(1428,3,'2022-04-11 18:23:06','2022-04-11 18:23:06','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"High Reflectance Hardscape Materials\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What are High Reflectance Hardscape Materials?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflectance hardscape materials or “cool” pavements are paving materials with high solar reflectance (albedo), such as concrete, that absorb minimal heat, reducing the heat island effect.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Albedo, or solar reflectance, is the ratio of the amount of light reflected from a surface to the amount of light shining on that surface. Pavements with a lower albedo absorb more sunlight and increase in temperature, while pavements with higher albedo absorb less sunlight, remaining cooler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>The heat island effect refers to the increase in temperature in developed areas that results from heat-absorbing paved areas, the loss of naturally cooling vegetation, and waste heat produced by buildings, motor vehicles, and machinery. This increase in temperature leads to increased energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a>  Urban areas exacerbate the heat island effect where 1/3 of surfaces are covered by pavement, particularly dark colored surfaces, which absorb more sunlight than light-colored surfaces and remit heat back in the environment (see<span> </span><em><i>Cool Roofs</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p><span></span></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_281\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"436\"]<img class=\"wp-image-281 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-High-Reflectance-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Concrete pavers (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)\" width=\"436\" height=\"324\" /> Figure 1 – Concrete pavers (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate High Reflectance Materials</b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflective “cool” pavements stay cooler in the sun than traditional pavements. Use reflective aggregate, a reflective or clear binder, or a reflective surface coating to enhance the reflective properties of pavement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>When selecting hardscape materials, consider the albedo (solar reflectance) and solar reflectance index (SRI) of the material. The SRI, which ranges from zero to 100, indicates the effect of a surface’s reflectance and emittance on its surface temperature. Materials with the highest SRI are the coolest. New asphalt pavement has an SRI of 0, while new white Portland cement concrete can have an SRI of between 86 and 100. Emittance, or emissivity, is a range between 0 and 1 that indicates how much heat is emitted by a surface. Since most opaque materials used for paving have an emittance of around .9, the albedo of a material determines its SRI.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Consider using pavers (concrete masonry units) as an alternative to asphalt and other dark materials for driveways, parking lots, plazas, and streets. Most pavers use high reflectance materials and some pavers also help reduce stormwater runoff by allowing water infiltration (see<span> </span><em><i>Pervious Hardscape Materials</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>  Check with the manufacturer to find out each product’s specifications. Pavers are available in a wide array of shapes, colors, and sizes.</p>\n<p>The natural landscape can help cool a home and the site (including driveways, pathways, and entranceways). For example, using trees and other vegetation to shade paved areas can protect the area from unwanted solar heat gain. Incorporating trees and plants for shade also decreases surface and air temperature, increases comfort, and connects people to the natural environment (see<span> </span><em><i>Biophilic Design and Energy-Efficient Landscaping)</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority: Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces</a></p>\n<p>This study used a regional climate model in combination with observed meteorological, satellite, and GIS data to determine the impact of urban forestry, living (green) roofs, and light-colored surfaces on near-surface air temperature and the urban heat island effect in New York City. Findings showed that among the single-strategy scenarios, light surfaces, light roofs, and living roofs can potentially reduce the summer peak electric load more than the other strategies.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region</a></p>\n<p>This research project focused on the analysis of the urban heat island effect in the greater Camden region and on mitigation strategies for the urban heat island in the city of Camden and adjoining communities. Mitigation strategies for the urban heat island effect included increased urban vegetation and lighter-colored surfacing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces energy demand and lowers utility costs.</li>\n<li>Improves water quality by reducing the surface temperature of stormwater runoff and protecting aquatic life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improves air quality, as decreased energy demand results in decreased air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.</li>\n<li>Improves aesthetics with an increase of trees and vegetation along with a reduction of large paved spaces.</li>\n<li>Improves health and comfort by reducing the heat island effect.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Increases the solar reflectance of roads, enhancing road visibility and reducing the electricity required for street lighting at night.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of any pavement application varies by region, the contractor, the time of year, materials, accessibility of the site, local availability of materials, underlying soils, size of the project, expected traffic, and the desired life of the pavement. Although the cost of these materials varies based on the factors listed above, an estimated cost range for a standard concrete installation is $4.00–$5.00/square foot, while a standard asphalt installation costs $3.00–$3.25/square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>However, concrete has an estimated service of 15-35 years, while conventional asphalt’s service life is about 7-20 years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a>  High reflectance concrete pavers are comparable in price to darker colored concrete pavers. For cost information for shading (see<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>\n<p>There are also cost savings associated with mitigating the urban heat island effect. For every 1°F increase in air temperature, electricity demand for cooling grows by 1.5-2%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a><span> </span>Densely populated urban areas are often 2 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit higher than surrounding suburban and undeveloped areas; this translates to an increase in cooling demand ranging between 3.5-15.75%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a><span> </span>Project teams that want to use high reflectance pavements as part of a heat island mitigation program may find it hard to estimate the net costs or benefits based on temperature reduction alone. The highest overall value may result when multiple benefits, such as improved stormwater management and water quality, are also factored into the evaluation of a paving project. For more in-depth cost-benefit analysis of various urban heat island mitigation scenarios using high reflectance hardscape materials and shading see Section 6 of the<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority’s Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces.</a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflectance hardscape materials contribute to resiliency through their reduction of the heat island effect, especially during severe heat waves or power outages, when vulnerable populations are at risk from heat-related illnesses, and air-conditioning demands put additional stress on an outdated and overtaxed electricity grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Portland Cement Association. “Heat Island Reduction.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Heat Island Group. “Cool Pavements.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>NJ DEP. “Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Berkeley Labs. Cool Pavements.<span> </span><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a><span> </span>(accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Berkeley Labs. Cool Pavements.<span> </span><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a><span> </span>(accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Portland Cement Association. “Heat Island Reduction.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Portland Cement Association. “Hardscape &amp; Pavers – Permeable Pavement and Surfaces.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/applications/Hardscape-Pavers.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/applications/Hardscape-Pavers.aspx</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>US EPA. “Heat Island Effect: Using Trees and Vegetation to Reduce Heat Islands.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-trees-and-vegetation-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-trees-and-vegetation-reduce-heat-islands</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>US EPA. “Heat Island Impacts.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>US EPA.  “Climate Change Indicators in the United States: Heat-Related Deaths.” Updated August 2016<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/print_heat-deaths-2016.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/print_heat-deaths-2016.pdf</a>  pg. 1 (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Costs provided by two of the significant asphalt and concrete suppliers in NJ (May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies: Cool Pavements,”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_5.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_5.pdf</a>. (accessed March 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a><span> </span>US EPA. “Heat Island Impacts.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a><span> </span>Rutgers Center for Green Building. “CAP Project.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">Berkeley Lab Heat Island Group</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-pavements-reduce-heat-islands\">Cool Pavements</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands\">Heat Island Effect</a><u></u></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">NJ DEP Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority’s Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR High Reflectance Hardscape Materials','','publish','closed','closed','','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials','','','2022-04-15 17:17:02','2022-04-15 17:17:02','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1428',0,'post','',0),(1430,3,'2022-04-11 18:23:06','2022-04-11 18:23:06','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"High Reflectance Hardscape Materials\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What are High Reflectance Hardscape Materials?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflectance hardscape materials or “cool” pavements are paving materials with high solar reflectance (albedo), such as concrete, that absorb minimal heat, reducing the heat island effect.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Albedo, or solar reflectance, is the ratio of the amount of light reflected from a surface to the amount of light shining on that surface. Pavements with a lower albedo absorb more sunlight and increase in temperature, while pavements with higher albedo absorb less sunlight, remaining cooler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>The heat island effect refers to the increase in temperature in developed areas that results from heat-absorbing paved areas, the loss of naturally cooling vegetation, and waste heat produced by buildings, motor vehicles, and machinery. This increase in temperature leads to increased energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a>  Urban areas exacerbate the heat island effect where 1/3 of surfaces are covered by pavement, particularly dark colored surfaces, which absorb more sunlight than light-colored surfaces and remit heat back in the environment (see<span> </span><em><i>Cool Roofs</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p><span></span></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_281\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"436\"]<img class=\"wp-image-281 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-High-Reflectance-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Concrete pavers (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)\" width=\"436\" height=\"324\" /> Figure 1 – Concrete pavers (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate High Reflectance Materials</b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflective “cool” pavements stay cooler in the sun than traditional pavements. Use reflective aggregate, a reflective or clear binder, or a reflective surface coating to enhance the reflective properties of pavement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>When selecting hardscape materials, consider the albedo (solar reflectance) and solar reflectance index (SRI) of the material. The SRI, which ranges from zero to 100, indicates the effect of a surface’s reflectance and emittance on its surface temperature. Materials with the highest SRI are the coolest. New asphalt pavement has an SRI of 0, while new white Portland cement concrete can have an SRI of between 86 and 100. Emittance, or emissivity, is a range between 0 and 1 that indicates how much heat is emitted by a surface. Since most opaque materials used for paving have an emittance of around .9, the albedo of a material determines its SRI.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Consider using pavers (concrete masonry units) as an alternative to asphalt and other dark materials for driveways, parking lots, plazas, and streets. Most pavers use high reflectance materials and some pavers also help reduce stormwater runoff by allowing water infiltration (see<span> </span><em><i>Pervious Hardscape Materials</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>  Check with the manufacturer to find out each product’s specifications. Pavers are available in a wide array of shapes, colors, and sizes.</p>\n<p>The natural landscape can help cool a home and the site (including driveways, pathways, and entranceways). For example, using trees and other vegetation to shade paved areas can protect the area from unwanted solar heat gain. Incorporating trees and plants for shade also decreases surface and air temperature, increases comfort, and connects people to the natural environment (see<span> </span><em><i>Biophilic Design and Energy-Efficient Landscaping)</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority: Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces</a></p>\n<p>This study used a regional climate model in combination with observed meteorological, satellite, and GIS data to determine the impact of urban forestry, living (green) roofs, and light-colored surfaces on near-surface air temperature and the urban heat island effect in New York City. Findings showed that among the single-strategy scenarios, light surfaces, light roofs, and living roofs can potentially reduce the summer peak electric load more than the other strategies.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region</a></p>\n<p>This research project focused on the analysis of the urban heat island effect in the greater Camden region and on mitigation strategies for the urban heat island in the city of Camden and adjoining communities. Mitigation strategies for the urban heat island effect included increased urban vegetation and lighter-colored surfacing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces energy demand and lowers utility costs.</li>\n<li>Improves water quality by reducing the surface temperature of stormwater runoff and protecting aquatic life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improves air quality, as decreased energy demand results in decreased air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.</li>\n<li>Improves aesthetics with an increase of trees and vegetation along with a reduction of large paved spaces.</li>\n<li>Improves health and comfort by reducing the heat island effect.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Increases the solar reflectance of roads, enhancing road visibility and reducing the electricity required for street lighting at night.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of any pavement application varies by region, the contractor, the time of year, materials, accessibility of the site, local availability of materials, underlying soils, size of the project, expected traffic, and the desired life of the pavement. Although the cost of these materials varies based on the factors listed above, an estimated cost range for a standard concrete installation is $4.00–$5.00/square foot, while a standard asphalt installation costs $3.00–$3.25/square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>However, concrete has an estimated service of 15-35 years, while conventional asphalt’s service life is about 7-20 years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a>  High reflectance concrete pavers are comparable in price to darker colored concrete pavers. For cost information for shading (see<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>\n<p>There are also cost savings associated with mitigating the urban heat island effect. For every 1°F increase in air temperature, electricity demand for cooling grows by 1.5-2%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a><span> </span>Densely populated urban areas are often 2 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit higher than surrounding suburban and undeveloped areas; this translates to an increase in cooling demand ranging between 3.5-15.75%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a><span> </span>Project teams that want to use high reflectance pavements as part of a heat island mitigation program may find it hard to estimate the net costs or benefits based on temperature reduction alone. The highest overall value may result when multiple benefits, such as improved stormwater management and water quality, are also factored into the evaluation of a paving project. For more in-depth cost-benefit analysis of various urban heat island mitigation scenarios using high reflectance hardscape materials and shading see Section 6 of the<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority’s Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces.</a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflectance hardscape materials contribute to resiliency through their reduction of the heat island effect, especially during severe heat waves or power outages, when vulnerable populations are at risk from heat-related illnesses, and air-conditioning demands put additional stress on an outdated and overtaxed electricity grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Portland Cement Association. “Heat Island Reduction.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Heat Island Group. “Cool Pavements.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>NJ DEP. “Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Berkeley Labs. Cool Pavements.<span> </span><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a><span> </span>(accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Berkeley Labs. Cool Pavements.<span> </span><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a><span> </span>(accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Portland Cement Association. “Heat Island Reduction.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Portland Cement Association. “Hardscape &amp; Pavers – Permeable Pavement and Surfaces.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/applications/Hardscape-Pavers.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/applications/Hardscape-Pavers.aspx</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>US EPA. “Heat Island Effect: Using Trees and Vegetation to Reduce Heat Islands.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-trees-and-vegetation-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-trees-and-vegetation-reduce-heat-islands</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>US EPA. “Heat Island Impacts.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>US EPA.  “Climate Change Indicators in the United States: Heat-Related Deaths.” Updated August 2016<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/print_heat-deaths-2016.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/print_heat-deaths-2016.pdf</a>  pg. 1 (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Costs provided by two of the significant asphalt and concrete suppliers in NJ (May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies: Cool Pavements,”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_5.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_5.pdf</a>. (accessed March 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a><span> </span>US EPA. “Heat Island Impacts.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a><span> </span>Rutgers Center for Green Building. “CAP Project.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">Berkeley Lab Heat Island Group</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-pavements-reduce-heat-islands\">Cool Pavements</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands\">Heat Island Effect</a><u></u></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">NJ DEP Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority’s Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Wildlife Habitat','','inherit','closed','closed','','1428-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 18:23:06','2022-04-11 18:23:06','',1428,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1430',0,'revision','',0),(1432,3,'2022-04-11 18:23:10','2022-04-11 18:23:10','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"High Reflectance Hardscape Materials\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What are High Reflectance Hardscape Materials?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflectance hardscape materials or “cool” pavements are paving materials with high solar reflectance (albedo), such as concrete, that absorb minimal heat, reducing the heat island effect.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Albedo, or solar reflectance, is the ratio of the amount of light reflected from a surface to the amount of light shining on that surface. Pavements with a lower albedo absorb more sunlight and increase in temperature, while pavements with higher albedo absorb less sunlight, remaining cooler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>The heat island effect refers to the increase in temperature in developed areas that results from heat-absorbing paved areas, the loss of naturally cooling vegetation, and waste heat produced by buildings, motor vehicles, and machinery. This increase in temperature leads to increased energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a>  Urban areas exacerbate the heat island effect where 1/3 of surfaces are covered by pavement, particularly dark colored surfaces, which absorb more sunlight than light-colored surfaces and remit heat back in the environment (see<span> </span><em><i>Cool Roofs</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p><span></span></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_281\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"436\"]<img class=\"wp-image-281 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-High-Reflectance-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Concrete pavers (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)\" width=\"436\" height=\"324\" /> Figure 1 – Concrete pavers (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate High Reflectance Materials</b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflective “cool” pavements stay cooler in the sun than traditional pavements. Use reflective aggregate, a reflective or clear binder, or a reflective surface coating to enhance the reflective properties of pavement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>When selecting hardscape materials, consider the albedo (solar reflectance) and solar reflectance index (SRI) of the material. The SRI, which ranges from zero to 100, indicates the effect of a surface’s reflectance and emittance on its surface temperature. Materials with the highest SRI are the coolest. New asphalt pavement has an SRI of 0, while new white Portland cement concrete can have an SRI of between 86 and 100. Emittance, or emissivity, is a range between 0 and 1 that indicates how much heat is emitted by a surface. Since most opaque materials used for paving have an emittance of around .9, the albedo of a material determines its SRI.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Consider using pavers (concrete masonry units) as an alternative to asphalt and other dark materials for driveways, parking lots, plazas, and streets. Most pavers use high reflectance materials and some pavers also help reduce stormwater runoff by allowing water infiltration (see<span> </span><em><i>Pervious Hardscape Materials</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>  Check with the manufacturer to find out each product’s specifications. Pavers are available in a wide array of shapes, colors, and sizes.</p>\n<p>The natural landscape can help cool a home and the site (including driveways, pathways, and entranceways). For example, using trees and other vegetation to shade paved areas can protect the area from unwanted solar heat gain. Incorporating trees and plants for shade also decreases surface and air temperature, increases comfort, and connects people to the natural environment (see<span> </span><em><i>Biophilic Design and Energy-Efficient Landscaping)</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority: Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces</a></p>\n<p>This study used a regional climate model in combination with observed meteorological, satellite, and GIS data to determine the impact of urban forestry, living (green) roofs, and light-colored surfaces on near-surface air temperature and the urban heat island effect in New York City. Findings showed that among the single-strategy scenarios, light surfaces, light roofs, and living roofs can potentially reduce the summer peak electric load more than the other strategies.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region</a></p>\n<p>This research project focused on the analysis of the urban heat island effect in the greater Camden region and on mitigation strategies for the urban heat island in the city of Camden and adjoining communities. Mitigation strategies for the urban heat island effect included increased urban vegetation and lighter-colored surfacing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces energy demand and lowers utility costs.</li>\n<li>Improves water quality by reducing the surface temperature of stormwater runoff and protecting aquatic life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improves air quality, as decreased energy demand results in decreased air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.</li>\n<li>Improves aesthetics with an increase of trees and vegetation along with a reduction of large paved spaces.</li>\n<li>Improves health and comfort by reducing the heat island effect.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Increases the solar reflectance of roads, enhancing road visibility and reducing the electricity required for street lighting at night.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of any pavement application varies by region, the contractor, the time of year, materials, accessibility of the site, local availability of materials, underlying soils, size of the project, expected traffic, and the desired life of the pavement. Although the cost of these materials varies based on the factors listed above, an estimated cost range for a standard concrete installation is $4.00–$5.00/square foot, while a standard asphalt installation costs $3.00–$3.25/square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>However, concrete has an estimated service of 15-35 years, while conventional asphalt’s service life is about 7-20 years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a>  High reflectance concrete pavers are comparable in price to darker colored concrete pavers. For cost information for shading (see<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>\n<p>There are also cost savings associated with mitigating the urban heat island effect. For every 1°F increase in air temperature, electricity demand for cooling grows by 1.5-2%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a><span> </span>Densely populated urban areas are often 2 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit higher than surrounding suburban and undeveloped areas; this translates to an increase in cooling demand ranging between 3.5-15.75%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a><span> </span>Project teams that want to use high reflectance pavements as part of a heat island mitigation program may find it hard to estimate the net costs or benefits based on temperature reduction alone. The highest overall value may result when multiple benefits, such as improved stormwater management and water quality, are also factored into the evaluation of a paving project. For more in-depth cost-benefit analysis of various urban heat island mitigation scenarios using high reflectance hardscape materials and shading see Section 6 of the<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority’s Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces.</a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflectance hardscape materials contribute to resiliency through their reduction of the heat island effect, especially during severe heat waves or power outages, when vulnerable populations are at risk from heat-related illnesses, and air-conditioning demands put additional stress on an outdated and overtaxed electricity grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Portland Cement Association. “Heat Island Reduction.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Heat Island Group. “Cool Pavements.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>NJ DEP. “Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Berkeley Labs. Cool Pavements.<span> </span><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a><span> </span>(accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Berkeley Labs. Cool Pavements.<span> </span><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a><span> </span>(accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Portland Cement Association. “Heat Island Reduction.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Portland Cement Association. “Hardscape &amp; Pavers – Permeable Pavement and Surfaces.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/applications/Hardscape-Pavers.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/applications/Hardscape-Pavers.aspx</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>US EPA. “Heat Island Effect: Using Trees and Vegetation to Reduce Heat Islands.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-trees-and-vegetation-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-trees-and-vegetation-reduce-heat-islands</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>US EPA. “Heat Island Impacts.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>US EPA.  “Climate Change Indicators in the United States: Heat-Related Deaths.” Updated August 2016<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/print_heat-deaths-2016.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/print_heat-deaths-2016.pdf</a>  pg. 1 (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Costs provided by two of the significant asphalt and concrete suppliers in NJ (May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies: Cool Pavements,”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_5.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_5.pdf</a>. (accessed March 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a><span> </span>US EPA. “Heat Island Impacts.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a><span> </span>Rutgers Center for Green Building. “CAP Project.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">Berkeley Lab Heat Island Group</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-pavements-reduce-heat-islands\">Cool Pavements</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands\">Heat Island Effect</a><u></u></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">NJ DEP Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority’s Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR High Reflectance Hardscape Materials','','inherit','closed','closed','','1428-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 18:23:10','2022-04-11 18:23:10','',1428,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1432',0,'revision','',0),(1433,3,'2022-04-11 18:25:53','2022-04-11 18:25:53','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Light Pollution Reduction\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Light Pollution?</strong></h2>\n<p>Light pollution refers to noticeable artificial light at night (ALAN), an unwelcome by-product of excessive outdoor lighting, especially vertical illuminance that includes such effects as skyglow, the brightening of the night sky, light trespass, the spilling of light beyond a property or intended lighting boundary, and glare, the obtrusive brightness of light viewed against an unlit background.