(1089,2,'2022-03-28 16:23:07','2022-03-28 16:23:07','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Life Cycle Assessment?</strong></h2>\n<p>A life cycle assessment (LCA) is a “cradle-to-grave” or “cradle-to-cradle” evaluation method that assesses the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> In the commercial building sector, LCA is a tool that helps architects and building professionals understand the embodied energy and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of a building or building product as defined by the ISO 14040/44 standard including resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal or recycling (see Figure 1).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> The evaluation at each phase also includes the associated activities of a particular building product or design. For example, during the operational phase, the LCA for a deck includes the impact of the resources used for cleaning (e.g., energy, water, detergents), staining, or replacing boards.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_470\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"508\"]<img class=\"wp-image-470 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-LCA-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)\" width=\"508\" height=\"466\" /> Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)[/caption]<p>Defined environmental impact areas commonly include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Climate change (“carbon footprint”)</li>\n<li>Acidification (“acid rain”)</li>\n<li>Eutrophication (“algal bloom”)</li>\n<li>Photochemical oxidant creation (“summer smog”)</li>\n<li>Ozone depletion (“the ozone hole”)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>LCA’s support informed decision-making by providing a standardized system for verifying environmental footprints and claims, identifying environmental trade-offs, and making relative comparisons between different design paths or product choices.</p>\n<p>While LCA’s take into account environmental impacts, Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) evaluates the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems (see <em>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</em>).  Together, LCA’s and LCCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</strong></h2>\n<p>Increasingly, consumers and regulatory agencies are asking businesses and product manufacturers to provide environmental product declarations, which use LCA data to report the environmental impacts of their products, processes, and services (see <em>Sustainable Materials</em>).  In the building sector, green building programs such as LEED, offer credits for completing a whole building LCA as part of the integrated design process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> LEED credits are also offered to promote the reuse of historic buildings and the renovation of abandoned or blighted buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Likewise, the field of LCA continues to evolve as the quality and completeness of LCA data improves and LCA methodologies are tested and refined.</p>\n<p>The complete process of LCA includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Defining goals and assessment boundaries.</li>\n<li>Collecting information on materials and design alternative.</li>\n<li>Using accredited LCA assessment tools to perform impact calculations.</li>\n<li>Compiling and interpreting results.</li>\n<li>Documenting the process and providing assessment reports.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>LCA reports are often complex and technical in nature, but current tools attempt to summarize LCA information in a manageable format specifically targeted to design professionals. Tools are available for both whole building and product level LCA’s.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/our-software-data/ecocalculator/\">Athena EcoCalculator</a> is a free online LCA calculator that provides a streamlined report of building’s footprint using LCA data on hundreds of common building products.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings</a> is a free LCA-based software package for designers and building professionals that provides environmental impact data on over 1,000 structural and envelope assembly combinations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a> is a free online tool for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products and includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 200+ building products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>The main benefit to LCA is credible, transparent data that informs greener design and product decisions and the associated cost savings and environmental benefits from reduced resource consumption, pollution, and waste.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project, data availability and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and designers perform LCA’s (see <strong>Resources</strong>). Costs for performing an LCA typically include labor costs for data collection and data input and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>An LCA can identify and evaluate the environmental benefits of green building designs and products that enhance building resiliency. These may include specific design inputs for address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em>. </em></strong>For example, resilient strategies may include cooling and shading features (e.g., cool pavements and cool roofs), improving the efficiency of building envelopes (e.g., insulation, windows, exterior walls), planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems (e.g., battery storage), and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features (e.g., Properly-Sized HVAC systems).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> LCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> International Standard for Standardization (ISO). ISO14040 Standard (2006) provides LCA principles and framework; <a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019); ISO 14044 Standard (2006) provides LCA Requirements and Guidelines. <a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. 2018. About LCA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf\">http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Rajesh Kumar Singh. 2017. “Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment Through LEED v4.” GBCI</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4\">http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4</a> (accessed January 28, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C Beta. 2019. Building Life-cycle Impact Reduction  <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Sustainable Materials Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nist.gov/el/economics/BEESSoftware.cfm\">Building For Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES 4.0)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenblue.org/\">GreenBlue</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://thenaturalstep.org/\">The Natural Step</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide – Evaluating Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1086-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 16:23:07','2022-03-28 16:23:07','',1086,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1089',0,'revision','',0),(1090,2,'2022-03-28 16:23:07','2022-03-28 16:23:07','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Life Cycle Assessment?</strong></h2>\n<p>A life cycle assessment (LCA) is a “cradle-to-grave” or “cradle-to-cradle” evaluation method that assesses the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> In the commercial building sector, LCA is a tool that helps architects and building professionals understand the embodied energy and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of a building or building product as defined by the ISO 14040/44 standard including resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal or recycling (see Figure 1).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> The evaluation at each phase also includes the associated activities of a particular building product or design. For example, during the operational phase, the LCA for a deck includes the impact of the resources used for cleaning (e.g., energy, water, detergents), staining, or replacing boards.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_470\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"508\"]<img class=\"wp-image-470 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-LCA-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)\" width=\"508\" height=\"466\" /> Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)[/caption]<p>Defined environmental impact areas commonly include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Climate change (“carbon footprint”)</li>\n<li>Acidification (“acid rain”)</li>\n<li>Eutrophication (“algal bloom”)</li>\n<li>Photochemical oxidant creation (“summer smog”)</li>\n<li>Ozone depletion (“the ozone hole”)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>LCA’s support informed decision-making by providing a standardized system for verifying environmental footprints and claims, identifying environmental trade-offs, and making relative comparisons between different design paths or product choices.</p>\n<p>While LCA’s take into account environmental impacts, Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) evaluates the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems (see <em>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</em>).  Together, LCA’s and LCCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</strong></h2>\n<p>Increasingly, consumers and regulatory agencies are asking businesses and product manufacturers to provide environmental product declarations, which use LCA data to report the environmental impacts of their products, processes, and services (see <em>Sustainable Materials</em>).  In the building sector, green building programs such as LEED, offer credits for completing a whole building LCA as part of the integrated design process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> LEED credits are also offered to promote the reuse of historic buildings and the renovation of abandoned or blighted buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Likewise, the field of LCA continues to evolve as the quality and completeness of LCA data improves and LCA methodologies are tested and refined.</p>\n<p>The complete process of LCA includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Defining goals and assessment boundaries.</li>\n<li>Collecting information on materials and design alternative.</li>\n<li>Using accredited LCA assessment tools to perform impact calculations.</li>\n<li>Compiling and interpreting results.</li>\n<li>Documenting the process and providing assessment reports.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>LCA reports are often complex and technical in nature, but current tools attempt to summarize LCA information in a manageable format specifically targeted to design professionals. Tools are available for both whole building and product level LCA’s.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/our-software-data/ecocalculator/\">Athena EcoCalculator</a> is a free online LCA calculator that provides a streamlined report of building’s footprint using LCA data on hundreds of common building products.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings</a> is a free LCA-based software package for designers and building professionals that provides environmental impact data on over 1,000 structural and envelope assembly combinations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a> is a free online tool for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products and includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 200+ building products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>The main benefit to LCA is credible, transparent data that informs greener design and product decisions and the associated cost savings and environmental benefits from reduced resource consumption, pollution, and waste.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project, data availability and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and designers perform LCA’s (see <strong>Resources</strong>). Costs for performing an LCA typically include labor costs for data collection and data input and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>An LCA can identify and evaluate the environmental benefits of green building designs and products that enhance building resiliency. These may include specific design inputs for address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em>. </em></strong>For example, resilient strategies may include cooling and shading features (e.g., cool pavements and cool roofs), improving the efficiency of building envelopes (e.g., insulation, windows, exterior walls), planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems (e.g., battery storage), and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features (e.g., Properly-Sized HVAC systems).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> LCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> International Standard for Standardization (ISO). ISO14040 Standard (2006) provides LCA principles and framework; <a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019); ISO 14044 Standard (2006) provides LCA Requirements and Guidelines. <a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. 2018. About LCA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf\">http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Rajesh Kumar Singh. 2017. “Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment Through LEED v4.” GBCI</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4\">http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4</a> (accessed January 28, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C Beta. 2019. Building Life-cycle Impact Reduction  <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Sustainable Materials Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nist.gov/el/economics/BEESSoftware.cfm\">Building For Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES 4.0)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenblue.org/\">GreenBlue</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://thenaturalstep.org/\">The Natural Step</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide – Evaluating Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1086-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 16:23:07','2022-03-28 16:23:07','',1086,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1090',0,'revision','',0),(1091,2,'2022-03-28 16:23:10','2022-03-28 16:23:10','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Life Cycle Assessment?</strong></h2>\n<p>A life cycle assessment (LCA) is a “cradle-to-grave” or “cradle-to-cradle” evaluation method that assesses the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> In the commercial building sector, LCA is a tool that helps architects and building professionals understand the embodied energy and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of a building or building product as defined by the ISO 14040/44 standard including resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal or recycling (see Figure 1).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> The evaluation at each phase also includes the associated activities of a particular building product or design. For example, during the operational phase, the LCA for a deck includes the impact of the resources used for cleaning (e.g., energy, water, detergents), staining, or replacing boards.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_470\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"508\"]<img class=\"wp-image-470 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-LCA-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)\" width=\"508\" height=\"466\" /> Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)[/caption]<p>Defined environmental impact areas commonly include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Climate change (“carbon footprint”)</li>\n<li>Acidification (“acid rain”)</li>\n<li>Eutrophication (“algal bloom”)</li>\n<li>Photochemical oxidant creation (“summer smog”)</li>\n<li>Ozone depletion (“the ozone hole”)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>LCA’s support informed decision-making by providing a standardized system for verifying environmental footprints and claims, identifying environmental trade-offs, and making relative comparisons between different design paths or product choices.</p>\n<p>While LCA’s take into account environmental impacts, Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) evaluates the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems (see <em>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</em>).  Together, LCA’s and LCCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</strong></h2>\n<p>Increasingly, consumers and regulatory agencies are asking businesses and product manufacturers to provide environmental product declarations, which use LCA data to report the environmental impacts of their products, processes, and services (see <em>Sustainable Materials</em>).  In the building sector, green building programs such as LEED, offer credits for completing a whole building LCA as part of the integrated design process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> LEED credits are also offered to promote the reuse of historic buildings and the renovation of abandoned or blighted buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Likewise, the field of LCA continues to evolve as the quality and completeness of LCA data improves and LCA methodologies are tested and refined.</p>\n<p>The complete process of LCA includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Defining goals and assessment boundaries.</li>\n<li>Collecting information on materials and design alternative.</li>\n<li>Using accredited LCA assessment tools to perform impact calculations.</li>\n<li>Compiling and interpreting results.</li>\n<li>Documenting the process and providing assessment reports.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>LCA reports are often complex and technical in nature, but current tools attempt to summarize LCA information in a manageable format specifically targeted to design professionals. Tools are available for both whole building and product level LCA’s.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/our-software-data/ecocalculator/\">Athena EcoCalculator</a> is a free online LCA calculator that provides a streamlined report of building’s footprint using LCA data on hundreds of common building products.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings</a> is a free LCA-based software package for designers and building professionals that provides environmental impact data on over 1,000 structural and envelope assembly combinations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a> is a free online tool for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products and includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 200+ building products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>The main benefit to LCA is credible, transparent data that informs greener design and product decisions and the associated cost savings and environmental benefits from reduced resource consumption, pollution, and waste.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project, data availability and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and designers perform LCA’s (see <strong>Resources</strong>). Costs for performing an LCA typically include labor costs for data collection and data input and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>An LCA can identify and evaluate the environmental benefits of green building designs and products that enhance building resiliency. These may include specific design inputs for address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em>. </em></strong>For example, resilient strategies may include cooling and shading features (e.g., cool pavements and cool roofs), improving the efficiency of building envelopes (e.g., insulation, windows, exterior walls), planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems (e.g., battery storage), and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features (e.g., Properly-Sized HVAC systems).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> LCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> International Standard for Standardization (ISO). ISO14040 Standard (2006) provides LCA principles and framework; <a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019); ISO 14044 Standard (2006) provides LCA Requirements and Guidelines. <a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. 2018. About LCA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf\">http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Rajesh Kumar Singh. 2017. “Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment Through LEED v4.” GBCI</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4\">http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4</a> (accessed January 28, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C Beta. 2019. Building Life-cycle Impact Reduction  <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Sustainable Materials Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nist.gov/el/economics/BEESSoftware.cfm\">Building For Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES 4.0)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenblue.org/\">GreenBlue</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://thenaturalstep.org/\">The Natural Step</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide – Evaluating Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1086-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 16:23:10','2022-03-28 16:23:10','',1086,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1091',0,'revision','',0),(1092,2,'2022-03-28 16:26:40','2022-03-28 16:26:40','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a form of economic evaluation that compares the costs and savings of alternative building designs and systems over the life cycle of a building. Green building features generally have higher initial costs compared to conventional features but offer operational savings over time through decreased resource use (e.g., energy, water), maintenance, and disposal fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> LCCA takes into account the overall costs of purchasing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system, which the initial purchase price does not reflect. Comparing the life cycle costs of various options helps determine the most cost-effective choice for a comparable building design or system in terms of function and performance by translating this data into dollar amounts and providing information about how long it takes an investment to pay for itself (e.g., internal rate of return, savings-to-investment ratio, payback period).</p>\n<p>While LCCA’s take into account the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems, a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems (see <em><i>Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Perform the LCCA early in the project and as part of an integrated design process to allow sufficient time and resources to refine the design and ensure the highest quality product for the lowest cost (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). Depending on project team expertise, hire a consulting service or conduct the LCCA in-house. Project teams should refer to the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method, which covers the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and repair, and disposal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The first task of an LCCA involves determining the costs and benefits of alternative project options. Next, project teams can conduct several sensitivity analyses that include variations in the <em><i>discount rate, study period or building lifespan, and energy escalation rates.</i></em></p>\n<p><em><i>The discount rate</i></em> is a measure that decreases the value of dollars spent or received in the future, so future costs and returns are worth progressively less in terms of today’s dollars. The interest rate used for discounting is a rate that reflects an investor’s opportunity cost of money over time. The LCCA method converts cash flows to present values by discounting them to a common point in time, usually the base date.</p>\n<p>The US Department of Energy (US DOE) suggests a real discount rate of 3.0%, based on a 12-month average of long-term Treasury bond rates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p><em><i>Study period</i></em> or <em><i>building lifespan</i></em> refers to the length of time the LCC analysis covers. The study period for non-residential buildings typically falls between 20 and 40 years and may reflect a shorter period than the actual intended life of the facility.</p>\n<p><em><i>Energy escalation rates</i></em> refer to projected average annual energy price increases obtained either from the supplier or from energy price escalation rates published annually on April 1 by US DOE in <em><i>Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are several online tools for performing an LCCA and links to more information in the <strong><b>Resources </b></strong>section below.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/njmc-observatory-classroom-building-life-cycle-assessment/\">New Jersey Meadowlands Commission: Observatory and Classroom Building LCCA, Lyndhurst, NJ</a>.</p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building conducted an LCCA of the Meadowlands Environmental Center, a LEED Platinum building, modeling the building’s metabolic flows, including heating, lighting, ventilation, water, and power consumption, and waste production. The result was a quantification of any added capital investments encountered during construction and commissioning of the LEED-compliant structure, as well as a use-phase evaluation of the economic impacts of adherence to a green building standard.</p>\n<p>Besides the Photovoltaic System (PV), the study results showed that daylight sensors provided the most cost-effective green feature, providing savings under all of the modeled situations as well as the most significant savings compared to other green features. The HVAC system projected savings consistently, although of lower value than the daylight sensors. Insulation provided savings under a majority of circumstances but showed a low return value in all cases. The study noted that the value of SREC’s directly impacts the cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic (PV) system.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_551\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1462\"]<img class=\"wp-image-551 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Modeling-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"1462\" height=\"560\" /> Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can offer environmental and monetary benefits for new construction projects by revealing the most environmentally-friendly and cost-effective solutions for the long run that purchase price alone cannot quantify. Potential benefits include reduced energy, water, and fuel consumption and cost savings on utility bills, maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life disposal costs. While an LCCA cannot remove all uncertainty surrounding a building project, the results equip the design team with the means to identify the optimal balance between green design and economic efficiency.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and developers perform an initial LCC analysis (see <strong><b>Resources</b></strong>). Costs for performing an LCCA typically include labor costs for data collection, energy modeling (if necessary), LCCA calculations, and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p><em>An LCCA can </em>identify and evaluate the costs and benefits of green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While LCCAs and energy modeling typically use historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> For example, in the NJMC study mentioned above, the team ran an energy model scenario according to low-emissions mid-century predictions of climate change developed by the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>LCCA’s can take into account resiliency objectives. These may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em><b><i>, </i></b></em></strong>including cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> LCCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></sup></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLLC). <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc\">http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems. <a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> This rate for life-cycle cost analyses is valid through March 31, 2019, according to US DOE. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/articles/2021-discount-rates\">Current Discount Rates</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2018. Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – 2018: Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Krogmann, U., Minderman, N., Senick, J. and Andrews, C.J. “Life-Cycle Assessment of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental and Scientific Education Building.” 2008. Prepared by Rutgers Center for Green Building for New Jersey Meadowland Commission. At <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf</a>(accessed June 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a> – a free online tool developed by NIST for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210508120444/https://www.gsa.gov/node/81412\">General Service Administration (GSA) Life Cycle Costing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">US DOE Building Life Cycle Cost Programs and Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.rsmeans.com/\">R. S. Means Company – Construction Cost Databases</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/Explore#workspaces\">The Sustainable Facilities Tool</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/design-for-maintainability\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Design for Maintainability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)','','publish','closed','open','','nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca','','\nhttp://rcgb.rutgers.edu/njmc-observatory-classroom-building-life-cycle-assessment/','2022-06-23 17:47:55','2022-06-23 17:47:55','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1092',0,'post','',0),(1093,2,'2022-03-28 16:23:35','2022-03-28 16:23:35','','NC Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1092-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 16:23:35','2022-03-28 16:23:35','',1092,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1093',0,'revision','',0),(1095,2,'2022-03-28 16:26:40','2022-03-28 16:26:40','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a form of economic evaluation that compares the costs and savings of alternative building designs and systems over the life cycle of a building. Green building features generally have higher initial costs compared to conventional features but offer operational savings over time through decreased resource use (e.g., energy, water), maintenance, and disposal fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> LCCA takes into account the overall costs of purchasing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system, which the initial purchase price does not reflect. Comparing the life cycle costs of various options helps determine the most cost-effective choice for a comparable building design or system in terms of function and performance by translating this data into dollar amounts and providing information about how long it takes an investment to pay for itself (e.g., internal rate of return, savings-to-investment ratio, payback period).</p>\n<p>While LCCA’s take into account the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems, a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems (see <em><i>Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Perform the LCCA early in the project and as part of an integrated design process to allow sufficient time and resources to refine the design and ensure the highest quality product for the lowest cost (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). Depending on project team expertise, hire a consulting service or conduct the LCCA in-house. Project teams should refer to the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method, which covers the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and repair, and disposal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The first task of an LCCA involves determining the costs and benefits of alternative project options. Next, project teams can conduct several sensitivity analyses that include variations in the <em><i>discount rate, study period or building lifespan, and energy escalation rates.</i></em></p>\n<p><em><i>The discount rate</i></em> is a measure that decreases the value of dollars spent or received in the future, so future costs and returns are worth progressively less in terms of today’s dollars. The interest rate used for discounting is a rate that reflects an investor’s opportunity cost of money over time. The LCCA method converts cash flows to present values by discounting them to a common point in time, usually the base date.</p>\n<p>The US Department of Energy (US DOE) suggests a real discount rate of 3.0%, based on a 12-month average of long-term Treasury bond rates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p><em><i>Study period</i></em> or <em><i>building lifespan</i></em> refers to the length of time the LCC analysis covers. The study period for non-residential buildings typically falls between 20 and 40 years and may reflect a shorter period than the actual intended life of the facility.</p>\n<p><em><i>Energy escalation rates</i></em> refer to projected average annual energy price increases obtained either from the supplier or from energy price escalation rates published annually on April 1 by US DOE in <em><i>Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are several online tools for performing an LCCA and links to more information in the <strong><b>Resources </b></strong>section below.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/njmc-observatory-classroom-building-life-cycle-assessment/\">New Jersey Meadowlands Commission: Observatory and Classroom Building LCCA, Lyndhurst, NJ</a>.</p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building conducted an LCCA of the Meadowlands Environmental Center, a LEED Platinum building, modeling the building’s metabolic flows, including heating, lighting, ventilation, water, and power consumption, and waste production. The result was a quantification of any added capital investments encountered during construction and commissioning of the LEED-compliant structure, as well as a use-phase evaluation of the economic impacts of adherence to a green building standard.</p>\n<p>Besides the Photovoltaic System (PV), the study results showed that daylight sensors provided the most cost-effective green feature, providing savings under all of the modeled situations as well as the most significant savings compared to other green features. The HVAC system projected savings consistently, although of lower value than the daylight sensors. Insulation provided savings under a majority of circumstances but showed a low return value in all cases. The study noted that the value of SREC’s directly impacts the cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic (PV) system.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_551\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1462\"]<img class=\"wp-image-551 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Modeling-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"1462\" height=\"560\" /> Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can offer environmental and monetary benefits for new construction projects by revealing the most environmentally-friendly and cost-effective solutions for the long run that purchase price alone cannot quantify. Potential benefits include reduced energy, water, and fuel consumption and cost savings on utility bills, maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life disposal costs. While an LCCA cannot remove all uncertainty surrounding a building project, the results equip the design team with the means to identify the optimal balance between green design and economic efficiency.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and developers perform an initial LCC analysis (see <strong><b>Resources</b></strong>). Costs for performing an LCCA typically include labor costs for data collection, energy modeling (if necessary), LCCA calculations, and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p><em>An LCCA can </em>identify and evaluate the costs and benefits of green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While LCCAs and energy modeling typically use historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> For example, in the NJMC study mentioned above, the team ran an energy model scenario according to low-emissions mid-century predictions of climate change developed by the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>LCCA’s can take into account resiliency objectives. These may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em><b><i>, </i></b></em></strong>including cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> LCCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></sup></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLLC). <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc\">http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems. <a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> This rate for life-cycle cost analyses is valid through March 31, 2019, according to US DOE. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2018. Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – 2018: Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Krogmann, U., Minderman, N., Senick, J. and Andrews, C.J. “Life-Cycle Assessment of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental and Scientific Education Building.” 2008. Prepared by Rutgers Center for Green Building for New Jersey Meadowland Commission. At <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf</a>(accessed June 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a> – a free online tool developed by NIST for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/node/81412\">General Service Administration (GSA) Life Cycle Costing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">US DOE Building Life Cycle Cost Programs and Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.rsmeans.com/\">R. S. Means Company – Construction Cost Databases</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/Explore#workspaces\">The Sustainable Facilities Tool</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/design-for-maintainability\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Design for Maintainability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1092-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 16:26:40','2022-03-28 16:26:40','',1092,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1095',0,'revision','',0),(1097,2,'2022-03-28 19:13:09','2022-03-28 19:13:09','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Alternative Transportation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Development (TOD)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Alternative transportation discourages dependence on the personal automobile and encourages public transportation options such as carpooling, vanpooling, busing, walking, and cycling.</p>\n<p>Telecommuting, informal transit options, compressed workweeks, and alternative fuel vehicles such as plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) also help reduce the number of greenhouse gases produced by single occupancy vehicles.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Commuting to and from an average office building built to modern energy codes consumes thirty percent more energy compared to the energy the building itself consumes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> The location of buildings and how people get to them are important factors to consider in a building’s overall environmental impact. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) concentrates development around transit stations, such as train, light rail, and bus stations, and other amenities to create places for people to live, work, and play without requiring the use of a car.