 20:04:26','',1134,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1137',0,'revision','',0);
INSERT INTO `wp_posts` VALUES (1139,2,'2022-03-28 20:05:10','2022-03-28 20:05:10','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Tree Protection and Placement\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Tree Protection and Placement?</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees play an essential role in the overall environmental quality of a property. Protecting existing trees and properly siting new trees can increase the energy efficiency of a building design before considering mechanical enhancements or upgrades. Trees protect buildings by reducing energy loads, reducing interior glare, and blocking potentially harsh winds (see <em>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</em>). Trees also add aesthetic appeal, reduce stormwater runoff and soil erosion, and can improve air quality. It is essential to locate trees strategically. Trees can take 10-15 years to mature to a size that provides significant shade and protection, therefore protecting existing trees during construction is very important.</p>\n<p>Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees. Symptoms of tree damage from construction may not be visible immediately but may appear years later. In planning for tree protection and determining necessary tree removals, consider the species, size, maturity, location, and condition of each tree.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Sometimes saving a younger tree is more beneficial than saving a mature tree because they are better able to adapt to the disturbances of construction. It is essential to maintain a diversity of species and age of trees on the site.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_432\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"596\"]<img class=\"wp-image-432 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Tree-Protection-and-Placement-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”\" width=\"596\" height=\"572\" /> Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Tree Protection and Placement</strong></h2>\n<p><strong> </strong>A tree protection plan should be created during design and enforced during construction. The plan should define parameters such as materials and dimensions of tree protection fencing required for all trees in the site protection plan. Fencing helps protect trees by keeping construction vehicles, equipment, and materials away from the tree. Penalties, such as a fine proportional to damages accrued, help construction workers adhere to the tree protection plan.</p>\n<p>When developing a strategy to preserve existing trees during site construction, it is essential to consider both the aboveground and belowground components of the trees. Machinery can damage the trunk and crown of a tree by breaking branches and gashing the trunk. When digging to install a foundation and utilities, roots are susceptible to being severed.  The majority of the roots of a tree are no more than a foot deep in the soil. However, in a mature tree, the root system can extend as far as 1 to 3 times the height of the tree.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> As Figure 1 illustrates, the drip line, a vertical plane extending from the perimeter of the crown to the ground, is the minimum area that should be left undisturbed when preserving a tree. Extending that boundary increases the likelihood of the tree’s survival. The closer the cut is made to the tree, the more damage the tree suffers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Removing roots also makes the tree more prone to falling over as they stabilize the tree in the ground.  If a utility line must run through the area of a tree, the International Society of Arboriculture recommends tunneling under the tree’s roots as opposed to running through them if possible.</p>\n<p>Although equipment may not always actually cut or physically damage a tree, it should never go within the drip line of a tree because the weight can cause the soil above the roots to compact and impair root development.  Adding or removing soil above the root system should be avoided to prevent smothering or rotting. When making changes to the grade of the soil, stay as far away from the trunk as possible. Exposing trees to the elements by removing nearby trees makes them vulnerable to damage from the sun and to breaking from wind and ice. All of these factors are important as trees require years to adjust to stresses caused by construction.  Continue to monitor and maintain trees and look out for any signs of poor health or safety hazards.  An arborist can provide guidance on how to properly maintain and treat any trees that have suffered damage.</p>\n<p><strong> </strong>Select trees carefully and maintain them as necessary to achieve maximum benefits.  To maximize energy savings associated with trees, plant deciduous trees on the south and west sides of the building to lower air-conditioning costs in the summer.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Locate trees so that they shade as much hardscape as possible. A commitment to the long-term care of trees is essential to maintaining their health. Consult an ISA-certified arborist for consultation and care.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><u>Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge</u></p>\n<p>A reconstruction project at Washington’s Headquarters included taking an inventory of existing trees, protecting historic trees, removing invasive species, and pruning and fertilizing remaining trees on the property.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_420\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"912\"]<img class=\"wp-image-420 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Tree-Protection-and-Placement-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).\" width=\"912\" height=\"612\" /> Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees are essential to healthy, livable communities as they provide beauty, shade, and enhance a community’s quality of life. As described in further detail below, trees provide numerous benefits such as cleaning our air, reducing stormwater runoff, cooling buildings, and can even stimulate business in downtown areas by creating a more inviting and comfortable environment.</p>\n<p><u>Environment</u></p>\n<p><em>Absorption of Air Pollutants – </em>Preserving and increasing trees on site is a simple strategy for improving local air quality. Trees remove pollutants from the air by absorbing airborne particles and gaseous pollution. According to the US Forestry Service, 100 trees remove 53 tons of carbon dioxide and 430 pounds of other air pollutants per year.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><em>Carbon Sequestration – </em>Trees reduce greenhouse gases by storing carbon dioxide in their leaves, branches, trunks, and roots. They use carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and cellulose for plant structure and function and release oxygen back into the atmosphere.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup></p>\n<p><em>Reducing the Urban Heat Island Effect – </em>The high percentage of impervious surfaces in urban areas absorb heat and create what is known as the urban heat island effect; this causes the annual, mean air temperature of cities to be 5.4°F warmer than surrounding areas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Trees help cool urban areas by shading pavement and absorbing excess urban heat, reducing the urban heat island effect. This same strategy can be applied in less densely built areas by shading hardscaped areas.</p>\n<p><em>Energy Conservation – </em>Trees strategically placed on-site can reduce the energy needed to cool and heat buildings. In the summertime, large trees on the west and east side of a building can save up to 30% of air-conditioning costs and allow units to operate more efficiently (see <em>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><em>Capturing Storm Water Runoff and Preventing Erosion – </em>Trees capture and absorb rainwater, reducing stormwater runoff. Tree roots also hold soil in place, preventing erosion (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><u>People</u></p>\n<p><em>Biophilia – </em>The presence of trees nurtures the inherent affinity that humans are believed to have with nature known as biophilia (see <em>Biophilic Design</em>). Well-treed environments have also been shown to reduce stressors in urban environments due to the beauty and serenity they convey. For instance, a study in a Chicago public housing development showed reduced crime levels in apartment buildings that were surrounded by greenery compared to the same buildings in barren landscapes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Another study showed that exposure to greener play environments reduced ADHD symptoms in children in the United States.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Also, studies find a connection between the presence of trees and lower levels of violence.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><em>Noise Reduction, Traffic Calming, and Pedestrian Safety – </em>Trees can serve as useful sound buffers. For example, a 98-foot-wide by 49-foot-tall tree belt can reduce highway noise pollution by 6 to 10 decibels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Trees also serve as physical barriers which protect pedestrians in high traffic areas. Since the presence of trees often indicates the presence of pedestrians, trees near roads help suppress the notion of a transportation corridor meant only for vehicles and can help calm traffic.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p><u>Economy</u></p>\n<p><em>Increased property values – </em>Property values have been found to increase by as much as 10%, according to the U.S. Forest Service, while the International Society of Arboriculture estimates a 5-20% increase in property value due to street trees.</p>\n<p><em>Increased Business in Shopping Districts – </em>A study conducted by University of Washington’s Center for Urban Horticulture found that the presence of trees and other vegetation positively influenced consumers’ perception of retail districts. Furthermore, shoppers spent more time shopping in downtown business districts that were well landscaped compared to those areas with little vegetation. Shoppers were also willing to pay more for parking and spend up to 11% more for goods and services in highly treed retail areas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>On average, caring for a large tree costs $13/year but returns about $65 in energy savings, improved stormwater management, and higher property values.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>The cost benefits of large, medium and small trees are as follows:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a></p>\n<p><em>Large Tree                                                         Medium Tree</em></p>\n<p>Total benefits/year = $55                                   Total benefits/year = $33</p>\n<p>Total costs/year = $18                                       Total costs/year = $17</p>\n<p>Net benefits/year = $37                                     Net benefits/year = $16</p>\n<p>Life expectancy = 120 years                              Life expectancy = 60 years</p>\n<p>Lifetime benefits = $6,600                               Lifetime benefits = $1,980</p>\n<p>Lifetime costs = $2,160                                     Lifetime costs = $1,020</p>\n<p>Value to community = $4,440                         Value to community = $960</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><em>Small Tree</em></p>\n<p>Total benefits/year = $23</p>\n<p>Total costs/year = $14</p>\n<p>Net benefits/year = $9</p>\n<p>Life expectancy = 30 years</p>\n<p>Lifetime benefits = $690</p>\n<p>Lifetime costs = $420</p>\n<p>Value to community = $270</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees provide multiple resiliency benefits. During severe storms, tree roots help to manage flooding and coastal/riparian erosion by soaking up water and stabilizing soil. Trees help reduce strain on local sewer systems, especially combined sewer systems where flooding events can negatively affect water quality and lead to public health concerns.  By infiltrating water where it falls, trees help replenish groundwater reserves, relieving stress on local water supplies and reducing the need to import potable water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a> Consequently, trees can lessen the impact of droughts.</p>\n<p>In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.</p>\n<p>Note that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lighting is often one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> International Society of Arboriculture (ISA). Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018.)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ISA. Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> ISA. Trees are Good. “Tree Care Information:  Benefits of Trees.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” <a href=\"http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf\">http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US Forestry Service: Benefits of Trees. <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees\">https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Colorado Tree Coalition.  “Education: Why Plant a Tree?”  <a href=\"http://coloradotrees.org/education/\">http://coloradotrees.org/education/</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” <a href=\"http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf\">http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA.   “Heat Island Effect.”   <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Arbor Day Foundation.  “Benefits of Trees.” <a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm\">https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). <em>Environment and crime in the inner city: Does vegetation reduce crime?</em><em> </em><em>Environment and Behavior</em><em>,</em> 33(3), 343-367. <a href=\"http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm\">http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm</a> (accessed April 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Faber Taylor, A., Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). “Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings.” <em>Environment and Behavior</em>, 33(1), 54-77. <a href=\"http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm\">http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Sullivan, W.C. &amp; F. E. Kuo.  Human-Environment Research Laboratory Department of</p>\n<p>Natural Resources and the Environmental Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-</p>\n<p>Champaign.  “Do Trees Strengthen Urban Communities, Reduce Domestic Violence?”  January 1996.  <a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html\">http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> National Forest Foundation.  “New Research Proves Just How Green Urban Forests Are.” <a href=\"https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests\">https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Jacobs, Allan B.  <em>Great Streets</em>.  Cambridge MA: MIT Press.  1995.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources.  “Fact Sheet #5: Trees in Business Districts.”  <a href=\"http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf\">http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Forest Service, Center for Urban Forestry Research and Information.  “The Large Tree Argument.”  <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf\">https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> US EPA. Green Infrastructure: Climate Resiliency. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency\">https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency</a> (accessed April 25, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/rain-gardens-and-cisterns/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/\">Arbor Day Foundation Tree Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.treesaregood.org/\">International Society of Arboriculture – Trees Are Good</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.itreetools.org/\">I-Tree Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://global.nature.org/?intc=glob_sol.topnav.logo\">The Nature Conservancy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/forest/community/\">NJ DEP Division of Parks and Forestry – Community Forestry</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtrees.org/\">NJ Tree Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phillywatersheds.org/what_were_doing/community_partnerships/programs/soak-it-adoption/green-stormwater-tools\">Philadelphia Water Department</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/extension/\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/topics/urban-forests-and-climate-change\">Urban Forests and Climate Change</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg0604.html\">University of Minnesota Extension Service: Fitting Trees and Shrubs into the Landscape</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">US EPA Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/spf/coop/programs/wf/\">US Forest Service Watershed Forestry</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Tree Protection and Placement','','inherit','closed','closed','','1128-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 20:05:10','2022-03-28 20:05:10','',1128,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1139',0,'revision','',0),(1140,2,'2022-03-28 20:07:01','2022-03-28 20:07:01','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"New Commercial Buildings\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The Manual supports the construction of new green commercial buildings with diminished energy and environmental footprints and the greening of existing commercial buildings. This approach limits the impact of the built environment on the natural environment, while sensitivity to the location of building activities helps to prevent urban sprawl and preserves natural resources.</p>\n<p>Best practice strategies include all aspects of green building and design with an added focus on those that jointly promote energy efficiency and resiliency in keeping with the State of New Jersey policy objectives. The Manual organizes best practice strategies according to an operational framework based on a design-build-operate-evaluate process. Each strategy includes a short explanation or definition, implementation recommendations, New Jersey specific examples (when available), and sections on strategy benefits, costs, resiliency (if applicable), and additional resources.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Design\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf568;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operational Tools\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe035;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/building-information-modeling-bim/\">Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/\">Brownfield and Infill Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/\">Site Protection Plan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Water\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf043;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. 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You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Operate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf085;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operations & Maintenance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe038;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Smart Infrastructure\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1eb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Evaluate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf3fd;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Building Performance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf080;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.03)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Case Studies</h2>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"30%\" module_alignment=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_divider][et_pb_portfolio fullwidth=\"off\" include_categories=\"3\" show_categories=\"off\" show_pagination=\"off\" hover_overlay_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_portfolio][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','New Commercial','','inherit','closed','closed','','659-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 20:07:01','2022-03-28 20:07:01','',659,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1140',0,'revision','',0),(1142,2,'2022-03-28 20:17:21','2022-03-28 20:17:21','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Orientation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Building Orientation?</h2>\n<p>Building orientation describes a building’s placement on a site and the positioning of windows, rooflines, and other features. A building oriented for solar design takes advantage of passive and active solar strategies. Passive solar strategies use energy from the sun to heat and illuminate buildings without the use of external energy sources and mechanical systems. Building orientation combined with the proper selection of building materials and the placement of windows, openings and shading devices influences heating and cooling loads, natural daylighting levels, and air flows within the building (see <em><i>Daylighting, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, Natural Ventilation,</i></em> and <em><i>Thermal Mass</i></em>).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_12\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1170\"]<img class=\"wp-image-12 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Orientation-Table-1.png\" alt=\"Source: Adapted from the Whole Building Design Guide, Passive Solar Heating\" width=\"1170\" height=\"438\" /> Source: Adapted from the Whole Building Design Guide, Passive Solar Heating[/caption]<p>Passive solar strategies use building components to collect, store, distribute, and control solar heat gains (see Table 1). Strategies include implementing large, south-facing windows, sourcing building materials that absorb and slowly release heat, manipulating building form to influence ventilation, and minimizing unwanted heat gain through proper window selection and glazing. Shading devices such as roof overhangs or landscaping also reduce solar load (See <em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Active solar strategies capture and store the sun’s energy through mechanical or electrical means. Solar photovoltaic systems generate and store electricity, while solar thermal systems heat liquid directly and transfer thermal energy for heating water or air (see <em><i>Photovoltaic Systems</i></em> and <em><i>Solar Thermal Systems</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Solar ready buildings have south-facing roofs not shaded by nearby trees, structures or buildings. <a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWatts Calculator</a> can estimate energy production and costs of a photovoltaic (PV) system at your location.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Optimize Building Orientation</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Decisions about building orientation begin early in the design phase, inform the entire building process, and involve all project team members (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). It helps to have input from experienced passive solar design architects and builders and to consider site conditions, such as temperature, solar access, and wind to evaluate passive design opportunities.</p>\n<p>Building orientation impacts daylighting which also relates to building geometry, window selection, interior layout, HVAC sizing, and electrical lighting design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Utilizing computer simulation software and energy modeling tools help to assess how building orientation and passive design considerations affect overall building performance (see <em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The project team may also consider pursuing the <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a> building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for zero-energy, high-performance buildings.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/showcase-projects/discovery-elementary-school\">Discovery Elementary School, Arlington, VA.</a></p>\n<p>The Discovery Elementary School is one of the first Zero Energy schools on the East Coast. The project team adopted passive solar design by orienting the building with its longest facades facing north and south, took advantage of shading opportunities to reduce summer cooling loads, selected construction materials with high thermal mass, and utilized occupancy sensors for temperature settings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/34931.pdf\">Cambria Office Facility, Ebensburg, PA.</a></p>\n<p>The original plan for the Cambria Office Facility was to maximize curb appeal with a flat-roofed, square box building orientated along the road near the edge of the property. Instead, the location of the building on the site was changed to optimize solar orientation and preserve wetlands on the property.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Buildings oriented for passive and active solar provide multiple benefits:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Utilize solar, a renewable energy source, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and slowing fossil fuel depletion.</li>\n<li>Connect occupants to the natural environment by responding to changing weather conditions and providing window views.</li>\n<li>Provide daylighting, which decreases electrical lighting requirements and increases occupant satisfaction and productivity.</li>\n<li>Employ thermal massing, which reduces temperature swings and produces a higher degree of temperature stability and thermal comfort.</li>\n<li>Reduce heating and cooling costs through natural heating/cooling and ventilation.</li>\n<li>Lower operation and maintenance costs by requiring fewer moving parts and opportunities for mechanical failure.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Considering life-cycle costs and annual energy and maintenance savings, buildings designed to maximize solar access are often less expensive than conventional buildings. Passive solar features, such as south-facing windows, thermal mass, and roof overhangs, can pay for themselves by reducing mechanical heating and cooling loads, unit size, installation, operation and maintenance costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Compared to passive solar systems, active solar systems often have a higher initial cost and longer payback period depending on the size and the type of technology but may be offset with currently available federal and state tax credits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency</a> and the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> and for available incentives, rebates and tax credits.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building’s oriented for passive and active solar design enhance a building’s resiliency by maintaining livable conditions in the event of power interruption and loss of heating fuel.</p>\n<p>Daylight-optimized buildings provide interior light, and highly insulated buildings with natural ventilation maintain thermal comfort for building occupants. Photovoltaic systems with battery storage and islanding inverters provide emergency “power islands” during times of storm or other grid outages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> US DOE | Energy Savers: Active Solar Heating. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating-systems/active-solar-heating\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating-systems/active-solar-heating</a> (accessed March 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf</a> (accessed July 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NREL. Passive Solar Design Fact Sheet. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29236.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29236.pdf</a> (accessed March 12, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> WBDG. Passive Solar Heating.  <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php</a> (accessed March 21, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Jennifer Senick et al. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/</a> (accessed March 12, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/\">Photovoltaic Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf\">Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWatts Calculator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines\">Sustainable Sources: Passive Solar Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Passive Solar Heating</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Building Orientation','','publish','closed','open','','nc-building-orientation','','\nhttp://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/','2022-04-15 17:17:06','2022-04-15 17:17:06','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1142',0,'post','',0),(1143,2,'2022-03-28 20:14:04','2022-03-28 20:14:04','','NC Building Orientation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1142-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 20:14:04','2022-03-28 20:14:04','',1142,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1143',0,'revision','',0),(1145,2,'2022-03-28 20:17:21','2022-03-28 20:17:21','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Orientation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Building Orientation?</h2>\n<p>Building orientation describes a building’s placement on a site and the positioning of windows, rooflines, and other features. A building oriented for solar design takes advantage of passive and active solar strategies. Passive solar strategies use energy from the sun to heat and illuminate buildings without the use of external energy sources and mechanical systems. Building orientation combined with the proper selection of building materials and the placement of windows, openings and shading devices influences heating and cooling loads, natural daylighting levels, and air flows within the building (see <em><i>Daylighting, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, Natural Ventilation,</i></em> and <em><i>Thermal Mass</i></em>).