(1475,2,'2022-04-11 22:23:59','2022-04-11 22:23:59','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Biomass Energy Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is a Biomass Energy System?</strong></h2>\n<p>Biomass energy systems utilize biomass, a renewable resource, to power facility heating, electric power generation, or combined heat and power (CHP) systems (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Biomass sources include organic material such as plant matter, wood, waste wood, residue from agriculture or forestry and organic matter from municipal or industrial waste. Fumes from landfills such as methane, a natural gas, provide biomass for electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_190\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"754\"]<img class=\"wp-image-190 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Biomass-Energy-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Monmouth County’s 1 MW biopower project (Source: NJ Clean Energy).\" width=\"754\" height=\"552\" /> Figure 1 – Monmouth County’s 1 MW biopower project (Source: NJ Clean Energy).[/caption]\n<div id=\"attachment_378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"> </div>\n<p>According to the Rutgers EcoComplex’s Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid waste makes up 72% of biomass. Agriculture and forestry management also produce potential sources of biomass.</li>\n<li>Technologies for converting solid waste to biomass include combustion, gasification and anaerobic digestion.</li>\n<li>The counties of central and northeastern New Jersey contain the largest biomass concentrations.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Biomass Energy Systems  </strong></h2>\n<p>Direct-fired combustion is the most common method of producing heat and electricity from biomass.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Commercial scale facilities typically use woody biomass in the form of whole logs or firewood, wood chips, and wood pellets. Two types of chip-fired direct combustion systems include fixed-bed and atmospheric fluidized-bed systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>A direct combustion system burns biomass to generate hot gas, which provides heat directly or feeds biomass into a boiler to generate hot water or steam. In a boiler system, the steam provides heat for process or space heating. It can also transfer heat to a facility through typical space heating methods. In a combined heat and power system (CHP), the boiler produces steam to run a turbine and power a generator to produce electricity. Excess steam and hot water support heating applications. Combined heat and power (CHP) systems significantly increase overall energy efficiency to approximately 80%, from the standard biomass electricity-only systems with efficiencies of approximately 20%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Cost-effect biomass energy systems utilize both electricity production and thermal energy.</p>\n<p>See <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program: Biopower</a> to find out more about the types of biomass energy systems currently supported in New Jersey. Installing a biomass energy system requires professional expertise. Evaluate the facility’s waste stream to identify opportunities to convert waste into energy.</p>\n<p>See the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">NJ Office of Clean Energy’s Combined Heat and Power Program</a> also offers incentives for CHP systems, with bonus incentives for CHP systems fueled by renewable fuel sources.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.biomasscenter.org/resource-library/case-studies\">Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC)</a></p>\n<p>With funding from the US DOE, the Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC) developed a series of case studies illustrating the design and operational experiences of various community-scale facilities, including businesses, campuses, community buildings, schools, housing and government facilities, that employ biomass systems in the US, Canada, Europe, and Scandinavia.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/casestudy07_rex_lumber.pdf\">The Rex Lumber Company, Englishtown, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Rex Lumber Company, with a rebate for nearly 50% from the NJ Clean Energy Program, replaced a natural gas system with a wood-waste boiler biomass system to heat its kilns.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using biomass for energy turns waste into resources, provides a renewable source of electricity and reduces the use of and dependency on fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing fuel supply security. Biomass powered CHP technologies have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Biomass reduces waste management costs like tipping fees while promoting local business and farming. Replacing up to 20% of fossil fuel such as coal with bio-fuel also reduces nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide emissions. Capturing methane, a gas emitted by the decomposition of waste 28-36 times stronger than carbon dioxide, reduces emissions of a significant greenhouse gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The economics of biomass power generation depends on the availability of a predictable, local, sustainably-sourced, low-cost and long-term feedstock supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Differences in feedstock chemical composition impact the cost of the feedstock. For example, waste produced due to industrial processes can have a zero or even negative cost by avoiding waste disposal charges. Likewise, prices for dedicated energy crops can spike due to low productivity and high transportation costs. Lower cost options may include agricultural, and forestry residues collected and transported over short distances or available locally as a by-product.</p>\n<p>The wide range of bioenergy-fired power generation technologies translates into a broad range of installed costs. For example, installation costs for biomass heating plants average between $500 to $1500 per kW-thermal of installed heating rate capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Installation for small-scale biomass electric plants typically cost between $3,000 to $4,000 per kW.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Fixed operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) costs, such as labor, scheduled maintenance, routine component or equipment replacement, and insurance for bioenergy power plants typically range from 2-6% of total installed costs per year, while variable O&amp;M costs average 0.005/KWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Biomass offers several resiliency benefits including the ability to stockpile fuel for emergencies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Plans to recover, segregate, and process biomass fuel locally makes downed biomass from fallen trees and vegetation caused by storms and natural disasters a cost-saving resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Making use of downed biomass also frees up time and money for other recovery efforts, while at the same time providing short to long-term backup power for critical infrastructure and emergency services.</p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems with off-grid or islanding capabilities and thermal energy storage provide enhanced energy independence, security, and reliability in the event of natural disasters and security threats while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Battery Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Biomass-fired CHP systems promote the renewable energy industry in New Jersey by utilizing renewable sources of fuel, providing backup power and balancing the supply and demand of electricity from variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, biomass-fired CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids and the broader smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources and energy storage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Biomass to Heat. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. “Biopower.” <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers EcoComplex: Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey. Version 2.0 Updated July 2015. <a href=\"http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/\">http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> WBDG: Biomass for Electricity Production <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas\">https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Electricity. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> IREA. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG). Benefits of Biomass.  <a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/biomass-energy-potential/default.asp\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experimental Station – Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential in New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">Federal Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG</a>)</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org/\">International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA)</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.iea.org/\">International Energy Agency (IEA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/renewable-energy-incentive-program/for-customers\">NJ Clean Energy: Getting Started</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program – Biopower</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program – CHP</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://bioenergy.rutgers.edu/\">Sustainable Energy Working Group</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy\">Bioenergy Technologies Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://bioenergykdf.net/\">Bioenergy Knowledge Discovery Framework (KDF)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">Biomass for Electricity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">Biomass for Heat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Biomass Energy Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1468-revision-v1','','','2022-04-11 22:23:59','2022-04-11 22:23:59','',1468,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1475',0,'revision','',0),(1476,2,'2022-04-12 16:53:44','2022-04-12 16:53:44','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Geothermal Heat Pumps\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Geothermal Heat Pumps?</strong></h2>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), also known as ground source heat pumps or geo-exchange systems, use the constant temperature (45°F- 75°F) of the earth to cool buildings in the summer and warm them in the winter. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Geothermal technology consists of open-loop or closed-loop systems. Open-loop systems draw water from a well or a surface water body to circulate as a heat exchange fluid through the system and then returns the water to the ground through a well or surface discharge.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Closed-loop systems, configured as horizontal, vertical, or pond/lake systems, use a non-toxic antifreeze solution as the heat exchanger.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Some GHPs have wells drilled vertically deep underground and can fit into space constricted areas, while others have horizontal loops a shorter distance below ground that require adequate space or land.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_356\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1378\"]<img class=\"wp-image-356 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Geothermal-Heat-Pumps-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Summer and Winter scenarios of GHPs (Source: NYSERDA)\" width=\"1378\" height=\"612\" /> Figure 1- Summer and Winter scenarios of GHPs (Source: NYSERDA)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Geothermal Heat Pumps</strong></h2>\n<p>The practicality of a geothermal heat pump for a specific project increases when considered early in the planning stages of the site and building design. Renewable energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> For example, site assessments include analysis of geology, hydrology, and land availability to determine whether to install vertical or horizontal ground loops and opportunities to utilize local water bodies. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Look for ENERGY STAR qualified geothermal heat pumps that use about 45% less energy than a standard heat pump.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Find qualified installers through your local utility company, the <a href=\"https://igshpa.org/business-directory\">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association,</a> or the <a href=\"https://www.geoexchange.org/directory/\">Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium</a>.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/success_stories/ACUA%202006%20Project%20of%20Year%20Award.pdf\">Atlantic County Utilities Authority (ACUA), Atlantic City and Egg Harbor Township, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The ACUA’s clean energy initiatives include a geothermal heating and cooling system at its GeoBuilding. The system depends on heating well water through fifty closed-looped wells on a field adjacent to the building. The system extracts heat from the water in the winter and transfers heat to the ground in the summer.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/Montclair_SS.pdf\">Township of Montclair Clean Energy Municipality, Montclair, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Rand School, serving grades K-5, in Montclair, NJ uses a geothermal heating and cooling system. A pump house manages the heat supplied from deep in the ground. The geothermal system heats and cools the building by utilizing liquid-filled tubes, cooled to 54 degrees Fahrenheit (cave temperature.)</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating a geothermal system reduces greenhouse gas emissions, protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. Geothermal pumps have a higher efficiency than air pumps and produce less noise pollution as most of the moving parts are underground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Depending on the cost and type of fuel, heating with geothermal pumps can cost 25-50% less than that of conventional heating.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Compared to air-source heat pumps, geothermal pumps last longer, require less maintenance and do not depend on outside air temperatures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The capital cost of geothermal systems averages $7, 000.00 per ton including the bore field.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Highly site-specific, well field costs can quickly add tens of thousands of dollars to overall system cost. Life-cycle costs can deliver a relatively quick payback beginning at 5 years, based on significant heating cost savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Annual energy savings can vary from 25% to 50%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Also, maintenance and upkeep cost less than traditional types of heating and cooling equipment.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Incremental cost (e.g., the cost of the green technology minus the cost of conventional technology) is around $3,957/ton.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>Annual cost savings (e.g., annual kWh saved * $0.14/kWh [the price of electricity])</li>\n<li>According to US DOE Energy Savers, using GHPs reduce electricity consumption by 25-50%.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Scenario:</u> Consider a 20,000 SF commercial building using 50,000<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> btu/SF over five years.</p>\n<p>In <em>one</em> year:</p>\n<p>50,000btu/SF ÷ 5 years = 10,000 btu</p>\n<p>10,000 btu/SF * 20,000 SF = 200,000,000 btu</p>\n<p>200,000,000 btu * (2.93×10<sup>-4 </sup>kWh/1 btu) = <strong>58,614kWh consumed</strong>.