(1278,3,'2022-03-30 22:09:05','2022-03-30 22:09:05','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Daylighting\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Daylighting?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Daylighting combines building orientation, fenestration (e.g., the location of windows and openings in a building), shading devices, interior design, and lighting and controls.  Daylighting design illuminates indoor spaces with appropriate levels of natural light, minimizes glare and heat gain, and reduces electrical lighting needs (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>,<span> </span><em><i>Building Orientation, High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction<span> </span></i></em>and<span> </span><em><i>Sensor Controls).</i></em></p>\n<p>Building orientation, in combination with window selection and placement, impacts daylighting levels, thermal comfort, ventilation, and views to nature (see<span> </span><em><i>Natural Ventilation<span> </span></i></em>and<span> </span><em><i>Energy Efficient Windows</i></em>). A daylighting-optimized building maximizes south and north exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive direct and indirect natural light, respectively.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></sup><span> </span>The design and choice of window glazing affect the amount, distribution, and quality of daylight.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>For example, glazing systems with tinted glass and low-solar low-E coatings reduce solar heat gain with little reduction in visible transmittance or the amount of light in the visible portion of the spectrum.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Skylights, solar tubes, clerestory windows, and cupolas can also help introduce and balance daylight in a room. Utilize the upper portion of windows to introduce high levels of daylight and avoid glare issues, while taking advantage of views from the lower portion of windows, balanced by proper shading.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, awnings, and self-shading elements of building form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light. Interior designs that incorporate open layouts and light-colored surfaces also help distribute natural light. Reduce electrical lighting consumption and costs, and associated waste heat by pairing harvested daylight with automated dimmers and photosensors (see<span> </span><em><i>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</i></em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_316\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"600\"]<img class=\"wp-image-316 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Daylighting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – House with cupola (Source: The Cupola House http://www.cupolahouse.org/)\" width=\"600\" height=\"716\" /> Figure 1 – House with cupola (Source: The Cupola House http://www.cupolahouse.org/)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Daylighting</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for daylighting involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process. For example, window glazing influences interior electrical lighting design, sizing of mechanical systems, and interior design layouts. The following outlines steps to integrate daylighting and electrical lighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Set a Maximum Lighting Power Density (LPD) goal to avoid overlit spaces and to achieve an appropriate level of lighting per area lit or watts per square foot.</li>\n<li>Set a Daylight Sufficiency Goal that establishes the amount of daylighting, measured in lumens or foot-candles, required to perform a typical task in each space without electrical lighting.</li>\n<li>Develop a layered lighting strategy that first utilizes daylight to provide basic or ambient lighting levels, and then adds electrical lighting options and controls to vary lighting levels for a variety of tasks and occupant preferences.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Daylighting guidelines provide general principles and examples, but project specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools, which can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/fdt.php\">The Facade Design Tool</a><span> </span>by the Efficient Windows Collaborative compares several design parameters including orientation, window area, controls, shading, and window type to predict performance outcomes such as annual energy use and savings, daylight levels, glare, and thermal comfort.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/software\">Low Energy – High Performance:  Building Façade Solutions</a><span> </span>by Berkeley Lab offers a list of simulation software for modeling window system performance.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Improved life-cycle cost, reduced emissions, and reduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.</li>\n<li>Reduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Reduced cooling loads and downsized HVAC systems through less heat gain from electrical lighting (see<span> </span><em><i>Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improved occupant satisfaction and comfort based on a shared preference for naturally daylit spaces, reinforcement of circadian rhythms, and connection to nature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Planning for daylighting should be integral to the design process and should not impose a significant impact on project costs if considered from the early stages of design. Windows with more than one pane and glazing to control temperature fluctuations and reduce UV exposure tend to cost more than conventional windows. Increasing the window to wall ratio to promote natural daylighting cost more than the construction of standard walls. The average national cost of window installation is $5,040, with most homeowners spending between $2,584 and $7,497 depending on materials, features, and size.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Structures such as a copula require more materials and are more technically challenging to build and incur additional costs.  Additional upfront costs associated with daylighting strategies or hiring a daylighting consultant typically pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a power outage, a daylighting-optimized home continues to provide interior light to occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid and providing energy savings.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32.<span> </span><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylighting.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php</a><span> </span>(accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Window Technologies: Transmittance.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php</a><span> </span>(accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>WBDG. Daylighting.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Ibid WBDG.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylight Controls. Windows for High-Performance Buildings.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php</a><span> </span>(accessed July 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>California Energy Commission and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf\">http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>HomeAdvisor – True Cost Guide – Installing Windows<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/doors-and-windows/install-windows/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/doors-and-windows/install-windows/</a><span> </span>(accessed April 6, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/design_daylight.php\">Efficient Windows Collaborative – Providing Natural Light</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">LBNL and US DOE – Tips for Daylighting With Windows: The Integrated Approach</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/patternBook.asp?id=13306\">Leslie, Russell P.; Conway, Kathryn M. (2007 online)<span> </span><em><i>The Lighting Pattern Book for Homes.</i></em></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute -Lighting Research Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/daylighting\">US DOE Energy Savers – Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) Daylighting</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building OrientationBuilding Orientation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1276-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:09:05','2022-03-30 22:09:05','',1276,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1278',0,'revision','',0),(1279,3,'2022-03-30 22:09:09','2022-03-30 22:09:09','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Daylighting\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Daylighting?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Daylighting combines building orientation, fenestration (e.g., the location of windows and openings in a building), shading devices, interior design, and lighting and controls.  Daylighting design illuminates indoor spaces with appropriate levels of natural light, minimizes glare and heat gain, and reduces electrical lighting needs (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>,<span> </span><em><i>Building Orientation, High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction<span> </span></i></em>and<span> </span><em><i>Sensor Controls).</i></em></p>\n<p>Building orientation, in combination with window selection and placement, impacts daylighting levels, thermal comfort, ventilation, and views to nature (see<span> </span><em><i>Natural Ventilation<span> </span></i></em>and<span> </span><em><i>Energy Efficient Windows</i></em>). A daylighting-optimized building maximizes south and north exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive direct and indirect natural light, respectively.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></sup><span> </span>The design and choice of window glazing affect the amount, distribution, and quality of daylight.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>For example, glazing systems with tinted glass and low-solar low-E coatings reduce solar heat gain with little reduction in visible transmittance or the amount of light in the visible portion of the spectrum.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Skylights, solar tubes, clerestory windows, and cupolas can also help introduce and balance daylight in a room. Utilize the upper portion of windows to introduce high levels of daylight and avoid glare issues, while taking advantage of views from the lower portion of windows, balanced by proper shading.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, awnings, and self-shading elements of building form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light. Interior designs that incorporate open layouts and light-colored surfaces also help distribute natural light. Reduce electrical lighting consumption and costs, and associated waste heat by pairing harvested daylight with automated dimmers and photosensors (see<span> </span><em><i>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</i></em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_316\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"600\"]<img class=\"wp-image-316 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Daylighting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – House with cupola (Source: The Cupola House http://www.cupolahouse.org/)\" width=\"600\" height=\"716\" /> Figure 1 – House with cupola (Source: The Cupola House http://www.cupolahouse.org/)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Daylighting</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for daylighting involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process. For example, window glazing influences interior electrical lighting design, sizing of mechanical systems, and interior design layouts. The following outlines steps to integrate daylighting and electrical lighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Set a Maximum Lighting Power Density (LPD) goal to avoid overlit spaces and to achieve an appropriate level of lighting per area lit or watts per square foot.</li>\n<li>Set a Daylight Sufficiency Goal that establishes the amount of daylighting, measured in lumens or foot-candles, required to perform a typical task in each space without electrical lighting.</li>\n<li>Develop a layered lighting strategy that first utilizes daylight to provide basic or ambient lighting levels, and then adds electrical lighting options and controls to vary lighting levels for a variety of tasks and occupant preferences.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Daylighting guidelines provide general principles and examples, but project specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools, which can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/fdt.php\">The Facade Design Tool</a><span> </span>by the Efficient Windows Collaborative compares several design parameters including orientation, window area, controls, shading, and window type to predict performance outcomes such as annual energy use and savings, daylight levels, glare, and thermal comfort.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/software\">Low Energy – High Performance:  Building Façade Solutions</a><span> </span>by Berkeley Lab offers a list of simulation software for modeling window system performance.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Improved life-cycle cost, reduced emissions, and reduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.</li>\n<li>Reduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Reduced cooling loads and downsized HVAC systems through less heat gain from electrical lighting (see<span> </span><em><i>Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improved occupant satisfaction and comfort based on a shared preference for naturally daylit spaces, reinforcement of circadian rhythms, and connection to nature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Planning for daylighting should be integral to the design process and should not impose a significant impact on project costs if considered from the early stages of design. Windows with more than one pane and glazing to control temperature fluctuations and reduce UV exposure tend to cost more than conventional windows. Increasing the window to wall ratio to promote natural daylighting cost more than the construction of standard walls. The average national cost of window installation is $5,040, with most homeowners spending between $2,584 and $7,497 depending on materials, features, and size.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Structures such as a copula require more materials and are more technically challenging to build and incur additional costs.  Additional upfront costs associated with daylighting strategies or hiring a daylighting consultant typically pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a power outage, a daylighting-optimized home continues to provide interior light to occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid and providing energy savings.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32.<span> </span><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylighting.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php</a><span> </span>(accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Window Technologies: Transmittance.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php</a><span> </span>(accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>WBDG. Daylighting.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Ibid WBDG.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylight Controls. Windows for High-Performance Buildings.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php</a><span> </span>(accessed July 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>California Energy Commission and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf\">http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>HomeAdvisor – True Cost Guide – Installing Windows<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/doors-and-windows/install-windows/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/doors-and-windows/install-windows/</a><span> </span>(accessed April 6, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/design_daylight.php\">Efficient Windows Collaborative – Providing Natural Light</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">LBNL and US DOE – Tips for Daylighting With Windows: The Integrated Approach</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/patternBook.asp?id=13306\">Leslie, Russell P.; Conway, Kathryn M. (2007 online)<span> </span><em><i>The Lighting Pattern Book for Homes.</i></em></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute -Lighting Research Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/daylighting\">US DOE Energy Savers – Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) Daylighting</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Daylighting','','inherit','closed','closed','','1276-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:09:09','2022-03-30 22:09:09','',1276,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1279',0,'revision','',0),(1280,3,'2022-03-30 22:16:06','2022-03-30 22:16:06','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Glare and Heat Gain Reduction\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Glare and Heat Gain Reduction?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Glare occurs when sunlight or artificial light inhibits a person from visually focusing on his or her task either by casting a veil of light between the task and the viewer or by flooding the eyes with light. For example, sun glare on a document makes the black text almost as bright as the white background, reducing the contrast and making the document difficult to read.</p>\n<p>Heat gain occurs when solar radiation or warmth enters a building through windows, skylights or other glazing systems. Maximizing heat gain during the winter through passive solar strategies and minimizing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer, while maintaining daylighting quality, provides energy and cost savings and enhances thermal comfort (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Reducing glare and heat gain requires balancing electrical lighting and daylighting goals and utilizing protective barriers such as high-performance window glazing systems and external or internal physical barriers such as shades, blinds, awnings, overhangs or vegetation (see<span> </span><em><i>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</i></em>,<span> </span><em><i>Energy-Efficient Windows,<span> </span></i></em>and<span> </span><em><i>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_179\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"552\"]<img class=\"wp-image-179 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Glare-and-Heat-Gain-Reduction-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Disability Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)\" width=\"552\" height=\"488\" /> Figure 1 – Disability Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_588\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"586\"]<img class=\"wp-image-588 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Glare-and-Heat-Gain-Reduction-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Discomfort Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)\" width=\"586\" height=\"458\" /> Figure 2 – Discomfort Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for glare and heat gain reduction involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). For example, building orientation, window glazing, and shading devices influence lighting design, mechanical systems, and interior design (see<span> </span><em><i>Building Orientation</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Building orientation, in combination with window selection and placement, impacts daylighting levels and visual and thermal comfort (see<span> </span><em><i>Energy-Efficient Windows</i></em>). A daylighting-optimized building designed to reduce glare and control heat gains maximizes southern and northern exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive more favorable sources of direct and indirect natural light, respectively.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Taking advantage of sunlight during the winter through high-performance windows can also help heat the building naturally and alleviate the dependence on the mechanical heating system.</p>\n<p>Project-specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting or lighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools that can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Use simulation programs such as the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool</a><span> </span>or<span> </span><a href=\"https://windows.lbl.gov/software/resfen\">Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN</a><span> </span>to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">ENERGY STAR label</a>, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The following strategies and information provide general guidance on reducing glare and heat gain in new homes:</p>\n<p>The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. Using high-performance windows to provide solar control reduces the need for operating shades, resulting in increased daylight and unobstructed views.</p>\n<p>When selecting a window based on performance, look for visible transmittance (VT) levels higher than (&gt; 70%), especially for daylighting applications (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, EnergyStar recommends SHGC of 0.4 (40%) or lower for homes with moderate air conditioning requirements. Look for SHGC values of 0.25 or less for homes with significant air conditioning costs or summer overheating problems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, a U-factor of<span> </span><u>&lt;</u><span> </span>0.25 is recommended for high-performance homes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_210\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1120\"]<img class=\"wp-image-210 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Glare-and-Heat-Gain-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Exterior Window Shading Strategies (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)\" width=\"1120\" height=\"868\" /> Figure 3 – Exterior Window Shading Strategies (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Managing solar heat gains on the exterior of the home prevents heat from entering the home in the first place. In combination with high-performance glazing systems, consider shading devices early in the design process to achieve a well-integrated architectural design.</p>\n<p>Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, louvers, and reflecting systems and self-shading elements of architectural form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light.</p>\n<p>Interior glare control devices, such as Venetian blinds, miniblinds, vertical slatted blinds, pleated and honeycomb shades, and roll-down shades can reduce direct sunlight and glare but are less effective at reducing cooling loads since they only block sunlight and do not prevent solar gains from entering the home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Motorized and automated shading systems use sensors, time clocks, a building automation system or occupant control to adjust the position of window coverings to reduce glare, daylighting or privacy levels or heat gain (see <em><i>Smart Controls and Smart Sensors</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Natural landscaping such as mature trees, hedgerows, or trellises and vines can provide shading. Plant a shade tree near the window or skylight to shade it during the summer months and let as much light and heat in as possible during the winter months (see <em><i>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p><strong><b> </b></strong>Effectively managing glare and heat gains offers multiple benefits, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduced peak heat gain and cooling requirements in the summer and maximized solar heat gain in winter, leading to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see <em><i>Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment)</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improved daylighting design, reducing electrical lighting requirements.</li>\n<li>Diminished ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings.</li>\n<li>Added environmental benefits such as stormwater management and occupant benefits including views and connection to nature by utilizing energy-efficient landscaping.</li>\n<li>Increased occupant visual and thermal comfort by managing glare and solar heat gains resulting in increased occupant satisfaction and productivity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Enhanced visual interest in building design through the use of shading devices, building orientation and architectural form.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Costs vary depending on the types of strategies implemented. Designing for glare and heat gain reduction should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated throughout the design process. The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.</p>\n<p>The cost of windows varies by project. Energy savings combined with improved visual and thermal comfort and daylighting benefits often justify the investment in high-performance windows. Available rebates and incentives can help offset upfront costs. For up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_benefits\">ENERGY STAR</a> and the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/programs\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a> websites.</p>\n<p>The cost of planting a tree or shrub for shade may range from as little as $10 to hundreds of dollars depending on materials and labor and maturity of selected landscaping vegetation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<p>External window coverings range in price from low-budget options for an aluminum awning to more costly investments for a shade structure. There are also additional costs associated with maintenance of outdoor structures, notably year-round or permanently affixed shades.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a power outage or a heat wave during the summer months, a home designed to optimize daylighting and reduce glare and heat gain can maintain comfortable internal temperatures and lighting levels for occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid by reducing the need for electrical lighting and air conditioning.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32. <a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf</a> (accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> WBDG. Daylighting. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Energy Star. <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI</a> (accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Windows and Glazing. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing</a> (accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> The Efficient Windows Collaborative. “Selecting Energy Efficient New Windows in New Jersey.” January 2016. http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf (accessed May 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> US DOE. “Energy-Efficient Window Attachments.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments</a> (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php</a> (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php</a> (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/\">Efficient Windows Collaborative</a><u></u>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Window Selection Tool</a><u></u></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.efficientwindowcoverings.org/\">Efficient Window Coverings and Attachments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights\">Energy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nfrc.org/\">National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</a><u></u></li>\n<li>US DOE – Energy Savers\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments\">Energy Efficient Window Attachments</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/windows-doors-and-skylights/energy-performance-ratings-windows-doors-and\"><u>Energy Performance Ratings for Windows</u></a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/window-types-and-technologies\"><u>Window Types and Technologies</u></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">Passive Solar Heating</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">Provide Comfortable Environment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/sun-control-and-shading-devices\">Sun Control and Shading Devices</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php\">Windows and Glazing</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Glare and Heat Gain Reduction','','publish','closed','open','','nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction','','','2022-04-15 17:17:05','2022-04-15 17:17:05','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1280',0,'post','',0),(1282,3,'2022-03-30 22:11:12','2022-03-30 22:11:12','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Orientation\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Building Orientation?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building orientation describes a building’s placement on a site and the positioning of windows, rooflines, and other features. A building oriented for solar design takes advantage of passive and active solar strategies. Passive solar strategies use energy from the sun to heat and illuminate buildings without the use of external energy sources and mechanical systems. Building orientation combined with the proper selection of building materials and the placement of windows, openings and shading devices influences heating and cooling loads, natural daylighting levels, and air flows within the building (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, Natural Ventilation,</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Thermal Mass</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Passive solar strategies use building components to collect, store, distribute, and control solar heat gains (see Table 1). Strategies include implementing large, south-facing windows, sourcing building materials that absorb and slowly release heat, manipulating building form to influence ventilation, and minimizing unwanted heat gain through proper window selection and glazing. Shading devices such as roof overhangs or landscaping also reduce solar load (See<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_12\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1170\"]<img class=\"wp-image-12 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Orientation-Table-1.png\" alt=\"Source: Adapted from the Whole Building Design Guide, Passive Solar Heating\" width=\"1170\" height=\"438\" /> Source: Adapted from the Whole Building Design Guide, Passive Solar Heating[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Active solar strategies capture and store the sun’s energy through mechanical or electrical means. Solar photovoltaic systems generate and store electricity, while solar thermal systems heat liquid directly and transfer thermal energy for heating water or air (see<span> </span><em><i>Photovoltaic Systems</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Solar Thermal Systems</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Solar ready buildings have south-facing roofs not shaded by nearby trees, structures or buildings.<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWattsâ Calculator</a></u><span> </span>can estimate energy production and costs of a photovoltaic (PV) system at your location.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Optimize Building Orientation</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Decisions about building orientation begin early in the design phase, inform the entire building process, and involve all project team members (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). It helps to have input from experienced passive solar design architects and builders and to consider site conditions, such as temperature, solar access, and wind to evaluate passive design opportunities.</p>\n<p>Building orientation impacts daylighting which also relates to building geometry, window selection, interior layout, HVAC sizing, and electrical lighting design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Utilizing computer simulation software and energy modeling tools help to assess how building orientation and passive design considerations affect overall building performance (see<span> </span><em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The project team may also consider pursuing the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a><span> </span>building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for zero-energy, high-performance buildings.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/showcase-projects/discovery-elementary-school\">Discovery Elementary School, Arlington, VA.</a></p>\n<p>The Discovery Elementary School is one of the first Zero Energy schools on the East Coast. The project team adopted passive solar design by orienting the building with its longest facades facing north and south, took advantage of shading opportunities to reduce summer cooling loads, selected construction materials with high thermal mass, and utilized occupancy sensors for temperature settings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/34931.pdf\">Cambria Office Facility, Ebensburg, PA.</a></p>\n<p>The original plan for the Cambria Office Facility was to maximize curb appeal with a flat-roofed, square box building orientated along the road near the edge of the property. Instead, the location of the building on the site was changed to optimize solar orientation and preserve wetlands on the property.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Buildings oriented for passive and active solar provide multiple benefits:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Utilize solar, a renewable energy source, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and slowing fossil fuel depletion.</li>\n<li>Connect occupants to the natural environment by responding to changing weather conditions and providing window views.</li>\n<li>Provide daylighting, which decreases electrical lighting requirements and increases occupant satisfaction and productivity.</li>\n<li>Employ thermal massing, which reduces temperature swings and produces a higher degree of temperature stability and thermal comfort.</li>\n<li>Reduce heating and cooling costs through natural heating/cooling and ventilation.</li>\n<li>Lower operation and maintenance costs by requiring fewer moving parts and opportunities for mechanical failure.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Considering life-cycle costs and annual energy and maintenance savings, buildings designed to maximize solar access are often less expensive than conventional buildings. Passive solar features, such as south-facing windows, thermal mass, and roof overhangs, can pay for themselves by reducing mechanical heating and cooling loads, unit size, installation, operation and maintenance costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Compared to passive solar systems, active solar systems often have a higher initial cost and longer payback period depending on the size and the type of technology but may be offset with currently available federal and state tax credits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Check the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency</a><span> </span>and the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>and for available incentives, rebates and tax credits.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building’s oriented for passive and active solar design enhance a building’s resiliency by maintaining livable conditions in the event of power interruption and loss of heating fuel.</p>\n<p>Daylight-optimized buildings provide interior light, and highly insulated buildings with natural ventilation maintain thermal comfort for building occupants. Photovoltaic systems with battery storage and islanding inverters provide emergency “power islands” during times of storm or other grid outages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE | Energy Savers: Active Solar Heating.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating-systems/active-solar-heating\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating-systems/active-solar-heating</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed July 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>NREL. Passive Solar Design Fact Sheet.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29236.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29236.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>WBDG. Passive Solar Heating.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php</a><span> </span>(accessed March 21, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Jennifer Senick et al. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015)<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf\">Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWatts<u>â</u><u><span> </span>Calculator</u></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines\">Sustainable Sources: Passive Solar Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Passive Solar Heating</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></p>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building Orientation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1268-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:11:12','2022-03-30 22:11:12','',1268,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1282',0,'revision','',0),(1283,3,'2022-03-30 22:15:20','2022-03-30 22:15:20','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Daylighting\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Daylighting?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Daylighting combines building orientation, fenestration (e.g., the location of windows and openings in a building), shading devices, interior design, and lighting and controls.  