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_12\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1170\"]<img class=\"wp-image-12 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Orientation-Table-1.png\" alt=\"Source: Adapted from the Whole Building Design Guide, Passive Solar Heating\" width=\"1170\" height=\"438\" /> Source: Adapted from the Whole Building Design Guide, Passive Solar Heating[/caption]<p>Passive solar strategies use building components to collect, store, distribute, and control solar heat gains (see Table 1). Strategies include implementing large, south-facing windows, sourcing building materials that absorb and slowly release heat, manipulating building form to influence ventilation, and minimizing unwanted heat gain through proper window selection and glazing. Shading devices such as roof overhangs or landscaping also reduce solar load (See <em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Active solar strategies capture and store the sun’s energy through mechanical or electrical means. Solar photovoltaic systems generate and store electricity, while solar thermal systems heat liquid directly and transfer thermal energy for heating water or air (see <em><i>Photovoltaic Systems</i></em> and <em><i>Solar Thermal Systems</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Solar ready buildings have south-facing roofs not shaded by nearby trees, structures or buildings. <a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWatts Calculator</a> can estimate energy production and costs of a photovoltaic (PV) system at your location.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Optimize Building Orientation</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Decisions about building orientation begin early in the design phase, inform the entire building process, and involve all project team members (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). It helps to have input from experienced passive solar design architects and builders and to consider site conditions, such as temperature, solar access, and wind to evaluate passive design opportunities.</p>\n<p>Building orientation impacts daylighting which also relates to building geometry, window selection, interior layout, HVAC sizing, and electrical lighting design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Utilizing computer simulation software and energy modeling tools help to assess how building orientation and passive design considerations affect overall building performance (see <em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The project team may also consider pursuing the <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a> building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for zero-energy, high-performance buildings.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/showcase-projects/discovery-elementary-school\">Discovery Elementary School, Arlington, VA.</a></p>\n<p>The Discovery Elementary School is one of the first Zero Energy schools on the East Coast. The project team adopted passive solar design by orienting the building with its longest facades facing north and south, took advantage of shading opportunities to reduce summer cooling loads, selected construction materials with high thermal mass, and utilized occupancy sensors for temperature settings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/34931.pdf\">Cambria Office Facility, Ebensburg, PA.</a></p>\n<p>The original plan for the Cambria Office Facility was to maximize curb appeal with a flat-roofed, square box building orientated along the road near the edge of the property. Instead, the location of the building on the site was changed to optimize solar orientation and preserve wetlands on the property.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Buildings oriented for passive and active solar provide multiple benefits:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Utilize solar, a renewable energy source, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and slowing fossil fuel depletion.</li>\n<li>Connect occupants to the natural environment by responding to changing weather conditions and providing window views.</li>\n<li>Provide daylighting, which decreases electrical lighting requirements and increases occupant satisfaction and productivity.</li>\n<li>Employ thermal massing, which reduces temperature swings and produces a higher degree of temperature stability and thermal comfort.</li>\n<li>Reduce heating and cooling costs through natural heating/cooling and ventilation.</li>\n<li>Lower operation and maintenance costs by requiring fewer moving parts and opportunities for mechanical failure.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Considering life-cycle costs and annual energy and maintenance savings, buildings designed to maximize solar access are often less expensive than conventional buildings. Passive solar features, such as south-facing windows, thermal mass, and roof overhangs, can pay for themselves by reducing mechanical heating and cooling loads, unit size, installation, operation and maintenance costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Compared to passive solar systems, active solar systems often have a higher initial cost and longer payback period depending on the size and the type of technology but may be offset with currently available federal and state tax credits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency</a> and the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> and for available incentives, rebates and tax credits.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building’s oriented for passive and active solar design enhance a building’s resiliency by maintaining livable conditions in the event of power interruption and loss of heating fuel.</p>\n<p>Daylight-optimized buildings provide interior light, and highly insulated buildings with natural ventilation maintain thermal comfort for building occupants. Photovoltaic systems with battery storage and islanding inverters provide emergency “power islands” during times of storm or other grid outages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> US DOE | Energy Savers: Active Solar Heating. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating-systems/active-solar-heating\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating-systems/active-solar-heating</a> (accessed March 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf</a> (accessed July 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NREL. Passive Solar Design Fact Sheet. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29236.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29236.pdf</a> (accessed March 12, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> WBDG. Passive Solar Heating.  <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php</a> (accessed March 21, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Jennifer Senick et al. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/</a> (accessed March 12, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/\">Photovoltaic Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf\">Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWatts Calculator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines\">Sustainable Sources: Passive Solar Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Passive Solar Heating</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Building Orientation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1142-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 20:17:21','2022-03-28 20:17:21','',1142,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1145',0,'revision','',0),(1146,2,'2022-03-28 20:21:49','2022-03-28 20:21:49','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Daylighting\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Daylighting?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Daylighting combines building orientation, fenestration (e.g., the location of windows and openings in a building), shading devices, interior design, and lighting and controls.  Daylighting illuminates indoor spaces with appropriate levels of natural light, minimizes glare and heat gain, and reduces electrical lighting needs (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process, Building Orientation, High-Efficiency Lighting Systems, and Networked Lighting Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction and Sensor Controls</i></em>).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_582\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"894\"]<img class=\"wp-image-582 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Daylighting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Sunshade at Rutgers Visitor Center (Source: Rutgers University).\" width=\"894\" height=\"540\" /> Figure 1 – Sunshade at Rutgers Visitor Center (Source: Rutgers University).[/caption]<p>Building orientation, in combination with window selection and placement and reflection and glare from adjacent buildings, impacts daylighting levels, thermal comfort, ventilation, and views to nature (see <em><i>Natural Ventilation </i></em>and <em><i>Views and Operable Windows</i></em>). A daylighting-optimized building maximizes south and north exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive more favorable sources of direct and indirect natural light, respectively.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></sup> The design and choice of window glazing also affect the amount, distribution, and quality of daylight.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> For example, glazing systems with tinted glass and low-solar low-E coatings reduce solar heat gain with little reduction in visible transmittance or the amount of light in the visible portion of the spectrum.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Introducing daylight from skylights or solar tubes can also help balance daylight in a room. Utilize the upper portion of windows to introduce high levels of daylight and avoid glare issues, while taking advantage of views from the lower portion of windows, balanced by proper shading.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, louvers, and reflecting systems and self-shading elements of building form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light. Interior designs that incorporate open layouts and light-colored surfaces also bounce light throughout interior spaces. For example, dark interior finishes can compromise an otherwise successful daylighting design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Furniture, cubicles, and workstations can block light and have a substantial impact on the light levels in a given space. Model any partition systems or permanent furniture in the design phase as they can have a significant impact on interior light levels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Reduce electrical lighting consumption and costs, and associated waste heat by pairing harvested daylight with automated dimmers and photosensors (see <em><i>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</i></em>).</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Daylighting</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for daylighting involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process. For example, window glazing influences interior electrical lighting design, sizing of mechanical systems, and interior design layouts. The following outlines steps to integrate daylighting and electrical lighting into new commercial buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Set a Maximum Lighting Power Density (LPD) goal to avoid overlit spaces and to achieve an appropriate level of lighting per area lit or watts per square foot.</li>\n<li>Set a Daylight Sufficiency Goal that establishes the amount of daylighting, measured in lumens or foot-candles, required to perform a typical task in each space without electrical lighting.</li>\n<li>Develop a layered lighting strategy that first utilizes daylight to provide basic or ambient lighting levels, and then adds electrical lighting options and controls to vary lighting levels for a variety of tasks and occupant preferences.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Daylighting guidelines provide general principles and examples, but project specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools that can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190112120531/https://www.commercialwindows.org/fdt.php\">The Facade Design Tool</a> by the Efficient Windows Collaborative compares several design parameters including orientation, window area, controls, shading, and window type to predict performance outcomes such as annual energy use and savings, daylight levels, glare, and thermal comfort.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/software\">Low Energy – High Performance:  Building Façade Solutions</a> by Berkeley Lab offers a list of simulation software for modeling window system performance.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119120119/https://www.commercialwindows.org/case_hl.php\">The Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Office Building, NJ</a></p>\n<p>This building uses several design strategies to bring daylight into a massive central core building including small interior atriums, light shelves, and prismatic glazing.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119122730/https://www.commercialwindows.org/factsheets/WashingtonDesignGuideOffice.pdf\">Perimeter Office Zones, Washington, DC</a></p>\n<p>This case study and design guide examine combinations of window area, shading devices, and glazing types to maximize daylighting and save energy.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Controlled, natural lighting provides multiple benefits:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Reduced cooling loads and downsized HVAC systems through less heat gain from electrical lighting (see <em><i>Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improved employee productivity and satisfaction based on a shared preference for naturally daylit spaces, reinforcement of circadian rhythms, and connection to nature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Above average lease rates and lower tenant turnover.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Daylighting design should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated throughout the design process.  The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a power outage, a daylighting-optimized building provides interior light to building occupants, reducing reliance and stress on the grid and providing energy savings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32. <a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf</a> (accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylighting. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190112123505/https://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php</a>(accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Window Technologies: Transmittance. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201031043434/https://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php</a> (accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a>  (accessed Dec 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US DOE. <em><i>Lighting Design.</i></em> <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/lighting-design\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/lighting-design</a>  (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) <em><i>Daylighting. </i></em>September 2016. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting</a> (accessed September 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a> (accessed Dec 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> WBDG. Daylighting. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Ibid WBDG.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylight Controls. Windows for High-Performance Buildings. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119123555/https://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php</a> (accessed July 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> California Energy Commission and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf\">http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Daylight Dividends, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. “Daylighting Resources – Productivity.” <a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/dr_productivity.asp\">http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/dr_productivity.asp</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windows.lbl.gov/software\">Berkeley Lab – Building Technology and Urban Systems- Windows and Daylighting – Software Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/\">Efficient Windows Collaborative. Windows for High-Performance Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.iesna.org/\">Illuminating Engineering Society of North America</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">LBNL and US DOE. The Integrated Approach – Tips for Daylighting with Windows</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) – Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/fenestration-systems/glazing\">Glazing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sun-control-and-shading-devices\">Sun Control and Shading Devices</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/fenestration-systems/windows\">Windows</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>New Buildings Institute (NBI)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://patternguide.advancedbuildings.net/\">Daylighting Pattern Guide</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Other</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119080957/http://www.seventhwave.org/daylighting\">Seventhwave</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/videos/energy-101-daylighting\">US DOE – Energy Savers – Daylighting</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Daylighting','','publish','closed','open','','nc-daylighting','','','2022-06-23 17:58:44','2022-06-23 17:58:44','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1146',0,'post','',0),(1147,2,'2022-03-28 20:18:25','2022-03-28 20:18:25','','NC Daylighting','','inherit','closed','closed','','1146-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 20:18:25','2022-03-28 20:18:25','',1146,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1147',0,'revision','',0),(1149,2,'2022-03-28 20:21:49','2022-03-28 20:21:49','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Daylighting\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Daylighting?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Daylighting combines building orientation, fenestration (e.g., the location of windows and openings in a building), shading devices, interior design, and lighting and controls.  Daylighting illuminates indoor spaces with appropriate levels of natural light, minimizes glare and heat gain, and reduces electrical lighting needs (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process, Building Orientation, High-Efficiency Lighting Systems, and Networked Lighting Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction and Sensor Controls</i></em>).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_582\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"894\"]<img class=\"wp-image-582 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Daylighting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Sunshade at Rutgers Visitor Center (Source: Rutgers University).\" width=\"894\" height=\"540\" /> Figure 1 – Sunshade at Rutgers Visitor Center (Source: Rutgers University).[/caption]<p>Building orientation, in combination with window selection and placement and reflection and glare from adjacent buildings, impacts daylighting levels, thermal comfort, ventilation, and views to nature (see <em><i>Natural Ventilation </i></em>and <em><i>Views and Operable Windows</i></em>). A daylighting-optimized building maximizes south and north exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive more favorable sources of direct and indirect natural light, respectively.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></sup> The design and choice of window glazing also affect the amount, distribution, and quality of daylight.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> For example, glazing systems with tinted glass and low-solar low-E coatings reduce solar heat gain with little reduction in visible transmittance or the amount of light in the visible portion of the spectrum.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Introducing daylight from skylights or solar tubes can also help balance daylight in a room. Utilize the upper portion of windows to introduce high levels of daylight and avoid glare issues, while taking advantage of views from the lower portion of windows, balanced by proper shading.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, louvers, and reflecting systems and self-shading elements of building form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light. Interior designs that incorporate open layouts and light-colored surfaces also bounce light throughout interior spaces. For example, dark interior finishes can compromise an otherwise successful daylighting design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Furniture, cubicles, and workstations can block light and have a substantial impact on the light levels in a given space. Model any partition systems or permanent furniture in the design phase as they can have a significant impact on interior light levels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Reduce electrical lighting consumption and costs, and associated waste heat by pairing harvested daylight with automated dimmers and photosensors (see <em><i>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</i></em>).</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Daylighting</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for daylighting involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process. For example, window glazing influences interior electrical lighting design, sizing of mechanical systems, and interior design layouts. The following outlines steps to integrate daylighting and electrical lighting into new commercial buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Set a Maximum Lighting Power Density (LPD) goal to avoid overlit spaces and to achieve an appropriate level of lighting per area lit or watts per square foot.</li>\n<li>Set a Daylight Sufficiency Goal that establishes the amount of daylighting, measured in lumens or foot-candles, required to perform a typical task in each space without electrical lighting.</li>\n<li>Develop a layered lighting strategy that first utilizes daylight to provide basic or ambient lighting levels, and then adds electrical lighting options and controls to vary lighting levels for a variety of tasks and occupant preferences.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Daylighting guidelines provide general principles and examples, but project specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools that can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/fdt.php\">The Facade Design Tool</a> by the Efficient Windows Collaborative compares several design parameters including orientation, window area, controls, shading, and window type to predict performance outcomes such as annual energy use and savings, daylight levels, glare, and thermal comfort.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/software\">Low Energy – High Performance:  Building Façade Solutions</a> by Berkeley Lab offers a list of simulation software for modeling window system performance.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/case_hl.php\">The Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Office Building, NJ</a></p>\n<p>This building uses several design strategies to bring daylight into a massive central core building including small interior atriums, light shelves, and prismatic glazing.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/factsheets/WashingtonDesignGuideOffice.pdf\">Perimeter Office Zones, Washington, DC</a></p>\n<p>This case study and design guide examine combinations of window area, shading devices, and glazing types to maximize daylighting and save energy.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Controlled, natural lighting provides multiple benefits:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Reduced cooling loads and downsized HVAC systems through less heat gain from electrical lighting (see <em><i>Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improved employee productivity and satisfaction based on a shared preference for naturally daylit spaces, reinforcement of circadian rhythms, and connection to nature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Above average lease rates and lower tenant turnover.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Daylighting design should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated throughout the design process.  The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a power outage, a daylighting-optimized building provides interior light to building occupants, reducing reliance and stress on the grid and providing energy savings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32. <a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf</a> (accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylighting. <a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php</a>(accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Window Technologies: Transmittance. <a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php</a> (accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a>  (accessed Dec 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US DOE. <em><i>Lighting Design.</i></em> <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/lighting-design\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/lighting-design</a>  (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) <em><i>Daylighting. </i></em>September 2016. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting</a> (accessed September 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a> (accessed Dec 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> WBDG. Daylighting. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Ibid WBDG.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylight Controls. Windows for High-Performance Buildings. <a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php</a> (accessed July 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> California Energy Commission and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf\">http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Daylight Dividends, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. “Daylighting Resources – Productivity.” <a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/dr_productivity.asp\">http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/dr_productivity.asp</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windows.lbl.gov/software\">Berkeley Lab – Building Technology and Urban Systems- Windows and Daylighting – Software Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/\">Efficient Windows Collaborative. Windows for High-Performance Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.iesna.org/\">Illuminating Engineering Society of North America</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">LBNL and US DOE. The Integrated Approach – Tips for Daylighting with Windows</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) – Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/fenestration-systems/glazing\">Glazing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sun-control-and-shading-devices\">Sun Control and Shading Devices</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/fenestration-systems/windows\">Windows</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>New Buildings Institute (NBI)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://patternguide.advancedbuildings.net/\">Daylighting Pattern Guide</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Other</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/daylighting\">Seventhwave</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/videos/energy-101-daylighting\">US DOE – Energy Savers – Daylighting</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Daylighting','','inherit','closed','closed','','1146-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 20:21:49','2022-03-28 20:21:49','',1146,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1149',0,'revision','',0),(1150,2,'2022-03-28 21:03:38','2022-03-28 21:03:38','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Glare and Heat Gain Reduction\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Glare and Heat Gain Reduction?</h2>\n<p>Glare occurs when sunlight or artificial light inhibits a person from visually focusing on his or her task either by casting a veil of light between the task and the viewer or by flooding the eyes with light. For example, sun glare on a document makes the black text almost as bright as the white background, reducing the contrast and making the document difficult to read.</p>\n<p>Heat gain describes when solar radiation or warmth enters a building through windows, skylights or other glazing systems. Maximizing heat gain during the winter through passive solar strategies and minimizing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer, while maintaining daylighting quality, provides energy and cost savings and enhances thermal comfort (see <em>Daylighting</em>).</p>\n<p>Reducing glare and heat gain requires balancing electrical lighting and daylighting goals and utilizing protective barriers such as high-performance window glazing systems and external or internal physical barriers such as shades, blinds, awnings, overhangs or vegetation (see <em>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems</em>, <em>Energy-Efficient Windows, </em>and <em>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</em>).