</p>\n<p>A reduction in electricity consumption of 50% means a savings of <strong>29,307 kWh</strong>, or:</p>\n<p><strong>29,307 kWh</strong> * $0.14/kWh = <strong>$ 4,102.98</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Payback (Capital Costs or Incremental Costs / annual cost savings)<br />Incremental Cost = $3,957</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Annual Cost Saving =             $4,102.98</p>\n<p>$3,957/$4,102.98 =                 0.96</p>\n<p>It will take <strong>less than one year </strong>to achieve a return on the investment in a geothermal heat pump.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps increase grid resiliency by helping to diversify sources of clean and renewable energy and by providing a consistent and energy-efficient source of renewable energy to supply the grid in the absence of wind or solar. Geothermal heat pumps with thermal energy storage can operate off the grid and supply energy to emergency services and infrastructure during power outages.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US DOE  “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US DOE “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a>  US DOE. “Guide to Geothermal Heat Pumps” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Heat Pumps, Geothermal for Consumers.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US DOE. Energy Savers: Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pumps. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> US DOE | EERE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Rutgers University Facilities Department – Based on estimates received for new buildings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US DOE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> US DOE. Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump System. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> NEEP. “Mid-Atlantic Technical Reference Manual Version 7.” <a href=\"http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf\">http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US DOE | EERE. Planning, Budget &amp; Analysis: Commercial Buildings Total Energy Consumption. April 2008. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/analysis/energy-intensity-indicators\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/analysis/energy-intensity-indicators</a><em> Assume an average of 50k btu for all sectors.</em> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.17.3\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://geoexchange.org\">Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.geothermal.org/index.html\">Geothermal Resource Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://igshpa.org/\">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ’s Clean Energy Program</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/heat-pumps#COOLAdvanage_rebate_table\"><em>COOL</em>Advantage Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/tools-and-resources/equipment-incentives/equi\">C&amp;I Equipment Incentives</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">Geothermal Heat Pump Introduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Geothermal Technologies Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>National Resources</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/rhc/geothermal-heating-and-cooling-technologies\">US EPA – Geothermal Heating and Cooling Technologies</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/c1249/\">USGS Geothermal Energy—Clean Power from the Earth’s Heat</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Whole Building Design Guide – Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Geothermal Heat Pumps','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-geothermal-energy-systems','','','2024-12-09 20:31:49','2024-12-09 20:31:49','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1476',0,'post','',0),(1477,2,'2022-04-12 16:47:32','2022-04-12 16:47:32','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1476-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 16:47:32','2022-04-12 16:47:32','',1476,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1477',0,'revision','',0),(1479,2,'2022-04-12 16:53:44','2022-04-12 16:53:44','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Geothermal Heat Pumps\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Geothermal Heat Pumps?</strong></h2>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), also known as ground source heat pumps or geo-exchange systems, use the constant temperature (45°F- 75°F) of the earth to cool buildings in the summer and warm them in the winter. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Geothermal technology consists of open-loop or closed-loop systems. Open-loop systems draw water from a well or a surface water body to circulate as a heat exchange fluid through the system and then returns the water to the ground through a well or surface discharge.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Closed-loop systems, configured as horizontal, vertical, or pond/lake systems, use a non-toxic antifreeze solution as the heat exchanger.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Some GHPs have wells drilled vertically deep underground and can fit into space constricted areas, while others have horizontal loops a shorter distance below ground that require adequate space or land.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_356\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1378\"]<img class=\"wp-image-356 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Geothermal-Heat-Pumps-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Summer and Winter scenarios of GHPs (Source: NYSERDA)\" width=\"1378\" height=\"612\" /> Figure 1- Summer and Winter scenarios of GHPs (Source: NYSERDA)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Geothermal Heat Pumps</strong></h2>\n<p>The practicality of a geothermal heat pump for a specific project increases when considered early in the planning stages of the site and building design. Renewable energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> For example, site assessments include analysis of geology, hydrology, and land availability to determine whether to install vertical or horizontal ground loops and opportunities to utilize local water bodies. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Look for ENERGY STAR qualified geothermal heat pumps that use about 45% less energy than a standard heat pump.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Find qualified installers through your local utility company, the <a href=\"https://igshpa.org/business-directory\">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association,</a> or the <a href=\"https://www.geoexchange.org/directory/\">Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium</a>.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/success_stories/ACUA%202006%20Project%20of%20Year%20Award.pdf\">Atlantic County Utilities Authority (ACUA), Atlantic City and Egg Harbor Township, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The ACUA’s clean energy initiatives include a geothermal heating and cooling system at its GeoBuilding. The system depends on heating well water through fifty closed-looped wells on a field adjacent to the building. The system extracts heat from the water in the winter and transfers heat to the ground in the summer.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/Montclair_SS.pdf\">Township of Montclair Clean Energy Municipality, Montclair, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Rand School, serving grades K-5, in Montclair, NJ uses a geothermal heating and cooling system. A pump house manages the heat supplied from deep in the ground. The geothermal system heats and cools the building by utilizing liquid-filled tubes, cooled to 54 degrees Fahrenheit (cave temperature.)</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating a geothermal system reduces greenhouse gas emissions, protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. Geothermal pumps have a higher efficiency than air pumps and produce less noise pollution as most of the moving parts are underground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Depending on the cost and type of fuel, heating with geothermal pumps can cost 25-50% less than that of conventional heating.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Compared to air-source heat pumps, geothermal pumps last longer, require less maintenance and do not depend on outside air temperatures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The capital cost of geothermal systems averages $7, 000.00 per ton including the bore field.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Highly site-specific, well field costs can quickly add tens of thousands of dollars to overall system cost. Life-cycle costs can deliver a relatively quick payback beginning at 5 years, based on significant heating cost savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Annual energy savings can vary from 25% to 50%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Also, maintenance and upkeep cost less than traditional types of heating and cooling equipment.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Incremental cost (e.g., the cost of the green technology minus the cost of conventional technology) is around $3,957/ton.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>Annual cost savings (e.g., annual kWh saved * $0.14/kWh [the price of electricity])</li>\n<li>According to US DOE Energy Savers, using GHPs reduce electricity consumption by 25-50%.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Scenario:</u> Consider a 20,000 SF commercial building using 50,000<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> btu/SF over five years.</p>\n<p>In <em>one</em> year:</p>\n<p>50,000btu/SF ÷ 5 years = 10,000 btu</p>\n<p>10,000 btu/SF * 20,000 SF = 200,000,000 btu</p>\n<p>200,000,000 btu * (2.93×10<sup>-4 </sup>kWh/1 btu) = <strong>58,614kWh consumed</strong>.</p>\n<p>A reduction in electricity consumption of 50% means a savings of <strong>29,307 kWh</strong>, or:</p>\n<p><strong>29,307 kWh</strong> * $0.14/kWh = <strong>$ 4,102.98</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Payback (Capital Costs or Incremental Costs / annual cost savings)<br />Incremental Cost = $3,957</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Annual Cost Saving =             $4,102.98</p>\n<p>$3,957/$4,102.98 =                 0.96</p>\n<p>It will take <strong>less than one year </strong>to achieve a return on the investment in a geothermal heat pump.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps increase grid resiliency by helping to diversify sources of clean and renewable energy and by providing a consistent and energy-efficient source of renewable energy to supply the grid in the absence of wind or solar. Geothermal heat pumps with thermal energy storage can operate off the grid and supply energy to emergency services and infrastructure during power outages.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US DOE  “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US DOE “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a>  US DOE. “Guide to Geothermal Heat Pumps” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Heat Pumps, Geothermal for Consumers.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US DOE. Energy Savers: Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pumps. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> US DOE | EERE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Rutgers University Facilities Department – Based on estimates received for new buildings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US DOE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> US DOE. Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump System. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> NEEP. “Mid-Atlantic Technical Reference Manual Version 7.” <a href=\"http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf\">http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US DOE | EERE. Planning, Budget &amp; Analysis: Commercial Buildings Total Energy Consumption. April 2008. <a href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/intensityindicators/total_commercial.html\">http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/intensityindicators/total_commercial.html</a><em> Assume an average of 50k btu for all sectors.</em> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://geoexchange.us/\">Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.geothermal.org/index.html\">Geothermal Resource Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.igshpa.okstate.edu/\">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ’s Clean Energy Program</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/heat-pumps#COOLAdvanage_rebate_table\"><em>COOL</em>Advantage Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/tools-and-resources/equipment-incentives/equi\">C&amp;I Equipment Incentives</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">Geothermal Heat Pump Introduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Geothermal Technologies Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>National Resources</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/rhc/geothermal-heating-and-cooling-technologies\">US EPA – Geothermal Heating and Cooling Technologies</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/c1249/\">USGS Geothermal Energy—Clean Power from the Earth’s Heat</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Whole Building Design Guide – Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Geothermal Heat Pumps','','inherit','closed','closed','','1476-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 16:53:44','2022-04-12 16:53:44','',1476,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1479',0,'revision','',0);
INSERT INTO `wp_posts` VALUES (1480,2,'2022-04-12 16:54:07','2022-04-12 16:54:07','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Geothermal Heat Pumps\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Geothermal Heat Pumps?</strong></h2>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), also known as ground source heat pumps or geo-exchange systems, use the constant temperature (45°F- 75°F) of the earth to cool buildings in the summer and warm them in the winter. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Geothermal technology consists of open-loop or closed-loop systems. Open-loop systems draw water from a well or a surface water body to circulate as a heat exchange fluid through the system and then returns the water to the ground through a well or surface discharge.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Closed-loop systems, configured as horizontal, vertical, or pond/lake systems, use a non-toxic antifreeze solution as the heat exchanger.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Some GHPs have wells drilled vertically deep underground and can fit into space constricted areas, while others have horizontal loops a shorter distance below ground that require adequate space or land.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_356\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1378\"]<img class=\"wp-image-356 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Geothermal-Heat-Pumps-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Summer and Winter scenarios of GHPs (Source: NYSERDA)\" width=\"1378\" height=\"612\" /> Figure 1- Summer and Winter scenarios of GHPs (Source: NYSERDA)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Geothermal Heat Pumps</strong></h2>\n<p>The practicality of a geothermal heat pump for a specific project increases when considered early in the planning stages of the site and building design. Renewable energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> For example, site assessments include analysis of geology, hydrology, and land availability to determine whether to install vertical or horizontal ground loops and opportunities to utilize local water bodies. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Look for ENERGY STAR qualified geothermal heat pumps that use about 45% less energy than a standard heat pump.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Find qualified installers through your local utility company, the <a href=\"https://igshpa.org/business-directory\">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association,</a> or the <a href=\"https://www.geoexchange.org/directory/\">Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium</a>.