Daylighting design illuminates indoor spaces with appropriate levels of natural light, minimizes glare and heat gain, and reduces electrical lighting needs (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>,<span> </span><em><i>Building Orientation, High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction<span> </span></i></em>and<span> </span><em><i>Sensor Controls).</i></em></p>\n<p>Building orientation, in combination with window selection and placement, impacts daylighting levels, thermal comfort, ventilation, and views to nature (see<span> </span><em><i>Natural Ventilation<span> </span></i></em>and<span> </span><em><i>Energy Efficient Windows</i></em>). A daylighting-optimized building maximizes south and north exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive direct and indirect natural light, respectively.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></sup><span> </span>The design and choice of window glazing affect the amount, distribution, and quality of daylight.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>For example, glazing systems with tinted glass and low-solar low-E coatings reduce solar heat gain with little reduction in visible transmittance or the amount of light in the visible portion of the spectrum.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Skylights, solar tubes, clerestory windows, and cupolas can also help introduce and balance daylight in a room. Utilize the upper portion of windows to introduce high levels of daylight and avoid glare issues, while taking advantage of views from the lower portion of windows, balanced by proper shading.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, awnings, and self-shading elements of building form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light. Interior designs that incorporate open layouts and light-colored surfaces also help distribute natural light. Reduce electrical lighting consumption and costs, and associated waste heat by pairing harvested daylight with automated dimmers and photosensors (see<span> </span><em><i>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</i></em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_316\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"600\"]<img class=\"wp-image-316 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Daylighting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – House with cupola (Source: The Cupola House http://www.cupolahouse.org/)\" width=\"600\" height=\"716\" /> Figure 1 – House with cupola (Source: The Cupola House http://www.cupolahouse.org/)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Daylighting</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for daylighting involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process. For example, window glazing influences interior electrical lighting design, sizing of mechanical systems, and interior design layouts. The following outlines steps to integrate daylighting and electrical lighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Set a Maximum Lighting Power Density (LPD) goal to avoid overlit spaces and to achieve an appropriate level of lighting per area lit or watts per square foot.</li>\n<li>Set a Daylight Sufficiency Goal that establishes the amount of daylighting, measured in lumens or foot-candles, required to perform a typical task in each space without electrical lighting.</li>\n<li>Develop a layered lighting strategy that first utilizes daylight to provide basic or ambient lighting levels, and then adds electrical lighting options and controls to vary lighting levels for a variety of tasks and occupant preferences.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Daylighting guidelines provide general principles and examples, but project specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools, which can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/fdt.php\">The Facade Design Tool</a><span> </span>by the Efficient Windows Collaborative compares several design parameters including orientation, window area, controls, shading, and window type to predict performance outcomes such as annual energy use and savings, daylight levels, glare, and thermal comfort.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/software\">Low Energy – High Performance:  Building Façade Solutions</a><span> </span>by Berkeley Lab offers a list of simulation software for modeling window system performance.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Improved life-cycle cost, reduced emissions, and reduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.</li>\n<li>Reduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Reduced cooling loads and downsized HVAC systems through less heat gain from electrical lighting (see<span> </span><em><i>Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improved occupant satisfaction and comfort based on a shared preference for naturally daylit spaces, reinforcement of circadian rhythms, and connection to nature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Planning for daylighting should be integral to the design process and should not impose a significant impact on project costs if considered from the early stages of design. Windows with more than one pane and glazing to control temperature fluctuations and reduce UV exposure tend to cost more than conventional windows. Increasing the window to wall ratio to promote natural daylighting cost more than the construction of standard walls. The average national cost of window installation is $5,040, with most homeowners spending between $2,584 and $7,497 depending on materials, features, and size.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Structures such as a copula require more materials and are more technically challenging to build and incur additional costs.  Additional upfront costs associated with daylighting strategies or hiring a daylighting consultant typically pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a power outage, a daylighting-optimized home continues to provide interior light to occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid and providing energy savings.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32.<span> </span><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylighting.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php</a><span> </span>(accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Window Technologies: Transmittance.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php</a><span> </span>(accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Dec 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>WBDG. Daylighting.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Ibid WBDG.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylight Controls. Windows for High-Performance Buildings.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php</a><span> </span>(accessed July 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>California Energy Commission and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf\">http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>HomeAdvisor – True Cost Guide – Installing Windows<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/doors-and-windows/install-windows/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/doors-and-windows/install-windows/</a><span> </span>(accessed April 6, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/design_daylight.php\">Efficient Windows Collaborative – Providing Natural Light</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">LBNL and US DOE – Tips for Daylighting With Windows: The Integrated Approach</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/patternBook.asp?id=13306\">Leslie, Russell P.; Conway, Kathryn M. (2007 online) <em><i>The Lighting Pattern Book for Homes.</i></em></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute -Lighting Research Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/daylighting\">US DOE Energy Savers – Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) Daylighting</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Daylighting','','inherit','closed','closed','','1276-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:15:20','2022-03-30 22:15:20','',1276,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1283',0,'revision','',0),(1284,3,'2022-03-30 22:15:53','2022-03-30 22:15:53','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Orientation\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Building Orientation?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building orientation describes a building’s placement on a site and the positioning of windows, rooflines, and other features. A building oriented for solar design takes advantage of passive and active solar strategies. Passive solar strategies use energy from the sun to heat and illuminate buildings without the use of external energy sources and mechanical systems. Building orientation combined with the proper selection of building materials and the placement of windows, openings and shading devices influences heating and cooling loads, natural daylighting levels, and air flows within the building (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, Natural Ventilation,</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Thermal Mass</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Passive solar strategies use building components to collect, store, distribute, and control solar heat gains (see Table 1). Strategies include implementing large, south-facing windows, sourcing building materials that absorb and slowly release heat, manipulating building form to influence ventilation, and minimizing unwanted heat gain through proper window selection and glazing. Shading devices such as roof overhangs or landscaping also reduce solar load (See<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_12\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1170\"]<img class=\"wp-image-12 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Orientation-Table-1.png\" alt=\"Source: Adapted from the Whole Building Design Guide, Passive Solar Heating\" width=\"1170\" height=\"438\" /> Source: Adapted from the Whole Building Design Guide, Passive Solar Heating[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Active solar strategies capture and store the sun’s energy through mechanical or electrical means. Solar photovoltaic systems generate and store electricity, while solar thermal systems heat liquid directly and transfer thermal energy for heating water or air (see<span> </span><em><i>Photovoltaic Systems</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Solar Thermal Systems</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Solar ready buildings have south-facing roofs not shaded by nearby trees, structures or buildings.<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWattsâ Calculator</a></u><span> </span>can estimate energy production and costs of a photovoltaic (PV) system at your location.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Optimize Building Orientation</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Decisions about building orientation begin early in the design phase, inform the entire building process, and involve all project team members (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). It helps to have input from experienced passive solar design architects and builders and to consider site conditions, such as temperature, solar access, and wind to evaluate passive design opportunities.</p>\n<p>Building orientation impacts daylighting which also relates to building geometry, window selection, interior layout, HVAC sizing, and electrical lighting design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Utilizing computer simulation software and energy modeling tools help to assess how building orientation and passive design considerations affect overall building performance (see<span> </span><em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The project team may also consider pursuing the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a><span> </span>building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for zero-energy, high-performance buildings.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/showcase-projects/discovery-elementary-school\">Discovery Elementary School, Arlington, VA.</a></p>\n<p>The Discovery Elementary School is one of the first Zero Energy schools on the East Coast. The project team adopted passive solar design by orienting the building with its longest facades facing north and south, took advantage of shading opportunities to reduce summer cooling loads, selected construction materials with high thermal mass, and utilized occupancy sensors for temperature settings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/34931.pdf\">Cambria Office Facility, Ebensburg, PA.</a></p>\n<p>The original plan for the Cambria Office Facility was to maximize curb appeal with a flat-roofed, square box building orientated along the road near the edge of the property. Instead, the location of the building on the site was changed to optimize solar orientation and preserve wetlands on the property.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Buildings oriented for passive and active solar provide multiple benefits:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Utilize solar, a renewable energy source, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and slowing fossil fuel depletion.</li>\n<li>Connect occupants to the natural environment by responding to changing weather conditions and providing window views.</li>\n<li>Provide daylighting, which decreases electrical lighting requirements and increases occupant satisfaction and productivity.</li>\n<li>Employ thermal massing, which reduces temperature swings and produces a higher degree of temperature stability and thermal comfort.</li>\n<li>Reduce heating and cooling costs through natural heating/cooling and ventilation.</li>\n<li>Lower operation and maintenance costs by requiring fewer moving parts and opportunities for mechanical failure.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Considering life-cycle costs and annual energy and maintenance savings, buildings designed to maximize solar access are often less expensive than conventional buildings. Passive solar features, such as south-facing windows, thermal mass, and roof overhangs, can pay for themselves by reducing mechanical heating and cooling loads, unit size, installation, operation and maintenance costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Compared to passive solar systems, active solar systems often have a higher initial cost and longer payback period depending on the size and the type of technology but may be offset with currently available federal and state tax credits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Check the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency</a><span> </span>and the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>and for available incentives, rebates and tax credits.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Building’s oriented for passive and active solar design enhance a building’s resiliency by maintaining livable conditions in the event of power interruption and loss of heating fuel.</p>\n<p>Daylight-optimized buildings provide interior light, and highly insulated buildings with natural ventilation maintain thermal comfort for building occupants. Photovoltaic systems with battery storage and islanding inverters provide emergency “power islands” during times of storm or other grid outages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE | Energy Savers: Active Solar Heating.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating-systems/active-solar-heating\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating-systems/active-solar-heating</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed July 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>NREL. Passive Solar Design Fact Sheet.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29236.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29236.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>WBDG. Passive Solar Heating.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php</a><span> </span>(accessed March 21, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Jennifer Senick et al. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015)<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf\">Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWatts<u>â</u><u> Calculator</u></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines\">Sustainable Sources: Passive Solar Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Passive Solar Heating</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building Orientation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1268-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:15:53','2022-03-30 22:15:53','',1268,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1284',0,'revision','',0),(1285,3,'2022-03-30 22:16:06','2022-03-30 22:16:06','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Glare and Heat Gain Reduction\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Glare and Heat Gain Reduction?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Glare occurs when sunlight or artificial light inhibits a person from visually focusing on his or her task either by casting a veil of light between the task and the viewer or by flooding the eyes with light. For example, sun glare on a document makes the black text almost as bright as the white background, reducing the contrast and making the document difficult to read.</p>\n<p>Heat gain occurs when solar radiation or warmth enters a building through windows, skylights or other glazing systems. Maximizing heat gain during the winter through passive solar strategies and minimizing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer, while maintaining daylighting quality, provides energy and cost savings and enhances thermal comfort (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Reducing glare and heat gain requires balancing electrical lighting and daylighting goals and utilizing protective barriers such as high-performance window glazing systems and external or internal physical barriers such as shades, blinds, awnings, overhangs or vegetation (see<span> </span><em><i>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</i></em>,<span> </span><em><i>Energy-Efficient Windows,<span> </span></i></em>and<span> </span><em><i>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_179\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"552\"]<img class=\"wp-image-179 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Glare-and-Heat-Gain-Reduction-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Disability Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)\" width=\"552\" height=\"488\" /> Figure 1 – Disability Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_588\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"586\"]<img class=\"wp-image-588 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Glare-and-Heat-Gain-Reduction-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Discomfort Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)\" width=\"586\" height=\"458\" /> Figure 2 – Discomfort Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for glare and heat gain reduction involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). For example, building orientation, window glazing, and shading devices influence lighting design, mechanical systems, and interior design (see<span> </span><em><i>Building Orientation</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Building orientation, in combination with window selection and placement, impacts daylighting levels and visual and thermal comfort (see<span> </span><em><i>Energy-Efficient Windows</i></em>). A daylighting-optimized building designed to reduce glare and control heat gains maximizes southern and northern exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive more favorable sources of direct and indirect natural light, respectively.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Taking advantage of sunlight during the winter through high-performance windows can also help heat the building naturally and alleviate the dependence on the mechanical heating system.</p>\n<p>Project-specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting or lighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools that can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Use simulation programs such as the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool</a><span> </span>or<span> </span><a href=\"https://windows.lbl.gov/software/resfen\">Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN</a><span> </span>to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">ENERGY STAR label</a>, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The following strategies and information provide general guidance on reducing glare and heat gain in new homes:</p>\n<p>The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. Using high-performance windows to provide solar control reduces the need for operating shades, resulting in increased daylight and unobstructed views.</p>\n<p>When selecting a window based on performance, look for visible transmittance (VT) levels higher than (&gt; 70%), especially for daylighting applications (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, EnergyStar recommends SHGC of 0.4 (40%) or lower for homes with moderate air conditioning requirements. Look for SHGC values of 0.25 or less for homes with significant air conditioning costs or summer overheating problems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, a U-factor of<span> </span><u>&lt;</u><span> </span>0.25 is recommended for high-performance homes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_210\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1120\"]<img class=\"wp-image-210 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Glare-and-Heat-Gain-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Exterior Window Shading Strategies (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)\" width=\"1120\" height=\"868\" /> Figure 3 – Exterior Window Shading Strategies (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Managing solar heat gains on the exterior of the home prevents heat from entering the home in the first place. In combination with high-performance glazing systems, consider shading devices early in the design process to achieve a well-integrated architectural design.</p>\n<p>Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, louvers, and reflecting systems and self-shading elements of architectural form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light.</p>\n<p>Interior glare control devices, such as Venetian blinds, miniblinds, vertical slatted blinds, pleated and honeycomb shades, and roll-down shades can reduce direct sunlight and glare but are less effective at reducing cooling loads since they only block sunlight and do not prevent solar gains from entering the home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Motorized and automated shading systems use sensors, time clocks, a building automation system or occupant control to adjust the position of window coverings to reduce glare, daylighting or privacy levels or heat gain (see <em><i>Smart Controls and Smart Sensors</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Natural landscaping such as mature trees, hedgerows, or trellises and vines can provide shading. Plant a shade tree near the window or skylight to shade it during the summer months and let as much light and heat in as possible during the winter months (see <em><i>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p><strong><b> </b></strong>Effectively managing glare and heat gains offers multiple benefits, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduced peak heat gain and cooling requirements in the summer and maximized solar heat gain in winter, leading to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see <em><i>Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment)</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improved daylighting design, reducing electrical lighting requirements.</li>\n<li>Diminished ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings.</li>\n<li>Added environmental benefits such as stormwater management and occupant benefits including views and connection to nature by utilizing energy-efficient landscaping.</li>\n<li>Increased occupant visual and thermal comfort by managing glare and solar heat gains resulting in increased occupant satisfaction and productivity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Enhanced visual interest in building design through the use of shading devices, building orientation and architectural form.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Costs vary depending on the types of strategies implemented. Designing for glare and heat gain reduction should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated throughout the design process. The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.</p>\n<p>The cost of windows varies by project. Energy savings combined with improved visual and thermal comfort and daylighting benefits often justify the investment in high-performance windows. Available rebates and incentives can help offset upfront costs. For up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_benefits\">ENERGY STAR</a> and the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/programs\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a> websites.</p>\n<p>The cost of planting a tree or shrub for shade may range from as little as $10 to hundreds of dollars depending on materials and labor and maturity of selected landscaping vegetation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<p>External window coverings range in price from low-budget options for an aluminum awning to more costly investments for a shade structure. There are also additional costs associated with maintenance of outdoor structures, notably year-round or permanently affixed shades.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a power outage or a heat wave during the summer months, a home designed to optimize daylighting and reduce glare and heat gain can maintain comfortable internal temperatures and lighting levels for occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid by reducing the need for electrical lighting and air conditioning.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32. <a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf</a> (accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> WBDG. Daylighting. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Energy Star. <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI</a> (accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Windows and Glazing. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing</a> (accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> The Efficient Windows Collaborative. “Selecting Energy Efficient New Windows in New Jersey.” January 2016. http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf (accessed May 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> US DOE. “Energy-Efficient Window Attachments.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments</a> (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php</a> (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php</a> (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/\">Efficient Windows Collaborative</a><u></u>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Window Selection Tool</a><u></u></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.efficientwindowcoverings.org/\">Efficient Window Coverings and Attachments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights\">Energy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nfrc.org/\">National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</a><u></u></li>\n<li>US DOE – Energy Savers\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments\">Energy Efficient Window Attachments</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/windows-doors-and-skylights/energy-performance-ratings-windows-doors-and\"><u>Energy Performance Ratings for Windows</u></a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/window-types-and-technologies\"><u>Window Types and Technologies</u></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">Passive Solar Heating</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">Provide Comfortable Environment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/sun-control-and-shading-devices\">Sun Control and Shading Devices</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php\">Windows and Glazing</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Glare and Heat Gain Reduction','','inherit','closed','closed','','1280-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:16:06','2022-03-30 22:16:06','',1280,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1285',0,'revision','',0),(1286,3,'2022-03-30 22:16:06','2022-03-30 22:16:06','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Glare and Heat Gain Reduction\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Glare and Heat Gain Reduction?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Glare occurs when sunlight or artificial light inhibits a person from visually focusing on his or her task either by casting a veil of light between the task and the viewer or by flooding the eyes with light. For example, sun glare on a document makes the black text almost as bright as the white background, reducing the contrast and making the document difficult to read.</p>\n<p>Heat gain occurs when solar radiation or warmth enters a building through windows, skylights or other glazing systems. Maximizing heat gain during the winter through passive solar strategies and minimizing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer, while maintaining daylighting quality, provides energy and cost savings and enhances thermal comfort (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Reducing glare and heat gain requires balancing electrical lighting and daylighting goals and utilizing protective barriers such as high-performance window glazing systems and external or internal physical barriers such as shades, blinds, awnings, overhangs or vegetation (see<span> </span><em><i>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</i></em>,<span> </span><em><i>Energy-Efficient Windows,<span> </span></i></em>and<span> </span><em><i>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_179\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"552\"]<img class=\"wp-image-179 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Glare-and-Heat-Gain-Reduction-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Disability Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)\" width=\"552\" height=\"488\" /> Figure 1 – Disability Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_588\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"586\"]<img class=\"wp-image-588 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Glare-and-Heat-Gain-Reduction-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Discomfort Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)\" width=\"586\" height=\"458\" /> Figure 2 – Discomfort Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for glare and heat gain reduction involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). For example, building orientation, window glazing, and shading devices influence lighting design, mechanical systems, and interior design (see<span> </span><em><i>Building Orientation</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Building orientation, in combination with window selection and placement, impacts daylighting levels and visual and thermal comfort (see<span> </span><em><i>Energy-Efficient Windows</i></em>). A daylighting-optimized building designed to reduce glare and control heat gains maximizes southern and northern exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive more favorable sources of direct and indirect natural light, respectively.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Taking advantage of sunlight during the winter through high-performance windows can also help heat the building naturally and alleviate the dependence on the mechanical heating system.</p>\n<p>Project-specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting or lighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools that can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Use simulation programs such as the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool</a><span> </span>or<span> </span><a href=\"https://windows.lbl.gov/software/resfen\">Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN</a><span> </span>to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">ENERGY STAR label</a>, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The following strategies and information provide general guidance on reducing glare and heat gain in new homes:</p>\n<p>The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. Using high-performance windows to provide solar control reduces the need for operating shades, resulting in increased daylight and unobstructed views.</p>\n<p>When selecting a window based on performance, look for visible transmittance (VT) levels higher than (&gt; 70%), especially for daylighting applications (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, EnergyStar recommends SHGC of 0.4 (40%) or lower for homes with moderate air conditioning requirements. Look for SHGC values of 0.25 or less for homes with significant air conditioning costs or summer overheating problems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, a U-factor of<span> </span><u>&lt;</u><span> </span>0.25 is recommended for high-performance homes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_210\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1120\"]<img class=\"wp-image-210 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Glare-and-Heat-Gain-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Exterior Window Shading Strategies (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)\" width=\"1120\" height=\"868\" /> Figure 3 – Exterior Window Shading Strategies (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Managing solar heat gains on the exterior of the home prevents heat from entering the home in the first place. In combination with high-performance glazing systems, consider shading devices early in the design process to achieve a well-integrated architectural design.</p>\n<p>Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, louvers, and reflecting systems and self-shading elements of architectural form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light.</p>\n<p>Interior glare control devices, such as Venetian blinds, miniblinds, vertical slatted blinds, pleated and honeycomb shades, and roll-down shades can reduce direct sunlight and glare but are less effective at reducing cooling loads since they only block sunlight and do not prevent solar gains from entering the home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Motorized and automated shading systems use sensors, time clocks, a building automation system or occupant control to adjust the position of window coverings to reduce glare, daylighting or privacy levels or heat gain (see <em><i>Smart Controls and Smart Sensors</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Natural landscaping such as mature trees, hedgerows, or trellises and vines can provide shading. Plant a shade tree near the window or skylight to shade it during the summer months and let as much light and heat in as possible during the winter months (see <em><i>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p><strong><b> </b></strong>Effectively managing glare and heat gains offers multiple benefits, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduced peak heat gain and cooling requirements in the summer and maximized solar heat gain in winter, leading to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see <em><i>Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment)</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improved daylighting design, reducing electrical lighting requirements.</li>\n<li>Diminished ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings.</li>\n<li>Added environmental benefits such as stormwater management and occupant benefits including views and connection to nature by utilizing energy-efficient landscaping.</li>\n<li>Increased occupant visual and thermal comfort by managing glare and solar heat gains resulting in increased occupant satisfaction and productivity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Enhanced visual interest in building design through the use of shading devices, building orientation and architectural form.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Costs vary depending on the types of strategies implemented. Designing for glare and heat gain reduction should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated throughout the design process. The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.</p>\n<p>The cost of windows varies by project. Energy savings combined with improved visual and thermal comfort and daylighting benefits often justify the investment in high-performance windows. Available rebates and incentives can help offset upfront costs. For up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_benefits\">ENERGY STAR</a> and the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/programs\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a> websites.</p>\n<p>The cost of planting a tree or shrub for shade may range from as little as $10 to hundreds of dollars depending on materials and labor and maturity of selected landscaping vegetation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<p>External window coverings range in price from low-budget options for an aluminum awning to more costly investments for a shade structure. There are also additional costs associated with maintenance of outdoor structures, notably year-round or permanently affixed shades.