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>The residential building sector contributes to light pollution through a variety of sources, including architectural and landscape lighting, interior nighttime lighting, and security lighting.</p>\n<p>The following includes a list of several negative impacts of light pollution.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Interferes with wildlife migratory and breeding patterns, impacting nighttime ecosystems and biodiversity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></li>\n<li>Wastes energy and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.</li>\n<li>Leads to glare issues and unsafe driving conditions, particularly for older motorists.</li>\n<li>Impacts human metabolism and disrupts sleep through constant exposure to artificial light, particularly light from the blue end of the spectrum.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></li>\n<li>Reduces ability to view stars and interferes with astronomical observatories.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></li>\n<li>Causes a nuisance to neighboring properties by casting unwanted nighttime glare into windows.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><span></span></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_326\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"640\"]<img class=\"wp-image-326 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Light-Pollution-Reduction-FIg-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Effects of light pollution (Source: Florida Atlantic University)\" width=\"640\" height=\"664\" /> Figure 1: Effects of light pollution (Source: Florida Atlantic University)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to reduce light pollution?</strong></h2>\n<p>The first steps to reducing light pollution are to evaluate the outdoor lighting requirements of your residence (i.e., aesthetics, security, or utility), to eliminate unnecessary lighting, and to strategically place energy-efficient lighting and controls to meet the remaining lighting requirements (see<span> </span><em>High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</em>).</p>\n<p>Downlighting refers to a lighting strategy that directs light down and only lights the predetermined area; therefore reducing light pollution. Technologies to reduce light pollution also include full cutoff luminaires, low-reflectance surfaces, and low-angle spotlights.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">3</a><span> </span>Cutoff luminaires have no direct uplight, help eliminate glare, and efficiently direct lighting down to the predetermined area.</p>\n<p>General guidelines for efficient outdoor lighting include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider location and surrounding areas during the lighting design, and select luminaires, locations, and orientations that minimize light trespass onto adjacent properties.</li>\n<li>Replace traditional HIDs (high-intensity discharge) luminaires and lamps, including high-pressure sodium and metal halide lamps, with<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans\">EnergyStar</a><span> </span>certified outdoor LEDs.</li>\n<li>Consider installing solar powered outdoor LED lights for outdoor pathways.</li>\n<li>Aim floodlight angles low so that the entire beam falls within the intended lighted area and direct light downward whenever possible.</li>\n<li>Use well-shielded luminaires and lamps, and other control devices when up-lighting is required to maximize the efficiency of the light source (e.g., reflectors, deflectors, and covers).</li>\n<li>Couple outdoor lightings systems, with lighting controls such as motion detectors, photosensors, and schedule controls, to enhance an energy efficiency and security.</li>\n<li>Adjust timers to the minimum period necessary and dim or switch lights off when not needed to save energy and cut electric bills.</li>\n<li>Plan for backup power for critical lighting needs during a power outage, such as emergency and night-time lighting (see<span> </span><em>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>).</li>\n<li>Commission and regularly re-commission all lighting systems and controls to optimize performance and energy savings.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>For project specific advice, consult the<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200725012444/https://www.ies.org/standards/ies-lighting-library/\">Illuminating Engineering Society’s</a><span> </span>lighting design guides, which provide lighting professionals with standards and recommended best practices for a variety of lighting applications.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Efficient outdoor lighting design helps to reduce light pollution, and its associated adverse effects including wasted energy reduced nighttime visibility for astronomers and scientists, disruption of nocturnal wildlife and ecology, and impacts on human health and well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[5]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The costs of implementing lighting designs and technologies that reduce light pollution vary depending on the selection of lighting sources, fixtures, and controls. Effective and efficient outdoor lighting solutions are not always the least expensive option, but as with any comprehensive cost evaluation, operating costs, including energy savings, lifetime performance, and maintenance, are essential factors to consider.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[6]</a><span> </span>Check the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/application-forms/application-forms-0\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>for available incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing light pollution provides energy savings and reduces reliance and stress on the electricity grid. Outdoor lighting designs that supplement solar-powered LED lighting technologies for a portion of regular lighting requirements (e.g., pedestrian pathways) and plan for backup power for critical lighting needs further reduce stress on the grid, especially in the event of a power outage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>The Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/Seminarpresentation.pdf\">http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/Seminarpresentation.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed October 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Gaston KJ, Visser ME, Ho ̈lker F. 2015 The biological impacts of artificial light at night: the research challenge. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 370: 20140133.<span> </span><a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Illuminating Engineering Society, International Dark Sky Association. <span> </span><em>Model Lighting Ordinance.<span> </span></em><a href=\"http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/16_MLO_FINAL_JUNE2011.PDF\">http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/16_MLO_FINAL_JUNE2011.PDF</a><span> </span>(accessed October 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Cornell University, Astronomy Department. 2018. “Ask an Astronomer: How does light pollution affect astronomers?”<span> </span><a href=\"http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/116-observational-astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollution-affect-astronomers-intermediate\">http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/116-observational-astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollution-affect-astronomers-intermediate</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">3</a><span> </span>LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/leed\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/LEED%20v4%20BDC_07.2.18_current.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct. 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[5]</a><span> </span>International Dark-Sky Association.<span> </span><em>Light Pollution.</em><span> </span><a href=\"http://darksky.org/light-pollution/\">http://darksky.org/light-pollution/</a><span> </span> (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[6]</a><span> </span>Illuminating Engineering Society.<span> </span><em>IES Lighting Handbook, 10<sup>th</sup><span> </span>Edition.</em><span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170607025145/https://www.ies.org/handbook/DiLaura/Introduction%20to%20the%20IES%20Handbook%20PDF.pdf\">https://www.ies.org/handbook/DiLaura/Introduction%20to%20the%20IES%20Handbook%20PDF.pdf</a>  (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ies.org/\">Illuminating Engineering Society</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.darksky.org/\">International Dark-Sky Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cost-lonne.eu/\">Loss of the Night Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njaa.org/\">NJ Astronomical Association</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Light Pollution Reduction','','publish','closed','closed','','nr-light-pollution-reduction','','','2022-06-23 19:13:12','2022-06-23 19:13:12','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1433',0,'post','',0),(1435,3,'2022-04-11 18:25:53','2022-04-11 18:25:53','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Light Pollution Reduction\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Light Pollution?</strong></h2>\n<p>Light pollution refers to noticeable artificial light at night (ALAN), an unwelcome by-product of excessive outdoor lighting, especially vertical illuminance that includes such effects as skyglow, the brightening of the night sky, light trespass, the spilling of light beyond a property or intended lighting boundary, and glare, the obtrusive brightness of light viewed against an unlit background.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>The residential building sector contributes to light pollution through a variety of sources, including architectural and landscape lighting, interior nighttime lighting, and security lighting.</p>\n<p>The following includes a list of several negative impacts of light pollution.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Interferes with wildlife migratory and breeding patterns, impacting nighttime ecosystems and biodiversity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></li>\n<li>Wastes energy and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.</li>\n<li>Leads to glare issues and unsafe driving conditions, particularly for older motorists.</li>\n<li>Impacts human metabolism and disrupts sleep through constant exposure to artificial light, particularly light from the blue end of the spectrum.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></li>\n<li>Reduces ability to view stars and interferes with astronomical observatories.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></li>\n<li>Causes a nuisance to neighboring properties by casting unwanted nighttime glare into windows.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><span></span></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_326\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"640\"]<img class=\"wp-image-326 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Light-Pollution-Reduction-FIg-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Effects of light pollution (Source: Florida Atlantic University)\" width=\"640\" height=\"664\" /> Figure 1: Effects of light pollution (Source: Florida Atlantic University)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to reduce light pollution?</strong></h2>\n<p>The first steps to reducing light pollution are to evaluate the outdoor lighting requirements of your residence (i.e., aesthetics, security, or utility), to eliminate unnecessary lighting, and to strategically place energy-efficient lighting and controls to meet the remaining lighting requirements (see<span> </span><em>High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</em>).</p>\n<p>Downlighting refers to a lighting strategy that directs light down and only lights the predetermined area; therefore reducing light pollution. Technologies to reduce light pollution also include full cutoff luminaires, low-reflectance surfaces, and low-angle spotlights.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">3</a><span> </span>Cutoff luminaires have no direct uplight, help eliminate glare, and efficiently direct lighting down to the predetermined area.</p>\n<p>General guidelines for efficient outdoor lighting include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider location and surrounding areas during the lighting design, and select luminaires, locations, and orientations that minimize light trespass onto adjacent properties.</li>\n<li>Replace traditional HIDs (high-intensity discharge) luminaires and lamps, including high-pressure sodium and metal halide lamps, with<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans\">EnergyStar</a><span> </span>certified outdoor LEDs.</li>\n<li>Consider installing solar powered outdoor LED lights for outdoor pathways.</li>\n<li>Aim floodlight angles low so that the entire beam falls within the intended lighted area and direct light downward whenever possible.</li>\n<li>Use well-shielded luminaires and lamps, and other control devices when up-lighting is required to maximize the efficiency of the light source (e.g., reflectors, deflectors, and covers).</li>\n<li>Couple outdoor lightings systems, with lighting controls such as motion detectors, photosensors, and schedule controls, to enhance an energy efficiency and security.</li>\n<li>Adjust timers to the minimum period necessary and dim or switch lights off when not needed to save energy and cut electric bills.</li>\n<li>Plan for backup power for critical lighting needs during a power outage, such as emergency and night-time lighting (see<span> </span><em>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>).</li>\n<li>Commission and regularly re-commission all lighting systems and controls to optimize performance and energy savings.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>For project specific advice, consult the<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.ies.org/standards/ies-lighting-library/\">Illuminating Engineering Society’s</a><span> </span>lighting design guides, which provide lighting professionals with standards and recommended best practices for a variety of lighting applications.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Efficient outdoor lighting design helps to reduce light pollution, and its associated adverse effects including wasted energy reduced nighttime visibility for astronomers and scientists, disruption of nocturnal wildlife and ecology, and impacts on human health and well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[5]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The costs of implementing lighting designs and technologies that reduce light pollution vary depending on the selection of lighting sources, fixtures, and controls. Effective and efficient outdoor lighting solutions are not always the least expensive option, but as with any comprehensive cost evaluation, operating costs, including energy savings, lifetime performance, and maintenance, are essential factors to consider.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[6]</a><span> </span>Check the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/application-forms/application-forms-0\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>for available incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing light pollution provides energy savings and reduces reliance and stress on the electricity grid. Outdoor lighting designs that supplement solar-powered LED lighting technologies for a portion of regular lighting requirements (e.g., pedestrian pathways) and plan for backup power for critical lighting needs further reduce stress on the grid, especially in the event of a power outage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>The Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/Seminarpresentation.pdf\">http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/Seminarpresentation.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed October 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Gaston KJ, Visser ME, Ho ̈lker F. 2015 The biological impacts of artificial light at night: the research challenge. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 370: 20140133.<span> </span><a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Illuminating Engineering Society, International Dark Sky Association. <span> </span><em>Model Lighting Ordinance.<span> </span></em><a href=\"http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/16_MLO_FINAL_JUNE2011.PDF\">http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/16_MLO_FINAL_JUNE2011.PDF</a><span> </span>(accessed October 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Cornell University, Astronomy Department. 2018. “Ask an Astronomer: How does light pollution affect astronomers?”<span> </span><a href=\"http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/116-observational-astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollution-affect-astronomers-intermediate\">http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/116-observational-astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollution-affect-astronomers-intermediate</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">3</a><span> </span>LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/LEED%20v4%20BDC_07.2.18_current.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/LEED%20v4%20BDC_07.2.18_current.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct. 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[5]</a><span> </span>International Dark-Sky Association.<span> </span><em>Light Pollution.</em><span> </span><a href=\"http://darksky.org/light-pollution/\">http://darksky.org/light-pollution/</a><span> </span> (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[6]</a><span> </span>Illuminating Engineering Society.<span> </span><em>IES Lighting Handbook, 10<sup>th</sup><span> </span>Edition.</em><span> </span><a href=\"https://www.ies.org/handbook/DiLaura/Introduction%20to%20the%20IES%20Handbook%20PDF.pdf\">https://www.ies.org/handbook/DiLaura/Introduction%20to%20the%20IES%20Handbook%20PDF.pdf</a>  (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ies.org/\">Illuminating Engineering Society</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.darksky.org/\">International Dark-Sky Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cost-lonne.eu/\">Loss of the Night Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njaa.org/\">NJ Astronomical Association</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR High Reflectance Hardscape Materials','','inherit','closed','closed','','1433-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 18:25:53','2022-04-11 18:25:53','',1433,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1435',0,'revision','',0),(1436,3,'2022-04-11 18:25:57','2022-04-11 18:25:57','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Light Pollution Reduction\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Light Pollution?</strong></h2>\n<p>Light pollution refers to noticeable artificial light at night (ALAN), an unwelcome by-product of excessive outdoor lighting, especially vertical illuminance that includes such effects as skyglow, the brightening of the night sky, light trespass, the spilling of light beyond a property or intended lighting boundary, and glare, the obtrusive brightness of light viewed against an unlit background.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>The residential building sector contributes to light pollution through a variety of sources, including architectural and landscape lighting, interior nighttime lighting, and security lighting.</p>\n<p>The following includes a list of several negative impacts of light pollution.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Interferes with wildlife migratory and breeding patterns, impacting nighttime ecosystems and biodiversity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></li>\n<li>Wastes energy and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.</li>\n<li>Leads to glare issues and unsafe driving conditions, particularly for older motorists.</li>\n<li>Impacts human metabolism and disrupts sleep through constant exposure to artificial light, particularly light from the blue end of the spectrum.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></li>\n<li>Reduces ability to view stars and interferes with astronomical observatories.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></li>\n<li>Causes a nuisance to neighboring properties by casting unwanted nighttime glare into windows.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><span></span></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_326\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"640\"]<img class=\"wp-image-326 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Light-Pollution-Reduction-FIg-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Effects of light pollution (Source: Florida Atlantic University)\" width=\"640\" height=\"664\" /> Figure 1: Effects of light pollution (Source: Florida Atlantic University)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to reduce light pollution?</strong></h2>\n<p>The first steps to reducing light pollution are to evaluate the outdoor lighting requirements of your residence (i.e., aesthetics, security, or utility), to eliminate unnecessary lighting, and to strategically place energy-efficient lighting and controls to meet the remaining lighting requirements (see<span> </span><em>High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</em>).</p>\n<p>Downlighting refers to a lighting strategy that directs light down and only lights the predetermined area; therefore reducing light pollution. Technologies to reduce light pollution also include full cutoff luminaires, low-reflectance surfaces, and low-angle spotlights.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">3</a><span> </span>Cutoff luminaires have no direct uplight, help eliminate glare, and efficiently direct lighting down to the predetermined area.</p>\n<p>General guidelines for efficient outdoor lighting include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider location and surrounding areas during the lighting design, and select luminaires, locations, and orientations that minimize light trespass onto adjacent properties.</li>\n<li>Replace traditional HIDs (high-intensity discharge) luminaires and lamps, including high-pressure sodium and metal halide lamps, with<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans\">EnergyStar</a><span> </span>certified outdoor LEDs.</li>\n<li>Consider installing solar powered outdoor LED lights for outdoor pathways.</li>\n<li>Aim floodlight angles low so that the entire beam falls within the intended lighted area and direct light downward whenever possible.</li>\n<li>Use well-shielded luminaires and lamps, and other control devices when up-lighting is required to maximize the efficiency of the light source (e.g., reflectors, deflectors, and covers).</li>\n<li>Couple outdoor lightings systems, with lighting controls such as motion detectors, photosensors, and schedule controls, to enhance an energy efficiency and security.</li>\n<li>Adjust timers to the minimum period necessary and dim or switch lights off when not needed to save energy and cut electric bills.</li>\n<li>Plan for backup power for critical lighting needs during a power outage, such as emergency and night-time lighting (see<span> </span><em>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>).</li>\n<li>Commission and regularly re-commission all lighting systems and controls to optimize performance and energy savings.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>For project specific advice, consult the<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.ies.org/standards/ies-lighting-library/\">Illuminating Engineering Society’s</a><span> </span>lighting design guides, which provide lighting professionals with standards and recommended best practices for a variety of lighting applications.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Efficient outdoor lighting design helps to reduce light pollution, and its associated adverse effects including wasted energy reduced nighttime visibility for astronomers and scientists, disruption of nocturnal wildlife and ecology, and impacts on human health and well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[5]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The costs of implementing lighting designs and technologies that reduce light pollution vary depending on the selection of lighting sources, fixtures, and controls. Effective and efficient outdoor lighting solutions are not always the least expensive option, but as with any comprehensive cost evaluation, operating costs, including energy savings, lifetime performance, and maintenance, are essential factors to consider.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[6]</a><span> </span>Check the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/application-forms/application-forms-0\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>for available incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing light pollution provides energy savings and reduces reliance and stress on the electricity grid. Outdoor lighting designs that supplement solar-powered LED lighting technologies for a portion of regular lighting requirements (e.g., pedestrian pathways) and plan for backup power for critical lighting needs further reduce stress on the grid, especially in the event of a power outage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>The Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/Seminarpresentation.pdf\">http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/Seminarpresentation.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed October 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Gaston KJ, Visser ME, Ho ̈lker F. 2015 The biological impacts of artificial light at night: the research challenge. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 370: 20140133.<span> </span><a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Illuminating Engineering Society, International Dark Sky Association. <span> </span><em>Model Lighting Ordinance.<span> </span></em><a href=\"http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/16_MLO_FINAL_JUNE2011.PDF\">http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/16_MLO_FINAL_JUNE2011.PDF</a><span> </span>(accessed October 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Cornell University, Astronomy Department. 2018. “Ask an Astronomer: How does light pollution affect astronomers?”<span> </span><a href=\"http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/116-observational-astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollution-affect-astronomers-intermediate\">http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/116-observational-astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollution-affect-astronomers-intermediate</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">3</a><span> </span>LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/LEED%20v4%20BDC_07.2.18_current.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/LEED%20v4%20BDC_07.2.18_current.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct. 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[5]</a><span> </span>International Dark-Sky Association.<span> </span><em>Light Pollution.</em><span> </span><a href=\"http://darksky.org/light-pollution/\">http://darksky.org/light-pollution/</a><span> </span> (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[6]</a><span> </span>Illuminating Engineering Society.<span> </span><em>IES Lighting Handbook, 10<sup>th</sup><span> </span>Edition.</em><span> </span><a href=\"https://www.ies.org/handbook/DiLaura/Introduction%20to%20the%20IES%20Handbook%20PDF.pdf\">https://www.ies.org/handbook/DiLaura/Introduction%20to%20the%20IES%20Handbook%20PDF.pdf</a>  (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/\">High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ies.org/\">Illuminating Engineering Society</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.darksky.org/\">International Dark-Sky Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cost-lonne.eu/\">Loss of the Night Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njaa.org/\">NJ Astronomical Association</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Light Pollution Reduction','','inherit','closed','closed','','1433-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 18:25:57','2022-04-11 18:25:57','',1433,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1436',0,'revision','',0),(1437,3,'2022-04-11 18:49:17','2022-04-11 18:49:17','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Native and Adapted Plants\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What are Native and Adapted Plants?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Native plant species thrive naturally in a particular region, ecosystem or habitat without direct or indirect human actions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Adapted plants have evolved to the physical conditions such as soil, climate, and geology of a site but were not formally part of the natural ecosystem.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Invasive plants grow quickly and aggressively, often displacing native plants and adversely impacting native wildlife, local food sources, and pollination.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Landscaping with plants that are native and adapted to the Mid-Atlantic geographic region nurtures a diverse and healthy ecosystem and saves time and maintenance costs. Diverse native habitats resist disease, reduce the need for synthetic pesticides,  increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife, reduce stormwater runoff and mitigate flooding,  and provide an alternative to the time-consuming, energy-intensive, and water-inefficient practices of lawn and turf care (see<span> </span><em><i>Turf Grass Reduction</i></em>).</p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_24\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"wp-image-24 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Native-and-Adapated-Plants-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)\" width=\"424\" height=\"608\" /> Figure 1 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Native and Adapted Plants</b></strong></h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Assess existing site conditions: Is the site sunny or shaded? Flat or sloped? Is soil tight (clay) or loose (sand)? Drainage (quick or slow)? What is the existing vegetation on the site?</li>\n<li>Research local nurseries that specialize in native plants and contact nurseries in advance to obtain availability lists.</li>\n<li>Choose plants appropriate for the site conditions. The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a><span> </span>provides a list of NJ native plants by County.</li>\n<li>see sample list below and<span> </span><strong><b>Resources</b></strong><span> </span>for a list of NJ native plants by County and native plant database).</li>\n<li>Site preparation: minimize disturbance to the natural landscape, test the soil, and amend the soil with compost when necessary.</li>\n<li>Install plants and water regularly until established.</li>\n<li>Create and implement a long-term land management plan for maintenance, including integrated pest management (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Pest Management</i></em>).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating native and adapted plants:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces the amount of water used in landscaping (see<span> </span><em><i>Water-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Reduces use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which contaminate water from runoff and pose a threat to humans, pets and the environment.</li>\n<li>Increases wildlife habitat and biodiversity.</li>\n<li>Reduces stormwater runoff and improves stormwater quality (replacing lawns and turf with natural vegetation maximizes stormwater absorption).</li>\n<li>Reduces the amount of landscape waste often generated from routine maintenance of a manicured landscape.</li>\n<li>Increases appreciation for regional, natural resources and sense of place.</li>\n<li>Saves maintenance cost (once established, native plants can be less costly to maintain than some non-native landscapes).</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>All landscapes require regular maintenance and a long-term maintenance plan. The cost of maintaining any landscape depends on the type of plants and the expectations for that landscape. Once established, native landscape maintenance costs may be lower than some non-native landscapes.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, native and adapted plants act as an essential buffer to encroaching water during flood periods while acting as a routine defense against beach erosion.  For example, American Beachgrass considered one of the best lines of shoreline defense against storms, may also help prevent increasing levels of brackish water from infiltrating water tables close to a salt-water body.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>In general, the root systems of native plants can reduce runoff and mitigate flooding.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>In the event of droughts, water-efficient landscapes designed with native and adapted plants add layers of protection against water scarcity. Native plants also increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife necessary for a healthy and resilient ecosystem that can better rebound after a disturbance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Audubon. Plant Natives.