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/success_stories/ACUA%202006%20Project%20of%20Year%20Award.pdf\">Atlantic County Utilities Authority (ACUA), Atlantic City and Egg Harbor Township, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The ACUA’s clean energy initiatives include a geothermal heating and cooling system at its GeoBuilding. The system depends on heating well water through fifty closed-looped wells on a field adjacent to the building. The system extracts heat from the water in the winter and transfers heat to the ground in the summer.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/Montclair_SS.pdf\">Township of Montclair Clean Energy Municipality, Montclair, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Rand School, serving grades K-5, in Montclair, NJ uses a geothermal heating and cooling system. A pump house manages the heat supplied from deep in the ground. The geothermal system heats and cools the building by utilizing liquid-filled tubes, cooled to 54 degrees Fahrenheit (cave temperature.)</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating a geothermal system reduces greenhouse gas emissions, protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. Geothermal pumps have a higher efficiency than air pumps and produce less noise pollution as most of the moving parts are underground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Depending on the cost and type of fuel, heating with geothermal pumps can cost 25-50% less than that of conventional heating.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Compared to air-source heat pumps, geothermal pumps last longer, require less maintenance and do not depend on outside air temperatures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The capital cost of geothermal systems averages $7, 000.00 per ton including the bore field.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Highly site-specific, well field costs can quickly add tens of thousands of dollars to overall system cost. Life-cycle costs can deliver a relatively quick payback beginning at 5 years, based on significant heating cost savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Annual energy savings can vary from 25% to 50%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Also, maintenance and upkeep cost less than traditional types of heating and cooling equipment.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Incremental cost (e.g., the cost of the green technology minus the cost of conventional technology) is around $3,957/ton.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>Annual cost savings (e.g., annual kWh saved * $0.14/kWh [the price of electricity])</li>\n<li>According to US DOE Energy Savers, using GHPs reduce electricity consumption by 25-50%.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Scenario:</u> Consider a 20,000 SF commercial building using 50,000<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> btu/SF over five years.</p>\n<p>In <em>one</em> year:</p>\n<p>50,000btu/SF ÷ 5 years = 10,000 btu</p>\n<p>10,000 btu/SF * 20,000 SF = 200,000,000 btu</p>\n<p>200,000,000 btu * (2.93×10<sup>-4 </sup>kWh/1 btu) = <strong>58,614kWh consumed</strong>.</p>\n<p>A reduction in electricity consumption of 50% means a savings of <strong>29,307 kWh</strong>, or:</p>\n<p><strong>29,307 kWh</strong> * $0.14/kWh = <strong>$ 4,102.98</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Payback (Capital Costs or Incremental Costs / annual cost savings)<br />Incremental Cost = $3,957</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Annual Cost Saving =             $4,102.98</p>\n<p>$3,957/$4,102.98 =                 0.96</p>\n<p>It will take <strong>less than one year </strong>to achieve a return on the investment in a geothermal heat pump.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps increase grid resiliency by helping to diversify sources of clean and renewable energy and by providing a consistent and energy-efficient source of renewable energy to supply the grid in the absence of wind or solar. Geothermal heat pumps with thermal energy storage can operate off the grid and supply energy to emergency services and infrastructure during power outages.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US DOE  “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US DOE “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a>  US DOE. “Guide to Geothermal Heat Pumps” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Heat Pumps, Geothermal for Consumers.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US DOE. Energy Savers: Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pumps. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> US DOE | EERE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Rutgers University Facilities Department – Based on estimates received for new buildings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US DOE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> US DOE. Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump System. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> NEEP. “Mid-Atlantic Technical Reference Manual Version 7.” <a href=\"http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf\">http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US DOE | EERE. Planning, Budget &amp; Analysis: Commercial Buildings Total Energy Consumption. April 2008. <a href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/intensityindicators/total_commercial.html\">http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/intensityindicators/total_commercial.html</a><em> Assume an average of 50k btu for all sectors.</em> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://geoexchange.us/\">Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.geothermal.org/index.html\">Geothermal Resource Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.igshpa.okstate.edu/\">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ’s Clean Energy Program</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/heat-pumps#COOLAdvanage_rebate_table\"><em>COOL</em>Advantage Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/tools-and-resources/equipment-incentives/equi\">C&amp;I Equipment Incentives</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">Geothermal Heat Pump Introduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Geothermal Technologies Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>National Resources</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/rhc/geothermal-heating-and-cooling-technologies\">US EPA – Geothermal Heating and Cooling Technologies</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/c1249/\">USGS Geothermal Energy—Clean Power from the Earth’s Heat</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Whole Building Design Guide – Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Geothermal Heat Pumps','','inherit','closed','closed','','1476-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 16:54:07','2022-04-12 16:54:07','',1476,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1480',0,'revision','',0),(1481,2,'2022-04-12 17:01:35','2022-04-12 17:01:35','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"On-Site Wind Energy Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are On-Site Wind Energy Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site wind energy systems provide renewable energy in areas with sufficient wind speed. Prime locations for harvesting wind energy in New Jersey are along the shore.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>The two main types of wind turbines include horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT), the most common, and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Initially designed to be mounted on high poles in open or rural areas, small wind turbines (SWTs) include systems that are 100 kilowatts (kW) or less. Small wind energy systems can either be stand-alone (e.g., not connected to the utility grid) or grid-connected. Built-environment wind turbines (BEWT) refer to projects constructed on, in, or near buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The highly turbulent and variable wind directions often found in the built environment make VAWTs a viable option for these types of locations as VAWTs do not need to orient into the wind to generate power.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> VAWTs come in two different designs: the Savonius design, which generates power through drag, and the Darrieus, which generates power through an aerodynamic lift.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_573\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"666\"]<img class=\"wp-image-573 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).\" width=\"666\" height=\"624\" /> Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_303\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"662\"]<img class=\"wp-image-303 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).\" width=\"662\" height=\"450\" /> Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement an On-site Wind Energy System</strong></h2>\n<p>Renewable energy systems such as wind energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site wind energy expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> For example, siting turbines on the highest elevation on the site often correspond to the highest, unobstructed wind speeds. Wind speed increases with height, and small increases in speed boost a turbine’s generating-potential significantly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_255\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"233\"]<img class=\"wp-image-255 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-3--233x300.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Wind Speed Map at 30 meters (Source: US DOE | NREL – Wind Powering America).\" width=\"233\" height=\"300\" /> Figure 3 – Wind Speed Map at 30 meters (Source: US DOE | NREL – Wind Powering America).[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.acua.com/green-initiatives/renewable-energy/windfarm/\">Jersey Atlantic Wind Farm, Atlantic City, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jersey-Atlantic Wind Farm, a community-scale wind turbine installation, includes five, 380-foot turbines, producing a combined 7.5 megawatts of power. The wind turbines and on-site solar installation power the wastewater treatment plant, with surplus energy sent to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL.<em> “</em>Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices.”</a></p>\n<p>This study looks at several case studies of Built Environment Wind Turbines (BEWTs), documenting mixed-results in the BEWT industry. Main obstacles cited include, 1) insufficient and not well-defined project feasibility and planning processes, 2) high-cost projects related to additional expenses for installation and operations in the built environment, 3) a lack of certified manufacturers for ongoing service and parts, and 4) over-estimated project performance due to the complexity of conducting accurate resource and production assessments in the built environment. BEWT projects with the best outcomes had well developed and quantified project goals that included energy production as well as educational and sustainability marketing goals. These projects also conducted thorough feasibility investigations, used certified HAWTs with a proven track record, and were installed on tall buildings relative to surrounding obstacles.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Wind power reduces dependence on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Generating power from wind reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promotes the renewable energy industry in New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_233\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"490\"]<img class=\"wp-image-233 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-4.png\" alt=\"Figure 4 – A 10 kW wind turbine atop a lattice tower at Hamilton College, NY. (Source: Fortis Wind Energy).\" width=\"490\" height=\"690\" /> Figure 4 – A 10 kW wind turbine atop a lattice tower at Hamilton College, NY. (Source: Fortis Wind Energy).[/caption]<p>Rebates and tax credits base wind power incentives on expected energy production, rather than capacity. Commercial businesses or organizations may be eligible for the renewable Production Tax Credit (PTC), which provides a $0.019 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) benefit in 2017 (which is phased out over 2018 and 2019) for the first ten years of a renewable energy facility’s operation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>In New Jersey, between 2002 and 2013, wind turbine installation costs ranged from $19,000 for a 1 MW municipal project to $3.3 million for the ACUA Wind Farm in Atlantic City.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Nationwide, small wind turbines cost between $800/kW and $1100/kW and a typical 2 MW project costs between $1.6 and $2.2 million<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a>. Necessary fees include utility company fees, township and county permits, and installation, accounting for about 4% of the total project cost.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p>Depending on the strength of the wind resource and the cost of the system, the typical paybacks range from 6-15 years.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site wind energy systems rely on wind, a site-based resource and may operate independently from the power grid. Installed with additional hardware—including transfer switches, critical load panels, and appropriate controls—these systems can act as self-sufficient microgrids, generating energy and powering critical loads in the absence of utility sourced power. Wind energy systems provide additional protection from flooding events, based on elevated installations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> American Wind Energy Association.  “Wind 101: Wind Energy Basics.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180903090547/http://www.awea.org:80/wind-power-101\">https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Jason Fields, Frank Oteri, Robert Press, and Ian Baring-Gould (2016) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> J. Smith, T. Forsyth, K. Sinclair, and F. Oteri. (2015) NREL. Built-Environment Wind Turbine Roadmap. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"></a>DOE. Small Wind Guidebook. <a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts\">https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> McCollum, David, and Christopher Yang. 2009. “Achieving deep reductions in US transport greenhouse gas emissions: Scenario analysis and policy implications.” Energy Policy 37: 5580-5596.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US DOE. Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190614181127/https://www.energy.gov/savings/renewable-electricity-production-tax-credit-ptc\">https://www.energy.gov/savings/renewable-electricity-production-tax-credit-ptc</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> NJCEP. Installation and Project Status Reports (REIP and CORE Programs). <a href=\"http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive\">http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US DOE. 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf</a> (accessed April 18. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Pacific Northwest National Lab (PNNL). Benchmarking US Small Wind Costs. <a href=\"https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf\">https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.17.3\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<section>\n<div id=\"ecoworld-item-entries\" class=\"ecoworld_row\">\n<article class=\"post-entry ecoworld_blog_post post-716 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-new-commercial\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_column_gap\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pf_no_thumb\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_content\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_content_block\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_text\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_summary\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_summary_text\">\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid mpc-row\">\n<div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 mpc-column\" data-column-id=\"mpc_column-416254a5af996d7\">\n<div class=\"vc_column-inner\">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<h4>General information and Starting Up</h4>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/files/docs/small_wind_economic_model.xls\">Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/downloads/2016-wind-technologies-market-report\">2016 Wind Technologies Market Report</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ Clean Energy Program</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=80&amp;start=1\">Trade-Ally: Residentia</a>l</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=84&amp;start=1\">Wind Site Assessor</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Technical Guidance</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://distributedwind.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Distributed-Wind-Toolkit-Nov2017.pdf\">Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) Distributed Wind Energy Zoning and Permitting: A Toolkit for Local Governments</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy<br /></strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts\">Small Wind Guidebook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/\">Northeast Wind Resource Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practice</a>s</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Funding Sources</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://elpc.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/ELPC-Community-Wind-Book-09.pdf\">Community Wind Financing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DESIRE: Renewable Energy Incentives for New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/wind/wind\">NJ Clean Energy Program – see <em>Financing Your System</em></a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_bottom_meta\">\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</article>\n</div>\n</section>\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_single_pagination ecoworld_post_inner_bg\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pp_prev ecoworld_next_prev_box\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pp_arrow\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC On-Site Wind Energy Systems','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems','','','2022-06-23 19:25:37','2022-06-23 19:25:37','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1481',0,'post','',0),(1482,2,'2022-04-12 16:55:34','2022-04-12 16:55:34','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1481-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 16:55:34','2022-04-12 16:55:34','',1481,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1482',0,'revision','',0),(1484,2,'2022-04-12 17:01:35','2022-04-12 17:01:35','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"On-Site Wind Energy Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are On-Site Wind Energy Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site wind energy systems provide renewable energy in areas with sufficient wind speed. Prime locations for harvesting wind energy in New Jersey are along the shore.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>The two main types of wind turbines include horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT), the most common, and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Initially designed to be mounted on high poles in open or rural areas, small wind turbines (SWTs) include systems that are 100 kilowatts (kW) or less. Small wind energy systems can either be stand-alone (e.g., not connected to the utility grid) or grid-connected. Built-environment wind turbines (BEWT) refer to projects constructed on, in, or near buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The highly turbulent and variable wind directions often found in the built environment make VAWTs a viable option for these types of locations as VAWTs do not need to orient into the wind to generate power.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> VAWTs come in two different designs: the Savonius design, which generates power through drag, and the Darrieus, which generates power through an aerodynamic lift.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_573\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"666\"]<img class=\"wp-image-573 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).\" width=\"666\" height=\"624\" /> Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_303\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"662\"]<img class=\"wp-image-303 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).\" width=\"662\" height=\"450\" /> Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement an On-site Wind Energy System</strong></h2>\n<p>Renewable energy systems such as wind energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site wind energy expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> For example, siting turbines on the highest elevation on the site often correspond to the highest, unobstructed wind speeds. Wind speed increases with height, and small increases in speed boost a turbine’s generating-potential significantly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_255\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"233\"]<img class=\"wp-image-255 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-3--233x300.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Wind Speed Map at 30 meters (Source: US DOE | NREL – Wind Powering America).\" width=\"233\" height=\"300\" /> Figure 3 – Wind Speed Map at 30 meters (Source: US DOE | NREL – Wind Powering America).[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.acua.com/green-initiatives/renewable-energy/windfarm/\">Jersey Atlantic Wind Farm, Atlantic City, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jersey-Atlantic Wind Farm, a community-scale wind turbine installation, includes five, 380-foot turbines, producing a combined 7.5 megawatts of power. The wind turbines and on-site solar installation power the wastewater treatment plant, with surplus energy sent to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL.<em> “</em>Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices.”</a></p>\n<p>This study looks at several case studies of Built Environment Wind Turbines (BEWTs), documenting mixed-results in the BEWT industry. Main obstacles cited include, 1) insufficient and not well-defined project feasibility and planning processes, 2) high-cost projects related to additional expenses for installation and operations in the built environment, 3) a lack of certified manufacturers for ongoing service and parts, and 4) over-estimated project performance due to the complexity of conducting accurate resource and production assessments in the built environment. BEWT projects with the best outcomes had well developed and quantified project goals that included energy production as well as educational and sustainability marketing goals. These projects also conducted thorough feasibility investigations, used certified HAWTs with a proven track record, and were installed on tall buildings relative to surrounding obstacles.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Wind power reduces dependence on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Generating power from wind reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promotes the renewable energy industry in New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_233\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"490\"]<img class=\"wp-image-233 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-4.png\" alt=\"Figure 4 – A 10 kW wind turbine atop a lattice tower at Hamilton College, NY. (Source: Fortis Wind Energy).\" width=\"490\" height=\"690\" /> Figure 4 – A 10 kW wind turbine atop a lattice tower at Hamilton College, NY. (Source: Fortis Wind Energy).[/caption]<p>Rebates and tax credits base wind power incentives on expected energy production, rather than capacity. Commercial businesses or organizations may be eligible for the renewable Production Tax Credit (PTC), which provides a $0.019 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) benefit in 2017 (which is phased out over 2018 and 2019) for the first ten years of a renewable energy facility’s operation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>In New Jersey, between 2002 and 2013, wind turbine installation costs ranged from $19,000 for a 1 MW municipal project to $3.3 million for the ACUA Wind Farm in Atlantic City.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Nationwide, small wind turbines cost between $800/kW and $1100/kW and a typical 2 MW project costs between $1.6 and $2.2 million<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a>. Necessary fees include utility company fees, township and county permits, and installation, accounting for about 4% of the total project cost.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p>Depending on the strength of the wind resource and the cost of the system, the typical paybacks range from 6-15 years.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site wind energy systems rely on wind, a site-based resource and may operate independently from the power grid. Installed with additional hardware—including transfer switches, critical load panels, and appropriate controls—these systems can act as self-sufficient microgrids, generating energy and powering critical loads in the absence of utility sourced power. Wind energy systems provide additional protection from flooding events, based on elevated installations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> American Wind Energy Association.  “Wind 101: Wind Energy Basics.” <a href=\"https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101\">https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Jason Fields, Frank Oteri, Robert Press, and Ian Baring-Gould (2016) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> J. Smith, T. Forsyth, K. Sinclair, and F. Oteri. (2015) NREL. Built-Environment Wind Turbine Roadmap. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"></a>DOE. Small Wind Guidebook. <a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts\">https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> McCollum, David, and Christopher Yang. 2009. “Achieving deep reductions in US transport greenhouse gas emissions: Scenario analysis and policy implications.” Energy Policy 37: 5580-5596.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US DOE. Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/savings/renewable-electricity-production-tax-credit-ptc\">https://www.energy.gov/savings/renewable-electricity-production-tax-credit-ptc</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> NJCEP. Installation and Project Status Reports (REIP and CORE Programs). <a href=\"http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive\">http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US DOE. 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf</a> (accessed April 18. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Pacific Northwest National Lab (PNNL). Benchmarking US Small Wind Costs. <a href=\"https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf\">https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<section>\n<div id=\"ecoworld-item-entries\" class=\"ecoworld_row\">\n<article class=\"post-entry ecoworld_blog_post post-716 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-new-commercial\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_column_gap\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pf_no_thumb\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_content\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_content_block\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_text\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_summary\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_summary_text\">\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid mpc-row\">\n<div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 mpc-column\" data-column-id=\"mpc_column-416254a5af996d7\">\n<div class=\"vc_column-inner\">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<h4>General information and Starting Up</h4>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/files/docs/small_wind_economic_model.xls\">Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/downloads/2016-wind-technologies-market-report\">2016 Wind Technologies Market Report</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ Clean Energy Program</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=80&amp;start=1\">Trade-Ally: Residentia</a>l</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=84&amp;start=1\">Wind Site Assessor</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Technical Guidance</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://distributedwind.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Distributed-Wind-Toolkit-Nov2017.pdf\">Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) Distributed Wind Energy Zoning and Permitting: A Toolkit for Local Governments</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy<br /></strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts\">Small Wind Guidebook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/rrc/northeast\">Northeast Wind Resource Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practice</a>s</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Funding Sources</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://elpc.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/ELPC-Community-Wind-Book-09.pdf\">Community Wind Financing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DESIRE: Renewable Energy Incentives for New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/wind/wind\">NJ Clean Energy Program – see <em>Financing Your System</em></a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_bottom_meta\">\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</article>\n</div>\n</section>\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_single_pagination ecoworld_post_inner_bg\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pp_prev ecoworld_next_prev_box\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pp_arrow\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC On-Site Wind Energy Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1481-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 17:01:35','2022-04-12 17:01:35','',1481,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1484',0,'revision','',0),(1485,2,'2022-04-12 17:01:35','2022-04-12 17:01:35','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"On-Site Wind Energy Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are On-Site Wind Energy Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site wind energy systems provide renewable energy in areas with sufficient wind speed. Prime locations for harvesting wind energy in New Jersey are along the shore.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>The two main types of wind turbines include horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT), the most common, and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Initially designed to be mounted on high poles in open or rural areas, small wind turbines (SWTs) include systems that are 100 kilowatts (kW) or less. Small wind energy systems can either be stand-alone (e.g., not connected to the utility grid) or grid-connected. Built-environment wind turbines (BEWT) refer to projects constructed on, in, or near buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The highly turbulent and variable wind directions often found in the built environment make VAWTs a viable option for these types of locations as VAWTs do not need to orient into the wind to generate power.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> VAWTs come in two different designs: the Savonius design, which generates power through drag, and the Darrieus, which generates power through an aerodynamic lift.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_573\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"666\"]<img class=\"wp-image-573 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).