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a power outage or a heat wave during the summer months, a home designed to optimize daylighting and reduce glare and heat gain can maintain comfortable internal temperatures and lighting levels for occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid by reducing the need for electrical lighting and air conditioning.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32. <a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf</a> (accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> WBDG. Daylighting. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Energy Star. <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI</a> (accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Windows and Glazing. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing</a> (accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> The Efficient Windows Collaborative. “Selecting Energy Efficient New Windows in New Jersey.” January 2016. http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf (accessed May 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> US DOE. “Energy-Efficient Window Attachments.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments</a> (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php</a> (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php</a> (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/\">Efficient Windows Collaborative</a><u></u>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Window Selection Tool</a><u></u></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.efficientwindowcoverings.org/\">Efficient Window Coverings and Attachments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights\">Energy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nfrc.org/\">National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</a><u></u></li>\n<li>US DOE – Energy Savers\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments\">Energy Efficient Window Attachments</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/windows-doors-and-skylights/energy-performance-ratings-windows-doors-and\"><u>Energy Performance Ratings for Windows</u></a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/window-types-and-technologies\"><u>Window Types and Technologies</u></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">Passive Solar Heating</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">Provide Comfortable Environment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/sun-control-and-shading-devices\">Sun Control and Shading Devices</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php\">Windows and Glazing</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Daylighting','','inherit','closed','closed','','1280-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:16:06','2022-03-30 22:16:06','',1280,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1286',0,'revision','',0),(1287,3,'2022-03-30 22:16:11','2022-03-30 22:16:11','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Glare and Heat Gain Reduction\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Glare and Heat Gain Reduction?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Glare occurs when sunlight or artificial light inhibits a person from visually focusing on his or her task either by casting a veil of light between the task and the viewer or by flooding the eyes with light. For example, sun glare on a document makes the black text almost as bright as the white background, reducing the contrast and making the document difficult to read.</p>\n<p>Heat gain occurs when solar radiation or warmth enters a building through windows, skylights or other glazing systems. Maximizing heat gain during the winter through passive solar strategies and minimizing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer, while maintaining daylighting quality, provides energy and cost savings and enhances thermal comfort (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Reducing glare and heat gain requires balancing electrical lighting and daylighting goals and utilizing protective barriers such as high-performance window glazing systems and external or internal physical barriers such as shades, blinds, awnings, overhangs or vegetation (see<span> </span><em><i>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</i></em>,<span> </span><em><i>Energy-Efficient Windows,<span> </span></i></em>and<span> </span><em><i>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_179\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"552\"]<img class=\"wp-image-179 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Glare-and-Heat-Gain-Reduction-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Disability Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)\" width=\"552\" height=\"488\" /> Figure 1 – Disability Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_588\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"586\"]<img class=\"wp-image-588 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Glare-and-Heat-Gain-Reduction-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Discomfort Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)\" width=\"586\" height=\"458\" /> Figure 2 – Discomfort Glare (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for glare and heat gain reduction involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em>). For example, building orientation, window glazing, and shading devices influence lighting design, mechanical systems, and interior design (see<span> </span><em><i>Building Orientation</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Building orientation, in combination with window selection and placement, impacts daylighting levels and visual and thermal comfort (see<span> </span><em><i>Energy-Efficient Windows</i></em>). A daylighting-optimized building designed to reduce glare and control heat gains maximizes southern and northern exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive more favorable sources of direct and indirect natural light, respectively.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Taking advantage of sunlight during the winter through high-performance windows can also help heat the building naturally and alleviate the dependence on the mechanical heating system.</p>\n<p>Project-specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting or lighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools that can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Use simulation programs such as the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool</a><span> </span>or<span> </span><a href=\"https://windows.lbl.gov/software/resfen\">Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN</a><span> </span>to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">ENERGY STAR label</a>, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The following strategies and information provide general guidance on reducing glare and heat gain in new homes:</p>\n<p>The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. Using high-performance windows to provide solar control reduces the need for operating shades, resulting in increased daylight and unobstructed views.</p>\n<p>When selecting a window based on performance, look for visible transmittance (VT) levels higher than (&gt; 70%), especially for daylighting applications (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, EnergyStar recommends SHGC of 0.4 (40%) or lower for homes with moderate air conditioning requirements. Look for SHGC values of 0.25 or less for homes with significant air conditioning costs or summer overheating problems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, a U-factor of<span> </span><u>&lt;</u><span> </span>0.25 is recommended for high-performance homes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_210\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1120\"]<img class=\"wp-image-210 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Glare-and-Heat-Gain-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Exterior Window Shading Strategies (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)\" width=\"1120\" height=\"868\" /> Figure 3 – Exterior Window Shading Strategies (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>Managing solar heat gains on the exterior of the home prevents heat from entering the home in the first place. In combination with high-performance glazing systems, consider shading devices early in the design process to achieve a well-integrated architectural design.</p>\n<p>Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, louvers, and reflecting systems and self-shading elements of architectural form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light.</p>\n<p>Interior glare control devices, such as Venetian blinds, miniblinds, vertical slatted blinds, pleated and honeycomb shades, and roll-down shades can reduce direct sunlight and glare but are less effective at reducing cooling loads since they only block sunlight and do not prevent solar gains from entering the home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Motorized and automated shading systems use sensors, time clocks, a building automation system or occupant control to adjust the position of window coverings to reduce glare, daylighting or privacy levels or heat gain (see <em><i>Smart Controls and Smart Sensors</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Natural landscaping such as mature trees, hedgerows, or trellises and vines can provide shading. Plant a shade tree near the window or skylight to shade it during the summer months and let as much light and heat in as possible during the winter months (see <em><i>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p><strong><b> </b></strong>Effectively managing glare and heat gains offers multiple benefits, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduced peak heat gain and cooling requirements in the summer and maximized solar heat gain in winter, leading to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see <em><i>Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment)</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improved daylighting design, reducing electrical lighting requirements.</li>\n<li>Diminished ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings.</li>\n<li>Added environmental benefits such as stormwater management and occupant benefits including views and connection to nature by utilizing energy-efficient landscaping.</li>\n<li>Increased occupant visual and thermal comfort by managing glare and solar heat gains resulting in increased occupant satisfaction and productivity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Enhanced visual interest in building design through the use of shading devices, building orientation and architectural form.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Costs vary depending on the types of strategies implemented. Designing for glare and heat gain reduction should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated throughout the design process. The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.</p>\n<p>The cost of windows varies by project. Energy savings combined with improved visual and thermal comfort and daylighting benefits often justify the investment in high-performance windows. Available rebates and incentives can help offset upfront costs. For up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_benefits\">ENERGY STAR</a> and the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/programs\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a> websites.</p>\n<p>The cost of planting a tree or shrub for shade may range from as little as $10 to hundreds of dollars depending on materials and labor and maturity of selected landscaping vegetation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<p>External window coverings range in price from low-budget options for an aluminum awning to more costly investments for a shade structure. There are also additional costs associated with maintenance of outdoor structures, notably year-round or permanently affixed shades.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a power outage or a heat wave during the summer months, a home designed to optimize daylighting and reduce glare and heat gain can maintain comfortable internal temperatures and lighting levels for occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid by reducing the need for electrical lighting and air conditioning.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32. <a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf</a> (accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> WBDG. Daylighting. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Energy Star. <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI</a> (accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Windows and Glazing. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing</a> (accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> The Efficient Windows Collaborative. “Selecting Energy Efficient New Windows in New Jersey.” January 2016. http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf (accessed May 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> US DOE. “Energy-Efficient Window Attachments.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments</a> (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php</a> (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php</a> (accessed April 6, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/\">Efficient Windows Collaborative</a><u></u>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Window Selection Tool</a><u></u></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.efficientwindowcoverings.org/\">Efficient Window Coverings and Attachments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights\">Energy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nfrc.org/\">National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</a><u></u></li>\n<li>US DOE – Energy Savers\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments\">Energy Efficient Window Attachments</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/windows-doors-and-skylights/energy-performance-ratings-windows-doors-and\"><u>Energy Performance Ratings for Windows</u></a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/window-types-and-technologies\"><u>Window Types and Technologies</u></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php\">Passive Solar Heating</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">Provide Comfortable Environment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/sun-control-and-shading-devices\">Sun Control and Shading Devices</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php\">Windows and Glazing</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Glare and Heat Gain Reduction','','inherit','closed','closed','','1280-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:16:11','2022-03-30 22:16:11','',1280,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1287',0,'revision','',0),(1288,3,'2022-03-30 22:16:43','2022-03-30 22:16:43','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Turfgrass Reduction\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Turfgrass?</h2>\n<p>Turfgrass refers to a form of grass used when growing a lawn and typically includes species such as bluegrass, rye, and fescue.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>These species, referred to as conventional turf grass, grow evenly and to a uniform height when maintained. Conventional turf grass requires high levels of maintenance, irrigation, and fertilization to achieve a consistently green and manicured look. Turfgrass had become common in the United States after post-World War II when it became a mainstream middle-class status symbol. At that time many types of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers were becoming commercially available.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Alternatives to conventional turf grass lawns include replacing the lawn with native grasses or groundcover and reducing the size of the lawn by incorporating other types of natural landscaping or garden beds (see<span> </span><em>Native and Adapted Plants,<span> </span></em><em>and Wildlife Habitat</em>). There are many varieties of groundcovers, including those that are edible or flowering. Groundcover refers to plants that, once established, form a uniform layer over the ground and require little to no maintenance. Native grasses are species of grass that are native to a particular area and climate. These grasses require less maintenance and are less susceptible to pests (see<span> </span><em>Integrated Pest Management</em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_309\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"468\"]<img class=\"wp-image-309 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Turf-Grass-Reduction-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Blue Wood Sedge (Source: Courtesy of North Creek Nurseries)\" width=\"468\" height=\"494\" /> Figure 1 – Blue Wood Sedge (Source: Courtesy of North Creek Nurseries)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Reasons to consider reducing the use of turfgrass include:</p>\n<p><u>High Maintenance Requirements</u></p>\n<p>Lawns require frequent and sometimes costly maintenance. Lawn maintenance often involves hiring lawn care employees, purchasing fertilizers, and maintaining lawn care equipment. Lawns may require mowing multiple times a week during the peak growing season. During a drought, lawns require irrigation. Landscapes consume 9 billion gallons of water each day in the United States, mostly to irrigate lawns (see<span> </span><em>Water-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p><u>High Pollution Outputs that Create Public Health Risks</u></p>\n<p>Lawn care chemicals can pose a threat to people, pets and the environment. Studies have found numerous adverse health consequences associated with the synthetic chemicals found in traditional lawn care products, especially for children due to their size, physiological development and proximity to the ground.</p>\n<p>Lawns can also contribute to water pollution as chemicals used to treat lawns combine with stormwater runoff and flow into freshwater supplies, adversely affecting plants and animal life. Many commercial lawns require frequent fertilization to maintain quality turf grass. Excessive fertilizer use can also lead to fertilizers entering sources of drinking water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Note that while conventional turf grass does help remove carbon dioxide from the air, the amount sequestered does not cancel out the greenhouse gas emissions produced from fertilizer production, mowing, leaf blowing and other lawn management practices (see<span> </span><em>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p><u>Lack of Biodiversity</u></p>\n<p>Conventional turfgrass lawns lack biodiversity, an essential component of healthy ecosystems, and do not support a wide variety of birds, beneficial insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<h2>How to Reduce the Use of Turf Grass</h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, homeowners account for 76 percent of the state’s 880,542 acres of turf grass.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>On average, lawns take up half of an average lot size.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Many fiscally and environmentally responsible alternatives to lawns exist such as minimizing turfgrass areas, using more eco-friendly grass species for remaining turf areas, and planting a wide variety of low-maintenance trees, shrubs, and perennials to create garden spaces, rain gardens, and native habitats (see Rain Gardens). When designing an alternative lawn, select eco-friendly grass and grass-like species such as native sedges and meadow mixes and limit turf areas for defining garden edges, active recreation areas, pathways between planting beds and other structural and functional purposes.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Native grasses and sedges can provide a low maintenance alternative with high ecological value.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><u>Use Groundcover or Native Grasses</u></p>\n<p>Groundcovers refer to low-growing plants including native grasses and sedges but also include taller trees and shrubs that grow together to form dense vegetation. Choose groundcovers that require little maintenance and support wildlife.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a><span> </span> Increasing the size of shrub beds and adding groundcovers can facilitate the reduction of erosion and water runoff (see<span> </span><em>Erosion Control</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Select non-invasive groundcovers that do not threaten plant biodiversity or affect wildlife that depends on native species as a food source.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">10</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>To select an appropriate groundcover, talk with the local cooperative extension agent and refer to the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">NJ Native Plant Society’s</a><span> </span>listing of native and invasive species and the Native Plant Finder. Native species often vary across regions, even within New Jersey. Note that the USDA identifies New Jersey as being in Hardiness Zones 5 through 7.</li>\n<li>To contain groundcovers, install an edge barrier such as a row of low bricks or wood frame. Extend edging a few inches into the soil to contain roots.</li>\n<li>Weed and mulch groundcover regularly, especially in the first year of planting.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">County Extension Offices</a><span> </span>trains volunteer in each county through its Master Gardeners Program to provide guidance on lawn alternatives.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Tips on Removing Lawn</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use a sod cutter to remove sections of existing lawn gradually.</li>\n<li>Remove existing lawn but do not disturb the soil as turning the soil allows weeds to compete with the new native seedlings.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Tips for Caring for Existing Lawns</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Keep mower at 2 1⁄2 inches, water in the early morning and de-thatch if thatch reaches more than 1⁄2 inch in thickness. Cutting lawns too short decreases root growth.</li>\n<li>Leave clippings on the lawn as a natural source of nitrogen for the soil, recycle the clippings or start a compost pile.</li>\n<li>Reduce water needs by mulching the garden beds around an existing lawn.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Economic</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Decreases maintenance costs and reduces water bills. Once established, groundcovers appropriate to the site conditions require less upkeep than conventional turf grass.</li>\n<li>Reduces costs spent on fertilizers and pesticides.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Environmental</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases in biodiversity and support of wildlife such as birds, insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.</li>\n<li>Dense and short growing groundcover plants eliminate weeds, preserve moisture in the soil, and do not require mowing.</li>\n<li>Reduces the need for lawn irrigation.</li>\n<li>Groundcovers act as mulch, enhancing the soil.</li>\n<li>Groundcovers and native grasses require less maintenance to prevent soil erosion compared to turfgrass.</li>\n<li>Reduces toxic emissions released into the environment from lawnmowers.</li>\n<li>Reduces use of fossil fuels required by lawn and irrigation equipment.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Personal Wellness</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves time and labor.</li>\n<li>Connects people to the natural landscape.</li>\n<li>Creates a diverse and aesthetically pleasing outdoor environment.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of lawn alternatives varies depending on the type and size of the landscape. For example, cost per square foot of alternative groundcovers depends upon the type of plants chosen and the size of the groundcover. The higher initial cost of selecting plants specific to the site pays for itself over time through reduced maintenance costs compared to less adaptive and higher-maintenance turfgrass.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Replacing conventional turf grass with native plants and water-efficient landscaping promotes resiliency by decreasing water use and reducing the reliance and stress on municipal water infrastructure. Alternatives to turf grass can also increase groundwater infiltration, helping to slow stormwater runoff and reduce erosion during flooding events. Also, replacing turf grass with diverse native plants, increases the biological diversity in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>American-Lawns. “Mixtures and Blends.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html\">http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a>  University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Turf Grass Madness: Reasons to Reduce the Lawn in Your Landscape.” <span> </span><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf\">http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>U.S. EPA.  Outdoor Water Use in the United States. <span> </span><a href=\"https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html\">https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>US EPA, University of West Virginia. “Managing Turfgrass and Garden Fertilizer Application to Prevent Contamination of Drinking Water.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf\">http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>University of California, Irvine.  Turfgrass.<span> </span><a href=\"https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/\">https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/</a>  (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP. 2015. New Jersey Natural Heritage Program.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/\">https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/</a><span> </span>(accessed Sept 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>880,542 acres is equal to 18 percent of NJ’s total land area.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf\">www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>The Center for Turf grass Science. The New Jersey Turf grass Industry Economic Survey. February 2007.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf\">www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Less Lawn. “Native Grass Lawns.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html\">http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>The Nature Conservancy. Habitat Network. Native Grasses for Your Native Lawn.<span> </span><a href=\"http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/\">http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/</a><span> </span>(accessed November 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Groundcover Alternatives to Turf Grass.” <span> </span><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf\">http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-erosion-control/\">Erosion Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-pest-management-ipm/\">Integrated Pest Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-wildlife-habitat/\">Wildlife Habitat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.audubon.org/bird/at_home/pdf/AAHPA-21-32-Lawn.pdf\">Audubon Society – Lawn Alternatives</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cleanwaternj.org/garden.html\">Clean Water NJ – In the Garden</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friendly-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nwf.org/NativePlantFinder/About\">Native Plant Finder</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/\">Nature Conservancy – Habitat Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/watershedrestoration/waterbook_chp6.html\">NJ DEP Lawn and Garden Care</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">Rutgers NJ Agriculture Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.php?cat=5&amp;sub=35\">Commercial Turfgrass and Landscape Maintenance Fact Sheets &amp; Bulletins</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.turf.rutgers.edu/\">Center for Turfgrass Science</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html\">Rutgers Water Resource Program – Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li>University Extension Services – Groundcovers\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf\">Delaware</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://extension.umd.edu/hgic/groundcover-list\">Maryland</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/greenbuilding/web/pdf/brochure.pdf\">US EPA Greenscapes: Environmentally Beneficial Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Turfgrass Reduction','','inherit','closed','closed','','1263-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:16:43','2022-03-30 22:16:43','',1263,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1288',0,'revision','',0),(1289,3,'2022-03-30 22:17:11','2022-03-30 22:17:11','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Tree Protection and Placement\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Tree Protection and Placement?</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees play an essential role in the overall environmental quality of a property. Protecting existing trees and properly siting new trees can increase the energy efficiency of a building design before considering mechanical enhancements or upgrades. Trees protect buildings by reducing energy loads, reducing interior glare, and blocking potentially harsh winds (see<span> </span><em>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</em>). Trees also add aesthetic appeal, reduce stormwater runoff and soil erosion, and can improve air quality. It is essential to locate trees strategically. Trees can take 10-15 years to mature to a size that provides significant shade and protection, therefore protecting existing trees during construction is very important.</p>\n<p>Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees. Symptoms of tree damage from construction may not be visible immediately but may appear years later. In planning for tree protection and determining necessary tree removals, consider the species, size, maturity, location, and condition of each tree.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Sometimes saving a younger tree is more beneficial than saving a mature tree because they are better able to adapt to the disturbances of construction. It is essential to maintain a diversity of species and age of trees on the site.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_432\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"596\"]<img class=\"wp-image-432 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Tree-Protection-and-Placement-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”\" width=\"596\" height=\"572\" /> Figure 1 – Drip line diagram (Source: Bracewell, Sara K. University of Minnesota – Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series. “Protecting Existing Trees During Construction.”[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Tree Protection and Placement</strong></h2>\n<p>A tree protection plan should be created during design and enforced during construction. The plan should define parameters such as materials and dimensions of tree protection fencing required for all trees in the site protection plan. Fencing helps protect trees by keeping construction vehicles, equipment, and materials away from the tree. Penalties, such as a fine proportional to damages accrued, help construction workers adhere to the tree protection plan.</p>\n<p>When developing a strategy to preserve existing trees during site construction, it is essential to consider both the aboveground and belowground components of the trees. Machinery can damage the trunk and crown of a tree by breaking branches and gashing the trunk. When digging to install a foundation and utilities, roots are susceptible to being severed.  The majority of the roots of a tree are no more than a foot deep in the soil. However, in a mature tree, the root system can extend as far as 1 to 3 times the height of the tree.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>As Figure 1 illustrates, the drip line, a vertical plane extending from the perimeter of the crown to the ground, is the minimum area that should be left undisturbed when preserving a tree. Extending that boundary increases the likelihood of the tree’s survival. The closer the cut is made to the tree, the more damage the tree suffers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Removing roots also makes the tree more prone to falling over as they stabilize the tree in the ground.  If a utility line must run through the area of a tree, the International Society of Arboriculture recommends tunneling under the tree’s roots as opposed to running through them if possible.</p>\n<p>Although equipment may not always actually cut or physically damage a tree, it should never go within the drip line of a tree because the weight can cause the soil above the roots to compact and impair root development.  Adding or removing soil above the root system should be avoided to prevent smothering or rotting. When making changes to the grade of the soil, stay as far away from the trunk as possible. Exposing trees to the elements by removing nearby trees makes them vulnerable to damage from the sun and to breaking from wind and ice. All of these factors are important as trees require years to adjust to stresses caused by construction.  Continue to monitor and maintain trees and look out for any signs of poor health or safety hazards.  An arborist can provide guidance on how to properly maintain and treat any trees that have suffered damage.</p>\n<p><strong> </strong>Select trees carefully and maintain them as necessary to achieve maximum benefits.  To maximize energy savings associated with trees, plant deciduous trees on the south and west sides of the building to lower air-conditioning costs in the summer.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Locate trees so that they shade as much hardscape as possible. A commitment to the long-term care of trees is essential to maintaining their health. Consult an ISA-certified arborist for consultation and care.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><u>Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge</u></p>\n<p>A reconstruction project at Washington’s Headquarters included taking an inventory of existing trees, protecting historic trees, removing invasive species, and pruning and fertilizing remaining trees on the property.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_420\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"912\"]<img class=\"wp-image-420 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Tree-Protection-and-Placement-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).\" width=\"912\" height=\"612\" /> Figure 2 – Washington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge, landscape treatment plan. (Source: Heritage Landscapes LLC).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees are essential to healthy, livable communities as they provide beauty, shade, and enhance a community’s quality of life. As described in further detail below, trees provide numerous benefits such as cleaning our air, reducing stormwater runoff, cooling buildings, and can even stimulate business in downtown areas by creating a more inviting and comfortable environment.</p>\n<p><u>Environment</u></p>\n<p><em>Absorption of Air Pollutants – </em>Preserving and increasing trees on site is a simple strategy for improving local air quality. Trees remove pollutants from the air by absorbing airborne particles and gaseous pollution. According to the US Forestry Service, 100 trees remove 53 tons of carbon dioxide and 430 pounds of other air pollutants per year.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><em>Carbon Sequestration – </em>Trees reduce greenhouse gases by storing carbon dioxide in their leaves, branches, trunks, and roots. They use carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and cellulose for plant structure and function and release oxygen back into the atmosphere.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup></p>\n<p><em>Reducing the Urban Heat Island Effect – </em>The high percentage of impervious surfaces in urban areas absorb heat and create what is known as the urban heat island effect; this causes the annual, mean air temperature of cities to be 5.4°F warmer than surrounding areas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Trees help cool urban areas by shading pavement and absorbing excess urban heat, reducing the urban heat island effect. This same strategy can be applied in less densely built areas by shading hardscaped areas.</p>\n<p><em>Energy Conservation – </em>Trees strategically placed on-site can reduce the energy needed to cool and heat buildings. In the summertime, large trees on the west and east side of a building can save up to 30% of air-conditioning costs and allow units to operate more efficiently (see <em>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><em>Capturing Storm Water Runoff and Preventing Erosion – </em>Trees capture and absorb rainwater, reducing stormwater runoff. Tree roots also hold soil in place, preventing erosion (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><u>People</u></p>\n<p><em>Biophilia – </em>The presence of trees nurtures the inherent affinity that humans are believed to have with nature known as biophilia (see <em>Biophilic Design</em>). Well-treed environments have also been shown to reduce stressors in urban environments due to the beauty and serenity they convey. For instance, a study in a Chicago public housing development showed reduced crime levels in apartment buildings that were surrounded by greenery compared to the same buildings in barren landscapes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Another study showed that exposure to greener play environments reduced ADHD symptoms in children in the United States.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Also, studies find a connection between the presence of trees and lower levels of violence.