<span> </span><a href=\"http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html\">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html</a><span> </span>(accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2010. National Park Service and U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service. “Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas.”  Washington, D.C.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf\">http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.  “Invasive Plants”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx\">http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx</a>  (accessed March 14, 2018).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. StormSmart Properties Fact Sheet 1: Artificial Dunes and Dune Nourishment. <span> </span><a href=\"http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html\">http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>USDA Forest Service. Native Gardening. <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml\">https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml</a><span> </span>(accessed November 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Why Native Plants.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants\">https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants</a><span> </span>(accessed November 4, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-pest-management-ipm/\">Integrated Pest Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.i-cure.org/\">Center for Urban Restoration Ecology – A Collaboration between Rutgers University and Brooklyn Botanic Garden</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cnt.org/tools/green-values-stormwater-toolbox\">Green Values Stormwater Toolbox</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210815010545/https://landscapeforlife.org/plants/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CEAM\">Native Plant Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">The Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs1140/\">Rutgers – New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station – Incorporating Native Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.maipc.org/PlantInvadersMidAtlanticNaturalAreas5thEdition.pdf\">Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_043594.pdf\">USDA and NRCS Aberdeen Plant Materials Center – Plants for Riparian Buffers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/\">USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/tools/greenscapes/web/html/index.html\">US EPA Greenscapes</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" type=\"4_4\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Native and Adapted Plants','','publish','closed','closed','','nr-native-and-adapted-plants','','','2022-06-23 19:13:20','2022-06-23 19:13:20','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1437',0,'post','',0),(1438,3,'2022-04-11 18:47:21','2022-04-11 18:47:21','','download','','inherit','open','closed','','download-2','','','2022-04-11 18:47:21','2022-04-11 18:47:21','',1437,'http://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png',0,'attachment','image/png',0),(1440,3,'2022-04-11 18:49:17','2022-04-11 18:49:17','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Native and Adapted Plants\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What are Native and Adapted Plants?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Native plant species thrive naturally in a particular region, ecosystem or habitat without direct or indirect human actions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Adapted plants have evolved to the physical conditions such as soil, climate, and geology of a site but were not formally part of the natural ecosystem.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Invasive plants grow quickly and aggressively, often displacing native plants and adversely impacting native wildlife, local food sources, and pollination.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Landscaping with plants that are native and adapted to the Mid-Atlantic geographic region nurtures a diverse and healthy ecosystem and saves time and maintenance costs. Diverse native habitats resist disease, reduce the need for synthetic pesticides,  increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife, reduce stormwater runoff and mitigate flooding,  and provide an alternative to the time-consuming, energy-intensive, and water-inefficient practices of lawn and turf care (see<span> </span><em><i>Turf Grass Reduction</i></em>).</p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_24\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"wp-image-24 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Native-and-Adapated-Plants-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)\" width=\"424\" height=\"608\" /> Figure 1 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Native and Adapted Plants</b></strong></h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Assess existing site conditions: Is the site sunny or shaded? Flat or sloped? Is soil tight (clay) or loose (sand)? Drainage (quick or slow)? What is the existing vegetation on the site?</li>\n<li>Research local nurseries that specialize in native plants and contact nurseries in advance to obtain availability lists.</li>\n<li>Choose plants appropriate for the site conditions. The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a><span> </span>provides a list of NJ native plants by County.</li>\n<li>see sample list below and<span> </span><strong><b>Resources</b></strong><span> </span>for a list of NJ native plants by County and native plant database).</li>\n<li>Site preparation: minimize disturbance to the natural landscape, test the soil, and amend the soil with compost when necessary.</li>\n<li>Install plants and water regularly until established.</li>\n<li>Create and implement a long-term land management plan for maintenance, including integrated pest management (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Pest Management</i></em>).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating native and adapted plants:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces the amount of water used in landscaping (see<span> </span><em><i>Water-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Reduces use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which contaminate water from runoff and pose a threat to humans, pets and the environment.</li>\n<li>Increases wildlife habitat and biodiversity.</li>\n<li>Reduces stormwater runoff and improves stormwater quality (replacing lawns and turf with natural vegetation maximizes stormwater absorption).</li>\n<li>Reduces the amount of landscape waste often generated from routine maintenance of a manicured landscape.</li>\n<li>Increases appreciation for regional, natural resources and sense of place.</li>\n<li>Saves maintenance cost (once established, native plants can be less costly to maintain than some non-native landscapes).</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>All landscapes require regular maintenance and a long-term maintenance plan. The cost of maintaining any landscape depends on the type of plants and the expectations for that landscape. Once established, native landscape maintenance costs may be lower than some non-native landscapes.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, native and adapted plants act as an essential buffer to encroaching water during flood periods while acting as a routine defense against beach erosion.  For example, American Beachgrass considered one of the best lines of shoreline defense against storms, may also help prevent increasing levels of brackish water from infiltrating water tables close to a salt-water body.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>In general, the root systems of native plants can reduce runoff and mitigate flooding.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>In the event of droughts, water-efficient landscapes designed with native and adapted plants add layers of protection against water scarcity. Native plants also increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife necessary for a healthy and resilient ecosystem that can better rebound after a disturbance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Audubon. Plant Natives.<span> </span><a href=\"http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html\">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html</a><span> </span>(accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2010. National Park Service and U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service. “Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas.”  Washington, D.C.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf\">http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.  “Invasive Plants”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx\">http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx</a>  (accessed March 14, 2018).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. StormSmart Properties Fact Sheet 1: Artificial Dunes and Dune Nourishment. <span> </span><a href=\"http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html\">http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>USDA Forest Service. Native Gardening. <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml\">https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml</a><span> </span>(accessed November 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Why Native Plants.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants\">https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants</a><span> </span>(accessed November 4, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-pest-management-ipm/\">Integrated Pest Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.i-cure.org/\">Center for Urban Restoration Ecology – A Collaboration between Rutgers University and Brooklyn Botanic Garden</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cnt.org/tools/green-values-stormwater-toolbox\">Green Values Stormwater Toolbox</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://landscapeforlife.org/plants/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CEAM\">Native Plant Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">The Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs1140/\">Rutgers – New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station – Incorporating Native Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.maipc.org/PlantInvadersMidAtlanticNaturalAreas5thEdition.pdf\">Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_043594.pdf\">USDA and NRCS Aberdeen Plant Materials Center – Plants for Riparian Buffers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/\">USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/tools/greenscapes/web/html/index.html\">US EPA Greenscapes</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" type=\"4_4\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Native and Adapted Plants','','inherit','closed','closed','','1437-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 18:49:17','2022-04-11 18:49:17','',1437,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1440',0,'revision','',0),(1441,3,'2022-04-11 18:49:17','2022-04-11 18:49:17','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Native and Adapted Plants\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What are Native and Adapted Plants?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Native plant species thrive naturally in a particular region, ecosystem or habitat without direct or indirect human actions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Adapted plants have evolved to the physical conditions such as soil, climate, and geology of a site but were not formally part of the natural ecosystem.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Invasive plants grow quickly and aggressively, often displacing native plants and adversely impacting native wildlife, local food sources, and pollination.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Landscaping with plants that are native and adapted to the Mid-Atlantic geographic region nurtures a diverse and healthy ecosystem and saves time and maintenance costs. Diverse native habitats resist disease, reduce the need for synthetic pesticides,  increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife, reduce stormwater runoff and mitigate flooding,  and provide an alternative to the time-consuming, energy-intensive, and water-inefficient practices of lawn and turf care (see<span> </span><em><i>Turf Grass Reduction</i></em>).</p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_24\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"wp-image-24 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Native-and-Adapated-Plants-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)\" width=\"424\" height=\"608\" /> Figure 1 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Native and Adapted Plants</b></strong></h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Assess existing site conditions: Is the site sunny or shaded? Flat or sloped? Is soil tight (clay) or loose (sand)? Drainage (quick or slow)? What is the existing vegetation on the site?</li>\n<li>Research local nurseries that specialize in native plants and contact nurseries in advance to obtain availability lists.</li>\n<li>Choose plants appropriate for the site conditions. The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a><span> </span>provides a list of NJ native plants by County.</li>\n<li>see sample list below and<span> </span><strong><b>Resources</b></strong><span> </span>for a list of NJ native plants by County and native plant database).</li>\n<li>Site preparation: minimize disturbance to the natural landscape, test the soil, and amend the soil with compost when necessary.</li>\n<li>Install plants and water regularly until established.</li>\n<li>Create and implement a long-term land management plan for maintenance, including integrated pest management (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Pest Management</i></em>).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating native and adapted plants:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces the amount of water used in landscaping (see<span> </span><em><i>Water-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Reduces use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which contaminate water from runoff and pose a threat to humans, pets and the environment.</li>\n<li>Increases wildlife habitat and biodiversity.</li>\n<li>Reduces stormwater runoff and improves stormwater quality (replacing lawns and turf with natural vegetation maximizes stormwater absorption).</li>\n<li>Reduces the amount of landscape waste often generated from routine maintenance of a manicured landscape.</li>\n<li>Increases appreciation for regional, natural resources and sense of place.</li>\n<li>Saves maintenance cost (once established, native plants can be less costly to maintain than some non-native landscapes).</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>All landscapes require regular maintenance and a long-term maintenance plan. The cost of maintaining any landscape depends on the type of plants and the expectations for that landscape. Once established, native landscape maintenance costs may be lower than some non-native landscapes.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, native and adapted plants act as an essential buffer to encroaching water during flood periods while acting as a routine defense against beach erosion.  For example, American Beachgrass considered one of the best lines of shoreline defense against storms, may also help prevent increasing levels of brackish water from infiltrating water tables close to a salt-water body.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>In general, the root systems of native plants can reduce runoff and mitigate flooding.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>In the event of droughts, water-efficient landscapes designed with native and adapted plants add layers of protection against water scarcity. Native plants also increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife necessary for a healthy and resilient ecosystem that can better rebound after a disturbance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Audubon. Plant Natives.<span> </span><a href=\"http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html\">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html</a><span> </span>(accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2010. National Park Service and U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service. “Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas.”  Washington, D.C.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf\">http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.  “Invasive Plants”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx\">http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx</a>  (accessed March 14, 2018).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. StormSmart Properties Fact Sheet 1: Artificial Dunes and Dune Nourishment. <span> </span><a href=\"http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html\">http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>USDA Forest Service. Native Gardening. <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml\">https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml</a><span> </span>(accessed November 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Why Native Plants.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants\">https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants</a><span> </span>(accessed November 4, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-pest-management-ipm/\">Integrated Pest Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.i-cure.org/\">Center for Urban Restoration Ecology – A Collaboration between Rutgers University and Brooklyn Botanic Garden</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cnt.org/tools/green-values-stormwater-toolbox\">Green Values Stormwater Toolbox</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://landscapeforlife.org/plants/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CEAM\">Native Plant Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">The Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs1140/\">Rutgers – New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station – Incorporating Native Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.maipc.org/PlantInvadersMidAtlanticNaturalAreas5thEdition.pdf\">Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_043594.pdf\">USDA and NRCS Aberdeen Plant Materials Center – Plants for Riparian Buffers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/\">USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/tools/greenscapes/web/html/index.html\">US EPA Greenscapes</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" type=\"4_4\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Light Pollution Reduction','','inherit','closed','closed','','1437-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 18:49:17','2022-04-11 18:49:17','',1437,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1441',0,'revision','',0),(1442,3,'2022-04-11 18:49:21','2022-04-11 18:49:21','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Native and Adapted Plants\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What are Native and Adapted Plants?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Native plant species thrive naturally in a particular region, ecosystem or habitat without direct or indirect human actions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Adapted plants have evolved to the physical conditions such as soil, climate, and geology of a site but were not formally part of the natural ecosystem.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Invasive plants grow quickly and aggressively, often displacing native plants and adversely impacting native wildlife, local food sources, and pollination.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Landscaping with plants that are native and adapted to the Mid-Atlantic geographic region nurtures a diverse and healthy ecosystem and saves time and maintenance costs. Diverse native habitats resist disease, reduce the need for synthetic pesticides,  increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife, reduce stormwater runoff and mitigate flooding,  and provide an alternative to the time-consuming, energy-intensive, and water-inefficient practices of lawn and turf care (see<span> </span><em><i>Turf Grass Reduction</i></em>).</p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_24\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"wp-image-24 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Native-and-Adapated-Plants-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)\" width=\"424\" height=\"608\" /> Figure 1 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Native and Adapted Plants</b></strong></h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Assess existing site conditions: Is the site sunny or shaded? Flat or sloped? Is soil tight (clay) or loose (sand)? Drainage (quick or slow)? What is the existing vegetation on the site?</li>\n<li>Research local nurseries that specialize in native plants and contact nurseries in advance to obtain availability lists.</li>\n<li>Choose plants appropriate for the site conditions. The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a><span> </span>provides a list of NJ native plants by County.</li>\n<li>see sample list below and<span> </span><strong><b>Resources</b></strong><span> </span>for a list of NJ native plants by County and native plant database).</li>\n<li>Site preparation: minimize disturbance to the natural landscape, test the soil, and amend the soil with compost when necessary.</li>\n<li>Install plants and water regularly until established.</li>\n<li>Create and implement a long-term land management plan for maintenance, including integrated pest management (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Pest Management</i></em>).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating native and adapted plants:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces the amount of water used in landscaping (see<span> </span><em><i>Water-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Reduces use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which contaminate water from runoff and pose a threat to humans, pets and the environment.</li>\n<li>Increases wildlife habitat and biodiversity.</li>\n<li>Reduces stormwater runoff and improves stormwater quality (replacing lawns and turf with natural vegetation maximizes stormwater absorption).</li>\n<li>Reduces the amount of landscape waste often generated from routine maintenance of a manicured landscape.</li>\n<li>Increases appreciation for regional, natural resources and sense of place.</li>\n<li>Saves maintenance cost (once established, native plants can be less costly to maintain than some non-native landscapes).</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>All landscapes require regular maintenance and a long-term maintenance plan. The cost of maintaining any landscape depends on the type of plants and the expectations for that landscape. Once established, native landscape maintenance costs may be lower than some non-native landscapes.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, native and adapted plants act as an essential buffer to encroaching water during flood periods while acting as a routine defense against beach erosion.  For example, American Beachgrass considered one of the best lines of shoreline defense against storms, may also help prevent increasing levels of brackish water from infiltrating water tables close to a salt-water body.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>In general, the root systems of native plants can reduce runoff and mitigate flooding.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>In the event of droughts, water-efficient landscapes designed with native and adapted plants add layers of protection against water scarcity. Native plants also increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife necessary for a healthy and resilient ecosystem that can better rebound after a disturbance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Audubon. Plant Natives.<span> </span><a href=\"http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html\">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html</a><span> </span>(accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2010. National Park Service and U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service. “Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas.”  Washington, D.C.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf\">http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.  “Invasive Plants”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx\">http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx</a>  (accessed March 14, 2018).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. StormSmart Properties Fact Sheet 1: Artificial Dunes and Dune Nourishment. <span> </span><a href=\"http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html\">http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>USDA Forest Service. Native Gardening. <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml\">https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml</a><span> </span>(accessed November 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Why Native Plants.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants\">https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants</a><span> </span>(accessed November 4, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-pest-management-ipm/\">Integrated Pest Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.i-cure.org/\">Center for Urban Restoration Ecology – A Collaboration between Rutgers University and Brooklyn Botanic Garden</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cnt.org/tools/green-values-stormwater-toolbox\">Green Values Stormwater Toolbox</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://landscapeforlife.org/plants/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CEAM\">Native Plant Database</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">The Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs1140/\">Rutgers – New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station – Incorporating Native Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.maipc.org/PlantInvadersMidAtlanticNaturalAreas5thEdition.pdf\">Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_043594.pdf\">USDA and NRCS Aberdeen Plant Materials Center – Plants for Riparian Buffers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/\">USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/tools/greenscapes/web/html/index.html\">US EPA Greenscapes</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" type=\"4_4\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Native and Adapted Plants','','inherit','closed','closed','','1437-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 18:49:21','2022-04-11 18:49:21','',1437,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1442',0,'revision','',0),(1443,3,'2022-04-11 18:57:48','2022-04-11 18:57:48','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Pervious Hardscape Materials\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Pervious Hardscape Materials?</strong></h2>\n<p>Pervious paving systems absorb water, thus reducing or eliminating runoff. Pervious materials can be used in driveways, patios, walkways, parking spaces, and recreational surfaces such as tennis and basketball courts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>The primary purpose for utilizing pervious materials is to avoid the environmental damages associated with impervious surfaces. For example, impervious surfaces cause stormwater runoff, which can result in pollution and contamination of nearby water bodies and surrounding habitats.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_352\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"734\"]<img class=\"wp-image-352 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-2-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape, concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010)\" width=\"734\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 1- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape, concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Green Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices, such as pervious hardscape materials, that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration (see<span> </span><em>Rain Barrels and Vegetated Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers for use in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.</p>\n<p>There are several types of pervious hardscapes (see Table 1). The basic components of pervious surfaces are:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Uncompacted subgrade (original, undistrubed soil)</li>\n<li>Base layer/filter fabric/geotextile</li>\n<li>Uniform crushed stone base</li>\n<li>Porous layer (pavement/paver/brick/stone)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Table 1- Types of Pervious Materials<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-431 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Table-1.png\" alt=\"NR-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Table-1\" width=\"1214\" height=\"682\" /></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Pervious Hardscape Materials</strong></h2>\n<p>Review municipal regulations to determine whether the use of pervious hardscape materials is permissible at a development site. It may also be appropriate to discuss the use of pervious paving materials with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.</p>\n<p>Pervious pavers have to be properly installed to maximize the system’s ability to absorb water. In addition to water collection, the base must also have adequate storage capacity. For most applications, open-graded crushed stone is utilized as a base material.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_72\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1142\"]<img class=\"wp-image-72 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-3-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 2- Typical construction of pervious surfaces (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems)\" width=\"1142\" height=\"498\" /> Figure 2- Typical construction of pervious surfaces (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170514125750/http://www.performance-materials.basf.us:80/resources/case-studies/page/2\">The BASF Near-Zero Energy Home, Paterson, NJ</a></p>\n<p>This high-performance home, which serves as a model for the City of Paterson’s ongoing effort to build 3,000 units of affordable housing, has a driveway constructed with interlocking concrete pavers.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using pervious hardscape materials:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces storm water runoff and prevents storm water from polluting local waterways (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).</li>\n<li>Helps eliminate soil erosion and contamination caused by runoff.</li>\n<li>Mitigates heat island effect.</li>\n<li>Reduces material replacement costs and resource use through generally lasting longer than traditional impervious surfaces such as asphalt, and generally requiring less maintenance.</li>\n<li>Reduces need to allocate land for detention ponds and drainage detention basins.</li>\n<li>Helps recharge natural aquifers and groundwater systems.</li>\n<li>Minimizes strain on water treatment plants during heavy storms and rainfall, thus reducing the possibility of overflowing and pumping of raw sewage into natural water bodies.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Costs for pervious hardscape materials will vary substantially by project. Final costs are influenced largely by the size of the project, labor expenses, and the type of material being used.  Cost comparisons for paving materials can be misleading. For example, on average, asphalt costs between $3.00 – $4.00 per square foot (depending on quality) but needs additional stormwater management systems installed, whereas pervious paving systems incorporate stormwater management. A more accurate cost comparison takes stormwater management costs into consideration. When stormwater management costs are added to asphalt, for example, the cost is between $7 and $15 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Grass/gravel pavers typically cost between $3.00 and $10.00 per square foot. Interlocking concrete pavers cost between $6.00 and $15.00 per square foot and porous concrete cost ranges from $4.00 to $6.00 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> While these types of materials may initially cost more than conventional asphalt, their lifespan is significantly longer, due to the higher durability inherent in concrete.  This in turn makes long term maintenance costs lower, due to the infrequency of major repairs and replacement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Green infrastructure, such as pervious hardscape materials, integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure. For example, pervious hardscape materials help to increase stormwater infiltration, reducing stress on municipal sewer systems during heavy rain events, and help to recharge groundwater, during periods of drought.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> NJ DEP. <em>Standard for Pervious Paving Systems </em><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> LEED. “Ready Mixed Concrete Reference Guide” P. 16.