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_543\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"976\"]<img class=\"wp-image-543 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_Alt-Transport-and-TOD_1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).\" width=\"976\" height=\"696\" /> Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Alternative Transportation and TOD</b></strong></h2>\n<p>There are several alternative transportation strategies to consider when developing a new building project that can also help to earn your project LEEDv4 credits.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proximity to existing public transportation, pedestrian, and bicycle networks and establishing a shuttle service if beyond a short walk away.</li>\n<li>Proximity to existing infrastructure, services and economic activity such as stores, schools, offices, and parks.</li>\n<li>Minimizing on-site parking and providing bicycle changing facilities and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Providing covered areas for people awaiting carpool/vanpool rides and drop-off/pick-up zones for vehicles.</li>\n<li>Providing facilities to encourage energy-efficient vehicle use, such as two-way electric plug-in charging stations that enable EVs to both draw electricity from and supply electricity to the grid, and liquid or gas alternative fueling facilities or a battery switching station.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Many local programs assist with alternative transportation options such as the <a href=\"http://www.hudsontma.org/index.php?page=ridesharecarpoo&amp;option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=44&amp;cat_id=18&amp;Itemid=54\">Hudson County Transportation Management Authority</a> that offers rideshare, carpool, and vanpool services as well as other useful information for commuters.</p>\n<p>Businesses and organizations can implement telecommuting policies that contribute to sustainable workplace practices by allowing employees to communicate via telephone and computers to accomplish tasks that traditionally occur in central office spaces, reducing traffic congestion and strain on transportation systems, fuel consumption, and associated emissions and air quality issues.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>TOD begins with site selection near transit hubs. Consider local regulations and interest in transit hub development to reduce delays and conflict. Identify special zoning and permit systems designed to expedite efficient redevelopment of urban centers.</p>\n<p>The New Jersey Department of Transportation and New Jersey Transit leads a multi-agency partnership known as the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">Transit Village Initiative</a> that encourages pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods and community revitalization. This program aims to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality and promote growth in areas where infrastructure and public transit already exist.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.njfuture.org/smart-growth-101/smart-growth-awards/2005-award/cranford-crossing/\">Cranford Crossing, Cranford, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Cranford Crossing, a mixed-use redevelopment integrated into Cranford’s pedestrian-friendly environment and located one block from Cranford’s train station.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://library.rpa.org/pdf/RPA-The-Fourth-Regional-Plan.pdf\">Regional Plan Association Report – The Fourth Regional Plan</a></p>\n<p>This report provides examples of several Transit Oriented Developments (TODs) throughout NJ that encourage alternative transportation.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Encouraging the use of alternative transportation options provides benefits for developers, property owners, and building occupants as well as benefits for the environment and the community. Alternative transportation reduces automobile congestion, fossil fuel consumption and carbon emissions.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[7]</a></sup> Some forms of alternative transportation also provide options for healthier lifestyle choices. Proximity to public transportation and neighborhood services can improve quality of life and reduce commuting stress, all of which provide positive marketing opportunities for a new commercial facility. Businesses can participate in programs that encourage alternative transportation strategies such as <a href=\"http://www.transoptions.org/new-jersey-smart-workplaces\">New Jersey Smart Workplaces</a>, a partnership between NJ DOT, NJ Transit, and the state’s Transportation Management Association, that recognizes organizations and individuals who help reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Including alternative transportation options in the initial design phase and locating projects near rapid transit helps to reduce upfront project costs. Transit-oriented design saves developers money by capitalizing on existing infrastructure and upgrades rather than relying on the developer to provide new infrastructure and parking, a significant redevelopment cost (see <em><i>Brownfield and Infill sites</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Building excessive parking adds to construction costs and may contribute to environmental problems such as the heat island effect and increased stormwater runoff (see <em><i>High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</i></em> and <em><i>Pervious Hardscape Materials</i></em>). Providing excessive parking also encourages driving, which causes congestion, air pollution, and contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases. The fewer spaces dedicated to parking, the more for open space, parks, community rooms, or additional building square footage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Costs associated with providing facilities and equipment that encourage alternative transportation options such as biking and walking vary by project and may include costs to provide shower and changing facilities. Bicycle racks can accommodate about ten bikes for the same space and cost as one parking space. The cost of adding bike lanes depends on the existing condition of the roads.  The cost of adding a sidewalk is about $70 per linear foot along existing roads<strong><b>, </b></strong>though it can be significantly less if included as part of the initial road construction work.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Locating buildings with access to a variety of alternative transportation options increases a building and its occupant’s resiliency by providing access to a seamless network of diverse mobility choices fueled by multiple energy sources and insulated from disruptions caused by extreme weather events, security threats, and disaster-related scenarios.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Telecommuting and flexible work schedules reduce congestion and strain on transportation systems, especially during vulnerable times such as storms and inclement weather. Providing bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations supports alternative fuel vehicle adoption, and vehicle-to-grid applications, which enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages (see <em><i>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<p>TOD encourages community interaction that can lead to better cultural understanding, stronger social ties, and in turn, more resilient communities that come together to support each other in times of need. Also, TOD helps reduce the number of cars on the road, an added benefit, especially during times of mandatory evacuations when roads need to be accessible to first responders.</p>\n<p>A study by the Federal Highway Administration, “The Post Hurricane Sandy Transportation Resilience Study in New York-New Jersey-Connecticut,” provides an assessment of the region’s transportation system’s resilience to climate, sea level rise and extreme weather leveraging lessons learned from Hurricane Sandy as well as future climate projections and identifies strategies to reduce and manage extreme weather vulnerabilities.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> USGBC. LEED O+M: Existing Buildings | LEED v4.  Alternative Transportation. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Alex Wilson and Rachel Navaro. Driving to Green Buildings: The Transportation Intensity of Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings\">https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJTOD.org. “What is Transit Oriented Development?” <a href=\"http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/\">http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/</a> (accessed March 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.  <a href=\"http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties\">http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US General Service Administration (GSA). “Resources for Managing Teleworkers.” <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers</a> (accessed Sept 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NJ DOT. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/</a> (accessed April 1, 2018).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Federal Transit Administration. Transit-Oriented and Joint Development. <a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment\">https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> NJ DOT. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/njsw/partners.shtm#tma\">http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/njsw/partners.shtm#tma</a> (accessed March 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> The Sidewalk Study. <a href=\"http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm\">http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Victoria Transport Policy Institute. (2017) “Evaluating Transportation Resilience&lt;</p>\n<p>Evaluating the Transportation System’s Ability to Accommodate Diverse, Variable and Unexpected Demands with Minimal Risk.” <a href=\"http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm\">http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Federal Highway Administration (FHA). “Post-Hurricane Sandy Transportation Resilience Study of NY, NJ, and CT.” October 2017. Final Report. <a href=\"http://www.njtpa.org/planning/regional-studies/completed-studies/post-hurricane-sandy-transportation-resilience/ny-nj-ct-hurricane-sandy-follow-up\">http://www.njtpa.org/planning/regional-studies/completed-studies/post-hurricane-sandy-transportation-resilience/ny-nj-ct-hurricane-sandy-follow-up</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/\">High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://vtc.rutgers.edu/\">Alan M. Vorhees Transportation Center (VTC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/TOD\">Federal Transit Administration – Transit Oriented Development</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njbikeped.org/\">NJ Bicycle &amp; Pedestrian Resource Center (Complete Streets)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://cleancities.energy.gov/coalitions/new-jersey\">NJ Clean Cities Coalition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtod.org/\">NJTOD.org (A partnership between NJ Transit and Rutgers University)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Department of Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njslom.org/\">NJ State League of Municipalities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Transit Village Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.rpa.org/regions/new-jersey\">Regional Plan Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/\">SmartGrid.Org</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth\">US EPA – Smart Growth</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers\">US GSA – Resources for Managing Teleworkers</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Alternative Transportation','','publish','closed','open','','nc-alternative-transportation','','','2022-06-23 17:48:22','2022-06-23 17:48:22','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1097',0,'post','',0),(1098,2,'2022-03-28 16:29:52','2022-03-28 16:29:52','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1097-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 16:29:52','2022-03-28 16:29:52','',1097,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1098',0,'revision','',0),(1100,2,'2022-03-28 16:32:36','2022-03-28 16:32:36','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a form of economic evaluation that compares the costs and savings of alternative building designs and systems over the life cycle of a building. Green building features generally have higher initial costs compared to conventional features but offer operational savings over time through decreased resource use (e.g., energy, water), maintenance, and disposal fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> LCCA takes into account the overall costs of purchasing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system, which the initial purchase price does not reflect. Comparing the life cycle costs of various options helps determine the most cost-effective choice for a comparable building design or system in terms of function and performance by translating this data into dollar amounts and providing information about how long it takes an investment to pay for itself (e.g., internal rate of return, savings-to-investment ratio, payback period).</p>\n<p>While LCCA’s take into account the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems, a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems (see <em><i>Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Perform a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Perform the LCCA early in the project and as part of an integrated design process to allow sufficient time and resources to refine the design and ensure the highest quality product for the lowest cost (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). Depending on project team expertise, hire a consulting service or conduct the LCCA in-house. Project teams should refer to the ASTM standard life-cycle cost method, which covers the costs of initial investment, replacement, operation, maintenance and repair, and disposal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The first task of an LCCA involves determining the costs and benefits of alternative project options. Next, project teams can conduct several sensitivity analyses that include variations in the <em><i>discount rate, study period or building lifespan, and energy escalation rates.</i></em></p>\n<p><em><i>The discount rate</i></em> is a measure that decreases the value of dollars spent or received in the future, so future costs and returns are worth progressively less in terms of today’s dollars. The interest rate used for discounting is a rate that reflects an investor’s opportunity cost of money over time. The LCCA method converts cash flows to present values by discounting them to a common point in time, usually the base date.</p>\n<p>The US Department of Energy (US DOE) suggests a real discount rate of 3.0%, based on a 12-month average of long-term Treasury bond rates.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p><em><i>Study period</i></em> or <em><i>building lifespan</i></em> refers to the length of time the LCC analysis covers. The study period for non-residential buildings typically falls between 20 and 40 years and may reflect a shorter period than the actual intended life of the facility.</p>\n<p><em><i>Energy escalation rates</i></em> refer to projected average annual energy price increases obtained either from the supplier or from energy price escalation rates published annually on April 1 by US DOE in <em><i>Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are several online tools for performing an LCCA and links to more information in the <strong><b>Resources </b></strong>section below.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/njmc-observatory-classroom-building-life-cycle-assessment/\">New Jersey Meadowlands Commission: Observatory and Classroom Building LCCA, Lyndhurst, NJ</a>.</p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building conducted an LCCA of the Meadowlands Environmental Center, a LEED Platinum building, modeling the building’s metabolic flows, including heating, lighting, ventilation, water, and power consumption, and waste production. The result was a quantification of any added capital investments encountered during construction and commissioning of the LEED-compliant structure, as well as a use-phase evaluation of the economic impacts of adherence to a green building standard.</p>\n<p>Besides the Photovoltaic System (PV), the study results showed that daylight sensors provided the most cost-effective green feature, providing savings under all of the modeled situations as well as the most significant savings compared to other green features. The HVAC system projected savings consistently, although of lower value than the daylight sensors. Insulation provided savings under a majority of circumstances but showed a low return value in all cases. The study noted that the value of SREC’s directly impacts the cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic (PV) system.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_551\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1462\"]<img class=\"wp-image-551 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Modeling-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"1462\" height=\"560\" /> Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>LCCA’s can offer environmental and monetary benefits for new construction projects by revealing the most environmentally-friendly and cost-effective solutions for the long run that purchase price alone cannot quantify. Potential benefits include reduced energy, water, and fuel consumption and cost savings on utility bills, maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life disposal costs. While an LCCA cannot remove all uncertainty surrounding a building project, the results equip the design team with the means to identify the optimal balance between green design and economic efficiency.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and developers perform an initial LCC analysis (see <strong><b>Resources</b></strong>). Costs for performing an LCCA typically include labor costs for data collection, energy modeling (if necessary), LCCA calculations, and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p><em>An LCCA can </em>identify and evaluate the costs and benefits of green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While LCCAs and energy modeling typically use historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> For example, in the NJMC study mentioned above, the team ran an energy model scenario according to low-emissions mid-century predictions of climate change developed by the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>LCCA’s can take into account resiliency objectives. These may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em><b><i>, </i></b></em></strong>including cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> LCCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></sup></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLLC). <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc\">http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems. <a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> This rate for life-cycle cost analyses is valid through March 31, 2019, according to US DOE. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2018. Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – 2018: Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs</a> (accessed January 27, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Krogmann, U., Minderman, N., Senick, J. and Andrews, C.J. “Life-Cycle Assessment of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental and Scientific Education Building.” 2008. Prepared by Rutgers Center for Green Building for New Jersey Meadowland Commission. At <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf</a>(accessed June 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.astm.org/Standards/E917.htm\">ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a> – a free online tool developed by NIST for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/node/81412\">General Service Administration (GSA) Life Cycle Costing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs\">US DOE Building Life Cycle Cost Programs and Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.rsmeans.com/\">R. S. Means Company – Construction Cost Databases</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sftool.gov/Explore#workspaces\">The Sustainable Facilities Tool</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/design-for-maintainability\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Design for Maintainability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1092-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 16:32:36','2022-03-28 16:32:36','',1092,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1100',0,'revision','',0),(1101,2,'2022-03-28 16:32:46','2022-03-28 16:32:46','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Life Cycle Assessment?</strong></h2>\n<p>A life cycle assessment (LCA) is a “cradle-to-grave” or “cradle-to-cradle” evaluation method that assesses the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> In the commercial building sector, LCA is a tool that helps architects and building professionals understand the embodied energy and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of a building or building product as defined by the ISO 14040/44 standard including resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal or recycling (see Figure 1).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> The evaluation at each phase also includes the associated activities of a particular building product or design. For example, during the operational phase, the LCA for a deck includes the impact of the resources used for cleaning (e.g., energy, water, detergents), staining, or replacing boards.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_470\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"508\"]<img class=\"wp-image-470 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-LCA-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)\" width=\"508\" height=\"466\" /> Figure 1. LCA Phases (Source: NIST Sustainable Manufacturing Program)[/caption]<p>Defined environmental impact areas commonly include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Climate change (“carbon footprint”)</li>\n<li>Acidification (“acid rain”)</li>\n<li>Eutrophication (“algal bloom”)</li>\n<li>Photochemical oxidant creation (“summer smog”)</li>\n<li>Ozone depletion (“the ozone hole”)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>LCA’s support informed decision-making by providing a standardized system for verifying environmental footprints and claims, identifying environmental trade-offs, and making relative comparisons between different design paths or product choices.</p>\n<p>While LCA’s take into account environmental impacts, Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) evaluates the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems (see <em>Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</em>).  Together, LCA’s and LCCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</strong></h2>\n<p>Increasingly, consumers and regulatory agencies are asking businesses and product manufacturers to provide environmental product declarations, which use LCA data to report the environmental impacts of their products, processes, and services (see <em>Sustainable Materials</em>).  In the building sector, green building programs such as LEED, offer credits for completing a whole building LCA as part of the integrated design process.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> LEED credits are also offered to promote the reuse of historic buildings and the renovation of abandoned or blighted buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Likewise, the field of LCA continues to evolve as the quality and completeness of LCA data improves and LCA methodologies are tested and refined.</p>\n<p>The complete process of LCA includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Defining goals and assessment boundaries.</li>\n<li>Collecting information on materials and design alternative.</li>\n<li>Using accredited LCA assessment tools to perform impact calculations.</li>\n<li>Compiling and interpreting results.</li>\n<li>Documenting the process and providing assessment reports.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>LCA reports are often complex and technical in nature, but current tools attempt to summarize LCA information in a manageable format specifically targeted to design professionals. Tools are available for both whole building and product level LCA’s.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/our-software-data/ecocalculator/\">Athena EcoCalculator</a> is a free online LCA calculator that provides a streamlined report of building’s footprint using LCA data on hundreds of common building products.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Impact Estimator for Buildings</a> is a free LCA-based software package for designers and building professionals that provides environmental impact data on over 1,000 structural and envelope assembly combinations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees\">Building for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES)</a> is a free online tool for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products and includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 200+ building products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>The main benefit to LCA is credible, transparent data that informs greener design and product decisions and the associated cost savings and environmental benefits from reduced resource consumption, pollution, and waste.</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The costs for performing an LCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project, data availability and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and designers perform LCA’s (see <strong>Resources</strong>). Costs for performing an LCA typically include labor costs for data collection and data input and the interpretation and reporting of results.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>An LCA can identify and evaluate the environmental benefits of green building designs and products that enhance building resiliency. These may include specific design inputs for address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels<strong><em>. </em></strong>For example, resilient strategies may include cooling and shading features (e.g., cool pavements and cool roofs), improving the efficiency of building envelopes (e.g., insulation, windows, exterior walls), planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems (e.g., battery storage), and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features (e.g., Properly-Sized HVAC systems).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> LCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health, and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> International Standard for Standardization (ISO). ISO14040 Standard (2006) provides LCA principles and framework; <a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019); ISO 14044 Standard (2006) provides LCA Requirements and Guidelines. <a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html\">https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. 2018. About LCA.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf\">http://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Rajesh Kumar Singh. 2017. “Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment Through LEED v4.” GBCI</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4\">http://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4</a> (accessed January 28, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C Beta. 2019. Building Life-cycle Impact Reduction  <a href=\"https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41\">https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41</a> (accessed January 30, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.athenasmi.org/\">Athena Sustainable Materials Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nist.gov/el/economics/BEESSoftware.cfm\">Building For Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES 4.0)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenblue.org/\">GreenBlue</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://thenaturalstep.org/\">The Natural Step</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/lci/\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products\">Whole Building Design Guide – Evaluating Green Products</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1086-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 16:32:46','2022-03-28 16:32:46','',1086,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1101',0,'revision','',0),(1102,2,'2022-03-28 16:32:55','2022-03-28 16:32:55','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Modeling\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Modeling?</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy modeling simulates a building’s energy use, helping to inform design decisions or diagnose underperformance. Model inputs include building geometry, envelope data, including construction materials specifications, mechanical systems data and projected or actual building use and operations including occupancy, lighting, and HVAC schedules.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> These inputs are combined with local weather data to simulate cost-effective building designs with optimized energy performance.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_551\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1462\"]<img class=\"wp-image-551 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Modeling-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"1462\" height=\"560\" /> Figure 1 – Three-dimensional model of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Modeling</strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing energy modeling into a new commercial building project requires an appropriately skilled team  (see Integrated Design Process).  The architect/designer/builder should be knowledgeable about energy-efficient and green building practices. A ‘Certified Energy Professional’ can evaluate or rate the building design using energy modeling software and recommend improvements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The necessary steps for implementing a building energy model comprise the following. First, create a model of the baseline building, which represents the building as designed (typically by some combination of the project architect and engineer).  Next, manipulate specific variables to simulate alternate scenarios of building energy performance. Many national green building certification programs require new buildings to meet or exceed a specified level of energy performance and correspondingly require energy model documentation.</p>\n<p>For example, LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction requires project teams electing to take the performance option to demonstrate minimum energy performance through a whole-building energy simulation that compares proposed building performance to a baseline building that uses ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1–2010, Appendix G, with errata.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>There are several energy modeling software applications available on the market. The US Department of Energy, through its Building Technologies Office (BTO), offers two types of energy modeling programs, which are publicly available free of charge: <a href=\"https://energyplus.net/\">EnergyPlus</a>, and <a href=\"https://www.openstudio.net/\">OpenStudio</a>, which uses EnergyPlus for energy modeling and <a href=\"https://radiance-online.org/\">Radiance</a>,for advanced daylight analysis.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/analysis-tools\">US DOE Commercial Buildings Program</a> website lists additional analysis tools.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/NJMC_LCA_Final.pdf\">NJ Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental &amp; Science Education (CESE)</a></p>\n<p>For this study, the Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB) utilized <a href=\"https://designbuilder.co.uk/\">DesignBuilder</a> and <a href=\"https://energyplus.net/\">EnergyPlus</a> to simulate the structure and functioning of the New Jersey Meadowland Commission (NJMC) building. DesignBuilder was used to construct a three-dimensional architectural and engineering model. This model contained information on all of the materials and systems included in the actual building, to the extent that the model permitted. Once this computer model was constructed, EnergyPlus was used to simulate the weather conditions, energy use, heating and cooling needs, occupant activities, and all other pertinent variables to create a virtual model of the building’s structure and activity that is as close to that of the real building as possible. The output from this model provided an estimate of the annual energy consumption by system as well as the heat loss/gain throughout the building. After completing the base model according to the building as designed, the study team ran multiple simulations while substituting in different equipment and materials.</p>\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>Energy modeling facilitates comparison of building design alternatives and assists in determining the most cost-effective path for meeting energy performance goals over the life cycle of the building. Energy modeling also supports green building certification and code compliance. When used early in the design process, energy modeling reduces redesigns and subsequent delays later in the project – a significant benefit.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> HOK, an architectural and engineering firm, tracked how quickly modeling pays for itself in a variety of commercial building types over a multi-year study and found that the energy modeling payback is typically 1-2 months.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>For large buildings, energy modeling costs can run from $30,000 to $200,000, depending on the level of analysis, and design complexity including choice of energy efficiency strategies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a>  The upfront cost of an energy model may be spread out across the life-cycle of the building or even during only the design phase, as noted above.</p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Energy modeling identifies and evaluates green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While energy modeling typically uses historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> For example, in the NJMC study mentioned above, the team ran an energy model scenario according to low-emissions mid-century predictions of climate change developed by the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (NECIA).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Energy modeling that takes into account resiliency objectives may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels. The NYC Mayor’s Office of Resiliency and Recovery’s Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines provides resilient design strategies including, cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy – Emerging Technologies. 2018. “About Building Energy Modeling.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/about-building-energy-modeling\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/about-building-energy-modeling</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> ASHRAE Building Energy Modeling (BEM) Professional Certification <a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/professional-development/ashrae-certification/certification-types/bemp-building-energy-modeling-professional-certification\">https://www.ashrae.org/professional-development/ashrae-certification/certification-types/bemp-building-energy-modeling-professional-certification</a> (accessed June 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> USGBC – LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. Updated April 6, 2018. EA Prerequisite: Minimum Energy Performance, Page 66. https://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-v4-building-design-and-construction-current-version (accessed June 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Amber Wood and John Lisman. 2017. “The Benefits of Early Stage Energy Modeling.” USGBC-Colorado. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/articles/benefits-earlystage-energy-modeling-usgbc-colorado\">https://www.usgbc.org/articles/benefits-earlystage-energy-modeling-usgbc-colorado</a> (accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Roth, Amir. 2016. “The Shockingly Short Payback of Energy Modeling.” US DOE Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/shockingly-short-payback-energy-modeling\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/shockingly-short-payback-energy-modeling</a> (accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Roth, Amir (2016). “The Shockingly Short Payback of Energy Modeling.” US DOE. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/shockingly-short-payback-energy-modeling\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/shockingly-short-payback-energy-modeling</a> (accessed June 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Krogmann, U., Minderman, N., Senick, J. and Andrews, C.J. “Life-Cycle Assessment of the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission Center for Environmental and Scientific Education Building.” 2008. Prepared by Rutgers Center for Green Building for New Jersey Meadowland Commission. At <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/LCC-Final-Report-5-21-08.pdf</a> (accessed June 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. <a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf\">http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf</a> (accessed June 11, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.aceee.org/topics/building-modeling-and-simulation\">American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)– Building Modeling and Simulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/professional-development/ashrae-certification/certification-types/bemp-building-energy-modeling-professional-certification\">ASHRAE Building Energy Modeling (BEM) Professional Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/energy-analysis-tools\">National Institute of Building Sciences, Whole Building Design Guide – Energy Analysis Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www1.nyc.gov/site/orr/index.page\">NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/analysis-tools\">Analysis Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-energy-modeling-0\">Building Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-v4-building-design-and-construction-current-version\">USGBC – LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction (2018)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Energy Modeling','','inherit','closed','closed','','1079-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 16:32:55','2022-03-28 16:32:55','',1079,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1102',0,'revision','',0),(1103,2,'2022-03-28 16:33:28','2022-03-28 16:33:28','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Information Modeling (BIM)\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?</strong></h2>\n<p>Building Information Modeling (BIM) forms a digital representation of a building’s physical and functional characteristics and calculates information about the facility that can be used by all project team stakeholders to make decisions about the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of a building throughout its life-cycle.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Combining graphical information, such as plans and elevations, and nongraphical information, such as costs, specifications, schedules and maintenance requirements, into a BIM model results in a single source of information.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_20\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"968\"]<img class=\"wp-image-20 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)\" width=\"968\" height=\"648\" /> Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Building Information Modeling (BIM)</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designate a ‘Project BIM Manager’ or a lead design and a lead construction ‘Project BIM Manager’ with knowledge and experience working with BIM and selected software. Provide ongoing BIM training to all building stakeholders responsible for inputting, extracting, modifying, and analyzing the data (see <em>Integrated Design Process and Energy Modeling</em>).