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><em>Noise Reduction, Traffic Calming, and Pedestrian Safety – </em>Trees can serve as useful sound buffers. For example, a 98-foot-wide by 49-foot-tall tree belt can reduce highway noise pollution by 6 to 10 decibels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Trees also serve as physical barriers which protect pedestrians in high traffic areas. Since the presence of trees often indicates the presence of pedestrians, trees near roads help suppress the notion of a transportation corridor meant only for vehicles and can help calm traffic.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p><u>Economy</u></p>\n<p><em>Increased property values – </em>Property values have been found to increase by as much as 10%, according to the U.S. Forest Service, while the International Society of Arboriculture estimates a 5-20% increase in property value due to street trees.</p>\n<p><em>Increased Business in Shopping Districts – </em>A study conducted by University of Washington’s Center for Urban Horticulture found that the presence of trees and other vegetation positively influenced consumers’ perception of retail districts. Furthermore, shoppers spent more time shopping in downtown business districts that were well landscaped compared to those areas with little vegetation. Shoppers were also willing to pay more for parking and spend up to 11% more for goods and services in highly treed retail areas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>On average, caring for a large tree costs $13/year but returns about $65 in energy savings, improved stormwater management, and higher property values.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>The cost benefits of large, medium and small trees are as follows:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a></p>\n<p><em>Large Tree                                                         Medium Tree</em></p>\n<p>Total benefits/year = $55                                   Total benefits/year = $33</p>\n<p>Total costs/year = $18                                       Total costs/year = $17</p>\n<p>Net benefits/year = $37                                     Net benefits/year = $16</p>\n<p>Life expectancy = 120 years                              Life expectancy = 60 years</p>\n<p>Lifetime benefits = $6,600                               Lifetime benefits = $1,980</p>\n<p>Lifetime costs = $2,160                                     Lifetime costs = $1,020</p>\n<p>Value to community = $4,440                         Value to community = $960</p>\n<p><em>Small Tree</em></p>\n<p>Total benefits/year = $23</p>\n<p>Total costs/year = $14</p>\n<p>Net benefits/year = $9</p>\n<p>Life expectancy = 30 years</p>\n<p>Lifetime benefits = $690</p>\n<p>Lifetime costs = $420</p>\n<p>Value to community = $270</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Trees provide multiple resiliency benefits. During severe storms, tree roots help to manage flooding and coastal/riparian erosion by soaking up water and stabilizing soil. Trees help reduce strain on local sewer systems, especially combined sewer systems where flooding events can negatively affect water quality and lead to public health concerns.  By infiltrating water where it falls, trees help replenish groundwater reserves, relieving stress on local water supplies and reducing the need to import potable water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a> Consequently, trees can lessen the impact of droughts.</p>\n<p>In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.</p>\n<p>Note that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lighting is often one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> International Society of Arboriculture (ISA). Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018.)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ISA. Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> ISA. Trees are Good. “Tree Care Information:  Benefits of Trees.” <a href=\"https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf\">https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” <a href=\"http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf\">http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US Forestry Service: Benefits of Trees. <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees\">https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Colorado Tree Coalition.  “Education: Why Plant a Tree?”  <a href=\"http://coloradotrees.org/education/\">http://coloradotrees.org/education/</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” <a href=\"http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf\">http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA.   “Heat Island Effect.”   <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Arbor Day Foundation.  “Benefits of Trees.” <a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm\">https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). <em>Environment and crime in the inner city: Does vegetation reduce crime?</em><em> </em><em>Environment and Behavior</em><em>,</em> 33(3), 343-367. <a href=\"http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm\">http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm</a> (accessed April 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Faber Taylor, A., Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). “Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings.” <em>Environment and Behavior</em>, 33(1), 54-77. <a href=\"http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm\">http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Sullivan, W.C. &amp; F. E. Kuo.  Human-Environment Research Laboratory Department of Natural Resources and the Environmental Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.  “Do Trees Strengthen Urban Communities, Reduce Domestic Violence?”  January 1996.  <a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html\">http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> National Forest Foundation.  “New Research Proves Just How Green Urban Forests Are.” <a href=\"https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests\">https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Jacobs, Allan B.  <em>Great Streets</em>.  Cambridge MA: MIT Press.  1995.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources.  “Fact Sheet #5: Trees in Business Districts.”  <a href=\"http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf\">http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf</a> (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Forest Service, Center for Urban Forestry Research and Information.  “The Large Tree Argument.”  <a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf\">https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf</a>  (accessed March 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> US EPA. Green Infrastructure: Climate Resiliency. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency\">https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency</a> (accessed April 25, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/\">Arbor Day Foundation Tree Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.treesaregood.org/\">International Society of Arboriculture – Trees Are Good</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.itreetools.org/\">I-Tree Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://global.nature.org/?intc=glob_sol.topnav.logo\">The Nature Conservancy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/forest/community/\">NJ DEP Division of Parks and Forestry – Community Forestry</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njtrees.org/\">NJ Tree Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phillywatersheds.org/what_were_doing/community_partnerships/programs/soak-it-adoption/green-stormwater-tools\">Philadelphia Water Department</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/extension/\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/topics/urban-forests-and-climate-change\">Urban Forests and Climate Change</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg0604.html\">University of Minnesota Extension Service: Fitting Trees and Shrubs into the Landscape</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">US EPA Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/spf/coop/programs/wf/\">US Forest Service Watershed Forestry</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Tree Protection and Placement','','inherit','closed','closed','','1258-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:17:11','2022-03-30 22:17:11','',1258,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1289',0,'revision','',0),(1290,3,'2022-03-30 22:17:39','2022-03-30 22:17:39','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Site Protection Plan\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is a Site Protection Plan?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A site protection plan helps protect the natural resources of a project site and adjacent areas and achieve compliance with local laws and codes. Existing trees and vegetation, healthy soils and natural hydrologic systems on a site are all valuable resources to consider protecting before a construction project begins. The site protection plan’s essential elements include: <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>A protection plan for vegetation/trees and healthy soils</li>\n<li>A tree rescue plan for those trees and plantings identified for removal (a park, community garden, nursery, or some other entity may want them)</li>\n<li>A site access plan, including a designated staging or ‘lay down’ area designed to minimize damage to the environment</li>\n<li>Storage areas for salvaged materials and collection areas for recyclable materials, including day-to-day construction waste (e.g., packaging, bottles)</li>\n<li>Defined sensitive areas where staging, stockpiling, and soil compaction are prohibited</li>\n<li>Wastewater runoff and erosion control measures</li>\n<li>Measures to salvage existing clean topsoil on site for reuse</li>\n<li>Plans to mitigate dust, smoke, and odors.</li>\n<li>Noise control measures, including schedules for particularly disruptive, high decibel operations</li>\n<li>Designated wash-down area for construction equipment</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Minimizing site disturbance reduces the impact that the construction of a new building has on the site and the regional ecosystem by minimizing the portion of the site that is impacted by development, reducing grading, preventing soil erosion, protecting existing vegetation, and other natural resources.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_80\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"602\"]<img class=\"wp-image-80 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Site-Protection-Plan-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"602\" height=\"448\" /> Figure 1 – Self-contained concrete washout pool (Source: US EPA).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement a Site Protection Plan</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Conduct a site analysis that inventories site conditions and natural resources such as existing soils, vegetation, and hydrology early in the design process to provide information about how to minimize negative site impacts and identify any ecosystem impacts. Include a site protection plan in the contract documents.</p>\n<p>Follow the Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control when developing plans for controlling e<em><i>rosion during constructio</i></em>n.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> A soil erosion control permit, issued by one of the state’s 15 soil conservation districts is one of the many permits required by New Jersey laws to build and develop in the state.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The Standards manual includes design guidance for structural practices, such as grass waterways or detention basins as well as a comprehensive list of plant species used for vegetative stabilization of disturbed soils.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a>Obtain the Standards through any <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Soil Conservation District</a>.</p>\n<p>Projects also need to comply with the <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">NJ DEP Construction Stormwater Phase II program</a>. Construction activities including clearing, grading and excavating that disturb one acre require a Storm Water Discharge Permit, administered through the NJ Soil Conservation Districts in conjunction with the NJ DEP Division of Water Quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<p>A site protection plan should define procedures for protecting existing trees and vegetation on site. Take an inventory of existing vegetation to determine the health and species composition. It is also essential to use the following resources to identify and protect any endangered or threatened species that may exist on-site. NJ DEP maintains a <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a>. Search the <a href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/threat.html\">USDA by the state for a list for endangered and threatened plant species</a>. In addition to protecting endangered species, minimizing vegetation removal also reduces the effects of soil erosion from the site because plant roots help stabilize the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The three leading causes of tree damage, decline, and death as a result of construction are soil compaction caused by equipment driving too near the tree, root damage caused by adding or removing soil, and the severing of roots caused by trenching (see <em><i>Tree Protection and Placement </i></em>strategy).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>Include a certified arborist on the project team and consult them early in the process to help protect trees during construction. An arborist can assess existing trees on a project site, outline steps for protection, and advise on best practices. The following is a list of significant considerations for a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>During construction, the largest single killer of tree roots – and thus of trees – is soil compaction by heavy machinery (compaction by construction equipment also degrades soil structure and reduces infiltration);<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></li>\n<li>The roots of most species of large, woody trees grow primarily horizontally;</li>\n<li>These roots are predominantly located in the top 12″ of soil and do not usually extend to depths greater than 3′ to 7’ yet extend outward to an average diameter of 1 to 2 times the height of that tree.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Tree guards should be erected to protect trees during construction, but since it would be impractical in most cases to establish a complete protection zone for all root systems tree guards should reach at least to the drip line of the tree’s crown. The drip line is the vertical plane going from the perimeter of the tree’s branch system to the ground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a site protection plan:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Protects the ecological services and natural resources of the site and the region</li>\n<li>Improves community relations through reduced environmental degradation<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Developing, implementing and enforcing a site protection plan can save money through avoiding fines by meeting local codes and regulations and protecting the natural resources of the site.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Site protection plans foster ecological resilience by preserving noninvasive trees, native plants, and pervious surfaces, which provide valuable ecosystem services, that in turn, enhance the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines. <a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf\">http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture. <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJ Soil Conservation Districts. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html\">http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> NJ Department of Agriculture.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> NJ DEP Division of Water Quality  <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Hopper, Leonard J. 2007. <u>Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards</u>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ. Google Books Link: <a href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s\">http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> C. Dennis, W.R. Jacobi.  <em><i>Protecting Trees During Construction Projects.</i></em> Colorado State University Extension <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf\">http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf</a>  (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> University of Alabama Cooperative Extension. <em><i>A Guide to Preventing Soil Compaction During Construction. </i></em><a href=\"http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf\">http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-site-protection-plan/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>NJ DEP\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njdep.html\">Construction Storm Water Permit Phase II</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/njplantlist.pdf\">List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html\">NJ Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_2%20print.pdf\">NJ Storm Water Best Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/national-menu-best-management-practices-bmps-stormwater#edu\">US EPA – National Menu of Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Storm Water</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustland.umn.edu/implement/protecting_trees.html\">University of Minnesota Extension – Protecting Existing Trees During Construction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Site Protection Plan','','inherit','closed','closed','','1250-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:17:39','2022-03-30 22:17:39','',1250,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1290',0,'revision','',0),(1291,3,'2022-03-30 22:18:07','2022-03-30 22:18:07','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy-Efficient Landscaping\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Energy-Efficient Landscaping?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Energy-efficient landscaping reduces a household’s energy consumption through the strategic placement of trees, shrubs, and plants (see<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Heating and cooling comprise nearly half of a household’s energy consumption.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy-efficient landscaping provides a low-cost solution to reducing energy use with both economic and environmental benefits.</p>\n<p>Heat exchange occurs in three processes: air infiltration,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>conduction,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>solar-radiation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy-efficient landscaping uses four main strategies to moderate these processes.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to provide shade and reduce solar heat gain in the summer (see<span> </span><em><i>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to prevent heat loss in the winter.</li>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to deflect winter winds and maintain a warmer microclimate around the building.</li>\n<li>Consider a vegetated roof to provide extra thermal mass and insulation (see<span> </span><em><i>Vegetated Roof</i></em>).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement an Energy-Efficient Landscape</b></strong></h2>\n<p>When designing an energy-efficient landscape consider New Jersey’s temperate climate and your property’s unique micro-climate. Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees (see<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>). When possible, protect or enhance the diversity of native species and age of trees on the site and maintain them as necessary (see<span> </span><em><i>Native and Adapted Plants</i></em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_345\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"552\"]<img class=\"wp-image-345 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Tree placement for energy-efficiency (Source: The Morton Arboretum)\" width=\"552\" height=\"810\" /> Figure 1: Tree placement for energy-efficiency (Source: The Morton Arboretum)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The following table is a guide to help achieve energy efficiency.</p>\n<p>Table 1: Goals and Appropriate Landscape Types<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_29\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1154\"]<img class=\"wp-image-29 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Table-1.png\" alt=\"(Source: Adapted from US DOE Landscaping for Energy-Efficient Homes)\" width=\"1154\" height=\"644\" /> (Source: Adapted from US DOE Landscaping for Energy-Efficient Homes)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p><u>Tips and Maintenance</u></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_148\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1224\"]<img class=\"wp-image-148 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Windbreak (Source: Virginia Cooperative Extension)\" width=\"1224\" height=\"522\" /> Figure 2 – Windbreak (Source: Virginia Cooperative Extension)[/caption]<ul>\n<li>Consider mapping the sun’s path to understand the site’s <em><i>microclimate </i></em>better.</li>\n<li>Create a landscape and maintenance plan.</li>\n<li>Do not plant trees too close to the house because roots may grow into the foundation. Place medium to large trees at least 20 feet from the house. Place trees that result in small, full-grown crowns closer to the house to maintain both energy and aesthetic value. See the <a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/\">Arbor Day Tree Guide</a> for growth rate and crown size information for specific tree species.</li>\n<li>Review the <em><i>Native and Adapted Plants </i></em>strategy for plant selection guidance. Consider genetic diversity to minimize potential disease and insect problems.</li>\n<li>Consider using temporary measures to provide shade until trees reach maturity. For instance, vines growing on a trellis can shade air conditioning units. If using mature trees for shading or a windbreak, plant a temporary row of faster-growing shrubs upwind of the permanent row and remove before the roots interfere with the permanent planting.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>According to a Lawrence Berkeley National Labs study, landscapes that provided shade result in temperatures 3-6°F cooler can decrease the energy load required for buildings by 9-20%.</li>\n<li>Shading an air conditioning unit can increase its efficiency by up to 10% and allow units to operate more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Windbreaks can save up to 25% on heating costs by protecting the microclimate surrounding a building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Decreasing energy demand to heat and cool buildings also reduces carbon dioxide emissions from energy generation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Moderate upfront investments in energy-efficient landscaping can realize paybacks in as little as eight years as trees and shrubs reach full maturity, offering maximum energy-saving benefits.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup> Large, deep-rooted deciduous trees provide optimal shading benefits but depending on growth rate of the species, may take up to 5 or 10 years to reach full maturity.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Energy efficient landscaping offers a strong line of natural defense for buildings and the surrounding community.  Instead of implementing costly, time-consuming engineering projects, natural systems such as trees for windbreaks or shade, and wetlands for storm barriers offer protection from the elements, along with substantial energy savings. In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.</p>\n<p>Note that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lightning result in one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> US EIA. 2003.  <em><i>Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey, </i></em>Table E1A. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf\">https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Air infiltration occurs when outside air enters a house uncontrollably through cracks and openings. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a>Conduction is heat traveling through a solid material <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> <em>Solar radiation</em> is heat created from sunlight <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US DOE. Energy-Efficient Landscaping for Homes <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> US DOE. <em><i>Landscaping for Shade</i></em>. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade</a> (April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Walker, L. and Newman, S. <em><i>Landscaping for Energy Conservation</i></em>. Colorado State University Extension Publications. no.7.225. March 2009. <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/yard-garden/landscaping-for-energy-conservation-7-225/\">http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/yard-garden/landscaping-for-energy-conservation-7-225/</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> US DOE. <em><i>Landscaping for Shade</i></em>. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade</a> (April 10, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asla.org/resilientdesign.aspx\">American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) – Resilient Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.isa-arbor.com/\">International Society of Arboriculture</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://landscapeforlife.org/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/\">National Arbor Day Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/index.htm\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/mastergardeners/\">New Jersey Master Gardeners</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/extension/\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://landscaping.sustainablesources.com/\">Sustainable Sources: Landscaping for Energy Savings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping\">US DOE: Energy Savers – Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy-Efficient Landscaping','','inherit','closed','closed','','1245-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:18:07','2022-03-30 22:18:07','',1245,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1291',0,'revision','',0),(1292,3,'2022-03-30 22:22:16','2022-03-30 22:22:16','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Natural Ventilation\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Natural Ventilation?</strong></h2>\n<p>Natural ventilation uses passive strategies to supply outdoor air to a building’s interior for ventilation and cooling.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Natural ventilation systems rely on natural forces, such as wind and temperature differences between a building and its environment, to drive the flow of fresh air through a building. Cross ventilation uses air-pressure differentials caused by wind, and stack ventilation or the chimney effect uses the increased buoyancy of air as it warms up.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Both work on the principle of air moving from a high-pressure to a low-pressure zone. For example, when cool air enters a home on the first floor or basement, it absorbs heat in the room, rises, and exits through upstairs windows.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Stack ventilation works best in open layout home designs with cathedral ceilings and operable windows and skylights on the top floor.</p>\n<p>Many modern homes utilize tightly sealed building envelopes and mechanical HVAC systems to achieve energy efficiency (see<span> </span><em>Air Infiltration</em>). Natural ventilation strategies can introduce fresh air to airtight homes, replacing all or part of an HVAC system, although a home usually needs to supplement natural ventilation with design strategies that help direct airflows such as room-to-room ceiling fans, or whole house fans for larger homes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Ceiling fans circulate air, remove heat from the home and create a wind chill that cools the body. The wind chill effect can make a room feel 4 to 6 degrees cooler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>A whole house fan can move cooler nighttime air into the house through open windows and exhaust warm air through the attic.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_276\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"944\"]<img class=\"wp-image-276 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NR-Natural-Ventilation-FIg-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Ceiling fan (Source: www.changehappensindegrees.org)\" width=\"944\" height=\"624\" /> Figure 1 – Ceiling fan (Source: www.changehappensindegrees.org)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>How to Implement Natural Ventilation</h2>\n<p>Implementing a successful natural ventilation design requires an understanding of the local climate, building geometry, occupant behavior, and the design of internal spaces (see<span> </span><em>Building Orientation, Tree Protection and Placement,<span> </span></em>and<span> </span><em>Building Evaluation</em>). For example, in coastal locations, desirable cool sea breezes can reduce cooling loads. It is important to be aware that outdoor air in these areas may also have high moisture content that needs to be managed (see<span> </span><em>Moisture Control</em>). Other locations may not be ideal for natural ventilation due to local sources of air pollution, allergens, or outdoor noises. The design of internal spaces and the size and placement of openings in the building impacts ventilation as well.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Operable windows, fans, and corridors help direct airflow using natural ventilation principles (see<span> </span><em>Individual Comfort Controls<span> </span></em>and<em><span> </span>Views and Operable Windows</em>).</p>\n<p>Early in the design stage, project architects and homebuilders can use<span> </span><a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/\">CoolVent</a>, a natural ventilation simulation tool developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to evaluate the effects of different natural ventilation strategies on the proposed home’s energy use and occupant comfort (see<em><span> </span>Energy Modeling</em>).</p>\n<p>The project team may also consider pursuing the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a><span> </span>building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for zero-energy, high-performance homes.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://harvardcgbc.org/\">Harvard HouseZero, Cambridge, MA.</a></p>\n<p>Harvard HouseZero, headquarters for the Harvard Center for Green Buildings and Cities, serves as a model for residential home construction and remodeling. The renovation of the pre-1940’s house into a zero-energy office building utilizes passive strategies, including thermal mass to replace the need for an HVAC system, and active strategies such as a ground source heat pump for peak (extreme) conditions. The building plans to achieve 100% natural daylighting and ventilation using solar vents to instigate buoyancy-driven ventilation and triple-glazed windows for natural cross ventilation through a manual and automated system that monitors for temperature, humidity, and air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Natural ventilation strategies can reduce energy use, and lower energy bills and installation and maintenance costs by allowing for smaller mechanical systems and by extending the life of HVAC equipment. Homeowners can install ceiling fans to support natural ventilation without the need to hire a professional, providing additional cost savings. Other benefits include comfortable, year-round indoor temperatures, improved indoor air quality through increased fresh air circulation and increased connection to the outdoors (see<span> </span><em>Biophilia</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While passive building typically costs 5-10% more than building a conventional home, natural ventilation strategies considered early in the design phase and as part of an integrated design process provide the opportunity to realize upfront cost savings from installing downsized mechanical equipment and cost savings associated with increased energy efficiency (see<span> </span><em>Integrated Design Process</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>Installing ENERGY STAR certified ceiling fans saves 40% more energy compared to conventional fans, providing savings up to $60 in energy costs over the fan’s 10-year lifetime.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>The<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans/ceiling_fans\">ENERGY STAR</a><span> </span>website provides guidance on ceiling fan installation and usage as well as comparative product tools and information on available rebates.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of power outages and the loss of air conditioning, natural ventilation can maintain thermal comfort for building occupants, particularly at night, when colder outside air can mix with warmer air inside the building (e.g., nighttime flush). Mixed-mode systems add redundancy and flexibility to the building’s ventilation and HVAC systems, providing back-up during power-outages, mechanical failures, security threats, or the release of air-borne contaminants.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Natural Ventilation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation</a><span> </span>(accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>CoolVent. 2018. Basics of Natural Ventilation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.<span> </span><a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/intro-to-natural-ventilation/basics-of-natural-ventilation/\">http://coolvent.mit.edu/intro-to-natural-ventilation/basics-of-natural-ventilation/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers. Natural Ventilation</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/natural-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/natural-ventilation</a><span> </span>(accessed March 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>WindowMaster. Cost and Performance –<span> </span><em>A design-led approach to effective natural ventilation</em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.windowmaster.com/white-papers\">https://www.windowmaster.com/white-papers</a><span> </span>(accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>U.S. Green Building Council’s Green Home Guide. “10 Ways to Beat the Heat.”  <a href=\"http://greenhomeguide.com/know-how/article/10-ways-to-beat-the-heat\">http://greenhomeguide.com/know-how/article/10-ways-to-beat-the-heat  </a>(accessed March 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>WBDG. Natural Ventilation. <span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Harvard HouseZero.<span> </span><a href=\"http://harvardcgbc.org/cgbc-announces-first-of-its-kind-housezero-project-extreme-retrofit-of-its-headquarters-requires-no-hvac-or-electric-light/\">http://harvardcgbc.org/cgbc-announces-first-of-its-kind-housezero-project-extreme-retrofit-of-its-headquarters-requires-no-hvac-or-electric-light/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Passive House Alliance. 2018. What is Passive Building? Passive House Institute US.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building</a><span> </span>(accessed June 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Energy Star. Energy Efficient Products. Ceiling Fans. https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans/(accessed March 30, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-evaluation/\">Building Evaluation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/\">CoolVent – The Natural Ventilation Simulation Tool by MIT</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=CF\">ENERGY STAR Energy Efficient Products – Ceiling Fans</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29513.pdf\">NREL – Cooling Your Home with Fans and Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS)</a></li>\n<li>US DOE: Energy Savers\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-cooling-systems/fans-cooling\">Fans</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/natural-ventilation\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation\">Whole Building Design Guide – Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Natural Ventilation','','publish','closed','open','','nr-natural-ventilation','','','2022-04-15 17:17:05','2022-04-15 17:17:05','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1292',0,'post','',0),(1294,3,'2022-03-30 22:22:16','2022-03-30 22:22:16','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Natural Ventilation\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Natural Ventilation?</strong></h2>\n<p>Natural ventilation uses passive strategies to supply outdoor air to a building’s interior for ventilation and cooling.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Natural ventilation systems rely on natural forces, such as wind and temperature differences between a building and its environment, to drive the flow of fresh air through a building. Cross ventilation uses air-pressure differentials caused by wind, and stack ventilation or the chimney effect uses the increased buoyancy of air as it warms up.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Both work on the principle of air moving from a high-pressure to a low-pressure zone. For example, when cool air enters a home on the first floor or basement, it absorbs heat in the room, rises, and exits through upstairs windows.