\" width=\"666\" height=\"624\" /> Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_303\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"662\"]<img class=\"wp-image-303 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).\" width=\"662\" height=\"450\" /> Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement an On-site Wind Energy System</strong></h2>\n<p>Renewable energy systems such as wind energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site wind energy expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> For example, siting turbines on the highest elevation on the site often correspond to the highest, unobstructed wind speeds. Wind speed increases with height, and small increases in speed boost a turbine’s generating-potential significantly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_255\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"233\"]<img class=\"wp-image-255 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-3--233x300.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Wind Speed Map at 30 meters (Source: US DOE | NREL – Wind Powering America).\" width=\"233\" height=\"300\" /> Figure 3 – Wind Speed Map at 30 meters (Source: US DOE | NREL – Wind Powering America).[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.acua.com/green-initiatives/renewable-energy/windfarm/\">Jersey Atlantic Wind Farm, Atlantic City, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jersey-Atlantic Wind Farm, a community-scale wind turbine installation, includes five, 380-foot turbines, producing a combined 7.5 megawatts of power. The wind turbines and on-site solar installation power the wastewater treatment plant, with surplus energy sent to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL.<em> “</em>Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices.”</a></p>\n<p>This study looks at several case studies of Built Environment Wind Turbines (BEWTs), documenting mixed-results in the BEWT industry. Main obstacles cited include, 1) insufficient and not well-defined project feasibility and planning processes, 2) high-cost projects related to additional expenses for installation and operations in the built environment, 3) a lack of certified manufacturers for ongoing service and parts, and 4) over-estimated project performance due to the complexity of conducting accurate resource and production assessments in the built environment. BEWT projects with the best outcomes had well developed and quantified project goals that included energy production as well as educational and sustainability marketing goals. These projects also conducted thorough feasibility investigations, used certified HAWTs with a proven track record, and were installed on tall buildings relative to surrounding obstacles.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Wind power reduces dependence on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Generating power from wind reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promotes the renewable energy industry in New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_233\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"490\"]<img class=\"wp-image-233 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-4.png\" alt=\"Figure 4 – A 10 kW wind turbine atop a lattice tower at Hamilton College, NY. (Source: Fortis Wind Energy).\" width=\"490\" height=\"690\" /> Figure 4 – A 10 kW wind turbine atop a lattice tower at Hamilton College, NY. (Source: Fortis Wind Energy).[/caption]<p>Rebates and tax credits base wind power incentives on expected energy production, rather than capacity. Commercial businesses or organizations may be eligible for the renewable Production Tax Credit (PTC), which provides a $0.019 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) benefit in 2017 (which is phased out over 2018 and 2019) for the first ten years of a renewable energy facility’s operation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>In New Jersey, between 2002 and 2013, wind turbine installation costs ranged from $19,000 for a 1 MW municipal project to $3.3 million for the ACUA Wind Farm in Atlantic City.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Nationwide, small wind turbines cost between $800/kW and $1100/kW and a typical 2 MW project costs between $1.6 and $2.2 million<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a>. Necessary fees include utility company fees, township and county permits, and installation, accounting for about 4% of the total project cost.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p>Depending on the strength of the wind resource and the cost of the system, the typical paybacks range from 6-15 years.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site wind energy systems rely on wind, a site-based resource and may operate independently from the power grid. Installed with additional hardware—including transfer switches, critical load panels, and appropriate controls—these systems can act as self-sufficient microgrids, generating energy and powering critical loads in the absence of utility sourced power. Wind energy systems provide additional protection from flooding events, based on elevated installations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> American Wind Energy Association.  “Wind 101: Wind Energy Basics.” <a href=\"https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101\">https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Jason Fields, Frank Oteri, Robert Press, and Ian Baring-Gould (2016) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> J. Smith, T. Forsyth, K. Sinclair, and F. Oteri. (2015) NREL. Built-Environment Wind Turbine Roadmap. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"></a>DOE. Small Wind Guidebook. <a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts\">https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> McCollum, David, and Christopher Yang. 2009. “Achieving deep reductions in US transport greenhouse gas emissions: Scenario analysis and policy implications.” Energy Policy 37: 5580-5596.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US DOE. Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/savings/renewable-electricity-production-tax-credit-ptc\">https://www.energy.gov/savings/renewable-electricity-production-tax-credit-ptc</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> NJCEP. Installation and Project Status Reports (REIP and CORE Programs). <a href=\"http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive\">http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US DOE. 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf</a> (accessed April 18. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Pacific Northwest National Lab (PNNL). Benchmarking US Small Wind Costs. <a href=\"https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf\">https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<section>\n<div id=\"ecoworld-item-entries\" class=\"ecoworld_row\">\n<article class=\"post-entry ecoworld_blog_post post-716 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-new-commercial\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_column_gap\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pf_no_thumb\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_content\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_content_block\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_text\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_summary\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_summary_text\">\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid mpc-row\">\n<div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 mpc-column\" data-column-id=\"mpc_column-416254a5af996d7\">\n<div class=\"vc_column-inner\">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<h4>General information and Starting Up</h4>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/files/docs/small_wind_economic_model.xls\">Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/downloads/2016-wind-technologies-market-report\">2016 Wind Technologies Market Report</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ Clean Energy Program</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=80&amp;start=1\">Trade-Ally: Residentia</a>l</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=84&amp;start=1\">Wind Site Assessor</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Technical Guidance</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://distributedwind.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Distributed-Wind-Toolkit-Nov2017.pdf\">Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) Distributed Wind Energy Zoning and Permitting: A Toolkit for Local Governments</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy<br /></strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts\">Small Wind Guidebook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/rrc/northeast\">Northeast Wind Resource Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practice</a>s</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Funding Sources</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://elpc.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/ELPC-Community-Wind-Book-09.pdf\">Community Wind Financing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DESIRE: Renewable Energy Incentives for New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/wind/wind\">NJ Clean Energy Program – see <em>Financing Your System</em></a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_bottom_meta\">\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</article>\n</div>\n</section>\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_single_pagination ecoworld_post_inner_bg\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pp_prev ecoworld_next_prev_box\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pp_arrow\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1481-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 17:01:35','2022-04-12 17:01:35','',1481,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1485',0,'revision','',0),(1487,2,'2022-04-12 17:01:38','2022-04-12 17:01:38','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"On-Site Wind Energy Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are On-Site Wind Energy Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site wind energy systems provide renewable energy in areas with sufficient wind speed. Prime locations for harvesting wind energy in New Jersey are along the shore.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>The two main types of wind turbines include horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT), the most common, and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Initially designed to be mounted on high poles in open or rural areas, small wind turbines (SWTs) include systems that are 100 kilowatts (kW) or less. Small wind energy systems can either be stand-alone (e.g., not connected to the utility grid) or grid-connected. Built-environment wind turbines (BEWT) refer to projects constructed on, in, or near buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The highly turbulent and variable wind directions often found in the built environment make VAWTs a viable option for these types of locations as VAWTs do not need to orient into the wind to generate power.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> VAWTs come in two different designs: the Savonius design, which generates power through drag, and the Darrieus, which generates power through an aerodynamic lift.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_573\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"666\"]<img class=\"wp-image-573 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).\" width=\"666\" height=\"624\" /> Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_303\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"662\"]<img class=\"wp-image-303 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).\" width=\"662\" height=\"450\" /> Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement an On-site Wind Energy System</strong></h2>\n<p>Renewable energy systems such as wind energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site wind energy expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> For example, siting turbines on the highest elevation on the site often correspond to the highest, unobstructed wind speeds. Wind speed increases with height, and small increases in speed boost a turbine’s generating-potential significantly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_255\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"233\"]<img class=\"wp-image-255 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-3--233x300.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Wind Speed Map at 30 meters (Source: US DOE | NREL – Wind Powering America).\" width=\"233\" height=\"300\" /> Figure 3 – Wind Speed Map at 30 meters (Source: US DOE | NREL – Wind Powering America).[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.acua.com/green-initiatives/renewable-energy/windfarm/\">Jersey Atlantic Wind Farm, Atlantic City, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jersey-Atlantic Wind Farm, a community-scale wind turbine installation, includes five, 380-foot turbines, producing a combined 7.5 megawatts of power. The wind turbines and on-site solar installation power the wastewater treatment plant, with surplus energy sent to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL.<em> “</em>Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices.”</a></p>\n<p>This study looks at several case studies of Built Environment Wind Turbines (BEWTs), documenting mixed-results in the BEWT industry. Main obstacles cited include, 1) insufficient and not well-defined project feasibility and planning processes, 2) high-cost projects related to additional expenses for installation and operations in the built environment, 3) a lack of certified manufacturers for ongoing service and parts, and 4) over-estimated project performance due to the complexity of conducting accurate resource and production assessments in the built environment. BEWT projects with the best outcomes had well developed and quantified project goals that included energy production as well as educational and sustainability marketing goals. These projects also conducted thorough feasibility investigations, used certified HAWTs with a proven track record, and were installed on tall buildings relative to surrounding obstacles.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Wind power reduces dependence on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Generating power from wind reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promotes the renewable energy industry in New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_233\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"490\"]<img class=\"wp-image-233 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-4.png\" alt=\"Figure 4 – A 10 kW wind turbine atop a lattice tower at Hamilton College, NY. (Source: Fortis Wind Energy).\" width=\"490\" height=\"690\" /> Figure 4 – A 10 kW wind turbine atop a lattice tower at Hamilton College, NY. (Source: Fortis Wind Energy).[/caption]<p>Rebates and tax credits base wind power incentives on expected energy production, rather than capacity. Commercial businesses or organizations may be eligible for the renewable Production Tax Credit (PTC), which provides a $0.019 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) benefit in 2017 (which is phased out over 2018 and 2019) for the first ten years of a renewable energy facility’s operation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>In New Jersey, between 2002 and 2013, wind turbine installation costs ranged from $19,000 for a 1 MW municipal project to $3.3 million for the ACUA Wind Farm in Atlantic City.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Nationwide, small wind turbines cost between $800/kW and $1100/kW and a typical 2 MW project costs between $1.6 and $2.2 million<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a>. Necessary fees include utility company fees, township and county permits, and installation, accounting for about 4% of the total project cost.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p>Depending on the strength of the wind resource and the cost of the system, the typical paybacks range from 6-15 years.