</p>\n<p>The National Institute of Building Sciences’s, <em><i>The National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO),</i></em>guides building owners on how to incorporate BIM into internal policies and contract documents.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://group.skanska.com/projects/57101/MetLife-Stadium\">Metlife Stadium, East Rutherford, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Metlife Stadium project team used BIM to track and monitor supply chain performance, including production status, quality control, delivery, site preparation and installation of over 3,200 pre-cast concrete panels, reducing the construction period by 10 days and saving $1 million.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS.</a></p>\n<p>BIM was used in the construction of the Information Technology Laboratory to overlay design, construction, and subcontractor information, and identify and resolve potential issues of conflict before costly rework was necessary.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>BIM coordinates information sharing among building stakeholders across multiple project phases that result in more informed decision making and eliminates the re-gathering and re-formatting of building information.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a>BIM also serves as a “clash detection tool,” by identifying potential design, construction, and operational inconsistencies, and cuts costs and reduces waste by avoiding rework.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The following table highlights the results of a survey conducted by Dodge Data and Analytics on the benefits of BIM.</p>\n<p>Table 1. Five Top-Rated Positive Impacts of BIM<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_202\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1456\"]<img class=\"wp-image-202 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-BIM-Table-1-.png\" alt=\"Table 1. Five Top-Rated Positive Impacts of BIM\" width=\"1456\" height=\"594\" /> Table 1. Five Top-Rated Positive Impacts of BIM[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing BIM varies widely, depending on the project team’s expertise using BIM, the complexity of the project, and other building process considerations. Costs include training, software, and organizational changes required to implement BIM technology.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Lower building costs and efficient construction timelines associated with BIM projects can often offset these upfront costs.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>BIM enhances the resilience of the built environment and construction industry in the “pre-disaster phase and post-disaster phases.”<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> In the design phase, BIM can conduct scenario forecasting to predict the performance of a facility during emergencies, such as fire, flood, evacuation, and others.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> BIM also can enhance the post-disaster phase by providing building information to first responders and allowing them to direct building occupants to the nearest exit.<a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a>Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University (2011). <a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a> (accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>NIST. National BIM Guide for Owners (2012). <a href=\"http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a> (accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a>NIST. National BIM Guide for Owners (2012).</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a>Skanska. Metlife Stadium Sustainability Case Study. <a href=\"https://group.skanska.com/projects/57101/MetLife-Stadium/sustainability\">https://group.skanska.com/projects/57101/MetLife-Stadium/sustainability</a> (accessed May 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a>Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory. <a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/</a> (accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a>National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide – Building Information Modeling (BIM) <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim\">https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim</a> (accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory. <a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/</a> (accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a>Dodge Data and Analytics. (2017). Measuring the Impact of BIM on Complex Buildings. <a href=\"http://images.marketing.construction.com/Web/DDA/%7B58808ff6-d717-4e28-a100-02b30d337866%7D_Measuring_the_Impact_of_BIM_on_Complex_Buildings.pdf\">http://images.marketing.construction.com/Web/DDA/%7B58808ff6-d717-4e28-a100-02b30d337866%7D_Measuring_the_Impact_of_BIM_on_Complex_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a>Dippold, Cory. “Effective Implementation of BIM.” November 26, 2008. <em><i>Engineering News-Record</i></em>. <a href=\"http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp\">http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp</a> (accessed March 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a>National Institute of Building Sciences. <em><i>Journal of Building Information Modeling</i></em>. <a href=\"https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22\">https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22</a> (accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017. Building Information Modeling as a Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry. <em><i>Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series</i></em>. 12(1): 9-18.<a href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf\">https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf</a> (accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a>Kreider, Ralph G., and Messner, John I. (2013). “The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting BIM Uses.” Version 0.9, September, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. <a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"applewebdata://136A90A2-89C5-4780-A7BD-329EFA482C10#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nationalbimstandard.org/\">National Institute of Building Sciences buildingSMART alliance®, <em><i>National BIM Standard-United States® Version 3 </i></em>(2015).</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">Penn State Computer Integrated Construction – BIM Execution Planning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Building Information Modeling (BIM)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1073-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 16:33:28','2022-03-28 16:33:28','',1073,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1103',0,'revision','',0),(1104,2,'2022-03-28 16:34:50','2022-03-28 16:34:50','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"New Commercial Buildings\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The Manual supports the construction of new green commercial buildings with diminished energy and environmental footprints and the greening of existing commercial buildings. This approach limits the impact of the built environment on the natural environment, while sensitivity to the location of building activities helps to prevent urban sprawl and preserves natural resources.</p>\n<p>Best practice strategies include all aspects of green building and design with an added focus on those that jointly promote energy efficiency and resiliency in keeping with the State of New Jersey policy objectives. The Manual organizes best practice strategies according to an operational framework based on a design-build-operate-evaluate process. Each strategy includes a short explanation or definition, implementation recommendations, New Jersey specific examples (when available), and sections on strategy benefits, costs, resiliency (if applicable), and additional resources.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Design\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf568;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operational Tools\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe035;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/building-information-modeling-bim/\">Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. 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Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. 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You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Evaluate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf3fd;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Building Performance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf080;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.03)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Case Studies</h2>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"30%\" module_alignment=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_divider][et_pb_portfolio fullwidth=\"off\" include_categories=\"3\" show_categories=\"off\" show_pagination=\"off\" hover_overlay_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_portfolio][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','New Commercial','','inherit','closed','closed','','659-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 16:34:50','2022-03-28 16:34:50','',659,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1104',0,'revision','',0),(1106,2,'2022-03-28 19:13:09','2022-03-28 19:13:09','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Alternative Transportation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Development (TOD)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Alternative transportation discourages dependence on the personal automobile and encourages public transportation options such as carpooling, vanpooling, busing, walking, and cycling.</p>\n<p>Telecommuting, informal transit options, compressed workweeks, and alternative fuel vehicles such as plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) also help reduce the number of greenhouse gases produced by single occupancy vehicles.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Commuting to and from an average office building built to modern energy codes consumes thirty percent more energy compared to the energy the building itself consumes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> The location of buildings and how people get to them are important factors to consider in a building’s overall environmental impact. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) concentrates development around transit stations, such as train, light rail, and bus stations, and other amenities to create places for people to live, work, and play without requiring the use of a car.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_543\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"976\"]<img class=\"wp-image-543 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_Alt-Transport-and-TOD_1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).\" width=\"976\" height=\"696\" /> Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Alternative Transportation and TOD</b></strong></h2>\n<p>There are several alternative transportation strategies to consider when developing a new building project that can also help to earn your project LEEDv4 credits.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proximity to existing public transportation, pedestrian, and bicycle networks and establishing a shuttle service if beyond a short walk away.</li>\n<li>Proximity to existing infrastructure, services and economic activity such as stores, schools, offices, and parks.</li>\n<li>Minimizing on-site parking and providing bicycle changing facilities and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Providing covered areas for people awaiting carpool/vanpool rides and drop-off/pick-up zones for vehicles.</li>\n<li>Providing facilities to encourage energy-efficient vehicle use, such as two-way electric plug-in charging stations that enable EVs to both draw electricity from and supply electricity to the grid, and liquid or gas alternative fueling facilities or a battery switching station.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Many local programs assist with alternative transportation options such as the <a href=\"http://www.hudsontma.org/index.php?page=ridesharecarpoo&amp;option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=44&amp;cat_id=18&amp;Itemid=54\">Hudson County Transportation Management Authority</a> that offers rideshare, carpool, and vanpool services as well as other useful information for commuters.</p>\n<p>Businesses and organizations can implement telecommuting policies that contribute to sustainable workplace practices by allowing employees to communicate via telephone and computers to accomplish tasks that traditionally occur in central office spaces, reducing traffic congestion and strain on transportation systems, fuel consumption, and associated emissions and air quality issues.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>TOD begins with site selection near transit hubs. Consider local regulations and interest in transit hub development to reduce delays and conflict. Identify special zoning and permit systems designed to expedite efficient redevelopment of urban centers.</p>\n<p>The New Jersey Department of Transportation and New Jersey Transit leads a multi-agency partnership known as the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">Transit Village Initiative</a> that encourages pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods and community revitalization. This program aims to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality and promote growth in areas where infrastructure and public transit already exist.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.njfuture.org/smart-growth-101/smart-growth-awards/2005-award/cranford-crossing/\">Cranford Crossing, Cranford, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Cranford Crossing, a mixed-use redevelopment integrated into Cranford’s pedestrian-friendly environment and located one block from Cranford’s train station.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://library.rpa.org/pdf/RPA-The-Fourth-Regional-Plan.pdf\">Regional Plan Association Report – The Fourth Regional Plan</a></p>\n<p>This report provides examples of several Transit Oriented Developments (TODs) throughout NJ that encourage alternative transportation.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Encouraging the use of alternative transportation options provides benefits for developers, property owners, and building occupants as well as benefits for the environment and the community. Alternative transportation reduces automobile congestion, fossil fuel consumption and carbon emissions.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[7]</a></sup> Some forms of alternative transportation also provide options for healthier lifestyle choices. Proximity to public transportation and neighborhood services can improve quality of life and reduce commuting stress, all of which provide positive marketing opportunities for a new commercial facility. Businesses can participate in programs that encourage alternative transportation strategies such as <a href=\"http://www.transoptions.org/new-jersey-smart-workplaces\">New Jersey Smart Workplaces</a>, a partnership between NJ DOT, NJ Transit, and the state’s Transportation Management Association, that recognizes organizations and individuals who help reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Including alternative transportation options in the initial design phase and locating projects near rapid transit helps to reduce upfront project costs. Transit-oriented design saves developers money by capitalizing on existing infrastructure and upgrades rather than relying on the developer to provide new infrastructure and parking, a significant redevelopment cost (see <em><i>Brownfield and Infill sites</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Building excessive parking adds to construction costs and may contribute to environmental problems such as the heat island effect and increased stormwater runoff (see <em><i>High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</i></em> and <em><i>Pervious Hardscape Materials</i></em>). Providing excessive parking also encourages driving, which causes congestion, air pollution, and contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases. The fewer spaces dedicated to parking, the more for open space, parks, community rooms, or additional building square footage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Costs associated with providing facilities and equipment that encourage alternative transportation options such as biking and walking vary by project and may include costs to provide shower and changing facilities. Bicycle racks can accommodate about ten bikes for the same space and cost as one parking space. The cost of adding bike lanes depends on the existing condition of the roads.  The cost of adding a sidewalk is about $70 per linear foot along existing roads<strong><b>, </b></strong>though it can be significantly less if included as part of the initial road construction work.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Locating buildings with access to a variety of alternative transportation options increases a building and its occupant’s resiliency by providing access to a seamless network of diverse mobility choices fueled by multiple energy sources and insulated from disruptions caused by extreme weather events, security threats, and disaster-related scenarios.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Telecommuting and flexible work schedules reduce congestion and strain on transportation systems, especially during vulnerable times such as storms and inclement weather. Providing bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations supports alternative fuel vehicle adoption, and vehicle-to-grid applications, which enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages (see <em><i>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<p>TOD encourages community interaction that can lead to better cultural understanding, stronger social ties, and in turn, more resilient communities that come together to support each other in times of need. Also, TOD helps reduce the number of cars on the road, an added benefit, especially during times of mandatory evacuations when roads need to be accessible to first responders.</p>\n<p>A study by the Federal Highway Administration, “The Post Hurricane Sandy Transportation Resilience Study in New York-New Jersey-Connecticut,” provides an assessment of the region’s transportation system’s resilience to climate, sea level rise and extreme weather leveraging lessons learned from Hurricane Sandy as well as future climate projections and identifies strategies to reduce and manage extreme weather vulnerabilities.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> USGBC. LEED O+M: Existing Buildings | LEED v4.  Alternative Transportation. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Alex Wilson and Rachel Navaro. Driving to Green Buildings: The Transportation Intensity of Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings\">https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJTOD.org. “What is Transit Oriented Development?” <a href=\"http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/\">http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/</a> (accessed March 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.  <a href=\"http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties\">http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US General Service Administration (GSA). “Resources for Managing Teleworkers.” <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers</a> (accessed Sept 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NJ DOT. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/</a> (accessed April 1, 2018).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Federal Transit Administration. Transit-Oriented and Joint Development. <a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment\">https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> NJ DOT. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/njsw/partners.shtm#tma\">http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/njsw/partners.shtm#tma</a> (accessed March 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> The Sidewalk Study. <a href=\"http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm\">http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Victoria Transport Policy Institute. (2017) “Evaluating Transportation Resilience&lt;</p>\n<p>Evaluating the Transportation System’s Ability to Accommodate Diverse, Variable and Unexpected Demands with Minimal Risk.” <a href=\"http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm\">http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Federal Highway Administration (FHA). “Post-Hurricane Sandy Transportation Resilience Study of NY, NJ, and CT.” October 2017. Final Report. <a href=\"http://www.njtpa.org/planning/regional-studies/completed-studies/post-hurricane-sandy-transportation-resilience/ny-nj-ct-hurricane-sandy-follow-up\">http://www.njtpa.org/planning/regional-studies/completed-studies/post-hurricane-sandy-transportation-resilience/ny-nj-ct-hurricane-sandy-follow-up</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/\">High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://vtc.rutgers.edu/\">Alan M. Vorhees Transportation Center (VTC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/TOD\">Federal Transit Administration – Transit Oriented Development</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njbikeped.org/\">NJ Bicycle &amp; Pedestrian Resource Center (Complete Streets)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.njcleancities.com/\">NJ Clean Cities Coalition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtod.org/\">NJTOD.org (A partnership between NJ Transit and Rutgers University)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Department of Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njslom.org/\">NJ State League of Municipalities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Transit Village Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.rpa.org/regions/new-jersey\">Regional Plan Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/\">SmartGrid.Org</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth\">US EPA – Smart Growth</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers\">US GSA – Resources for Managing Teleworkers</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Alternative Transportation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1097-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 19:13:09','2022-03-28 19:13:09','',1097,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1106',0,'revision','',0),(1107,2,'2022-03-28 19:13:09','2022-03-28 19:13:09','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Alternative Transportation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Development (TOD)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Alternative transportation discourages dependence on the personal automobile and encourages public transportation options such as carpooling, vanpooling, busing, walking, and cycling.</p>\n<p>Telecommuting, informal transit options, compressed workweeks, and alternative fuel vehicles such as plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) also help reduce the number of greenhouse gases produced by single occupancy vehicles.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Commuting to and from an average office building built to modern energy codes consumes thirty percent more energy compared to the energy the building itself consumes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> The location of buildings and how people get to them are important factors to consider in a building’s overall environmental impact. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) concentrates development around transit stations, such as train, light rail, and bus stations, and other amenities to create places for people to live, work, and play without requiring the use of a car.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_543\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"976\"]<img class=\"wp-image-543 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_Alt-Transport-and-TOD_1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).\" width=\"976\" height=\"696\" /> Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Alternative Transportation and TOD</b></strong></h2>\n<p>There are several alternative transportation strategies to consider when developing a new building project that can also help to earn your project LEEDv4 credits.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proximity to existing public transportation, pedestrian, and bicycle networks and establishing a shuttle service if beyond a short walk away.</li>\n<li>Proximity to existing infrastructure, services and economic activity such as stores, schools, offices, and parks.</li>\n<li>Minimizing on-site parking and providing bicycle changing facilities and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Providing covered areas for people awaiting carpool/vanpool rides and drop-off/pick-up zones for vehicles.</li>\n<li>Providing facilities to encourage energy-efficient vehicle use, such as two-way electric plug-in charging stations that enable EVs to both draw electricity from and supply electricity to the grid, and liquid or gas alternative fueling facilities or a battery switching station.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Many local programs assist with alternative transportation options such as the <a href=\"http://www.hudsontma.org/index.php?page=ridesharecarpoo&amp;option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=44&amp;cat_id=18&amp;Itemid=54\">Hudson County Transportation Management Authority</a> that offers rideshare, carpool, and vanpool services as well as other useful information for commuters.</p>\n<p>Businesses and organizations can implement telecommuting policies that contribute to sustainable workplace practices by allowing employees to communicate via telephone and computers to accomplish tasks that traditionally occur in central office spaces, reducing traffic congestion and strain on transportation systems, fuel consumption, and associated emissions and air quality issues.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>TOD begins with site selection near transit hubs. Consider local regulations and interest in transit hub development to reduce delays and conflict. Identify special zoning and permit systems designed to expedite efficient redevelopment of urban centers.</p>\n<p>The New Jersey Department of Transportation and New Jersey Transit leads a multi-agency partnership known as the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">Transit Village Initiative</a> that encourages pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods and community revitalization. This program aims to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality and promote growth in areas where infrastructure and public transit already exist.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.njfuture.org/smart-growth-101/smart-growth-awards/2005-award/cranford-crossing/\">Cranford Crossing, Cranford, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Cranford Crossing, a mixed-use redevelopment integrated into Cranford’s pedestrian-friendly environment and located one block from Cranford’s train station.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://library.rpa.org/pdf/RPA-The-Fourth-Regional-Plan.pdf\">Regional Plan Association Report – The Fourth Regional Plan</a></p>\n<p>This report provides examples of several Transit Oriented Developments (TODs) throughout NJ that encourage alternative transportation.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Encouraging the use of alternative transportation options provides benefits for developers, property owners, and building occupants as well as benefits for the environment and the community. Alternative transportation reduces automobile congestion, fossil fuel consumption and carbon emissions.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[7]</a></sup> Some forms of alternative transportation also provide options for healthier lifestyle choices. Proximity to public transportation and neighborhood services can improve quality of life and reduce commuting stress, all of which provide positive marketing opportunities for a new commercial facility. Businesses can participate in programs that encourage alternative transportation strategies such as <a href=\"http://www.transoptions.org/new-jersey-smart-workplaces\">New Jersey Smart Workplaces</a>, a partnership between NJ DOT, NJ Transit, and the state’s Transportation Management Association, that recognizes organizations and individuals who help reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Including alternative transportation options in the initial design phase and locating projects near rapid transit helps to reduce upfront project costs. Transit-oriented design saves developers money by capitalizing on existing infrastructure and upgrades rather than relying on the developer to provide new infrastructure and parking, a significant redevelopment cost (see <em><i>Brownfield and Infill sites</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Building excessive parking adds to construction costs and may contribute to environmental problems such as the heat island effect and increased stormwater runoff (see <em><i>High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</i></em> and <em><i>Pervious Hardscape Materials</i></em>). Providing excessive parking also encourages driving, which causes congestion, air pollution, and contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases. The fewer spaces dedicated to parking, the more for open space, parks, community rooms, or additional building square footage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Costs associated with providing facilities and equipment that encourage alternative transportation options such as biking and walking vary by project and may include costs to provide shower and changing facilities. Bicycle racks can accommodate about ten bikes for the same space and cost as one parking space. The cost of adding bike lanes depends on the existing condition of the roads.  The cost of adding a sidewalk is about $70 per linear foot along existing roads<strong><b>, </b></strong>though it can be significantly less if included as part of the initial road construction work.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Locating buildings with access to a variety of alternative transportation options increases a building and its occupant’s resiliency by providing access to a seamless network of diverse mobility choices fueled by multiple energy sources and insulated from disruptions caused by extreme weather events, security threats, and disaster-related scenarios.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Telecommuting and flexible work schedules reduce congestion and strain on transportation systems, especially during vulnerable times such as storms and inclement weather. Providing bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations supports alternative fuel vehicle adoption, and vehicle-to-grid applications, which enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages (see <em><i>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<p>TOD encourages community interaction that can lead to better cultural understanding, stronger social ties, and in turn, more resilient communities that come together to support each other in times of need. Also, TOD helps reduce the number of cars on the road, an added benefit, especially during times of mandatory evacuations when roads need to be accessible to first responders.</p>\n<p>A study by the Federal Highway Administration, “The Post Hurricane Sandy Transportation Resilience Study in New York-New Jersey-Connecticut,” provides an assessment of the region’s transportation system’s resilience to climate, sea level rise and extreme weather leveraging lessons learned from Hurricane Sandy as well as future climate projections and identifies strategies to reduce and manage extreme weather vulnerabilities.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> USGBC. LEED O+M: Existing Buildings | LEED v4.  Alternative Transportation. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Alex Wilson and Rachel Navaro. Driving to Green Buildings: The Transportation Intensity of Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings\">https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJTOD.org. “What is Transit Oriented Development?” <a href=\"http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/\">http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/</a> (accessed March 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.  <a href=\"http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties\">http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US General Service Administration (GSA). “Resources for Managing Teleworkers.” <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers</a> (accessed Sept 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NJ DOT. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/</a> (accessed April 1, 2018).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Federal Transit Administration. Transit-Oriented and Joint Development. <a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment\">https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> NJ DOT. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/njsw/partners.shtm#tma\">http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/njsw/partners.shtm#tma</a> (accessed March 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> The Sidewalk Study. <a href=\"http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm\">http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Victoria Transport Policy Institute. (2017) “Evaluating Transportation Resilience&lt;</p>\n<p>Evaluating the Transportation System’s Ability to Accommodate Diverse, Variable and Unexpected Demands with Minimal Risk.” <a href=\"http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm\">http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Federal Highway Administration (FHA). “Post-Hurricane Sandy Transportation Resilience Study of NY, NJ, and CT.” October 2017. Final Report. <a href=\"http://www.njtpa.org/planning/regional-studies/completed-studies/post-hurricane-sandy-transportation-resilience/ny-nj-ct-hurricane-sandy-follow-up\">http://www.njtpa.org/planning/regional-studies/completed-studies/post-hurricane-sandy-transportation-resilience/ny-nj-ct-hurricane-sandy-follow-up</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/\">High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://vtc.rutgers.edu/\">Alan M. Vorhees Transportation Center (VTC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/TOD\">Federal Transit Administration – Transit Oriented Development</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njbikeped.org/\">NJ Bicycle &amp; Pedestrian Resource Center (Complete Streets)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.njcleancities.com/\">NJ Clean Cities Coalition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtod.org/\">NJTOD.org (A partnership between NJ Transit and Rutgers University)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Department of Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njslom.org/\">NJ State League of Municipalities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Transit Village Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.rpa.org/regions/new-jersey\">Regional Plan Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/\">SmartGrid.Org</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth\">US EPA – Smart Growth</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers\">US GSA – Resources for Managing Teleworkers</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1097-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 19:13:09','2022-03-28 19:13:09','',1097,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1107',0,'revision','',0),(1108,2,'2022-03-28 19:13:13','2022-03-28 19:13:13','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Alternative Transportation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Development (TOD)?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Alternative transportation discourages dependence on the personal automobile and encourages public transportation options such as carpooling, vanpooling, busing, walking, and cycling.</p>\n<p>Telecommuting, informal transit options, compressed workweeks, and alternative fuel vehicles such as plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) also help reduce the number of greenhouse gases produced by single occupancy vehicles.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Commuting to and from an average office building built to modern energy codes consumes thirty percent more energy compared to the energy the building itself consumes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> The location of buildings and how people get to them are important factors to consider in a building’s overall environmental impact. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) concentrates development around transit stations, such as train, light rail, and bus stations, and other amenities to create places for people to live, work, and play without requiring the use of a car.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_543\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"976\"]<img class=\"wp-image-543 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_Alt-Transport-and-TOD_1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).\" width=\"976\" height=\"696\" /> Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Alternative Transportation and TOD</b></strong></h2>\n<p>There are several alternative transportation strategies to consider when developing a new building project that can also help to earn your project LEEDv4 credits.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proximity to existing public transportation, pedestrian, and bicycle networks and establishing a shuttle service if beyond a short walk away.</li>\n<li>Proximity to existing infrastructure, services and economic activity such as stores, schools, offices, and parks.</li>\n<li>Minimizing on-site parking and providing bicycle changing facilities and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Providing covered areas for people awaiting carpool/vanpool rides and drop-off/pick-up zones for vehicles.</li>\n<li>Providing facilities to encourage energy-efficient vehicle use, such as two-way electric plug-in charging stations that enable EVs to both draw electricity from and supply electricity to the grid, and liquid or gas alternative fueling facilities or a battery switching station.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Many local programs assist with alternative transportation options such as the <a href=\"http://www.hudsontma.org/index.php?page=ridesharecarpoo&amp;option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=44&amp;cat_id=18&amp;Itemid=54\">Hudson County Transportation Management Authority</a> that offers rideshare, carpool, and vanpool services as well as other useful information for commuters.</p>\n<p>Businesses and organizations can implement telecommuting policies that contribute to sustainable workplace practices by allowing employees to communicate via telephone and computers to accomplish tasks that traditionally occur in central office spaces, reducing traffic congestion and strain on transportation systems, fuel consumption, and associated emissions and air quality issues.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>TOD begins with site selection near transit hubs. Consider local regulations and interest in transit hub development to reduce delays and conflict. Identify special zoning and permit systems designed to expedite efficient redevelopment of urban centers.</p>\n<p>The New Jersey Department of Transportation and New Jersey Transit leads a multi-agency partnership known as the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">Transit Village Initiative</a> that encourages pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods and community revitalization. This program aims to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality and promote growth in areas where infrastructure and public transit already exist.