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_179\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"552\"]<img class=\"wp-image-179 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Glare-and-Heat-Gain-Reduction-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Disability Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)\" width=\"552\" height=\"488\" /> Figure 1 – Disability Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_588\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"586\"]<img class=\"wp-image-588 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Glare-and-Heat-Gain-Reduction-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Discomfort Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)\" width=\"586\" height=\"458\" /> Figure 2 – Discomfort Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for glare and heat gain reduction involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>). For example, building orientation, window glazing, and shading devices influence lighting design, mechanical systems, and interior design (see <em>Building Orientation</em>).</p>\n<p>Building orientation, in combination with window selection and placement, impacts daylighting levels and visual and thermal comfort (see <em>Energy-Efficient Windows</em>). A daylighting-optimized building designed to reduce glare and control heat gains maximizes southern and northern exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive more favorable sources of direct and indirect natural light, respectively. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Taking advantage of sunlight during the winter through high-performance windows can also help heat the building naturally and alleviate the dependence on the mechanical heating system.</p>\n<p>The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. Using high-performance windows to provide solar control reduces the need for operating shades, resulting in increased daylight and unobstructed views.</p>\n<p>Project-specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting or lighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools that can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Use simulation programs such as the <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool</a> or <a href=\"https://windows.lbl.gov/software/resfen\">Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN</a> to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">ENERGY STAR label</a>, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>When selecting a window based on performance, look for visible transmittance (VT) levels higher than (&gt; 70%), especially for daylighting applications (see <em>Daylighting</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, EnergyStar recommends SHGC of 0.4 (40%) or lower for buildings with moderate air conditioning requirements. Look for SHGC values of 0.25 or less for buildings with significant air conditioning costs or summer overheating problems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, a U-factor of <u>&lt;</u> 0.25 is recommended for high-performance buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Managing solar heat gains on the exterior of the building prevents heat from entering the building in the first place. In combination with high-performance glazing systems, consider shading devices early in the design process to achieve a well-integrated architectural design.</p>\n<p>Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, louvers, and reflecting systems and self-shading elements of building form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light.</p>\n<p>Interior glare control devices, such as Venetian blinds, miniblinds, vertical<br />slatted blinds, pleated and honeycomb shades, and roll-down shades can reduce direct sunlight and glare but are less effective at reducing cooling loads since they only block sunlight and do not prevent solar gains from entering the building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Motorized and automated shading systems use sensors, time clocks, a building automation system or occupant control to adjust the position of window coverings to reduce glare, daylighting or privacy levels or heat gain (see <em>Smart Sensors and Controls</em>).</p>\n<p>Natural landscaping such as mature trees or hedgerows can provide shading. Plant a shade tree near the window or skylight to shade it during the summer months and let as much light and heat in as possible during the winter months (see <em>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</em>).</p>\n<h3>Examples</h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/pdf/SmithCaseStudyFinal.pdf\">Smith Middle School Chapel Hill, NC.</a></p>\n<p>This case study documents that proper daylighting design that addresses glare and heat gain reductions can result in energy savings (64% reduction in lighting energy), occupant comfort (teachers and students favor daylighting in the classrooms) and return on investment (4.2 years).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119122730/https://www.commercialwindows.org/factsheets/WashingtonDesignGuideOffice.pdf\">Perimeter Office Zones, Washington, DC</a>.</p>\n<p>This case study and design guide examine the best combination of window area, shading device and glazing type to save energy.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Effectively managing glare and heat gains offers multiple benefits, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduced peak heat gain and cooling requirements in the summer and maximized solar heat gain in winter, leading to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see <em>Properly-Sized HVAC System)</em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></li>\n<li>Improved daylighting design, reducing electrical lighting requirements.</li>\n<li>Diminished ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings.</li>\n<li>Added environmental benefits such as stormwater management and occupant benefits including views and connection to nature by utilizing energy-efficient landscaping.</li>\n<li>Increased occupant visual and thermal comfort by managing glare and solar heat gains resulting in increased occupant satisfaction and productivity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></li>\n<li>Enhanced visual interest in building design through the use of shading devices, building orientation and architectural form.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Costs vary depending on the types of strategies implemented. Designing for glare and heat gain reduction should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated throughout the design process. The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.</p>\n<p>The cost of windows varies by project. Energy savings combined with improved visual and thermal comfort and daylighting benefits often justify the investment in high-performance windows. Available rebates and incentives can help offset upfront costs. For up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_benefits\">ENERGY STAR</a> and the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/programs\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a> websites.</p>\n<p>The cost of planting a tree or shrub for shade may range from as little as $10 to hundreds of dollars depending on materials and labor and maturity of selected landscaping vegetation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>External window coverings range in price from low-budget options for an aluminum awning to more costly investments for a shade structure. There are also additional costs associated with maintenance of outdoor structures, notably year-round or permanently affixed shades.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a power outage or a heat wave during the summer months, a building designed to optimize daylighting and reduce glare and heat gain can maintain comfortable internal temperatures and lighting levels for building occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid by reducing the need for electrical lighting and air conditioning.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32. <a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf</a> (accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> WBDG. Daylighting. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Energy Star. <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI</a> (accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Windows and Glazing. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing</a> (accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> The Efficient Windows Collaborative. “Selecting Energy Efficient New Windows in New Jersey.” January 2016. <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf</a> (accessed May 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE. “Energy-Efficient Window Attachments.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments</a> (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php</a> (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php</a> (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Cost averaged from several suppliers.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls (NLCs)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.umn.edu/index.php\">Efficient Windows Collaborative – High-Performance Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.efficientwindowcoverings.org/\">Efficient Window Coverings and Attachments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights\">Energy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nfrc.org/\">National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>New Buildings Institute (NBI)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://patternguide.advancedbuildings.net/\">Daylighting Pattern Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170719235328/http://newbuildings.org:80/resource/daylighting-guide-office-interiors/\">Daylighting Guide for Office Interiors</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE – Energy Savers</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments\">Energy Efficient Window Attachments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/windows-doors-and-skylights/energy-performance-ratings-windows-doors-and\">Energy Performance Ratings for Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/window-types-and-technologies\">Window Types and Technologies</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">Passive Solar Heating</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">Provide Comfortable Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/sun-control-and-shading-devices\">Sun Control and Shading Devices</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php\">Windows and Glazing</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Glare and Heat Gain Reduction','','publish','closed','open','','nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction','','','2022-06-23 17:59:29','2022-06-23 17:59:29','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1150',0,'post','',0),(1151,2,'2022-03-28 20:22:20','2022-03-28 20:22:20','','NC Glare and Heat Gain Reduction','','inherit','closed','closed','','1150-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 20:22:20','2022-03-28 20:22:20','',1150,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1151',0,'revision','',0),(1153,2,'2022-03-28 21:03:38','2022-03-28 21:03:38','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Glare and Heat Gain Reduction\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Glare and Heat Gain Reduction?</h2>\n<p>Glare occurs when sunlight or artificial light inhibits a person from visually focusing on his or her task either by casting a veil of light between the task and the viewer or by flooding the eyes with light. For example, sun glare on a document makes the black text almost as bright as the white background, reducing the contrast and making the document difficult to read.</p>\n<p>Heat gain describes when solar radiation or warmth enters a building through windows, skylights or other glazing systems. Maximizing heat gain during the winter through passive solar strategies and minimizing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer, while maintaining daylighting quality, provides energy and cost savings and enhances thermal comfort (see <em>Daylighting</em>).</p>\n<p>Reducing glare and heat gain requires balancing electrical lighting and daylighting goals and utilizing protective barriers such as high-performance window glazing systems and external or internal physical barriers such as shades, blinds, awnings, overhangs or vegetation (see <em>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems</em>, <em>Energy-Efficient Windows, </em>and <em>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</em>).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_179\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"552\"]<img class=\"wp-image-179 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Glare-and-Heat-Gain-Reduction-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Disability Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)\" width=\"552\" height=\"488\" /> Figure 1 – Disability Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_588\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"586\"]<img class=\"wp-image-588 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Glare-and-Heat-Gain-Reduction-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Discomfort Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)\" width=\"586\" height=\"458\" /> Figure 2 – Discomfort Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for glare and heat gain reduction involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>). For example, building orientation, window glazing, and shading devices influence lighting design, mechanical systems, and interior design (see <em>Building Orientation</em>).</p>\n<p>Building orientation, in combination with window selection and placement, impacts daylighting levels and visual and thermal comfort (see <em>Energy-Efficient Windows</em>). A daylighting-optimized building designed to reduce glare and control heat gains maximizes southern and northern exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive more favorable sources of direct and indirect natural light, respectively. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Taking advantage of sunlight during the winter through high-performance windows can also help heat the building naturally and alleviate the dependence on the mechanical heating system.</p>\n<p>The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. Using high-performance windows to provide solar control reduces the need for operating shades, resulting in increased daylight and unobstructed views.</p>\n<p>Project-specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting or lighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools that can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Use simulation programs such as the <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool</a> or <a href=\"https://windows.lbl.gov/software/resfen\">Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN</a> to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">ENERGY STAR label</a>, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>When selecting a window based on performance, look for visible transmittance (VT) levels higher than (&gt; 70%), especially for daylighting applications (see <em>Daylighting</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, EnergyStar recommends SHGC of 0.4 (40%) or lower for buildings with moderate air conditioning requirements. Look for SHGC values of 0.25 or less for buildings with significant air conditioning costs or summer overheating problems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, a U-factor of <u>&lt;</u> 0.25 is recommended for high-performance buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Managing solar heat gains on the exterior of the building prevents heat from entering the building in the first place. In combination with high-performance glazing systems, consider shading devices early in the design process to achieve a well-integrated architectural design.</p>\n<p>Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, louvers, and reflecting systems and self-shading elements of building form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light.</p>\n<p>Interior glare control devices, such as Venetian blinds, miniblinds, vertical<br />slatted blinds, pleated and honeycomb shades, and roll-down shades can reduce direct sunlight and glare but are less effective at reducing cooling loads since they only block sunlight and do not prevent solar gains from entering the building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Motorized and automated shading systems use sensors, time clocks, a building automation system or occupant control to adjust the position of window coverings to reduce glare, daylighting or privacy levels or heat gain (see <em>Smart Sensors and Controls</em>).</p>\n<p>Natural landscaping such as mature trees or hedgerows can provide shading. Plant a shade tree near the window or skylight to shade it during the summer months and let as much light and heat in as possible during the winter months (see <em>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</em>).</p>\n<h3>Examples</h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/pdf/SmithCaseStudyFinal.pdf\">Smith Middle School Chapel Hill, NC.</a></p>\n<p>This case study documents that proper daylighting design that addresses glare and heat gain reductions can result in energy savings (64% reduction in lighting energy), occupant comfort (teachers and students favor daylighting in the classrooms) and return on investment (4.2 years).</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/factsheets/WashingtonDesignGuideOffice.pdf\">Perimeter Office Zones, Washington, DC</a>.</p>\n<p>This case study and design guide examine the best combination of window area, shading device and glazing type to save energy.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Effectively managing glare and heat gains offers multiple benefits, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduced peak heat gain and cooling requirements in the summer and maximized solar heat gain in winter, leading to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see <em>Properly-Sized HVAC System)</em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></li>\n<li>Improved daylighting design, reducing electrical lighting requirements.</li>\n<li>Diminished ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings.</li>\n<li>Added environmental benefits such as stormwater management and occupant benefits including views and connection to nature by utilizing energy-efficient landscaping.</li>\n<li>Increased occupant visual and thermal comfort by managing glare and solar heat gains resulting in increased occupant satisfaction and productivity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></li>\n<li>Enhanced visual interest in building design through the use of shading devices, building orientation and architectural form.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Costs vary depending on the types of strategies implemented. Designing for glare and heat gain reduction should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated throughout the design process. The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.</p>\n<p>The cost of windows varies by project. Energy savings combined with improved visual and thermal comfort and daylighting benefits often justify the investment in high-performance windows. Available rebates and incentives can help offset upfront costs. For up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_benefits\">ENERGY STAR</a> and the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/programs\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a> websites.</p>\n<p>The cost of planting a tree or shrub for shade may range from as little as $10 to hundreds of dollars depending on materials and labor and maturity of selected landscaping vegetation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>External window coverings range in price from low-budget options for an aluminum awning to more costly investments for a shade structure. There are also additional costs associated with maintenance of outdoor structures, notably year-round or permanently affixed shades.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a power outage or a heat wave during the summer months, a building designed to optimize daylighting and reduce glare and heat gain can maintain comfortable internal temperatures and lighting levels for building occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid by reducing the need for electrical lighting and air conditioning.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32. <a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf</a> (accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> WBDG. Daylighting. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Energy Star. <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI</a> (accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Windows and Glazing. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing</a> (accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> The Efficient Windows Collaborative. “Selecting Energy Efficient New Windows in New Jersey.” January 2016. <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf</a> (accessed May 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE. “Energy-Efficient Window Attachments.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments</a> (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php</a> (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php</a> (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Cost averaged from several suppliers.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls (NLCs)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.umn.edu/index.php\">Efficient Windows Collaborative – High-Performance Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.efficientwindowcoverings.org/\">Efficient Window Coverings and Attachments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights\">Energy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nfrc.org/\">National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>New Buildings Institute (NBI)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://patternguide.advancedbuildings.net/\">Daylighting Pattern Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://newbuildings.org/resource/daylighting-guide-office-interiors/\">Daylighting Guide for Office Interiors</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE – Energy Savers</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments\">Energy Efficient Window Attachments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/windows-doors-and-skylights/energy-performance-ratings-windows-doors-and\">Energy Performance Ratings for Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/window-types-and-technologies\">Window Types and Technologies</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">Passive Solar Heating</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">Provide Comfortable Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/sun-control-and-shading-devices\">Sun Control and Shading Devices</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php\">Windows and Glazing</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Glare and Heat Gain Reduction','','inherit','closed','closed','','1150-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 21:03:38','2022-03-28 21:03:38','',1150,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1153',0,'revision','',0),(1155,2,'2022-03-28 21:12:27','2022-03-28 21:12:27','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Natural Ventilation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Natural Ventilation?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Natural ventilation uses passive strategies to supply outdoor air to a building’s interior for ventilation and cooling.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Natural ventilation systems rely on natural forces, such as wind and temperature differences between a building and its environment, to drive the flow of fresh air through a building. Cross ventilation uses air-pressure differentials caused by wind, and stack ventilation uses the increased buoyancy of air as it warms up.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Both work on the principle of air moving from a high-pressure to a low-pressure zone.</p>\n<p>Many modern commercial buildings utilize tightly sealed building envelopes and mechanical HVAC systems to achieve energy efficiency (see <em><i>Air Infiltration</i></em>). Natural ventilation strategies can introduce fresh air to airtight buildings, replacing all or part of a mechanical system, and reduce energy and operating costs and improve indoor air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Mixed-mode systems use a combination of natural ventilation from operable windows (either manually or sensor controlled) and mechanical systems that include air distribution equipment and refrigeration equipment for cooling (see <em><i>Demand Control Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Natural Ventilation</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a successful natural ventilation design or mixed-mode system requires an understanding of the local climate, intended building use, building geometry, and occupant behavior (see <em><i>Building Orientation, Tree Protection and Placement, </i></em>and <em><i>Building Evaluation</i></em>). For example, in coastal locations, buildings can take advantage of desirable cool sea breezes to reduce cooling loads. Other locations may not be ideal candidates for natural ventilation due to local sources of air pollution, allergens, or outdoor noises. The design of internal spaces and the size and placement of openings in the building impacts ventilation as well.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Operable windows, fans, and corridors help direct airflow using natural ventilation principles (see <em><i>Individual Comfort Controls</i></em> and <em><i>Views and Operable Windows</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Early in the design stage, project architects, designers, and engineers can use <a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/\">CoolVent</a>, a natural ventilation simulation tool developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to evaluate the effects of different natural ventilation strategies on the proposed building’s energy use and occupant comfort (see <em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The project team may also consider pursuing the <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a> building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for all types of high-performance, energy-efficient buildings.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170103003524/https://buildingdata.energy.gov/project/zion-national-park-visitor-center\">Zion Canyon Visitor Center, Springdale, UT.</a></p>\n<p>High, operable, clerestory windows, controlled by the building’s energy management system, cool the Zion Canyon Visitor Center by allowing hot air to escape while low windows introduce cool air at ground level.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_460\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1366\"]<img class=\"wp-image-460 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Natural-Ventilation-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Natural ventilation\" width=\"1366\" height=\"846\" /> Source: NREL and NPS drawings[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Natural ventilation strategies can reduce energy use, and lower energy bills and installation and maintenance costs by allowing for smaller mechanical systems and extending the life of HVAC equipment. When part of a mixed-mode system, natural ventilation can increase occupant satisfaction and indoor air quality by offering occupants greater personal control over thermal comfort, ventilation levels, and connection to the outdoors (see <em><i>Biophilia</i></em>).</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A study by Carnegie Mellon found that natural ventilation and mixed-mode conditioning can achieve 0.8-1.3% savings on health costs, 3-18% productivity gains and 47-79% in HVAC energy savings, for an average ROI of at least 120%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of power outages and the loss of air conditioning, natural ventilation can maintain thermal comfort for building occupants, particularly at night, when colder outside air can mix with warmer air inside the building (see <em><i>Building Flush</i></em>). Mixed-mode systems add redundancy and flexibility to the building’s ventilation and HVAC systems, providing back-up during power-outages, mechanical failures, security threats, or the release of air-borne contaminants.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Natural Ventilation. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> CoolVent. 2018. Basics of Natural Ventilation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. <a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/intro-to-natural-ventilation/basics-of-natural-ventilation/\">http://coolvent.mit.edu/intro-to-natural-ventilation/basics-of-natural-ventilation/</a> (accessed June 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> WindowMaster. Cost and Performance – <em><i>A design-led approach to effective natural ventilation</i></em>. <a href=\"https://www.windowmaster.com/white-papers\">https://www.windowmaster.com/white-papers</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Center for the Built Environment (CBE) Berkeley University. What is Mixed Mode? <a href=\"https://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/mixedmode/aboutmm.html\">https://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/mixedmode/aboutmm.html</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> WBDG. Natural Ventilation.  <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php</a> (accessed March 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NREL. Zion Visitor Center Brochure <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/29315.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/29315.pdf</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Carnegie Mellon (2004), Guidelines for High-Performance Buildings. Ventilation and Productivity.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/\">Building Evaluation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/\">Demand Control Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/mixedmode/aboutmm.html\">CBE Berkeley Mixed-Mode Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/\">CoolVent – The Natural Ventilation Simulation Tool by MIT</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS +2018)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/37542.pdf\">Torcellini et al. S. Lessons Learned from Case Studies of Six High-Performance Buildings. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Natural Ventilation P 52-63.</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Natural Ventilation','','publish','closed','open','','nc-natural-ventilation','','','2022-06-23 17:59:40','2022-06-23 17:59:40','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1155',0,'post','',0),(1156,2,'2022-03-28 21:08:37','2022-03-28 21:08:37','','NC Natural Ventilation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1155-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 21:08:37','2022-03-28 21:08:37','',1155,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1156',0,'revision','',0),(1158,2,'2022-03-28 21:12:27','2022-03-28 21:12:27','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Natural Ventilation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Natural Ventilation?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Natural ventilation uses passive strategies to supply outdoor air to a building’s interior for ventilation and cooling.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Natural ventilation systems rely on natural forces, such as wind and temperature differences between a building and its environment, to drive the flow of fresh air through a building. Cross ventilation uses air-pressure differentials caused by wind, and stack ventilation uses the increased buoyancy of air as it warms up.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Both work on the principle of air moving from a high-pressure to a low-pressure zone.</p>\n<p>Many modern commercial buildings utilize tightly sealed building envelopes and mechanical HVAC systems to achieve energy efficiency (see <em><i>Air Infiltration</i></em>). Natural ventilation strategies can introduce fresh air to airtight buildings, replacing all or part of a mechanical system, and reduce energy and operating costs and improve indoor air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Mixed-mode systems use a combination of natural ventilation from operable windows (either manually or sensor controlled) and mechanical systems that include air distribution equipment and refrigeration equipment for cooling (see <em><i>Demand Control Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Natural Ventilation</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a successful natural ventilation design or mixed-mode system requires an understanding of the local climate, intended building use, building geometry, and occupant behavior (see <em><i>Building Orientation, Tree Protection and Placement, </i></em>and <em><i>Building Evaluation</i></em>). For example, in coastal locations, buildings can take advantage of desirable cool sea breezes to reduce cooling loads. Other locations may not be ideal candidates for natural ventilation due to local sources of air pollution, allergens, or outdoor noises. The design of internal spaces and the size and placement of openings in the building impacts ventilation as well.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Operable windows, fans, and corridors help direct airflow using natural ventilation principles (see <em><i>Individual Comfort Controls</i></em> and <em><i>Views and Operable Windows</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Early in the design stage, project architects, designers, and engineers can use <a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/\">CoolVent</a>, a natural ventilation simulation tool developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to evaluate the effects of different natural ventilation strategies on the proposed building’s energy use and occupant comfort (see <em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The project team may also consider pursuing the <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a> building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for all types of high-performance, energy-efficient buildings.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://buildingdata.energy.gov/project/zion-national-park-visitor-center\">Zion Canyon Visitor Center, Springdale, UT.</a></p>\n<p>High, operable, clerestory windows, controlled by the building’s energy management system, cool the Zion Canyon Visitor Center by allowing hot air to escape while low windows introduce cool air at ground level.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_460\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1366\"]<img class=\"wp-image-460 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Natural-Ventilation-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Natural ventilation\" width=\"1366\" height=\"846\" /> Source: NREL and NPS drawings[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Natural ventilation strategies can reduce energy use, and lower energy bills and installation and maintenance costs by allowing for smaller mechanical systems and extending the life of HVAC equipment. When part of a mixed-mode system, natural ventilation can increase occupant satisfaction and indoor air quality by offering occupants greater personal control over thermal comfort, ventilation levels, and connection to the outdoors (see <em><i>Biophilia</i></em>).</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A study by Carnegie Mellon found that natural ventilation and mixed-mode conditioning can achieve 0.8-1.3% savings on health costs, 3-18% productivity gains and 47-79% in HVAC energy savings, for an average ROI of at least 120%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of power outages and the loss of air conditioning, natural ventilation can maintain thermal comfort for building occupants, particularly at night, when colder outside air can mix with warmer air inside the building (see <em><i>Building Flush</i></em>). Mixed-mode systems add redundancy and flexibility to the building’s ventilation and HVAC systems, providing back-up during power-outages, mechanical failures, security threats, or the release of air-borne contaminants.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Natural Ventilation. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> CoolVent. 2018. Basics of Natural Ventilation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. <a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/intro-to-natural-ventilation/basics-of-natural-ventilation/\">http://coolvent.mit.edu/intro-to-natural-ventilation/basics-of-natural-ventilation/</a> (accessed June 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> WindowMaster. Cost and Performance – <em><i>A design-led approach to effective natural ventilation</i></em>. <a href=\"https://www.windowmaster.com/white-papers\">https://www.windowmaster.com/white-papers</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Center for the Built Environment (CBE) Berkeley University. What is Mixed Mode? <a href=\"https://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/mixedmode/aboutmm.html\">https://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/mixedmode/aboutmm.html</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> WBDG. Natural Ventilation.  <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php</a> (accessed March 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NREL. Zion Visitor Center Brochure <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/29315.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/29315.pdf</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Carnegie Mellon (2004), Guidelines for High-Performance Buildings. Ventilation and Productivity.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/\">Building Evaluation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/\">Demand Control Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/mixedmode/aboutmm.html\">CBE Berkeley Mixed-Mode Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/\">CoolVent – The Natural Ventilation Simulation Tool by MIT</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS +2018)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/37542.pdf\">Torcellini et al. S. Lessons Learned from Case Studies of Six High-Performance Buildings. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Natural Ventilation P 52-63.</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Natural Ventilation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1155-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 21:12:27','2022-03-28 21:12:27','',1155,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1158',0,'revision','',0),(1160,2,'2022-03-28 21:16:40','2022-03-28 21:16:40','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Thermal Massing\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Thermal Massing?</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal massing utilizes building materials to absorb, store and release heat produced by sunlight. Masonry materials with high specific heat capacities and high density, like concrete, stone, brick, and tile, are commonly used as thermal mass, as well as water or other phase change materials.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> During the winter months, thermal mass passively absorbs heat through direct sunlight and slowly releases heat during the night. In the summer, thermal mass absorbs warmth from the air and helps cool the building. Passive solar design employs thermal mass as part of an overall strategy to achieve thermal comfort and energy conservation without the use of mechanical heating and cooling systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>The US Department of Energy describes five elements of passive solar design that work together for a successful system.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Aperture</li>\n<li>Absorber</li>\n<li>Thermal mass</li>\n<li>Distribution</li>\n<li>Control</li>\n</ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_34\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"884\"]<img class=\"wp-image-34 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Thermal-Massing-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Five Elements of Passive Solar Design (Source: US DOE | EERE).\" width=\"884\" height=\"604\" /> Figure 1 – Five Elements of Passive Solar Design (Source: US DOE | EERE).[/caption]<p>Passive solar design techniques include direct gain, indirect gain, and isolated gain. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Direct gain</em> uses south-facing windows to collect sunlight and absorbs and stores heat with thermal mass materials such as masonry floors and walls.</li>\n<li><em>Indirect gain</em> places thermal mass between south-facing windows and occupied spaces using a Trombe Wall that absorbs and radiates heat into the building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></li>\n<li><em>Isolated gain</em> uses south-facing rooms or sunspaces, generally separated with doors or windows from the rest of the building, to collect solar energy. Bordering thermal mass walls and floors absorb the heat, and vents distribute the heat to adjacent building spaces.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Thermal Massing</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal massing requires an understanding of climate, building orientation, and materials. A designer experienced in passive solar design can determine whether thermal massing makes sense as a stand-along strategy or as part of a comprehensive passive solar design approach. Computer modeling can simulate different types and locations of thermal massing and passive solar configurations to determine cost-effective, and energy-efficient designs.</p>\n<p>Elements to consider include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Insulation and air sealing</li>\n<li>Window location, glazing type and shading</li>\n<li>Thermal mass location and type</li>\n<li>Heating and cooling system design</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/project/maplewood-police-court-building-maplewood-nj/\">Maplewood Police and Court Building, Maplewood, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The brick façade of the Maplewood Police station adds thermal mass to the well-insulated steel-frame building.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal massing offers several benefits:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lower heating loads and costs through daytime absorption and nighttime release of solar energy.</li>\n<li>Lower cooling loads and costs through absorption of excess heat from solar gains and from internal sources such as electrical lighting, computers, and mechanical equipment.</li>\n<li>Enhanced thermal comfort by reducing the impact of external temperature swings and maintaining steady internal temperatures.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Buildings designed with thermal massing should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated with other passive solar design strategies.  Energy cost savings from lower heating and cooling loads can offset the upfront costs of building materials and of hiring project team members with passive solar design expertise.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Wall assembly systems (with thermal mass properties) such as precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), and structural insulated panels (SIPs) offer protection against hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> When paired with daylighting strategies, superior insulation values, and intentional sectioning of lighting and HVAC systems, thermal massing contributes to an overall resiliency approach that helps reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling, and other critical functions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US DOE | Energy Savers: Passive Solar Home Design. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design</a> (accessed April 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Sustainable Sources. Passive Solar Design <a href=\"http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines\">http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines</a> (accessed April 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> WBDG. Passive Solar Heating – Types and Costs of Technology.  <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating</a> (accessed April 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE. 2018. Passive Solar Home Design. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design</a> (accessed July 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJCAA. 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in NJ.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare Reduction and Heat Gain</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS)+ 2018: Getting to Zero</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines\">Sustainable Sources</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>US Department of Energy</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design\">Passive Solar Home Design</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating\">Passive Solar Heating</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Thermal Massing','','publish','closed','open','','nc-thermal-massing','','','2022-06-23 18:00:20','2022-06-23 18:00:20','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1160',0,'post','',0),(1161,2,'2022-03-28 21:13:13','2022-03-28 21:13:13','','NC Thermal Massing','','inherit','closed','closed','','1160-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 21:13:13','2022-03-28 21:13:13','',1160,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1161',0,'revision','',0),(1163,2,'2022-03-28 21:16:40','2022-03-28 21:16:40','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Thermal Massing\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Thermal Massing?</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal massing utilizes building materials to absorb, store and release heat produced by sunlight. Masonry materials with high specific heat capacities and high density, like concrete, stone, brick, and tile, are commonly used as thermal mass, as well as water or other phase change materials.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> During the winter months, thermal mass passively absorbs heat through direct sunlight and slowly releases heat during the night. In the summer, thermal mass absorbs warmth from the air and helps cool the building. Passive solar design employs thermal mass as part of an overall strategy to achieve thermal comfort and energy conservation without the use of mechanical heating and cooling systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>The US Department of Energy describes five elements of passive solar design that work together for a successful system.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Aperture</li>\n<li>Absorber</li>\n<li>Thermal mass</li>\n<li>Distribution</li>\n<li>Control</li>\n</ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_34\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"884\"]<img class=\"wp-image-34 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Thermal-Massing-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Five Elements of Passive Solar Design (Source: US DOE | EERE).\" width=\"884\" height=\"604\" /> Figure 1 – Five Elements of Passive Solar Design (Source: US DOE | EERE).[/caption]<p>Passive solar design techniques include direct gain, indirect gain, and isolated gain. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Direct gain</em> uses south-facing windows to collect sunlight and absorbs and stores heat with thermal mass materials such as masonry floors and walls.</li>\n<li><em>Indirect gain</em> places thermal mass between south-facing windows and occupied spaces using a Trombe Wall that absorbs and radiates heat into the building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></li>\n<li><em>Isolated gain</em> uses south-facing rooms or sunspaces, generally separated with doors or windows from the rest of the building, to collect solar energy. Bordering thermal mass walls and floors absorb the heat, and vents distribute the heat to adjacent building spaces.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Thermal Massing</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal massing requires an understanding of climate, building orientation, and materials. A designer experienced in passive solar design can determine whether thermal massing makes sense as a stand-along strategy or as part of a comprehensive passive solar design approach. Computer modeling can simulate different types and locations of thermal massing and passive solar configurations to determine cost-effective, and energy-efficient designs.</p>\n<p>Elements to consider include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Insulation and air sealing</li>\n<li>Window location, glazing type and shading</li>\n<li>Thermal mass location and type</li>\n<li>Heating and cooling system design</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/newcommercial/casestudies/maplewood.php\">Maplewood Police and Court Building, Maplewood, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The brick façade of the Maplewood Police station adds thermal mass to the well-insulated steel-frame building.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal massing offers several benefits:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lower heating loads and costs through daytime absorption and nighttime release of solar energy.</li>\n<li>Lower cooling loads and costs through absorption of excess heat from solar gains and from internal sources such as electrical lighting, computers, and mechanical equipment.</li>\n<li>Enhanced thermal comfort by reducing the impact of external temperature swings and maintaining steady internal temperatures.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Buildings designed with thermal massing should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated with other passive solar design strategies.  Energy cost savings from lower heating and cooling loads can offset the upfront costs of building materials and of hiring project team members with passive solar design expertise.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Wall assembly systems (with thermal mass properties) such as precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), and structural insulated panels (SIPs) offer protection against hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> When paired with daylighting strategies, superior insulation values, and intentional sectioning of lighting and HVAC systems, thermal massing contributes to an overall resiliency approach that helps reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling, and other critical functions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US DOE | Energy Savers: Passive Solar Home Design. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design</a> (accessed April 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Sustainable Sources. Passive Solar Design <a href=\"http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines\">http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines</a> (accessed April 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> WBDG. Passive Solar Heating – Types and Costs of Technology.  <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating</a> (accessed April 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE. 2018. Passive Solar Home Design. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design</a> (accessed July 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJCAA. 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in NJ.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare Reduction and Heat Gain</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS)+ 2018: Getting to Zero</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines\">Sustainable Sources</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>US Department of Energy</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design\">Passive Solar Home Design</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating\">Passive Solar Heating</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Thermal Massing','','inherit','closed','closed','','1160-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 21:16:40','2022-03-28 21:16:40','',1160,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1163',0,'revision','',0),(1165,2,'2022-03-28 21:19:44','2022-03-28 21:19:44','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Properly Sized HVAC Equipment\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Properly Sized HVAC Equipment?</strong></h2>\n<p>Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems consume 40% of the energy used in commercial buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Design engineers often oversize HVAC systems to comply with code or to meet the most extreme loads such as the coldest and hottest days of the year, and design systems with a built-in capacity for overloads which occur only 1% to 2.5% of the time.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Properly sized HVAC equipment considers the interaction among building systems, and the potential synergies and contradictions among these systems, taking into account the energy savings achieved through building envelope strategies, smart controls, and occupant behaviors when selecting equipment and designing air distribution systems (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>).</p>\n<p>Oversized equipment often results in higher installation and capital costs, reduced operating efficiency, and potential negative impacts on comfort. For example, short-cycling or excessive cycling of air conditioning equipment can lead to poor humidity control and moisture or mold issues and contributes to the wear and tear and longevity of equipment. Oversized systems use more fan power for blowers and can increase peak demand during the cooling season, leading to higher energy costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Oversizing can occur for a variety of reasons. Contractors may use standard rules of thumb based on experience rather than industry accepted practices and customers often request oversized units without understanding the calculations that go into sizing equipment or to accommodate planned expansions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</strong></h2>\n<p>First, consider all aspects of the building as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Use energy modeling to help select appropriately sized HVAC equipment that takes into account the impact of different energy-efficient design measures and building operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as how often the system runs on part load (see<em> Energy Modeling</em>). Consider part-load performance when selecting equipment as most heating and cooling equipment fail to operate at peak efficiency unless fully loaded (see <em>Part-Load Efficiency</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> One approach to downsizing HVAC equipment uses a small, efficient system to manage normal loads, and designates a backup system or relies on energy storage for extreme conditions that demand additional load capacity and occur less frequently (see <em>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Thermal Energy Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> In general, properly sizing HVAC equipment avoids providing excess capacity and allocates extra physical space for additional equipment and designs modular distribution systems that can accept additional equipment for future expansion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https://www.acca.org/home\">Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)</a>, Manual N, “<em>Commercial Load Calculation</em>,” and provides industry-accepted standards for properly sizing HVAC systems, and the ACCA Manual Q, “<em>Commercial Duct Design</em>,” provides guidance and performance criteria for duct system design.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings\">GSA’s Emerging Building Technologies – HVAC Published Findings</a></p>\n<p>The GSA’s Emerging Building Technologies program regularly publishes case study findings, such as innovative and cost-effective HVAC technologies to inform decision making on federal buildings.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Properly sized HVAC systems reduce energy consumption, water use and emissions, provide cost savings, manage occupant comfort and maintain indoor air quality.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating a whole-building energy-saving approach including envelope strategies, high-performance lighting, and energy-efficient windows can reduce peak heating and cooling loads and result in smaller HVAC systems that cost less upfront than larger capacity models and save 30% on average on annual utility costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Additional upfront costs for energy modeling software and analysis often pay for themselves through realized energy and cost savings.</p>\n<p>For information on available HVAC equipment incentives, visit <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/application-forms/application-forms-0\">The New Jersey Clean Energy’s Smart Start Building Program</a>.</p>\n<h1><strong>Resiliency</strong></h1>\n<p>Properly sized HVAC equipment increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, and peak loads which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid natural gas, water and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. HVAC Interaction of the Building Envelope.  <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/env_hvac_integration.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/env_hvac_integration.php</a> (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a>  (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a>  (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p>[5] NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Roth, Amir. 2017. “Building Energy Modeling 101: HVAC Design and Operation Use Case.” US DOE Building Technologies Program. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case</a> (accessed Nov 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.acca.org/\">Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=hvac_install.hvac_install_index\">ENERGY STAR Verified HVAC Installations (ESVI)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/\">Sustainable Facilities Tool</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">Building Technologies Program Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case\">Computer Program Listing for a range of HVAC measurements and calculations</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/energyanalysis.php?r=hvac\">Energy Analysis Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">High-Performance HVAC</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php#rcas\">Relevant codes</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Properly Sized HVAC Equipment','','publish','closed','open','','nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment','','','2022-04-15 17:17:06','2022-04-15 17:17:06','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1165',0,'post','',0),(1166,2,'2022-03-28 21:17:33','2022-03-28 21:17:33','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1165-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 21:17:33','2022-03-28 21:17:33','',1165,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1166',0,'revision','',0),(1168,2,'2022-03-28 21:19:44','2022-03-28 21:19:44','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Properly Sized HVAC Equipment\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Properly Sized HVAC Equipment?</strong></h2>\n<p>Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems consume 40% of the energy used in commercial buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Design engineers often oversize HVAC systems to comply with code or to meet the most extreme loads such as the coldest and hottest days of the year, and design systems with a built-in capacity for overloads which occur only 1% to 2.5% of the time.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Properly sized HVAC equipment considers the interaction among building systems, and the potential synergies and contradictions among these systems, taking into account the energy savings achieved through building envelope strategies, smart controls, and occupant behaviors when selecting equipment and designing air distribution systems (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>).