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site wind energy systems rely on wind, a site-based resource and may operate independently from the power grid. Installed with additional hardware—including transfer switches, critical load panels, and appropriate controls—these systems can act as self-sufficient microgrids, generating energy and powering critical loads in the absence of utility sourced power. Wind energy systems provide additional protection from flooding events, based on elevated installations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> American Wind Energy Association.  “Wind 101: Wind Energy Basics.” <a href=\"https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101\">https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Jason Fields, Frank Oteri, Robert Press, and Ian Baring-Gould (2016) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> J. Smith, T. Forsyth, K. Sinclair, and F. Oteri. (2015) NREL. Built-Environment Wind Turbine Roadmap. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"></a>DOE. Small Wind Guidebook. <a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts\">https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> McCollum, David, and Christopher Yang. 2009. “Achieving deep reductions in US transport greenhouse gas emissions: Scenario analysis and policy implications.” Energy Policy 37: 5580-5596.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US DOE. Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/savings/renewable-electricity-production-tax-credit-ptc\">https://www.energy.gov/savings/renewable-electricity-production-tax-credit-ptc</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> NJCEP. Installation and Project Status Reports (REIP and CORE Programs). <a href=\"http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive\">http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US DOE. 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf</a> (accessed April 18. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Pacific Northwest National Lab (PNNL). Benchmarking US Small Wind Costs. <a href=\"https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf\">https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<section>\n<div id=\"ecoworld-item-entries\" class=\"ecoworld_row\">\n<article class=\"post-entry ecoworld_blog_post post-716 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-new-commercial\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_column_gap\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pf_no_thumb\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_content\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_content_block\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_text\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_summary\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_summary_text\">\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid mpc-row\">\n<div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 mpc-column\" data-column-id=\"mpc_column-416254a5af996d7\">\n<div class=\"vc_column-inner\">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<h4>General information and Starting Up</h4>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/files/docs/small_wind_economic_model.xls\">Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/downloads/2016-wind-technologies-market-report\">2016 Wind Technologies Market Report</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ Clean Energy Program</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=80&amp;start=1\">Trade-Ally: Residentia</a>l</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=84&amp;start=1\">Wind Site Assessor</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Technical Guidance</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://distributedwind.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Distributed-Wind-Toolkit-Nov2017.pdf\">Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) Distributed Wind Energy Zoning and Permitting: A Toolkit for Local Governments</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy<br /></strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts\">Small Wind Guidebook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/rrc/northeast\">Northeast Wind Resource Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practice</a>s</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Funding Sources</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://elpc.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/ELPC-Community-Wind-Book-09.pdf\">Community Wind Financing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DESIRE: Renewable Energy Incentives for New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/wind/wind\">NJ Clean Energy Program – see <em>Financing Your System</em></a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_bottom_meta\">\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</article>\n</div>\n</section>\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_single_pagination ecoworld_post_inner_bg\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pp_prev ecoworld_next_prev_box\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pp_arrow\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC On-Site Wind Energy Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1481-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 17:01:38','2022-04-12 17:01:38','',1481,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1487',0,'revision','',0),(1488,2,'2022-04-12 17:07:19','2022-04-12 17:07:19','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Photovoltaic (PV) Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Photovoltaic (PV) Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> PV cells placed together in a module are grouped together electrically to form an array applied to surfaces such as roofs, parking structures, utility poles, or ground mounts and capture light energy from the sun and produce electricity. For example, installing solar photovoltaic (PV) panels on parking structures provides shading to cars and comfort to their occupants, while providing clean electricity.</p>\n<p>A specific PV system, known as Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) uses PV technology and applies it to building materials, serving multifunctional purposes. For example, a BIPV skylight not only captures energy, generating electricity for a building but also provides daylighting (see <em>Daylighting</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Another strategy incorporates PV technology into an exterior wall for decorative purposes as well as collecting energy.</p>\n<p>The availability of PV combined with available incentives makes New Jersey one of the fastest growing markets for PV technology. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_218\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"718\"]<img class=\"wp-image-218 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-PV-System-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Solar array on Maplewood, NJ Police Station (Source: Image Up Studio Metuchen, NJ).\" width=\"718\" height=\"524\" /> Figure 1 – Solar array on Maplewood, NJ Police Station (Source: Image Up Studio Metuchen, NJ).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Photovoltaic Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic systems are complex and require project team members with renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding for Photovoltaic Systems. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>While projects can tailor PV systems to meet the needs of a particular site and building, south facing surfaces not shaded by nearby trees, buildings, and structures provide the best results (see <em>Building Orientation</em>). If possible, orient collectors at the angle of the location’s latitude (in New Jersey, this is approximately 40°N). Flat roofs also work well for solar electric systems, allowing PV modules to tilt at an optimal angle toward the sun. Solar panels are usually roof mounted, but they can also be mounted on a pole or on the ground. Ground systems work well for projects with large sites and can be mounted on trackers to follow the sun.</p>\n<p>Hire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/MC%20Marketing/NJ%20Case%20study%20-VinelandCopy2%20(2).pdf\">Vineland Solar One, Vineland, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Located on 14 acres at the Landis Sewage Authority (LSA), the Vineland Solar One generation facility includes 13,456 monocrystalline silicon panels that produce up to 5,500 MWh of energy annually. The NJ Office of Clean Energy Solar Renewable Energy Credit (SREC) Program and a Power Purchase Agreement between the Vineland Municipal Electric Utility (VMEU) and Conectiv Energy helped finance this public/private partnership.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating on-site renewable energy systems reduces greenhouse gas emissions,</p>\n<p>protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. The modularity of PV systems allows great flexibility in applying this technology to buildings. Solar PV can help manage peak demand and lower utility rates, while also providing shade and urban heat island reduction benefits (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). Additional benefits include low-cost operations and maintenance, and US-based manufacturers and installers that provide domestic jobs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Capital cost – PV systems can have a high first cost. Non-residential solar project costs were about $4000/kW for projects &lt;500 kW and $3000/kW for projects &gt;500 kW in 2016.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n<li>Incentives<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>The <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/project-activity-reports/srec-pricing/srec-pricing\">value of renewable energy certificates</a> varies with trades of up to $700/MWh recorded. In April 2018, they are trading at $229.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></li>\n<li>Maximum Incentive: 2018-2019 compliance year $300 per MWh (~$0.300 per kWh)</li>\n<li>Terms: Systems must be registered with NJ Board of Public Utilities; facilities qualify to generate SRECs for 15 years after the date of interconnection</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Incremental cost – (e.g., cost of green technology – cost of conventional technology)\n<ul>\n<li>Conventional Cost = $0.14/kWh (http://www.solarbuzz.com/statsCosts.htm)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Annual Cost Savings (e.g., annual kWh saved *.14 (price of electricity))</li>\n<li>Payback (Capital Costs or Incremental Costs / annual cost savings)</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV and Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Eiffert Ph. D, Patrina, and Gregory J. Kiss. NREL. Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Designs for Commercial and Institutional Structures: A Sourcebook for Architects.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf\">www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf</a> (accessed  April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. Renewable Energy: Programs: <em>SREC Registration Program. </em><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Renewable Energy World. Advantages and disadvantages of Solar Photovoltaic – Quick Pros and Cons of Solar PV <a href=\"http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ugc/articles/2012/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-photovoltaic--quick-pros-and-cons-of-solar-pv.html\">http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ugc/articles/2012/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-photovoltaic–quick-pros-and-cons-of-solar-pv.html</a> (accessed  April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJCEP Solar Project data</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> DSIRE. New Jersey Incentives/Policies for Renewables <a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?zipcode=08730\">http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?zipcode=08730</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> FlettExchange Spot Price New Jersey <a href=\"https://www.flettexchange.com/markets/new-jersey/market-data\">https://www.flettexchange.com/markets/new-jersey/market-data</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<h4>General information and Starting Up</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20191208073723/https://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/solar_basics/how.php\">Go Solar California: How Small Solar Electric Systems Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/pv/\">NREL: Solar Photovoltaic Technology Basics</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun (US DOE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-photovoltaic-technology-basics\">PV Basics</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Technical Guidance</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210305043249/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/articles/so-you-want-go-solar-3-things-consider-when-installing-solar-power-home\">US DOE: Things to Consider when installing a Solar Electric System</a><a href=\"http://www.wunderground.com/calculators/solar.html?MR=1\">Weather Underground Tool: calculate electricity generated from your system</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nabcep.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/NABCEP-PV-Guide-7-16-13-W.pdf\">NABCEP: PV Installation Professional Research Guide</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Funding Sources</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/srec-registration-program/how-participate\">NJ Clean Energy Program: SREC Registration and How to Participate</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Photovoltaic (PV) Systems','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-pv-systems','','','2022-06-23 19:27:07','2022-06-23 19:27:07','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1488',0,'post','',0),(1489,2,'2022-04-12 17:02:50','2022-04-12 17:02:50','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1488-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 17:02:50','2022-04-12 17:02:50','',1488,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1489',0,'revision','',0),(1491,2,'2022-04-12 17:07:19','2022-04-12 17:07:19','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Photovoltaic (PV) Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Photovoltaic (PV) Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> PV cells placed together in a module are grouped together electrically to form an array applied to surfaces such as roofs, parking structures, utility poles, or ground mounts and capture light energy from the sun and produce electricity. For example, installing solar photovoltaic (PV) panels on parking structures provides shading to cars and comfort to their occupants, while providing clean electricity.</p>\n<p>A specific PV system, known as Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) uses PV technology and applies it to building materials, serving multifunctional purposes. For example, a BIPV skylight not only captures energy, generating electricity for a building but also provides daylighting (see <em>Daylighting</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Another strategy incorporates PV technology into an exterior wall for decorative purposes as well as collecting energy.</p>\n<p>The availability of PV combined with available incentives makes New Jersey one of the fastest growing markets for PV technology. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_218\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"718\"]<img class=\"wp-image-218 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-PV-System-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Solar array on Maplewood, NJ Police Station (Source: Image Up Studio Metuchen, NJ).\" width=\"718\" height=\"524\" /> Figure 1 – Solar array on Maplewood, NJ Police Station (Source: Image Up Studio Metuchen, NJ).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Photovoltaic Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic systems are complex and require project team members with renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding for Photovoltaic Systems. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>While projects can tailor PV systems to meet the needs of a particular site and building, south facing surfaces not shaded by nearby trees, buildings, and structures provide the best results (see <em>Building Orientation</em>). If possible, orient collectors at the angle of the location’s latitude (in New Jersey, this is approximately 40°N). Flat roofs also work well for solar electric systems, allowing PV modules to tilt at an optimal angle toward the sun. Solar panels are usually roof mounted, but they can also be mounted on a pole or on the ground. Ground systems work well for projects with large sites and can be mounted on trackers to follow the sun.</p>\n<p>Hire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/MC%20Marketing/NJ%20Case%20study%20-VinelandCopy2%20(2).pdf\">Vineland Solar One, Vineland, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Located on 14 acres at the Landis Sewage Authority (LSA), the Vineland Solar One generation facility includes 13,456 monocrystalline silicon panels that produce up to 5,500 MWh of energy annually. The NJ Office of Clean Energy Solar Renewable Energy Credit (SREC) Program and a Power Purchase Agreement between the Vineland Municipal Electric Utility (VMEU) and Conectiv Energy helped finance this public/private partnership.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating on-site renewable energy systems reduces greenhouse gas emissions,</p>\n<p>protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. The modularity of PV systems allows great flexibility in applying this technology to buildings. Solar PV can help manage peak demand and lower utility rates, while also providing shade and urban heat island reduction benefits (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). Additional benefits include low-cost operations and maintenance, and US-based manufacturers and installers that provide domestic jobs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Capital cost – PV systems can have a high first cost. Non-residential solar project costs were about $4000/kW for projects &lt;500 kW and $3000/kW for projects &gt;500 kW in 2016.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n<li>Incentives<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>The <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/project-activity-reports/srec-pricing/srec-pricing\">value of renewable energy certificates</a> varies with trades of up to $700/MWh recorded. In April 2018, they are trading at $229.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></li>\n<li>Maximum Incentive: 2018-2019 compliance year $300 per MWh (~$0.300 per kWh)</li>\n<li>Terms: Systems must be registered with NJ Board of Public Utilities; facilities qualify to generate SRECs for 15 years after the date of interconnection</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Incremental cost – (e.g., cost of green technology – cost of conventional technology)\n<ul>\n<li>Conventional Cost = $0.14/kWh (http://www.solarbuzz.com/statsCosts.htm)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Annual Cost Savings (e.g., annual kWh saved *.14 (price of electricity))</li>\n<li>Payback (Capital Costs or Incremental Costs / annual cost savings)</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV and Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Eiffert Ph. D, Patrina, and Gregory J. Kiss. NREL. Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Designs for Commercial and Institutional Structures: A Sourcebook for Architects.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf\">www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf</a> (accessed  April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. Renewable Energy: Programs: <em>SREC Registration Program. </em><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Renewable Energy World. Advantages and disadvantages of Solar Photovoltaic – Quick Pros and Cons of Solar PV <a href=\"http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ugc/articles/2012/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-photovoltaic--quick-pros-and-cons-of-solar-pv.html\">http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ugc/articles/2012/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-photovoltaic–quick-pros-and-cons-of-solar-pv.html</a> (accessed  April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJCEP Solar Project data</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> DSIRE. New Jersey Incentives/Policies for Renewables <a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?zipcode=08730\">http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?zipcode=08730</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> FlettExchange Spot Price New Jersey <a href=\"https://www.flettexchange.com/markets/new-jersey/market-data\">https://www.flettexchange.com/markets/new-jersey/market-data</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<h4>General information and Starting Up</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/solar_basics/how.php\">Go Solar California: How Small Solar Electric Systems Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/workingwithus/re-photovoltaics.html\">NREL: Solar Photovoltaic Technology Basics</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun (US DOE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-photovoltaic-technology-basics\">PV Basics</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Technical Guidance</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/articles/so-you-want-go-solar-3-things-consider-when-installing-solar-power-home\">US DOE: Things to Consider when installing a Solar Electric System</a><a href=\"http://www.wunderground.com/calculators/solar.html?MR=1\">Weather Underground Tool: calculate electricity generated from your system</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nabcep.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/NABCEP-PV-Guide-7-16-13-W.pdf\">NABCEP: PV Installation Professional Research Guide</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Funding Sources</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/srec-registration-program/how-participate\">NJ Clean Energy Program: SREC Registration and How to Participate</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Photovoltaic (PV) Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1488-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 17:07:19','2022-04-12 17:07:19','',1488,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1491',0,'revision','',0),(1493,2,'2022-04-12 17:08:14','2022-04-12 17:08:14','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Photovoltaic (PV) Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Photovoltaic (PV) Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> PV cells placed together in a module are grouped together electrically to form an array applied to surfaces such as roofs, parking structures, utility poles, or ground mounts and capture light energy from the sun and produce electricity. For example, installing solar photovoltaic (PV) panels on parking structures provides shading to cars and comfort to their occupants, while providing clean electricity.</p>\n<p>A specific PV system, known as Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) uses PV technology and applies it to building materials, serving multifunctional purposes. For example, a BIPV skylight not only captures energy, generating electricity for a building but also provides daylighting (see <em>Daylighting</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Another strategy incorporates PV technology into an exterior wall for decorative purposes as well as collecting energy.</p>\n<p>The availability of PV combined with available incentives makes New Jersey one of the fastest growing markets for PV technology. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_218\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"718\"]<img class=\"wp-image-218 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-PV-System-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Solar array on Maplewood, NJ Police Station (Source: Image Up Studio Metuchen, NJ).\" width=\"718\" height=\"524\" /> Figure 1 – Solar array on Maplewood, NJ Police Station (Source: Image Up Studio Metuchen, NJ).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Photovoltaic Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic systems are complex and require project team members with renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding for Photovoltaic Systems. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>While projects can tailor PV systems to meet the needs of a particular site and building, south facing surfaces not shaded by nearby trees, buildings, and structures provide the best results (see <em>Building Orientation</em>). If possible, orient collectors at the angle of the location’s latitude (in New Jersey, this is approximately 40°N). Flat roofs also work well for solar electric systems, allowing PV modules to tilt at an optimal angle toward the sun. Solar panels are usually roof mounted, but they can also be mounted on a pole or on the ground. Ground systems work well for projects with large sites and can be mounted on trackers to follow the sun.</p>\n<p>Hire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/MC%20Marketing/NJ%20Case%20study%20-VinelandCopy2%20(2).pdf\">Vineland Solar One, Vineland, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Located on 14 acres at the Landis Sewage Authority (LSA), the Vineland Solar One generation facility includes 13,456 monocrystalline silicon panels that produce up to 5,500 MWh of energy annually. The NJ Office of Clean Energy Solar Renewable Energy Credit (SREC) Program and a Power Purchase Agreement between the Vineland Municipal Electric Utility (VMEU) and Conectiv Energy helped finance this public/private partnership.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating on-site renewable energy systems reduces greenhouse gas emissions,</p>\n<p>protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. The modularity of PV systems allows great flexibility in applying this technology to buildings. Solar PV can help manage peak demand and lower utility rates, while also providing shade and urban heat island reduction benefits (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). Additional benefits include low-cost operations and maintenance, and US-based manufacturers and installers that provide domestic jobs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Capital cost – PV systems can have a high first cost. Non-residential solar project costs were about $4000/kW for projects &lt;500 kW and $3000/kW for projects &gt;500 kW in 2016.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n<li>Incentives<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>The <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/project-activity-reports/srec-pricing/srec-pricing\">value of renewable energy certificates</a> varies with trades of up to $700/MWh recorded. In April 2018, they are trading at $229.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></li>\n<li>Maximum Incentive: 2018-2019 compliance year $300 per MWh (~$0.300 per kWh)</li>\n<li>Terms: Systems must be registered with NJ Board of Public Utilities; facilities qualify to generate SRECs for 15 years after the date of interconnection</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Incremental cost – (e.g., cost of green technology – cost of conventional technology)\n<ul>\n<li>Conventional Cost = $0.14/kWh (http://www.solarbuzz.com/statsCosts.htm)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Annual Cost Savings (e.g., annual kWh saved *.14 (price of electricity))</li>\n<li>Payback (Capital Costs or Incremental Costs / annual cost savings)</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV and Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Eiffert Ph. D, Patrina, and Gregory J. Kiss. NREL. Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Designs for Commercial and Institutional Structures: A Sourcebook for Architects.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf\">www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf</a> (accessed  April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. Renewable Energy: Programs: <em>SREC Registration Program. </em><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Renewable Energy World. Advantages and disadvantages of Solar Photovoltaic – Quick Pros and Cons of Solar PV <a href=\"http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ugc/articles/2012/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-photovoltaic--quick-pros-and-cons-of-solar-pv.html\">http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ugc/articles/2012/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-photovoltaic–quick-pros-and-cons-of-solar-pv.html</a> (accessed  April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJCEP Solar Project data</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> DSIRE. New Jersey Incentives/Policies for Renewables <a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?zipcode=08730\">http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?zipcode=08730</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> FlettExchange Spot Price New Jersey <a href=\"https://www.flettexchange.com/markets/new-jersey/market-data\">https://www.flettexchange.com/markets/new-jersey/market-data</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<h4>General information and Starting Up</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/solar_basics/how.php\">Go Solar California: How Small Solar Electric Systems Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/workingwithus/re-photovoltaics.html\">NREL: Solar Photovoltaic Technology Basics</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun (US DOE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-photovoltaic-technology-basics\">PV Basics</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Technical Guidance</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/articles/so-you-want-go-solar-3-things-consider-when-installing-solar-power-home\">US DOE: Things to Consider when installing a Solar Electric System</a><a href=\"http://www.wunderground.com/calculators/solar.html?MR=1\">Weather Underground Tool: calculate electricity generated from your system</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nabcep.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/NABCEP-PV-Guide-7-16-13-W.pdf\">NABCEP: PV Installation Professional Research Guide</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Funding Sources</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/srec-registration-program/how-participate\">NJ Clean Energy Program: SREC Registration and How to Participate</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Photovoltaic (PV) Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1488-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 17:08:14','2022-04-12 17:08:14','',1488,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1493',0,'revision','',0),(1494,2,'2022-04-12 17:11:30','2022-04-12 17:11:30','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Solar Thermal Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Solar Thermal Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar thermal systems, whether passive or active, utilize solar power or energy from the sun to heat water for domestic or process uses. Solar thermal water heating systems use tanks and solar collectors. Active water systems also use pumps and controls. Three common types of solar collectors include flat-plate collectors, integral collectors, and evacuated tube collectors. Flat-plate collectors consist of insulated and weatherproof boxes with a dark absorber plate under glass or plastic covers that heats water. Integral collectors use the same system as a flat-plate collector, but the water continues to a traditional hot water tank, ensuring a consistent supply of hot water. Evacuated tube collectors consist of rows of transparent tubes that allow water to pass through and heat quickly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_278\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"602\"]<img class=\"wp-image-278 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Solar-Thermal-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)\" width=\"602\" height=\"568\" /> Figure 1 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)[/caption]<p>Two main categories of solar thermal systems include concentrating versus non-concentrating, and low-, medium-, and high-temperature collectors. Concentrating collectors use lenses or mirrors to focus the rays of the sun. Non-concentrating collectors consist of a flat panel with the collector area equal to that of the absorber area. Low-, medium- or high-temperature refers to the operating temperature above the ambient temperature required or desired.