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.njfuture.org/smart-growth-101/smart-growth-awards/2005-award/cranford-crossing/\">Cranford Crossing, Cranford, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Cranford Crossing, a mixed-use redevelopment integrated into Cranford’s pedestrian-friendly environment and located one block from Cranford’s train station.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://library.rpa.org/pdf/RPA-The-Fourth-Regional-Plan.pdf\">Regional Plan Association Report – The Fourth Regional Plan</a></p>\n<p>This report provides examples of several Transit Oriented Developments (TODs) throughout NJ that encourage alternative transportation.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Encouraging the use of alternative transportation options provides benefits for developers, property owners, and building occupants as well as benefits for the environment and the community. Alternative transportation reduces automobile congestion, fossil fuel consumption and carbon emissions.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[7]</a></sup> Some forms of alternative transportation also provide options for healthier lifestyle choices. Proximity to public transportation and neighborhood services can improve quality of life and reduce commuting stress, all of which provide positive marketing opportunities for a new commercial facility. Businesses can participate in programs that encourage alternative transportation strategies such as <a href=\"http://www.transoptions.org/new-jersey-smart-workplaces\">New Jersey Smart Workplaces</a>, a partnership between NJ DOT, NJ Transit, and the state’s Transportation Management Association, that recognizes organizations and individuals who help reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Including alternative transportation options in the initial design phase and locating projects near rapid transit helps to reduce upfront project costs. Transit-oriented design saves developers money by capitalizing on existing infrastructure and upgrades rather than relying on the developer to provide new infrastructure and parking, a significant redevelopment cost (see <em><i>Brownfield and Infill sites</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Building excessive parking adds to construction costs and may contribute to environmental problems such as the heat island effect and increased stormwater runoff (see <em><i>High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</i></em> and <em><i>Pervious Hardscape Materials</i></em>). Providing excessive parking also encourages driving, which causes congestion, air pollution, and contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases. The fewer spaces dedicated to parking, the more for open space, parks, community rooms, or additional building square footage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Costs associated with providing facilities and equipment that encourage alternative transportation options such as biking and walking vary by project and may include costs to provide shower and changing facilities. Bicycle racks can accommodate about ten bikes for the same space and cost as one parking space. The cost of adding bike lanes depends on the existing condition of the roads.  The cost of adding a sidewalk is about $70 per linear foot along existing roads<strong><b>, </b></strong>though it can be significantly less if included as part of the initial road construction work.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Locating buildings with access to a variety of alternative transportation options increases a building and its occupant’s resiliency by providing access to a seamless network of diverse mobility choices fueled by multiple energy sources and insulated from disruptions caused by extreme weather events, security threats, and disaster-related scenarios.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Telecommuting and flexible work schedules reduce congestion and strain on transportation systems, especially during vulnerable times such as storms and inclement weather. Providing bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations supports alternative fuel vehicle adoption, and vehicle-to-grid applications, which enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages (see <em><i>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<p>TOD encourages community interaction that can lead to better cultural understanding, stronger social ties, and in turn, more resilient communities that come together to support each other in times of need. Also, TOD helps reduce the number of cars on the road, an added benefit, especially during times of mandatory evacuations when roads need to be accessible to first responders.</p>\n<p>A study by the Federal Highway Administration, “The Post Hurricane Sandy Transportation Resilience Study in New York-New Jersey-Connecticut,” provides an assessment of the region’s transportation system’s resilience to climate, sea level rise and extreme weather leveraging lessons learned from Hurricane Sandy as well as future climate projections and identifies strategies to reduce and manage extreme weather vulnerabilities.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> USGBC. LEED O+M: Existing Buildings | LEED v4.  Alternative Transportation. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Alex Wilson and Rachel Navaro. Driving to Green Buildings: The Transportation Intensity of Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings\">https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJTOD.org. “What is Transit Oriented Development?” <a href=\"http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/\">http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/</a> (accessed March 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.  <a href=\"http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties\">http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US General Service Administration (GSA). “Resources for Managing Teleworkers.” <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers</a> (accessed Sept 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NJ DOT. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/</a> (accessed April 1, 2018).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Federal Transit Administration. Transit-Oriented and Joint Development. <a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment\">https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> NJ DOT. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/njsw/partners.shtm#tma\">http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/commuter/njsw/partners.shtm#tma</a> (accessed March 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> The Sidewalk Study. <a href=\"http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm\">http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm</a> (accessed March 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Victoria Transport Policy Institute. (2017) “Evaluating Transportation Resilience&lt;</p>\n<p>Evaluating the Transportation System’s Ability to Accommodate Diverse, Variable and Unexpected Demands with Minimal Risk.” <a href=\"http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm\">http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Federal Highway Administration (FHA). “Post-Hurricane Sandy Transportation Resilience Study of NY, NJ, and CT.” October 2017. Final Report. <a href=\"http://www.njtpa.org/planning/regional-studies/completed-studies/post-hurricane-sandy-transportation-resilience/ny-nj-ct-hurricane-sandy-follow-up\">http://www.njtpa.org/planning/regional-studies/completed-studies/post-hurricane-sandy-transportation-resilience/ny-nj-ct-hurricane-sandy-follow-up</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/\">High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://vtc.rutgers.edu/\">Alan M. Vorhees Transportation Center (VTC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.transit.dot.gov/TOD\">Federal Transit Administration – Transit Oriented Development</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njbikeped.org/\">NJ Bicycle &amp; Pedestrian Resource Center (Complete Streets)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.njcleancities.com/\">NJ Clean Cities Coalition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtod.org/\">NJTOD.org (A partnership between NJ Transit and Rutgers University)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Department of Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njslom.org/\">NJ State League of Municipalities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/\">NJ Transit Village Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.rpa.org/regions/new-jersey\">Regional Plan Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/\">SmartGrid.Org</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth\">US EPA – Smart Growth</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers\">US GSA – Resources for Managing Teleworkers</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Alternative Transportation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1097-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 19:13:13','2022-03-28 19:13:13','',1097,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1108',0,'revision','',0),(1109,2,'2022-03-28 19:23:11','2022-03-28 19:23:11','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Brownfield and Infill Sites\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h1>What is Brownfield and Infill Development?</h1>\n<p>The reuse of urbanized brownfield and infill sites utilizes existing infrastructure and maximizes the value of existing resources. Brownfields consist of properties whose expansion, redevelopment, or reuse may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> These properties include sites with historical use as an industrial or commercial site and are often located in urban areas. According to the NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJ DEP), there are an estimated 10,000 reported brownfield sites located throughout the state.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Of the more than 10,000 sites, some 2,544 acres of brownfields fall into 267 sites that the NJ DEP calls <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">Brownfield Development Areas</a> (BDAs). The NJ DEP has designated BDAs in communities that are affected by multiple brownfield sites in need of remediation. The BDA Initiative, a program of the NJ DEP, assembles large parcels of brownfields and coordinates clean up and redevelopment efforts to elicit a more significant impact environmentally, economically, and socially.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_198\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"792\"]<img class=\"wp-image-198 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – The Technology Centre of New Jersey and Rutgers University lab and commercialization facilities represent brownfield development (Source: Site Selection).\" width=\"792\" height=\"546\" /> Figure 1 – The Technology Centre of New Jersey and Rutgers University lab and commercialization facilities represent brownfield development (Source: Site Selection).[/caption]<p>Redevelopment of brownfields and infill development in existing developed areas provides opportunities for alternative transportation such as walking and bicycling and can reduce reliance on the automobile as a mode of transportation (see <em>Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Design</em>). These sites also gain value by locating in areas of existing infrastructure (i.e., public transportation, water, sewer, electricity). For developers, there are numerous incentives to redevelop these sites, offering compelling benefits for investors as well. As a community benefit, redevelopment restores economic and social value to the surrounding neighborhood adding value to the community at large.</p>\n<p>Once remediated, these sites find a reuse for any type of development, from parks and housing to new commercial and industrial development. As New Jersey reaches build-out, redeveloping brownfields emphasizes the benefit of maintaining undeveloped lands for use as farmland and open space – recognizing that diverse landscapes build value for the developed environment. Brownfield redevelopment revitalizes urban areas, improves adjacent property values, and adds to the overall quality of life for residents and the community.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Develop Brownfield and Infill Sites</strong></h2>\n<p>Conducting an initial investigation of a brownfield site indicates the level of contamination on the property – and the level of cleanup required. This phase is often inexpensive and is a common element of due diligence in real estate development. It is important to realize that many brownfield sites are minimally contaminated, and it may be inexpensive to neutralize or stabilize the site.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> New technologies, such as <em>the Triad Approach,</em> assess a site both speedily and comprehensively – two significant issues of concern to investors and developers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_494\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"750\"]<img class=\"wp-image-494 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Brownfield development of the former Penick plant located in Newark, NJ. (Source: Dallas Contracting).\" width=\"750\" height=\"564\" /> Figure 2 – Brownfield development of the former Penick plant located in Newark, NJ. (Source: Dallas Contracting).[/caption]<p>The Triad Approach focuses on three main principles and uses real-time environmental sensors:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Systematic Project Plans</li>\n<li>Dynamic Work Strategies</li>\n<li>Innovative rapid sampling and Analytical Technologies<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>To pursue development of new commercial construction on a contaminated or brownfield site, the developer may follow these steps:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Gain local support – speak with local zoning officials, planning officials, or the community development department to confirm that the redevelopment plan is within the community’s neighborhood plan. Make sure to address the following questions, which help to determine available incentives.</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Is the brownfield or contaminated site located within a BDA?<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></li>\n<li>How is the parcel or area zoned according to municipal zoning ordinances?</li>\n<li>Is the proposed end-use consistent with the municipality’s master plan? If not, would they accept an end-use change?</li>\n</ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Gather community input – consult with the community and foster support for the project. Depending on the size of the site to be developed, host a public hearing.</li>\n<li>Consult with the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/state/planning/spc-redevelopment-brownfields-task-force.html\">Brownfields Redevelopment Task Force</a> of the NJ Department of State’s Business Action Center. BRIT brings together over a dozen agencies that may be relevant to a redevelopment project, including departments that offer financial incentives.</li>\n<li>Find an appropriate site – <a href=\"http://njbrownfieldsproperties.com/\">New Jersey’s Brownfields SiteMart</a> is an online searchable database of brownfield properties. The Location Assessment tool allows searching by land characteristics, demographics, and economic opportunity zones for any address in New Jersey.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Additionally, check the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">NJ DEP’s Known Contaminated Site Report</a>. While known contaminated sites are not promoted in the same way as designated brownfields, many may be appropriate for redevelopment and eligible for incentives.</li>\n<li>Hire a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> to oversee the clean-up process – The LSRP assists in conducting a preliminary assessment, site investigation, remedial investigation, and creation of a remedial action work plan following the Brownfield and Contaminated Site Remediation Act. The preliminary assessment is critical because a brownfield, by definition, does not necessarily have contamination. Instead, it “is perceived to have contamination.” As a result, some designated brownfields may require little or no cleanup effort and may not be costly.</li>\n<li>Investigate obtaining environmental insurance.</li>\n<li>Engage the services of an environmental or redevelopment attorney. These professionals support the developer in understanding their liability and obligations once they have acquired a contaminated site.</li>\n<li>Research funding sources and incentives and additional resources through the <a href=\"http://nj.gov/state/planning/brtf.html\">NJ Department of State’s Business Action Center</a>.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Find further information on site remediation procedures and requirements at the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/srra/njsa58_10b_1_3.htm\">NJ DEP Site Mediation Program</a>.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><u>So Café Tank Removal</u></p>\n<p>In the So Café case, the owners discovered an old tank during a routine investigation and had to pay charges approaching $124,000 through the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/ustfund/\">Petroleum Underground Storage Tank Remediation, Upgrade and Closure Fund.</a> The owners were both covered for the removal, and a Conditional Hardship Grant allowed them to conduct the cleanup without putting their operating business at risk.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_186\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1190\"]<img class=\"wp-image-186 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Sidewalk during and after tank removal (Source: NJ DEP)\" width=\"1190\" height=\"416\" /> Figure 3 – Sidewalk during and after tank removal (Source: NJ DEP)[/caption]<p><u>BOMARC Missile Site, Fort Dix, NJ.</u></p>\n<p>A second illustration is the BOMARC Missile Site. This site, among the most complex in the state, involved a discharge of plutonium during an accident at Ft. Dix, New Jersey. The use of Triad fully characterized the site in one effort, whereas conventional site assessment would have required multiple explorations to determine the full extent of the contamination, and the parameters of the required cleanup.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_510\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1166\"]<img class=\"wp-image-510 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-4.png\" alt=\"Figure 4 – The contaminated BOMARC Missile site during remediation. (Source: NJ DEP)\" width=\"1166\" height=\"758\" /> Figure 4 – The contaminated BOMARC Missile site during remediation. (Source: NJ DEP)[/caption]<p><u>Urban Business Park Redevelopment Project, Trenton, NJ.</u></p>\n<p>A more typical clean-up site is that of the Crane Pottery property in Trenton, New Jersey, which cost close to $123,000.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Most of these costs were eligible for state reimbursement programs, and while the total redevelopment came to $4.5M, the annual tax revenue generated is around $60,000. The site has currently delivered 50 light industrial jobs in manufacturing, warehousing, and distribution, which has provided an economic stimulus locally, and generated additional income tax for the state and the city of Trenton.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<h4><em>Saves</em><em> on infrastructure</em><em> costs</em><em>/</em><em>Utilizes</em> <em>existing</em><em> infrastructure</em></h4>\n<p>Brownfields, vacant or abandoned property, or underutilized parcels, are often located in dense urban areas near mass transit and other existing infrastructure helping to avoid the costs of building new utilities, roads, and other expensive infrastructure. Existing infrastructure also reduces the amount of land disturbance necessary for a project.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h4><em>Saves on land costs/Increases property values</em></h4>\n<p>Brownfield sites, vacant or abandoned land, or underutilized property, can have substantially lower property costs than other real estate. This can help to offset the cost of assessment and remediation. Due to low initial cost, property value can increase significantly after redevelopment. The surrounding property values can increase when revitalization takes place at brownfields and vacant or underutilized parcels in the area.</p>\n<h4><em>Enjoys significant incentives</em></h4>\n<p>The State of New Jersey has created multiple funding streams for brownfield development that may be available to developers. The <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/contacts.htm\">Office of Brownfield Reuse</a> administers the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/\">Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Program</a>, the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/funding.htm\">Brownfield Reimbursement Fund Program</a>, and the Landfill Redevelopment Program. Federal tax incentive certifications may also be available. Incentives and programs are subject to change. To determine what incentives are available, developers should meet with a representative from the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/state/planning/spc-redevelopment-brownfields-task-force.html\">NJ Brownfields Redevelopment Task Force</a>.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/\">New Jersey Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Fund (HDSRF)</a> created a partnership between the NJDEP and New Jersey Economic Development Authority (NJEDA) to provide remediation funding for innocent purchasers. An innocent purchaser is an individual who, “by an honest agreement, buys property in the absence of sufficient knowledge to charge him or her with notice of any defect in the transaction.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p>New Jersey designates Brownfield Development Areas (BDAs) in areas containing brownfields and already planned for redevelopment. This competitive process provides management, technical and financial assistance. The BDA Initiative provides “funding to public entities (municipalities, counties, and redevelopment agencies), qualifying private entities (businesses, corporations, homeowners) and non-profit organizations for the investigation or remediation of a suspected or known discharge of a hazardous substance.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/hdsrf_chart.htm\">Brownfield Site Remediation Program</a> reimburses developers up to 75 percent of remediation costs based on new taxes developed from the brownfield project.</p>\n<p>The US EPA also funds assessment, cleanup for brownfield sites and provides technical and financing information (<a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm</a>)</p>\n<h4><em>Creates density and improves existing markets</em></h4>\n<p>Due to the location of most brownfield sites, there is the benefit of being close to existing markets. This is also true when pursuing infill development within already developed areas. Urban areas provide the necessary density that other areas cannot for certain types of businesses. Locating a business near an existing market or in a densely populated area can ease the costs of remediation, alleviate the higher cost of land in an urban area as opposed to a greenfield, and limit the costs associated with marketing and attracting business.</p>\n<h4><em>Revitalizes urban/former industrial areas</em></h4>\n<p>Cleaning up brownfield sites or redeveloping vacant, abandoned, or underutilized land can revitalize urban areas. By promoting infill and creating denser walkable communities, cities can improve the sense of community among residents.</p>\n<h4><em>Removes hazardous material from soil and groundwater and protects human health</em></h4>\n<p>Many brownfield sites contain some level of a contaminant in the soil. These contaminants can be harmful to human and environmental health for the surrounding area. Also, rainfall can transport pollutants into groundwater and negatively impact downstream sites. Brownfields can pose a health risk to the people living nearby and to waterways in the area or downstream. Remediating and stabilizing these sites can improve overall environmental quality and avoid potential environmental and human health risks.</p>\n<h4><em>Creates jobs</em></h4>\n<p>According to a summary of the US EPA’s Brownfields Program, as of January 2018, 129,240 jobs had been leveraged nationwide since the program’s inception in 1995.  Besides, finding uses for vacant, abandoned, or underutilized properties can create jobs both in the development of the project and afterward. Since these are in dense urban areas, developing mixed-use buildings on these sites can generate jobs even after the construction phase of the project.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_231\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1324\"]<img class=\"wp-image-231 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-5.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – A brief synopsis of the Brownfield Program’s financial achievements (Source: US EPA)\" width=\"1324\" height=\"442\" /> Figure 5 – A brief synopsis of the Brownfield Program’s financial achievements (Source: US EPA)[/caption]\n<h4><em>Builds public support</em></h4>\n<p>There is often sizeable public support to remove brownfield sites and the potential health risks they might pose. Also, vacant, abandoned, underutilized land can bring down property values in the area and residents are often in favor of addressing these issues and improving the aesthetics of the community.</p>\n<h4><em>Benefits to Water Quality, Air Quality, and Lower Traffic Congestion</em></h4>\n<p>US EPA estimates that redevelopment projects can reduce stormwater impacts, especially if the site incorporates green technologies, such as green roofs, stormwater harvest and reuse systems, and landscaping elements such as bioswales and rain gardens. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> By promoting development near existing infrastructure and services, brownfield and infill development can improve air quality by creating denser, pedestrian and bicycle-friendly communities. In denser, urban areas people are more likely to walk, thus reducing traffic congestion, improving overall air quality, and improving public health by encouraging residents to walk.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of brownfield remediation varies substantially, depending on the extent of the contamination and the intended reuse. Because a brownfield is considered a site that <em>may</em> be contaminated, a remediation investigation may reveal limited contamination, in which case, the remediation cost is minimal. In cases where a heating fuel tank was buried and leaked, the damage can be extensive, but, again, may be relatively inexpensive ($10,000-$100,000). For more complex sites, which have multiple contaminants and higher levels of contaminants, costs can run in the millions.</p>\n<p>A significant area of cost is that of uncertainty. In instances where the property has been in industrial use for many years, there could be contaminants that predate any tracking systems, making them difficult to anticipate and requiring more than one investigation. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/remedytech/using-triad-approach-streamline-brownfields-site-assessment-and-cleanup\">Triad</a> is a recommended program because it fully characterizes the extent and type of spill all at once, whereas traditional approaches tested where they expected to be the extent of contamination, and, if they were wrong, had to go into the field a second time and test again. In some instances, these repeat tests could delay projects by months. Though <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/remedytech/using-triad-approach-streamline-brownfields-site-assessment-and-cleanup\">Triad</a> is more expensive initially, for complex sites where there is an extensive industrial history, it can expedite the clean up significantly. The level of cleanup required also determines the cost. In New Jersey, non-industrial cleanup requirements (such as would be required to build housing on a previously industrial property) must meet a higher standard than a cleanup for a property returning to industrial use. Depending upon the project, some developed brownfield sites require ongoing monitoring by a responsible party as determined.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Brownfield reuse offers multiple environmental and resiliency benefits by reducing the number of impermeable surfaces in a given area, especially by preserving open space and park space. Instead of developing existing greenfields, which can be critical natural habitats and create more stormwater runoff (through higher levels of asphalt, concrete, and other impermeable surfaces), brownfields use existing, impermeable sites.</p>\n<p>Redeveloped brownfield sites can serve as an emergency headquarters or storm shelter in underserved areas that could house mobile assistance; for example, serving as a location for food trucks or mobile health services. Other reuse may include warehouses with solar panels for backup power generation, or broadband and wireless access to support communications/dispatch mobile services.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/\">http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/</a> (accessed March 2nd, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ DEP Site Remediation Program.  Known Contaminated Sites in New Jersey Reports, Updated February 2017.  <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/</a>  (accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NJ DEP Brownfield Development Area Initiative. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/</a> (accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> USGBC LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> See: <a href=\"http://www.triadcentral.org/\">http://www.triadcentral.org</a> (accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Triad Resource Center, Overview. <a href=\"https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm\">https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm</a> (accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Content for this section draws on two interviews, cited below.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> For a list of BDAs see <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/sites/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/sites/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Brownfields SiteMart. <a href=\"http://njbrownfieldsproperties.com/\">http://njbrownfieldsproperties.com/</a>  (accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> In New Jersey, the Site Remediation Reform Act (SRRA) (2009) outlines the process for remediating contaminated sites. Under the SRRA, approval is not required by the NJDEP before beginning the remediation process. According to the SRRA as of 2012, any remediating party is required to use a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP) and must start the cleanup without NJ DEP approval. The SRRA established the LSRP program. Qualified professionals receive a license from an LSRP Board to conduct remediation of sites in New Jersey.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NJDEP Success Stories: <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/brownfields/success/so_cafe.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/brownfields/success/so_cafe.htm</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> City of Trenton, J. R. Capasso, personal conversation, based on figures in Trenton’s application for the US EPA Phoenix Award.<sup>14 </sup>NJIT.  <a href=\"https://www.njit.edu/tab/sites/tab/files/lcms/downloads/removing-barriers/Brownfield_Success_Stories.pdf\">https://www.njit.edu/tab/sites/tab/files/lcms/downloads/removing-barriers/Brownfield_Success_Stories.pdf</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> The Free Dictionary. <a href=\"http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser\">http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser</a>. (Accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NJ DEP BDA Designation. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/</a> (Accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> US EPA, Brownfields Program Accomplishments and Benefits. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits\">https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits</a>  (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cclr.org/\">Center for Creative Land Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/state/planning/spc-redevelopment-brownfields-task-force.html\">NJ Brownfields Redevelopment Task Force</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/\">NJ DEP Office of Brownfield Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/hdsrf_chart.htm\">NJ DEP Brownfield Remediation and Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">New Jersey Known Contaminated Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-12/documents/state_brownfields_voluntary_response_program_report_508_11-2017_web.pdf\">US EPA State Brownfields and Voluntary Response Programs, New Jersey</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Brownfield and Infill Sites','','publish','closed','open','','nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites','','','2022-04-15 17:17:07','2022-04-15 17:17:07','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1109',0,'post','',0),(1110,2,'2022-03-28 19:13:44','2022-03-28 19:13:44','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1109-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 19:13:44','2022-03-28 19:13:44','',1109,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1110',0,'revision','',0),(1112,2,'2022-03-28 19:23:11','2022-03-28 19:23:11','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Brownfield and Infill Sites\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h1>What is Brownfield and Infill Development?</h1>\n<p>The reuse of urbanized brownfield and infill sites utilizes existing infrastructure and maximizes the value of existing resources. Brownfields consist of properties whose expansion, redevelopment, or reuse may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> These properties include sites with historical use as an industrial or commercial site and are often located in urban areas. According to the NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJ DEP), there are an estimated 10,000 reported brownfield sites located throughout the state.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Of the more than 10,000 sites, some 2,544 acres of brownfields fall into 267 sites that the NJ DEP calls <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">Brownfield Development Areas</a> (BDAs). The NJ DEP has designated BDAs in communities that are affected by multiple brownfield sites in need of remediation. The BDA Initiative, a program of the NJ DEP, assembles large parcels of brownfields and coordinates clean up and redevelopment efforts to elicit a more significant impact environmentally, economically, and socially.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_198\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"792\"]<img class=\"wp-image-198 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – The Technology Centre of New Jersey and Rutgers University lab and commercialization facilities represent brownfield development (Source: Site Selection).\" width=\"792\" height=\"546\" /> Figure 1 – The Technology Centre of New Jersey and Rutgers University lab and commercialization facilities represent brownfield development (Source: Site Selection).[/caption]<p>Redevelopment of brownfields and infill development in existing developed areas provides opportunities for alternative transportation such as walking and bicycling and can reduce reliance on the automobile as a mode of transportation (see <em>Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Design</em>). These sites also gain value by locating in areas of existing infrastructure (i.e., public transportation, water, sewer, electricity). For developers, there are numerous incentives to redevelop these sites, offering compelling benefits for investors as well. As a community benefit, redevelopment restores economic and social value to the surrounding neighborhood adding value to the community at large.</p>\n<p>Once remediated, these sites find a reuse for any type of development, from parks and housing to new commercial and industrial development. As New Jersey reaches build-out, redeveloping brownfields emphasizes the benefit of maintaining undeveloped lands for use as farmland and open space – recognizing that diverse landscapes build value for the developed environment. Brownfield redevelopment revitalizes urban areas, improves adjacent property values, and adds to the overall quality of life for residents and the community.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Develop Brownfield and Infill Sites</strong></h2>\n<p>Conducting an initial investigation of a brownfield site indicates the level of contamination on the property – and the level of cleanup required. This phase is often inexpensive and is a common element of due diligence in real estate development. It is important to realize that many brownfield sites are minimally contaminated, and it may be inexpensive to neutralize or stabilize the site.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> New technologies, such as <em>the Triad Approach,</em> assess a site both speedily and comprehensively – two significant issues of concern to investors and developers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_494\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"750\"]<img class=\"wp-image-494 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Brownfield development of the former Penick plant located in Newark, NJ. (Source: Dallas Contracting).\" width=\"750\" height=\"564\" /> Figure 2 – Brownfield development of the former Penick plant located in Newark, NJ. (Source: Dallas Contracting).[/caption]<p>The Triad Approach focuses on three main principles and uses real-time environmental sensors:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Systematic Project Plans</li>\n<li>Dynamic Work Strategies</li>\n<li>Innovative rapid sampling and Analytical Technologies<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>To pursue development of new commercial construction on a contaminated or brownfield site, the developer may follow these steps:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Gain local support – speak with local zoning officials, planning officials, or the community development department to confirm that the redevelopment plan is within the community’s neighborhood plan. Make sure to address the following questions, which help to determine available incentives.</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Is the brownfield or contaminated site located within a BDA?<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></li>\n<li>How is the parcel or area zoned according to municipal zoning ordinances?</li>\n<li>Is the proposed end-use consistent with the municipality’s master plan? If not, would they accept an end-use change?</li>\n</ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Gather community input – consult with the community and foster support for the project. Depending on the size of the site to be developed, host a public hearing.</li>\n<li>Consult with the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/state/planning/spc-redevelopment-brownfields-task-force.html\">Brownfields Redevelopment Task Force</a> of the NJ Department of State’s Business Action Center. BRIT brings together over a dozen agencies that may be relevant to a redevelopment project, including departments that offer financial incentives.</li>\n<li>Find an appropriate site – <a href=\"http://njbrownfieldsproperties.com/\">New Jersey’s Brownfields SiteMart</a> is an online searchable database of brownfield properties. The Location Assessment tool allows searching by land characteristics, demographics, and economic opportunity zones for any address in New Jersey.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Additionally, check the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">NJ DEP’s Known Contaminated Site Report</a>. While known contaminated sites are not promoted in the same way as designated brownfields, many may be appropriate for redevelopment and eligible for incentives.