</p>\n<p>Oversized equipment often results in higher installation and capital costs, reduced operating efficiency, and potential negative impacts on comfort. For example, short-cycling or excessive cycling of air conditioning equipment can lead to poor humidity control and moisture or mold issues and contributes to the wear and tear and longevity of equipment. Oversized systems use more fan power for blowers and can increase peak demand during the cooling season, leading to higher energy costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Oversizing can occur for a variety of reasons. Contractors may use standard rules of thumb based on experience rather than industry accepted practices and customers often request oversized units without understanding the calculations that go into sizing equipment or to accommodate planned expansions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</strong></h2>\n<p>First, consider all aspects of the building as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Use energy modeling to help select appropriately sized HVAC equipment that takes into account the impact of different energy-efficient design measures and building operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as how often the system runs on part load (see<em> Energy Modeling</em>). Consider part-load performance when selecting equipment as most heating and cooling equipment fail to operate at peak efficiency unless fully loaded (see <em>Part-Load Efficiency</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> One approach to downsizing HVAC equipment uses a small, efficient system to manage normal loads, and designates a backup system or relies on energy storage for extreme conditions that demand additional load capacity and occur less frequently (see <em>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Thermal Energy Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> In general, properly sizing HVAC equipment avoids providing excess capacity and allocates extra physical space for additional equipment and designs modular distribution systems that can accept additional equipment for future expansion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https://www.acca.org/home\">Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)</a>, Manual N, “<em>Commercial Load Calculation</em>,” and provides industry-accepted standards for properly sizing HVAC systems, and the ACCA Manual Q, “<em>Commercial Duct Design</em>,” provides guidance and performance criteria for duct system design.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings\">GSA’s Emerging Building Technologies – HVAC Published Findings</a></p>\n<p>The GSA’s Emerging Building Technologies program regularly publishes case study findings, such as innovative and cost-effective HVAC technologies to inform decision making on federal buildings.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Properly sized HVAC systems reduce energy consumption, water use and emissions, provide cost savings, manage occupant comfort and maintain indoor air quality.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating a whole-building energy-saving approach including envelope strategies, high-performance lighting, and energy-efficient windows can reduce peak heating and cooling loads and result in smaller HVAC systems that cost less upfront than larger capacity models and save 30% on average on annual utility costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Additional upfront costs for energy modeling software and analysis often pay for themselves through realized energy and cost savings.</p>\n<p>For information on available HVAC equipment incentives, visit <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/application-forms/application-forms-0\">The New Jersey Clean Energy’s Smart Start Building Program</a>.</p>\n<h1><strong>Resiliency</strong></h1>\n<p>Properly sized HVAC equipment increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, and peak loads which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid natural gas, water and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. HVAC Interaction of the Building Envelope.  <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/env_hvac_integration.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/env_hvac_integration.php</a> (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a>  (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a>  (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p>[5] NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Roth, Amir. 2017. “Building Energy Modeling 101: HVAC Design and Operation Use Case.” US DOE Building Technologies Program. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case</a> (accessed Nov 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.acca.org/\">Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=hvac_install.hvac_install_index\">ENERGY STAR Verified HVAC Installations (ESVI)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/\">Sustainable Facilities Tool</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">Building Technologies Program Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case\">Computer Program Listing for a range of HVAC measurements and calculations</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/energyanalysis.php?r=hvac\">Energy Analysis Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">High-Performance HVAC</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php#rcas\">Relevant codes</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Properly Sized HVAC Equipment','','inherit','closed','closed','','1165-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 21:19:44','2022-03-28 21:19:44','',1165,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1168',0,'revision','',0),(1169,2,'2022-03-28 21:19:44','2022-03-28 21:19:44','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Properly Sized HVAC Equipment\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Properly Sized HVAC Equipment?</strong></h2>\n<p>Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems consume 40% of the energy used in commercial buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Design engineers often oversize HVAC systems to comply with code or to meet the most extreme loads such as the coldest and hottest days of the year, and design systems with a built-in capacity for overloads which occur only 1% to 2.5% of the time.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Properly sized HVAC equipment considers the interaction among building systems, and the potential synergies and contradictions among these systems, taking into account the energy savings achieved through building envelope strategies, smart controls, and occupant behaviors when selecting equipment and designing air distribution systems (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>).</p>\n<p>Oversized equipment often results in higher installation and capital costs, reduced operating efficiency, and potential negative impacts on comfort. For example, short-cycling or excessive cycling of air conditioning equipment can lead to poor humidity control and moisture or mold issues and contributes to the wear and tear and longevity of equipment. Oversized systems use more fan power for blowers and can increase peak demand during the cooling season, leading to higher energy costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Oversizing can occur for a variety of reasons. Contractors may use standard rules of thumb based on experience rather than industry accepted practices and customers often request oversized units without understanding the calculations that go into sizing equipment or to accommodate planned expansions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</strong></h2>\n<p>First, consider all aspects of the building as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Use energy modeling to help select appropriately sized HVAC equipment that takes into account the impact of different energy-efficient design measures and building operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as how often the system runs on part load (see<em> Energy Modeling</em>). Consider part-load performance when selecting equipment as most heating and cooling equipment fail to operate at peak efficiency unless fully loaded (see <em>Part-Load Efficiency</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> One approach to downsizing HVAC equipment uses a small, efficient system to manage normal loads, and designates a backup system or relies on energy storage for extreme conditions that demand additional load capacity and occur less frequently (see <em>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Thermal Energy Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> In general, properly sizing HVAC equipment avoids providing excess capacity and allocates extra physical space for additional equipment and designs modular distribution systems that can accept additional equipment for future expansion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https://www.acca.org/home\">Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)</a>, Manual N, “<em>Commercial Load Calculation</em>,” and provides industry-accepted standards for properly sizing HVAC systems, and the ACCA Manual Q, “<em>Commercial Duct Design</em>,” provides guidance and performance criteria for duct system design.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings\">GSA’s Emerging Building Technologies – HVAC Published Findings</a></p>\n<p>The GSA’s Emerging Building Technologies program regularly publishes case study findings, such as innovative and cost-effective HVAC technologies to inform decision making on federal buildings.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Properly sized HVAC systems reduce energy consumption, water use and emissions, provide cost savings, manage occupant comfort and maintain indoor air quality.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating a whole-building energy-saving approach including envelope strategies, high-performance lighting, and energy-efficient windows can reduce peak heating and cooling loads and result in smaller HVAC systems that cost less upfront than larger capacity models and save 30% on average on annual utility costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Additional upfront costs for energy modeling software and analysis often pay for themselves through realized energy and cost savings.</p>\n<p>For information on available HVAC equipment incentives, visit <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/application-forms/application-forms-0\">The New Jersey Clean Energy’s Smart Start Building Program</a>.</p>\n<h1><strong>Resiliency</strong></h1>\n<p>Properly sized HVAC equipment increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, and peak loads which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid natural gas, water and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. HVAC Interaction of the Building Envelope.  <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/env_hvac_integration.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/env_hvac_integration.php</a> (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a>  (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a>  (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p>[5] NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Roth, Amir. 2017. “Building Energy Modeling 101: HVAC Design and Operation Use Case.” US DOE Building Technologies Program. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case</a> (accessed Nov 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.acca.org/\">Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=hvac_install.hvac_install_index\">ENERGY STAR Verified HVAC Installations (ESVI)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/\">Sustainable Facilities Tool</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">Building Technologies Program Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case\">Computer Program Listing for a range of HVAC measurements and calculations</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/energyanalysis.php?r=hvac\">Energy Analysis Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">High-Performance HVAC</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php#rcas\">Relevant codes</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1165-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 21:19:44','2022-03-28 21:19:44','',1165,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1169',0,'revision','',0),(1171,2,'2022-03-28 21:19:47','2022-03-28 21:19:47','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Properly Sized HVAC Equipment\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Properly Sized HVAC Equipment?</strong></h2>\n<p>Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems consume 40% of the energy used in commercial buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Design engineers often oversize HVAC systems to comply with code or to meet the most extreme loads such as the coldest and hottest days of the year, and design systems with a built-in capacity for overloads which occur only 1% to 2.5% of the time.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Properly sized HVAC equipment considers the interaction among building systems, and the potential synergies and contradictions among these systems, taking into account the energy savings achieved through building envelope strategies, smart controls, and occupant behaviors when selecting equipment and designing air distribution systems (see <em>Integrated Design Process</em>).</p>\n<p>Oversized equipment often results in higher installation and capital costs, reduced operating efficiency, and potential negative impacts on comfort. For example, short-cycling or excessive cycling of air conditioning equipment can lead to poor humidity control and moisture or mold issues and contributes to the wear and tear and longevity of equipment. Oversized systems use more fan power for blowers and can increase peak demand during the cooling season, leading to higher energy costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Oversizing can occur for a variety of reasons. Contractors may use standard rules of thumb based on experience rather than industry accepted practices and customers often request oversized units without understanding the calculations that go into sizing equipment or to accommodate planned expansions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</strong></h2>\n<p>First, consider all aspects of the building as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Use energy modeling to help select appropriately sized HVAC equipment that takes into account the impact of different energy-efficient design measures and building operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as how often the system runs on part load (see<em> Energy Modeling</em>). Consider part-load performance when selecting equipment as most heating and cooling equipment fail to operate at peak efficiency unless fully loaded (see <em>Part-Load Efficiency</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> One approach to downsizing HVAC equipment uses a small, efficient system to manage normal loads, and designates a backup system or relies on energy storage for extreme conditions that demand additional load capacity and occur less frequently (see <em>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Thermal Energy Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> In general, properly sizing HVAC equipment avoids providing excess capacity and allocates extra physical space for additional equipment and designs modular distribution systems that can accept additional equipment for future expansion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https://www.acca.org/home\">Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)</a>, Manual N, “<em>Commercial Load Calculation</em>,” and provides industry-accepted standards for properly sizing HVAC systems, and the ACCA Manual Q, “<em>Commercial Duct Design</em>,” provides guidance and performance criteria for duct system design.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings\">GSA’s Emerging Building Technologies – HVAC Published Findings</a></p>\n<p>The GSA’s Emerging Building Technologies program regularly publishes case study findings, such as innovative and cost-effective HVAC technologies to inform decision making on federal buildings.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Properly sized HVAC systems reduce energy consumption, water use and emissions, provide cost savings, manage occupant comfort and maintain indoor air quality.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating a whole-building energy-saving approach including envelope strategies, high-performance lighting, and energy-efficient windows can reduce peak heating and cooling loads and result in smaller HVAC systems that cost less upfront than larger capacity models and save 30% on average on annual utility costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Additional upfront costs for energy modeling software and analysis often pay for themselves through realized energy and cost savings.</p>\n<p>For information on available HVAC equipment incentives, visit <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/application-forms/application-forms-0\">The New Jersey Clean Energy’s Smart Start Building Program</a>.</p>\n<h1><strong>Resiliency</strong></h1>\n<p>Properly sized HVAC equipment increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, and peak loads which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid natural gas, water and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. HVAC Interaction of the Building Envelope.  <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/env_hvac_integration.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/env_hvac_integration.php</a> (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a>  (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a>  (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p>[5] NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Roth, Amir. 2017. “Building Energy Modeling 101: HVAC Design and Operation Use Case.” US DOE Building Technologies Program. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case</a> (accessed Nov 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.acca.org/\">Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=hvac_install.hvac_install_index\">ENERGY STAR Verified HVAC Installations (ESVI)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/\">Sustainable Facilities Tool</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">Building Technologies Program Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case\">Computer Program Listing for a range of HVAC measurements and calculations</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/energyanalysis.php?r=hvac\">Energy Analysis Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">High-Performance HVAC</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php#rcas\">Relevant codes</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Properly Sized HVAC Equipment','','inherit','closed','closed','','1165-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 21:19:47','2022-03-28 21:19:47','',1165,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1171',0,'revision','',0),(1172,2,'2022-03-28 21:38:53','2022-03-28 21:38:53','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Part-Load Efficiency\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Part-Load Efficiency?</strong></h2>\n<p>Part-load efficiency refers to the ability of an HVAC system to handle part-load energy use. Factors that impact the internal load of a building include heat generated by occupants, processes, equipment, and lighting; External load variables include insulation levels, glazing and window selection, and building orientation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> HVAC systems are designed to serve a wide range of loads. Higher efficiency standards set by ASHRAE 90.1 and advances in HVAC technology make modern systems highly efficient at full or maximum loads. However, efficiency rates decline at part-load or when loads fall below 90%, making it challenging for most commercial buildings that routinely experience variable loads throughout the day (or as much as 99 percent of the time) to maximize energy savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Coupled with the fact that most design engineers often oversize HVAC systems, selecting equipment and technologies designed for part-load operation offer the potential for significant energy savings (see <em>Properly Sized HVAC </em><em>Equipment</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_386\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"420\"]<img class=\"wp-image-386 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Part-Load-Efficiency-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Multiple Boilers (Source: Rutgers University).\" width=\"420\" height=\"528\" /> Figure 1 – Multiple Boilers (Source: Rutgers University).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Part-Load Efficiency</strong></h2>\n<p>First, consider all aspects of the building as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Install smart thermostats and HVAC systems that use multiple sensors and controls to monitor and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings, control energy consumption in unoccupied areas, and detect and diagnose issues (see <em>Smart Sensors and Controls</em>). Use energy modeling to understand the impacts of different energy-efficient design measures and building operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as the expected average runtime of the HVAC system under part- load conditions (see<em> Energy Modeling</em>). For buildings with significant part-load profiles, select equipment and components that can operate efficiently at part-load or that can modify capacity at varying loads such as variable speed compressors, fans, and pumps; variable capacity boiler plants, cooling plants and cooling towers; and temperature reset controls for hot water, chilled water, and supply air.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> For example, variable speed compressors use an inverter known as a variable frequency drive (VFD) to run a motor at different speeds to match the load and help reduce energy consumption.</p>\n<p>For buildings with highly variable loads, consider multiple, small, modular boilers, which permit each boiler to operate around maximum rated load most of the time and reduce standby losses. Other options include condensing boilers and modulating boilers that can run at partial capacity rather than cycling on and off.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> To reduce central air conditioning loads and provide zoning or heating and cooling for individual spaces, consider modular, mini split-system air-conditioners.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong><strong> </strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings\">GSA’s Emerging Building Technologies – HVAC Published Findings</a></p>\n<p>The GSA’s Emerging Building Technologies program regularly publishes case study findings, including innovative and cost-effective HVAC technologies such as <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings/hvac/variablespeed-directdrive-screw-chiller\">Variable-Speed Magnetic Bearing Chiller</a> and <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings/hvac/variablespeed-directdrive-screw-chiller\">Variable-Speed Direct-Drive Screw Chiller</a>, to inform decision making on federal buildings.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for part-load efficiency optimizes energy-efficiency and cost-effectively reduces energy use, water consumption, and emissions, and manages occupant comfort and indoor air quality.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing part-load efficiency varies depending on the equipment and system selected. Considering part-load performance when designing and installing a system saves on first costs as well as operating costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Part-load efficiency increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid, natural gas, and water and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Burdick, Alan. 2012. “Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing” Prepared for the US DOE Building America Building Technologies Program. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf</a> (accessed November 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. High-Performance HVAC. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php</a> (accessed June 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> United States Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Purchasing Energy-Efficient Commercial Boilers. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/purchasing-energy-efficient-commercial-boilers\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/purchasing-energy-efficient-commercial-boilers</a> (accessed June 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE- Energy Savers. “Ductless, Mini-Split Air Conditioners.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners</a> (accessed Nov 29 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php</a> (accessed March 20, 2011).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/\">ASHRAE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ceedirectory.org/\">The Consortium for Energy Efficiency – Directory of commercial HVAC equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/purchasing-energy-efficient-commercial-boilers\">US DOE | EERE – A guide on how to select energy efficient commercial boilers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">Whole Building Design Guide: High-Performance HVAC</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Part-Load Efficiency','','publish','closed','open','','nc-part-load-efficiency','','','2022-04-15 17:17:06','2022-04-15 17:17:06','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1172',0,'post','',0),(1173,2,'2022-03-28 21:35:04','2022-03-28 21:35:04','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1172-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 21:35:04','2022-03-28 21:35:04','',1172,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1173',0,'revision','',0),(1175,2,'2022-03-28 21:38:53','2022-03-28 21:38:53','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Part-Load Efficiency\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Part-Load Efficiency?</strong></h2>\n<p>Part-load efficiency refers to the ability of an HVAC system to handle part-load energy use. Factors that impact the internal load of a building include heat generated by occupants, processes, equipment, and lighting; External load variables include insulation levels, glazing and window selection, and building orientation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> HVAC systems are designed to serve a wide range of loads. Higher efficiency standards set by ASHRAE 90.1 and advances in HVAC technology make modern systems highly efficient at full or maximum loads. However, efficiency rates decline at part-load or when loads fall below 90%, making it challenging for most commercial buildings that routinely experience variable loads throughout the day (or as much as 99 percent of the time) to maximize energy savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Coupled with the fact that most design engineers often oversize HVAC systems, selecting equipment and technologies designed for part-load operation offer the potential for significant energy savings (see <em>Properly Sized HVAC </em><em>Equipment</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_386\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"420\"]<img class=\"wp-image-386 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Part-Load-Efficiency-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Multiple Boilers (Source: Rutgers University).\" width=\"420\" height=\"528\" /> Figure 1 – Multiple Boilers (Source: Rutgers University).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Part-Load Efficiency</strong></h2>\n<p>First, consider all aspects of the building as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Install smart thermostats and HVAC systems that use multiple sensors and controls to monitor and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings, control energy consumption in unoccupied areas, and detect and diagnose issues (see <em>Smart Sensors and Controls</em>). Use energy modeling to understand the impacts of different energy-efficient design measures and building operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as the expected average runtime of the HVAC system under part- load conditions (see<em> Energy Modeling</em>). For buildings with significant part-load profiles, select equipment and components that can operate efficiently at part-load or that can modify capacity at varying loads such as variable speed compressors, fans, and pumps; variable capacity boiler plants, cooling plants and cooling towers; and temperature reset controls for hot water, chilled water, and supply air.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> For example, variable speed compressors use an inverter known as a variable frequency drive (VFD) to run a motor at different speeds to match the load and help reduce energy consumption.</p>\n<p>For buildings with highly variable loads, consider multiple, small, modular boilers, which permit each boiler to operate around maximum rated load most of the time and reduce standby losses. Other options include condensing boilers and modulating boilers that can run at partial capacity rather than cycling on and off.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> To reduce central air conditioning loads and provide zoning or heating and cooling for individual spaces, consider modular, mini split-system air-conditioners.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong><strong> </strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings\">GSA’s Emerging Building Technologies – HVAC Published Findings</a></p>\n<p>The GSA’s Emerging Building Technologies program regularly publishes case study findings, including innovative and cost-effective HVAC technologies such as <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings/hvac/variablespeed-directdrive-screw-chiller\">Variable-Speed Magnetic Bearing Chiller</a> and <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings/hvac/variablespeed-directdrive-screw-chiller\">Variable-Speed Direct-Drive Screw Chiller</a>, to inform decision making on federal buildings.