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nrmca.org/greenconcrete/LEED_reference_guide_2009_3rd-edition.pdf\">http://www.nrmca.org/greenconcrete/LEED_reference_guide_2009_3rd-edition.pdf</a> (Accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – <em>Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</em> <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. Standard for Pervious Paving Systems</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> UC Davis, National Center for Sustainable Transportation. “The Application of Permeable Pavement with Emphasis on Successful Design, Water Quality Benefits, and Identification of Knowledge and Data Gaps.” <a href=\"https://ncst.ucdavis.edu/research-product/permeable-pavement-northern-north-american-urban-areas-research-review-and\">https://ncst.ucdavis.edu/research-product/permeable-pavement-northern-north-american-urban-areas-research-review-and</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute <a href=\"https://www.icpi.org/paving-systems/concrete-pavers/installation\">https://www.icpi.org/paving-systems/concrete-pavers/installation</a> (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJ DEP. <em>Standard for Pervious Paving Systems </em><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.” <a href=\"https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines_Permeable-Pavement_042120.pdf\">https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines_Permeable-Pavement_042120.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Homeadvisor.com. <a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/</a>   (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Improvenet.com.  <a href=\"https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers\">https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.”</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"ftp://ftp.asce.org/EWRI/Permeable%20Pavement/~1_PermeablePavement_FULLSET_DRAFT_102313.pdf\">American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Permeable Pavements</a></li>\n<li>NJ DEP\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://developersguide.njfuture.org/\">NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-10/documents/draftlongtermstormwaterguide_508.pdf\">Community Solutions for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainability/giwiz\">Green Infrastructure Wizard</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.icpi.org/\">Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lafoundation.org/\">Landscape Architecture Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20150504092114/http://www.toolbase.org:80/TechInventory/TechDetails.aspx?ContentDetailID=909&amp;BucketID=6&amp;CategoryID=11\">NAHB Research Center – Low Impact Development (LID) for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20220226163801/https://landscapeforlife.org/water/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Pervious Hardscape Materials','','publish','closed','closed','','nr-pervious-landscape-materials','','','2022-06-23 19:16:39','2022-06-23 19:16:39','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1443',0,'post','',0),(1445,3,'2022-04-11 18:57:48','2022-04-11 18:57:48','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Pervious Hardscape Materials\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Pervious Hardscape Materials?</strong></h2>\n<p>Pervious paving systems absorb water, thus reducing or eliminating runoff. Pervious materials can be used in driveways, patios, walkways, parking spaces, and recreational surfaces such as tennis and basketball courts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>The primary purpose for utilizing pervious materials is to avoid the environmental damages associated with impervious surfaces. For example, impervious surfaces cause stormwater runoff, which can result in pollution and contamination of nearby water bodies and surrounding habitats.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_352\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"734\"]<img class=\"wp-image-352 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-2-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape, concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010)\" width=\"734\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 1- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape, concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Green Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices, such as pervious hardscape materials, that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration (see<span> </span><em>Rain Barrels and Vegetated Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers for use in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.</p>\n<p>There are several types of pervious hardscapes (see Table 1). The basic components of pervious surfaces are:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Uncompacted subgrade (original, undistrubed soil)</li>\n<li>Base layer/filter fabric/geotextile</li>\n<li>Uniform crushed stone base</li>\n<li>Porous layer (pavement/paver/brick/stone)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Table 1- Types of Pervious Materials<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-431 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Table-1.png\" alt=\"NR-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Table-1\" width=\"1214\" height=\"682\" /></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Pervious Hardscape Materials</strong></h2>\n<p>Review municipal regulations to determine whether the use of pervious hardscape materials is permissible at a development site. It may also be appropriate to discuss the use of pervious paving materials with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.</p>\n<p>Pervious pavers have to be properly installed to maximize the system’s ability to absorb water. In addition to water collection, the base must also have adequate storage capacity. For most applications, open-graded crushed stone is utilized as a base material.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_72\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1142\"]<img class=\"wp-image-72 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-3-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 2- Typical construction of pervious surfaces (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems)\" width=\"1142\" height=\"498\" /> Figure 2- Typical construction of pervious surfaces (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.performance-materials.basf.us/resources/case-studies/page/2\">The BASF Near-Zero Energy Home, Paterson, NJ</a></p>\n<p>This high-performance home, which serves as a model for the City of Paterson’s ongoing effort to build 3,000 units of affordable housing, has a driveway constructed with interlocking concrete pavers.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using pervious hardscape materials:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces storm water runoff and prevents storm water from polluting local waterways (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).</li>\n<li>Helps eliminate soil erosion and contamination caused by runoff.</li>\n<li>Mitigates heat island effect.</li>\n<li>Reduces material replacement costs and resource use through generally lasting longer than traditional impervious surfaces such as asphalt, and generally requiring less maintenance.</li>\n<li>Reduces need to allocate land for detention ponds and drainage detention basins.</li>\n<li>Helps recharge natural aquifers and groundwater systems.</li>\n<li>Minimizes strain on water treatment plants during heavy storms and rainfall, thus reducing the possibility of overflowing and pumping of raw sewage into natural water bodies.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Costs for pervious hardscape materials will vary substantially by project. Final costs are influenced largely by the size of the project, labor expenses, and the type of material being used.  Cost comparisons for paving materials can be misleading. For example, on average, asphalt costs between $3.00 – $4.00 per square foot (depending on quality) but needs additional stormwater management systems installed, whereas pervious paving systems incorporate stormwater management. A more accurate cost comparison takes stormwater management costs into consideration. When stormwater management costs are added to asphalt, for example, the cost is between $7 and $15 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Grass/gravel pavers typically cost between $3.00 and $10.00 per square foot. Interlocking concrete pavers cost between $6.00 and $15.00 per square foot and porous concrete cost ranges from $4.00 to $6.00 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> While these types of materials may initially cost more than conventional asphalt, their lifespan is significantly longer, due to the higher durability inherent in concrete.  This in turn makes long term maintenance costs lower, due to the infrequency of major repairs and replacement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Green infrastructure, such as pervious hardscape materials, integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure. For example, pervious hardscape materials help to increase stormwater infiltration, reducing stress on municipal sewer systems during heavy rain events, and help to recharge groundwater, during periods of drought.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> NJ DEP. <em>Standard for Pervious Paving Systems </em><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> LEED. “Ready Mixed Concrete Reference Guide” P. 16.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nrmca.org/greenconcrete/LEED_reference_guide_2009_3rd-edition.pdf\">http://www.nrmca.org/greenconcrete/LEED_reference_guide_2009_3rd-edition.pdf</a> (Accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – <em>Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</em> <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. Standard for Pervious Paving Systems</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> UC Davis, National Center for Sustainable Transportation. “The Application of Permeable Pavement with Emphasis on Successful Design, Water Quality Benefits, and Identification of Knowledge and Data Gaps.” <a href=\"https://ncst.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/09-30-2015-NCST-SR-Permeable-Pavement-FINALv5.pdf\">https://ncst.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/09-30-2015-NCST-SR-Permeable-Pavement-FINALv5.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute <a href=\"https://www.icpi.org/paving-systems/concrete-pavers/installation\">https://www.icpi.org/paving-systems/concrete-pavers/installation</a> (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJ DEP. <em>Standard for Pervious Paving Systems </em><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.” <a href=\"https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Permeable-Pavement_Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines.pdf\">https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Permeable-Pavement_Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Homeadvisor.com. <a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/</a>   (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Improvenet.com.  <a href=\"https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers\">https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.”</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"ftp://ftp.asce.org/EWRI/Permeable%20Pavement/~1_PermeablePavement_FULLSET_DRAFT_102313.pdf\">American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Permeable Pavements</a></li>\n<li>NJ DEP\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://developersguide.njfuture.org/\">NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-10/documents/draftlongtermstormwaterguide_508.pdf\">Community Solutions for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainability/giwiz\">Green Infrastructure Wizard</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.icpi.org/\">Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lafoundation.org/\">Landscape Architecture Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.toolbase.org/techinventory/techdetails.aspx?contentdetailid=909&amp;bucketid=6&amp;categoryid=11\">NAHB Research Center – Low Impact Development (LID) for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://landscapeforlife.org/water/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Pervious Hardscape Materials','','inherit','closed','closed','','1443-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 18:57:48','2022-04-11 18:57:48','',1443,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1445',0,'revision','',0),(1446,3,'2022-04-11 18:57:49','2022-04-11 18:57:49','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Pervious Hardscape Materials\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Pervious Hardscape Materials?</strong></h2>\n<p>Pervious paving systems absorb water, thus reducing or eliminating runoff. Pervious materials can be used in driveways, patios, walkways, parking spaces, and recreational surfaces such as tennis and basketball courts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>The primary purpose for utilizing pervious materials is to avoid the environmental damages associated with impervious surfaces. For example, impervious surfaces cause stormwater runoff, which can result in pollution and contamination of nearby water bodies and surrounding habitats.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_352\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"734\"]<img class=\"wp-image-352 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-2-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape, concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010)\" width=\"734\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 1- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape, concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Green Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices, such as pervious hardscape materials, that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration (see<span> </span><em>Rain Barrels and Vegetated Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers for use in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.</p>\n<p>There are several types of pervious hardscapes (see Table 1). The basic components of pervious surfaces are:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Uncompacted subgrade (original, undistrubed soil)</li>\n<li>Base layer/filter fabric/geotextile</li>\n<li>Uniform crushed stone base</li>\n<li>Porous layer (pavement/paver/brick/stone)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Table 1- Types of Pervious Materials<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-431 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Table-1.png\" alt=\"NR-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Table-1\" width=\"1214\" height=\"682\" /></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Pervious Hardscape Materials</strong></h2>\n<p>Review municipal regulations to determine whether the use of pervious hardscape materials is permissible at a development site. It may also be appropriate to discuss the use of pervious paving materials with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.</p>\n<p>Pervious pavers have to be properly installed to maximize the system’s ability to absorb water. In addition to water collection, the base must also have adequate storage capacity. For most applications, open-graded crushed stone is utilized as a base material.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_72\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1142\"]<img class=\"wp-image-72 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-3-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 2- Typical construction of pervious surfaces (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems)\" width=\"1142\" height=\"498\" /> Figure 2- Typical construction of pervious surfaces (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.performance-materials.basf.us/resources/case-studies/page/2\">The BASF Near-Zero Energy Home, Paterson, NJ</a></p>\n<p>This high-performance home, which serves as a model for the City of Paterson’s ongoing effort to build 3,000 units of affordable housing, has a driveway constructed with interlocking concrete pavers.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using pervious hardscape materials:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces storm water runoff and prevents storm water from polluting local waterways (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).</li>\n<li>Helps eliminate soil erosion and contamination caused by runoff.</li>\n<li>Mitigates heat island effect.</li>\n<li>Reduces material replacement costs and resource use through generally lasting longer than traditional impervious surfaces such as asphalt, and generally requiring less maintenance.</li>\n<li>Reduces need to allocate land for detention ponds and drainage detention basins.</li>\n<li>Helps recharge natural aquifers and groundwater systems.</li>\n<li>Minimizes strain on water treatment plants during heavy storms and rainfall, thus reducing the possibility of overflowing and pumping of raw sewage into natural water bodies.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Costs for pervious hardscape materials will vary substantially by project. Final costs are influenced largely by the size of the project, labor expenses, and the type of material being used.  Cost comparisons for paving materials can be misleading. For example, on average, asphalt costs between $3.00 – $4.00 per square foot (depending on quality) but needs additional stormwater management systems installed, whereas pervious paving systems incorporate stormwater management. A more accurate cost comparison takes stormwater management costs into consideration. When stormwater management costs are added to asphalt, for example, the cost is between $7 and $15 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Grass/gravel pavers typically cost between $3.00 and $10.00 per square foot. Interlocking concrete pavers cost between $6.00 and $15.00 per square foot and porous concrete cost ranges from $4.00 to $6.00 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> While these types of materials may initially cost more than conventional asphalt, their lifespan is significantly longer, due to the higher durability inherent in concrete.  This in turn makes long term maintenance costs lower, due to the infrequency of major repairs and replacement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Green infrastructure, such as pervious hardscape materials, integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure. For example, pervious hardscape materials help to increase stormwater infiltration, reducing stress on municipal sewer systems during heavy rain events, and help to recharge groundwater, during periods of drought.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> NJ DEP. <em>Standard for Pervious Paving Systems </em><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> LEED. “Ready Mixed Concrete Reference Guide” P. 16.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nrmca.org/greenconcrete/LEED_reference_guide_2009_3rd-edition.pdf\">http://www.nrmca.org/greenconcrete/LEED_reference_guide_2009_3rd-edition.pdf</a> (Accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – <em>Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</em> <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. Standard for Pervious Paving Systems</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> UC Davis, National Center for Sustainable Transportation. “The Application of Permeable Pavement with Emphasis on Successful Design, Water Quality Benefits, and Identification of Knowledge and Data Gaps.” <a href=\"https://ncst.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/09-30-2015-NCST-SR-Permeable-Pavement-FINALv5.pdf\">https://ncst.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/09-30-2015-NCST-SR-Permeable-Pavement-FINALv5.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute <a href=\"https://www.icpi.org/paving-systems/concrete-pavers/installation\">https://www.icpi.org/paving-systems/concrete-pavers/installation</a> (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJ DEP. <em>Standard for Pervious Paving Systems </em><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.” <a href=\"https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Permeable-Pavement_Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines.pdf\">https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Permeable-Pavement_Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Homeadvisor.com. <a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/</a>   (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Improvenet.com.  <a href=\"https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers\">https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.”</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"ftp://ftp.asce.org/EWRI/Permeable%20Pavement/~1_PermeablePavement_FULLSET_DRAFT_102313.pdf\">American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Permeable Pavements</a></li>\n<li>NJ DEP\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://developersguide.njfuture.org/\">NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-10/documents/draftlongtermstormwaterguide_508.pdf\">Community Solutions for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainability/giwiz\">Green Infrastructure Wizard</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.icpi.org/\">Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lafoundation.org/\">Landscape Architecture Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.toolbase.org/techinventory/techdetails.aspx?contentdetailid=909&amp;bucketid=6&amp;categoryid=11\">NAHB Research Center – Low Impact Development (LID) for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://landscapeforlife.org/water/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Native and Adapted Plants','','inherit','closed','closed','','1443-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 18:57:49','2022-04-11 18:57:49','',1443,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1446',0,'revision','',0),(1448,3,'2022-04-11 18:57:52','2022-04-11 18:57:52','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Pervious Hardscape Materials\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Pervious Hardscape Materials?</strong></h2>\n<p>Pervious paving systems absorb water, thus reducing or eliminating runoff. Pervious materials can be used in driveways, patios, walkways, parking spaces, and recreational surfaces such as tennis and basketball courts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>The primary purpose for utilizing pervious materials is to avoid the environmental damages associated with impervious surfaces. For example, impervious surfaces cause stormwater runoff, which can result in pollution and contamination of nearby water bodies and surrounding habitats.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_352\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"734\"]<img class=\"wp-image-352 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-2-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape, concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010)\" width=\"734\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 1- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape, concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Green Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices, such as pervious hardscape materials, that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration (see<span> </span><em>Rain Barrels and Vegetated Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers for use in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.</p>\n<p>There are several types of pervious hardscapes (see Table 1). The basic components of pervious surfaces are:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Uncompacted subgrade (original, undistrubed soil)</li>\n<li>Base layer/filter fabric/geotextile</li>\n<li>Uniform crushed stone base</li>\n<li>Porous layer (pavement/paver/brick/stone)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Table 1- Types of Pervious Materials<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-431 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Table-1.png\" alt=\"NR-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Table-1\" width=\"1214\" height=\"682\" /></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Pervious Hardscape Materials</strong></h2>\n<p>Review municipal regulations to determine whether the use of pervious hardscape materials is permissible at a development site. It may also be appropriate to discuss the use of pervious paving materials with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.</p>\n<p>Pervious pavers have to be properly installed to maximize the system’s ability to absorb water. In addition to water collection, the base must also have adequate storage capacity. For most applications, open-graded crushed stone is utilized as a base material.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_72\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1142\"]<img class=\"wp-image-72 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-3-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 2- Typical construction of pervious surfaces (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems)\" width=\"1142\" height=\"498\" /> Figure 2- Typical construction of pervious surfaces (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.performance-materials.basf.us/resources/case-studies/page/2\">The BASF Near-Zero Energy Home, Paterson, NJ</a></p>\n<p>This high-performance home, which serves as a model for the City of Paterson’s ongoing effort to build 3,000 units of affordable housing, has a driveway constructed with interlocking concrete pavers.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using pervious hardscape materials:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces storm water runoff and prevents storm water from polluting local waterways (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).</li>\n<li>Helps eliminate soil erosion and contamination caused by runoff.</li>\n<li>Mitigates heat island effect.</li>\n<li>Reduces material replacement costs and resource use through generally lasting longer than traditional impervious surfaces such as asphalt, and generally requiring less maintenance.</li>\n<li>Reduces need to allocate land for detention ponds and drainage detention basins.</li>\n<li>Helps recharge natural aquifers and groundwater systems.</li>\n<li>Minimizes strain on water treatment plants during heavy storms and rainfall, thus reducing the possibility of overflowing and pumping of raw sewage into natural water bodies.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Costs for pervious hardscape materials will vary substantially by project. Final costs are influenced largely by the size of the project, labor expenses, and the type of material being used.  Cost comparisons for paving materials can be misleading. For example, on average, asphalt costs between $3.00 – $4.00 per square foot (depending on quality) but needs additional stormwater management systems installed, whereas pervious paving systems incorporate stormwater management. A more accurate cost comparison takes stormwater management costs into consideration. When stormwater management costs are added to asphalt, for example, the cost is between $7 and $15 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Grass/gravel pavers typically cost between $3.00 and $10.00 per square foot. Interlocking concrete pavers cost between $6.00 and $15.00 per square foot and porous concrete cost ranges from $4.00 to $6.00 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> While these types of materials may initially cost more than conventional asphalt, their lifespan is significantly longer, due to the higher durability inherent in concrete.  This in turn makes long term maintenance costs lower, due to the infrequency of major repairs and replacement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Green infrastructure, such as pervious hardscape materials, integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure. For example, pervious hardscape materials help to increase stormwater infiltration, reducing stress on municipal sewer systems during heavy rain events, and help to recharge groundwater, during periods of drought.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> NJ DEP. <em>Standard for Pervious Paving Systems </em><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> LEED. “Ready Mixed Concrete Reference Guide” P. 16.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nrmca.org/greenconcrete/LEED_reference_guide_2009_3rd-edition.pdf\">http://www.nrmca.org/greenconcrete/LEED_reference_guide_2009_3rd-edition.pdf</a> (Accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – <em>Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</em> <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. Standard for Pervious Paving Systems</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> UC Davis, National Center for Sustainable Transportation. “The Application of Permeable Pavement with Emphasis on Successful Design, Water Quality Benefits, and Identification of Knowledge and Data Gaps.” <a href=\"https://ncst.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/09-30-2015-NCST-SR-Permeable-Pavement-FINALv5.pdf\">https://ncst.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/09-30-2015-NCST-SR-Permeable-Pavement-FINALv5.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute <a href=\"https://www.icpi.org/paving-systems/concrete-pavers/installation\">https://www.icpi.org/paving-systems/concrete-pavers/installation</a> (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJ DEP. <em>Standard for Pervious Paving Systems </em><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.” <a href=\"https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Permeable-Pavement_Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines.pdf\">https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Permeable-Pavement_Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Homeadvisor.com. <a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/</a>   (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Improvenet.com.  <a href=\"https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers\">https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.”</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"ftp://ftp.asce.org/EWRI/Permeable%20Pavement/~1_PermeablePavement_FULLSET_DRAFT_102313.pdf\">American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Permeable Pavements</a></li>\n<li>NJ DEP\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://developersguide.njfuture.org/\">NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-10/documents/draftlongtermstormwaterguide_508.pdf\">Community Solutions for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainability/giwiz\">Green Infrastructure Wizard</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.icpi.org/\">Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lafoundation.org/\">Landscape Architecture Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.toolbase.org/techinventory/techdetails.aspx?contentdetailid=909&amp;bucketid=6&amp;categoryid=11\">NAHB Research Center – Low Impact Development (LID) for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://landscapeforlife.org/water/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Pervious Hardscape Materials','','inherit','closed','closed','','1443-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 18:57:52','2022-04-11 18:57:52','',1443,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1448',0,'revision','',0),(1449,3,'2022-04-11 19:53:58','2022-04-11 19:53:58','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Soil Test\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2></h2>\n<h2><strong>What is a Soil Test?</strong></h2>\n<p>A soil test refers to the technical analysis of a soil sample that provides information about nutrient content, soil pH, soil composition, and levels of contaminants such as lead.</p>\n<p>Different plants and landscapes have different soil requirements. The results of a soil test help to guide decisions about soil amendments, plant selection, landscape design, and water management (see<span> </span><em>Native and Adapted Plants, Water-Efficient Landscape Design, Edible Landscaping, and Wildlife Habitat</em>).</p>\n<p>Contaminants, including lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and copper, are often found in soils in urban areas, on former industrial or commercial sites, and sometimes on lands previously used for orchards (see<span> </span><em>Brownfield and Infill Sites</em>). Toxins may be absorbed directly through ingestion (a particular hazard for children) or indirectly through consumption of foods grown in the contaminated soil. Employ safe gardening practices and techniques for soil remediation to reduce risk.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>For more information on soil remediation techniques see<span> </span><a href=\"https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture\">Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture.</a></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_200\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"528\"]<img class=\"wp-image-200 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Soil-Test-FIg-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Soil (Source: University of Kentucky Agricultural Extension)\" width=\"528\" height=\"340\" /> Figure 1 – Soil (Source: University of Kentucky Agricultural Extension)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement a Soil Test</strong></h2>\n<p>Soil sample kits are available for purchase from the local<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/kits.php\">Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a><span> </span>county office, garden centers, or online. Alternately, mail collected samples to the<a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/soiltestinglab/\"><span> </span>New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station’s (NJAES) Soil Testing Laboratory</a>. Follow the correct procedures for collecting soil to achieve accurate results.