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Stack ventilation works best in open layout home designs with cathedral ceilings and operable windows and skylights on the top floor.</p>\n<p>Many modern homes utilize tightly sealed building envelopes and mechanical HVAC systems to achieve energy efficiency (see<span> </span><em>Air Infiltration</em>). Natural ventilation strategies can introduce fresh air to airtight homes, replacing all or part of an HVAC system, although a home usually needs to supplement natural ventilation with design strategies that help direct airflows such as room-to-room ceiling fans, or whole house fans for larger homes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Ceiling fans circulate air, remove heat from the home and create a wind chill that cools the body. The wind chill effect can make a room feel 4 to 6 degrees cooler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>A whole house fan can move cooler nighttime air into the house through open windows and exhaust warm air through the attic.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_276\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"944\"]<img class=\"wp-image-276 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NR-Natural-Ventilation-FIg-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Ceiling fan (Source: www.changehappensindegrees.org)\" width=\"944\" height=\"624\" /> Figure 1 – Ceiling fan (Source: www.changehappensindegrees.org)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>How to Implement Natural Ventilation</h2>\n<p>Implementing a successful natural ventilation design requires an understanding of the local climate, building geometry, occupant behavior, and the design of internal spaces (see<span> </span><em>Building Orientation, Tree Protection and Placement,<span> </span></em>and<span> </span><em>Building Evaluation</em>). For example, in coastal locations, desirable cool sea breezes can reduce cooling loads. It is important to be aware that outdoor air in these areas may also have high moisture content that needs to be managed (see<span> </span><em>Moisture Control</em>). Other locations may not be ideal for natural ventilation due to local sources of air pollution, allergens, or outdoor noises. The design of internal spaces and the size and placement of openings in the building impacts ventilation as well.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Operable windows, fans, and corridors help direct airflow using natural ventilation principles (see<span> </span><em>Individual Comfort Controls<span> </span></em>and<em><span> </span>Views and Operable Windows</em>).</p>\n<p>Early in the design stage, project architects and homebuilders can use<span> </span><a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/\">CoolVent</a>, a natural ventilation simulation tool developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to evaluate the effects of different natural ventilation strategies on the proposed home’s energy use and occupant comfort (see<em><span> </span>Energy Modeling</em>).</p>\n<p>The project team may also consider pursuing the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a><span> </span>building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for zero-energy, high-performance homes.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://harvardcgbc.org/\">Harvard HouseZero, Cambridge, MA.</a></p>\n<p>Harvard HouseZero, headquarters for the Harvard Center for Green Buildings and Cities, serves as a model for residential home construction and remodeling. The renovation of the pre-1940’s house into a zero-energy office building utilizes passive strategies, including thermal mass to replace the need for an HVAC system, and active strategies such as a ground source heat pump for peak (extreme) conditions. The building plans to achieve 100% natural daylighting and ventilation using solar vents to instigate buoyancy-driven ventilation and triple-glazed windows for natural cross ventilation through a manual and automated system that monitors for temperature, humidity, and air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Natural ventilation strategies can reduce energy use, and lower energy bills and installation and maintenance costs by allowing for smaller mechanical systems and by extending the life of HVAC equipment. Homeowners can install ceiling fans to support natural ventilation without the need to hire a professional, providing additional cost savings. Other benefits include comfortable, year-round indoor temperatures, improved indoor air quality through increased fresh air circulation and increased connection to the outdoors (see<span> </span><em>Biophilia</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While passive building typically costs 5-10% more than building a conventional home, natural ventilation strategies considered early in the design phase and as part of an integrated design process provide the opportunity to realize upfront cost savings from installing downsized mechanical equipment and cost savings associated with increased energy efficiency (see<span> </span><em>Integrated Design Process</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>Installing ENERGY STAR certified ceiling fans saves 40% more energy compared to conventional fans, providing savings up to $60 in energy costs over the fan’s 10-year lifetime.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>The<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans/ceiling_fans\">ENERGY STAR</a><span> </span>website provides guidance on ceiling fan installation and usage as well as comparative product tools and information on available rebates.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of power outages and the loss of air conditioning, natural ventilation can maintain thermal comfort for building occupants, particularly at night, when colder outside air can mix with warmer air inside the building (e.g., nighttime flush). Mixed-mode systems add redundancy and flexibility to the building’s ventilation and HVAC systems, providing back-up during power-outages, mechanical failures, security threats, or the release of air-borne contaminants.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Natural Ventilation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation</a><span> </span>(accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>CoolVent. 2018. Basics of Natural Ventilation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.<span> </span><a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/intro-to-natural-ventilation/basics-of-natural-ventilation/\">http://coolvent.mit.edu/intro-to-natural-ventilation/basics-of-natural-ventilation/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers. Natural Ventilation</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/natural-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/natural-ventilation</a><span> </span>(accessed March 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>WindowMaster. Cost and Performance –<span> </span><em>A design-led approach to effective natural ventilation</em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.windowmaster.com/white-papers\">https://www.windowmaster.com/white-papers</a><span> </span>(accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>U.S. Green Building Council’s Green Home Guide. “10 Ways to Beat the Heat.”  <a href=\"http://greenhomeguide.com/know-how/article/10-ways-to-beat-the-heat\">http://greenhomeguide.com/know-how/article/10-ways-to-beat-the-heat  </a>(accessed March 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>WBDG. Natural Ventilation. <span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Harvard HouseZero.<span> </span><a href=\"http://harvardcgbc.org/cgbc-announces-first-of-its-kind-housezero-project-extreme-retrofit-of-its-headquarters-requires-no-hvac-or-electric-light/\">http://harvardcgbc.org/cgbc-announces-first-of-its-kind-housezero-project-extreme-retrofit-of-its-headquarters-requires-no-hvac-or-electric-light/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Passive House Alliance. 2018. What is Passive Building? Passive House Institute US.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building</a><span> </span>(accessed June 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Energy Star. Energy Efficient Products. Ceiling Fans. https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans/(accessed March 30, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-evaluation/\">Building Evaluation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/\">CoolVent – The Natural Ventilation Simulation Tool by MIT</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=CF\">ENERGY STAR Energy Efficient Products – Ceiling Fans</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29513.pdf\">NREL – Cooling Your Home with Fans and Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS)</a></li>\n<li>US DOE: Energy Savers\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-cooling-systems/fans-cooling\">Fans</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/natural-ventilation\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation\">Whole Building Design Guide – Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Natural Ventilation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1292-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:22:16','2022-03-30 22:22:16','',1292,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1294',0,'revision','',0),(1295,3,'2022-03-30 22:22:17','2022-03-30 22:22:17','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Natural Ventilation\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Natural Ventilation?</strong></h2>\n<p>Natural ventilation uses passive strategies to supply outdoor air to a building’s interior for ventilation and cooling.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Natural ventilation systems rely on natural forces, such as wind and temperature differences between a building and its environment, to drive the flow of fresh air through a building. Cross ventilation uses air-pressure differentials caused by wind, and stack ventilation or the chimney effect uses the increased buoyancy of air as it warms up.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Both work on the principle of air moving from a high-pressure to a low-pressure zone. For example, when cool air enters a home on the first floor or basement, it absorbs heat in the room, rises, and exits through upstairs windows.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Stack ventilation works best in open layout home designs with cathedral ceilings and operable windows and skylights on the top floor.</p>\n<p>Many modern homes utilize tightly sealed building envelopes and mechanical HVAC systems to achieve energy efficiency (see<span> </span><em>Air Infiltration</em>). Natural ventilation strategies can introduce fresh air to airtight homes, replacing all or part of an HVAC system, although a home usually needs to supplement natural ventilation with design strategies that help direct airflows such as room-to-room ceiling fans, or whole house fans for larger homes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Ceiling fans circulate air, remove heat from the home and create a wind chill that cools the body. The wind chill effect can make a room feel 4 to 6 degrees cooler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>A whole house fan can move cooler nighttime air into the house through open windows and exhaust warm air through the attic.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_276\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"944\"]<img class=\"wp-image-276 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NR-Natural-Ventilation-FIg-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Ceiling fan (Source: www.changehappensindegrees.org)\" width=\"944\" height=\"624\" /> Figure 1 – Ceiling fan (Source: www.changehappensindegrees.org)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>How to Implement Natural Ventilation</h2>\n<p>Implementing a successful natural ventilation design requires an understanding of the local climate, building geometry, occupant behavior, and the design of internal spaces (see<span> </span><em>Building Orientation, Tree Protection and Placement,<span> </span></em>and<span> </span><em>Building Evaluation</em>). For example, in coastal locations, desirable cool sea breezes can reduce cooling loads. It is important to be aware that outdoor air in these areas may also have high moisture content that needs to be managed (see<span> </span><em>Moisture Control</em>). Other locations may not be ideal for natural ventilation due to local sources of air pollution, allergens, or outdoor noises. The design of internal spaces and the size and placement of openings in the building impacts ventilation as well.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Operable windows, fans, and corridors help direct airflow using natural ventilation principles (see<span> </span><em>Individual Comfort Controls<span> </span></em>and<em><span> </span>Views and Operable Windows</em>).</p>\n<p>Early in the design stage, project architects and homebuilders can use<span> </span><a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/\">CoolVent</a>, a natural ventilation simulation tool developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to evaluate the effects of different natural ventilation strategies on the proposed home’s energy use and occupant comfort (see<em><span> </span>Energy Modeling</em>).</p>\n<p>The project team may also consider pursuing the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a><span> </span>building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for zero-energy, high-performance homes.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://harvardcgbc.org/\">Harvard HouseZero, Cambridge, MA.</a></p>\n<p>Harvard HouseZero, headquarters for the Harvard Center for Green Buildings and Cities, serves as a model for residential home construction and remodeling. The renovation of the pre-1940’s house into a zero-energy office building utilizes passive strategies, including thermal mass to replace the need for an HVAC system, and active strategies such as a ground source heat pump for peak (extreme) conditions. The building plans to achieve 100% natural daylighting and ventilation using solar vents to instigate buoyancy-driven ventilation and triple-glazed windows for natural cross ventilation through a manual and automated system that monitors for temperature, humidity, and air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Natural ventilation strategies can reduce energy use, and lower energy bills and installation and maintenance costs by allowing for smaller mechanical systems and by extending the life of HVAC equipment. Homeowners can install ceiling fans to support natural ventilation without the need to hire a professional, providing additional cost savings. Other benefits include comfortable, year-round indoor temperatures, improved indoor air quality through increased fresh air circulation and increased connection to the outdoors (see<span> </span><em>Biophilia</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While passive building typically costs 5-10% more than building a conventional home, natural ventilation strategies considered early in the design phase and as part of an integrated design process provide the opportunity to realize upfront cost savings from installing downsized mechanical equipment and cost savings associated with increased energy efficiency (see<span> </span><em>Integrated Design Process</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>Installing ENERGY STAR certified ceiling fans saves 40% more energy compared to conventional fans, providing savings up to $60 in energy costs over the fan’s 10-year lifetime.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>The<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans/ceiling_fans\">ENERGY STAR</a><span> </span>website provides guidance on ceiling fan installation and usage as well as comparative product tools and information on available rebates.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of power outages and the loss of air conditioning, natural ventilation can maintain thermal comfort for building occupants, particularly at night, when colder outside air can mix with warmer air inside the building (e.g., nighttime flush). Mixed-mode systems add redundancy and flexibility to the building’s ventilation and HVAC systems, providing back-up during power-outages, mechanical failures, security threats, or the release of air-borne contaminants.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Natural Ventilation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation</a><span> </span>(accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>CoolVent. 2018. Basics of Natural Ventilation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.<span> </span><a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/intro-to-natural-ventilation/basics-of-natural-ventilation/\">http://coolvent.mit.edu/intro-to-natural-ventilation/basics-of-natural-ventilation/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers. Natural Ventilation</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/natural-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/natural-ventilation</a><span> </span>(accessed March 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>WindowMaster. Cost and Performance –<span> </span><em>A design-led approach to effective natural ventilation</em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.windowmaster.com/white-papers\">https://www.windowmaster.com/white-papers</a><span> </span>(accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>U.S. Green Building Council’s Green Home Guide. “10 Ways to Beat the Heat.”  <a href=\"http://greenhomeguide.com/know-how/article/10-ways-to-beat-the-heat\">http://greenhomeguide.com/know-how/article/10-ways-to-beat-the-heat  </a>(accessed March 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>WBDG. Natural Ventilation. <span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Harvard HouseZero.<span> </span><a href=\"http://harvardcgbc.org/cgbc-announces-first-of-its-kind-housezero-project-extreme-retrofit-of-its-headquarters-requires-no-hvac-or-electric-light/\">http://harvardcgbc.org/cgbc-announces-first-of-its-kind-housezero-project-extreme-retrofit-of-its-headquarters-requires-no-hvac-or-electric-light/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Passive House Alliance. 2018. What is Passive Building? Passive House Institute US.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building</a><span> </span>(accessed June 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Energy Star. Energy Efficient Products. Ceiling Fans. https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans/(accessed March 30, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-evaluation/\">Building Evaluation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/\">CoolVent – The Natural Ventilation Simulation Tool by MIT</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=CF\">ENERGY STAR Energy Efficient Products – Ceiling Fans</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29513.pdf\">NREL – Cooling Your Home with Fans and Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS)</a></li>\n<li>US DOE: Energy Savers\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-cooling-systems/fans-cooling\">Fans</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/natural-ventilation\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation\">Whole Building Design Guide – Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Glare and Heat Gain Reduction','','inherit','closed','closed','','1292-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:22:17','2022-03-30 22:22:17','',1292,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1295',0,'revision','',0),(1296,3,'2022-03-30 22:22:19','2022-03-30 22:22:19','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Natural Ventilation\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Natural Ventilation?</strong></h2>\n<p>Natural ventilation uses passive strategies to supply outdoor air to a building’s interior for ventilation and cooling.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Natural ventilation systems rely on natural forces, such as wind and temperature differences between a building and its environment, to drive the flow of fresh air through a building. Cross ventilation uses air-pressure differentials caused by wind, and stack ventilation or the chimney effect uses the increased buoyancy of air as it warms up.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Both work on the principle of air moving from a high-pressure to a low-pressure zone. For example, when cool air enters a home on the first floor or basement, it absorbs heat in the room, rises, and exits through upstairs windows.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Stack ventilation works best in open layout home designs with cathedral ceilings and operable windows and skylights on the top floor.</p>\n<p>Many modern homes utilize tightly sealed building envelopes and mechanical HVAC systems to achieve energy efficiency (see<span> </span><em>Air Infiltration</em>). Natural ventilation strategies can introduce fresh air to airtight homes, replacing all or part of an HVAC system, although a home usually needs to supplement natural ventilation with design strategies that help direct airflows such as room-to-room ceiling fans, or whole house fans for larger homes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Ceiling fans circulate air, remove heat from the home and create a wind chill that cools the body. The wind chill effect can make a room feel 4 to 6 degrees cooler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>A whole house fan can move cooler nighttime air into the house through open windows and exhaust warm air through the attic.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_276\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"944\"]<img class=\"wp-image-276 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NR-Natural-Ventilation-FIg-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Ceiling fan (Source: www.changehappensindegrees.org)\" width=\"944\" height=\"624\" /> Figure 1 – Ceiling fan (Source: www.changehappensindegrees.org)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>How to Implement Natural Ventilation</h2>\n<p>Implementing a successful natural ventilation design requires an understanding of the local climate, building geometry, occupant behavior, and the design of internal spaces (see<span> </span><em>Building Orientation, Tree Protection and Placement,<span> </span></em>and<span> </span><em>Building Evaluation</em>). For example, in coastal locations, desirable cool sea breezes can reduce cooling loads. It is important to be aware that outdoor air in these areas may also have high moisture content that needs to be managed (see<span> </span><em>Moisture Control</em>). Other locations may not be ideal for natural ventilation due to local sources of air pollution, allergens, or outdoor noises. The design of internal spaces and the size and placement of openings in the building impacts ventilation as well.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Operable windows, fans, and corridors help direct airflow using natural ventilation principles (see<span> </span><em>Individual Comfort Controls<span> </span></em>and<em><span> </span>Views and Operable Windows</em>).</p>\n<p>Early in the design stage, project architects and homebuilders can use<span> </span><a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/\">CoolVent</a>, a natural ventilation simulation tool developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to evaluate the effects of different natural ventilation strategies on the proposed home’s energy use and occupant comfort (see<em><span> </span>Energy Modeling</em>).</p>\n<p>The project team may also consider pursuing the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a><span> </span>building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for zero-energy, high-performance homes.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://harvardcgbc.org/\">Harvard HouseZero, Cambridge, MA.</a></p>\n<p>Harvard HouseZero, headquarters for the Harvard Center for Green Buildings and Cities, serves as a model for residential home construction and remodeling. The renovation of the pre-1940’s house into a zero-energy office building utilizes passive strategies, including thermal mass to replace the need for an HVAC system, and active strategies such as a ground source heat pump for peak (extreme) conditions. The building plans to achieve 100% natural daylighting and ventilation using solar vents to instigate buoyancy-driven ventilation and triple-glazed windows for natural cross ventilation through a manual and automated system that monitors for temperature, humidity, and air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Natural ventilation strategies can reduce energy use, and lower energy bills and installation and maintenance costs by allowing for smaller mechanical systems and by extending the life of HVAC equipment. Homeowners can install ceiling fans to support natural ventilation without the need to hire a professional, providing additional cost savings. Other benefits include comfortable, year-round indoor temperatures, improved indoor air quality through increased fresh air circulation and increased connection to the outdoors (see<span> </span><em>Biophilia</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While passive building typically costs 5-10% more than building a conventional home, natural ventilation strategies considered early in the design phase and as part of an integrated design process provide the opportunity to realize upfront cost savings from installing downsized mechanical equipment and cost savings associated with increased energy efficiency (see<span> </span><em>Integrated Design Process</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>Installing ENERGY STAR certified ceiling fans saves 40% more energy compared to conventional fans, providing savings up to $60 in energy costs over the fan’s 10-year lifetime.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>The<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans/ceiling_fans\">ENERGY STAR</a><span> </span>website provides guidance on ceiling fan installation and usage as well as comparative product tools and information on available rebates.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of power outages and the loss of air conditioning, natural ventilation can maintain thermal comfort for building occupants, particularly at night, when colder outside air can mix with warmer air inside the building (e.g., nighttime flush). Mixed-mode systems add redundancy and flexibility to the building’s ventilation and HVAC systems, providing back-up during power-outages, mechanical failures, security threats, or the release of air-borne contaminants.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Natural Ventilation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation</a><span> </span>(accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>CoolVent. 2018. Basics of Natural Ventilation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.<span> </span><a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/intro-to-natural-ventilation/basics-of-natural-ventilation/\">http://coolvent.mit.edu/intro-to-natural-ventilation/basics-of-natural-ventilation/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers. Natural Ventilation</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/natural-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/natural-ventilation</a><span> </span>(accessed March 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>WindowMaster. Cost and Performance –<span> </span><em>A design-led approach to effective natural ventilation</em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.windowmaster.com/white-papers\">https://www.windowmaster.com/white-papers</a><span> </span>(accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>U.S. Green Building Council’s Green Home Guide. “10 Ways to Beat the Heat.”  <a href=\"http://greenhomeguide.com/know-how/article/10-ways-to-beat-the-heat\">http://greenhomeguide.com/know-how/article/10-ways-to-beat-the-heat  </a>(accessed March 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>WBDG. Natural Ventilation. <span> </span><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php</a><span> </span>(accessed March 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Harvard HouseZero.<span> </span><a href=\"http://harvardcgbc.org/cgbc-announces-first-of-its-kind-housezero-project-extreme-retrofit-of-its-headquarters-requires-no-hvac-or-electric-light/\">http://harvardcgbc.org/cgbc-announces-first-of-its-kind-housezero-project-extreme-retrofit-of-its-headquarters-requires-no-hvac-or-electric-light/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Passive House Alliance. 2018. What is Passive Building? Passive House Institute US.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building</a><span> </span>(accessed June 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-natural-ventilation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Energy Star. Energy Efficient Products. Ceiling Fans. https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans/(accessed March 30, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-evaluation/\">Building Evaluation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/\">CoolVent – The Natural Ventilation Simulation Tool by MIT</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=CF\">ENERGY STAR Energy Efficient Products – Ceiling Fans</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29513.pdf\">NREL – Cooling Your Home with Fans and Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS)</a></li>\n<li>US DOE: Energy Savers\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-cooling-systems/fans-cooling\">Fans</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/natural-ventilation\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation\">Whole Building Design Guide – Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Natural Ventilation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1292-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:22:19','2022-03-30 22:22:19','',1292,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1296',0,'revision','',0),(1297,3,'2022-03-30 22:25:10','2022-03-30 22:25:10','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Thermal Mass\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Thermal Massing?</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal massing utilizes building materials to absorb, store and release heat produced by sunlight. Masonry materials with high specific heat capacities and high density, like concrete, stone, brick, and tile, are commonly used as thermal mass, as well as water or other phase change materials.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>During the winter months, thermal mass passively absorbs heat through direct sunlight and slowly releases heat during the night. In the summer, thermal mass absorbs warmth from the air and helps cool the home. Passive solar design employs thermal mass as part of an overall strategy to achieve thermal comfort and energy conservation without the use of mechanical heating and cooling systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_34\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"884\"]<img class=\"wp-image-34 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Thermal-Massing-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Five Elements of Passive Solar Design (Source: US DOE | EERE).\" width=\"884\" height=\"604\" /> Figure 1 – Five Elements of Passive Solar Design (Source: US DOE | EERE).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The US Department of Energy describes five elements of passive solar design that work together for a successful system.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Aperture</li>\n<li>Absorber</li>\n<li>Thermal mass</li>\n<li>Distribution</li>\n<li>Control</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Passive solar design techniques include direct gain, indirect gain, and isolated gain.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Direct gain</em><span> </span>uses south-facing windows to collect sunlight and absorbs and stores heat with thermal mass materials such as masonry floors and walls.</li>\n<li><em>Indirect gain</em><span> </span>places thermal mass between south-facing windows and occupied spaces using a Trombe Wall that absorbs and radiates heat into the home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></li>\n<li><em>Isolated gain</em><span> </span>uses south-facing rooms or sunspaces, generally separated with doors or windows from the rest of the home, to collect solar energy. Bordering thermal mass walls and floors absorb the heat, and vents distribute the heat to adjacent living spaces.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Thermal Massing</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal massing requires an understanding of climate, building orientation, and materials. A designer experienced in passive solar design can determine whether thermal massing makes sense as a stand-along strategy or as part of a comprehensive passive solar design approach. Computer modeling can simulate different types and locations of thermal massing and passive solar configurations to determine cost-effective, and energy-efficient designs.</p>\n<p>Elements to consider include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Insulation and air sealing</li>\n<li>Window location, glazing type and shading</li>\n<li>Thermal mass location and type</li>\n<li>Heating and cooling system design</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nesea.org/project-case-study/helios-passive-active-solar-home-net-zero-energy/general\">Helios Passive and Active Solar Home – Net Zero Energy, Lafayette, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Helios Passive and Active Solar Home optimized energy efficiency with passive solar design strategies before utilizing active solar strategies to achieve net zero energy. Passive design strategies include a south-facing building orientation with south-facing windows, a 2-story sunspace, earth sheltering and thermal mass walls, and roof overhangs to regulate heating and cooling loads. A solar hot water heater and photovoltaic system provide all the energy requirements needed for space heating, cooling, hot water, and plug loads.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal massing offers several benefits:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lowers heating loads and costs through daytime absorption and nighttime release of solar energy.</li>\n<li>Lowers cooling loads and costs through absorption of excess heat from solar gains and sources such as electrical lighting and appliances.</li>\n<li>Enhances thermal comfort by reducing the impact of external temperature swings and maintaining steady internal temperatures.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Residential buildings designed with thermal massing should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated with other passive solar design strategies.  Energy cost savings from lower heating and cooling loads can offset the upfront costs of building materials and of hiring project team members with passive solar design expertise.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Lightweight, wood frame construction remains the predominant residential wall assembly system used in the United States. Several alternative wall assembly systems, with more substantial thermal mass properties, including precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), structural insulated panels (SIPs) and autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) perform equally or better in terms of energy performance, offer protection against hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>When paired with daylighting strategies, superior insulation values, and intentional sectioning of lighting and HVAC systems, thermal massing contributes to an overall resiliency approach that helps reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling, and other critical functions.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US DOE | Energy Savers: Passive Solar Home Design.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design</a><span> </span>(accessed April 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Sustainable Sources. Passive Solar Design<span> </span><a href=\"http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines\">http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines</a><span> </span>(accessed April 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>WBDG. Passive Solar Heating – Types and Costs of Technology. <span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating</a><span> </span>(accessed April 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Ibid, WBDG. Passive Solar Heating – Types and Costs of Technology.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>US DOE. 2018. Passive Solar Home Design.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design</a><span> </span>(accessed July 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Ibid, NJCAA. 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in NJ.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare Reduction and Heat Gain</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS) 2018 Project Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines\">Sustainable Sources – Passive Solar Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design\">US DOE – Energy Savers – Passive Solar Home Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Passive Solar Heating</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Thermal Mass','','publish','closed','open','','nr-thermal-mass','','','2022-04-15 17:17:04','2022-04-15 17:17:04','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1297',0,'post','',0),(1299,3,'2022-03-30 22:25:10','2022-03-30 22:25:10','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Thermal Mass\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Thermal Massing?