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for part-load efficiency optimizes energy-efficiency and cost-effectively reduces energy use, water consumption, and emissions, and manages occupant comfort and indoor air quality.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing part-load efficiency varies depending on the equipment and system selected. Considering part-load performance when designing and installing a system saves on first costs as well as operating costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Part-load efficiency increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid, natural gas, and water and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Burdick, Alan. 2012. “Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing” Prepared for the US DOE Building America Building Technologies Program. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf</a> (accessed November 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. High-Performance HVAC. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php</a> (accessed June 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> United States Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Purchasing Energy-Efficient Commercial Boilers. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/purchasing-energy-efficient-commercial-boilers\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/purchasing-energy-efficient-commercial-boilers</a> (accessed June 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE- Energy Savers. “Ductless, Mini-Split Air Conditioners.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners</a> (accessed Nov 29 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php</a> (accessed March 20, 2011).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/\">ASHRAE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ceedirectory.org/\">The Consortium for Energy Efficiency – Directory of commercial HVAC equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/purchasing-energy-efficient-commercial-boilers\">US DOE | EERE – A guide on how to select energy efficient commercial boilers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">Whole Building Design Guide: High-Performance HVAC</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Part-Load Efficiency','','inherit','closed','closed','','1172-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 21:38:53','2022-03-28 21:38:53','',1172,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1175',0,'revision','',0),(1176,2,'2022-03-28 21:38:53','2022-03-28 21:38:53','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Part-Load Efficiency\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Part-Load Efficiency?</strong></h2>\n<p>Part-load efficiency refers to the ability of an HVAC system to handle part-load energy use. Factors that impact the internal load of a building include heat generated by occupants, processes, equipment, and lighting; External load variables include insulation levels, glazing and window selection, and building orientation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> HVAC systems are designed to serve a wide range of loads. Higher efficiency standards set by ASHRAE 90.1 and advances in HVAC technology make modern systems highly efficient at full or maximum loads. However, efficiency rates decline at part-load or when loads fall below 90%, making it challenging for most commercial buildings that routinely experience variable loads throughout the day (or as much as 99 percent of the time) to maximize energy savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Coupled with the fact that most design engineers often oversize HVAC systems, selecting equipment and technologies designed for part-load operation offer the potential for significant energy savings (see <em>Properly Sized HVAC </em><em>Equipment</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_386\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"420\"]<img class=\"wp-image-386 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Part-Load-Efficiency-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Multiple Boilers (Source: Rutgers University).\" width=\"420\" height=\"528\" /> Figure 1 – Multiple Boilers (Source: Rutgers University).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Part-Load Efficiency</strong></h2>\n<p>First, consider all aspects of the building as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Install smart thermostats and HVAC systems that use multiple sensors and controls to monitor and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings, control energy consumption in unoccupied areas, and detect and diagnose issues (see <em>Smart Sensors and Controls</em>). Use energy modeling to understand the impacts of different energy-efficient design measures and building operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as the expected average runtime of the HVAC system under part- load conditions (see<em> Energy Modeling</em>). For buildings with significant part-load profiles, select equipment and components that can operate efficiently at part-load or that can modify capacity at varying loads such as variable speed compressors, fans, and pumps; variable capacity boiler plants, cooling plants and cooling towers; and temperature reset controls for hot water, chilled water, and supply air.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> For example, variable speed compressors use an inverter known as a variable frequency drive (VFD) to run a motor at different speeds to match the load and help reduce energy consumption.</p>\n<p>For buildings with highly variable loads, consider multiple, small, modular boilers, which permit each boiler to operate around maximum rated load most of the time and reduce standby losses. Other options include condensing boilers and modulating boilers that can run at partial capacity rather than cycling on and off.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> To reduce central air conditioning loads and provide zoning or heating and cooling for individual spaces, consider modular, mini split-system air-conditioners.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong><strong> </strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings\">GSA’s Emerging Building Technologies – HVAC Published Findings</a></p>\n<p>The GSA’s Emerging Building Technologies program regularly publishes case study findings, including innovative and cost-effective HVAC technologies such as <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings/hvac/variablespeed-directdrive-screw-chiller\">Variable-Speed Magnetic Bearing Chiller</a> and <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings/hvac/variablespeed-directdrive-screw-chiller\">Variable-Speed Direct-Drive Screw Chiller</a>, to inform decision making on federal buildings.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for part-load efficiency optimizes energy-efficiency and cost-effectively reduces energy use, water consumption, and emissions, and manages occupant comfort and indoor air quality.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing part-load efficiency varies depending on the equipment and system selected. Considering part-load performance when designing and installing a system saves on first costs as well as operating costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Part-load efficiency increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid, natural gas, and water and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Burdick, Alan. 2012. “Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing” Prepared for the US DOE Building America Building Technologies Program. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf</a> (accessed November 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. High-Performance HVAC. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php</a> (accessed June 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> United States Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Purchasing Energy-Efficient Commercial Boilers. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/purchasing-energy-efficient-commercial-boilers\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/purchasing-energy-efficient-commercial-boilers</a> (accessed June 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE- Energy Savers. “Ductless, Mini-Split Air Conditioners.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners</a> (accessed Nov 29 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php</a> (accessed March 20, 2011).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/\">ASHRAE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ceedirectory.org/\">The Consortium for Energy Efficiency – Directory of commercial HVAC equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/purchasing-energy-efficient-commercial-boilers\">US DOE | EERE – A guide on how to select energy efficient commercial boilers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">Whole Building Design Guide: High-Performance HVAC</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1172-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 21:38:53','2022-03-28 21:38:53','',1172,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1176',0,'revision','',0),(1177,2,'2022-03-28 21:38:57','2022-03-28 21:38:57','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Part-Load Efficiency\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Part-Load Efficiency?</strong></h2>\n<p>Part-load efficiency refers to the ability of an HVAC system to handle part-load energy use. Factors that impact the internal load of a building include heat generated by occupants, processes, equipment, and lighting; External load variables include insulation levels, glazing and window selection, and building orientation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> HVAC systems are designed to serve a wide range of loads. Higher efficiency standards set by ASHRAE 90.1 and advances in HVAC technology make modern systems highly efficient at full or maximum loads. However, efficiency rates decline at part-load or when loads fall below 90%, making it challenging for most commercial buildings that routinely experience variable loads throughout the day (or as much as 99 percent of the time) to maximize energy savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Coupled with the fact that most design engineers often oversize HVAC systems, selecting equipment and technologies designed for part-load operation offer the potential for significant energy savings (see <em>Properly Sized HVAC </em><em>Equipment</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_386\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"420\"]<img class=\"wp-image-386 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Part-Load-Efficiency-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Multiple Boilers (Source: Rutgers University).\" width=\"420\" height=\"528\" /> Figure 1 – Multiple Boilers (Source: Rutgers University).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Part-Load Efficiency</strong></h2>\n<p>First, consider all aspects of the building as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Install smart thermostats and HVAC systems that use multiple sensors and controls to monitor and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings, control energy consumption in unoccupied areas, and detect and diagnose issues (see <em>Smart Sensors and Controls</em>). Use energy modeling to understand the impacts of different energy-efficient design measures and building operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as the expected average runtime of the HVAC system under part- load conditions (see<em> Energy Modeling</em>). For buildings with significant part-load profiles, select equipment and components that can operate efficiently at part-load or that can modify capacity at varying loads such as variable speed compressors, fans, and pumps; variable capacity boiler plants, cooling plants and cooling towers; and temperature reset controls for hot water, chilled water, and supply air.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> For example, variable speed compressors use an inverter known as a variable frequency drive (VFD) to run a motor at different speeds to match the load and help reduce energy consumption.</p>\n<p>For buildings with highly variable loads, consider multiple, small, modular boilers, which permit each boiler to operate around maximum rated load most of the time and reduce standby losses. Other options include condensing boilers and modulating boilers that can run at partial capacity rather than cycling on and off.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> To reduce central air conditioning loads and provide zoning or heating and cooling for individual spaces, consider modular, mini split-system air-conditioners.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong><strong> </strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings\">GSA’s Emerging Building Technologies – HVAC Published Findings</a></p>\n<p>The GSA’s Emerging Building Technologies program regularly publishes case study findings, including innovative and cost-effective HVAC technologies such as <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings/hvac/variablespeed-directdrive-screw-chiller\">Variable-Speed Magnetic Bearing Chiller</a> and <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-building-technologies/published-findings/hvac/variablespeed-directdrive-screw-chiller\">Variable-Speed Direct-Drive Screw Chiller</a>, to inform decision making on federal buildings.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for part-load efficiency optimizes energy-efficiency and cost-effectively reduces energy use, water consumption, and emissions, and manages occupant comfort and indoor air quality.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing part-load efficiency varies depending on the equipment and system selected. Considering part-load performance when designing and installing a system saves on first costs as well as operating costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Part-load efficiency increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid, natural gas, and water and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Burdick, Alan. 2012. “Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing” Prepared for the US DOE Building America Building Technologies Program. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf</a> (accessed November 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. High-Performance HVAC. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php</a> (accessed June 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> United States Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Purchasing Energy-Efficient Commercial Boilers. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/purchasing-energy-efficient-commercial-boilers\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/purchasing-energy-efficient-commercial-boilers</a> (accessed June 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE- Energy Savers. “Ductless, Mini-Split Air Conditioners.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners</a> (accessed Nov 29 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php</a> (accessed March 20, 2011).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/\">ASHRAE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ceedirectory.org/\">The Consortium for Energy Efficiency – Directory of commercial HVAC equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/purchasing-energy-efficient-commercial-boilers\">US DOE | EERE – A guide on how to select energy efficient commercial boilers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">Whole Building Design Guide: High-Performance HVAC</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Part-Load Efficiency','','inherit','closed','closed','','1172-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 21:38:57','2022-03-28 21:38:57','',1172,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1177',0,'revision','',0),(1181,3,'2022-03-30 18:03:58','2022-03-30 18:03:58','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Information Modeling (BIM)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?</h2>\n<p>Building Information Modeling (BIM) forms a digital representation of a residential building’s physical and functional characteristics and calculates information about the building that can be used by all building stakeholders to make decisions about the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of a building throughout its life-cycle.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Combining graphical information, such as plans and elevations, and nongraphical information, such as costs, specifications, schedules and maintenance requirements, into a BIM model results in a single source of information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Large-scale builders, managing large amounts of data, often use BIM as are an increasing number of mid-size and small residential builders.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_20\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"wp-image-20 \" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-300x201.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)\" width=\"424\" height=\"192\" /> Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Building Information Modeling</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designate a ‘Project BIM Manager’ or a lead design and a lead construction ‘Project BIM Manager’ with knowledge and experience working with BIM and selected software. Provide ongoing BIM training to all building stakeholders responsible for inputting, extracting, modifying, and analyzing the data (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The National Institute of Building Science’s,<span> </span><em><i>The National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO),</i></em><span> </span>guides building owners on how to incorporate BIM into internal policies and contract documents.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>BIM coordinates information sharing among building stakeholders across multiple project phases that result in more informed decision making and eliminates the re-gathering and re-formatting of building information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM also serves as a “clash detection tool,” by identifying potential design, construction, and operational inconsistencies, and cuts costs and reduces waste by avoiding rework.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing BIM varies widely, depending on the project team’s expertise using BIM, the complexity of the project, and other building process considerations. Costs include training, software, and organizational changes required to implement BIM technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Lower building costs and efficient construction timelines often associated with BIM projects can help offset upfront costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>BIM enhances the resiliency of the built environment and construction industry in the “pre-disaster phase and post-disaster phases.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>In the design phase, BIM can conduct scenario forecasting to predict the performance of a facility during emergencies, such as fire, flood, evacuation, and others.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM can also enhance the post-disaster phase, for example, by providing building information to first responders and allowing them to direct building occupants to the nearest exit.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. 2011. “BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. National BIM Guide for Owners<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Jeff Marcus. “NAHB: More builders, architects are betting on BIM.” Construction Dive.  Dec 15, 2016<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/\">https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. “National BIM Guide for Owners.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide – Building Information Modeling (BIM)<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/bim\">https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Dippold, Cory. “Effective Implementation of BIM.” November 26, 2008.<span> </span><em><i>Engineering News-Record</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp\">http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp</a><span> </span>(accessed March 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences.<span> </span><em><i>Journal of Building Information Modeling</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-engineering\">https://www.epa.gov/green-engineering</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017. Building Information Modeling as a Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry. <em><i><span> </span>Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series</i></em>. 12(1): 9-18.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180730021002/https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf\">https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Kreider, Ralph G., and Messner, John I. 2013. “The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting BIM Uses.” Version 0.9, September, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.probuilder.com/bim-home-builders\">BIM for Homebuilders</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nahb.org/advocacy/nahb-policies/construction-and-codes/building-information-modeling\">National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) – Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">National BIM Guide for Owners (2012) The National Institute of Building Sciences</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nationalbimstandard.org/\">National Institute of Building Sciences buildingSMART alliance®,<span> </span><em><i>National BIM Standard-United States® Version 3<span> </span></i></em>(2015).</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building Information Modeling','','publish','closed','open','','nr-building-information-modeling','','','2022-06-23 18:01:10','2022-06-23 18:01:10','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1181',0,'post','',0),(1182,3,'2022-03-30 17:35:18','2022-03-30 17:35:18','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1181-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 17:35:18','2022-03-30 17:35:18','',1181,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1182',0,'revision','',0),(1184,3,'2022-03-30 17:38:14','2022-03-30 17:38:14','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Information Modeling (BIM)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?</h2>\n<p>Building Information Modeling (BIM) forms a digital representation of a residential building’s physical and functional characteristics and calculates information about the building that can be used by all building stakeholders to make decisions about the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of a building throughout its life-cycle.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Combining graphical information, such as plans and elevations, and nongraphical information, such as costs, specifications, schedules and maintenance requirements, into a BIM model results in a single source of information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Large-scale builders, managing large amounts of data, often use BIM as are an increasing number of mid-size and small residential builders.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<div id=\"attachment_232\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-232\" class=\"size-full wp-image-232\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 - Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)\" width=\"968\" height=\"648\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1.png 968w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-300x201.png 300w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-768x514.png 768w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-940x629.png 940w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-620x415.png 620w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-195x131.png 195w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 968px) 100vw, 968px\" />\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-232\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)</p>\n</div>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Building Information Modeling</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designate a ‘Project BIM Manager’ or a lead design and a lead construction ‘Project BIM Manager’ with knowledge and experience working with BIM and selected software. Provide ongoing BIM training to all building stakeholders responsible for inputting, extracting, modifying, and analyzing the data (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The National Institute of Building Science’s,<span> </span><em><i>The National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO),</i></em><span> </span>guides building owners on how to incorporate BIM into internal policies and contract documents.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>BIM coordinates information sharing among building stakeholders across multiple project phases that result in more informed decision making and eliminates the re-gathering and re-formatting of building information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM also serves as a “clash detection tool,” by identifying potential design, construction, and operational inconsistencies, and cuts costs and reduces waste by avoiding rework.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing BIM varies widely, depending on the project team’s expertise using BIM, the complexity of the project, and other building process considerations. Costs include training, software, and organizational changes required to implement BIM technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Lower building costs and efficient construction timelines often associated with BIM projects can help offset upfront costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>BIM enhances the resiliency of the built environment and construction industry in the “pre-disaster phase and post-disaster phases.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>In the design phase, BIM can conduct scenario forecasting to predict the performance of a facility during emergencies, such as fire, flood, evacuation, and others.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM can also enhance the post-disaster phase, for example, by providing building information to first responders and allowing them to direct building occupants to the nearest exit.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. 2011. “BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. National BIM Guide for Owners<span> </span><a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Jeff Marcus. “NAHB: More builders, architects are betting on BIM.” Construction Dive.  Dec 15, 2016<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/\">https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. “National BIM Guide for Owners.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide – Building Information Modeling (BIM)<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim\">https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Dippold, Cory. “Effective Implementation of BIM.” November 26, 2008.<span> </span><em><i>Engineering News-Record</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp\">http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp</a><span> </span>(accessed March 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences.<span> </span><em><i>Journal of Building Information Modeling</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22\">https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017. Building Information Modeling as a Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry. <em><i><span> </span>Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series</i></em>. 12(1): 9-18.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf\">https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Kreider, Ralph G., and Messner, John I. 2013. “The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting BIM Uses.” Version 0.9, September, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/green-basics/integrated-design\">Green Building Advisor – Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li>Green Building Rating Systems and Guidelines\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bldrs_lenders_raters.homes_guidelns\">ENERGY STAR Certified Homes Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.enterprisecommunity.org/solutions-and-innovation/disaster-recovery-and-rebuilding#section-technical-resources\">Enterprise Community – Disaster Recovery and Rebuilding</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://disastersafety.org/fortified/fortified-home/\">Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety (IBHS) FORTIFIED Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/home-page\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=rerh.rerh_index\">US EPA – Renewable Energy Ready Homes (RERH)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-v4-homes-and-multifamily-midrise-current-version\">USGBC – LEED for Homes v4</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.resilientdesign.org\">Resilient Design Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/center-for-resilience\">USGBC Center for Resilience</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/whole-house-systems-approach\">U.S. Department of Energy – Whole-House Systems Approach</a></li>\n<li>Whole Building Design Guide\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/wbdg_approach.php\">Whole Building Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/engage_process.php\">Engage the Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building Information Modeling','','inherit','closed','closed','','1181-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 17:38:14','2022-03-30 17:38:14','',1181,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1184',0,'revision','',0),(1185,3,'2022-03-30 17:38:14','2022-03-30 17:38:14','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Information Modeling (BIM)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?