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Conduct soil tests every 2 to 3 years in the spring or fall before fertilization and avoiding wet conditions. For lawn care, conduct sampling in the summer to prepare for fertilization in the fall.</p>\n<p>Use a sampling probe, trowel, or spade to collect ten to fifteen cores or slices of soil six inches in length from the surface in the test area. Mix all of the soil samples in a bucket and put two cups into a plastic bag. Send a sample to a soil sample laboratory for testing.</p>\n<p><u>Interpreting the Soil Test</u></p>\n<p>A basic soil fertility test comes with recommendations for nutrient applications from the local extension office. Consider organic alternatives to synthetic or chemical fertilizers. For example, ashes from a fireplace or wood stove can raise the pH of soil instead of lime. Compost can increase the organic matter in the soil, decreasing the need to add fertilizer.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Optimize plant health and beauty – Too much or too little of any nutrient can harm plant growth. Conducting a soil test identifies appropriate nutrient applications.</li>\n<li>Save money – Soil tests save money in the long run by the preventing purchase of unnecessary chemicals.</li>\n<li>Protect natural resources and habitat health – Eliminating unnecessary applications of harmful pesticides or fertilizers protects environmental and human health.</li>\n<li>Protect human health – Soil tests can help identify harmful toxins or contaminants in the soil and inform decisions about locating plants (particularly edible plants) and/or the need for soil remediation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>There are multiple kinds of soil tests. A fertility test from NJAES that measures nutrient and pH levels includes recommendations and costs $20. Lead screening tests cost an additional $20. Many other tests are available measuring everything from organic matter content to soil textural class to soluble salt levels. These tests range from $17 to $138. Contact the local<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/services-fees.php\">Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a><span> </span>office to determine what tests are appropriate for a particular project.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Healthy soil supports ecological resilience by increasing the biological diversity of plants and animals in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance. Soil testing, especially for homes located in coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, helps to determine which plants are best suited to act as a buffer to encroaching water during flood periods and to provide defense against erosion.  Soil tests also help inform decision making about the location of edible plants, which can be a resource during emergencies.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Bellows, Anne C., Katherine Brown and Jac Smit. 2003.<span> </span><em>Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture</em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture\">https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Heckman, Joseph R., Susan Lance-Scibilia and Stephanie Murphy. 2004.<span> </span><em>Soil Testing for Home Lawns and Garden.</em><span> </span>Rutgers Cooperative Research and Extension.<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs797/\">https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs797/</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>University of Massachusetts Extension, Agricultural Engineering – Vegetable Program.<span> </span><em>Compost Analysis and Interpretation.<span> </span></em><a href=\"https://ag.umass.edu/vegetable/fact-sheets/compost-production-analysis-regulation\">https://ag.umass.edu/vegetable/fact-sheets/compost-production-analysis-regulation</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/\">Brownfield and Infill Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-edible-landscaping/\">Edible Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-wildlife-habitat/\">Wildlife Habitat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210815184324/https://landscapeforlife.org/soil/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li>Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">Cooperative Extension County Offices </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/\">Soil Testing Laboratory</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS719\">Soil Fertility Test Interpretation – Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, and Calcium</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200210171924/http://ifplantscouldtalk.rutgers.edu:80/\">Rutgers: If Plants Could Talk</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20191008211334/https://www.soils.org/discover-soils/soils-in-the-city/soil-contaminants/soil-testing\">Soil Science Society of America</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Soil Test','','publish','closed','closed','','nr-soil-test','','','2022-06-23 19:17:52','2022-06-23 19:17:52','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1449',0,'post','',0),(1451,3,'2022-04-11 19:53:58','2022-04-11 19:53:58','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Soil Test\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2></h2>\n<h2><strong>What is a Soil Test?</strong></h2>\n<p>A soil test refers to the technical analysis of a soil sample that provides information about nutrient content, soil pH, soil composition, and levels of contaminants such as lead.</p>\n<p>Different plants and landscapes have different soil requirements. The results of a soil test help to guide decisions about soil amendments, plant selection, landscape design, and water management (see<span> </span><em>Native and Adapted Plants, Water-Efficient Landscape Design, Edible Landscaping, and Wildlife Habitat</em>).</p>\n<p>Contaminants, including lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and copper, are often found in soils in urban areas, on former industrial or commercial sites, and sometimes on lands previously used for orchards (see<span> </span><em>Brownfield and Infill Sites</em>). Toxins may be absorbed directly through ingestion (a particular hazard for children) or indirectly through consumption of foods grown in the contaminated soil. Employ safe gardening practices and techniques for soil remediation to reduce risk.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>For more information on soil remediation techniques see<span> </span><a href=\"https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture\">Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture.</a></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_200\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"528\"]<img class=\"wp-image-200 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Soil-Test-FIg-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Soil (Source: University of Kentucky Agricultural Extension)\" width=\"528\" height=\"340\" /> Figure 1 – Soil (Source: University of Kentucky Agricultural Extension)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement a Soil Test</strong></h2>\n<p>Soil sample kits are available for purchase from the local<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/kits.php\">Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a><span> </span>county office, garden centers, or online. Alternately, mail collected samples to the<a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/soiltestinglab/\"><span> </span>New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station’s (NJAES) Soil Testing Laboratory</a>. Follow the correct procedures for collecting soil to achieve accurate results.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Conduct soil tests every 2 to 3 years in the spring or fall before fertilization and avoiding wet conditions. For lawn care, conduct sampling in the summer to prepare for fertilization in the fall.</p>\n<p>Use a sampling probe, trowel, or spade to collect ten to fifteen cores or slices of soil six inches in length from the surface in the test area. Mix all of the soil samples in a bucket and put two cups into a plastic bag. Send a sample to a soil sample laboratory for testing.</p>\n<p><u>Interpreting the Soil Test</u></p>\n<p>A basic soil fertility test comes with recommendations for nutrient applications from the local extension office. Consider organic alternatives to synthetic or chemical fertilizers. For example, ashes from a fireplace or wood stove can raise the pH of soil instead of lime. Compost can increase the organic matter in the soil, decreasing the need to add fertilizer.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Optimize plant health and beauty – Too much or too little of any nutrient can harm plant growth. Conducting a soil test identifies appropriate nutrient applications.</li>\n<li>Save money – Soil tests save money in the long run by the preventing purchase of unnecessary chemicals.</li>\n<li>Protect natural resources and habitat health – Eliminating unnecessary applications of harmful pesticides or fertilizers protects environmental and human health.</li>\n<li>Protect human health – Soil tests can help identify harmful toxins or contaminants in the soil and inform decisions about locating plants (particularly edible plants) and/or the need for soil remediation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>There are multiple kinds of soil tests. A fertility test from NJAES that measures nutrient and pH levels includes recommendations and costs $20. Lead screening tests cost an additional $20. Many other tests are available measuring everything from organic matter content to soil textural class to soluble salt levels. These tests range from $17 to $138. Contact the local<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/services-fees.php\">Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a><span> </span>office to determine what tests are appropriate for a particular project.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Healthy soil supports ecological resilience by increasing the biological diversity of plants and animals in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance. Soil testing, especially for homes located in coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, helps to determine which plants are best suited to act as a buffer to encroaching water during flood periods and to provide defense against erosion.  Soil tests also help inform decision making about the location of edible plants, which can be a resource during emergencies.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Bellows, Anne C., Katherine Brown and Jac Smit. 2003.<span> </span><em>Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture</em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture\">https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Heckman, Joseph R., Susan Lance-Scibilia and Stephanie Murphy. 2004.<span> </span><em>Soil Testing for Home Lawns and Garden.</em><span> </span>Rutgers Cooperative Research and Extension.<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs797/\">https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs797/</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>University of Massachusetts Extension, Agricultural Engineering – Vegetable Program.<span> </span><em>Compost Analysis and Interpretation.<span> </span></em><a href=\"https://ag.umass.edu/sites/ag.umass.edu/files/fact-sheets/pdf/compost_analysis_and_interpretation_with_test.pdf\">https://ag.umass.edu/sites/ag.umass.edu/files/fact-sheets/pdf/compost_analysis_and_interpretation_with_test.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/\">Brownfield and Infill Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-edible-landscaping/\">Edible Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-wildlife-habitat/\">Wildlife Habitat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://landscapeforlife.org/soil/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li>Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">Cooperative Extension County Offices </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/\">Soil Testing Laboratory</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS719\">Soil Fertility Test Interpretation – Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, and Calcium</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://ifplantscouldtalk.rutgers.edu/\">Rutgers: If Plants Could Talk</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.soils.org/discover-soils/soils-in-the-city/soil-contaminants/soil-testing\">Soil Science Society of America</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Soil Test','','inherit','closed','closed','','1449-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 19:53:58','2022-04-11 19:53:58','',1449,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1451',0,'revision','',0),(1452,3,'2022-04-11 19:53:59','2022-04-11 19:53:59','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Soil Test\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2></h2>\n<h2><strong>What is a Soil Test?</strong></h2>\n<p>A soil test refers to the technical analysis of a soil sample that provides information about nutrient content, soil pH, soil composition, and levels of contaminants such as lead.</p>\n<p>Different plants and landscapes have different soil requirements. The results of a soil test help to guide decisions about soil amendments, plant selection, landscape design, and water management (see<span> </span><em>Native and Adapted Plants, Water-Efficient Landscape Design, Edible Landscaping, and Wildlife Habitat</em>).</p>\n<p>Contaminants, including lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and copper, are often found in soils in urban areas, on former industrial or commercial sites, and sometimes on lands previously used for orchards (see<span> </span><em>Brownfield and Infill Sites</em>). Toxins may be absorbed directly through ingestion (a particular hazard for children) or indirectly through consumption of foods grown in the contaminated soil. Employ safe gardening practices and techniques for soil remediation to reduce risk.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>For more information on soil remediation techniques see<span> </span><a href=\"https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture\">Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture.</a></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_200\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"528\"]<img class=\"wp-image-200 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Soil-Test-FIg-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Soil (Source: University of Kentucky Agricultural Extension)\" width=\"528\" height=\"340\" /> Figure 1 – Soil (Source: University of Kentucky Agricultural Extension)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement a Soil Test</strong></h2>\n<p>Soil sample kits are available for purchase from the local<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/kits.php\">Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a><span> </span>county office, garden centers, or online. Alternately, mail collected samples to the<a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/soiltestinglab/\"><span> </span>New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station’s (NJAES) Soil Testing Laboratory</a>. Follow the correct procedures for collecting soil to achieve accurate results.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Conduct soil tests every 2 to 3 years in the spring or fall before fertilization and avoiding wet conditions. For lawn care, conduct sampling in the summer to prepare for fertilization in the fall.</p>\n<p>Use a sampling probe, trowel, or spade to collect ten to fifteen cores or slices of soil six inches in length from the surface in the test area. Mix all of the soil samples in a bucket and put two cups into a plastic bag. Send a sample to a soil sample laboratory for testing.</p>\n<p><u>Interpreting the Soil Test</u></p>\n<p>A basic soil fertility test comes with recommendations for nutrient applications from the local extension office. Consider organic alternatives to synthetic or chemical fertilizers. For example, ashes from a fireplace or wood stove can raise the pH of soil instead of lime. Compost can increase the organic matter in the soil, decreasing the need to add fertilizer.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Optimize plant health and beauty – Too much or too little of any nutrient can harm plant growth. Conducting a soil test identifies appropriate nutrient applications.</li>\n<li>Save money – Soil tests save money in the long run by the preventing purchase of unnecessary chemicals.</li>\n<li>Protect natural resources and habitat health – Eliminating unnecessary applications of harmful pesticides or fertilizers protects environmental and human health.</li>\n<li>Protect human health – Soil tests can help identify harmful toxins or contaminants in the soil and inform decisions about locating plants (particularly edible plants) and/or the need for soil remediation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>There are multiple kinds of soil tests. A fertility test from NJAES that measures nutrient and pH levels includes recommendations and costs $20. Lead screening tests cost an additional $20. Many other tests are available measuring everything from organic matter content to soil textural class to soluble salt levels. These tests range from $17 to $138. Contact the local<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/services-fees.php\">Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a><span> </span>office to determine what tests are appropriate for a particular project.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Healthy soil supports ecological resilience by increasing the biological diversity of plants and animals in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance. Soil testing, especially for homes located in coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, helps to determine which plants are best suited to act as a buffer to encroaching water during flood periods and to provide defense against erosion.  Soil tests also help inform decision making about the location of edible plants, which can be a resource during emergencies.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Bellows, Anne C., Katherine Brown and Jac Smit. 2003.<span> </span><em>Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture</em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture\">https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Heckman, Joseph R., Susan Lance-Scibilia and Stephanie Murphy. 2004.<span> </span><em>Soil Testing for Home Lawns and Garden.</em><span> </span>Rutgers Cooperative Research and Extension.<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs797/\">https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs797/</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>University of Massachusetts Extension, Agricultural Engineering – Vegetable Program.<span> </span><em>Compost Analysis and Interpretation.<span> </span></em><a href=\"https://ag.umass.edu/sites/ag.umass.edu/files/fact-sheets/pdf/compost_analysis_and_interpretation_with_test.pdf\">https://ag.umass.edu/sites/ag.umass.edu/files/fact-sheets/pdf/compost_analysis_and_interpretation_with_test.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/\">Brownfield and Infill Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-edible-landscaping/\">Edible Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-wildlife-habitat/\">Wildlife Habitat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://landscapeforlife.org/soil/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li>Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">Cooperative Extension County Offices </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/\">Soil Testing Laboratory</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS719\">Soil Fertility Test Interpretation – Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, and Calcium</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://ifplantscouldtalk.rutgers.edu/\">Rutgers: If Plants Could Talk</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.soils.org/discover-soils/soils-in-the-city/soil-contaminants/soil-testing\">Soil Science Society of America</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Pervious Hardscape Materials','','inherit','closed','closed','','1449-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 19:53:59','2022-04-11 19:53:59','',1449,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1452',0,'revision','',0),(1453,3,'2022-04-11 19:54:03','2022-04-11 19:54:03','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Soil Test\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2></h2>\n<h2><strong>What is a Soil Test?</strong></h2>\n<p>A soil test refers to the technical analysis of a soil sample that provides information about nutrient content, soil pH, soil composition, and levels of contaminants such as lead.</p>\n<p>Different plants and landscapes have different soil requirements. The results of a soil test help to guide decisions about soil amendments, plant selection, landscape design, and water management (see<span> </span><em>Native and Adapted Plants, Water-Efficient Landscape Design, Edible Landscaping, and Wildlife Habitat</em>).</p>\n<p>Contaminants, including lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and copper, are often found in soils in urban areas, on former industrial or commercial sites, and sometimes on lands previously used for orchards (see<span> </span><em>Brownfield and Infill Sites</em>). Toxins may be absorbed directly through ingestion (a particular hazard for children) or indirectly through consumption of foods grown in the contaminated soil. Employ safe gardening practices and techniques for soil remediation to reduce risk.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>For more information on soil remediation techniques see<span> </span><a href=\"https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture\">Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture.</a></p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_200\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"528\"]<img class=\"wp-image-200 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Soil-Test-FIg-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Soil (Source: University of Kentucky Agricultural Extension)\" width=\"528\" height=\"340\" /> Figure 1 – Soil (Source: University of Kentucky Agricultural Extension)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement a Soil Test</strong></h2>\n<p>Soil sample kits are available for purchase from the local<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/kits.php\">Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a><span> </span>county office, garden centers, or online. Alternately, mail collected samples to the<a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/soiltestinglab/\"><span> </span>New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station’s (NJAES) Soil Testing Laboratory</a>. Follow the correct procedures for collecting soil to achieve accurate results.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Conduct soil tests every 2 to 3 years in the spring or fall before fertilization and avoiding wet conditions. For lawn care, conduct sampling in the summer to prepare for fertilization in the fall.</p>\n<p>Use a sampling probe, trowel, or spade to collect ten to fifteen cores or slices of soil six inches in length from the surface in the test area. Mix all of the soil samples in a bucket and put two cups into a plastic bag. Send a sample to a soil sample laboratory for testing.</p>\n<p><u>Interpreting the Soil Test</u></p>\n<p>A basic soil fertility test comes with recommendations for nutrient applications from the local extension office. Consider organic alternatives to synthetic or chemical fertilizers. For example, ashes from a fireplace or wood stove can raise the pH of soil instead of lime. Compost can increase the organic matter in the soil, decreasing the need to add fertilizer.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Optimize plant health and beauty – Too much or too little of any nutrient can harm plant growth. Conducting a soil test identifies appropriate nutrient applications.</li>\n<li>Save money – Soil tests save money in the long run by the preventing purchase of unnecessary chemicals.</li>\n<li>Protect natural resources and habitat health – Eliminating unnecessary applications of harmful pesticides or fertilizers protects environmental and human health.</li>\n<li>Protect human health – Soil tests can help identify harmful toxins or contaminants in the soil and inform decisions about locating plants (particularly edible plants) and/or the need for soil remediation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>There are multiple kinds of soil tests. A fertility test from NJAES that measures nutrient and pH levels includes recommendations and costs $20. Lead screening tests cost an additional $20. Many other tests are available measuring everything from organic matter content to soil textural class to soluble salt levels. These tests range from $17 to $138. Contact the local<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/services-fees.php\">Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a><span> </span>office to determine what tests are appropriate for a particular project.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Healthy soil supports ecological resilience by increasing the biological diversity of plants and animals in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance. Soil testing, especially for homes located in coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, helps to determine which plants are best suited to act as a buffer to encroaching water during flood periods and to provide defense against erosion.  Soil tests also help inform decision making about the location of edible plants, which can be a resource during emergencies.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Bellows, Anne C., Katherine Brown and Jac Smit. 2003.<span> </span><em>Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture</em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture\">https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Heckman, Joseph R., Susan Lance-Scibilia and Stephanie Murphy. 2004.<span> </span><em>Soil Testing for Home Lawns and Garden.</em><span> </span>Rutgers Cooperative Research and Extension.<span> </span><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs797/\">https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs797/</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>University of Massachusetts Extension, Agricultural Engineering – Vegetable Program.<span> </span><em>Compost Analysis and Interpretation.<span> </span></em><a href=\"https://ag.umass.edu/sites/ag.umass.edu/files/fact-sheets/pdf/compost_analysis_and_interpretation_with_test.pdf\">https://ag.umass.edu/sites/ag.umass.edu/files/fact-sheets/pdf/compost_analysis_and_interpretation_with_test.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018)</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/\">Brownfield and Infill Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-edible-landscaping/\">Edible Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-wildlife-habitat/\">Wildlife Habitat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://landscapeforlife.org/soil/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li>Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">Cooperative Extension County Offices </a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/soil-testing-lab/\">Soil Testing Laboratory</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS719\">Soil Fertility Test Interpretation – Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, and Calcium</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://ifplantscouldtalk.rutgers.edu/\">Rutgers: If Plants Could Talk</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.soils.org/discover-soils/soils-in-the-city/soil-contaminants/soil-testing\">Soil Science Society of America</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Soil Test','','inherit','closed','closed','','1449-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 19:54:03','2022-04-11 19:54:03','',1449,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1453',0,'revision','',0),(1454,3,'2022-04-11 20:03:09','2022-04-11 20:03:09','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Vegetated Roof\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2></h2>\n<h2></h2>\n<h2><strong>What is a Vegetated Roof?</strong></h2>\n<p>A vegetated roof or green roof consists of vegetation in a lightweight growing medium placed on top of the drainage layer, root barrier, and waterproof membrane (see Figure 1). Vegetated roofs provide many environmental benefits such as decreased stormwater runoff and reduced building energy use. They absorb air pollutants and provide a habitat for beneficial insects and birds, serve as a sound barrier, and mitigate the urban heat island effect.</p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_230\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"908\"]<img class=\"wp-image-230 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Vegetated-Roof-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: A basic cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual).\" width=\"908\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 1: A basic cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to How to Incorporate a Vegetated Roof</strong></h2>\n<p>There are many pre-engineered green roof systems available on the market, but green roof designs are often customized to achieve a project’s specific performance objectives. Consult a design professional and integrate the development of the green roof with the development of the building’s structure and systems. The roof strength must be able to hold 10-25 pounds per square foot above the requirements of an underlying roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>The two primary categories of vegetated roofs include: extensive and intensive. Extensive vegetated roofs consist of lightweight systems with shallow soil (or other growing media) depths usually less than 6 inches.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Extensive vegetated roofs require less structural support than an intensive system and support a more limited palette of hardy plants adapted to extreme environments that need little maintenance. Intensive vegetated roofs typically have more than 6” of soil or other growing media, weigh more than extensive vegetated roofs, and can support a greater variety of plants. Intensive systems require more maintenance and a higher initial investment than an extensive roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can host a variety of plant species but typically include drought-tolerant species such as hardy succulents, sedums, and perennials. Consider low-maintenance, native species capable of living in the shallow soil. For a list of species indigenous to the Northeast, see<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nycgovparks.org/greening/greenbelt-native-plant-center/garden-species-lists/garden-green-roof\">NYC Greenbelt Native Plant Center</a><span> </span>or<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">List of NJ Native Plants by County</a>.</p>\n<p>Vegetated roof requires some maintenance such as watering during the establishment period and occasional weeding. Seasonal pruning and cutting of grasses and annual plants reduce the accumulation of combustible material on the roof. Regularly inspect and maintain the components of the roof’s drainage system such as gutters, underdrains, and downspouts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nativebergen.com/green-roof-grows-in-teaneck/\">Green Roof in Teaneck, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Homeowners installed a vegetated roof, consisting of a system of trays holding a lightweight growing medium and drought resistant sedums, to reduce energy consumption and add aesthetic value.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p><u>Reduced Stormwater Runoff</u></p>\n<p>A vegetated roof can reduce stormwater runoff through retention and evapotranspiration and by slowing the release of precipitation, resulting in reduced peak flows in a watershed and reduced stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Reduced Urban Heat Island Effect</u></p>\n<p>The evapotranspiration provided by vegetated roofs reduces both the temperature of the roof and the surrounding air temperature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Vegetated roofs can remain 30-40% cooler than conventional roof surfaces, contributing to an average energy savings of 0.7% compared to non-vegetated roofs (see<span> </span><em>Cool Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Several vegetated roofs in the NYC region were monitored to collect data about vegetated roofs and the urban heat island effect through the<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20121220212419/http://ccsr.columbia.edu/?id=resources\">Columbia University’s Center for Climate Systems Research</a><span> </span>and the data collected help document the role that vegetated roofs can play in mitigating the urban heat island effect.</p>\n<p><u>Reduced Air Pollution</u></p>\n<p>Green roofs serve as a carbon sink, helping to offset carbon emissions. Vegetation traps dust and particulate matter as well as other contaminants such as nitrogen oxides.