</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal massing utilizes building materials to absorb, store and release heat produced by sunlight. Masonry materials with high specific heat capacities and high density, like concrete, stone, brick, and tile, are commonly used as thermal mass, as well as water or other phase change materials.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>During the winter months, thermal mass passively absorbs heat through direct sunlight and slowly releases heat during the night. In the summer, thermal mass absorbs warmth from the air and helps cool the home. Passive solar design employs thermal mass as part of an overall strategy to achieve thermal comfort and energy conservation without the use of mechanical heating and cooling systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_34\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"884\"]<img class=\"wp-image-34 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Thermal-Massing-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Five Elements of Passive Solar Design (Source: US DOE | EERE).\" width=\"884\" height=\"604\" /> Figure 1 – Five Elements of Passive Solar Design (Source: US DOE | EERE).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The US Department of Energy describes five elements of passive solar design that work together for a successful system.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Aperture</li>\n<li>Absorber</li>\n<li>Thermal mass</li>\n<li>Distribution</li>\n<li>Control</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Passive solar design techniques include direct gain, indirect gain, and isolated gain.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Direct gain</em><span> </span>uses south-facing windows to collect sunlight and absorbs and stores heat with thermal mass materials such as masonry floors and walls.</li>\n<li><em>Indirect gain</em><span> </span>places thermal mass between south-facing windows and occupied spaces using a Trombe Wall that absorbs and radiates heat into the home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></li>\n<li><em>Isolated gain</em><span> </span>uses south-facing rooms or sunspaces, generally separated with doors or windows from the rest of the home, to collect solar energy. Bordering thermal mass walls and floors absorb the heat, and vents distribute the heat to adjacent living spaces.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Thermal Massing</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal massing requires an understanding of climate, building orientation, and materials. A designer experienced in passive solar design can determine whether thermal massing makes sense as a stand-along strategy or as part of a comprehensive passive solar design approach. Computer modeling can simulate different types and locations of thermal massing and passive solar configurations to determine cost-effective, and energy-efficient designs.</p>\n<p>Elements to consider include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Insulation and air sealing</li>\n<li>Window location, glazing type and shading</li>\n<li>Thermal mass location and type</li>\n<li>Heating and cooling system design</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nesea.org/project-case-study/helios-passive-active-solar-home-net-zero-energy/general\">Helios Passive and Active Solar Home – Net Zero Energy, Lafayette, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Helios Passive and Active Solar Home optimized energy efficiency with passive solar design strategies before utilizing active solar strategies to achieve net zero energy. Passive design strategies include a south-facing building orientation with south-facing windows, a 2-story sunspace, earth sheltering and thermal mass walls, and roof overhangs to regulate heating and cooling loads. A solar hot water heater and photovoltaic system provide all the energy requirements needed for space heating, cooling, hot water, and plug loads.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal massing offers several benefits:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lowers heating loads and costs through daytime absorption and nighttime release of solar energy.</li>\n<li>Lowers cooling loads and costs through absorption of excess heat from solar gains and sources such as electrical lighting and appliances.</li>\n<li>Enhances thermal comfort by reducing the impact of external temperature swings and maintaining steady internal temperatures.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Residential buildings designed with thermal massing should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated with other passive solar design strategies.  Energy cost savings from lower heating and cooling loads can offset the upfront costs of building materials and of hiring project team members with passive solar design expertise.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Lightweight, wood frame construction remains the predominant residential wall assembly system used in the United States. Several alternative wall assembly systems, with more substantial thermal mass properties, including precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), structural insulated panels (SIPs) and autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) perform equally or better in terms of energy performance, offer protection against hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>When paired with daylighting strategies, superior insulation values, and intentional sectioning of lighting and HVAC systems, thermal massing contributes to an overall resiliency approach that helps reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling, and other critical functions.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US DOE | Energy Savers: Passive Solar Home Design.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design</a><span> </span>(accessed April 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Sustainable Sources. Passive Solar Design<span> </span><a href=\"http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines\">http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines</a><span> </span>(accessed April 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>WBDG. Passive Solar Heating – Types and Costs of Technology. <span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating</a><span> </span>(accessed April 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Ibid, WBDG. Passive Solar Heating – Types and Costs of Technology.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>US DOE. 2018. Passive Solar Home Design.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design</a><span> </span>(accessed July 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Ibid, NJCAA. 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in NJ.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare Reduction and Heat Gain</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS) 2018 Project Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines\">Sustainable Sources – Passive Solar Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design\">US DOE – Energy Savers – Passive Solar Home Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Passive Solar Heating</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Natural Ventilation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1297-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:25:10','2022-03-30 22:25:10','',1297,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1299',0,'revision','',0),(1300,3,'2022-03-30 22:25:13','2022-03-30 22:25:13','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Thermal Mass\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Thermal Massing?</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal massing utilizes building materials to absorb, store and release heat produced by sunlight. Masonry materials with high specific heat capacities and high density, like concrete, stone, brick, and tile, are commonly used as thermal mass, as well as water or other phase change materials.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>During the winter months, thermal mass passively absorbs heat through direct sunlight and slowly releases heat during the night. In the summer, thermal mass absorbs warmth from the air and helps cool the home. Passive solar design employs thermal mass as part of an overall strategy to achieve thermal comfort and energy conservation without the use of mechanical heating and cooling systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_34\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"884\"]<img class=\"wp-image-34 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Thermal-Massing-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Five Elements of Passive Solar Design (Source: US DOE | EERE).\" width=\"884\" height=\"604\" /> Figure 1 – Five Elements of Passive Solar Design (Source: US DOE | EERE).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The US Department of Energy describes five elements of passive solar design that work together for a successful system.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Aperture</li>\n<li>Absorber</li>\n<li>Thermal mass</li>\n<li>Distribution</li>\n<li>Control</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Passive solar design techniques include direct gain, indirect gain, and isolated gain.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Direct gain</em><span> </span>uses south-facing windows to collect sunlight and absorbs and stores heat with thermal mass materials such as masonry floors and walls.</li>\n<li><em>Indirect gain</em><span> </span>places thermal mass between south-facing windows and occupied spaces using a Trombe Wall that absorbs and radiates heat into the home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></li>\n<li><em>Isolated gain</em><span> </span>uses south-facing rooms or sunspaces, generally separated with doors or windows from the rest of the home, to collect solar energy. Bordering thermal mass walls and floors absorb the heat, and vents distribute the heat to adjacent living spaces.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Thermal Massing</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal massing requires an understanding of climate, building orientation, and materials. A designer experienced in passive solar design can determine whether thermal massing makes sense as a stand-along strategy or as part of a comprehensive passive solar design approach. Computer modeling can simulate different types and locations of thermal massing and passive solar configurations to determine cost-effective, and energy-efficient designs.</p>\n<p>Elements to consider include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Insulation and air sealing</li>\n<li>Window location, glazing type and shading</li>\n<li>Thermal mass location and type</li>\n<li>Heating and cooling system design</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nesea.org/project-case-study/helios-passive-active-solar-home-net-zero-energy/general\">Helios Passive and Active Solar Home – Net Zero Energy, Lafayette, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Helios Passive and Active Solar Home optimized energy efficiency with passive solar design strategies before utilizing active solar strategies to achieve net zero energy. Passive design strategies include a south-facing building orientation with south-facing windows, a 2-story sunspace, earth sheltering and thermal mass walls, and roof overhangs to regulate heating and cooling loads. A solar hot water heater and photovoltaic system provide all the energy requirements needed for space heating, cooling, hot water, and plug loads.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal massing offers several benefits:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lowers heating loads and costs through daytime absorption and nighttime release of solar energy.</li>\n<li>Lowers cooling loads and costs through absorption of excess heat from solar gains and sources such as electrical lighting and appliances.</li>\n<li>Enhances thermal comfort by reducing the impact of external temperature swings and maintaining steady internal temperatures.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Residential buildings designed with thermal massing should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated with other passive solar design strategies.  Energy cost savings from lower heating and cooling loads can offset the upfront costs of building materials and of hiring project team members with passive solar design expertise.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Lightweight, wood frame construction remains the predominant residential wall assembly system used in the United States. Several alternative wall assembly systems, with more substantial thermal mass properties, including precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), structural insulated panels (SIPs) and autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) perform equally or better in terms of energy performance, offer protection against hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>When paired with daylighting strategies, superior insulation values, and intentional sectioning of lighting and HVAC systems, thermal massing contributes to an overall resiliency approach that helps reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling, and other critical functions.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US DOE | Energy Savers: Passive Solar Home Design.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design</a><span> </span>(accessed April 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Sustainable Sources. Passive Solar Design<span> </span><a href=\"http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines\">http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines</a><span> </span>(accessed April 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>WBDG. Passive Solar Heating – Types and Costs of Technology. <span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating</a><span> </span>(accessed April 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Ibid, WBDG. Passive Solar Heating – Types and Costs of Technology.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>US DOE. 2018. Passive Solar Home Design.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design</a><span> </span>(accessed July 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Ibid, NJCAA. 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in NJ.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare Reduction and Heat Gain</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS) 2018 Project Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines\">Sustainable Sources – Passive Solar Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design\">US DOE – Energy Savers – Passive Solar Home Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Passive Solar Heating</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Thermal Mass','','inherit','closed','closed','','1297-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:25:13','2022-03-30 22:25:13','',1297,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1300',0,'revision','',0),(1301,3,'2022-03-30 22:26:50','2022-03-30 22:26:50','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment?</strong></h2>\n<p>Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems consume 48% of the energy used in a typical US home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Design engineers often oversize HVAC systems to comply with code or to meet the most extreme loads such as the coldest and hottest days of the year, and design systems with a built-in capacity for overloads which occur only 1% to 2.5% of the time.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Properly sized HVAC equipment considers the interaction among building systems, and the potential synergies and contradictions among these systems, taking into account the energy savings achieved through building envelope strategies, smart controls, and occupant behaviors when selecting equipment and designing air distribution systems (see<span> </span><em>Integrated Design Process</em>).</p>\n<p>Oversized equipment often results in higher installation and capital costs, reduced operating efficiency, and potential negative impacts on comfort. For example, short-cycling or excessive cycling of air conditioning equipment can lead to poor humidity control and moisture or mold issues and contributes to the wear and tear and longevity of equipment. Oversized systems use more fan power for blowers and can increase peak demand during the cooling season, leading to higher energy costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Oversizing can occur for a variety of reasons. Contractors may use standard rules of thumb based on experience rather than industry accepted practices and customers often request oversized units without understanding the calculations that go into sizing equipment or to plan for potential building additions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</strong></h2>\n<p>First, consider all aspects of the building as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Use energy modeling to help select appropriately sized HVAC equipment that takes into account the impact of different energy-efficient design measures and building operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as how often the system runs on part load (see<em><span> </span>Energy Modeling</em>). Consider part-load performance when selecting equipment as most heating and cooling equipment fail to operate at peak efficiency unless fully loaded (see<span> </span><em>Part Load Efficiency</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>One approach to downsizing HVAC equipment uses a small, efficient system to manage normal loads, and designates a backup system or relies on energy storage for extreme conditions that demand additional load capacity and occur less frequently (see<span> </span><em>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Thermal Energy Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>In general, properly sizing HVAC equipment avoids providing excess capacity and allocates extra physical space for additional equipment and designs modular distribution systems that can accept additional equipment for planned future expansion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>According to the US DOE, there are several key elements to consider when sizing a residential heating and cooling system:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Local climate</li>\n<li>Size, shape, and building orientation</li>\n<li>Insulation levels</li>\n<li>Window area, location, and type</li>\n<li>Air infiltration rates</li>\n<li>Number and ages of occupants</li>\n<li>Occupant comfort preferences</li>\n<li>Selection of lights and major home appliances (which give off heat)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>A home’s HVAC system design involves load calculations, system sizing, ductwork selection, and diffuser selection.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Hire certified contractors that use the<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.acca.org/home\">Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)</a><span> </span>Manual J,<span> </span><em>“Residential Load Calculation”</em><span> </span>to calculate loads, the ACCA’s Manual D, “<em>Residential Duct Design</em>” for duct design, and the ACCA’s Manual S, “<em>Residential Equipment Selection</em>,” for guidance on selecting home heating and cooling systems<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a><span> </span>and the ACCA’s Manual T, “<em>Air Distribution Basics</em>,” for information on diffusers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">HVAC Equipment Sizing Example, Chicago, IL.</a></p>\n<p>This strategy guide prepared for the US Department of Energy’s Building America Building Technologies Program details the equipment selection of a split system air conditioner and furnace for a one-story, 2,223 square foot case study house with a full conditioned basement in Chicago, Illinois that meets the 2009 IECC prescriptive path.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Properly sized HVAC systems reduce energy consumption, water use and emissions, provide cost savings, manage occupant comfort and maintain indoor air quality.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p><strong> </strong>Incorporating a whole-building energy-saving approach including envelope strategies, high-performance lighting, and energy-efficient windows can reduce peak heating and cooling loads and result in smaller HVAC systems that cost less upfront than larger capacity models and save 30% on average on annual utility costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a><span> </span>Additional upfront costs for energy modeling software and analysis often pay for themselves through realized energy and cost savings.</p>\n<p>For information on available HVAC equipment incentives, see the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/heating-cooling-equipment-rebates\">New Jersey Clean Energy Program</a>.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Properly sized HVAC equipment increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, and peak loads which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid natural gas, water and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US DOE: Heating and Cooling.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/heating-cooling\">https://www.energy.gov/heating-cooling</a><span> </span>(accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a><span> </span>(accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a><span> </span> (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a><span> </span> (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a><span> </span>(accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p>[5] NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Roth, Amir. 2017. “Building Energy Modeling 101: HVAC Design and Operation Use Case.” US DOE Building Technologies Program.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case</a><span> </span>(accessed Nov 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a><span> </span>(accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>DOE. “HVAC Right Sizing Part 1: Calculating Loads”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/webinar_hvac_calculatingloads_20110428.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/webinar_hvac_calculatingloads_20110428.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>DOE Building Technologies Program Advanced Strategy Guideline: Air Distribution Basics and Duct Design<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53352.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53352.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>DOE. “HVAC Right Sizing Part 1: Calculating Loads”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/webinar_hvac_calculatingloads_20110428.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/webinar_hvac_calculatingloads_20110428.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>DOE Building Technologies Program Advanced Strategy Guideline: Air Distribution Basics and Duct Design<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53352.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53352.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Burdick, Alan. 2012. “Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing” Prepared for the US DOE Building America Building Technologies Program.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed November 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a><span> </span>(accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.acca.org/\">Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=hvac_install.hvac_install_index\">ENERGY STAR Verified HVAC Installations (ESVI)</a></li>\n<li>NJ Clean Energy Program Residential HVAC Programs\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/WARM\">WARMAdvantage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/cool\">COOLAdvantage</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">Building Technologies Program Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case\">Computer Program Listing for a range of HVAC measurements and calculations</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Whole Building Design Guide\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/energyanalysis.php?r=hvac\">Energy Analysis Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">High-Performance HVAC</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php#rcas\">Relevant codes</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment','','publish','closed','open','','nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment','','','2022-04-15 17:17:04','2022-04-15 17:17:04','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1301',0,'post','',0),(1303,3,'2022-03-30 22:26:50','2022-03-30 22:26:50','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment?</strong></h2>\n<p>Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems consume 48% of the energy used in a typical US home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Design engineers often oversize HVAC systems to comply with code or to meet the most extreme loads such as the coldest and hottest days of the year, and design systems with a built-in capacity for overloads which occur only 1% to 2.5% of the time.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Properly sized HVAC equipment considers the interaction among building systems, and the potential synergies and contradictions among these systems, taking into account the energy savings achieved through building envelope strategies, smart controls, and occupant behaviors when selecting equipment and designing air distribution systems (see<span> </span><em>Integrated Design Process</em>).</p>\n<p>Oversized equipment often results in higher installation and capital costs, reduced operating efficiency, and potential negative impacts on comfort. For example, short-cycling or excessive cycling of air conditioning equipment can lead to poor humidity control and moisture or mold issues and contributes to the wear and tear and longevity of equipment. Oversized systems use more fan power for blowers and can increase peak demand during the cooling season, leading to higher energy costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Oversizing can occur for a variety of reasons. Contractors may use standard rules of thumb based on experience rather than industry accepted practices and customers often request oversized units without understanding the calculations that go into sizing equipment or to plan for potential building additions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</strong></h2>\n<p>First, consider all aspects of the building as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Use energy modeling to help select appropriately sized HVAC equipment that takes into account the impact of different energy-efficient design measures and building operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as how often the system runs on part load (see<em><span> </span>Energy Modeling</em>). Consider part-load performance when selecting equipment as most heating and cooling equipment fail to operate at peak efficiency unless fully loaded (see<span> </span><em>Part Load Efficiency</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>One approach to downsizing HVAC equipment uses a small, efficient system to manage normal loads, and designates a backup system or relies on energy storage for extreme conditions that demand additional load capacity and occur less frequently (see<span> </span><em>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Thermal Energy Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>In general, properly sizing HVAC equipment avoids providing excess capacity and allocates extra physical space for additional equipment and designs modular distribution systems that can accept additional equipment for planned future expansion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>According to the US DOE, there are several key elements to consider when sizing a residential heating and cooling system:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Local climate</li>\n<li>Size, shape, and building orientation</li>\n<li>Insulation levels</li>\n<li>Window area, location, and type</li>\n<li>Air infiltration rates</li>\n<li>Number and ages of occupants</li>\n<li>Occupant comfort preferences</li>\n<li>Selection of lights and major home appliances (which give off heat)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>A home’s HVAC system design involves load calculations, system sizing, ductwork selection, and diffuser selection.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Hire certified contractors that use the<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.acca.org/home\">Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)</a><span> </span>Manual J,<span> </span><em>“Residential Load Calculation”</em><span> </span>to calculate loads, the ACCA’s Manual D, “<em>Residential Duct Design</em>” for duct design, and the ACCA’s Manual S, “<em>Residential Equipment Selection</em>,” for guidance on selecting home heating and cooling systems<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a><span> </span>and the ACCA’s Manual T, “<em>Air Distribution Basics</em>,” for information on diffusers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">HVAC Equipment Sizing Example, Chicago, IL.</a></p>\n<p>This strategy guide prepared for the US Department of Energy’s Building America Building Technologies Program details the equipment selection of a split system air conditioner and furnace for a one-story, 2,223 square foot case study house with a full conditioned basement in Chicago, Illinois that meets the 2009 IECC prescriptive path.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Properly sized HVAC systems reduce energy consumption, water use and emissions, provide cost savings, manage occupant comfort and maintain indoor air quality.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p><strong> </strong>Incorporating a whole-building energy-saving approach including envelope strategies, high-performance lighting, and energy-efficient windows can reduce peak heating and cooling loads and result in smaller HVAC systems that cost less upfront than larger capacity models and save 30% on average on annual utility costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a><span> </span>Additional upfront costs for energy modeling software and analysis often pay for themselves through realized energy and cost savings.</p>\n<p>For information on available HVAC equipment incentives, see the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/heating-cooling-equipment-rebates\">New Jersey Clean Energy Program</a>.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Properly sized HVAC equipment increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, and peak loads which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid natural gas, water and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US DOE: Heating and Cooling.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/heating-cooling\">https://www.energy.gov/heating-cooling</a><span> </span>(accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a><span> </span>(accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a><span> </span> (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a><span> </span> (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a><span> </span>(accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p>[5] NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Roth, Amir. 2017. “Building Energy Modeling 101: HVAC Design and Operation Use Case.” US DOE Building Technologies Program.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case</a><span> </span>(accessed Nov 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a><span> </span>(accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>DOE. “HVAC Right Sizing Part 1: Calculating Loads”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/webinar_hvac_calculatingloads_20110428.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/webinar_hvac_calculatingloads_20110428.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>DOE Building Technologies Program Advanced Strategy Guideline: Air Distribution Basics and Duct Design<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53352.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53352.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>DOE. “HVAC Right Sizing Part 1: Calculating Loads”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/webinar_hvac_calculatingloads_20110428.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/webinar_hvac_calculatingloads_20110428.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>DOE Building Technologies Program Advanced Strategy Guideline: Air Distribution Basics and Duct Design<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53352.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53352.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Burdick, Alan. 2012. “Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing” Prepared for the US DOE Building America Building Technologies Program.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed November 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a><span> </span>(accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.acca.org/\">Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=hvac_install.hvac_install_index\">ENERGY STAR Verified HVAC Installations (ESVI)</a></li>\n<li>NJ Clean Energy Program Residential HVAC Programs\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/WARM\">WARMAdvantage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/cool\">COOLAdvantage</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">Building Technologies Program Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case\">Computer Program Listing for a range of HVAC measurements and calculations</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Whole Building Design Guide\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/energyanalysis.php?r=hvac\">Energy Analysis Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">High-Performance HVAC</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php#rcas\">Relevant codes</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Thermal Mass','','inherit','closed','closed','','1301-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:26:50','2022-03-30 22:26:50','',1301,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1303',0,'revision','',0),(1305,3,'2022-03-30 22:26:53','2022-03-30 22:26:53','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment?</strong></h2>\n<p>Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems consume 48% of the energy used in a typical US home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Design engineers often oversize HVAC systems to comply with code or to meet the most extreme loads such as the coldest and hottest days of the year, and design systems with a built-in capacity for overloads which occur only 1% to 2.5% of the time.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Properly sized HVAC equipment considers the interaction among building systems, and the potential synergies and contradictions among these systems, taking into account the energy savings achieved through building envelope strategies, smart controls, and occupant behaviors when selecting equipment and designing air distribution systems (see<span> </span><em>Integrated Design Process</em>).</p>\n<p>Oversized equipment often results in higher installation and capital costs, reduced operating efficiency, and potential negative impacts on comfort. For example, short-cycling or excessive cycling of air conditioning equipment can lead to poor humidity control and moisture or mold issues and contributes to the wear and tear and longevity of equipment. Oversized systems use more fan power for blowers and can increase peak demand during the cooling season, leading to higher energy costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Oversizing can occur for a variety of reasons. Contractors may use standard rules of thumb based on experience rather than industry accepted practices and customers often request oversized units without understanding the calculations that go into sizing equipment or to plan for potential building additions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</strong></h2>\n<p>First, consider all aspects of the building as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Use energy modeling to help select appropriately sized HVAC equipment that takes into account the impact of different energy-efficient design measures and building operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as how often the system runs on part load (see<em><span> </span>Energy Modeling</em>). Consider part-load performance when selecting equipment as most heating and cooling equipment fail to operate at peak efficiency unless fully loaded (see<span> </span><em>Part Load Efficiency</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>One approach to downsizing HVAC equipment uses a small, efficient system to manage normal loads, and designates a backup system or relies on energy storage for extreme conditions that demand additional load capacity and occur less frequently (see<span> </span><em>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Thermal Energy Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>In general, properly sizing HVAC equipment avoids providing excess capacity and allocates extra physical space for additional equipment and designs modular distribution systems that can accept additional equipment for planned future expansion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>According to the US DOE, there are several key elements to consider when sizing a residential heating and cooling system:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Local climate</li>\n<li>Size, shape, and building orientation</li>\n<li>Insulation levels</li>\n<li>Window area, location, and type</li>\n<li>Air infiltration rates</li>\n<li>Number and ages of occupants</li>\n<li>Occupant comfort preferences</li>\n<li>Selection of lights and major home appliances (which give off heat)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>A home’s HVAC system design involves load calculations, system sizing, ductwork selection, and diffuser selection.