</h2>\n<p>Building Information Modeling (BIM) forms a digital representation of a residential building’s physical and functional characteristics and calculates information about the building that can be used by all building stakeholders to make decisions about the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of a building throughout its life-cycle.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Combining graphical information, such as plans and elevations, and nongraphical information, such as costs, specifications, schedules and maintenance requirements, into a BIM model results in a single source of information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Large-scale builders, managing large amounts of data, often use BIM as are an increasing number of mid-size and small residential builders.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<div id=\"attachment_232\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-232\" class=\"size-full wp-image-232\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 - Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)\" width=\"968\" height=\"648\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1.png 968w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-300x201.png 300w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-768x514.png 768w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-940x629.png 940w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-620x415.png 620w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-195x131.png 195w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 968px) 100vw, 968px\" />\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-232\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)</p>\n</div>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Building Information Modeling</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designate a ‘Project BIM Manager’ or a lead design and a lead construction ‘Project BIM Manager’ with knowledge and experience working with BIM and selected software. Provide ongoing BIM training to all building stakeholders responsible for inputting, extracting, modifying, and analyzing the data (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The National Institute of Building Science’s,<span> </span><em><i>The National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO),</i></em><span> </span>guides building owners on how to incorporate BIM into internal policies and contract documents.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>BIM coordinates information sharing among building stakeholders across multiple project phases that result in more informed decision making and eliminates the re-gathering and re-formatting of building information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM also serves as a “clash detection tool,” by identifying potential design, construction, and operational inconsistencies, and cuts costs and reduces waste by avoiding rework.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing BIM varies widely, depending on the project team’s expertise using BIM, the complexity of the project, and other building process considerations. Costs include training, software, and organizational changes required to implement BIM technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Lower building costs and efficient construction timelines often associated with BIM projects can help offset upfront costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>BIM enhances the resiliency of the built environment and construction industry in the “pre-disaster phase and post-disaster phases.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>In the design phase, BIM can conduct scenario forecasting to predict the performance of a facility during emergencies, such as fire, flood, evacuation, and others.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM can also enhance the post-disaster phase, for example, by providing building information to first responders and allowing them to direct building occupants to the nearest exit.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. 2011. “BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. National BIM Guide for Owners<span> </span><a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Jeff Marcus. “NAHB: More builders, architects are betting on BIM.” Construction Dive.  Dec 15, 2016<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/\">https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. “National BIM Guide for Owners.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide – Building Information Modeling (BIM)<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim\">https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Dippold, Cory. “Effective Implementation of BIM.” November 26, 2008.<span> </span><em><i>Engineering News-Record</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp\">http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp</a><span> </span>(accessed March 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences.<span> </span><em><i>Journal of Building Information Modeling</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22\">https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017. Building Information Modeling as a Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry. <em><i><span> </span>Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series</i></em>. 12(1): 9-18.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf\">https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Kreider, Ralph G., and Messner, John I. 2013. “The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting BIM Uses.” Version 0.9, September, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/green-basics/integrated-design\">Green Building Advisor – Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li>Green Building Rating Systems and Guidelines\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bldrs_lenders_raters.homes_guidelns\">ENERGY STAR Certified Homes Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.enterprisecommunity.org/solutions-and-innovation/disaster-recovery-and-rebuilding#section-technical-resources\">Enterprise Community – Disaster Recovery and Rebuilding</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://disastersafety.org/fortified/fortified-home/\">Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety (IBHS) FORTIFIED Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/home-page\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=rerh.rerh_index\">US EPA – Renewable Energy Ready Homes (RERH)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-v4-homes-and-multifamily-midrise-current-version\">USGBC – LEED for Homes v4</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.resilientdesign.org\">Resilient Design Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/center-for-resilience\">USGBC Center for Resilience</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/whole-house-systems-approach\">U.S. Department of Energy – Whole-House Systems Approach</a></li>\n<li>Whole Building Design Guide\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/wbdg_approach.php\">Whole Building Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/engage_process.php\">Engage the Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1181-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 17:38:14','2022-03-30 17:38:14','',1181,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1185',0,'revision','',0),(1186,3,'2022-03-30 17:38:17','2022-03-30 17:38:17','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Information Modeling (BIM)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?</h2>\n<p>Building Information Modeling (BIM) forms a digital representation of a residential building’s physical and functional characteristics and calculates information about the building that can be used by all building stakeholders to make decisions about the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of a building throughout its life-cycle.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Combining graphical information, such as plans and elevations, and nongraphical information, such as costs, specifications, schedules and maintenance requirements, into a BIM model results in a single source of information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Large-scale builders, managing large amounts of data, often use BIM as are an increasing number of mid-size and small residential builders.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<div id=\"attachment_232\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-232\" class=\"size-full wp-image-232\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 - Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)\" width=\"968\" height=\"648\" srcset=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1.png 968w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-300x201.png 300w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-768x514.png 768w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-940x629.png 940w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-620x415.png 620w, https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-195x131.png 195w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 968px) 100vw, 968px\" />\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-232\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)</p>\n</div>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Building Information Modeling</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designate a ‘Project BIM Manager’ or a lead design and a lead construction ‘Project BIM Manager’ with knowledge and experience working with BIM and selected software. Provide ongoing BIM training to all building stakeholders responsible for inputting, extracting, modifying, and analyzing the data (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The National Institute of Building Science’s,<span> </span><em><i>The National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO),</i></em><span> </span>guides building owners on how to incorporate BIM into internal policies and contract documents.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>BIM coordinates information sharing among building stakeholders across multiple project phases that result in more informed decision making and eliminates the re-gathering and re-formatting of building information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM also serves as a “clash detection tool,” by identifying potential design, construction, and operational inconsistencies, and cuts costs and reduces waste by avoiding rework.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing BIM varies widely, depending on the project team’s expertise using BIM, the complexity of the project, and other building process considerations. Costs include training, software, and organizational changes required to implement BIM technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Lower building costs and efficient construction timelines often associated with BIM projects can help offset upfront costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>BIM enhances the resiliency of the built environment and construction industry in the “pre-disaster phase and post-disaster phases.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>In the design phase, BIM can conduct scenario forecasting to predict the performance of a facility during emergencies, such as fire, flood, evacuation, and others.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM can also enhance the post-disaster phase, for example, by providing building information to first responders and allowing them to direct building occupants to the nearest exit.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. 2011. “BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. National BIM Guide for Owners<span> </span><a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Jeff Marcus. “NAHB: More builders, architects are betting on BIM.” Construction Dive.  Dec 15, 2016<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/\">https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. “National BIM Guide for Owners.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide – Building Information Modeling (BIM)<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim\">https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Dippold, Cory. “Effective Implementation of BIM.” November 26, 2008.<span> </span><em><i>Engineering News-Record</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp\">http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp</a><span> </span>(accessed March 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences.<span> </span><em><i>Journal of Building Information Modeling</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22\">https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017. Building Information Modeling as a Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry. <em><i><span> </span>Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series</i></em>. 12(1): 9-18.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf\">https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Kreider, Ralph G., and Messner, John I. 2013. “The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting BIM Uses.” Version 0.9, September, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/green-basics/integrated-design\">Green Building Advisor – Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li>Green Building Rating Systems and Guidelines\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bldrs_lenders_raters.homes_guidelns\">ENERGY STAR Certified Homes Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.enterprisecommunity.org/solutions-and-innovation/disaster-recovery-and-rebuilding#section-technical-resources\">Enterprise Community – Disaster Recovery and Rebuilding</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://disastersafety.org/fortified/fortified-home/\">Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety (IBHS) FORTIFIED Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/home-page\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=rerh.rerh_index\">US EPA – Renewable Energy Ready Homes (RERH)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-v4-homes-and-multifamily-midrise-current-version\">USGBC – LEED for Homes v4</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.resilientdesign.org\">Resilient Design Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/center-for-resilience\">USGBC Center for Resilience</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/whole-house-systems-approach\">U.S. Department of Energy – Whole-House Systems Approach</a></li>\n<li>Whole Building Design Guide\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/wbdg_approach.php\">Whole Building Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/engage_process.php\">Engage the Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building Information Modeling','','inherit','closed','closed','','1181-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 17:38:17','2022-03-30 17:38:17','',1181,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1186',0,'revision','',0),(1188,3,'2022-03-30 17:55:35','2022-03-30 17:55:35','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Integrated Design Process\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is an Integrated Design Process?</h2>\n<p>Building systems are interdependent and require cooperation and creative thinking across disciplines. An integrated design process identifies opportunities to achieve synergies across disciplines and building systems throughout the planning and design phases and beyond.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> For example, decision-making about building shape, orientation, and window placement relate to several green building considerations and relies on the knowledge of multiple disciplines; these building envelope strategies impact heating and cooling loads as well as occupant satisfaction and even productivity, a function of thermal comfort and daylighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> With an integrated design process that considers these multiple benefits, and sometimes trade-offs among them, it is much more likely that the building performs as intended and achieves projected cost savings.</p>\n<p>Many green building strategies also convey resiliency benefits or “the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> At the building level, these include an emphasis on daylighting, superior insulation values, thermal massing and on-site renewable energy, and water harvesting. These strategies reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling, and other critical functions, making buildings more resilient to power outages and disruptive events.</p>\n<p>A successful integrative design process challenges project teams to design, build, and manage high-performance buildings that are both green and resilient.</p>\n<p>Table 1.  A Comparison of a Conventional and Integrated Design Process</p>\n<table border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"306\"><strong><b>Conventional Design Process</b></strong></td>\n<td width=\"318\"><strong><b>Integrated Design Process</b></strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"306\">Involves team members only when essential.</td>\n<td width=\"318\">Inclusive from the outset.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"306\">Less time, energy, and collaboration in the early stages, but more time spent on the latter end.</td>\n<td width=\"318\">Front-loaded time and energy, but far less time spent later on during the project.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"306\">More decisions made by fewer people.</td>\n<td width=\"318\">Decisions influenced by a broad team.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"306\">Linear process.</td>\n<td width=\"318\">Iterative process.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"306\">Systems often considered in isolation.</td>\n<td width=\"318\">Whole-systems thinking.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"306\">Limited or constrained optimization.</td>\n<td width=\"318\">Allows for full optimization.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"306\">Diminished opportunity for green building and resilient synergies.</td>\n<td width=\"318\">Maximizes opportunity for green building and resilient synergies.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"306\">Emphasizes upfront costs.</td>\n<td width=\"318\">Utilizes life-cycle costing.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"306\">Typically finished upon construction.</td>\n<td width=\"318\">The process can continue through post-occupancy.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"306\">Higher potential for cost overruns, delays, and change orders.</td>\n<td width=\"318\">Planning/iterative process minimizes costs overruns, delays, and change orders.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement an Integrated Design Process</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A truly integrated design process includes ongoing interactions among the entire project team and uses tools and modeling software to support and reinforce design integration.</p>\n<p>The following are standards and guidelines for incorporating an integrated design process.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) <em><i>Integrative Process (IP) – ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© – Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities </i></em>identify best practices for developing an integrated process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></li>\n<li>The American Institute of Architect (AIA) <em><i>Integrated Project Delivery (IPD</i></em>) outlines a step-by-step process for the client, design, and construction teams to achieve IPD goals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction</i></em> credit requirements for the Integrative Process include an analysis of at least two energy-related systems (i.e., shading, renewable energy opportunities), and two water-related systems (i.e., on-site rainwater and graywater, cooling tower water demand), and documentation on how this analysis informed building site and design decisions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></li>\n<li><em><i>RELi,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup><strong><b>[7]</b></strong></sup></a></i></em> a national consensus standard for resilient design requires a “Panoramic Approach” that includes “Pre-Planning and Discovery” and “Systems Thinking Design.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chesapeake Bay Brock Environmental Center, Virginia Beach, VA.</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_457\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"2560\"]<img class=\"wp-image-457 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/integrateddesignprocess-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"The Brock Environmental Center project team used an Integrative Design Process to incorporate green and resilient building features. (Source: Wikimedia Commons).\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1702\" /> The Brock Environmental Center project team used an Integrative Design Process to incorporate green and resilient building features. (Source: Wikimedia Commons).[/caption]<p>The integrated design process for the Brock Environmental Center included early charrettes with the client and neighbors, collaboration with the architect, engineer, owner, green consultant, and contractor throughout the design process, and a full-day, pre-design charrette with stakeholders from all design disciplines including local officials, community representatives, and Living Building Challenge (LBC) and LEED experts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Energy and climate simulation tools informed the decision to utilize on-site wind energy and early discussions with regulatory agencies made possible the collection of rainwater for potable use.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Early coordination regarding the interactions of complex building systems can maximize the effectiveness and output of these systems and reduce total project costs.</p>\n<p>An integrated design process can result in a project that:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases the opportunity to achieve more aggressive sustainability goals</li>\n<li>Optimizes energy efficiency and incorporates alternative energy solutions</li>\n<li>Recognizes and plans for synergies between green building and resilient design</li>\n<li>Moves beyond minimizing environmental impacts to creating positive, regenerative impacts on the environment</li>\n<li>Maximizes cost effectiveness</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The integrated design process can both minimize incremental capital cost and result in operational savings. Capital cost can be redistributed to achieve high-performance goals without incremental costs. For example, the opportunity to eliminate or reduce the size of equipment or systems can offset the higher first cost of some energy efficiency strategies.  An integrated approach can also reduce operational expenditures through increased communication amongst the project team, resulting in a more efficient design.</p>\n<p>Costs associated with an integrated design process may include things like additional consultant fees to facilitate a goal-setting workshop and time and associated costs of having project team members participate in additional meetings and coordination.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>An integrated design process provides an opportunity for project teams to incorporate resilient design strategies into green building practice. Project teams may want to consider the following when identifying and evaluating green building strategies that also offer resiliency benefits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li><em><i>Understand regional impacts:</i></em> Identify climate impacts for the building’s location.</li>\n<li><em><i>Evaluate performance targets</i>: </em>Understand how the building performs under current peak climate conditions.</li>\n<li><em><i>Conduct a scenario analysis:</i></em> Analyze how the building responds to projected climate impacts, modeling different system options under a variety of climatic conditions.</li>\n<li><em><i>Consider resilient design strategies:</i></em> Evaluate resilient design strategies that provide passive or efficient responses to more extreme climate events such as higher or lower temperatures, higher wind speeds, and increased or decreased precipitation levels, to maintain occupant comfort while preventing increased energy use.</li>\n</ol>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. (Updated April 6, 2018). Credit. Integrative Process. Page 10. <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/\">https://new.usgbc.org</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> City of New York Department of Design and Construction. 1999. “High-Performance Building Guidelines.” Page 17. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable\">http://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/resources/publications.page#sustainable</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> National Academy of Sciences. 2012. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© <em><i>February 2, 2012, </i></em>for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities. <a href=\"https://webstore.ansi.org/\">https://webstore.ansi.org</a> (Search: Integrative Process)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> American Institute of Architects (AIA). 2007. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council. Version 1. <a href=\"http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf\">http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Ibid, Credit. Integrative Process, Page 10-11.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> The RELI Action List is a resource included in the RELi Green + Resilient Property Underwriting Standard. At the time of this publication, the USGBC was working to synthesize the LEED Resilient Design pilot credits with RELi’s Hazard Mitigation and Adaptation credits.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List <a href=\"http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783\">http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> The International Living Future Institute (ILFI). 2016. Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay Brock Environmental Center. <a href=\"https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/\">https://trimtab.living-future.org/case-study/brock-environmental-center/</a> (accessed June 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<p><strong>Green Building Rating Systems and Standards</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asce.org/envision/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Envision Rating System</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://c3livingdesign.org/?page_id=13783\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The C3 Living Design Project – RELi Standards and Action List</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://living-future.org/lbc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">International Living Future Institute (ILFI) – Living Building Challenge</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">USGBC LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Other</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://webstore.ansi.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Integrative Process (IP)© ANSI Consensus National Standard Guide© <em><i>February 2, 2012, </i></em>for Design and Construction of Sustainable Buildings and Communities. (Search: Integrative Process)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://aiad8.prod.acquia-sites.com/sites/default/files/2017-02/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Guide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by the AIA and the AIA California Council (2007). Version 1.</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/orr/index.page\">NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/whole-building-design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sustainable Facilities Tool Kit (GSA) -Integrative Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/plan/261/integrative-design-process\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Whole Building Design Guide (WGBD) – Whole Building Approach</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Integrated Design Process','','inherit','closed','closed','','1066-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 17:55:35','2022-03-30 17:55:35','',1066,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1188',0,'revision','',0),(1189,3,'2022-03-30 18:00:57','2022-03-30 18:00:57','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Information Modeling (BIM)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?</h2>\n<p>Building Information Modeling (BIM) forms a digital representation of a residential building’s physical and functional characteristics and calculates information about the building that can be used by all building stakeholders to make decisions about the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of a building throughout its life-cycle.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Combining graphical information, such as plans and elevations, and nongraphical information, such as costs, specifications, schedules and maintenance requirements, into a BIM model results in a single source of information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Large-scale builders, managing large amounts of data, often use BIM as are an increasing number of mid-size and small residential builders.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption width=\"300\" id=\"attachment_20\" align=\"alignnone\"]<img src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-300x201.png\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)\" class=\"wp-image-20 size-medium\" /> Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Building Information Modeling</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designate a ‘Project BIM Manager’ or a lead design and a lead construction ‘Project BIM Manager’ with knowledge and experience working with BIM and selected software. Provide ongoing BIM training to all building stakeholders responsible for inputting, extracting, modifying, and analyzing the data (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The National Institute of Building Science’s,<span> </span><em><i>The National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO),</i></em><span> </span>guides building owners on how to incorporate BIM into internal policies and contract documents.