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><u>Energy conservation</u></p>\n<p>The multiple layers of a vegetated roof provide insulation (see<span> </span><em>Insulation</em>). By increasing a building’s thermal mass, vegetated roofs can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season translating into less energy spent on climate control for the building (see<span> </span><em>Thermal Mass</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><u>Increased Wildlife Habitat</u></p>\n<p>As the roof system matures, a mini-ecosystem, which supports a variety of beneficial insects, butterflies and birds can develop increasing biodiversity and providing a habitat for native wildlife (see<span> </span><em>Native and Adapted Plants and Wildlife Habitat</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><u>Improved Quality of Life</u></p>\n<p>Like other urban greenery, vegetated roofs provide many intangible benefits for people. Installing a vegetated roof can be a method for integrating more green space into the site and the community. Also, neighboring buildings may gain a bonus view of nature when located near a building with a vegetated roof (see<span> </span><em>Biophilia</em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_234\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"670\"]<img class=\"wp-image-234 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Vegetated-Roofs-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Benefits of Green Roofs (Source: Hartman, Danielle. Poster presentation, ESRI International User Conference, San Diego. July 2009).\" width=\"670\" height=\"648\" /> Figure 2 – Benefits of Green Roofs (Source: Hartman, Danielle. Poster presentation, ESRI International User Conference, San Diego. July 2009).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>According to the US EPA, estimated costs of installing a green roof average $10/sf for extensive roofing, and $25/sf for intensive roofs. Maintenance costs vary for either type of roof and may range from $0.75–$1.50/sf.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p>Changing temperatures and UV rays decrease the quality and life of a roof. Vegetated roofs protect rooftops and its structure, decreasing maintenance. Long-term savings from reduced heating and cooling costs and reduced maintenance can help offset the short-term capital costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can provide thermal insulation throughout all four seasons, reducing energy consumption and reliance on the electrical grid. In the event of a power outage, they can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season. During heavy rainfalls and flooding events, vegetated roofs can help reduce stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure and reduce combined sewer overflows.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Vegetated roofs can also offer local communities the opportunity to grow some of their food, reducing dependency on supply chains and transportation networks often disrupted or compromised from storms and other events.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> City of Portland. <a href=\"https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469\">https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> WBDG. Extensive Green Roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands</a>  (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques. <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2%20print.pdf\">http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2 print.pdf</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Native Bergen <a href=\"http://www.nativebergen.com/green-roof-grows-in-teaneck/\">http://www.nativebergen.com/green-roof-grows-in-teaneck/</a>  (accessed April 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. “Green Roofs for Stormwater Runoff Control” February 2009. <a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf\">https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Heat Island Effect: Using Green Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Oberndorfer, Erica et. al. 2007. Green Roofs as Urban Ecosystems: Ecological Structures, Functions, and Services. <em>Biosciencemag.org </em>57, no. 10. <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/10/823/232363\">https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/10/823/232363</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> James Hoff. “Reducing Peak Energy Demand: A Hidden Benefit of Cool Roofs.” TEGNOS Research. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Peak-Demand-Hoff-11.11.14.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Peak-Demand-Hoff-11.11.14.pdf</a>  (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Extensive green roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA Heat Island Effect – Green Roofs <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> City of Portland. “EcoRoofs.” <a href=\"https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469\">https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-wildlife-habitat/\">Wildlife Habitat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenvalues.cnt.org/national/calculator.php\">Center for Neighborhood Technology – Green Values Calculator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_2%20print.pdf\">New Jersey Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf\">Green Roofs for Stormwater Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">Green Roofs – Heat Island Effect</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_3.pdf\">Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Gaffin, S. R., Kong, A.Y.Y., De Mel, J.M., and Rosenzweig, C. 2017. <em>Green, White and Dark Roofs – The energy perspective. </em>New York, NY, USA: Center for Climate Systems Research at Columbia University and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Extensive Vegetative Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Vegetated Roof','','publish','closed','closed','','nr-vegetated-roofs','','','2022-06-23 19:18:10','2022-06-23 19:18:10','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1454',0,'post','',0),(1456,3,'2022-04-11 20:03:09','2022-04-11 20:03:09','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Vegetated Roof\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2></h2>\n<h2></h2>\n<h2><strong>What is a Vegetated Roof?</strong></h2>\n<p>A vegetated roof or green roof consists of vegetation in a lightweight growing medium placed on top of the drainage layer, root barrier, and waterproof membrane (see Figure 1). Vegetated roofs provide many environmental benefits such as decreased stormwater runoff and reduced building energy use. They absorb air pollutants and provide a habitat for beneficial insects and birds, serve as a sound barrier, and mitigate the urban heat island effect.</p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_230\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"908\"]<img class=\"wp-image-230 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Vegetated-Roof-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: A basic cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual).\" width=\"908\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 1: A basic cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to How to Incorporate a Vegetated Roof</strong></h2>\n<p>There are many pre-engineered green roof systems available on the market, but green roof designs are often customized to achieve a project’s specific performance objectives. Consult a design professional and integrate the development of the green roof with the development of the building’s structure and systems. The roof strength must be able to hold 10-25 pounds per square foot above the requirements of an underlying roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>The two primary categories of vegetated roofs include: extensive and intensive. Extensive vegetated roofs consist of lightweight systems with shallow soil (or other growing media) depths usually less than 6 inches.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Extensive vegetated roofs require less structural support than an intensive system and support a more limited palette of hardy plants adapted to extreme environments that need little maintenance. Intensive vegetated roofs typically have more than 6” of soil or other growing media, weigh more than extensive vegetated roofs, and can support a greater variety of plants. Intensive systems require more maintenance and a higher initial investment than an extensive roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can host a variety of plant species but typically include drought-tolerant species such as hardy succulents, sedums, and perennials. Consider low-maintenance, native species capable of living in the shallow soil. For a list of species indigenous to the Northeast, see<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nycgovparks.org/greening/greenbelt-native-plant-center/garden-species-lists/garden-green-roof\">NYC Greenbelt Native Plant Center</a><span> </span>or<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">List of NJ Native Plants by County</a>.</p>\n<p>Vegetated roof requires some maintenance such as watering during the establishment period and occasional weeding. Seasonal pruning and cutting of grasses and annual plants reduce the accumulation of combustible material on the roof. Regularly inspect and maintain the components of the roof’s drainage system such as gutters, underdrains, and downspouts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nativebergen.com/green-roof-grows-in-teaneck/\">Green Roof in Teaneck, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Homeowners installed a vegetated roof, consisting of a system of trays holding a lightweight growing medium and drought resistant sedums, to reduce energy consumption and add aesthetic value.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p><u>Reduced Stormwater Runoff</u></p>\n<p>A vegetated roof can reduce stormwater runoff through retention and evapotranspiration and by slowing the release of precipitation, resulting in reduced peak flows in a watershed and reduced stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Reduced Urban Heat Island Effect</u></p>\n<p>The evapotranspiration provided by vegetated roofs reduces both the temperature of the roof and the surrounding air temperature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Vegetated roofs can remain 30-40% cooler than conventional roof surfaces, contributing to an average energy savings of 0.7% compared to non-vegetated roofs (see<span> </span><em>Cool Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Several vegetated roofs in the NYC region were monitored to collect data about vegetated roofs and the urban heat island effect through the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.ccsr.columbia.edu/?id=resources\">Columbia University’s Center for Climate Systems Research</a><span> </span>and the data collected help document the role that vegetated roofs can play in mitigating the urban heat island effect.</p>\n<p><u>Reduced Air Pollution</u></p>\n<p>Green roofs serve as a carbon sink, helping to offset carbon emissions. Vegetation traps dust and particulate matter as well as other contaminants such as nitrogen oxides.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><u>Energy conservation</u></p>\n<p>The multiple layers of a vegetated roof provide insulation (see<span> </span><em>Insulation</em>). By increasing a building’s thermal mass, vegetated roofs can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season translating into less energy spent on climate control for the building (see<span> </span><em>Thermal Mass</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><u>Increased Wildlife Habitat</u></p>\n<p>As the roof system matures, a mini-ecosystem, which supports a variety of beneficial insects, butterflies and birds can develop increasing biodiversity and providing a habitat for native wildlife (see<span> </span><em>Native and Adapted Plants and Wildlife Habitat</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><u>Improved Quality of Life</u></p>\n<p>Like other urban greenery, vegetated roofs provide many intangible benefits for people. Installing a vegetated roof can be a method for integrating more green space into the site and the community. Also, neighboring buildings may gain a bonus view of nature when located near a building with a vegetated roof (see<span> </span><em>Biophilia</em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_234\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"670\"]<img class=\"wp-image-234 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Vegetated-Roofs-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Benefits of Green Roofs (Source: Hartman, Danielle. Poster presentation, ESRI International User Conference, San Diego. July 2009).\" width=\"670\" height=\"648\" /> Figure 2 – Benefits of Green Roofs (Source: Hartman, Danielle. Poster presentation, ESRI International User Conference, San Diego. July 2009).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>According to the US EPA, estimated costs of installing a green roof average $10/sf for extensive roofing, and $25/sf for intensive roofs. Maintenance costs vary for either type of roof and may range from $0.75–$1.50/sf.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p>Changing temperatures and UV rays decrease the quality and life of a roof. Vegetated roofs protect rooftops and its structure, decreasing maintenance. Long-term savings from reduced heating and cooling costs and reduced maintenance can help offset the short-term capital costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can provide thermal insulation throughout all four seasons, reducing energy consumption and reliance on the electrical grid. In the event of a power outage, they can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season. During heavy rainfalls and flooding events, vegetated roofs can help reduce stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure and reduce combined sewer overflows.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Vegetated roofs can also offer local communities the opportunity to grow some of their food, reducing dependency on supply chains and transportation networks often disrupted or compromised from storms and other events.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> City of Portland. <a href=\"https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469\">https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> WBDG. Extensive Green Roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands</a>  (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques. <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2%20print.pdf\">http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2 print.pdf</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Native Bergen <a href=\"http://www.nativebergen.com/green-roof-grows-in-teaneck/\">http://www.nativebergen.com/green-roof-grows-in-teaneck/</a>  (accessed April 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. “Green Roofs for Stormwater Runoff Control” February 2009. <a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf\">https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Heat Island Effect: Using Green Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Oberndorfer, Erica et. al. 2007. Green Roofs as Urban Ecosystems: Ecological Structures, Functions, and Services. <em>Biosciencemag.org </em>57, no. 10. <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/10/823/232363\">https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/10/823/232363</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> James Hoff. “Reducing Peak Energy Demand: A Hidden Benefit of Cool Roofs.” TEGNOS Research. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Peak-Demand-Hoff-11.11.14.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Peak-Demand-Hoff-11.11.14.pdf</a>  (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Extensive green roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA Heat Island Effect – Green Roofs <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> City of Portland. “EcoRoofs.” <a href=\"https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469\">https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-wildlife-habitat/\">Wildlife Habitat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenvalues.cnt.org/national/calculator.php\">Center for Neighborhood Technology – Green Values Calculator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_2%20print.pdf\">New Jersey Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf\">Green Roofs for Stormwater Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">Green Roofs – Heat Island Effect</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_3.pdf\">Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Gaffin, S. R., Kong, A.Y.Y., De Mel, J.M., and Rosenzweig, C. 2017. <em>Green, White and Dark Roofs – The energy perspective. </em>New York, NY, USA: Center for Climate Systems Research at Columbia University and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Extensive Vegetative Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Vegetated Roof','','inherit','closed','closed','','1454-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 20:03:09','2022-04-11 20:03:09','',1454,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1456',0,'revision','',0),(1457,3,'2022-04-11 20:03:10','2022-04-11 20:03:10','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Vegetated Roof\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2></h2>\n<h2></h2>\n<h2><strong>What is a Vegetated Roof?</strong></h2>\n<p>A vegetated roof or green roof consists of vegetation in a lightweight growing medium placed on top of the drainage layer, root barrier, and waterproof membrane (see Figure 1). Vegetated roofs provide many environmental benefits such as decreased stormwater runoff and reduced building energy use. They absorb air pollutants and provide a habitat for beneficial insects and birds, serve as a sound barrier, and mitigate the urban heat island effect.</p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_230\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"908\"]<img class=\"wp-image-230 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Vegetated-Roof-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: A basic cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual).\" width=\"908\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 1: A basic cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to How to Incorporate a Vegetated Roof</strong></h2>\n<p>There are many pre-engineered green roof systems available on the market, but green roof designs are often customized to achieve a project’s specific performance objectives. Consult a design professional and integrate the development of the green roof with the development of the building’s structure and systems. The roof strength must be able to hold 10-25 pounds per square foot above the requirements of an underlying roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>The two primary categories of vegetated roofs include: extensive and intensive. Extensive vegetated roofs consist of lightweight systems with shallow soil (or other growing media) depths usually less than 6 inches.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Extensive vegetated roofs require less structural support than an intensive system and support a more limited palette of hardy plants adapted to extreme environments that need little maintenance. Intensive vegetated roofs typically have more than 6” of soil or other growing media, weigh more than extensive vegetated roofs, and can support a greater variety of plants. Intensive systems require more maintenance and a higher initial investment than an extensive roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can host a variety of plant species but typically include drought-tolerant species such as hardy succulents, sedums, and perennials. Consider low-maintenance, native species capable of living in the shallow soil. For a list of species indigenous to the Northeast, see<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nycgovparks.org/greening/greenbelt-native-plant-center/garden-species-lists/garden-green-roof\">NYC Greenbelt Native Plant Center</a><span> </span>or<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">List of NJ Native Plants by County</a>.</p>\n<p>Vegetated roof requires some maintenance such as watering during the establishment period and occasional weeding. Seasonal pruning and cutting of grasses and annual plants reduce the accumulation of combustible material on the roof. Regularly inspect and maintain the components of the roof’s drainage system such as gutters, underdrains, and downspouts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nativebergen.com/green-roof-grows-in-teaneck/\">Green Roof in Teaneck, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Homeowners installed a vegetated roof, consisting of a system of trays holding a lightweight growing medium and drought resistant sedums, to reduce energy consumption and add aesthetic value.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p><u>Reduced Stormwater Runoff</u></p>\n<p>A vegetated roof can reduce stormwater runoff through retention and evapotranspiration and by slowing the release of precipitation, resulting in reduced peak flows in a watershed and reduced stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Reduced Urban Heat Island Effect</u></p>\n<p>The evapotranspiration provided by vegetated roofs reduces both the temperature of the roof and the surrounding air temperature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Vegetated roofs can remain 30-40% cooler than conventional roof surfaces, contributing to an average energy savings of 0.7% compared to non-vegetated roofs (see<span> </span><em>Cool Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Several vegetated roofs in the NYC region were monitored to collect data about vegetated roofs and the urban heat island effect through the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.ccsr.columbia.edu/?id=resources\">Columbia University’s Center for Climate Systems Research</a><span> </span>and the data collected help document the role that vegetated roofs can play in mitigating the urban heat island effect.</p>\n<p><u>Reduced Air Pollution</u></p>\n<p>Green roofs serve as a carbon sink, helping to offset carbon emissions. Vegetation traps dust and particulate matter as well as other contaminants such as nitrogen oxides.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><u>Energy conservation</u></p>\n<p>The multiple layers of a vegetated roof provide insulation (see<span> </span><em>Insulation</em>). By increasing a building’s thermal mass, vegetated roofs can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season translating into less energy spent on climate control for the building (see<span> </span><em>Thermal Mass</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><u>Increased Wildlife Habitat</u></p>\n<p>As the roof system matures, a mini-ecosystem, which supports a variety of beneficial insects, butterflies and birds can develop increasing biodiversity and providing a habitat for native wildlife (see<span> </span><em>Native and Adapted Plants and Wildlife Habitat</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><u>Improved Quality of Life</u></p>\n<p>Like other urban greenery, vegetated roofs provide many intangible benefits for people. Installing a vegetated roof can be a method for integrating more green space into the site and the community. Also, neighboring buildings may gain a bonus view of nature when located near a building with a vegetated roof (see<span> </span><em>Biophilia</em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_234\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"670\"]<img class=\"wp-image-234 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Vegetated-Roofs-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Benefits of Green Roofs (Source: Hartman, Danielle. Poster presentation, ESRI International User Conference, San Diego. July 2009).\" width=\"670\" height=\"648\" /> Figure 2 – Benefits of Green Roofs (Source: Hartman, Danielle. Poster presentation, ESRI International User Conference, San Diego. July 2009).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>According to the US EPA, estimated costs of installing a green roof average $10/sf for extensive roofing, and $25/sf for intensive roofs. Maintenance costs vary for either type of roof and may range from $0.75–$1.50/sf.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p>Changing temperatures and UV rays decrease the quality and life of a roof. Vegetated roofs protect rooftops and its structure, decreasing maintenance. Long-term savings from reduced heating and cooling costs and reduced maintenance can help offset the short-term capital costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can provide thermal insulation throughout all four seasons, reducing energy consumption and reliance on the electrical grid. In the event of a power outage, they can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season. During heavy rainfalls and flooding events, vegetated roofs can help reduce stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure and reduce combined sewer overflows.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Vegetated roofs can also offer local communities the opportunity to grow some of their food, reducing dependency on supply chains and transportation networks often disrupted or compromised from storms and other events.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> City of Portland. <a href=\"https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469\">https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> WBDG. Extensive Green Roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands</a>  (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques. <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2%20print.pdf\">http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2 print.pdf</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Native Bergen <a href=\"http://www.nativebergen.com/green-roof-grows-in-teaneck/\">http://www.nativebergen.com/green-roof-grows-in-teaneck/</a>  (accessed April 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. “Green Roofs for Stormwater Runoff Control” February 2009. <a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf\">https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Heat Island Effect: Using Green Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Oberndorfer, Erica et. al. 2007. Green Roofs as Urban Ecosystems: Ecological Structures, Functions, and Services. <em>Biosciencemag.org </em>57, no. 10. <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/10/823/232363\">https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/10/823/232363</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> James Hoff. “Reducing Peak Energy Demand: A Hidden Benefit of Cool Roofs.” TEGNOS Research. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Peak-Demand-Hoff-11.11.14.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Peak-Demand-Hoff-11.11.14.pdf</a>  (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Extensive green roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA Heat Island Effect – Green Roofs <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> City of Portland. “EcoRoofs.” <a href=\"https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469\">https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-wildlife-habitat/\">Wildlife Habitat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenvalues.cnt.org/national/calculator.php\">Center for Neighborhood Technology – Green Values Calculator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_2%20print.pdf\">New Jersey Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf\">Green Roofs for Stormwater Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">Green Roofs – Heat Island Effect</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_3.pdf\">Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Gaffin, S. R., Kong, A.Y.Y., De Mel, J.M., and Rosenzweig, C. 2017. <em>Green, White and Dark Roofs – The energy perspective. </em>New York, NY, USA: Center for Climate Systems Research at Columbia University and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Extensive Vegetative Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Soil Test','','inherit','closed','closed','','1454-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 20:03:10','2022-04-11 20:03:10','',1454,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1457',0,'revision','',0),(1459,3,'2022-04-11 20:03:13','2022-04-11 20:03:13','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Vegetated Roof\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2></h2>\n<h2></h2>\n<h2><strong>What is a Vegetated Roof?</strong></h2>\n<p>A vegetated roof or green roof consists of vegetation in a lightweight growing medium placed on top of the drainage layer, root barrier, and waterproof membrane (see Figure 1). Vegetated roofs provide many environmental benefits such as decreased stormwater runoff and reduced building energy use. They absorb air pollutants and provide a habitat for beneficial insects and birds, serve as a sound barrier, and mitigate the urban heat island effect.</p>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_230\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"908\"]<img class=\"wp-image-230 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Vegetated-Roof-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: A basic cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual).\" width=\"908\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 1: A basic cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to How to Incorporate a Vegetated Roof</strong></h2>\n<p>There are many pre-engineered green roof systems available on the market, but green roof designs are often customized to achieve a project’s specific performance objectives. Consult a design professional and integrate the development of the green roof with the development of the building’s structure and systems. The roof strength must be able to hold 10-25 pounds per square foot above the requirements of an underlying roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>The two primary categories of vegetated roofs include: extensive and intensive. Extensive vegetated roofs consist of lightweight systems with shallow soil (or other growing media) depths usually less than 6 inches.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Extensive vegetated roofs require less structural support than an intensive system and support a more limited palette of hardy plants adapted to extreme environments that need little maintenance. Intensive vegetated roofs typically have more than 6” of soil or other growing media, weigh more than extensive vegetated roofs, and can support a greater variety of plants. Intensive systems require more maintenance and a higher initial investment than an extensive roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can host a variety of plant species but typically include drought-tolerant species such as hardy succulents, sedums, and perennials. Consider low-maintenance, native species capable of living in the shallow soil. For a list of species indigenous to the Northeast, see<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nycgovparks.org/greening/greenbelt-native-plant-center/garden-species-lists/garden-green-roof\">NYC Greenbelt Native Plant Center</a><span> </span>or<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">List of NJ Native Plants by County</a>.</p>\n<p>Vegetated roof requires some maintenance such as watering during the establishment period and occasional weeding. Seasonal pruning and cutting of grasses and annual plants reduce the accumulation of combustible material on the roof. Regularly inspect and maintain the components of the roof’s drainage system such as gutters, underdrains, and downspouts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nativebergen.com/green-roof-grows-in-teaneck/\">Green Roof in Teaneck, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Homeowners installed a vegetated roof, consisting of a system of trays holding a lightweight growing medium and drought resistant sedums, to reduce energy consumption and add aesthetic value.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p><u>Reduced Stormwater Runoff</u></p>\n<p>A vegetated roof can reduce stormwater runoff through retention and evapotranspiration and by slowing the release of precipitation, resulting in reduced peak flows in a watershed and reduced stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Reduced Urban Heat Island Effect</u></p>\n<p>The evapotranspiration provided by vegetated roofs reduces both the temperature of the roof and the surrounding air temperature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Vegetated roofs can remain 30-40% cooler than conventional roof surfaces, contributing to an average energy savings of 0.7% compared to non-vegetated roofs (see<span> </span><em>Cool Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Several vegetated roofs in the NYC region were monitored to collect data about vegetated roofs and the urban heat island effect through the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.ccsr.columbia.edu/?id=resources\">Columbia University’s Center for Climate Systems Research</a><span> </span>and the data collected help document the role that vegetated roofs can play in mitigating the urban heat island effect.</p>\n<p><u>Reduced Air Pollution</u></p>\n<p>Green roofs serve as a carbon sink, helping to offset carbon emissions. Vegetation traps dust and particulate matter as well as other contaminants such as nitrogen oxides.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><u>Energy conservation</u></p>\n<p>The multiple layers of a vegetated roof provide insulation (see<span> </span><em>Insulation</em>). By increasing a building’s thermal mass, vegetated roofs can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season translating into less energy spent on climate control for the building (see<span> </span><em>Thermal Mass</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><u>Increased Wildlife Habitat</u></p>\n<p>As the roof system matures, a mini-ecosystem, which supports a variety of beneficial insects, butterflies and birds can develop increasing biodiversity and providing a habitat for native wildlife (see<span> </span><em>Native and Adapted Plants and Wildlife Habitat</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><u>Improved Quality of Life</u></p>\n<p>Like other urban greenery, vegetated roofs provide many intangible benefits for people. Installing a vegetated roof can be a method for integrating more green space into the site and the community. Also, neighboring buildings may gain a bonus view of nature when located near a building with a vegetated roof (see<span> </span><em>Biophilia</em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_234\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"670\"]<img class=\"wp-image-234 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Vegetated-Roofs-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Benefits of Green Roofs (Source: Hartman, Danielle. Poster presentation, ESRI International User Conference, San Diego. July 2009).