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Hire certified contractors that use the<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.acca.org/home\">Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)</a><span> </span>Manual J,<span> </span><em>“Residential Load Calculation”</em><span> </span>to calculate loads, the ACCA’s Manual D, “<em>Residential Duct Design</em>” for duct design, and the ACCA’s Manual S, “<em>Residential Equipment Selection</em>,” for guidance on selecting home heating and cooling systems<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a><span> </span>and the ACCA’s Manual T, “<em>Air Distribution Basics</em>,” for information on diffusers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">HVAC Equipment Sizing Example, Chicago, IL.</a></p>\n<p>This strategy guide prepared for the US Department of Energy’s Building America Building Technologies Program details the equipment selection of a split system air conditioner and furnace for a one-story, 2,223 square foot case study house with a full conditioned basement in Chicago, Illinois that meets the 2009 IECC prescriptive path.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Properly sized HVAC systems reduce energy consumption, water use and emissions, provide cost savings, manage occupant comfort and maintain indoor air quality.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p><strong> </strong>Incorporating a whole-building energy-saving approach including envelope strategies, high-performance lighting, and energy-efficient windows can reduce peak heating and cooling loads and result in smaller HVAC systems that cost less upfront than larger capacity models and save 30% on average on annual utility costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a><span> </span>Additional upfront costs for energy modeling software and analysis often pay for themselves through realized energy and cost savings.</p>\n<p>For information on available HVAC equipment incentives, see the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/heating-cooling-equipment-rebates\">New Jersey Clean Energy Program</a>.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Properly sized HVAC equipment increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, and peak loads which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid natural gas, water and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US DOE: Heating and Cooling.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/heating-cooling\">https://www.energy.gov/heating-cooling</a><span> </span>(accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a><span> </span>(accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a><span> </span> (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a><span> </span> (accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a><span> </span>(accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p>[5] NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Roth, Amir. 2017. “Building Energy Modeling 101: HVAC Design and Operation Use Case.” US DOE Building Technologies Program.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case</a><span> </span>(accessed Nov 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a><span> </span>(accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>DOE. “HVAC Right Sizing Part 1: Calculating Loads”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/webinar_hvac_calculatingloads_20110428.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/webinar_hvac_calculatingloads_20110428.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>DOE Building Technologies Program Advanced Strategy Guideline: Air Distribution Basics and Duct Design<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53352.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53352.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>DOE. “HVAC Right Sizing Part 1: Calculating Loads”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/webinar_hvac_calculatingloads_20110428.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/webinar_hvac_calculatingloads_20110428.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>DOE Building Technologies Program Advanced Strategy Guideline: Air Distribution Basics and Duct Design<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53352.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53352.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Burdick, Alan. 2012. “Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing” Prepared for the US DOE Building America Building Technologies Program.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed November 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a><span> </span>(accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.acca.org/\">Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=hvac_install.hvac_install_index\">ENERGY STAR Verified HVAC Installations (ESVI)</a></li>\n<li>NJ Clean Energy Program Residential HVAC Programs\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/WARM\">WARMAdvantage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/cool\">COOLAdvantage</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">Building Technologies Program Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case\">Computer Program Listing for a range of HVAC measurements and calculations</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Whole Building Design Guide\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/energyanalysis.php?r=hvac\">Energy Analysis Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">High-Performance HVAC</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php#rcas\">Relevant codes</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment','','inherit','closed','closed','','1301-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:26:53','2022-03-30 22:26:53','',1301,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1305',0,'revision','',0),(1306,3,'2022-03-30 22:31:25','2022-03-30 22:31:25','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Part-Load Efficiency\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Part-Load Efficiency?</strong></h2>\n<p>Part-load efficiency refers to the ability of an HVAC system to handle part-load energy use. Factors that impact the internal load of a home include heat generated by occupants, processes, equipment, and lighting (see Figure 1); External load variables include insulation levels, glazing and window selection, and building orientation (see Figure 2).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>HVAC systems are designed to serve a wide range of loads. Higher efficiency standards set by ASHRAE 90.1 and advances in HVAC technology make modern systems highly efficient at full or maximum loads. However, efficiency rates decline at part-load or when loads fall below 90%, making it challenging for residences that experience variable loads throughout the day to maximize energy savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Coupled with the fact that most design engineers oversize HVAC systems, selecting equipment and technologies designed for part-load operation offer the potential for significant energy savings (see<span> </span><em>Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_459\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"654\"]<img class=\"wp-image-459 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Part-Load-Efficiency-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Heat Gain Locations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"654\" height=\"822\" /> Figure 1. Heat Gain Locations (Source: NREL)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Part-Load Efficiency</strong></h2>\n<p>First, consider all aspects of the home as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Install smart thermostats and HVAC systems that use multiple sensors and controls to monitor and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings, control energy consumption in unoccupied areas, and detect and diagnose issues (see <em>Smart Sensors and Controls</em>). Use energy modeling to understand the impacts of different energy-efficient design measures and operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as the expected average runtime of the HVAC system under part- load conditions (see<em> Energy Modeling</em>).</p>\n<p>For residences with significant part-load profiles, select equipment and components that can operate efficiently at part-load or that can modify capacity at varying loads such as variable speed compressors, fans, and pumps; and temperature reset controls for hot water and supply air.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> For example, variable speed compressors use an inverter known as a variable frequency drive (VFD) to run a motor at different speeds to match the load and help reduce energy consumption. To reduce central air conditioning loads and provide zoning or heating and cooling for individual spaces, consider modular, mini split-system air-conditioners.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_555\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"652\"]<img class=\"wp-image-555 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Part-Load-Efficiency-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2. Heat Loss Locations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"652\" height=\"820\" /> Figure 2. Heat Loss Locations (Source: NREL)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for part-load efficiency optimizes energy-efficiency and cost-effectively reduces energy use, water consumption, and emissions, and manages occupant comfort and indoor air quality.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing part-load efficiency varies depending on the equipment and system selected. Considering part-load performance when designing and installing a system saves on first costs as well as operating costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/central-air-conditioners#COOLAdvantage_rebate_table\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a> for available equipment incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Part-load efficiency increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid, natural gas, and water and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Burdick, Alan. 2012. “Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing” Prepared for the US DOE Building America Building Technologies Program. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf</a> (accessed November 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php</a> (accessed June 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE- Energy Savers. “Ductless, Mini-Split Air Conditioners.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners</a> (accessed Nov 29 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php</a> (accessed March 20, 2011).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Air Infiltration Reduction</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/\">ASHRAE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ceedirectory.org/\">The Consortium for Energy Efficiency – Directory of commercial HVAC equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">Whole Building Design Guide: High-Performance HVAC</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Part-Load Efficiency','','publish','closed','open','','nr-part-load-efficiency','','','2022-04-15 17:17:04','2022-04-15 17:17:04','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1306',0,'post','',0),(1308,3,'2022-03-30 22:31:25','2022-03-30 22:31:25','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Part-Load Efficiency\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Part-Load Efficiency?</strong></h2>\n<p>Part-load efficiency refers to the ability of an HVAC system to handle part-load energy use. Factors that impact the internal load of a home include heat generated by occupants, processes, equipment, and lighting (see Figure 1); External load variables include insulation levels, glazing and window selection, and building orientation (see Figure 2).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>HVAC systems are designed to serve a wide range of loads. Higher efficiency standards set by ASHRAE 90.1 and advances in HVAC technology make modern systems highly efficient at full or maximum loads. However, efficiency rates decline at part-load or when loads fall below 90%, making it challenging for residences that experience variable loads throughout the day to maximize energy savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Coupled with the fact that most design engineers oversize HVAC systems, selecting equipment and technologies designed for part-load operation offer the potential for significant energy savings (see<span> </span><em>Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_459\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"654\"]<img class=\"wp-image-459 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Part-Load-Efficiency-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Heat Gain Locations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"654\" height=\"822\" /> Figure 1. Heat Gain Locations (Source: NREL)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Part-Load Efficiency</strong></h2>\n<p>First, consider all aspects of the home as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Install smart thermostats and HVAC systems that use multiple sensors and controls to monitor and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings, control energy consumption in unoccupied areas, and detect and diagnose issues (see <em>Smart Sensors and Controls</em>). Use energy modeling to understand the impacts of different energy-efficient design measures and operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as the expected average runtime of the HVAC system under part- load conditions (see<em> Energy Modeling</em>).</p>\n<p>For residences with significant part-load profiles, select equipment and components that can operate efficiently at part-load or that can modify capacity at varying loads such as variable speed compressors, fans, and pumps; and temperature reset controls for hot water and supply air.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> For example, variable speed compressors use an inverter known as a variable frequency drive (VFD) to run a motor at different speeds to match the load and help reduce energy consumption. To reduce central air conditioning loads and provide zoning or heating and cooling for individual spaces, consider modular, mini split-system air-conditioners.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_555\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"652\"]<img class=\"wp-image-555 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Part-Load-Efficiency-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2. Heat Loss Locations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"652\" height=\"820\" /> Figure 2. Heat Loss Locations (Source: NREL)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for part-load efficiency optimizes energy-efficiency and cost-effectively reduces energy use, water consumption, and emissions, and manages occupant comfort and indoor air quality.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing part-load efficiency varies depending on the equipment and system selected. Considering part-load performance when designing and installing a system saves on first costs as well as operating costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/central-air-conditioners#COOLAdvantage_rebate_table\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a> for available equipment incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Part-load efficiency increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid, natural gas, and water and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Burdick, Alan. 2012. “Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing” Prepared for the US DOE Building America Building Technologies Program. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf</a> (accessed November 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php</a> (accessed June 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE- Energy Savers. “Ductless, Mini-Split Air Conditioners.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners</a> (accessed Nov 29 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php</a> (accessed March 20, 2011).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Air Infiltration Reduction</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/\">ASHRAE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ceedirectory.org/\">The Consortium for Energy Efficiency – Directory of commercial HVAC equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">Whole Building Design Guide: High-Performance HVAC</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Part-Load Efficiency','','inherit','closed','closed','','1306-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:31:25','2022-03-30 22:31:25','',1306,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1308',0,'revision','',0),(1309,3,'2022-03-30 22:31:25','2022-03-30 22:31:25','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Part-Load Efficiency\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Part-Load Efficiency?</strong></h2>\n<p>Part-load efficiency refers to the ability of an HVAC system to handle part-load energy use. Factors that impact the internal load of a home include heat generated by occupants, processes, equipment, and lighting (see Figure 1); External load variables include insulation levels, glazing and window selection, and building orientation (see Figure 2).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>HVAC systems are designed to serve a wide range of loads. Higher efficiency standards set by ASHRAE 90.1 and advances in HVAC technology make modern systems highly efficient at full or maximum loads. However, efficiency rates decline at part-load or when loads fall below 90%, making it challenging for residences that experience variable loads throughout the day to maximize energy savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Coupled with the fact that most design engineers oversize HVAC systems, selecting equipment and technologies designed for part-load operation offer the potential for significant energy savings (see<span> </span><em>Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_459\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"654\"]<img class=\"wp-image-459 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Part-Load-Efficiency-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Heat Gain Locations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"654\" height=\"822\" /> Figure 1. Heat Gain Locations (Source: NREL)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Part-Load Efficiency</strong></h2>\n<p>First, consider all aspects of the home as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Install smart thermostats and HVAC systems that use multiple sensors and controls to monitor and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings, control energy consumption in unoccupied areas, and detect and diagnose issues (see <em>Smart Sensors and Controls</em>). Use energy modeling to understand the impacts of different energy-efficient design measures and operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as the expected average runtime of the HVAC system under part- load conditions (see<em> Energy Modeling</em>).</p>\n<p>For residences with significant part-load profiles, select equipment and components that can operate efficiently at part-load or that can modify capacity at varying loads such as variable speed compressors, fans, and pumps; and temperature reset controls for hot water and supply air.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> For example, variable speed compressors use an inverter known as a variable frequency drive (VFD) to run a motor at different speeds to match the load and help reduce energy consumption. To reduce central air conditioning loads and provide zoning or heating and cooling for individual spaces, consider modular, mini split-system air-conditioners.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_555\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"652\"]<img class=\"wp-image-555 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Part-Load-Efficiency-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2. Heat Loss Locations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"652\" height=\"820\" /> Figure 2. Heat Loss Locations (Source: NREL)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for part-load efficiency optimizes energy-efficiency and cost-effectively reduces energy use, water consumption, and emissions, and manages occupant comfort and indoor air quality.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing part-load efficiency varies depending on the equipment and system selected. Considering part-load performance when designing and installing a system saves on first costs as well as operating costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/central-air-conditioners#COOLAdvantage_rebate_table\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a> for available equipment incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Part-load efficiency increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid, natural gas, and water and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Burdick, Alan. 2012. “Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing” Prepared for the US DOE Building America Building Technologies Program. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf</a> (accessed November 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php</a> (accessed June 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE- Energy Savers. “Ductless, Mini-Split Air Conditioners.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners</a> (accessed Nov 29 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php</a> (accessed March 20, 2011).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Air Infiltration Reduction</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/\">ASHRAE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ceedirectory.org/\">The Consortium for Energy Efficiency – Directory of commercial HVAC equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">Whole Building Design Guide: High-Performance HVAC</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment','','inherit','closed','closed','','1306-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:31:25','2022-03-30 22:31:25','',1306,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1309',0,'revision','',0),(1310,3,'2022-03-30 22:31:29','2022-03-30 22:31:29','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Part-Load Efficiency\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Part-Load Efficiency?</strong></h2>\n<p>Part-load efficiency refers to the ability of an HVAC system to handle part-load energy use. Factors that impact the internal load of a home include heat generated by occupants, processes, equipment, and lighting (see Figure 1); External load variables include insulation levels, glazing and window selection, and building orientation (see Figure 2).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>HVAC systems are designed to serve a wide range of loads. Higher efficiency standards set by ASHRAE 90.1 and advances in HVAC technology make modern systems highly efficient at full or maximum loads. However, efficiency rates decline at part-load or when loads fall below 90%, making it challenging for residences that experience variable loads throughout the day to maximize energy savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Coupled with the fact that most design engineers oversize HVAC systems, selecting equipment and technologies designed for part-load operation offer the potential for significant energy savings (see<span> </span><em>Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_459\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"654\"]<img class=\"wp-image-459 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Part-Load-Efficiency-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Heat Gain Locations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"654\" height=\"822\" /> Figure 1. Heat Gain Locations (Source: NREL)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Part-Load Efficiency</strong></h2>\n<p>First, consider all aspects of the home as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Install smart thermostats and HVAC systems that use multiple sensors and controls to monitor and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings, control energy consumption in unoccupied areas, and detect and diagnose issues (see <em>Smart Sensors and Controls</em>). Use energy modeling to understand the impacts of different energy-efficient design measures and operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as the expected average runtime of the HVAC system under part- load conditions (see<em> Energy Modeling</em>).</p>\n<p>For residences with significant part-load profiles, select equipment and components that can operate efficiently at part-load or that can modify capacity at varying loads such as variable speed compressors, fans, and pumps; and temperature reset controls for hot water and supply air.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> For example, variable speed compressors use an inverter known as a variable frequency drive (VFD) to run a motor at different speeds to match the load and help reduce energy consumption. To reduce central air conditioning loads and provide zoning or heating and cooling for individual spaces, consider modular, mini split-system air-conditioners.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_555\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"652\"]<img class=\"wp-image-555 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Part-Load-Efficiency-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2. Heat Loss Locations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"652\" height=\"820\" /> Figure 2. Heat Loss Locations (Source: NREL)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for part-load efficiency optimizes energy-efficiency and cost-effectively reduces energy use, water consumption, and emissions, and manages occupant comfort and indoor air quality.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing part-load efficiency varies depending on the equipment and system selected. Considering part-load performance when designing and installing a system saves on first costs as well as operating costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/central-air-conditioners#COOLAdvantage_rebate_table\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a> for available equipment incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Part-load efficiency increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid, natural gas, and water and wastewater infrastructure.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Burdick, Alan. 2012. “Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing” Prepared for the US DOE Building America Building Technologies Program. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf</a> (accessed November 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac</a> (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php</a> (accessed June 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE- Energy Savers. “Ductless, Mini-Split Air Conditioners.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners</a> (accessed Nov 29 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-part-load-efficiency/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php</a> (accessed March 20, 2011).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Air Infiltration Reduction</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls-nlcs/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/\">ASHRAE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ceedirectory.org/\">The Consortium for Energy Efficiency – Directory of commercial HVAC equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">New Jersey Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac\">Whole Building Design Guide: High-Performance HVAC</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Part-Load Efficiency','','inherit','closed','closed','','1306-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:31:29','2022-03-30 22:31:29','',1306,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1310',0,'revision','',0),(1311,3,'2022-03-30 22:34:57','2022-03-30 22:34:57','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Geothermal Heat Pumps\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Geothermal Heat Pumps?</strong></h2>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), also known as ground source heat pumps or geo-exchange systems use the constant temperature (45°F- 75°F) of the earth to cool buildings in the summer and warm them in the winter.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Geothermal technology consists of open-loop or closed-loop systems (see Figure 1). Open-loop systems draw water from a well or a surface water body to circulate as a heat exchange fluid through the system and then returns the water to the ground through a well or surface discharge.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Closed-loop systems, configured as horizontal, vertical, or pond/lake systems, use a non-toxic antifreeze solution as the heat exchanger.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Some GHPs have wells drilled vertically deep underground and can fit into space constricted areas, while others have horizontal loops a shorter distance below ground that require adequate space or land.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>GHPs can include a device called a desuperheater, which heats household water using waste heat from water in cooling mode.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_538\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"678\"]<img class=\"wp-image-538 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)\" width=\"678\" height=\"462\" /> Figure 1 – Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Geothermal Heat Pumps</strong></h2>\n<p>The practicality of a GHP for a specific project increases when considered early in the planning stages of the site and building design. Renewable energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site renewable energy system expertise. Site assessments include analysis of geology, hydrology, and land availability to determine the feasibility of installing a geothermal heat pump, whether to install vertical or horizontal ground loops, and opportunities to utilize local water bodies.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Look for ENERGY STAR qualified geothermal heat pumps that use about 45% less energy than a standard heat pump.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Find qualified installers through your local utility company, the<span> </span><a href=\"https://igshpa.org/business-directory\">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association,</a><span> </span>or the <a href=\"https://www.geoexchange.org/directory/\">Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium</a>.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf\">Baseline Home vs. Model of Energy-Efficient New Home in NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This study investigated the costs and benefits of several investments in residential energy efficiency, including a high-level mechanical upgrade using a ground source heat pump or geothermal system, compared to a baseline, single-family detached home with a conventional HVAC system.</p>\n<p>The high upfront capital costs for this system included trenching, piping, equipment (including pump and de-superheater with associated fittings, valves, and backflow preventers) and installation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>The incremental capital cost of $34k surpassed the baseline capital costs by more than one-third.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>While operating costs fell by 37%, a lack of available tax benefits and incentives, and site conditions that prevented a low-cost installation resulted in a project payback period of 32 years.</p>\n<p>Sites and projects with similar limitations might consider other heat pump technologies including air source heat pumps or absorption heat pumps.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a><span> </span>Check<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/heat-pumps#COOLAdvanage_rebate_table\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a><span> </span>for available incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating a geothermal system reduces greenhouse gas emissions, protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. Geothermal pumps have a higher efficiency than air pumps and produce less noise pollution as most of the moving parts are underground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a><span> </span>Depending on the cost and type of fuel, heating with geothermal pumps can cost 25-50% less than that of conventional heating.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Compared to air-source heat pumps, geothermal pumps last longer, require less maintenance and do not depend on outside air temperatures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While the initial purchase price of a residential GHP system cost more than that of a comparable gas-fired furnace and central air-conditioning system, lower utility costs associated with GHP systems can result in a payback of two to ten years depending on the system and environmental factors.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a><span> </span>As seen in the example above, site-specific costs associated with wellfields can add tens of thousands of dollars to the cost of the system in some locations. For instance, costs increase when a high level of bedrock at the site requires boring and vertical trenching.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a><span> </span>If included in a mortgage, a GHP can have a positive cash flow from the beginning. For example, if the extra $3,500 in installation costs added $30 per month to each mortgage payment, the energy cost savings can exceed that added mortgage amount each year.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p>Check<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/heat-pumps#COOLAdvanage_rebate_table\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a><span> </span>for the latest information about incentives for residential geothermal systems.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps increase grid resiliency by helping to diversify sources of clean and renewable energy and by providing a consistent and energy-efficient source of renewable energy to supply the grid in the absence of wind or solar. Geothermal heat pumps with thermal energy storage can operate off the grid and supply energy to emergency services and infrastructure during power outages.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US DOE  “Geothermal Heat Pumps.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>US DOE “Geothermal Heat Pumps.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a>  US DOE. “Guide to Geothermal Heat Pumps”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>EnergySmart Alternatives. “How a Geothermal DeSuperheater Works.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://energysmartalternatives.com/2013/03/how-a-geothermal-desuperheater-works/\">http://energysmartalternatives.com/2013/03/how-a-geothermal-desuperheater-works/</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. “Heat Pumps, Geothermal for Consumers.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP</a><span> </span>(accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB). “Costs and Benefits of Residential Energy-Efficiency Investments.” Prepared for the New Jersey Association of Realtors Governmental Research Foundation. Final Report. July 2011.<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018). The costs of the ground source heat pump’s material and labor costs came from averages of estimates from local vendors.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Ibid. RCGB. Costs for ground source heat pump well fields are highly site-specific. The reported construction cost is for a site that required vertical boreholes. A site that is suitable for a shallow, horizontal piping loop may have an incremental cost of less than $10k. Such a system would achieve simple payback in less than 10 years (instead of 32 years for the vertical case).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers: Heat Pumps Systems.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps  (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers: Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pumps.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers: Selecting and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Geothermal Heat Pump.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a><span> </span>Rutgers Center for Green Building. 2011. Costs and Benefits of Residential Energy Efficiency Investments. Prepared for the New Jersey Association of REALTORS Governmental Research Foundation.<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Selecting and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018 ).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://geoexchange.us/\">Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.geothermal.org/index.html\">Geothermal Resource Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://igshpa.org/\">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/heat-pumps#COOLAdvanage_rebate_table\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program –<span> </span><em>COOL</em>Advantage Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">US Department of Energy – Geothermal Heat Pump Introduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/rhc/geothermal-heating-and-cooling-technologies\">US EPA – Geothermal Heating and Cooling Technologies</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Whole Building Design Guide – Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Geothermal Heat Pumps','','publish','closed','open','','nr-geothermal-heat-pumps','','','2022-06-23 18:03:48','2022-06-23 18:03:48','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1311',0,'post','',0),(1313,3,'2022-03-30 22:34:57','2022-03-30 22:34:57','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Geothermal Heat Pumps\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Geothermal Heat Pumps?