</li>\n<li>Hire a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> to oversee the clean-up process – The LSRP assists in conducting a preliminary assessment, site investigation, remedial investigation, and creation of a remedial action work plan following the Brownfield and Contaminated Site Remediation Act. The preliminary assessment is critical because a brownfield, by definition, does not necessarily have contamination. Instead, it “is perceived to have contamination.” As a result, some designated brownfields may require little or no cleanup effort and may not be costly.</li>\n<li>Investigate obtaining environmental insurance.</li>\n<li>Engage the services of an environmental or redevelopment attorney. These professionals support the developer in understanding their liability and obligations once they have acquired a contaminated site.</li>\n<li>Research funding sources and incentives and additional resources through the <a href=\"http://nj.gov/state/planning/brtf.html\">NJ Department of State’s Business Action Center</a>.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Find further information on site remediation procedures and requirements at the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/srra/njsa58_10b_1_3.htm\">NJ DEP Site Mediation Program</a>.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><u>So Café Tank Removal</u></p>\n<p>In the So Café case, the owners discovered an old tank during a routine investigation and had to pay charges approaching $124,000 through the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/ustfund/\">Petroleum Underground Storage Tank Remediation, Upgrade and Closure Fund.</a> The owners were both covered for the removal, and a Conditional Hardship Grant allowed them to conduct the cleanup without putting their operating business at risk.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_186\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1190\"]<img class=\"wp-image-186 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Sidewalk during and after tank removal (Source: NJ DEP)\" width=\"1190\" height=\"416\" /> Figure 3 – Sidewalk during and after tank removal (Source: NJ DEP)[/caption]<p><u>BOMARC Missile Site, Fort Dix, NJ.</u></p>\n<p>A second illustration is the BOMARC Missile Site. This site, among the most complex in the state, involved a discharge of plutonium during an accident at Ft. Dix, New Jersey. The use of Triad fully characterized the site in one effort, whereas conventional site assessment would have required multiple explorations to determine the full extent of the contamination, and the parameters of the required cleanup.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_510\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1166\"]<img class=\"wp-image-510 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-4.png\" alt=\"Figure 4 – The contaminated BOMARC Missile site during remediation. (Source: NJ DEP)\" width=\"1166\" height=\"758\" /> Figure 4 – The contaminated BOMARC Missile site during remediation. (Source: NJ DEP)[/caption]<p><u>Urban Business Park Redevelopment Project, Trenton, NJ.</u></p>\n<p>A more typical clean-up site is that of the Crane Pottery property in Trenton, New Jersey, which cost close to $123,000.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Most of these costs were eligible for state reimbursement programs, and while the total redevelopment came to $4.5M, the annual tax revenue generated is around $60,000. The site has currently delivered 50 light industrial jobs in manufacturing, warehousing, and distribution, which has provided an economic stimulus locally, and generated additional income tax for the state and the city of Trenton.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<h4><em>Saves</em><em> on infrastructure</em><em> costs</em><em>/</em><em>Utilizes</em> <em>existing</em><em> infrastructure</em></h4>\n<p>Brownfields, vacant or abandoned property, or underutilized parcels, are often located in dense urban areas near mass transit and other existing infrastructure helping to avoid the costs of building new utilities, roads, and other expensive infrastructure. Existing infrastructure also reduces the amount of land disturbance necessary for a project.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h4><em>Saves on land costs/Increases property values</em></h4>\n<p>Brownfield sites, vacant or abandoned land, or underutilized property, can have substantially lower property costs than other real estate. This can help to offset the cost of assessment and remediation. Due to low initial cost, property value can increase significantly after redevelopment. The surrounding property values can increase when revitalization takes place at brownfields and vacant or underutilized parcels in the area.</p>\n<h4><em>Enjoys significant incentives</em></h4>\n<p>The State of New Jersey has created multiple funding streams for brownfield development that may be available to developers. The <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/contacts.htm\">Office of Brownfield Reuse</a> administers the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/\">Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Program</a>, the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/funding.htm\">Brownfield Reimbursement Fund Program</a>, and the Landfill Redevelopment Program. Federal tax incentive certifications may also be available. Incentives and programs are subject to change. To determine what incentives are available, developers should meet with a representative from the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/state/planning/spc-redevelopment-brownfields-task-force.html\">NJ Brownfields Redevelopment Task Force</a>.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/\">New Jersey Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Fund (HDSRF)</a> created a partnership between the NJDEP and New Jersey Economic Development Authority (NJEDA) to provide remediation funding for innocent purchasers. An innocent purchaser is an individual who, “by an honest agreement, buys property in the absence of sufficient knowledge to charge him or her with notice of any defect in the transaction.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p>New Jersey designates Brownfield Development Areas (BDAs) in areas containing brownfields and already planned for redevelopment. This competitive process provides management, technical and financial assistance. The BDA Initiative provides “funding to public entities (municipalities, counties, and redevelopment agencies), qualifying private entities (businesses, corporations, homeowners) and non-profit organizations for the investigation or remediation of a suspected or known discharge of a hazardous substance.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/hdsrf_chart.htm\">Brownfield Site Remediation Program</a> reimburses developers up to 75 percent of remediation costs based on new taxes developed from the brownfield project.</p>\n<p>The US EPA also funds assessment, cleanup for brownfield sites and provides technical and financing information (<a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm</a>)</p>\n<h4><em>Creates density and improves existing markets</em></h4>\n<p>Due to the location of most brownfield sites, there is the benefit of being close to existing markets. This is also true when pursuing infill development within already developed areas. Urban areas provide the necessary density that other areas cannot for certain types of businesses. Locating a business near an existing market or in a densely populated area can ease the costs of remediation, alleviate the higher cost of land in an urban area as opposed to a greenfield, and limit the costs associated with marketing and attracting business.</p>\n<h4><em>Revitalizes urban/former industrial areas</em></h4>\n<p>Cleaning up brownfield sites or redeveloping vacant, abandoned, or underutilized land can revitalize urban areas. By promoting infill and creating denser walkable communities, cities can improve the sense of community among residents.</p>\n<h4><em>Removes hazardous material from soil and groundwater and protects human health</em></h4>\n<p>Many brownfield sites contain some level of a contaminant in the soil. These contaminants can be harmful to human and environmental health for the surrounding area. Also, rainfall can transport pollutants into groundwater and negatively impact downstream sites. Brownfields can pose a health risk to the people living nearby and to waterways in the area or downstream. Remediating and stabilizing these sites can improve overall environmental quality and avoid potential environmental and human health risks.</p>\n<h4><em>Creates jobs</em></h4>\n<p>According to a summary of the US EPA’s Brownfields Program, as of January 2018, 129,240 jobs had been leveraged nationwide since the program’s inception in 1995.  Besides, finding uses for vacant, abandoned, or underutilized properties can create jobs both in the development of the project and afterward. Since these are in dense urban areas, developing mixed-use buildings on these sites can generate jobs even after the construction phase of the project.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_231\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1324\"]<img class=\"wp-image-231 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-5.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – A brief synopsis of the Brownfield Program’s financial achievements (Source: US EPA)\" width=\"1324\" height=\"442\" /> Figure 5 – A brief synopsis of the Brownfield Program’s financial achievements (Source: US EPA)[/caption]\n<h4><em>Builds public support</em></h4>\n<p>There is often sizeable public support to remove brownfield sites and the potential health risks they might pose. Also, vacant, abandoned, underutilized land can bring down property values in the area and residents are often in favor of addressing these issues and improving the aesthetics of the community.</p>\n<h4><em>Benefits to Water Quality, Air Quality, and Lower Traffic Congestion</em></h4>\n<p>US EPA estimates that redevelopment projects can reduce stormwater impacts, especially if the site incorporates green technologies, such as green roofs, stormwater harvest and reuse systems, and landscaping elements such as bioswales and rain gardens. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> By promoting development near existing infrastructure and services, brownfield and infill development can improve air quality by creating denser, pedestrian and bicycle-friendly communities. In denser, urban areas people are more likely to walk, thus reducing traffic congestion, improving overall air quality, and improving public health by encouraging residents to walk.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of brownfield remediation varies substantially, depending on the extent of the contamination and the intended reuse. Because a brownfield is considered a site that <em>may</em> be contaminated, a remediation investigation may reveal limited contamination, in which case, the remediation cost is minimal. In cases where a heating fuel tank was buried and leaked, the damage can be extensive, but, again, may be relatively inexpensive ($10,000-$100,000). For more complex sites, which have multiple contaminants and higher levels of contaminants, costs can run in the millions.</p>\n<p>A significant area of cost is that of uncertainty. In instances where the property has been in industrial use for many years, there could be contaminants that predate any tracking systems, making them difficult to anticipate and requiring more than one investigation. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/remedytech/using-triad-approach-streamline-brownfields-site-assessment-and-cleanup\">Triad</a> is a recommended program because it fully characterizes the extent and type of spill all at once, whereas traditional approaches tested where they expected to be the extent of contamination, and, if they were wrong, had to go into the field a second time and test again. In some instances, these repeat tests could delay projects by months. Though <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/remedytech/using-triad-approach-streamline-brownfields-site-assessment-and-cleanup\">Triad</a> is more expensive initially, for complex sites where there is an extensive industrial history, it can expedite the clean up significantly. The level of cleanup required also determines the cost. In New Jersey, non-industrial cleanup requirements (such as would be required to build housing on a previously industrial property) must meet a higher standard than a cleanup for a property returning to industrial use. Depending upon the project, some developed brownfield sites require ongoing monitoring by a responsible party as determined.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Brownfield reuse offers multiple environmental and resiliency benefits by reducing the number of impermeable surfaces in a given area, especially by preserving open space and park space. Instead of developing existing greenfields, which can be critical natural habitats and create more stormwater runoff (through higher levels of asphalt, concrete, and other impermeable surfaces), brownfields use existing, impermeable sites.</p>\n<p>Redeveloped brownfield sites can serve as an emergency headquarters or storm shelter in underserved areas that could house mobile assistance; for example, serving as a location for food trucks or mobile health services. Other reuse may include warehouses with solar panels for backup power generation, or broadband and wireless access to support communications/dispatch mobile services.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/\">http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/</a> (accessed March 2nd, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ DEP Site Remediation Program.  Known Contaminated Sites in New Jersey Reports, Updated February 2017.  <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/</a>  (accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NJ DEP Brownfield Development Area Initiative. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/</a> (accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> USGBC LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> See: <a href=\"http://www.triadcentral.org/\">http://www.triadcentral.org</a> (accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Triad Resource Center, Overview. <a href=\"https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm\">https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm</a> (accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Content for this section draws on two interviews, cited below.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> For a list of BDAs see <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/sites/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/sites/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Brownfields SiteMart. <a href=\"http://njbrownfieldsproperties.com/\">http://njbrownfieldsproperties.com/</a>  (accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> In New Jersey, the Site Remediation Reform Act (SRRA) (2009) outlines the process for remediating contaminated sites. Under the SRRA, approval is not required by the NJDEP before beginning the remediation process. According to the SRRA as of 2012, any remediating party is required to use a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP) and must start the cleanup without NJ DEP approval. The SRRA established the LSRP program. Qualified professionals receive a license from an LSRP Board to conduct remediation of sites in New Jersey.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NJDEP Success Stories: <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/brownfields/success/so_cafe.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/brownfields/success/so_cafe.htm</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> City of Trenton, J. R. Capasso, personal conversation, based on figures in Trenton’s application for the US EPA Phoenix Award.<sup>14 </sup>NJIT.  <a href=\"https://www.njit.edu/tab/sites/tab/files/lcms/downloads/removing-barriers/Brownfield_Success_Stories.pdf\">https://www.njit.edu/tab/sites/tab/files/lcms/downloads/removing-barriers/Brownfield_Success_Stories.pdf</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> The Free Dictionary. <a href=\"http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser\">http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser</a>. (Accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NJ DEP BDA Designation. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/</a> (Accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> US EPA, Brownfields Program Accomplishments and Benefits. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits\">https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits</a>  (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cclr.org/\">Center for Creative Land Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/state/planning/spc-redevelopment-brownfields-task-force.html\">NJ Brownfields Redevelopment Task Force</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/\">NJ DEP Office of Brownfield Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/hdsrf_chart.htm\">NJ DEP Brownfield Remediation and Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">New Jersey Known Contaminated Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-12/documents/state_brownfields_voluntary_response_program_report_508_11-2017_web.pdf\">US EPA State Brownfields and Voluntary Response Programs, New Jersey</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Brownfield and Infill Sites','','inherit','closed','closed','','1109-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 19:23:11','2022-03-28 19:23:11','',1109,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1112',0,'revision','',0),(1113,2,'2022-03-28 19:23:39','2022-03-28 19:23:39','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Brownfield and Infill Sites\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h1>What is Brownfield and Infill Development?</h1>\n<p>The reuse of urbanized brownfield and infill sites utilizes existing infrastructure and maximizes the value of existing resources. Brownfields consist of properties whose expansion, redevelopment, or reuse may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> These properties include sites with historical use as an industrial or commercial site and are often located in urban areas. According to the NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJ DEP), there are an estimated 10,000 reported brownfield sites located throughout the state.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Of the more than 10,000 sites, some 2,544 acres of brownfields fall into 267 sites that the NJ DEP calls <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">Brownfield Development Areas</a> (BDAs). The NJ DEP has designated BDAs in communities that are affected by multiple brownfield sites in need of remediation. The BDA Initiative, a program of the NJ DEP, assembles large parcels of brownfields and coordinates clean up and redevelopment efforts to elicit a more significant impact environmentally, economically, and socially.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_198\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"792\"]<img class=\"wp-image-198 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – The Technology Centre of New Jersey and Rutgers University lab and commercialization facilities represent brownfield development (Source: Site Selection).\" width=\"792\" height=\"546\" /> Figure 1 – The Technology Centre of New Jersey and Rutgers University lab and commercialization facilities represent brownfield development (Source: Site Selection).[/caption]<p>Redevelopment of brownfields and infill development in existing developed areas provides opportunities for alternative transportation such as walking and bicycling and can reduce reliance on the automobile as a mode of transportation (see <em>Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Design</em>). These sites also gain value by locating in areas of existing infrastructure (i.e., public transportation, water, sewer, electricity). For developers, there are numerous incentives to redevelop these sites, offering compelling benefits for investors as well. As a community benefit, redevelopment restores economic and social value to the surrounding neighborhood adding value to the community at large.</p>\n<p>Once remediated, these sites find a reuse for any type of development, from parks and housing to new commercial and industrial development. As New Jersey reaches build-out, redeveloping brownfields emphasizes the benefit of maintaining undeveloped lands for use as farmland and open space – recognizing that diverse landscapes build value for the developed environment. Brownfield redevelopment revitalizes urban areas, improves adjacent property values, and adds to the overall quality of life for residents and the community.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Develop Brownfield and Infill Sites</strong></h2>\n<p>Conducting an initial investigation of a brownfield site indicates the level of contamination on the property – and the level of cleanup required. This phase is often inexpensive and is a common element of due diligence in real estate development. It is important to realize that many brownfield sites are minimally contaminated, and it may be inexpensive to neutralize or stabilize the site.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> New technologies, such as <em>the Triad Approach,</em> assess a site both speedily and comprehensively – two significant issues of concern to investors and developers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_494\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"750\"]<img class=\"wp-image-494 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Brownfield development of the former Penick plant located in Newark, NJ. (Source: Dallas Contracting).\" width=\"750\" height=\"564\" /> Figure 2 – Brownfield development of the former Penick plant located in Newark, NJ. (Source: Dallas Contracting).[/caption]<p>The Triad Approach focuses on three main principles and uses real-time environmental sensors:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Systematic Project Plans</li>\n<li>Dynamic Work Strategies</li>\n<li>Innovative rapid sampling and Analytical Technologies<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>To pursue development of new commercial construction on a contaminated or brownfield site, the developer may follow these steps:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Gain local support – speak with local zoning officials, planning officials, or the community development department to confirm that the redevelopment plan is within the community’s neighborhood plan. Make sure to address the following questions, which help to determine available incentives.</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Is the brownfield or contaminated site located within a BDA?<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></li>\n<li>How is the parcel or area zoned according to municipal zoning ordinances?</li>\n<li>Is the proposed end-use consistent with the municipality’s master plan? If not, would they accept an end-use change?</li>\n</ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Gather community input – consult with the community and foster support for the project. Depending on the size of the site to be developed, host a public hearing.</li>\n<li>Consult with the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/state/planning/spc-redevelopment-brownfields-task-force.html\">Brownfields Redevelopment Task Force</a> of the NJ Department of State’s Business Action Center. BRIT brings together over a dozen agencies that may be relevant to a redevelopment project, including departments that offer financial incentives.</li>\n<li>Find an appropriate site – <a href=\"http://njbrownfieldsproperties.com/\">New Jersey’s Brownfields SiteMart</a> is an online searchable database of brownfield properties. The Location Assessment tool allows searching by land characteristics, demographics, and economic opportunity zones for any address in New Jersey.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Additionally, check the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">NJ DEP’s Known Contaminated Site Report</a>. While known contaminated sites are not promoted in the same way as designated brownfields, many may be appropriate for redevelopment and eligible for incentives.</li>\n<li>Hire a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> to oversee the clean-up process – The LSRP assists in conducting a preliminary assessment, site investigation, remedial investigation, and creation of a remedial action work plan following the Brownfield and Contaminated Site Remediation Act. The preliminary assessment is critical because a brownfield, by definition, does not necessarily have contamination. Instead, it “is perceived to have contamination.” As a result, some designated brownfields may require little or no cleanup effort and may not be costly.</li>\n<li>Investigate obtaining environmental insurance.</li>\n<li>Engage the services of an environmental or redevelopment attorney. These professionals support the developer in understanding their liability and obligations once they have acquired a contaminated site.</li>\n<li>Research funding sources and incentives and additional resources through the <a href=\"http://nj.gov/state/planning/brtf.html\">NJ Department of State’s Business Action Center</a>.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Find further information on site remediation procedures and requirements at the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/srra/njsa58_10b_1_3.htm\">NJ DEP Site Mediation Program</a>.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><u>So Café Tank Removal</u></p>\n<p>In the So Café case, the owners discovered an old tank during a routine investigation and had to pay charges approaching $124,000 through the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/ustfund/\">Petroleum Underground Storage Tank Remediation, Upgrade and Closure Fund.</a> The owners were both covered for the removal, and a Conditional Hardship Grant allowed them to conduct the cleanup without putting their operating business at risk.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_186\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1190\"]<img class=\"wp-image-186 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Sidewalk during and after tank removal (Source: NJ DEP)\" width=\"1190\" height=\"416\" /> Figure 3 – Sidewalk during and after tank removal (Source: NJ DEP)[/caption]<p><u>BOMARC Missile Site, Fort Dix, NJ.</u></p>\n<p>A second illustration is the BOMARC Missile Site. This site, among the most complex in the state, involved a discharge of plutonium during an accident at Ft. Dix, New Jersey. The use of Triad fully characterized the site in one effort, whereas conventional site assessment would have required multiple explorations to determine the full extent of the contamination, and the parameters of the required cleanup.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_510\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1166\"]<img class=\"wp-image-510 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-4.png\" alt=\"Figure 4 – The contaminated BOMARC Missile site during remediation. (Source: NJ DEP)\" width=\"1166\" height=\"758\" /> Figure 4 – The contaminated BOMARC Missile site during remediation. (Source: NJ DEP)[/caption]<p><u>Urban Business Park Redevelopment Project, Trenton, NJ.</u></p>\n<p>A more typical clean-up site is that of the Crane Pottery property in Trenton, New Jersey, which cost close to $123,000.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Most of these costs were eligible for state reimbursement programs, and while the total redevelopment came to $4.5M, the annual tax revenue generated is around $60,000. The site has currently delivered 50 light industrial jobs in manufacturing, warehousing, and distribution, which has provided an economic stimulus locally, and generated additional income tax for the state and the city of Trenton.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<h4><em>Saves</em><em> on infrastructure</em><em> costs</em><em>/</em><em>Utilizes</em> <em>existing</em><em> infrastructure</em></h4>\n<p>Brownfields, vacant or abandoned property, or underutilized parcels, are often located in dense urban areas near mass transit and other existing infrastructure helping to avoid the costs of building new utilities, roads, and other expensive infrastructure. Existing infrastructure also reduces the amount of land disturbance necessary for a project.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h4><em>Saves on land costs/Increases property values</em></h4>\n<p>Brownfield sites, vacant or abandoned land, or underutilized property, can have substantially lower property costs than other real estate. This can help to offset the cost of assessment and remediation. Due to low initial cost, property value can increase significantly after redevelopment. The surrounding property values can increase when revitalization takes place at brownfields and vacant or underutilized parcels in the area.</p>\n<h4><em>Enjoys significant incentives</em></h4>\n<p>The State of New Jersey has created multiple funding streams for brownfield development that may be available to developers. The <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/contacts.htm\">Office of Brownfield Reuse</a> administers the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/\">Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Program</a>, the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/funding.htm\">Brownfield Reimbursement Fund Program</a>, and the Landfill Redevelopment Program. Federal tax incentive certifications may also be available. Incentives and programs are subject to change. To determine what incentives are available, developers should meet with a representative from the <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/state/planning/spc-redevelopment-brownfields-task-force.html\">NJ Brownfields Redevelopment Task Force</a>.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/\">New Jersey Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Fund (HDSRF)</a> created a partnership between the NJDEP and New Jersey Economic Development Authority (NJEDA) to provide remediation funding for innocent purchasers. An innocent purchaser is an individual who, “by an honest agreement, buys property in the absence of sufficient knowledge to charge him or her with notice of any defect in the transaction.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p>New Jersey designates Brownfield Development Areas (BDAs) in areas containing brownfields and already planned for redevelopment. This competitive process provides management, technical and financial assistance. The BDA Initiative provides “funding to public entities (municipalities, counties, and redevelopment agencies), qualifying private entities (businesses, corporations, homeowners) and non-profit organizations for the investigation or remediation of a suspected or known discharge of a hazardous substance.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/hdsrf_chart.htm\">Brownfield Site Remediation Program</a> reimburses developers up to 75 percent of remediation costs based on new taxes developed from the brownfield project.</p>\n<p>The US EPA also funds assessment, cleanup for brownfield sites and provides technical and financing information (<a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm</a>)</p>\n<h4><em>Creates density and improves existing markets</em></h4>\n<p>Due to the location of most brownfield sites, there is the benefit of being close to existing markets. This is also true when pursuing infill development within already developed areas. Urban areas provide the necessary density that other areas cannot for certain types of businesses. Locating a business near an existing market or in a densely populated area can ease the costs of remediation, alleviate the higher cost of land in an urban area as opposed to a greenfield, and limit the costs associated with marketing and attracting business.</p>\n<h4><em>Revitalizes urban/former industrial areas</em></h4>\n<p>Cleaning up brownfield sites or redeveloping vacant, abandoned, or underutilized land can revitalize urban areas. By promoting infill and creating denser walkable communities, cities can improve the sense of community among residents.</p>\n<h4><em>Removes hazardous material from soil and groundwater and protects human health</em></h4>\n<p>Many brownfield sites contain some level of a contaminant in the soil. These contaminants can be harmful to human and environmental health for the surrounding area. Also, rainfall can transport pollutants into groundwater and negatively impact downstream sites. Brownfields can pose a health risk to the people living nearby and to waterways in the area or downstream. Remediating and stabilizing these sites can improve overall environmental quality and avoid potential environmental and human health risks.</p>\n<h4><em>Creates jobs</em></h4>\n<p>According to a summary of the US EPA’s Brownfields Program, as of January 2018, 129,240 jobs had been leveraged nationwide since the program’s inception in 1995.  Besides, finding uses for vacant, abandoned, or underutilized properties can create jobs both in the development of the project and afterward. Since these are in dense urban areas, developing mixed-use buildings on these sites can generate jobs even after the construction phase of the project.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_231\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1324\"]<img class=\"wp-image-231 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-5.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – A brief synopsis of the Brownfield Program’s financial achievements (Source: US EPA)\" width=\"1324\" height=\"442\" /> Figure 5 – A brief synopsis of the Brownfield Program’s financial achievements (Source: US EPA)[/caption]\n<h4><em>Builds public support</em></h4>\n<p>There is often sizeable public support to remove brownfield sites and the potential health risks they might pose. Also, vacant, abandoned, underutilized land can bring down property values in the area and residents are often in favor of addressing these issues and improving the aesthetics of the community.</p>\n<h4><em>Benefits to Water Quality, Air Quality, and Lower Traffic Congestion</em></h4>\n<p>US EPA estimates that redevelopment projects can reduce stormwater impacts, especially if the site incorporates green technologies, such as green roofs, stormwater harvest and reuse systems, and landscaping elements such as bioswales and rain gardens. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> By promoting development near existing infrastructure and services, brownfield and infill development can improve air quality by creating denser, pedestrian and bicycle-friendly communities. In denser, urban areas people are more likely to walk, thus reducing traffic congestion, improving overall air quality, and improving public health by encouraging residents to walk.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of brownfield remediation varies substantially, depending on the extent of the contamination and the intended reuse. Because a brownfield is considered a site that <em>may</em> be contaminated, a remediation investigation may reveal limited contamination, in which case, the remediation cost is minimal. In cases where a heating fuel tank was buried and leaked, the damage can be extensive, but, again, may be relatively inexpensive ($10,000-$100,000). For more complex sites, which have multiple contaminants and higher levels of contaminants, costs can run in the millions.</p>\n<p>A significant area of cost is that of uncertainty. In instances where the property has been in industrial use for many years, there could be contaminants that predate any tracking systems, making them difficult to anticipate and requiring more than one investigation. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/remedytech/using-triad-approach-streamline-brownfields-site-assessment-and-cleanup\">Triad</a> is a recommended program because it fully characterizes the extent and type of spill all at once, whereas traditional approaches tested where they expected to be the extent of contamination, and, if they were wrong, had to go into the field a second time and test again. In some instances, these repeat tests could delay projects by months. Though <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/remedytech/using-triad-approach-streamline-brownfields-site-assessment-and-cleanup\">Triad</a> is more expensive initially, for complex sites where there is an extensive industrial history, it can expedite the clean up significantly. The level of cleanup required also determines the cost. In New Jersey, non-industrial cleanup requirements (such as would be required to build housing on a previously industrial property) must meet a higher standard than a cleanup for a property returning to industrial use. Depending upon the project, some developed brownfield sites require ongoing monitoring by a responsible party as determined.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Brownfield reuse offers multiple environmental and resiliency benefits by reducing the number of impermeable surfaces in a given area, especially by preserving open space and park space. Instead of developing existing greenfields, which can be critical natural habitats and create more stormwater runoff (through higher levels of asphalt, concrete, and other impermeable surfaces), brownfields use existing, impermeable sites.</p>\n<p>Redeveloped brownfield sites can serve as an emergency headquarters or storm shelter in underserved areas that could house mobile assistance; for example, serving as a location for food trucks or mobile health services. Other reuse may include warehouses with solar panels for backup power generation, or broadband and wireless access to support communications/dispatch mobile services.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/\">http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/</a> (accessed March 2nd, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ DEP Site Remediation Program.  Known Contaminated Sites in New Jersey Reports, Updated February 2017.  <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/</a>  (accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NJ DEP Brownfield Development Area Initiative. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/</a> (accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> USGBC LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> See: <a href=\"http://www.triadcentral.org/\">http://www.triadcentral.org</a> (accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Triad Resource Center, Overview. <a href=\"https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm\">https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm</a> (accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Content for this section draws on two interviews, cited below.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> For a list of BDAs see <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/sites/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/sites/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Brownfields SiteMart. <a href=\"http://njbrownfieldsproperties.com/\">http://njbrownfieldsproperties.com/</a>  (accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> In New Jersey, the Site Remediation Reform Act (SRRA) (2009) outlines the process for remediating contaminated sites. Under the SRRA, approval is not required by the NJDEP before beginning the remediation process. According to the SRRA as of 2012, any remediating party is required to use a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP) and must start the cleanup without NJ DEP approval. The SRRA established the LSRP program. Qualified professionals receive a license from an LSRP Board to conduct remediation of sites in New Jersey.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NJDEP Success Stories: <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/brownfields/success/so_cafe.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/brownfields/success/so_cafe.htm</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> City of Trenton, J. R. Capasso, personal conversation, based on figures in Trenton’s application for the US EPA Phoenix Award.<sup>14 </sup>NJIT.  <a href=\"https://www.njit.edu/tab/sites/tab/files/lcms/downloads/removing-barriers/Brownfield_Success_Stories.pdf\">https://www.njit.edu/tab/sites/tab/files/lcms/downloads/removing-barriers/Brownfield_Success_Stories.pdf</a> (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> The Free Dictionary. <a href=\"http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser\">http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser</a>. (Accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NJ DEP BDA Designation. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/</a> (Accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> US EPA, Brownfields Program Accomplishments and Benefits. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits\">https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits</a>  (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cclr.org/\">Center for Creative Land Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/state/planning/spc-redevelopment-brownfields-task-force.html\">NJ Brownfields Redevelopment Task Force</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/\">NJ DEP Office of Brownfield Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/hdsrf_chart.htm\">NJ DEP Brownfield Remediation and Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">New Jersey Known Contaminated Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-12/documents/state_brownfields_voluntary_response_program_report_508_11-2017_web.pdf\">US EPA State Brownfields and Voluntary Response Programs, New Jersey</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Brownfield and Infill Sites','','inherit','closed','closed','','1109-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 19:23:39','2022-03-28 19:23:39','',1109,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1113',0,'revision','',0),(1115,2,'2022-03-28 19:32:29','2022-03-28 19:32:29','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy-Efficient Landscaping\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy-Efficient Landscaping?</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy-efficient landscaping refers to the selection and placement of trees, shrubs, and vegetation that help reduce a building’s energy use. Heating, cooling, and ventilation comprise over half of the commercial buildings’ energy consumption.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Energy-efficient landscaping provides a low-cost solution to reducing energy use with both economic and environmental benefits.</p>\n<p>Heat exchange occurs through air infiltration<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> conduction<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> and solar-radiation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Energy-efficient landscaping uses four main strategies to moderate these processes.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to provide shade and reduce solar heat gain in the summer.</li>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to prevent heat loss in the winter.</li>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to deflect winter winds and maintain a warmer microclimate around the building.</li>\n<li>Consider a vegetated roof to provide extra thermal mass and insulation.</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy-Efficient Landscaping</strong></h2>\n<p>When designing an energy-efficient landscape consider New Jersey’s temperate climate and your property’s unique micro-climate. Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees (see <em>Tree Protection and Placement</em>). When possible, protect or enhance the diversity of native species and age of trees on the site and maintain them as necessary (see <em>Native and Adapted Plants</em>). Resources such as <a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friend-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a> offer plant information and an easily searchable plant database.</p>\n<p><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-29 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Table-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1154\" height=\"644\" /></p>\n<p><strong>Tips and Maintenance</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider mapping the sun’s path to understand the site’s <em>microclimate </em>better.</li>\n<li>Create a landscape and maintenance plan.</li>\n<li>Do not plant trees too close to the building because roots may grow into the foundation. Place medium to large trees at least 20 feet from the building. Place trees that result in small, full-grown crowns closer to the building to maintain both energy and aesthetic value. See the <a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/\">Arbor Day Tree Guide</a> for growth rate and crown size information for specific tree species.</li>\n<li>Review the <em>Native and Adaptive Plants</em> strategy for plant selection guidance. Consider genetic diversity to minimize potential disease and insect problems.</li>\n<li>Consider using temporary measures to provide shade until trees reach maturity. For instance, vines growing on a trellis can shade air conditioning units. If using mature trees for shading or a windbreak, plant a temporary row of faster-growing shrubs upwind of the permanent row and remove before the roots interfere with the permanent planting.</li>\n</ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_449\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"282\"]<img class=\"wp-image-449 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Strategic Tree Placement (Source: Minnesota Department of Commerce Energy Information Center)\" width=\"282\" height=\"1002\" /> Figure 1- Strategic Tree Placement (Source: Minnesota Department of Commerce Energy Information Center)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>According to a Lawrence Berkeley National Labs study, landscapes that provide shade resulting in temperatures 3-6°F cooler can decrease the energy load required for buildings by 9-20%.</li>\n<li>Shading an air conditioning unit can increase its efficiency by up to 10% and allow units to operate more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></li>\n<li>Windbreaks can save up to 25% on heating costs by protecting the microclimate surrounding your building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Proper landscaping decreases energy demand to heat and cool buildings, thus reducing carbon dioxide emissions.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Moderate upfront investments in energy-efficient landscaping can realize paybacks in as little as eight years as trees and shrubs reach full maturity, offering maximum energy-saving benefits. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a>  Large, deep-rooted deciduous trees provide optimal shading benefits but depending on growth rate of the species, may take up to 5 or 10 years to reach full maturity.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy efficient landscaping offers a strong line of natural defense for buildings and the surrounding community.  Instead of implementing costly, time-consuming engineering projects, natural systems such as trees for windbreaks or shade, and wetlands for storm barriers offer protection from the elements, along with substantial energy savings. In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.</p>\n<p>Note that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lightning result in one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EIA. 2003.  <em>Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey, </em>Table E1A. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf\">https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Air infiltration occurs when outside air enters a house uncontrollably through cracks and openings. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Conduction is heat traveling through a solid material <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> <em>Solar radiation</em> is heat created from sunlight <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Connecticut State Department of Consumer Protection.  “How to Save on Air Conditioning.” <a href=\"http://www.portal.ct.gov/DCP/Common-Elements/Common-Elements/How-to-Save-on-Air-Conditioning\">http://www.portal.ct.gov/DCP/Common-Elements/Common-Elements/How-to-Save-on-Air-Conditioning</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Walker, L. and Newman, S.  <em>Landscaping for Energy Conservation</em>.  Colorado State University Extension Publications. no.7.225. March 2009.  <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07225.pdf\">http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07225.pdf</a> (accessed  March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE. <em>Landscaping for Shade</em>. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade</a> (April 10, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asla.org/resilientdesign.aspx\">American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) – Resilient Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.isa-arbor.com/\">International Society of Arboriculture</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/\">National Arbor Day Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/index.htm\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/mastergardeners/\">New Jersey Master Gardeners</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/extension/\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping\">US DOE: Energy Savers – Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Energy-Efficient Landscaping','','publish','closed','open','','nc-energy-efficient-landscaping','','','2022-04-15 17:17:07','2022-04-15 17:17:07','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1115',0,'post','',0),(1116,2,'2022-03-28 19:24:07','2022-03-28 19:24:07','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1115-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 19:24:07','2022-03-28 19:24:07','',1115,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1116',0,'revision','',0),(1119,2,'2022-03-28 19:32:29','2022-03-28 19:32:29','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy-Efficient Landscaping\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy-Efficient Landscaping?</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy-efficient landscaping refers to the selection and placement of trees, shrubs, and vegetation that help reduce a building’s energy use. Heating, cooling, and ventilation comprise over half of the commercial buildings’ energy consumption.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Energy-efficient landscaping provides a low-cost solution to reducing energy use with both economic and environmental benefits.</p>\n<p>Heat exchange occurs through air infiltration<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> conduction<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> and solar-radiation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Energy-efficient landscaping uses four main strategies to moderate these processes.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to provide shade and reduce solar heat gain in the summer.</li>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to prevent heat loss in the winter.</li>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to deflect winter winds and maintain a warmer microclimate around the building.</li>\n<li>Consider a vegetated roof to provide extra thermal mass and insulation.</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy-Efficient Landscaping</strong></h2>\n<p>When designing an energy-efficient landscape consider New Jersey’s temperate climate and your property’s unique micro-climate. Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees (see <em>Tree Protection and Placement</em>). When possible, protect or enhance the diversity of native species and age of trees on the site and maintain them as necessary (see <em>Native and Adapted Plants</em>). Resources such as <a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friend-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a> offer plant information and an easily searchable plant database.</p>\n<p><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-29 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Table-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1154\" height=\"644\" /></p>\n<p><strong>Tips and Maintenance</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider mapping the sun’s path to understand the site’s <em>microclimate </em>better.</li>\n<li>Create a landscape and maintenance plan.</li>\n<li>Do not plant trees too close to the building because roots may grow into the foundation. Place medium to large trees at least 20 feet from the building. Place trees that result in small, full-grown crowns closer to the building to maintain both energy and aesthetic value. See the <a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/\">Arbor Day Tree Guide</a> for growth rate and crown size information for specific tree species.</li>\n<li>Review the <em>Native and Adaptive Plants</em> strategy for plant selection guidance. Consider genetic diversity to minimize potential disease and insect problems.</li>\n<li>Consider using temporary measures to provide shade until trees reach maturity. For instance, vines growing on a trellis can shade air conditioning units. If using mature trees for shading or a windbreak, plant a temporary row of faster-growing shrubs upwind of the permanent row and remove before the roots interfere with the permanent planting.</li>\n</ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_449\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"282\"]<img class=\"wp-image-449 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Strategic Tree Placement (Source: Minnesota Department of Commerce Energy Information Center)\" width=\"282\" height=\"1002\" /> Figure 1- Strategic Tree Placement (Source: Minnesota Department of Commerce Energy Information Center)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>According to a Lawrence Berkeley National Labs study, landscapes that provide shade resulting in temperatures 3-6°F cooler can decrease the energy load required for buildings by 9-20%.</li>\n<li>Shading an air conditioning unit can increase its efficiency by up to 10% and allow units to operate more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></li>\n<li>Windbreaks can save up to 25% on heating costs by protecting the microclimate surrounding your building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Proper landscaping decreases energy demand to heat and cool buildings, thus reducing carbon dioxide emissions.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Moderate upfront investments in energy-efficient landscaping can realize paybacks in as little as eight years as trees and shrubs reach full maturity, offering maximum energy-saving benefits. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a>  Large, deep-rooted deciduous trees provide optimal shading benefits but depending on growth rate of the species, may take up to 5 or 10 years to reach full maturity.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy efficient landscaping offers a strong line of natural defense for buildings and the surrounding community.  Instead of implementing costly, time-consuming engineering projects, natural systems such as trees for windbreaks or shade, and wetlands for storm barriers offer protection from the elements, along with substantial energy savings. In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.</p>\n<p>Note that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lightning result in one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EIA. 2003.  <em>Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey, </em>Table E1A. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf\">https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Air infiltration occurs when outside air enters a house uncontrollably through cracks and openings. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Conduction is heat traveling through a solid material <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> <em>Solar radiation</em> is heat created from sunlight <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Connecticut State Department of Consumer Protection.  “How to Save on Air Conditioning.” <a href=\"http://www.portal.ct.gov/DCP/Common-Elements/Common-Elements/How-to-Save-on-Air-Conditioning\">http://www.portal.ct.gov/DCP/Common-Elements/Common-Elements/How-to-Save-on-Air-Conditioning</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Walker, L. and Newman, S.  <em>Landscaping for Energy Conservation</em>.  Colorado State University Extension Publications. no.7.225. March 2009.  <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07225.pdf\">http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07225.pdf</a> (accessed  March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE. <em>Landscaping for Shade</em>. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade</a> (April 10, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asla.org/resilientdesign.aspx\">American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) – Resilient Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.isa-arbor.com/\">International Society of Arboriculture</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/\">National Arbor Day Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/index.htm\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/mastergardeners/\">New Jersey Master Gardeners</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/extension/\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping\">US DOE: Energy Savers – Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Energy-Efficient Landscaping','','inherit','closed','closed','','1115-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 19:32:29','2022-03-28 19:32:29','',1115,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1119',0,'revision','',0),(1120,2,'2022-03-28 19:32:29','2022-03-28 19:32:29','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy-Efficient Landscaping\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy-Efficient Landscaping?</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy-efficient landscaping refers to the selection and placement of trees, shrubs, and vegetation that help reduce a building’s energy use. Heating, cooling, and ventilation comprise over half of the commercial buildings’ energy consumption.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Energy-efficient landscaping provides a low-cost solution to reducing energy use with both economic and environmental benefits.</p>\n<p>Heat exchange occurs through air infiltration<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> conduction<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> and solar-radiation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Energy-efficient landscaping uses four main strategies to moderate these processes.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to provide shade and reduce solar heat gain in the summer.</li>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to prevent heat loss in the winter.</li>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to deflect winter winds and maintain a warmer microclimate around the building.</li>\n<li>Consider a vegetated roof to provide extra thermal mass and insulation.</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy-Efficient Landscaping</strong></h2>\n<p>When designing an energy-efficient landscape consider New Jersey’s temperate climate and your property’s unique micro-climate. Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees (see <em>Tree Protection and Placement</em>). When possible, protect or enhance the diversity of native species and age of trees on the site and maintain them as necessary (see <em>Native and Adapted Plants</em>). Resources such as <a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friend-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a> offer plant information and an easily searchable plant database.</p>\n<p><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-29 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Table-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1154\" height=\"644\" /></p>\n<p><strong>Tips and Maintenance</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider mapping the sun’s path to understand the site’s <em>microclimate </em>better.</li>\n<li>Create a landscape and maintenance plan.</li>\n<li>Do not plant trees too close to the building because roots may grow into the foundation. Place medium to large trees at least 20 feet from the building. Place trees that result in small, full-grown crowns closer to the building to maintain both energy and aesthetic value. See the <a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/\">Arbor Day Tree Guide</a> for growth rate and crown size information for specific tree species.</li>\n<li>Review the <em>Native and Adaptive Plants</em> strategy for plant selection guidance. Consider genetic diversity to minimize potential disease and insect problems.</li>\n<li>Consider using temporary measures to provide shade until trees reach maturity. For instance, vines growing on a trellis can shade air conditioning units. If using mature trees for shading or a windbreak, plant a temporary row of faster-growing shrubs upwind of the permanent row and remove before the roots interfere with the permanent planting.</li>\n</ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_449\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"282\"]<img class=\"wp-image-449 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Strategic Tree Placement (Source: Minnesota Department of Commerce Energy Information Center)\" width=\"282\" height=\"1002\" /> Figure 1- Strategic Tree Placement (Source: Minnesota Department of Commerce Energy Information Center)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>According to a Lawrence Berkeley National Labs study, landscapes that provide shade resulting in temperatures 3-6°F cooler can decrease the energy load required for buildings by 9-20%.</li>\n<li>Shading an air conditioning unit can increase its efficiency by up to 10% and allow units to operate more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></li>\n<li>Windbreaks can save up to 25% on heating costs by protecting the microclimate surrounding your building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Proper landscaping decreases energy demand to heat and cool buildings, thus reducing carbon dioxide emissions.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Moderate upfront investments in energy-efficient landscaping can realize paybacks in as little as eight years as trees and shrubs reach full maturity, offering maximum energy-saving benefits. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a>  Large, deep-rooted deciduous trees provide optimal shading benefits but depending on growth rate of the species, may take up to 5 or 10 years to reach full maturity.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy efficient landscaping offers a strong line of natural defense for buildings and the surrounding community.  Instead of implementing costly, time-consuming engineering projects, natural systems such as trees for windbreaks or shade, and wetlands for storm barriers offer protection from the elements, along with substantial energy savings. In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.</p>\n<p>Note that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lightning result in one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EIA. 2003.  <em>Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey, </em>Table E1A. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf\">https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Air infiltration occurs when outside air enters a house uncontrollably through cracks and openings. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Conduction is heat traveling through a solid material <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> <em>Solar radiation</em> is heat created from sunlight <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Connecticut State Department of Consumer Protection.  “How to Save on Air Conditioning.” <a href=\"http://www.portal.ct.gov/DCP/Common-Elements/Common-Elements/How-to-Save-on-Air-Conditioning\">http://www.portal.ct.gov/DCP/Common-Elements/Common-Elements/How-to-Save-on-Air-Conditioning</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Walker, L. and Newman, S.  <em>Landscaping for Energy Conservation</em>.  Colorado State University Extension Publications. no.7.225. March 2009.  <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07225.pdf\">http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07225.pdf</a> (accessed  March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE. <em>Landscaping for Shade</em>. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade</a> (April 10, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asla.org/resilientdesign.aspx\">American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) – Resilient Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.isa-arbor.com/\">International Society of Arboriculture</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/\">National Arbor Day Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/index.htm\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/mastergardeners/\">New Jersey Master Gardeners</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/extension/\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping\">US DOE: Energy Savers – Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1115-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 19:32:29','2022-03-28 19:32:29','',1115,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1120',0,'revision','',0),(1121,2,'2022-03-28 19:32:34','2022-03-28 19:32:34','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy-Efficient Landscaping\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy-Efficient Landscaping?</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy-efficient landscaping refers to the selection and placement of trees, shrubs, and vegetation that help reduce a building’s energy use. Heating, cooling, and ventilation comprise over half of the commercial buildings’ energy consumption.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Energy-efficient landscaping provides a low-cost solution to reducing energy use with both economic and environmental benefits.</p>\n<p>Heat exchange occurs through air infiltration<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> conduction<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> and solar-radiation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Energy-efficient landscaping uses four main strategies to moderate these processes.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to provide shade and reduce solar heat gain in the summer.</li>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to prevent heat loss in the winter.</li>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to deflect winter winds and maintain a warmer microclimate around the building.</li>\n<li>Consider a vegetated roof to provide extra thermal mass and insulation.</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy-Efficient Landscaping</strong></h2>\n<p>When designing an energy-efficient landscape consider New Jersey’s temperate climate and your property’s unique micro-climate. Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees (see <em>Tree Protection and Placement</em>). When possible, protect or enhance the diversity of native species and age of trees on the site and maintain them as necessary (see <em>Native and Adapted Plants</em>). Resources such as <a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friend-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a> offer plant information and an easily searchable plant database.</p>\n<p><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-29 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Table-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1154\" height=\"644\" /></p>\n<p><strong>Tips and Maintenance</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider mapping the sun’s path to understand the site’s <em>microclimate </em>better.</li>\n<li>Create a landscape and maintenance plan.</li>\n<li>Do not plant trees too close to the building because roots may grow into the foundation. Place medium to large trees at least 20 feet from the building. Place trees that result in small, full-grown crowns closer to the building to maintain both energy and aesthetic value. See the <a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/\">Arbor Day Tree Guide</a> for growth rate and crown size information for specific tree species.</li>\n<li>Review the <em>Native and Adaptive Plants</em> strategy for plant selection guidance. Consider genetic diversity to minimize potential disease and insect problems.</li>\n<li>Consider using temporary measures to provide shade until trees reach maturity. For instance, vines growing on a trellis can shade air conditioning units. If using mature trees for shading or a windbreak, plant a temporary row of faster-growing shrubs upwind of the permanent row and remove before the roots interfere with the permanent planting.</li>\n</ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_449\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"282\"]<img class=\"wp-image-449 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Strategic Tree Placement (Source: Minnesota Department of Commerce Energy Information Center)\" width=\"282\" height=\"1002\" /> Figure 1- Strategic Tree Placement (Source: Minnesota Department of Commerce Energy Information Center)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>According to a Lawrence Berkeley National Labs study, landscapes that provide shade resulting in temperatures 3-6°F cooler can decrease the energy load required for buildings by 9-20%.</li>\n<li>Shading an air conditioning unit can increase its efficiency by up to 10% and allow units to operate more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></li>\n<li>Windbreaks can save up to 25% on heating costs by protecting the microclimate surrounding your building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Proper landscaping decreases energy demand to heat and cool buildings, thus reducing carbon dioxide emissions.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Moderate upfront investments in energy-efficient landscaping can realize paybacks in as little as eight years as trees and shrubs reach full maturity, offering maximum energy-saving benefits. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a>  Large, deep-rooted deciduous trees provide optimal shading benefits but depending on growth rate of the species, may take up to 5 or 10 years to reach full maturity.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy efficient landscaping offers a strong line of natural defense for buildings and the surrounding community.  Instead of implementing costly, time-consuming engineering projects, natural systems such as trees for windbreaks or shade, and wetlands for storm barriers offer protection from the elements, along with substantial energy savings. In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.</p>\n<p>Note that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lightning result in one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EIA. 2003.  <em>Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey, </em>Table E1A. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf\">https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Air infiltration occurs when outside air enters a house uncontrollably through cracks and openings. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Conduction is heat traveling through a solid material <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> <em>Solar radiation</em> is heat created from sunlight <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Connecticut State Department of Consumer Protection.  “How to Save on Air Conditioning.” <a href=\"http://www.portal.ct.gov/DCP/Common-Elements/Common-Elements/How-to-Save-on-Air-Conditioning\">http://www.portal.ct.gov/DCP/Common-Elements/Common-Elements/How-to-Save-on-Air-Conditioning</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Walker, L. and Newman, S.  <em>Landscaping for Energy Conservation</em>.  Colorado State University Extension Publications. no.7.225. March 2009.  <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07225.pdf\">http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07225.pdf</a> (accessed  March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE. <em>Landscaping for Shade</em>. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade</a> (April 10, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asla.org/resilientdesign.aspx\">American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) – Resilient Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.isa-arbor.com/\">International Society of Arboriculture</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/\">National Arbor Day Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/index.htm\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/mastergardeners/\">New Jersey Master Gardeners</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/extension/\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping\">US DOE: Energy Savers – Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Energy-Efficient Landscaping','','inherit','closed','closed','','1115-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 19:32:34','2022-03-28 19:32:34','',1115,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1121',0,'revision','',0),(1122,2,'2022-03-28 19:55:37','2022-03-28 19:55:37','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Site Protection\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is a Site Protection Plan?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A site protection plan helps protect the natural resources of a project site and adjacent areas and achieve compliance with local laws and codes. Existing trees and vegetation, healthy soils and natural hydrologic systems on a site are all valuable resources to consider protecting before a construction project begins. The site protection plan’s essential elements include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>A protection plan for vegetation/trees and healthy soils</li>\n<li>A tree rescue plan for those trees and plantings identified for removal (a park, community garden, nursery, or some other entity may want them)</li>\n<li>A site access plan, including a designated staging or ‘lay down’ area designed to minimize damage to the environment</li>\n<li>Storage areas for salvaged materials and collection areas for recyclable materials, including day-to-day construction waste (e.g., packaging, bottles)</li>\n<li>Defined sensitive areas where staging, stockpiling, and soil compaction are prohibited</li>\n<li>Wastewater runoff and erosion control measures</li>\n<li>Measures to salvage existing clean topsoil on site for reuse</li>\n<li>Plans to mitigate dust, smoke, and odors.</li>\n<li>Noise control measures, including schedules for particularly disruptive, high decibel operations</li>\n<li>Designated wash-down area for construction equipment</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Minimizing site disturbance reduces the impact that the construction of a new building has on the site and the regional ecosystem by minimizing the portion of the site that is impacted by development, reducing grading, preventing soil erosion, protecting existing vegetation, and other natural resources.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_80\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"602\"]<img class=\"wp-image-80 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Site-Protection-Plan-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"602\" height=\"448\" /> Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement a Site Protection Plan</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Conduct a site analysis that inventories site conditions and natural resources such as existing soils, vegetation, and hydrology early in the design process to provide information about how to minimize negative site impacts and identify any ecosystem impacts. Include a site protection plan in the contract documents.</p>\n<p>Follow the Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control when developing plans for controlling e<em><i>rosion during constructio</i></em>n.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> A soil erosion control permit, issued by one of the state’s 15 soil conservation districts is one of the many permits required by New Jersey laws to build and develop in the state.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The Standards manual includes design guidance for structural practices, such as grass waterways or detention basins as well as a comprehensive list of plant species used for vegetative stabilization of disturbed soils.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a>Obtain the Standards through any <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Soil Conservation District</a>.</p>\n<p>Projects also need to comply with the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">NJ DEP Construction Stormwater Phase II program</a>. Construction activities including clearing, grading and excavating that disturb one acre require a Storm Water Discharge Permit, administered through the NJ Soil Conservation Districts in conjunction with the NJ DEP Division of Water Quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>A site protection plan should define procedures for protecting existing trees and vegetation on site. Take an inventory of existing vegetation to determine the health and species composition. It is also essential to use the following resources to identify and protect any endangered or threatened species that may exist on-site. NJ DEP maintains a <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a>. Search the <a href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/threat.html\">USDA by the state for a list for endangered and threatened plant species</a>. In addition to protecting endangered species, minimizing vegetation removal also reduces the effects of soil erosion from the site because plant roots help stabilize the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The three leading causes of tree damage, decline, and death as a result of construction are soil compaction caused by equipment driving too near the tree, root damage caused by adding or removing soil, and the severing of roots caused by trenching (see <em><i>Tree Protection and Placement </i></em>strategy).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>Include a certified arborist on the project team and consult them early in the process to help protect trees during construction. An arborist can assess existing trees on a project site, outline steps for protection, and advise on best practices. The following is a list of significant considerations for a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>During construction, the largest single killer of tree roots – and thus of trees – is soil compaction by heavy machinery (compaction by construction equipment also degrades soil structure and reduces infiltration);<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n<li>The roots of most species of large, woody trees grow primarily horizontally;</li>\n<li>These roots are predominantly located in the top 12″ of soil and do not usually extend to depths greater than 3′ to 7’ yet extend outward to an average diameter of 1 to 2 times the height of that tree.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Tree guards should be erected to protect trees during construction, but since it would be impractical in most cases to establish a complete protection zone for all root systems tree guards should reach at least to the drip line of the tree’s crown. The drip line is the vertical plane going from the perimeter of the tree’s branch system to the ground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Protects the ecological services and natural resources of the site and the region</li>\n<li>Improves community relations through reduced environmental degradation<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Developing, implementing and enforcing a site protection plan can save money through avoiding fines by meeting local codes and regulations and protecting the natural resources of the site.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Site protection plans foster ecological resilience by preserving noninvasive trees, native plants, and pervious surfaces, which provide valuable ecosystem services, that in turn, enhance the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines. <a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf\">http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJ Soil Conservation Districts. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html\">http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> NJ DEP Division of Water Quality  <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Hopper, Leonard J. 2007. <u>Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards</u>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ. Google Books Link: <a href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> C. Dennis, W.R. Jacobi.  <em><i>Protecting Trees During Construction Projects.</i></em> Colorado State University Extension <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf\">http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf</a>  (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> University of Alabama Cooperative Extension. <em><i>A Guide to Preventing Soil Compaction During Construction. </i></em><a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf\">http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<p><strong>NJ Department of Environmental Protection</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">Construction Storm Water Permit Phase II</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_2%20print.pdf\">NJ Storm Water Best Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/national-menu-best-management-practices-bmps-stormwater#edu\">US EPA – National Menu of Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Storm Water</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustland.umn.edu/implement/protecting_trees.html\">University of Minnesota Extension – Protecting Existing Trees During Construction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Site Protection','','publish','closed','open','','nc-site-protection','','','2022-04-15 17:17:07','2022-04-15 17:17:07','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1122',0,'post','',0),(1123,2,'2022-03-28 19:52:27','2022-03-28 19:52:27','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1122-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 19:52:27','2022-03-28 19:52:27','',1122,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1123',0,'revision','',0),(1125,2,'2022-03-28 19:55:37','2022-03-28 19:55:37','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Site Protection\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is a Site Protection Plan?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A site protection plan helps protect the natural resources of a project site and adjacent areas and achieve compliance with local laws and codes. Existing trees and vegetation, healthy soils and natural hydrologic systems on a site are all valuable resources to consider protecting before a construction project begins. The site protection plan’s essential elements include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>A protection plan for vegetation/trees and healthy soils</li>\n<li>A tree rescue plan for those trees and plantings identified for removal (a park, community garden, nursery, or some other entity may want them)</li>\n<li>A site access plan, including a designated staging or ‘lay down’ area designed to minimize damage to the environment</li>\n<li>Storage areas for salvaged materials and collection areas for recyclable materials, including day-to-day construction waste (e.g., packaging, bottles)</li>\n<li>Defined sensitive areas where staging, stockpiling, and soil compaction are prohibited</li>\n<li>Wastewater runoff and erosion control measures</li>\n<li>Measures to salvage existing clean topsoil on site for reuse</li>\n<li>Plans to mitigate dust, smoke, and odors.</li>\n<li>Noise control measures, including schedules for particularly disruptive, high decibel operations</li>\n<li>Designated wash-down area for construction equipment</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Minimizing site disturbance reduces the impact that the construction of a new building has on the site and the regional ecosystem by minimizing the portion of the site that is impacted by development, reducing grading, preventing soil erosion, protecting existing vegetation, and other natural resources.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_80\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"602\"]<img class=\"wp-image-80 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Site-Protection-Plan-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"602\" height=\"448\" /> Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement a Site Protection Plan</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Conduct a site analysis that inventories site conditions and natural resources such as existing soils, vegetation, and hydrology early in the design process to provide information about how to minimize negative site impacts and identify any ecosystem impacts. Include a site protection plan in the contract documents.</p>\n<p>Follow the Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control when developing plans for controlling e<em><i>rosion during constructio</i></em>n.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> A soil erosion control permit, issued by one of the state’s 15 soil conservation districts is one of the many permits required by New Jersey laws to build and develop in the state.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The Standards manual includes design guidance for structural practices, such as grass waterways or detention basins as well as a comprehensive list of plant species used for vegetative stabilization of disturbed soils.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a>Obtain the Standards through any <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Soil Conservation District</a>.</p>\n<p>Projects also need to comply with the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">NJ DEP Construction Stormwater Phase II program</a>. Construction activities including clearing, grading and excavating that disturb one acre require a Storm Water Discharge Permit, administered through the NJ Soil Conservation Districts in conjunction with the NJ DEP Division of Water Quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>A site protection plan should define procedures for protecting existing trees and vegetation on site. Take an inventory of existing vegetation to determine the health and species composition. It is also essential to use the following resources to identify and protect any endangered or threatened species that may exist on-site. NJ DEP maintains a <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a>. Search the <a href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/threat.html\">USDA by the state for a list for endangered and threatened plant species</a>. In addition to protecting endangered species, minimizing vegetation removal also reduces the effects of soil erosion from the site because plant roots help stabilize the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The three leading causes of tree damage, decline, and death as a result of construction are soil compaction caused by equipment driving too near the tree, root damage caused by adding or removing soil, and the severing of roots caused by trenching (see <em><i>Tree Protection and Placement </i></em>strategy).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>Include a certified arborist on the project team and consult them early in the process to help protect trees during construction. An arborist can assess existing trees on a project site, outline steps for protection, and advise on best practices. The following is a list of significant considerations for a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>During construction, the largest single killer of tree roots – and thus of trees – is soil compaction by heavy machinery (compaction by construction equipment also degrades soil structure and reduces infiltration);<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n<li>The roots of most species of large, woody trees grow primarily horizontally;</li>\n<li>These roots are predominantly located in the top 12″ of soil and do not usually extend to depths greater than 3′ to 7’ yet extend outward to an average diameter of 1 to 2 times the height of that tree.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Tree guards should be erected to protect trees during construction, but since it would be impractical in most cases to establish a complete protection zone for all root systems tree guards should reach at least to the drip line of the tree’s crown. The drip line is the vertical plane going from the perimeter of the tree’s branch system to the ground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Protects the ecological services and natural resources of the site and the region</li>\n<li>Improves community relations through reduced environmental degradation<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Developing, implementing and enforcing a site protection plan can save money through avoiding fines by meeting local codes and regulations and protecting the natural resources of the site.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Site protection plans foster ecological resilience by preserving noninvasive trees, native plants, and pervious surfaces, which provide valuable ecosystem services, that in turn, enhance the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines. <a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf\">http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJ Soil Conservation Districts. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html\">http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> NJ DEP Division of Water Quality  <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Hopper, Leonard J. 2007. <u>Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards</u>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ. Google Books Link: <a href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> C. Dennis, W.R. Jacobi.  <em><i>Protecting Trees During Construction Projects.</i></em> Colorado State University Extension <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf\">http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf</a>  (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> University of Alabama Cooperative Extension. <em><i>A Guide to Preventing Soil Compaction During Construction. </i></em><a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf\">http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<p><strong>NJ Department of Environmental Protection</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">Construction Storm Water Permit Phase II</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_2%20print.pdf\">NJ Storm Water Best Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/national-menu-best-management-practices-bmps-stormwater#edu\">US EPA – National Menu of Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Storm Water</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustland.umn.edu/implement/protecting_trees.html\">University of Minnesota Extension – Protecting Existing Trees During Construction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Site Protection','','inherit','closed','closed','','1122-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 19:55:37','2022-03-28 19:55:37','',1122,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1125',0,'revision','',0),(1126,2,'2022-03-28 19:55:37','2022-03-28 19:55:37','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Site Protection\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is a Site Protection Plan?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A site protection plan helps protect the natural resources of a project site and adjacent areas and achieve compliance with local laws and codes. Existing trees and vegetation, healthy soils and natural hydrologic systems on a site are all valuable resources to consider protecting before a construction project begins. The site protection plan’s essential elements include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>A protection plan for vegetation/trees and healthy soils</li>\n<li>A tree rescue plan for those trees and plantings identified for removal (a park, community garden, nursery, or some other entity may want them)</li>\n<li>A site access plan, including a designated staging or ‘lay down’ area designed to minimize damage to the environment</li>\n<li>Storage areas for salvaged materials and collection areas for recyclable materials, including day-to-day construction waste (e.g., packaging, bottles)</li>\n<li>Defined sensitive areas where staging, stockpiling, and soil compaction are prohibited</li>\n<li>Wastewater runoff and erosion control measures</li>\n<li>Measures to salvage existing clean topsoil on site for reuse</li>\n<li>Plans to mitigate dust, smoke, and odors.</li>\n<li>Noise control measures, including schedules for particularly disruptive, high decibel operations</li>\n<li>Designated wash-down area for construction equipment</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Minimizing site disturbance reduces the impact that the construction of a new building has on the site and the regional ecosystem by minimizing the portion of the site that is impacted by development, reducing grading, preventing soil erosion, protecting existing vegetation, and other natural resources.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_80\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"602\"]<img class=\"wp-image-80 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Site-Protection-Plan-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"602\" height=\"448\" /> Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement a Site Protection Plan</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Conduct a site analysis that inventories site conditions and natural resources such as existing soils, vegetation, and hydrology early in the design process to provide information about how to minimize negative site impacts and identify any ecosystem impacts. Include a site protection plan in the contract documents.</p>\n<p>Follow the Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control when developing plans for controlling e<em><i>rosion during constructio</i></em>n.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> A soil erosion control permit, issued by one of the state’s 15 soil conservation districts is one of the many permits required by New Jersey laws to build and develop in the state.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The Standards manual includes design guidance for structural practices, such as grass waterways or detention basins as well as a comprehensive list of plant species used for vegetative stabilization of disturbed soils.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a>Obtain the Standards through any <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Soil Conservation District</a>.</p>\n<p>Projects also need to comply with the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">NJ DEP Construction Stormwater Phase II program</a>. Construction activities including clearing, grading and excavating that disturb one acre require a Storm Water Discharge Permit, administered through the NJ Soil Conservation Districts in conjunction with the NJ DEP Division of Water Quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>A site protection plan should define procedures for protecting existing trees and vegetation on site. Take an inventory of existing vegetation to determine the health and species composition. It is also essential to use the following resources to identify and protect any endangered or threatened species that may exist on-site. NJ DEP maintains a <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a>. Search the <a href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/threat.html\">USDA by the state for a list for endangered and threatened plant species</a>. In addition to protecting endangered species, minimizing vegetation removal also reduces the effects of soil erosion from the site because plant roots help stabilize the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The three leading causes of tree damage, decline, and death as a result of construction are soil compaction caused by equipment driving too near the tree, root damage caused by adding or removing soil, and the severing of roots caused by trenching (see <em><i>Tree Protection and Placement </i></em>strategy).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>Include a certified arborist on the project team and consult them early in the process to help protect trees during construction. An arborist can assess existing trees on a project site, outline steps for protection, and advise on best practices. The following is a list of significant considerations for a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>During construction, the largest single killer of tree roots – and thus of trees – is soil compaction by heavy machinery (compaction by construction equipment also degrades soil structure and reduces infiltration);<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n<li>The roots of most species of large, woody trees grow primarily horizontally;</li>\n<li>These roots are predominantly located in the top 12″ of soil and do not usually extend to depths greater than 3′ to 7’ yet extend outward to an average diameter of 1 to 2 times the height of that tree.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Tree guards should be erected to protect trees during construction, but since it would be impractical in most cases to establish a complete protection zone for all root systems tree guards should reach at least to the drip line of the tree’s crown. The drip line is the vertical plane going from the perimeter of the tree’s branch system to the ground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Protects the ecological services and natural resources of the site and the region</li>\n<li>Improves community relations through reduced environmental degradation<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Developing, implementing and enforcing a site protection plan can save money through avoiding fines by meeting local codes and regulations and protecting the natural resources of the site.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Site protection plans foster ecological resilience by preserving noninvasive trees, native plants, and pervious surfaces, which provide valuable ecosystem services, that in turn, enhance the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines. <a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf\">http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJ Soil Conservation Districts. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html\">http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> NJ DEP Division of Water Quality  <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Hopper, Leonard J. 2007. <u>Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards</u>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ. Google Books Link: <a href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> C. Dennis, W.R. Jacobi.  <em><i>Protecting Trees During Construction Projects.</i></em> Colorado State University Extension <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf\">http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf</a>  (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> University of Alabama Cooperative Extension. <em><i>A Guide to Preventing Soil Compaction During Construction. </i></em><a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf\">http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<p><strong>NJ Department of Environmental Protection</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">Construction Storm Water Permit Phase II</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_2%20print.pdf\">NJ Storm Water Best Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/national-menu-best-management-practices-bmps-stormwater#edu\">US EPA – National Menu of Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Storm Water</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustland.umn.edu/implement/protecting_trees.html\">University of Minnesota Extension – Protecting Existing Trees During Construction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1122-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 19:55:37','2022-03-28 19:55:37','',1122,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1126',0,'revision','',0),(1127,2,'2022-03-28 19:55:41','2022-03-28 19:55:41','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Site Protection\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is a Site Protection Plan?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A site protection plan helps protect the natural resources of a project site and adjacent areas and achieve compliance with local laws and codes. Existing trees and vegetation, healthy soils and natural hydrologic systems on a site are all valuable resources to consider protecting before a construction project begins. The site protection plan’s essential elements include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>A protection plan for vegetation/trees and healthy soils</li>\n<li>A tree rescue plan for those trees and plantings identified for removal (a park, community garden, nursery, or some other entity may want them)</li>\n<li>A site access plan, including a designated staging or ‘lay down’ area designed to minimize damage to the environment</li>\n<li>Storage areas for salvaged materials and collection areas for recyclable materials, including day-to-day construction waste (e.g., packaging, bottles)</li>\n<li>Defined sensitive areas where staging, stockpiling, and soil compaction are prohibited</li>\n<li>Wastewater runoff and erosion control measures</li>\n<li>Measures to salvage existing clean topsoil on site for reuse</li>\n<li>Plans to mitigate dust, smoke, and odors.</li>\n<li>Noise control measures, including schedules for particularly disruptive, high decibel operations</li>\n<li>Designated wash-down area for construction equipment</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Minimizing site disturbance reduces the impact that the construction of a new building has on the site and the regional ecosystem by minimizing the portion of the site that is impacted by development, reducing grading, preventing soil erosion, protecting existing vegetation, and other natural resources.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_80\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"602\"]<img class=\"wp-image-80 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Site-Protection-Plan-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"602\" height=\"448\" /> Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement a Site Protection Plan</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Conduct a site analysis that inventories site conditions and natural resources such as existing soils, vegetation, and hydrology early in the design process to provide information about how to minimize negative site impacts and identify any ecosystem impacts. Include a site protection plan in the contract documents.</p>\n<p>Follow the Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control when developing plans for controlling e<em><i>rosion during constructio</i></em>n.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> A soil erosion control permit, issued by one of the state’s 15 soil conservation districts is one of the many permits required by New Jersey laws to build and develop in the state.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The Standards manual includes design guidance for structural practices, such as grass waterways or detention basins as well as a comprehensive list of plant species used for vegetative stabilization of disturbed soils.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a>Obtain the Standards through any <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Soil Conservation District</a>.</p>\n<p>Projects also need to comply with the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">NJ DEP Construction Stormwater Phase II program</a>. Construction activities including clearing, grading and excavating that disturb one acre require a Storm Water Discharge Permit, administered through the NJ Soil Conservation Districts in conjunction with the NJ DEP Division of Water Quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>A site protection plan should define procedures for protecting existing trees and vegetation on site. Take an inventory of existing vegetation to determine the health and species composition. It is also essential to use the following resources to identify and protect any endangered or threatened species that may exist on-site. NJ DEP maintains a <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a>. Search the <a href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/threat.html\">USDA by the state for a list for endangered and threatened plant species</a>. In addition to protecting endangered species, minimizing vegetation removal also reduces the effects of soil erosion from the site because plant roots help stabilize the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The three leading causes of tree damage, decline, and death as a result of construction are soil compaction caused by equipment driving too near the tree, root damage caused by adding or removing soil, and the severing of roots caused by trenching (see <em><i>Tree Protection and Placement </i></em>strategy).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>Include a certified arborist on the project team and consult them early in the process to help protect trees during construction. An arborist can assess existing trees on a project site, outline steps for protection, and advise on best practices. The following is a list of significant considerations for a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>During construction, the largest single killer of tree roots – and thus of trees – is soil compaction by heavy machinery (compaction by construction equipment also degrades soil structure and reduces infiltration);<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n<li>The roots of most species of large, woody trees grow primarily horizontally;</li>\n<li>These roots are predominantly located in the top 12″ of soil and do not usually extend to depths greater than 3′ to 7’ yet extend outward to an average diameter of 1 to 2 times the height of that tree.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Tree guards should be erected to protect trees during construction, but since it would be impractical in most cases to establish a complete protection zone for all root systems tree guards should reach at least to the drip line of the tree’s crown. The drip line is the vertical plane going from the perimeter of the tree’s branch system to the ground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Protects the ecological services and natural resources of the site and the region</li>\n<li>Improves community relations through reduced environmental degradation<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Developing, implementing and enforcing a site protection plan can save money through avoiding fines by meeting local codes and regulations and protecting the natural resources of the site.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Site protection plans foster ecological resilience by preserving noninvasive trees, native plants, and pervious surfaces, which provide valuable ecosystem services, that in turn, enhance the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines. <a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf\">http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJ Soil Conservation Districts. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html\">http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> NJ DEP Division of Water Quality  <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Hopper, Leonard J. 2007. <u>Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards</u>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ. Google Books Link: <a href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> C. Dennis, W.R. Jacobi.  <em><i>Protecting Trees During Construction Projects.</i></em> Colorado State University Extension <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf\">http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf</a>  (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> University of Alabama Cooperative Extension. <em><i>A Guide to Preventing Soil Compaction During Construction. </i></em><a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf\">http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<p><strong>NJ Department of Environmental Protection</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">Construction Storm Water Permit Phase II</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_2%20print.pdf\">NJ Storm Water Best Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/national-menu-best-management-practices-bmps-stormwater#edu\">US EPA – National Menu of Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Storm Water</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustland.umn.edu/implement/protecting_trees.html\">University of Minnesota Extension – Protecting Existing Trees During Construction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Site Protection','','inherit','closed','closed','','1122-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 19:55:41','2022-03-28 19:55:41','',1122,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1127',0,'revision','',0),(1128,2,'2022-03-28 19:59:40','2022-03-28 19:59:40','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Tree Protection and Placement\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Tree Protection and Placement?</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees play an essential role in the overall environmental quality of a property. Protecting existing trees and properly siting new trees can increase the energy efficiency of a building design before considering mechanical enhancements or upgrades. Trees protect buildings by reducing energy loads, reducing interior glare, and blocking potentially harsh winds (see <em>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</em>). Trees also add aesthetic appeal, reduce stormwater runoff and soil erosion, and can improve air quality. It is essential to locate trees strategically. Trees can take 10-15 years to mature to a size that provides significant shade and protection, therefore protecting existing trees during construction is very important.</p>\n<p>Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees. Symptoms of tree damage from construction may not be visible immediately but may appear years later. In planning for tree protection and determining necessary tree removals, consider the species, size, maturity, location, and condition of each tree.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Sometimes saving a younger tree is more beneficial than saving a mature tree because they are better able to adapt to the disturbances of construction. It is essential to maintain a diversity of species and age of trees on the site.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_432\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"596\"]<img class=\"wp-image-432 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Tree-Protection-and-Placement-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”\" width=\"596\" height=\"572\" /> Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Tree Protection and Placement</strong></h2>\n<p><strong> </strong>A tree protection plan should be created during design and enforced during construction. The plan should define parameters such as materials and dimensions of tree protection fencing required for all trees in the site protection plan. Fencing helps protect trees by keeping construction vehicles, equipment, and materials away from the tree. Penalties, such as a fine proportional to damages accrued, help construction workers adhere to the tree protection plan.</p>\n<p>When developing a strategy to preserve existing trees during site construction, it is essential to consider both the aboveground and belowground components of the trees. Machinery can damage the trunk and crown of a tree by breaking branches and gashing the trunk. When digging to install a foundation and utilities, roots are susceptible to being severed.  The majority of the roots of a tree are no more than a foot deep in the soil. However, in a mature tree, the root system can extend as far as 1 to 3 times the height of the tree.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> As Figure 1 illustrates, the drip line, a vertical plane extending from the perimeter of the crown to the ground, is the minimum area that should be left undisturbed when preserving a tree. Extending that boundary increases the likelihood of the tree’s survival. The closer the cut is made to the tree, the more damage the tree suffers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Removing roots also makes the tree more prone to falling over as they stabilize the tree in the ground.  If a utility line must run through the area of a tree, the International Society of Arboriculture recommends tunneling under the tree’s roots as opposed to running through them if possible.</p>\n<p>Although equipment may not always actually cut or physically damage a tree, it should never go within the drip line of a tree because the weight can cause the soil above the roots to compact and impair root development.  Adding or removing soil above the root system should be avoided to prevent smothering or rotting. When making changes to the grade of the soil, stay as far away from the trunk as possible. Exposing trees to the elements by removing nearby trees makes them vulnerable to damage from the sun and to breaking from wind and ice. All of these factors are important as trees require years to adjust to stresses caused by construction.  Continue to monitor and maintain trees and look out for any signs of poor health or safety hazards.  An arborist can provide guidance on how to properly maintain and treat any trees that have suffered damage.</p>\n<p><strong> </strong>Select trees carefully and maintain them as necessary to achieve maximum benefits.  To maximize energy savings associated with trees, plant deciduous trees on the south and west sides of the building to lower air-conditioning costs in the summer.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Locate trees so that they shade as much hardscape as possible. A commitment to the long-term care of trees is essential to maintaining their health. Consult an ISA-certified arborist for consultation and care.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><u>Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge</u></p>\n<p>A reconstruction project at Washington’s Headquarters included taking an inventory of existing trees, protecting historic trees, removing invasive species, and pruning and fertilizing remaining trees on the property.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_420\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"912\"]<img class=\"wp-image-420 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Tree-Protection-and-Placement-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).\" width=\"912\" height=\"612\" /> Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees are essential to healthy, livable communities as they provide beauty, shade, and enhance a community’s quality of life. As described in further detail below, trees provide numerous benefits such as cleaning our air, reducing stormwater runoff, cooling buildings, and can even stimulate business in downtown areas by creating a more inviting and comfortable environment.</p>\n<p><u>Environment</u></p>\n<p><em>Absorption of Air Pollutants – </em>Preserving and increasing trees on site is a simple strategy for improving local air quality. Trees remove pollutants from the air by absorbing airborne particles and gaseous pollution. According to the US Forestry Service, 100 trees remove 53 tons of carbon dioxide and 430 pounds of other air pollutants per year.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><em>Carbon Sequestration – </em>Trees reduce greenhouse gases by storing carbon dioxide in their leaves, branches, trunks, and roots. They use carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and cellulose for plant structure and function and release oxygen back into the atmosphere.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup></p>\n<p><em>Reducing the Urban Heat Island Effect – </em>The high percentage of impervious surfaces in urban areas absorb heat and create what is known as the urban heat island effect; this causes the annual, mean air temperature of cities to be 5.4°F warmer than surrounding areas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Trees help cool urban areas by shading pavement and absorbing excess urban heat, reducing the urban heat island effect. This same strategy can be applied in less densely built areas by shading hardscaped areas.</p>\n<p><em>Energy Conservation – </em>Trees strategically placed on-site can reduce the energy needed to cool and heat buildings. In the summertime, large trees on the west and east side of a building can save up to 30% of air-conditioning costs and allow units to operate more efficiently (see <em>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><em>Capturing Storm Water Runoff and Preventing Erosion – </em>Trees capture and absorb rainwater, reducing stormwater runoff. Tree roots also hold soil in place, preventing erosion (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><u>People</u></p>\n<p><em>Biophilia – </em>The presence of trees nurtures the inherent affinity that humans are believed to have with nature known as biophilia (see <em>Biophilic Design</em>). Well-treed environments have also been shown to reduce stressors in urban environments due to the beauty and serenity they convey. For instance, a study in a Chicago public housing development showed reduced crime levels in apartment buildings that were surrounded by greenery compared to the same buildings in barren landscapes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Another study showed that exposure to greener play environments reduced ADHD symptoms in children in the United States.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Also, studies find a connection between the presence of trees and lower levels of violence.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><em>Noise Reduction, Traffic Calming, and Pedestrian Safety – </em>Trees can serve as useful sound buffers. For example, a 98-foot-wide by 49-foot-tall tree belt can reduce highway noise pollution by 6 to 10 decibels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Trees also serve as physical barriers which protect pedestrians in high traffic areas. Since the presence of trees often indicates the presence of pedestrians, trees near roads help suppress the notion of a transportation corridor meant only for vehicles and can help calm traffic.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p><u>Economy</u></p>\n<p><em>Increased property values – </em>Property values have been found to increase by as much as 10%, according to the U.S. Forest Service, while the International Society of Arboriculture estimates a 5-20% increase in property value due to street trees.</p>\n<p><em>Increased Business in Shopping Districts – </em>A study conducted by University of Washington’s Center for Urban Horticulture found that the presence of trees and other vegetation positively influenced consumers’ perception of retail districts. Furthermore, shoppers spent more time shopping in downtown business districts that were well landscaped compared to those areas with little vegetation. Shoppers were also willing to pay more for parking and spend up to 11% more for goods and services in highly treed retail areas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>On average, caring for a large tree costs $13/year but returns about $65 in energy savings, improved stormwater management, and higher property values.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>The cost benefits of large, medium and small trees are as follows:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a></p>\n<p><em>Large Tree                                                         Medium Tree</em></p>\n<p>Total benefits/year = $55                                   Total benefits/year = $33</p>\n<p>Total costs/year = $18                                       Total costs/year = $17</p>\n<p>Net benefits/year = $37                                     Net benefits/year = $16</p>\n<p>Life expectancy = 120 years                              Life expectancy = 60 years</p>\n<p>Lifetime benefits = $6,600                               Lifetime benefits = $1,980</p>\n<p>Lifetime costs = $2,160                                     Lifetime costs = $1,020</p>\n<p>Value to community = $4,440                         Value to community = $960</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><em>Small Tree</em></p>\n<p>Total benefits/year = $23</p>\n<p>Total costs/year = $14</p>\n<p>Net benefits/year = $9</p>\n<p>Life expectancy = 30 years</p>\n<p>Lifetime benefits = $690</p>\n<p>Lifetime costs = $420</p>\n<p>Value to community = $270</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees provide multiple resiliency benefits. During severe storms, tree roots help to manage flooding and coastal/riparian erosion by soaking up water and stabilizing soil. Trees help reduce strain on local sewer systems, especially combined sewer systems where flooding events can negatively affect water quality and lead to public health concerns.  