\" width=\"670\" height=\"648\" /> Figure 2 – Benefits of Green Roofs (Source: Hartman, Danielle. Poster presentation, ESRI International User Conference, San Diego. July 2009).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>According to the US EPA, estimated costs of installing a green roof average $10/sf for extensive roofing, and $25/sf for intensive roofs. Maintenance costs vary for either type of roof and may range from $0.75–$1.50/sf.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p>Changing temperatures and UV rays decrease the quality and life of a roof. Vegetated roofs protect rooftops and its structure, decreasing maintenance. Long-term savings from reduced heating and cooling costs and reduced maintenance can help offset the short-term capital costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can provide thermal insulation throughout all four seasons, reducing energy consumption and reliance on the electrical grid. In the event of a power outage, they can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season. During heavy rainfalls and flooding events, vegetated roofs can help reduce stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure and reduce combined sewer overflows.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Vegetated roofs can also offer local communities the opportunity to grow some of their food, reducing dependency on supply chains and transportation networks often disrupted or compromised from storms and other events.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> City of Portland. <a href=\"https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469\">https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> WBDG. Extensive Green Roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands</a>  (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques. <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2%20print.pdf\">http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2 print.pdf</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Native Bergen <a href=\"http://www.nativebergen.com/green-roof-grows-in-teaneck/\">http://www.nativebergen.com/green-roof-grows-in-teaneck/</a>  (accessed April 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. “Green Roofs for Stormwater Runoff Control” February 2009. <a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf\">https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Heat Island Effect: Using Green Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Oberndorfer, Erica et. al. 2007. Green Roofs as Urban Ecosystems: Ecological Structures, Functions, and Services. <em>Biosciencemag.org </em>57, no. 10. <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/10/823/232363\">https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/10/823/232363</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> James Hoff. “Reducing Peak Energy Demand: A Hidden Benefit of Cool Roofs.” TEGNOS Research. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Peak-Demand-Hoff-11.11.14.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Peak-Demand-Hoff-11.11.14.pdf</a>  (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Extensive green roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA Heat Island Effect – Green Roofs <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> City of Portland. “EcoRoofs.” <a href=\"https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469\">https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-wildlife-habitat/\">Wildlife Habitat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenvalues.cnt.org/national/calculator.php\">Center for Neighborhood Technology – Green Values Calculator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_2%20print.pdf\">New Jersey Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques</a></li>\n<li>US EPA\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf\">Green Roofs for Stormwater Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">Green Roofs – Heat Island Effect</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_3.pdf\">Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Gaffin, S. R., Kong, A.Y.Y., De Mel, J.M., and Rosenzweig, C. 2017. <em>Green, White and Dark Roofs – The energy perspective. </em>New York, NY, USA: Center for Climate Systems Research at Columbia University and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Extensive Vegetative Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Vegetated Roof','','inherit','closed','closed','','1454-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 20:03:13','2022-04-11 20:03:13','',1454,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1459',0,'revision','',0),(1460,3,'2022-04-11 20:36:22','2022-04-11 20:36:22','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Air Infiltration\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Air Infiltration?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Air infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_480\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"480\"]<img class=\"wp-image-480 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-e1553095049426.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"480\" height=\"493\" /> Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Manage Air Infiltration</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Minimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see<span> </span><em><i>Insulation, Moisture Control,<span> </span></i></em>and<span> </span><em><i>Natural Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Many green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2015-project-certification/phius-certification-overview\">Passive House Institute US Certification Program</a><span> </span>(also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.</li>\n<li>An airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.</li>\n<li>Well installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.</li>\n<li>Balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.</li>\n<li>Passive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/case-studies/rmi-innovation-center\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.</a></p>\n<p>The RMI Innovation Center achieved Passive House US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value<em>,<span> </span></em>0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft<sup>2</sup>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Airtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Continuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings</a><span> </span>(accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration\">https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration</a>  (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration.<span> </span><a href=\"http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf\">http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span><em>Lstiburek,<span> </span></em>Joseph<em>. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. <span> </span><a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique.<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511112921/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016,<span> </span><a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952\">https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide.<a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php</a><span> </span>(accessed Mach 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of</p>\n<p>Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf\">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf</a>(accessed Mach 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a><span> </span>Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016,<span> </span><a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/blower-door-tests\">Blower Door Test</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energyplus.net/\">EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511112921/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</a></li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Air Infiltration','','publish','closed','closed','','nr-air-infiltration','','','2022-06-23 19:21:24','2022-06-23 19:21:24','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1460',0,'post','',0),(1462,3,'2022-04-11 20:28:05','2022-04-11 20:28:05','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"New Residential Buildings\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The Manual supports the construction of new green homes with diminished energy and environmental footprints and the greening of existing homes. This approach limits the impact of the built environment on the natural environment, while sensitivity to the location of building activities helps to prevent urban sprawl and preserves natural resources.</p>\n<p>The Residential Buildings section includes strategies for new single-family homes. Many of the strategies also pertain to existing single-family homes and support energy-efficient and green home improvement projects that provide resiliency benefits. Whether building a new home or upgrading old systems, new and existing homeowners have the opportunity to select ENERGY STAR equipment, including high-efficiency water heaters, and HVAC equipment. Likewise, all homeowners can incorporate grid back-up capabilities (based on individualized risk factors and site opportunities) and consider storm preparation and planning for disruptive events.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Design\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf568;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operational Tools\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe035;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/\">Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-composting/\">Composting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/\">Brownfield and Infill Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-site-protection-plan/\">Site Protection Plan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p><strong>Envelope</strong><span></span></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Mechanicals and Equipment</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Energy Supply</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-green-power/\">Green Power</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/\">On-Site Wind Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic Systems (PV)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/nr-geothermal/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Water\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf043;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"/nr-indoor-water-conservation/\">Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/\">On-Site Alternative Water Re-use</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Backup Systems\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf5df;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"/nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/\">Emergency Water Supply and Storage</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"/nr-storm-preparation-and-emergency-planning/\">Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"/nr-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"/nr-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"/nr-construction-indoor-air-quality-management/\">Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"/nr-flexible-spaces/\">Flexible Workspaces</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"/nr-non-toxic-materials/\">Non-Toxic Materials</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"/nr-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Build\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf6e3;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste-reduction/\">Construction &amp; Demolition Waste Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-erosion-control/\">Erosion Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-edible-landscaping/\">Edible Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-wildlife-habitat/\">Wildlife Habitat</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/\">High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-light-pollution-reduction/\">Light Pollution Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-pervious-landscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/\">Soil Test</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Operate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf085;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operations & Maintenance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe038;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Smart Infrastructure\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1eb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Evaluate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf3fd;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Building Performance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf080;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.03)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Case Studies</h2>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"30%\" module_alignment=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_divider][et_pb_portfolio fullwidth=\"off\" include_categories=\"5\" show_categories=\"off\" show_pagination=\"off\" hover_overlay_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_portfolio][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','New Residential','','inherit','closed','closed','','1003-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 20:28:05','2022-04-11 20:28:05','',1003,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1462',0,'revision','',0),(1464,3,'2022-04-11 20:36:22','2022-04-11 20:36:22','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Air Infiltration\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Air Infiltration?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Air infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_480\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"480\"]<img class=\"wp-image-480 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-e1553095049426.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"480\" height=\"493\" /> Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Manage Air Infiltration</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Minimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see<span> </span><em><i>Insulation, Moisture Control,<span> </span></i></em>and<span> </span><em><i>Natural Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Many green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2015-project-certification/phius-certification-overview\">Passive House Institute US Certification Program</a><span> </span>(also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.</li>\n<li>An airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.</li>\n<li>Well installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.</li>\n<li>Balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.</li>\n<li>Passive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/case-studies/rmi-innovation-center\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.</a></p>\n<p>The RMI Innovation Center achieved Passive House US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value<em>,<span> </span></em>0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft<sup>2</sup>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Airtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Continuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings</a><span> </span>(accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration\">https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration</a>  (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration.<span> </span><a href=\"http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf\">http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span><em>Lstiburek,<span> </span></em>Joseph<em>. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. <span> </span><a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016,<span> </span><a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952\">https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide.<a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php</a><span> </span>(accessed Mach 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of</p>\n<p>Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf\">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf</a>(accessed Mach 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a><span> </span>Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016,<span> </span><a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/blower-door-tests\">Blower Door Test</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energyplus.net/\">EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique#313826-tab-1\">PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</a></li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Air Infiltration','','inherit','closed','closed','','1460-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 20:36:22','2022-04-11 20:36:22','',1460,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1464',0,'revision','',0),(1465,3,'2022-04-11 20:36:23','2022-04-11 20:36:23','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Air Infiltration\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Air Infiltration?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Air infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_480\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"480\"]<img class=\"wp-image-480 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-e1553095049426.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"480\" height=\"493\" /> Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Manage Air Infiltration</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Minimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see<span> </span><em><i>Insulation, Moisture Control,<span> </span></i></em>and<span> </span><em><i>Natural Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Many green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2015-project-certification/phius-certification-overview\">Passive House Institute US Certification Program</a><span> </span>(also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.</li>\n<li>An airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.</li>\n<li>Well installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.</li>\n<li>Balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.</li>\n<li>Passive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/case-studies/rmi-innovation-center\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.</a></p>\n<p>The RMI Innovation Center achieved Passive House US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value<em>,<span> </span></em>0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft<sup>2</sup>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Airtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Continuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings</a><span> </span>(accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration\">https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration</a>  (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration.<span> </span><a href=\"http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf\">http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span><em>Lstiburek,<span> </span></em>Joseph<em>. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. <span> </span><a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016,<span> </span><a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952\">https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide.<a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php</a><span> </span>(accessed Mach 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of</p>\n<p>Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf\">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf</a>(accessed Mach 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a><span> </span>Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016,<span> </span><a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/blower-door-tests\">Blower Door Test</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energyplus.net/\">EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique#313826-tab-1\">PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</a></li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Vegetated Roof','','inherit','closed','closed','','1460-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 20:36:23','2022-04-11 20:36:23','',1460,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1465',0,'revision','',0),(1466,3,'2022-04-11 20:36:26','2022-04-11 20:36:26','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Air Infiltration\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Air Infiltration?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Air infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_480\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"480\"]<img class=\"wp-image-480 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-e1553095049426.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"480\" height=\"493\" /> Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Manage Air Infiltration</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Minimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see<span> </span><em><i>Insulation, Moisture Control,<span> </span></i></em>and<span> </span><em><i>Natural Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Many green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2015-project-certification/phius-certification-overview\">Passive House Institute US Certification Program</a><span> </span>(also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.</li>\n<li>An airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.</li>\n<li>Well installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.</li>\n<li>Balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.</li>\n<li>Passive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/case-studies/rmi-innovation-center\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.</a></p>\n<p>The RMI Innovation Center achieved Passive House US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value<em>,<span> </span></em>0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft<sup>2</sup>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Airtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Continuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings</a><span> </span>(accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration\">https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration</a>  (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration.<span> </span><a href=\"http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf\">http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span><em>Lstiburek,<span> </span></em>Joseph<em>. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. <span> </span><a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016,<span> </span><a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952\">https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide.<a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php</a><span> </span>(accessed Mach 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a><span> </span>Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of</p>\n<p>Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf\">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf</a>(accessed Mach 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a><span> </span>Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016,<span> </span><a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/blower-door-tests\">Blower Door Test</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energyplus.net/\">EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique#313826-tab-1\">PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</a></li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Air Infiltration','','inherit','closed','closed','','1460-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 20:36:26','2022-04-11 20:36:26','',1460,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1466',0,'revision','',0),(1467,3,'2022-04-12 17:29:40','2022-04-12 17:29:40','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Cool Roofs\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Cool Roofs?</strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs reflect (solar reflectance) and radiate heat (thermal emittance) away from the building and reduce roof temperature. (See Figure 1). The Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) measures roof reflectance and emissivity on a scale of 0 to 100, and the higher the value, the “cooler” the roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>White, light-colored, and reflective colored surfaces have a higher SRI than dark-colored roofs.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_132\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"732\"]<img class=\"wp-image-132 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Reflectance and Emittance of cool roofs (Source: Cool Roof Rating Council)\" width=\"732\" height=\"500\" /> Figure 1: Reflectance and Emittance of cool roofs (Source: Cool Roof Rating Council)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Conventional dark colored roofs absorb sunlight, generating heat and increasing the cooling load of the building. The heat generated by conventional roofs also contributes to the heat island effect in urban and dense suburban areas. Heat island effect takes place when built up or densely developed areas experience an increase in temperature due to larger areas of dark pavement and roofs that absorb heat from the sun. Rising temperatures result in increased energy demands, which can lead to higher air conditioning costs, increased greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and increased risk of heat-related illnesses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Urbanized and densely populated suburban regions are more vulnerable to the heat island effect, and conditions tend to be worse during the summer months.</p>\n<p>Many building codes and green building programs have a cool roof and urban heat island mitigation requirements that refer to<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/roof_products/cool_roofs_emissivity\">ENERGY STAR</a><span> </span>and the<span> </span><a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/\">Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)</a><span> </span>voluntary labeling programs.</p>\n<p>ENERGY STAR labels roof products that meet the following reflectance requirements and provides information about emissivity<strong>.</strong><strong><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></strong> </p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_178\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1460\"]<img class=\"wp-image-178 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Table-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"(source: Energy Star)\" width=\"1460\" height=\"300\" /> (source: Energy Star)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>The Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) does not set minimum requirements but uses independent and accredited testing laboratories and a random testing program to identify products on its online <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/products/results\">Rated Products Directory</a> that meet the ANSI/CRRC S100 accredited standard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Cool roofs options are available for most standard roofing materials and come in common roofing colors (e.g., gray, red).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> There are two main types of cool roofs: low-sloped and steep-sloped. Low-slope roofs have less than 2 inches of rise for every 12 inches of run. In comparison, steep-sloped roofs have a more significant rise/run ratio.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> For the majority of cases, steep-sloped roofs are utilized in residential construction, while low-sloped roofs are typically used for commercial buildings. Steep-sloped roofs are currently available in clay or concrete tiles. The light pigments of clay and concrete allow the roof to reflect and radiate heat. For steep-slope roofs, light-colored asphalt shingles, metal roofing, tiles, or shakes are also available.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Cool Roofs</strong></h2>\n<p>The decision to incorporate cool roofs depends on the local climate, a building’s heating and cooling loads, peak energy demands, and shading provided by surrounding trees or structures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Incorporating cool roofs requires proper selection and installation of the roof product or roof coating. Refer to the Energy Star and CRRC products list. Cool roof design combined with appropriate roof insulation, shade tree placement, and adequately sized HVAC equipment maximizes energy and cost savings (See <em>Insulation</em>, <em>Properly Sized HVAC</em>, and <em>Tree Protection and Placement)</em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Complementary strategies include vegetated roofs and roof-top photovoltaic systems (see <em>Vegetated Roofs</em>, <em>Photovoltaic Systems</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs offer several potential benefits, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Energy cost savings by reducing cooling loads.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></li>\n<li>Lowered peak electricity demand which decreases the likelihood of power outages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Reduced roof temperatures which may reduce roof maintenance and replacement expenses by extending roof life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></li>\n<li>Increased indoor thermal comfort in summer, helping to prevent heat-related illness and deaths.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></li>\n<li>Mitigated heat island effect in cities and suburbs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></li>\n<li>Reduced air pollution and smog formation.</li>\n<li>Water reduction savings for urban irrigation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></li>\n<li>Minimized heat loss in winter in cold climates when combined with appropriate insulation levels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>A roof’s life cycle costs include upfront installation (materials and labor) and ongoing savings and maintenance costs (repair, recoating, and cleaning). The installed costs vary depending on the type and size of the roof, complexity of the roof system, and building location. In many cases, cool roofs cost about the same as conventional dark roofs with the cost premium ranging from $0.05 to $1.50/SF over conventional roofing products.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> These costs can be recovered in the relatively short-term (1 year or less) through decreased energy consumption.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<p>For a list of price premiums for cool roofs, see the Global Cool Cities Alliance’s <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/\">Cool Roof and Pavements Toolkit</a>. Financial incentives may be available for builders and homeowners who install cool roofs. For up-to-date information on available incentives, please visit the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/main/rebates-and-promotions/rebates-and-promotions\">New Jersey Clean Energy website.</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs contribute to resiliency by providing a durable roofing material and through energy efficiency.  For example, cool roofs enhance roofing durability by reducing thermal flux and increasing the roof’s resiliency to changing climate conditions, heat and UV aging.  Cool roofs also contribute to decreased air-conditioning loads, thereby extending the life of AC units. Regarding energy efficiency, cool roofs, combined with proper insulation levels, can reduce heating and cooling loads, reducing stress on the grid, and help to regulate thermal comfort in the event of a power outage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/\">http://coolroofs.org</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Solecki, William D., et al.,<em> Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region,</em> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science, Research, and Technology (2004). <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf</a>  (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Roof Products Key Product Criteria.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_crit_roof_products\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_crit_roof_products</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Cool Roof Rating Council. 2016. “Policy Makers and Code Official: Learn about Cool Roofs.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf\">http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 13. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) <a href=\"http://www.coolroofs.org/HomeandBuildingOwnersInfo.html\">http://www.coolroofs.org/HomeandBuildingOwnersInfo.html</a> (accessed March 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 21. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 9. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> CRRC. “Resources for Code Officials and Policy Makers” <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf\">http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf</a> (accessed June 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> The “heat island effect” refers to developed areas that experience an increase in temperature that has the effect of increasing energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Vahmani, Pouya. (2017) “Water Conservation Benefits of Urban Heat Mitigation.” Nature Communication 8, Article: 1072,  <a href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/\">http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/</a> (accessed March 16. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> Ramamurthy, P. et al. “The joint influence of albedo and insulation on roof performance: An observational study,” 2015, Energy and Buildings, Volume 93, pages 249-258. <a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study\">https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study</a> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Page 12, Table 5. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf</a> (accessed June 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 35. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-roofs\">Berkeley Lab -Heat Island Group</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.coolroofs.org/\">Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200921035833/http://coolmetalroofing.org/\">Cool Metal Roofing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/roof_products/cool_roofs_emissivity\">Energy Star – Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://rsc.ornl.gov/\">EPA Roof Savings Calculator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://globalcoolcities.org/\">Global Cool Cities Alliance</a><span> </span>–\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/\">Cool Roof and Cool Pavements Toolkit</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrca.net/\">National Roofing Contractors Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisld/mitigation/coolroofs.htm\">US EPA – Heat Island Effect: Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/tools/cool-roof/\">Cool Roof Calculator: Estimates Cooling and Heating Savings for Flat Roofs with Non-Black Surfaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">Guidelines for Selecting Cool Roof</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Cool Roofs','','publish','closed','closed','','nr-cool-roofs','','','2022-06-23 19:21:32','2022-06-23 19:21:32','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1467',0,'post','',0),(1468,2,'2022-04-11 22:23:55','2022-04-11 22:23:55','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Biomass Energy Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is a Biomass Energy System?</strong></h2>\n<p>Biomass energy systems utilize biomass, a renewable resource, to power facility heating, electric power generation, or combined heat and power (CHP) systems (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Biomass sources include organic material such as plant matter, wood, waste wood, residue from agriculture or forestry and organic matter from municipal or industrial waste. Fumes from landfills such as methane, a natural gas, provide biomass for electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_190\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"754\"]<img class=\"wp-image-190 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Biomass-Energy-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Monmouth County’s 1 MW biopower project (Source: NJ Clean Energy).\" width=\"754\" height=\"552\" /> Figure 1 – Monmouth County’s 1 MW biopower project (Source: NJ Clean Energy).[/caption]\n<div id=\"attachment_378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"> </div>\n<p>According to the Rutgers EcoComplex’s Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid waste makes up 72% of biomass. Agriculture and forestry management also produce potential sources of biomass.</li>\n<li>Technologies for converting solid waste to biomass include combustion, gasification and anaerobic digestion.</li>\n<li>The counties of central and northeastern New Jersey contain the largest biomass concentrations.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Biomass Energy Systems  </strong></h2>\n<p>Direct-fired combustion is the most common method of producing heat and electricity from biomass.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Commercial scale facilities typically use woody biomass in the form of whole logs or firewood, wood chips, and wood pellets. Two types of chip-fired direct combustion systems include fixed-bed and atmospheric fluidized-bed systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>A direct combustion system burns biomass to generate hot gas, which provides heat directly or feeds biomass into a boiler to generate hot water or steam. In a boiler system, the steam provides heat for process or space heating. It can also transfer heat to a facility through typical space heating methods. In a combined heat and power system (CHP), the boiler produces steam to run a turbine and power a generator to produce electricity. Excess steam and hot water support heating applications. Combined heat and power (CHP) systems significantly increase overall energy efficiency to approximately 80%, from the standard biomass electricity-only systems with efficiencies of approximately 20%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Cost-effect biomass energy systems utilize both electricity production and thermal energy.</p>\n<p>See <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program: Biopower</a> to find out more about the types of biomass energy systems currently supported in New Jersey. Installing a biomass energy system requires professional expertise. Evaluate the facility’s waste stream to identify opportunities to convert waste into energy.</p>\n<p>See the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">NJ Office of Clean Energy’s Combined Heat and Power Program</a> also offers incentives for CHP systems, with bonus incentives for CHP systems fueled by renewable fuel sources.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180201005621/http://www.biomasscenter.org:80/resource-library/case-studies\">Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC)</a></p>\n<p>With funding from the US DOE, the Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC) developed a series of case studies illustrating the design and operational experiences of various community-scale facilities, including businesses, campuses, community buildings, schools, housing and government facilities, that employ biomass systems in the US, Canada, Europe, and Scandinavia.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/casestudy07_rex_lumber.pdf\">The Rex Lumber Company, Englishtown, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Rex Lumber Company, with a rebate for nearly 50% from the NJ Clean Energy Program, replaced a natural gas system with a wood-waste boiler biomass system to heat its kilns.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using biomass for energy turns waste into resources, provides a renewable source of electricity and reduces the use of and dependency on fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing fuel supply security. Biomass powered CHP technologies have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Biomass reduces waste management costs like tipping fees while promoting local business and farming. Replacing up to 20% of fossil fuel such as coal with bio-fuel also reduces nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide emissions. Capturing methane, a gas emitted by the decomposition of waste 28-36 times stronger than carbon dioxide, reduces emissions of a significant greenhouse gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The economics of biomass power generation depends on the availability of a predictable, local, sustainably-sourced, low-cost and long-term feedstock supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Differences in feedstock chemical composition impact the cost of the feedstock. For example, waste produced due to industrial processes can have a zero or even negative cost by avoiding waste disposal charges. Likewise, prices for dedicated energy crops can spike due to low productivity and high transportation costs. Lower cost options may include agricultural, and forestry residues collected and transported over short distances or available locally as a by-product.</p>\n<p>The wide range of bioenergy-fired power generation technologies translates into a broad range of installed costs. For example, installation costs for biomass heating plants average between $500 to $1500 per kW-thermal of installed heating rate capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Installation for small-scale biomass electric plants typically cost between $3,000 to $4,000 per kW.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Fixed operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) costs, such as labor, scheduled maintenance, routine component or equipment replacement, and insurance for bioenergy power plants typically range from 2-6% of total installed costs per year, while variable O&amp;M costs average 0.005/KWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Biomass offers several resiliency benefits including the ability to stockpile fuel for emergencies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Plans to recover, segregate, and process biomass fuel locally makes downed biomass from fallen trees and vegetation caused by storms and natural disasters a cost-saving resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Making use of downed biomass also frees up time and money for other recovery efforts, while at the same time providing short to long-term backup power for critical infrastructure and emergency services.</p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems with off-grid or islanding capabilities and thermal energy storage provide enhanced energy independence, security, and reliability in the event of natural disasters and security threats while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Battery Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Biomass-fired CHP systems promote the renewable energy industry in New Jersey by utilizing renewable sources of fuel, providing backup power and balancing the supply and demand of electricity from variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, biomass-fired CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids and the broader smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources and energy storage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Biomass to Heat. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. “Biopower.” <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers EcoComplex: Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey. Version 2.0 Updated July 2015. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190911083449/http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu:80/biomass-energy-potential/\">http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> WBDG: Biomass for Electricity Production <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas\">https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Electricity. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> IREA. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG). Benefits of Biomass.  <a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20150906113629/http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/default.asp\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experimental Station – Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">Federal Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG</a>)</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org/\">International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA)</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.iea.org/\">International Energy Agency (IEA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/renewable-energy-incentive-program/for-customers\">NJ Clean Energy: Getting Started</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program – Biopower</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program – CHP</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20220126174750/http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/\">Sustainable Energy Working Group</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy\">Bioenergy Technologies Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://bioenergykdf.net/\">Bioenergy Knowledge Discovery Framework (KDF)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">Biomass for Electricity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">Biomass for Heat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Biomass Energy Systems','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-biomass-energy-systems','','','2022-06-23 19:23:14','2022-06-23 19:23:14','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1468',0,'post','',0),(1469,2,'2022-04-11 22:12:09','2022-04-11 22:12:09','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1468-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 22:12:09','2022-04-11 22:12:09','',1468,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1469',0,'revision','',0),(1472,2,'2022-04-11 22:23:55','2022-04-11 22:23:55','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Biomass Energy Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is a Biomass Energy System?</strong></h2>\n<p>Biomass energy systems utilize biomass, a renewable resource, to power facility heating, electric power generation, or combined heat and power (CHP) systems (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Biomass sources include organic material such as plant matter, wood, waste wood, residue from agriculture or forestry and organic matter from municipal or industrial waste. Fumes from landfills such as methane, a natural gas, provide biomass for electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_190\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"754\"]<img class=\"wp-image-190 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Biomass-Energy-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Monmouth County’s 1 MW biopower project (Source: NJ Clean Energy).\" width=\"754\" height=\"552\" /> Figure 1 – Monmouth County’s 1 MW biopower project (Source: NJ Clean Energy).[/caption]\n<div id=\"attachment_378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"> </div>\n<p>According to the Rutgers EcoComplex’s Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid waste makes up 72% of biomass. Agriculture and forestry management also produce potential sources of biomass.</li>\n<li>Technologies for converting solid waste to biomass include combustion, gasification and anaerobic digestion.</li>\n<li>The counties of central and northeastern New Jersey contain the largest biomass concentrations.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Biomass Energy Systems  </strong></h2>\n<p>Direct-fired combustion is the most common method of producing heat and electricity from biomass.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Commercial scale facilities typically use woody biomass in the form of whole logs or firewood, wood chips, and wood pellets. Two types of chip-fired direct combustion systems include fixed-bed and atmospheric fluidized-bed systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>A direct combustion system burns biomass to generate hot gas, which provides heat directly or feeds biomass into a boiler to generate hot water or steam. In a boiler system, the steam provides heat for process or space heating. It can also transfer heat to a facility through typical space heating methods. In a combined heat and power system (CHP), the boiler produces steam to run a turbine and power a generator to produce electricity. Excess steam and hot water support heating applications. Combined heat and power (CHP) systems significantly increase overall energy efficiency to approximately 80%, from the standard biomass electricity-only systems with efficiencies of approximately 20%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Cost-effect biomass energy systems utilize both electricity production and thermal energy.</p>\n<p>See <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program: Biopower</a> to find out more about the types of biomass energy systems currently supported in New Jersey. Installing a biomass energy system requires professional expertise. Evaluate the facility’s waste stream to identify opportunities to convert waste into energy.</p>\n<p>See the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">NJ Office of Clean Energy’s Combined Heat and Power Program</a> also offers incentives for CHP systems, with bonus incentives for CHP systems fueled by renewable fuel sources.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.biomasscenter.org/resource-library/case-studies\">Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC)</a></p>\n<p>With funding from the US DOE, the Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC) developed a series of case studies illustrating the design and operational experiences of various community-scale facilities, including businesses, campuses, community buildings, schools, housing and government facilities, that employ biomass systems in the US, Canada, Europe, and Scandinavia.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/casestudy07_rex_lumber.pdf\">The Rex Lumber Company, Englishtown, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Rex Lumber Company, with a rebate for nearly 50% from the NJ Clean Energy Program, replaced a natural gas system with a wood-waste boiler biomass system to heat its kilns.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using biomass for energy turns waste into resources, provides a renewable source of electricity and reduces the use of and dependency on fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing fuel supply security. Biomass powered CHP technologies have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Biomass reduces waste management costs like tipping fees while promoting local business and farming. Replacing up to 20% of fossil fuel such as coal with bio-fuel also reduces nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide emissions. Capturing methane, a gas emitted by the decomposition of waste 28-36 times stronger than carbon dioxide, reduces emissions of a significant greenhouse gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The economics of biomass power generation depends on the availability of a predictable, local, sustainably-sourced, low-cost and long-term feedstock supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Differences in feedstock chemical composition impact the cost of the feedstock. For example, waste produced due to industrial processes can have a zero or even negative cost by avoiding waste disposal charges. Likewise, prices for dedicated energy crops can spike due to low productivity and high transportation costs. Lower cost options may include agricultural, and forestry residues collected and transported over short distances or available locally as a by-product.</p>\n<p>The wide range of bioenergy-fired power generation technologies translates into a broad range of installed costs. For example, installation costs for biomass heating plants average between $500 to $1500 per kW-thermal of installed heating rate capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Installation for small-scale biomass electric plants typically cost between $3,000 to $4,000 per kW.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Fixed operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) costs, such as labor, scheduled maintenance, routine component or equipment replacement, and insurance for bioenergy power plants typically range from 2-6% of total installed costs per year, while variable O&amp;M costs average 0.005/KWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Biomass offers several resiliency benefits including the ability to stockpile fuel for emergencies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Plans to recover, segregate, and process biomass fuel locally makes downed biomass from fallen trees and vegetation caused by storms and natural disasters a cost-saving resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Making use of downed biomass also frees up time and money for other recovery efforts, while at the same time providing short to long-term backup power for critical infrastructure and emergency services.</p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems with off-grid or islanding capabilities and thermal energy storage provide enhanced energy independence, security, and reliability in the event of natural disasters and security threats while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Battery Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Biomass-fired CHP systems promote the renewable energy industry in New Jersey by utilizing renewable sources of fuel, providing backup power and balancing the supply and demand of electricity from variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, biomass-fired CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids and the broader smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources and energy storage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Biomass to Heat. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. “Biopower.” <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers EcoComplex: Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey. Version 2.0 Updated July 2015. <a href=\"http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/\">http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> WBDG: Biomass for Electricity Production <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas\">https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Electricity. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> IREA. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG). Benefits of Biomass.  <a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/default.asp\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experimental Station – Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">Federal Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG</a>)</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org/\">International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA)</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.iea.org/\">International Energy Agency (IEA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/renewable-energy-incentive-program/for-customers\">NJ Clean Energy: Getting Started</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program – Biopower</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program – CHP</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/\">Sustainable Energy Working Group</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy\">Bioenergy Technologies Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://bioenergykdf.net/\">Bioenergy Knowledge Discovery Framework (KDF)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">Biomass for Electricity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">Biomass for Heat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC BIOMASS ENERGY SYSTEMS','','inherit','closed','closed','','1468-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 22:23:55','2022-04-11 22:23:55','',1468,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1472',0,'revision','',0),(1473,2,'2022-04-11 22:23:56','2022-04-11 22:23:56','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Biomass Energy Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is a Biomass Energy System?</strong></h2>\n<p>Biomass energy systems utilize biomass, a renewable resource, to power facility heating, electric power generation, or combined heat and power (CHP) systems (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Biomass sources include organic material such as plant matter, wood, waste wood, residue from agriculture or forestry and organic matter from municipal or industrial waste. Fumes from landfills such as methane, a natural gas, provide biomass for electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_190\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"754\"]<img class=\"wp-image-190 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Biomass-Energy-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Monmouth County’s 1 MW biopower project (Source: NJ Clean Energy).\" width=\"754\" height=\"552\" /> Figure 1 – Monmouth County’s 1 MW biopower project (Source: NJ Clean Energy).[/caption]\n<div id=\"attachment_378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"> </div>\n<p>According to the Rutgers EcoComplex’s Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid waste makes up 72% of biomass. Agriculture and forestry management also produce potential sources of biomass.</li>\n<li>Technologies for converting solid waste to biomass include combustion, gasification and anaerobic digestion.</li>\n<li>The counties of central and northeastern New Jersey contain the largest biomass concentrations.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Biomass Energy Systems  </strong></h2>\n<p>Direct-fired combustion is the most common method of producing heat and electricity from biomass.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Commercial scale facilities typically use woody biomass in the form of whole logs or firewood, wood chips, and wood pellets. Two types of chip-fired direct combustion systems include fixed-bed and atmospheric fluidized-bed systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>A direct combustion system burns biomass to generate hot gas, which provides heat directly or feeds biomass into a boiler to generate hot water or steam. In a boiler system, the steam provides heat for process or space heating. It can also transfer heat to a facility through typical space heating methods. In a combined heat and power system (CHP), the boiler produces steam to run a turbine and power a generator to produce electricity. Excess steam and hot water support heating applications. Combined heat and power (CHP) systems significantly increase overall energy efficiency to approximately 80%, from the standard biomass electricity-only systems with efficiencies of approximately 20%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Cost-effect biomass energy systems utilize both electricity production and thermal energy.</p>\n<p>See <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program: Biopower</a> to find out more about the types of biomass energy systems currently supported in New Jersey. Installing a biomass energy system requires professional expertise. Evaluate the facility’s waste stream to identify opportunities to convert waste into energy.</p>\n<p>See the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">NJ Office of Clean Energy’s Combined Heat and Power Program</a> also offers incentives for CHP systems, with bonus incentives for CHP systems fueled by renewable fuel sources.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.biomasscenter.org/resource-library/case-studies\">Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC)</a></p>\n<p>With funding from the US DOE, the Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC) developed a series of case studies illustrating the design and operational experiences of various community-scale facilities, including businesses, campuses, community buildings, schools, housing and government facilities, that employ biomass systems in the US, Canada, Europe, and Scandinavia.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/casestudy07_rex_lumber.pdf\">The Rex Lumber Company, Englishtown, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Rex Lumber Company, with a rebate for nearly 50% from the NJ Clean Energy Program, replaced a natural gas system with a wood-waste boiler biomass system to heat its kilns.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using biomass for energy turns waste into resources, provides a renewable source of electricity and reduces the use of and dependency on fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing fuel supply security. Biomass powered CHP technologies have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Biomass reduces waste management costs like tipping fees while promoting local business and farming. Replacing up to 20% of fossil fuel such as coal with bio-fuel also reduces nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide emissions. Capturing methane, a gas emitted by the decomposition of waste 28-36 times stronger than carbon dioxide, reduces emissions of a significant greenhouse gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The economics of biomass power generation depends on the availability of a predictable, local, sustainably-sourced, low-cost and long-term feedstock supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Differences in feedstock chemical composition impact the cost of the feedstock. For example, waste produced due to industrial processes can have a zero or even negative cost by avoiding waste disposal charges. Likewise, prices for dedicated energy crops can spike due to low productivity and high transportation costs. Lower cost options may include agricultural, and forestry residues collected and transported over short distances or available locally as a by-product.</p>\n<p>The wide range of bioenergy-fired power generation technologies translates into a broad range of installed costs. For example, installation costs for biomass heating plants average between $500 to $1500 per kW-thermal of installed heating rate capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Installation for small-scale biomass electric plants typically cost between $3,000 to $4,000 per kW.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Fixed operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) costs, such as labor, scheduled maintenance, routine component or equipment replacement, and insurance for bioenergy power plants typically range from 2-6% of total installed costs per year, while variable O&amp;M costs average 0.005/KWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Biomass offers several resiliency benefits including the ability to stockpile fuel for emergencies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Plans to recover, segregate, and process biomass fuel locally makes downed biomass from fallen trees and vegetation caused by storms and natural disasters a cost-saving resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Making use of downed biomass also frees up time and money for other recovery efforts, while at the same time providing short to long-term backup power for critical infrastructure and emergency services.</p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems with off-grid or islanding capabilities and thermal energy storage provide enhanced energy independence, security, and reliability in the event of natural disasters and security threats while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Battery Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Biomass-fired CHP systems promote the renewable energy industry in New Jersey by utilizing renewable sources of fuel, providing backup power and balancing the supply and demand of electricity from variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, biomass-fired CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids and the broader smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources and energy storage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Biomass to Heat. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. “Biopower.” <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers EcoComplex: Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey. Version 2.0 Updated July 2015. <a href=\"http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/\">http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> WBDG: Biomass for Electricity Production <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas\">https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Electricity. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> IREA. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG). Benefits of Biomass.  <a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/default.asp\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experimental Station – Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">Federal Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG</a>)</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org/\">International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA)</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.iea.org/\">International Energy Agency (IEA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/renewable-energy-incentive-program/for-customers\">NJ Clean Energy: Getting Started</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program – Biopower</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program – CHP</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/\">Sustainable Energy Working Group</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy\">Bioenergy Technologies Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://bioenergykdf.net/\">Bioenergy Knowledge Discovery Framework (KDF)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">Biomass for Electricity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">Biomass for Heat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1468-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 22:23:56','2022-04-11 22:23:56','',1468,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1473',0,'revision','',0),