</strong></h2>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), also known as ground source heat pumps or geo-exchange systems use the constant temperature (45°F- 75°F) of the earth to cool buildings in the summer and warm them in the winter.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Geothermal technology consists of open-loop or closed-loop systems (see Figure 1). Open-loop systems draw water from a well or a surface water body to circulate as a heat exchange fluid through the system and then returns the water to the ground through a well or surface discharge.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Closed-loop systems, configured as horizontal, vertical, or pond/lake systems, use a non-toxic antifreeze solution as the heat exchanger.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Some GHPs have wells drilled vertically deep underground and can fit into space constricted areas, while others have horizontal loops a shorter distance below ground that require adequate space or land.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>GHPs can include a device called a desuperheater, which heats household water using waste heat from water in cooling mode.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_538\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"678\"]<img class=\"wp-image-538 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)\" width=\"678\" height=\"462\" /> Figure 1 – Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Geothermal Heat Pumps</strong></h2>\n<p>The practicality of a GHP for a specific project increases when considered early in the planning stages of the site and building design. Renewable energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site renewable energy system expertise. Site assessments include analysis of geology, hydrology, and land availability to determine the feasibility of installing a geothermal heat pump, whether to install vertical or horizontal ground loops, and opportunities to utilize local water bodies.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Look for ENERGY STAR qualified geothermal heat pumps that use about 45% less energy than a standard heat pump.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Find qualified installers through your local utility company, the<span> </span><a href=\"https://igshpa.org/business-directory\">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association,</a><span> </span>or the <a href=\"https://www.geoexchange.org/directory/\">Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium</a>.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf\">Baseline Home vs. Model of Energy-Efficient New Home in NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This study investigated the costs and benefits of several investments in residential energy efficiency, including a high-level mechanical upgrade using a ground source heat pump or geothermal system, compared to a baseline, single-family detached home with a conventional HVAC system.</p>\n<p>The high upfront capital costs for this system included trenching, piping, equipment (including pump and de-superheater with associated fittings, valves, and backflow preventers) and installation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>The incremental capital cost of $34k surpassed the baseline capital costs by more than one-third.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>While operating costs fell by 37%, a lack of available tax benefits and incentives, and site conditions that prevented a low-cost installation resulted in a project payback period of 32 years.</p>\n<p>Sites and projects with similar limitations might consider other heat pump technologies including air source heat pumps or absorption heat pumps.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a><span> </span>Check<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/heat-pumps#COOLAdvanage_rebate_table\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a><span> </span>for available incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating a geothermal system reduces greenhouse gas emissions, protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. Geothermal pumps have a higher efficiency than air pumps and produce less noise pollution as most of the moving parts are underground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a><span> </span>Depending on the cost and type of fuel, heating with geothermal pumps can cost 25-50% less than that of conventional heating.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Compared to air-source heat pumps, geothermal pumps last longer, require less maintenance and do not depend on outside air temperatures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While the initial purchase price of a residential GHP system cost more than that of a comparable gas-fired furnace and central air-conditioning system, lower utility costs associated with GHP systems can result in a payback of two to ten years depending on the system and environmental factors.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a><span> </span>As seen in the example above, site-specific costs associated with wellfields can add tens of thousands of dollars to the cost of the system in some locations. For instance, costs increase when a high level of bedrock at the site requires boring and vertical trenching.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a><span> </span>If included in a mortgage, a GHP can have a positive cash flow from the beginning. For example, if the extra $3,500 in installation costs added $30 per month to each mortgage payment, the energy cost savings can exceed that added mortgage amount each year.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p>Check<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/heat-pumps#COOLAdvanage_rebate_table\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a><span> </span>for the latest information about incentives for residential geothermal systems.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps increase grid resiliency by helping to diversify sources of clean and renewable energy and by providing a consistent and energy-efficient source of renewable energy to supply the grid in the absence of wind or solar. Geothermal heat pumps with thermal energy storage can operate off the grid and supply energy to emergency services and infrastructure during power outages.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US DOE  “Geothermal Heat Pumps.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>US DOE “Geothermal Heat Pumps.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a>  US DOE. “Guide to Geothermal Heat Pumps”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>EnergySmart Alternatives. “How a Geothermal DeSuperheater Works.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://energysmartalternatives.com/2013/03/how-a-geothermal-desuperheater-works/\">http://energysmartalternatives.com/2013/03/how-a-geothermal-desuperheater-works/</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. “Heat Pumps, Geothermal for Consumers.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP</a><span> </span>(accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB). “Costs and Benefits of Residential Energy-Efficiency Investments.” Prepared for the New Jersey Association of Realtors Governmental Research Foundation. Final Report. July 2011.<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018). The costs of the ground source heat pump’s material and labor costs came from averages of estimates from local vendors.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Ibid. RCGB. Costs for ground source heat pump well fields are highly site-specific. The reported construction cost is for a site that required vertical boreholes. A site that is suitable for a shallow, horizontal piping loop may have an incremental cost of less than $10k. Such a system would achieve simple payback in less than 10 years (instead of 32 years for the vertical case).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers: Heat Pumps Systems.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps  (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers: Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pumps.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers: Selecting and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Geothermal Heat Pump.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a><span> </span>Rutgers Center for Green Building. 2011. Costs and Benefits of Residential Energy Efficiency Investments. Prepared for the New Jersey Association of REALTORS Governmental Research Foundation.<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Selecting and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018 ).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://geoexchange.us/\">Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.geothermal.org/index.html\">Geothermal Resource Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.igshpa.okstate.edu/\">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/heat-pumps#COOLAdvanage_rebate_table\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program –<span> </span><em>COOL</em>Advantage Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">US Department of Energy – Geothermal Heat Pump Introduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/rhc/geothermal-heating-and-cooling-technologies\">US EPA – Geothermal Heating and Cooling Technologies</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Whole Building Design Guide – Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Geothermal Heat Pumps','','inherit','closed','closed','','1311-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:34:57','2022-03-30 22:34:57','',1311,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1313',0,'revision','',0),(1314,3,'2022-03-30 22:34:57','2022-03-30 22:34:57','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Geothermal Heat Pumps\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Geothermal Heat Pumps?</strong></h2>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), also known as ground source heat pumps or geo-exchange systems use the constant temperature (45°F- 75°F) of the earth to cool buildings in the summer and warm them in the winter.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Geothermal technology consists of open-loop or closed-loop systems (see Figure 1). Open-loop systems draw water from a well or a surface water body to circulate as a heat exchange fluid through the system and then returns the water to the ground through a well or surface discharge.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Closed-loop systems, configured as horizontal, vertical, or pond/lake systems, use a non-toxic antifreeze solution as the heat exchanger.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Some GHPs have wells drilled vertically deep underground and can fit into space constricted areas, while others have horizontal loops a shorter distance below ground that require adequate space or land.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>GHPs can include a device called a desuperheater, which heats household water using waste heat from water in cooling mode.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_538\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"678\"]<img class=\"wp-image-538 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)\" width=\"678\" height=\"462\" /> Figure 1 – Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Geothermal Heat Pumps</strong></h2>\n<p>The practicality of a GHP for a specific project increases when considered early in the planning stages of the site and building design. Renewable energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site renewable energy system expertise. Site assessments include analysis of geology, hydrology, and land availability to determine the feasibility of installing a geothermal heat pump, whether to install vertical or horizontal ground loops, and opportunities to utilize local water bodies.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Look for ENERGY STAR qualified geothermal heat pumps that use about 45% less energy than a standard heat pump.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Find qualified installers through your local utility company, the<span> </span><a href=\"https://igshpa.org/business-directory\">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association,</a><span> </span>or the <a href=\"https://www.geoexchange.org/directory/\">Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium</a>.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf\">Baseline Home vs. Model of Energy-Efficient New Home in NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This study investigated the costs and benefits of several investments in residential energy efficiency, including a high-level mechanical upgrade using a ground source heat pump or geothermal system, compared to a baseline, single-family detached home with a conventional HVAC system.</p>\n<p>The high upfront capital costs for this system included trenching, piping, equipment (including pump and de-superheater with associated fittings, valves, and backflow preventers) and installation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>The incremental capital cost of $34k surpassed the baseline capital costs by more than one-third.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>While operating costs fell by 37%, a lack of available tax benefits and incentives, and site conditions that prevented a low-cost installation resulted in a project payback period of 32 years.</p>\n<p>Sites and projects with similar limitations might consider other heat pump technologies including air source heat pumps or absorption heat pumps.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a><span> </span>Check<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/heat-pumps#COOLAdvanage_rebate_table\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a><span> </span>for available incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating a geothermal system reduces greenhouse gas emissions, protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. Geothermal pumps have a higher efficiency than air pumps and produce less noise pollution as most of the moving parts are underground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a><span> </span>Depending on the cost and type of fuel, heating with geothermal pumps can cost 25-50% less than that of conventional heating.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Compared to air-source heat pumps, geothermal pumps last longer, require less maintenance and do not depend on outside air temperatures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While the initial purchase price of a residential GHP system cost more than that of a comparable gas-fired furnace and central air-conditioning system, lower utility costs associated with GHP systems can result in a payback of two to ten years depending on the system and environmental factors.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a><span> </span>As seen in the example above, site-specific costs associated with wellfields can add tens of thousands of dollars to the cost of the system in some locations. For instance, costs increase when a high level of bedrock at the site requires boring and vertical trenching.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a><span> </span>If included in a mortgage, a GHP can have a positive cash flow from the beginning. For example, if the extra $3,500 in installation costs added $30 per month to each mortgage payment, the energy cost savings can exceed that added mortgage amount each year.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p>Check<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/heat-pumps#COOLAdvanage_rebate_table\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a><span> </span>for the latest information about incentives for residential geothermal systems.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps increase grid resiliency by helping to diversify sources of clean and renewable energy and by providing a consistent and energy-efficient source of renewable energy to supply the grid in the absence of wind or solar. Geothermal heat pumps with thermal energy storage can operate off the grid and supply energy to emergency services and infrastructure during power outages.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US DOE  “Geothermal Heat Pumps.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>US DOE “Geothermal Heat Pumps.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a>  US DOE. “Guide to Geothermal Heat Pumps”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>EnergySmart Alternatives. “How a Geothermal DeSuperheater Works.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://energysmartalternatives.com/2013/03/how-a-geothermal-desuperheater-works/\">http://energysmartalternatives.com/2013/03/how-a-geothermal-desuperheater-works/</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. “Heat Pumps, Geothermal for Consumers.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP</a><span> </span>(accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB). “Costs and Benefits of Residential Energy-Efficiency Investments.” Prepared for the New Jersey Association of Realtors Governmental Research Foundation. Final Report. July 2011.<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018). The costs of the ground source heat pump’s material and labor costs came from averages of estimates from local vendors.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Ibid. RCGB. Costs for ground source heat pump well fields are highly site-specific. The reported construction cost is for a site that required vertical boreholes. A site that is suitable for a shallow, horizontal piping loop may have an incremental cost of less than $10k. Such a system would achieve simple payback in less than 10 years (instead of 32 years for the vertical case).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers: Heat Pumps Systems.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps  (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers: Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pumps.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers: Selecting and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Geothermal Heat Pump.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a><span> </span>Rutgers Center for Green Building. 2011. Costs and Benefits of Residential Energy Efficiency Investments. Prepared for the New Jersey Association of REALTORS Governmental Research Foundation.<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Selecting and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018 ).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://geoexchange.us/\">Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.geothermal.org/index.html\">Geothermal Resource Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.igshpa.okstate.edu/\">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/heat-pumps#COOLAdvanage_rebate_table\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program –<span> </span><em>COOL</em>Advantage Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">US Department of Energy – Geothermal Heat Pump Introduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/rhc/geothermal-heating-and-cooling-technologies\">US EPA – Geothermal Heating and Cooling Technologies</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Whole Building Design Guide – Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Part-Load Efficiency','','inherit','closed','closed','','1311-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:34:57','2022-03-30 22:34:57','',1311,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1314',0,'revision','',0),(1315,3,'2022-03-30 22:35:00','2022-03-30 22:35:00','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Geothermal Heat Pumps\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Geothermal Heat Pumps?</strong></h2>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), also known as ground source heat pumps or geo-exchange systems use the constant temperature (45°F- 75°F) of the earth to cool buildings in the summer and warm them in the winter.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Geothermal technology consists of open-loop or closed-loop systems (see Figure 1). Open-loop systems draw water from a well or a surface water body to circulate as a heat exchange fluid through the system and then returns the water to the ground through a well or surface discharge.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Closed-loop systems, configured as horizontal, vertical, or pond/lake systems, use a non-toxic antifreeze solution as the heat exchanger.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Some GHPs have wells drilled vertically deep underground and can fit into space constricted areas, while others have horizontal loops a shorter distance below ground that require adequate space or land.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>GHPs can include a device called a desuperheater, which heats household water using waste heat from water in cooling mode.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_538\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"678\"]<img class=\"wp-image-538 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)\" width=\"678\" height=\"462\" /> Figure 1 – Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Geothermal Heat Pumps</strong></h2>\n<p>The practicality of a GHP for a specific project increases when considered early in the planning stages of the site and building design. Renewable energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site renewable energy system expertise. Site assessments include analysis of geology, hydrology, and land availability to determine the feasibility of installing a geothermal heat pump, whether to install vertical or horizontal ground loops, and opportunities to utilize local water bodies.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Look for ENERGY STAR qualified geothermal heat pumps that use about 45% less energy than a standard heat pump.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Find qualified installers through your local utility company, the<span> </span><a href=\"https://igshpa.org/business-directory\">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association,</a><span> </span>or the <a href=\"https://www.geoexchange.org/directory/\">Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium</a>.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf\">Baseline Home vs. Model of Energy-Efficient New Home in NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This study investigated the costs and benefits of several investments in residential energy efficiency, including a high-level mechanical upgrade using a ground source heat pump or geothermal system, compared to a baseline, single-family detached home with a conventional HVAC system.</p>\n<p>The high upfront capital costs for this system included trenching, piping, equipment (including pump and de-superheater with associated fittings, valves, and backflow preventers) and installation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>The incremental capital cost of $34k surpassed the baseline capital costs by more than one-third.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>While operating costs fell by 37%, a lack of available tax benefits and incentives, and site conditions that prevented a low-cost installation resulted in a project payback period of 32 years.</p>\n<p>Sites and projects with similar limitations might consider other heat pump technologies including air source heat pumps or absorption heat pumps.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a><span> </span>Check<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/heat-pumps#COOLAdvanage_rebate_table\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a><span> </span>for available incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating a geothermal system reduces greenhouse gas emissions, protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. Geothermal pumps have a higher efficiency than air pumps and produce less noise pollution as most of the moving parts are underground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a><span> </span>Depending on the cost and type of fuel, heating with geothermal pumps can cost 25-50% less than that of conventional heating.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Compared to air-source heat pumps, geothermal pumps last longer, require less maintenance and do not depend on outside air temperatures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While the initial purchase price of a residential GHP system cost more than that of a comparable gas-fired furnace and central air-conditioning system, lower utility costs associated with GHP systems can result in a payback of two to ten years depending on the system and environmental factors.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a><span> </span>As seen in the example above, site-specific costs associated with wellfields can add tens of thousands of dollars to the cost of the system in some locations. For instance, costs increase when a high level of bedrock at the site requires boring and vertical trenching.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a><span> </span>If included in a mortgage, a GHP can have a positive cash flow from the beginning. For example, if the extra $3,500 in installation costs added $30 per month to each mortgage payment, the energy cost savings can exceed that added mortgage amount each year.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p>Check<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/heat-pumps#COOLAdvanage_rebate_table\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a><span> </span>for the latest information about incentives for residential geothermal systems.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps increase grid resiliency by helping to diversify sources of clean and renewable energy and by providing a consistent and energy-efficient source of renewable energy to supply the grid in the absence of wind or solar. Geothermal heat pumps with thermal energy storage can operate off the grid and supply energy to emergency services and infrastructure during power outages.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US DOE  “Geothermal Heat Pumps.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>US DOE “Geothermal Heat Pumps.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a>  US DOE. “Guide to Geothermal Heat Pumps”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>EnergySmart Alternatives. “How a Geothermal DeSuperheater Works.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://energysmartalternatives.com/2013/03/how-a-geothermal-desuperheater-works/\">http://energysmartalternatives.com/2013/03/how-a-geothermal-desuperheater-works/</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. “Heat Pumps, Geothermal for Consumers.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP</a><span> </span>(accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB). “Costs and Benefits of Residential Energy-Efficiency Investments.” Prepared for the New Jersey Association of Realtors Governmental Research Foundation. Final Report. July 2011.<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018). The costs of the ground source heat pump’s material and labor costs came from averages of estimates from local vendors.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Ibid. RCGB. Costs for ground source heat pump well fields are highly site-specific. The reported construction cost is for a site that required vertical boreholes. A site that is suitable for a shallow, horizontal piping loop may have an incremental cost of less than $10k. Such a system would achieve simple payback in less than 10 years (instead of 32 years for the vertical case).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers: Heat Pumps Systems.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps  (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers: Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pumps.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers: Selecting and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Geothermal Heat Pump.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a><span> </span>Rutgers Center for Green Building. 2011. Costs and Benefits of Residential Energy Efficiency Investments. Prepared for the New Jersey Association of REALTORS Governmental Research Foundation.<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Selecting and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018 ).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://geoexchange.us/\">Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.geothermal.org/index.html\">Geothermal Resource Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.igshpa.okstate.edu/\">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/heat-pumps#COOLAdvanage_rebate_table\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program –<span> </span><em>COOL</em>Advantage Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">US Department of Energy – Geothermal Heat Pump Introduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/rhc/geothermal-heating-and-cooling-technologies\">US EPA – Geothermal Heating and Cooling Technologies</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Whole Building Design Guide – Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Geothermal Heat Pumps','','inherit','closed','closed','','1311-revision-v1','','','2022-03-30 22:35:00','2022-03-30 22:35:00','',1311,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1315',0,'revision','',0),(1316,3,'2022-03-30 22:38:48','2022-03-30 22:38:48','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Green Power\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Green Power?</strong></h2>\n<p>Green power refers to renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit including electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, some forms of biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources (i.e., do not impact land use and fisheries).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Homes get their power from a mix of energy sources with varying levels of environmental impacts and benefits (see Figure 1). Electricity generated from coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas, wind, and solar all goes to the same grid (see Figure 2). Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) represent 1 MWh of renewable electricity generation and provide proof of the electricity generated by green power.</p>\n<p>Energy-efficient single-family homes that are not ideally suited for on-site renewable energy generation can voluntarily choose to switch to green energy or purchase RECs to help offset their home’s environmental and carbon footprints.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_252\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1390\"]<img class=\"wp-image-252 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"1390\" height=\"848\" /> Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_207\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1388\"]<img class=\"wp-image-207 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).\" width=\"1388\" height=\"634\" /> Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Purchase Green Energy</strong></h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, the Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (EDECA) of 1999 (N.J.S.A. 48:3-49) separated the supply portion of the electric rate from the delivery portion, providing the consumer the opportunity to select among third-party electricity suppliers licensed by the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU). Consumers can make decisions on a variety of factors including cost or energy efficiency and sources of electricity generation (e.g., nuclear, natural gas, oil, solar).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Through the purchase of green power, a home does not necessarily receive renewable energy directly, but instead, the purchase of renewable energy increases the percentage that renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind) that contribute to power production within the region. Table 1 lists various ways to purchase green energy.</p>\n<p>Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><img class=\"wp-image-430 aligncenter size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Table-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).\" width=\"1174\" height=\"962\" /></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Residential electricity consumers may choose to purchase RECs, contract with a green energy supplier or participate in a utility-sponsored green energy program. Green power products and programs often require customers to pay a premium over the standard electric price in return for green power (i.e., electricity bundled with RECs) but the utility continues to provide the electric transmission and distribution in the same way as a regular electric customer.</p>\n<p>Note that green power supply options depend on available renewable energy resources and projects, and state and utility policies and programs. Check with your utility provider for available programs and current incentives. Other options include Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that directly support specific renewable energy projects.</p>\n<p>The decision to purchase green power involves identifying and comparing green power options among verified, third-party certified green power providers that meet nationally-accepted standards for product quality. At this time, the<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a><span> </span>is the only organization that certifies and independently verifies green power products in the United States.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Conventional electricity relies on fossil fuels and produces significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Green power provides the following environmental benefits:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supports renewable energy resource and technology development either directly through PPAs and bundled green power products or indirectly through RECs.</li>\n<li>Reduces a home’s carbon footprint associated with electricity consumption.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.communityenergyinc.com/projects/new-jersey-solar\">Jacobstown Solar Farm, Burlington County, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jacobstown Solar project, by Community Energy, Inc., provides green power to the Jersey Central Power &amp; Light (JCP&amp;L) regional electric grid and helps farmland preservation in the area by providing a source of local revenue. Landscaping on the site matches the rural surroundings and plantings of low mow turf grass reduce stormwater runoff and improve soil conditions for future agricultural uses. When NJ homeowners choose to purchase green power, they support solar companies like Community Energy, Inc. and projects like the Jacobstown Solar Farm, that provide local sources of renewable energy.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While a switch to green power does not require any upfront capital costs, currently there exists a cost premium for green power of about 2 to 4 cents per kWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Prices for green power vary also depending on a variety of factors, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supply and demand variability</li>\n<li>Product type (e.g., RECs, PPAs, utility or competitive green power products)</li>\n<li>Purchase volume (e.g., total kilowatt-hours)</li>\n<li>Contract length (e.g., short- or long-term)</li>\n<li>Resource and technology type (e.g., solar, wind)</li>\n<li>Geography (e.g., local versus national)</li>\n<li>Certification and verification status</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>A switch to green power provides resiliency benefits by helping to diversify and strengthen the electric power grid through the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar and by supporting local renewable energy generators and distributed renewable energy (DER) projects.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US EPA. Green Power Partnership. “What is Green Power?”<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162855/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>State of New Jersey. NJ Power Switch. Know Your Rights.<span> </span><a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/\">https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>US EPA. Green Power Partnership. Green Power Benefits.<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162901/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Residential Electric Default rates or Basic Generation Service (BGS) ratesfor NJ.    <span> </span><a href=\"https://www.electricrate.com/\">https://www.electricrate.com</a><span> </span>(accessed April 9, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/\">On-Site Small Wind Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bpu.state.nj.us/bpu/index.shtml\">NJ Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/\">NJ Power Switch</a></li>\n<li>New Jersey Energy Delivery Companies (EDCs)\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.atlanticcityelectric.com/Pages/default.aspx\">Atlantic City Electric Company</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/customer/jersey_central_power_light.html\">JCP&amp;L</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en\">Rockland Electric</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.pseg.com/\">PSE&amp;G</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210914170320/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/switch-green-power\">US EPA – Switch to Green Power</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Green Power','','publish','closed','open','','nr-green-power','','','2022-06-23 18:04:17','2022-06-23 18:04:17','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1316',0,'post','',0),