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>BIM coordinates information sharing among building stakeholders across multiple project phases that result in more informed decision making and eliminates the re-gathering and re-formatting of building information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM also serves as a “clash detection tool,” by identifying potential design, construction, and operational inconsistencies, and cuts costs and reduces waste by avoiding rework.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing BIM varies widely, depending on the project team’s expertise using BIM, the complexity of the project, and other building process considerations. Costs include training, software, and organizational changes required to implement BIM technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Lower building costs and efficient construction timelines often associated with BIM projects can help offset upfront costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>BIM enhances the resiliency of the built environment and construction industry in the “pre-disaster phase and post-disaster phases.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>In the design phase, BIM can conduct scenario forecasting to predict the performance of a facility during emergencies, such as fire, flood, evacuation, and others.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM can also enhance the post-disaster phase, for example, by providing building information to first responders and allowing them to direct building occupants to the nearest exit.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. 2011. “BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. National BIM Guide for Owners<span> </span><a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Jeff Marcus. “NAHB: More builders, architects are betting on BIM.” Construction Dive.  Dec 15, 2016<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/\">https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. “National BIM Guide for Owners.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide – Building Information Modeling (BIM)<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim\">https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Dippold, Cory. “Effective Implementation of BIM.” November 26, 2008.<span> </span><em><i>Engineering News-Record</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp\">http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp</a><span> </span>(accessed March 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences.<span> </span><em><i>Journal of Building Information Modeling</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22\">https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017. Building Information Modeling as a Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry. <em><i><span> </span>Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series</i></em>. 12(1): 9-18.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf\">https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Kreider, Ralph G., and Messner, John I. 2013. “The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting BIM Uses.” Version 0.9, September, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/green-basics/integrated-design\">Green Building Advisor – Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li>Green Building Rating Systems and Guidelines\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bldrs_lenders_raters.homes_guidelns\">ENERGY STAR Certified Homes Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.enterprisecommunity.org/solutions-and-innovation/disaster-recovery-and-rebuilding#section-technical-resources\">Enterprise Community – Disaster Recovery and Rebuilding</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://disastersafety.org/fortified/fortified-home/\">Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety (IBHS) FORTIFIED Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/home-page\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=rerh.rerh_index\">US EPA – Renewable Energy Ready Homes (RERH)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-v4-homes-and-multifamily-midrise-current-version\">USGBC – LEED for Homes v4</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.resilientdesign.org\">Resilient Design Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/center-for-resilience\">USGBC Center for Resilience</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/whole-house-systems-approach\">U.S. Department of Energy – Whole-House Systems Approach</a></li>\n<li>Whole Building Design Guide\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/wbdg_approach.php\">Whole Building Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/engage_process.php\">Engage the Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building Information Modeling','','inherit','closed','closed','','1181-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 18:00:57','2022-03-30 18:00:57','',1181,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1189',0,'revision','',0),(1190,3,'2022-03-30 18:02:37','2022-03-30 18:02:37','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Information Modeling (BIM)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?</h2>\n<p>Building Information Modeling (BIM) forms a digital representation of a residential building’s physical and functional characteristics and calculates information about the building that can be used by all building stakeholders to make decisions about the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of a building throughout its life-cycle.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Combining graphical information, such as plans and elevations, and nongraphical information, such as costs, specifications, schedules and maintenance requirements, into a BIM model results in a single source of information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Large-scale builders, managing large amounts of data, often use BIM as are an increasing number of mid-size and small residential builders.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption width=\"300\" id=\"attachment_20\" align=\"alignnone\"]<img src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-300x201.png\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)\" class=\"wp-image-20 size-medium\" /> Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Building Information Modeling</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designate a ‘Project BIM Manager’ or a lead design and a lead construction ‘Project BIM Manager’ with knowledge and experience working with BIM and selected software. Provide ongoing BIM training to all building stakeholders responsible for inputting, extracting, modifying, and analyzing the data (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The National Institute of Building Science’s,<span> </span><em><i>The National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO),</i></em><span> </span>guides building owners on how to incorporate BIM into internal policies and contract documents.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>BIM coordinates information sharing among building stakeholders across multiple project phases that result in more informed decision making and eliminates the re-gathering and re-formatting of building information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM also serves as a “clash detection tool,” by identifying potential design, construction, and operational inconsistencies, and cuts costs and reduces waste by avoiding rework.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing BIM varies widely, depending on the project team’s expertise using BIM, the complexity of the project, and other building process considerations. Costs include training, software, and organizational changes required to implement BIM technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Lower building costs and efficient construction timelines often associated with BIM projects can help offset upfront costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>BIM enhances the resiliency of the built environment and construction industry in the “pre-disaster phase and post-disaster phases.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>In the design phase, BIM can conduct scenario forecasting to predict the performance of a facility during emergencies, such as fire, flood, evacuation, and others.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM can also enhance the post-disaster phase, for example, by providing building information to first responders and allowing them to direct building occupants to the nearest exit.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. 2011. “BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. National BIM Guide for Owners<span> </span><a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Jeff Marcus. “NAHB: More builders, architects are betting on BIM.” Construction Dive.  Dec 15, 2016<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/\">https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. “National BIM Guide for Owners.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide – Building Information Modeling (BIM)<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim\">https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Dippold, Cory. “Effective Implementation of BIM.” November 26, 2008.<span> </span><em><i>Engineering News-Record</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp\">http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp</a><span> </span>(accessed March 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences.<span> </span><em><i>Journal of Building Information Modeling</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22\">https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017. Building Information Modeling as a Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry. <em><i><span> </span>Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series</i></em>. 12(1): 9-18.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf\">https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Kreider, Ralph G., and Messner, John I. 2013. “The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting BIM Uses.” Version 0.9, September, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.probuilder.com/bim-home-builders\">BIM for Homebuilders</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nahb.org/en/members/committees-and-councils/nahb-global-member/global-opportunities-board/Documents/building-information-modeling-bim.aspx\">National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) – Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">National BIM Guide for Owners (2012) The National Institute of Building Sciences</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nationalbimstandard.org/\">National Institute of Building Sciences buildingSMART alliance®,<span> </span><em><i>National BIM Standard-United States® Version 3<span> </span></i></em>(2015).</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building Information Modeling','','inherit','closed','closed','','1181-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 18:02:37','2022-03-30 18:02:37','',1181,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1190',0,'revision','',0),(1192,3,'2022-03-30 18:03:58','2022-03-30 18:03:58','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Information Modeling (BIM)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?</h2>\n<p>Building Information Modeling (BIM) forms a digital representation of a residential building’s physical and functional characteristics and calculates information about the building that can be used by all building stakeholders to make decisions about the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of a building throughout its life-cycle.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Combining graphical information, such as plans and elevations, and nongraphical information, such as costs, specifications, schedules and maintenance requirements, into a BIM model results in a single source of information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Large-scale builders, managing large amounts of data, often use BIM as are an increasing number of mid-size and small residential builders.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption width=\"300\" id=\"attachment_20\" align=\"alignnone\"]<img src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-300x201.png\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)\" class=\"wp-image-20 size-medium\" /> Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Building Information Modeling</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designate a ‘Project BIM Manager’ or a lead design and a lead construction ‘Project BIM Manager’ with knowledge and experience working with BIM and selected software. Provide ongoing BIM training to all building stakeholders responsible for inputting, extracting, modifying, and analyzing the data (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The National Institute of Building Science’s,<span> </span><em><i>The National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO),</i></em><span> </span>guides building owners on how to incorporate BIM into internal policies and contract documents.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>BIM coordinates information sharing among building stakeholders across multiple project phases that result in more informed decision making and eliminates the re-gathering and re-formatting of building information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM also serves as a “clash detection tool,” by identifying potential design, construction, and operational inconsistencies, and cuts costs and reduces waste by avoiding rework.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing BIM varies widely, depending on the project team’s expertise using BIM, the complexity of the project, and other building process considerations. Costs include training, software, and organizational changes required to implement BIM technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Lower building costs and efficient construction timelines often associated with BIM projects can help offset upfront costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>BIM enhances the resiliency of the built environment and construction industry in the “pre-disaster phase and post-disaster phases.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>In the design phase, BIM can conduct scenario forecasting to predict the performance of a facility during emergencies, such as fire, flood, evacuation, and others.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM can also enhance the post-disaster phase, for example, by providing building information to first responders and allowing them to direct building occupants to the nearest exit.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. 2011. “BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. National BIM Guide for Owners<span> </span><a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Jeff Marcus. “NAHB: More builders, architects are betting on BIM.” Construction Dive.  Dec 15, 2016<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/\">https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. “National BIM Guide for Owners.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide – Building Information Modeling (BIM)<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim\">https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Dippold, Cory. “Effective Implementation of BIM.” November 26, 2008.<span> </span><em><i>Engineering News-Record</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp\">http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp</a><span> </span>(accessed March 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences.<span> </span><em><i>Journal of Building Information Modeling</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22\">https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017. Building Information Modeling as a Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry. <em><i><span> </span>Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series</i></em>. 12(1): 9-18.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf\">https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Kreider, Ralph G., and Messner, John I. 2013. “The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting BIM Uses.” Version 0.9, September, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.probuilder.com/bim-home-builders\">BIM for Homebuilders</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nahb.org/en/members/committees-and-councils/nahb-global-member/global-opportunities-board/Documents/building-information-modeling-bim.aspx\">National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) – Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">National BIM Guide for Owners (2012) The National Institute of Building Sciences</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nationalbimstandard.org/\">National Institute of Building Sciences buildingSMART alliance®,<span> </span><em><i>National BIM Standard-United States® Version 3<span> </span></i></em>(2015).</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building Information Modeling','','inherit','closed','closed','','1181-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 18:03:58','2022-03-30 18:03:58','',1181,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1192',0,'revision','',0),(1195,3,'2022-03-30 18:06:25','2022-03-30 18:06:25','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Information Modeling (BIM)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?</h2>\n<p>Building Information Modeling (BIM) forms a digital representation of a residential building’s physical and functional characteristics and calculates information about the building that can be used by all building stakeholders to make decisions about the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of a building throughout its life-cycle.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Combining graphical information, such as plans and elevations, and nongraphical information, such as costs, specifications, schedules and maintenance requirements, into a BIM model results in a single source of information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Large-scale builders, managing large amounts of data, often use BIM as are an increasing number of mid-size and small residential builders.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" width=\"968px\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_20\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"wp-image-20 \" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-300x201.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)\" width=\"424\" height=\"192\" /> Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Building Information Modeling</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designate a ‘Project BIM Manager’ or a lead design and a lead construction ‘Project BIM Manager’ with knowledge and experience working with BIM and selected software. Provide ongoing BIM training to all building stakeholders responsible for inputting, extracting, modifying, and analyzing the data (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The National Institute of Building Science’s,<span> </span><em><i>The National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO),</i></em><span> </span>guides building owners on how to incorporate BIM into internal policies and contract documents.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>BIM coordinates information sharing among building stakeholders across multiple project phases that result in more informed decision making and eliminates the re-gathering and re-formatting of building information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM also serves as a “clash detection tool,” by identifying potential design, construction, and operational inconsistencies, and cuts costs and reduces waste by avoiding rework.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing BIM varies widely, depending on the project team’s expertise using BIM, the complexity of the project, and other building process considerations. Costs include training, software, and organizational changes required to implement BIM technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Lower building costs and efficient construction timelines often associated with BIM projects can help offset upfront costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>BIM enhances the resiliency of the built environment and construction industry in the “pre-disaster phase and post-disaster phases.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>In the design phase, BIM can conduct scenario forecasting to predict the performance of a facility during emergencies, such as fire, flood, evacuation, and others.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM can also enhance the post-disaster phase, for example, by providing building information to first responders and allowing them to direct building occupants to the nearest exit.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. 2011. “BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. National BIM Guide for Owners<span> </span><a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Jeff Marcus. “NAHB: More builders, architects are betting on BIM.” Construction Dive.  Dec 15, 2016<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/\">https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. “National BIM Guide for Owners.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide – Building Information Modeling (BIM)<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim\">https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Dippold, Cory. “Effective Implementation of BIM.” November 26, 2008.<span> </span><em><i>Engineering News-Record</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp\">http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp</a><span> </span>(accessed March 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences.<span> </span><em><i>Journal of Building Information Modeling</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22\">https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017. Building Information Modeling as a Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry. <em><i><span> </span>Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series</i></em>. 12(1): 9-18.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf\">https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Kreider, Ralph G., and Messner, John I. 2013. “The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting BIM Uses.” Version 0.9, September, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.probuilder.com/bim-home-builders\">BIM for Homebuilders</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nahb.org/en/members/committees-and-councils/nahb-global-member/global-opportunities-board/Documents/building-information-modeling-bim.aspx\">National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) – Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">National BIM Guide for Owners (2012) The National Institute of Building Sciences</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nationalbimstandard.org/\">National Institute of Building Sciences buildingSMART alliance®,<span> </span><em><i>National BIM Standard-United States® Version 3<span> </span></i></em>(2015).</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building Information Modeling','','inherit','closed','closed','','1181-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 18:06:25','2022-03-30 18:06:25','',1181,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1195',0,'revision','',0),(1196,3,'2022-03-30 18:14:07','2022-03-30 18:14:07','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Information Modeling (BIM)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?</h2>\n<p>Building Information Modeling (BIM) forms a digital representation of a residential building’s physical and functional characteristics and calculates information about the building that can be used by all building stakeholders to make decisions about the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of a building throughout its life-cycle.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Combining graphical information, such as plans and elevations, and nongraphical information, such as costs, specifications, schedules and maintenance requirements, into a BIM model results in a single source of information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Large-scale builders, managing large amounts of data, often use BIM as are an increasing number of mid-size and small residential builders.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_20\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"wp-image-20 \" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-300x201.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)\" width=\"424\" height=\"192\" /> Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Building Information Modeling</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designate a ‘Project BIM Manager’ or a lead design and a lead construction ‘Project BIM Manager’ with knowledge and experience working with BIM and selected software. Provide ongoing BIM training to all building stakeholders responsible for inputting, extracting, modifying, and analyzing the data (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The National Institute of Building Science’s,<span> </span><em><i>The National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO),</i></em><span> </span>guides building owners on how to incorporate BIM into internal policies and contract documents.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>BIM coordinates information sharing among building stakeholders across multiple project phases that result in more informed decision making and eliminates the re-gathering and re-formatting of building information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM also serves as a “clash detection tool,” by identifying potential design, construction, and operational inconsistencies, and cuts costs and reduces waste by avoiding rework.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing BIM varies widely, depending on the project team’s expertise using BIM, the complexity of the project, and other building process considerations. Costs include training, software, and organizational changes required to implement BIM technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Lower building costs and efficient construction timelines often associated with BIM projects can help offset upfront costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>BIM enhances the resiliency of the built environment and construction industry in the “pre-disaster phase and post-disaster phases.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>In the design phase, BIM can conduct scenario forecasting to predict the performance of a facility during emergencies, such as fire, flood, evacuation, and others.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM can also enhance the post-disaster phase, for example, by providing building information to first responders and allowing them to direct building occupants to the nearest exit.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. 2011. “BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. National BIM Guide for Owners<span> </span><a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Jeff Marcus. “NAHB: More builders, architects are betting on BIM.” Construction Dive.  Dec 15, 2016<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/\">https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. “National BIM Guide for Owners.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide – Building Information Modeling (BIM)<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim\">https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Dippold, Cory. “Effective Implementation of BIM.” November 26, 2008.<span> </span><em><i>Engineering News-Record</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp\">http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp</a><span> </span>(accessed March 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences.<span> </span><em><i>Journal of Building Information Modeling</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22\">https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017. Building Information Modeling as a Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry. <em><i><span> </span>Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series</i></em>. 12(1): 9-18.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf\">https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Kreider, Ralph G., and Messner, John I. 2013. “The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting BIM Uses.” Version 0.9, September, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.probuilder.com/bim-home-builders\">BIM for Homebuilders</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nahb.org/en/members/committees-and-councils/nahb-global-member/global-opportunities-board/Documents/building-information-modeling-bim.aspx\">National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) – Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">National BIM Guide for Owners (2012) The National Institute of Building Sciences</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nationalbimstandard.org/\">National Institute of Building Sciences buildingSMART alliance®,<span> </span><em><i>National BIM Standard-United States® Version 3<span> </span></i></em>(2015).</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building Information Modeling','','inherit','closed','closed','','1181-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 18:14:07','2022-03-30 18:14:07','',1181,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1196',0,'revision','',0),(1197,3,'2022-03-30 18:23:35','2022-03-30 18:23:35','','NR Energy Modeling','','trash','open','open','','__trashed-3','','','2022-03-30 18:23:35','2022-03-30 18:23:35','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1197',0,'post','',0),(1198,3,'2022-03-30 18:14:55','2022-03-30 18:14:55','','NR Energy Modeling','','inherit','closed','closed','','1197-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 18:14:55','2022-03-30 18:14:55','',1197,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1198',0,'revision','',0),