By infiltrating water where it falls, trees help replenish groundwater reserves, relieving stress on local water supplies and reducing the need to import potable water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a> Consequently, trees can lessen the impact of droughts.</p>\n<p>In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.</p>\n<p>Note that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lighting is often one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> International Society of Arboriculture (ISA). Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210413063426/https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018.)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ISA. Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210413063426/https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> ISA. Trees are Good. “Tree Care Information:  Benefits of Trees.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210616160250/https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” <a href=\"http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf\">http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US Forestry Service: Benefits of Trees. <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees\">https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Colorado Tree Coalition.  “Education: Why Plant a Tree?”  <a href=\"http://coloradotrees.org/education/\">http://coloradotrees.org/education/</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” <a href=\"http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf\">http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA.   “Heat Island Effect.”   <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Arbor Day Foundation.  “Benefits of Trees.” <a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm\">https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). <em>Environment and crime in the inner city: Does vegetation reduce crime?</em><em> </em><em>Environment and Behavior</em><em>,</em> 33(3), 343-367. <a href=\"http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm\">http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm</a> (accessed April 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Faber Taylor, A., Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). “Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings.” <em>Environment and Behavior</em>, 33(1), 54-77. <a href=\"http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm\">http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Sullivan, W.C. &amp; F. E. Kuo.  Human-Environment Research Laboratory Department of</p>\n<p>Natural Resources and the Environmental Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-</p>\n<p>Champaign.  “Do Trees Strengthen Urban Communities, Reduce Domestic Violence?”  January 1996.  <a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html\">http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> National Forest Foundation.  “New Research Proves Just How Green Urban Forests Are.” <a href=\"https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests\">https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Jacobs, Allan B.  <em>Great Streets</em>.  Cambridge MA: MIT Press.  1995.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources.  “Fact Sheet #5: Trees in Business Districts.”  <a href=\"http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf\">http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Forest Service, Center for Urban Forestry Research and Information.  “The Large Tree Argument.”  <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf\">https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> US EPA. Green Infrastructure: Climate Resiliency. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency\">https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency</a> (accessed April 25, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.17.3\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/\">Arbor Day Foundation Tree Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.treesaregood.org/\">International Society of Arboriculture – Trees Are Good</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.itreetools.org/\">I-Tree Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://global.nature.org/?intc=glob_sol.topnav.logo\">The Nature Conservancy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/forest/community/\">NJ DEP Division of Parks and Forestry – Community Forestry</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtrees.org/\">NJ Tree Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phillywatersheds.org/what_were_doing/community_partnerships/programs/soak-it-adoption/green-stormwater-tools\">Philadelphia Water Department</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/extension/\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/topics/urban-forests-and-climate-change\">Urban Forests and Climate Change</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg0604.html\">University of Minnesota Extension Service: Fitting Trees and Shrubs into the Landscape</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">US EPA Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/fs-tags/watershed\">US Forest Service Watershed Forestry</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Tree Protection and Placement','','publish','closed','open','','nc-tree-protection-and-placement','','','2022-06-23 17:50:24','2022-06-23 17:50:24','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1128',0,'post','',0),(1129,2,'2022-03-28 19:56:01','2022-03-28 19:56:01','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1128-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 19:56:01','2022-03-28 19:56:01','',1128,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1129',0,'revision','',0),(1131,2,'2022-03-28 19:59:40','2022-03-28 19:59:40','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Tree Protection and Placement\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Tree Protection and Placement?</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees play an essential role in the overall environmental quality of a property. Protecting existing trees and properly siting new trees can increase the energy efficiency of a building design before considering mechanical enhancements or upgrades. Trees protect buildings by reducing energy loads, reducing interior glare, and blocking potentially harsh winds (see <em>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</em>). Trees also add aesthetic appeal, reduce stormwater runoff and soil erosion, and can improve air quality. It is essential to locate trees strategically. Trees can take 10-15 years to mature to a size that provides significant shade and protection, therefore protecting existing trees during construction is very important.</p>\n<p>Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees. Symptoms of tree damage from construction may not be visible immediately but may appear years later. In planning for tree protection and determining necessary tree removals, consider the species, size, maturity, location, and condition of each tree.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Sometimes saving a younger tree is more beneficial than saving a mature tree because they are better able to adapt to the disturbances of construction. It is essential to maintain a diversity of species and age of trees on the site.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_432\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-432 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Tree-Protection-and-Placement-Fig-1-300x288.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”\" width=\"300\" height=\"288\" /> Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Tree Protection and Placement</strong></h2>\n<p><strong> </strong>A tree protection plan should be created during design and enforced during construction. The plan should define parameters such as materials and dimensions of tree protection fencing required for all trees in the site protection plan. Fencing helps protect trees by keeping construction vehicles, equipment, and materials away from the tree. Penalties, such as a fine proportional to damages accrued, help construction workers adhere to the tree protection plan.</p>\n<p>When developing a strategy to preserve existing trees during site construction, it is essential to consider both the aboveground and belowground components of the trees. Machinery can damage the trunk and crown of a tree by breaking branches and gashing the trunk. When digging to install a foundation and utilities, roots are susceptible to being severed.  The majority of the roots of a tree are no more than a foot deep in the soil. However, in a mature tree, the root system can extend as far as 1 to 3 times the height of the tree.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> As Figure 1 illustrates, the drip line, a vertical plane extending from the perimeter of the crown to the ground, is the minimum area that should be left undisturbed when preserving a tree. Extending that boundary increases the likelihood of the tree’s survival. The closer the cut is made to the tree, the more damage the tree suffers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Removing roots also makes the tree more prone to falling over as they stabilize the tree in the ground.  If a utility line must run through the area of a tree, the International Society of Arboriculture recommends tunneling under the tree’s roots as opposed to running through them if possible.</p>\n<p>Although equipment may not always actually cut or physically damage a tree, it should never go within the drip line of a tree because the weight can cause the soil above the roots to compact and impair root development.  Adding or removing soil above the root system should be avoided to prevent smothering or rotting. When making changes to the grade of the soil, stay as far away from the trunk as possible. Exposing trees to the elements by removing nearby trees makes them vulnerable to damage from the sun and to breaking from wind and ice. All of these factors are important as trees require years to adjust to stresses caused by construction.  Continue to monitor and maintain trees and look out for any signs of poor health or safety hazards.  An arborist can provide guidance on how to properly maintain and treat any trees that have suffered damage.</p>\n<p><strong> </strong>Select trees carefully and maintain them as necessary to achieve maximum benefits.  To maximize energy savings associated with trees, plant deciduous trees on the south and west sides of the building to lower air-conditioning costs in the summer.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Locate trees so that they shade as much hardscape as possible. A commitment to the long-term care of trees is essential to maintaining their health. Consult an ISA-certified arborist for consultation and care.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><u>Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge</u></p>\n<p>A reconstruction project at Washington’s Headquarters included taking an inventory of existing trees, protecting historic trees, removing invasive species, and pruning and fertilizing remaining trees on the property.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_420\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-420 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Tree-Protection-and-Placement-Fig-2-300x201.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" /> Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees are essential to healthy, livable communities as they provide beauty, shade, and enhance a community’s quality of life. As described in further detail below, trees provide numerous benefits such as cleaning our air, reducing stormwater runoff, cooling buildings, and can even stimulate business in downtown areas by creating a more inviting and comfortable environment.</p>\n<p><u>Environment</u></p>\n<p><em>Absorption of Air Pollutants – </em>Preserving and increasing trees on site is a simple strategy for improving local air quality. Trees remove pollutants from the air by absorbing airborne particles and gaseous pollution. According to the US Forestry Service, 100 trees remove 53 tons of carbon dioxide and 430 pounds of other air pollutants per year.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><em>Carbon Sequestration – </em>Trees reduce greenhouse gases by storing carbon dioxide in their leaves, branches, trunks, and roots. They use carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and cellulose for plant structure and function and release oxygen back into the atmosphere.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup></p>\n<p><em>Reducing the Urban Heat Island Effect – </em>The high percentage of impervious surfaces in urban areas absorb heat and create what is known as the urban heat island effect; this causes the annual, mean air temperature of cities to be 5.4°F warmer than surrounding areas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Trees help cool urban areas by shading pavement and absorbing excess urban heat, reducing the urban heat island effect. This same strategy can be applied in less densely built areas by shading hardscaped areas.</p>\n<p><em>Energy Conservation – </em>Trees strategically placed on-site can reduce the energy needed to cool and heat buildings. In the summertime, large trees on the west and east side of a building can save up to 30% of air-conditioning costs and allow units to operate more efficiently (see <em>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><em>Capturing Storm Water Runoff and Preventing Erosion – </em>Trees capture and absorb rainwater, reducing stormwater runoff. Tree roots also hold soil in place, preventing erosion (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><u>People</u></p>\n<p><em>Biophilia – </em>The presence of trees nurtures the inherent affinity that humans are believed to have with nature known as biophilia (see <em>Biophilic Design</em>). Well-treed environments have also been shown to reduce stressors in urban environments due to the beauty and serenity they convey. For instance, a study in a Chicago public housing development showed reduced crime levels in apartment buildings that were surrounded by greenery compared to the same buildings in barren landscapes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Another study showed that exposure to greener play environments reduced ADHD symptoms in children in the United States.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Also, studies find a connection between the presence of trees and lower levels of violence.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><em>Noise Reduction, Traffic Calming, and Pedestrian Safety – </em>Trees can serve as useful sound buffers. For example, a 98-foot-wide by 49-foot-tall tree belt can reduce highway noise pollution by 6 to 10 decibels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Trees also serve as physical barriers which protect pedestrians in high traffic areas. Since the presence of trees often indicates the presence of pedestrians, trees near roads help suppress the notion of a transportation corridor meant only for vehicles and can help calm traffic.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p><u>Economy</u></p>\n<p><em>Increased property values – </em>Property values have been found to increase by as much as 10%, according to the U.S. Forest Service, while the International Society of Arboriculture estimates a 5-20% increase in property value due to street trees.</p>\n<p><em>Increased Business in Shopping Districts – </em>A study conducted by University of Washington’s Center for Urban Horticulture found that the presence of trees and other vegetation positively influenced consumers’ perception of retail districts. Furthermore, shoppers spent more time shopping in downtown business districts that were well landscaped compared to those areas with little vegetation. Shoppers were also willing to pay more for parking and spend up to 11% more for goods and services in highly treed retail areas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>On average, caring for a large tree costs $13/year but returns about $65 in energy savings, improved stormwater management, and higher property values.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>The cost benefits of large, medium and small trees are as follows:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a></p>\n<p><em>Large Tree                                                         Medium Tree</em></p>\n<p>Total benefits/year = $55                                   Total benefits/year = $33</p>\n<p>Total costs/year = $18                                       Total costs/year = $17</p>\n<p>Net benefits/year = $37                                     Net benefits/year = $16</p>\n<p>Life expectancy = 120 years                              Life expectancy = 60 years</p>\n<p>Lifetime benefits = $6,600                               Lifetime benefits = $1,980</p>\n<p>Lifetime costs = $2,160                                     Lifetime costs = $1,020</p>\n<p>Value to community = $4,440                         Value to community = $960</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><em>Small Tree</em></p>\n<p>Total benefits/year = $23</p>\n<p>Total costs/year = $14</p>\n<p>Net benefits/year = $9</p>\n<p>Life expectancy = 30 years</p>\n<p>Lifetime benefits = $690</p>\n<p>Lifetime costs = $420</p>\n<p>Value to community = $270</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees provide multiple resiliency benefits. During severe storms, tree roots help to manage flooding and coastal/riparian erosion by soaking up water and stabilizing soil. Trees help reduce strain on local sewer systems, especially combined sewer systems where flooding events can negatively affect water quality and lead to public health concerns.  By infiltrating water where it falls, trees help replenish groundwater reserves, relieving stress on local water supplies and reducing the need to import potable water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a> Consequently, trees can lessen the impact of droughts.</p>\n<p>In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.</p>\n<p>Note that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lighting is often one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> International Society of Arboriculture (ISA). Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018.)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ISA. Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> ISA. Trees are Good. “Tree Care Information:  Benefits of Trees.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” <a href=\"http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf\">http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US Forestry Service: Benefits of Trees. <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees\">https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Colorado Tree Coalition.  “Education: Why Plant a Tree?”  <a href=\"http://coloradotrees.org/education/\">http://coloradotrees.org/education/</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” <a href=\"http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf\">http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA.   “Heat Island Effect.”   <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Arbor Day Foundation.  “Benefits of Trees.” <a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm\">https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). <em>Environment and crime in the inner city: Does vegetation reduce crime?</em><em> </em><em>Environment and Behavior</em><em>,</em> 33(3), 343-367. <a href=\"http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm\">http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm</a> (accessed April 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Faber Taylor, A., Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). “Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings.” <em>Environment and Behavior</em>, 33(1), 54-77. <a href=\"http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm\">http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Sullivan, W.C. &amp; F. E. Kuo.  Human-Environment Research Laboratory Department of</p>\n<p>Natural Resources and the Environmental Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-</p>\n<p>Champaign.  “Do Trees Strengthen Urban Communities, Reduce Domestic Violence?”  January 1996.  <a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html\">http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> National Forest Foundation.  “New Research Proves Just How Green Urban Forests Are.” <a href=\"https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests\">https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Jacobs, Allan B.  <em>Great Streets</em>.  Cambridge MA: MIT Press.  1995.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources.  “Fact Sheet #5: Trees in Business Districts.”  <a href=\"http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf\">http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Forest Service, Center for Urban Forestry Research and Information.  “The Large Tree Argument.”  <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf\">https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> US EPA. Green Infrastructure: Climate Resiliency. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency\">https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency</a> (accessed April 25, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/rain-gardens-and-cisterns/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/\">Arbor Day Foundation Tree Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.treesaregood.org/\">International Society of Arboriculture – Trees Are Good</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.itreetools.org/\">I-Tree Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://global.nature.org/?intc=glob_sol.topnav.logo\">The Nature Conservancy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/forest/community/\">NJ DEP Division of Parks and Forestry – Community Forestry</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtrees.org/\">NJ Tree Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phillywatersheds.org/what_were_doing/community_partnerships/programs/soak-it-adoption/green-stormwater-tools\">Philadelphia Water Department</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/extension/\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/topics/urban-forests-and-climate-change\">Urban Forests and Climate Change</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg0604.html\">University of Minnesota Extension Service: Fitting Trees and Shrubs into the Landscape</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">US EPA Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/spf/coop/programs/wf/\">US Forest Service Watershed Forestry</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Tree Protection and Placement','','inherit','closed','closed','','1128-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 19:59:40','2022-03-28 19:59:40','',1128,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1131',0,'revision','',0),(1132,2,'2022-03-28 19:59:40','2022-03-28 19:59:40','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Tree Protection and Placement\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Tree Protection and Placement?</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees play an essential role in the overall environmental quality of a property. Protecting existing trees and properly siting new trees can increase the energy efficiency of a building design before considering mechanical enhancements or upgrades. Trees protect buildings by reducing energy loads, reducing interior glare, and blocking potentially harsh winds (see <em>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</em>). Trees also add aesthetic appeal, reduce stormwater runoff and soil erosion, and can improve air quality. It is essential to locate trees strategically. Trees can take 10-15 years to mature to a size that provides significant shade and protection, therefore protecting existing trees during construction is very important.</p>\n<p>Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees. Symptoms of tree damage from construction may not be visible immediately but may appear years later. In planning for tree protection and determining necessary tree removals, consider the species, size, maturity, location, and condition of each tree.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Sometimes saving a younger tree is more beneficial than saving a mature tree because they are better able to adapt to the disturbances of construction. It is essential to maintain a diversity of species and age of trees on the site.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_432\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-432 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Tree-Protection-and-Placement-Fig-1-300x288.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”\" width=\"300\" height=\"288\" /> Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Tree Protection and Placement</strong></h2>\n<p><strong> </strong>A tree protection plan should be created during design and enforced during construction. The plan should define parameters such as materials and dimensions of tree protection fencing required for all trees in the site protection plan. Fencing helps protect trees by keeping construction vehicles, equipment, and materials away from the tree. Penalties, such as a fine proportional to damages accrued, help construction workers adhere to the tree protection plan.</p>\n<p>When developing a strategy to preserve existing trees during site construction, it is essential to consider both the aboveground and belowground components of the trees. Machinery can damage the trunk and crown of a tree by breaking branches and gashing the trunk. When digging to install a foundation and utilities, roots are susceptible to being severed.  The majority of the roots of a tree are no more than a foot deep in the soil. However, in a mature tree, the root system can extend as far as 1 to 3 times the height of the tree.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> As Figure 1 illustrates, the drip line, a vertical plane extending from the perimeter of the crown to the ground, is the minimum area that should be left undisturbed when preserving a tree. Extending that boundary increases the likelihood of the tree’s survival. The closer the cut is made to the tree, the more damage the tree suffers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Removing roots also makes the tree more prone to falling over as they stabilize the tree in the ground.  If a utility line must run through the area of a tree, the International Society of Arboriculture recommends tunneling under the tree’s roots as opposed to running through them if possible.</p>\n<p>Although equipment may not always actually cut or physically damage a tree, it should never go within the drip line of a tree because the weight can cause the soil above the roots to compact and impair root development.  Adding or removing soil above the root system should be avoided to prevent smothering or rotting. When making changes to the grade of the soil, stay as far away from the trunk as possible. Exposing trees to the elements by removing nearby trees makes them vulnerable to damage from the sun and to breaking from wind and ice. All of these factors are important as trees require years to adjust to stresses caused by construction.  Continue to monitor and maintain trees and look out for any signs of poor health or safety hazards.  An arborist can provide guidance on how to properly maintain and treat any trees that have suffered damage.</p>\n<p><strong> </strong>Select trees carefully and maintain them as necessary to achieve maximum benefits.  To maximize energy savings associated with trees, plant deciduous trees on the south and west sides of the building to lower air-conditioning costs in the summer.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Locate trees so that they shade as much hardscape as possible. A commitment to the long-term care of trees is essential to maintaining their health. Consult an ISA-certified arborist for consultation and care.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><u>Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge</u></p>\n<p>A reconstruction project at Washington’s Headquarters included taking an inventory of existing trees, protecting historic trees, removing invasive species, and pruning and fertilizing remaining trees on the property.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_420\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-420 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Tree-Protection-and-Placement-Fig-2-300x201.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" /> Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees are essential to healthy, livable communities as they provide beauty, shade, and enhance a community’s quality of life. As described in further detail below, trees provide numerous benefits such as cleaning our air, reducing stormwater runoff, cooling buildings, and can even stimulate business in downtown areas by creating a more inviting and comfortable environment.</p>\n<p><u>Environment</u></p>\n<p><em>Absorption of Air Pollutants – </em>Preserving and increasing trees on site is a simple strategy for improving local air quality. Trees remove pollutants from the air by absorbing airborne particles and gaseous pollution. According to the US Forestry Service, 100 trees remove 53 tons of carbon dioxide and 430 pounds of other air pollutants per year.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><em>Carbon Sequestration – </em>Trees reduce greenhouse gases by storing carbon dioxide in their leaves, branches, trunks, and roots. They use carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and cellulose for plant structure and function and release oxygen back into the atmosphere.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup></p>\n<p><em>Reducing the Urban Heat Island Effect – </em>The high percentage of impervious surfaces in urban areas absorb heat and create what is known as the urban heat island effect; this causes the annual, mean air temperature of cities to be 5.4°F warmer than surrounding areas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Trees help cool urban areas by shading pavement and absorbing excess urban heat, reducing the urban heat island effect. This same strategy can be applied in less densely built areas by shading hardscaped areas.</p>\n<p><em>Energy Conservation – </em>Trees strategically placed on-site can reduce the energy needed to cool and heat buildings. In the summertime, large trees on the west and east side of a building can save up to 30% of air-conditioning costs and allow units to operate more efficiently (see <em>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><em>Capturing Storm Water Runoff and Preventing Erosion – </em>Trees capture and absorb rainwater, reducing stormwater runoff. Tree roots also hold soil in place, preventing erosion (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><u>People</u></p>\n<p><em>Biophilia – </em>The presence of trees nurtures the inherent affinity that humans are believed to have with nature known as biophilia (see <em>Biophilic Design</em>). Well-treed environments have also been shown to reduce stressors in urban environments due to the beauty and serenity they convey. For instance, a study in a Chicago public housing development showed reduced crime levels in apartment buildings that were surrounded by greenery compared to the same buildings in barren landscapes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Another study showed that exposure to greener play environments reduced ADHD symptoms in children in the United States.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Also, studies find a connection between the presence of trees and lower levels of violence.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><em>Noise Reduction, Traffic Calming, and Pedestrian Safety – </em>Trees can serve as useful sound buffers. For example, a 98-foot-wide by 49-foot-tall tree belt can reduce highway noise pollution by 6 to 10 decibels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Trees also serve as physical barriers which protect pedestrians in high traffic areas. Since the presence of trees often indicates the presence of pedestrians, trees near roads help suppress the notion of a transportation corridor meant only for vehicles and can help calm traffic.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p><u>Economy</u></p>\n<p><em>Increased property values – </em>Property values have been found to increase by as much as 10%, according to the U.S. Forest Service, while the International Society of Arboriculture estimates a 5-20% increase in property value due to street trees.</p>\n<p><em>Increased Business in Shopping Districts – </em>A study conducted by University of Washington’s Center for Urban Horticulture found that the presence of trees and other vegetation positively influenced consumers’ perception of retail districts. Furthermore, shoppers spent more time shopping in downtown business districts that were well landscaped compared to those areas with little vegetation. Shoppers were also willing to pay more for parking and spend up to 11% more for goods and services in highly treed retail areas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>On average, caring for a large tree costs $13/year but returns about $65 in energy savings, improved stormwater management, and higher property values.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>The cost benefits of large, medium and small trees are as follows:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a></p>\n<p><em>Large Tree                                                         Medium Tree</em></p>\n<p>Total benefits/year = $55                                   Total benefits/year = $33</p>\n<p>Total costs/year = $18                                       Total costs/year = $17</p>\n<p>Net benefits/year = $37                                     Net benefits/year = $16</p>\n<p>Life expectancy = 120 years                              Life expectancy = 60 years</p>\n<p>Lifetime benefits = $6,600                               Lifetime benefits = $1,980</p>\n<p>Lifetime costs = $2,160                                     Lifetime costs = $1,020</p>\n<p>Value to community = $4,440                         Value to community = $960</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><em>Small Tree</em></p>\n<p>Total benefits/year = $23</p>\n<p>Total costs/year = $14</p>\n<p>Net benefits/year = $9</p>\n<p>Life expectancy = 30 years</p>\n<p>Lifetime benefits = $690</p>\n<p>Lifetime costs = $420</p>\n<p>Value to community = $270</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees provide multiple resiliency benefits. During severe storms, tree roots help to manage flooding and coastal/riparian erosion by soaking up water and stabilizing soil. Trees help reduce strain on local sewer systems, especially combined sewer systems where flooding events can negatively affect water quality and lead to public health concerns.  By infiltrating water where it falls, trees help replenish groundwater reserves, relieving stress on local water supplies and reducing the need to import potable water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a> Consequently, trees can lessen the impact of droughts.</p>\n<p>In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.</p>\n<p>Note that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lighting is often one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> International Society of Arboriculture (ISA). Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018.)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ISA. Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> ISA. Trees are Good. “Tree Care Information:  Benefits of Trees.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” <a href=\"http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf\">http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US Forestry Service: Benefits of Trees. <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees\">https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Colorado Tree Coalition.  “Education: Why Plant a Tree?”  <a href=\"http://coloradotrees.org/education/\">http://coloradotrees.org/education/</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” <a href=\"http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf\">http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA.   “Heat Island Effect.”   <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Arbor Day Foundation.  “Benefits of Trees.” <a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm\">https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). <em>Environment and crime in the inner city: Does vegetation reduce crime?</em><em> </em><em>Environment and Behavior</em><em>,</em> 33(3), 343-367. <a href=\"http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm\">http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm</a> (accessed April 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Faber Taylor, A., Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). “Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings.” <em>Environment and Behavior</em>, 33(1), 54-77. <a href=\"http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm\">http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Sullivan, W.C. &amp; F. E. Kuo.  Human-Environment Research Laboratory Department of</p>\n<p>Natural Resources and the Environmental Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-</p>\n<p>Champaign.  “Do Trees Strengthen Urban Communities, Reduce Domestic Violence?”  January 1996.  <a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html\">http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> National Forest Foundation.  “New Research Proves Just How Green Urban Forests Are.” <a href=\"https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests\">https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Jacobs, Allan B.  <em>Great Streets</em>.  Cambridge MA: MIT Press.  1995.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources.  “Fact Sheet #5: Trees in Business Districts.”  <a href=\"http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf\">http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Forest Service, Center for Urban Forestry Research and Information.  “The Large Tree Argument.”  <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf\">https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> US EPA. Green Infrastructure: Climate Resiliency. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency\">https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency</a> (accessed April 25, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/rain-gardens-and-cisterns/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/\">Arbor Day Foundation Tree Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.treesaregood.org/\">International Society of Arboriculture – Trees Are Good</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.itreetools.org/\">I-Tree Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://global.nature.org/?intc=glob_sol.topnav.logo\">The Nature Conservancy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/forest/community/\">NJ DEP Division of Parks and Forestry – Community Forestry</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtrees.org/\">NJ Tree Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phillywatersheds.org/what_were_doing/community_partnerships/programs/soak-it-adoption/green-stormwater-tools\">Philadelphia Water Department</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/extension/\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/topics/urban-forests-and-climate-change\">Urban Forests and Climate Change</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg0604.html\">University of Minnesota Extension Service: Fitting Trees and Shrubs into the Landscape</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">US EPA Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/spf/coop/programs/wf/\">US Forest Service Watershed Forestry</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1128-revision-v1','','','2022-03-28 19:59:40','2022-03-28 19:59:40','',1128,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1132',0,'revision','',0),