</p>\n<p><strong>Table 1 – Solar Thermal Heating Systems by Level.</strong><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-445 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Thermal-Systems-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1244\" height=\"322\" /></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Install Solar Thermal Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar Thermal Systems are complex and require project team members with renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Hire an experienced solar thermal system installer, certified by the North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP) to properly site and size the thermal solar system in coordination with standard plumbing trade work.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/showcase-projects/health-professions-and-athletics-center\">Health Professions and Athletics Center, Wye Mills, MD.</a></p>\n<p>Two high-efficiency propane-fired water heaters preheated by a solar thermal system generate hot water for this LEED Platinum facility.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/06/f32/solar-water-heating-case.pdf\">Solar Water Heating in Multifamily Building, Greenfield, MA.</a></p>\n<p>The Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB), a US DOE Building America team, installed a solar domestic hot water (SDHW) system (372 ft2 evacuated tube, 330 gallons storage) as part a major renovation project that converted an old school building into 12 high-performance apartments.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar thermal systems reduce greenhouse gas emissions, protect against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and save on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. Solar thermal systems reduce water consumption as well as the consumption of consumable, non-renewable, and often non-domestic energy sources such as natural gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar thermal systems prove most cost-effective in locations with a consistent demand for heated water and high electric or natural gas prices. The average price of solar collector equipment varies depending on the type (low, medium, high temperature) and ranges from $1.94-$25.32 per square foot, averaging $7.01 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> The cost table below compares the average cost of solar thermal to conventional energy sources for 2017.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>New Jersey</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>Electricity</strong></td>\n<td width=\"120\"><strong>Natural Gas</strong></td>\n<td width=\"114\"><strong>Solar thermal</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>Average Cost per kilowatt-hour in commercial and industrial sectors:</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\">10.16-12.31¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></td>\n<td width=\"120\">9.05¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></td>\n<td width=\"114\">9.2-12¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar water heaters offer energy system resiliency in that they can provide hot water needs without a need for electricity or natural gas when installed with additional hardware—including transfer switches, critical load panels, and appropriate controls.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US DOE. Solar Water Heaters. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> EIA. Solar Thermal Manufacturing Activities. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/\">https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Denholm, P. 2007. “The Technical Potential of Solar Water Heating to Reduce Fossil Fuel Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United States.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO.   <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE | EIA. Form EIA-63A, “Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey.” From table 2.12 at <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/\">https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE | EIA.   “Electricity Data Browser.”   <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin\">https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE | EIA. “Natural Gas Prices.” 2017 Available for Commercial only <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm\">https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NREL. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/68925.pdf\">The U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmark: Q1 2017</a>. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html</a>   (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientbuildings.org/\">Commercial Building Tax Deduction Coalition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?state=NJ\">Database of Incentives for Renewables &amp; Efficiency – New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WSE\">ENERGY STAR solar water heaters</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/research/solarthermal/\">Florida Solar Energy Center: Solar Thermal projects and programs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">NJ Clean Energy Program – SREC Registration Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWatts Simulator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.solar-estimate.org/\">Solar Estimate.org</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters\">US Department of Energy Solar Water Heater Information</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/swheating.php\">Whole Building Design Guide: Introduction to Solar Water Heating</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Solar Thermal Systems','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-solar-thermal-systems','','','2022-06-23 19:29:17','2022-06-23 19:29:17','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1494',0,'post','',0),(1495,2,'2022-04-12 17:08:24','2022-04-12 17:08:24','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1494-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 17:08:24','2022-04-12 17:08:24','',1494,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1495',0,'revision','',0),(1497,2,'2022-04-12 17:11:30','2022-04-12 17:11:30','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Solar Thermal Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Solar Thermal Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar thermal systems, whether passive or active, utilize solar power or energy from the sun to heat water for domestic or process uses. Solar thermal water heating systems use tanks and solar collectors. Active water systems also use pumps and controls. Three common types of solar collectors include flat-plate collectors, integral collectors, and evacuated tube collectors. Flat-plate collectors consist of insulated and weatherproof boxes with a dark absorber plate under glass or plastic covers that heats water. Integral collectors use the same system as a flat-plate collector, but the water continues to a traditional hot water tank, ensuring a consistent supply of hot water. Evacuated tube collectors consist of rows of transparent tubes that allow water to pass through and heat quickly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_278\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"602\"]<img class=\"wp-image-278 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Solar-Thermal-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)\" width=\"602\" height=\"568\" /> Figure 1 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)[/caption]<p>Two main categories of solar thermal systems include concentrating versus non-concentrating, and low-, medium-, and high-temperature collectors. Concentrating collectors use lenses or mirrors to focus the rays of the sun. Non-concentrating collectors consist of a flat panel with the collector area equal to that of the absorber area. Low-, medium- or high-temperature refers to the operating temperature above the ambient temperature required or desired.</p>\n<p><strong>Table 1 – Solar Thermal Heating Systems by Level.</strong><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-445 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Thermal-Systems-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1244\" height=\"322\" /></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Install Solar Thermal Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar Thermal Systems are complex and require project team members with renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Hire an experienced solar thermal system installer, certified by the North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP) to properly site and size the thermal solar system in coordination with standard plumbing trade work.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/showcase-projects/health-professions-and-athletics-center\">Health Professions and Athletics Center, Wye Mills, MD.</a></p>\n<p>Two high-efficiency propane-fired water heaters preheated by a solar thermal system generate hot water for this LEED Platinum facility.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/06/f32/solar-water-heating-case.pdf\">Solar Water Heating in Multifamily Building, Greenfield, MA.</a></p>\n<p>The Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB), a US DOE Building America team, installed a solar domestic hot water (SDHW) system (372 ft2 evacuated tube, 330 gallons storage) as part a major renovation project that converted an old school building into 12 high-performance apartments.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar thermal systems reduce greenhouse gas emissions, protect against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and save on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. Solar thermal systems reduce water consumption as well as the consumption of consumable, non-renewable, and often non-domestic energy sources such as natural gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar thermal systems prove most cost-effective in locations with a consistent demand for heated water and high electric or natural gas prices. The average price of solar collector equipment varies depending on the type (low, medium, high temperature) and ranges from $1.94-$25.32 per square foot, averaging $7.01 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> The cost table below compares the average cost of solar thermal to conventional energy sources for 2017.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>New Jersey</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>Electricity</strong></td>\n<td width=\"120\"><strong>Natural Gas</strong></td>\n<td width=\"114\"><strong>Solar thermal</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>Average Cost per kilowatt-hour in commercial and industrial sectors:</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\">10.16-12.31¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></td>\n<td width=\"120\">9.05¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></td>\n<td width=\"114\">9.2-12¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar water heaters offer energy system resiliency in that they can provide hot water needs without a need for electricity or natural gas when installed with additional hardware—including transfer switches, critical load panels, and appropriate controls.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US DOE. Solar Water Heaters. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> EIA. Solar Thermal Manufacturing Activities. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/\">https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Denholm, P. 2007. “The Technical Potential of Solar Water Heating to Reduce Fossil Fuel Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United States.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO.   <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE | EIA. Form EIA-63A, “Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey.” From table 2.12 at <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/\">https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE | EIA.   “Electricity Data Browser.”   <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin\">https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE | EIA. “Natural Gas Prices.” 2017 Available for Commercial only <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm\">https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NREL. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/68925.pdf\">The U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmark: Q1 2017</a>. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html</a>   (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientbuildings.org/\">Commercial Building Tax Deduction Coalition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?state=NJ\">Database of Incentives for Renewables &amp; Efficiency – New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WSE\">ENERGY STAR solar water heaters</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/research/solarthermal/\">Florida Solar Energy Center: Solar Thermal projects and programs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">NJ Clean Energy Program – SREC Registration Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWatts Simulator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://solar%20estimator/\">Solar Estimate.org</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters\">US Department of Energy Solar Water Heater Information</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/swheating.php\">Whole Building Design Guide: Introduction to Solar Water Heating</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Solar Thermal Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1494-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 17:11:30','2022-04-12 17:11:30','',1494,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1497',0,'revision','',0),(1498,2,'2022-04-12 17:11:31','2022-04-12 17:11:31','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Solar Thermal Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Solar Thermal Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar thermal systems, whether passive or active, utilize solar power or energy from the sun to heat water for domestic or process uses. Solar thermal water heating systems use tanks and solar collectors. Active water systems also use pumps and controls. Three common types of solar collectors include flat-plate collectors, integral collectors, and evacuated tube collectors. Flat-plate collectors consist of insulated and weatherproof boxes with a dark absorber plate under glass or plastic covers that heats water. Integral collectors use the same system as a flat-plate collector, but the water continues to a traditional hot water tank, ensuring a consistent supply of hot water. Evacuated tube collectors consist of rows of transparent tubes that allow water to pass through and heat quickly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_278\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"602\"]<img class=\"wp-image-278 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Solar-Thermal-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)\" width=\"602\" height=\"568\" /> Figure 1 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)[/caption]<p>Two main categories of solar thermal systems include concentrating versus non-concentrating, and low-, medium-, and high-temperature collectors. Concentrating collectors use lenses or mirrors to focus the rays of the sun. Non-concentrating collectors consist of a flat panel with the collector area equal to that of the absorber area. Low-, medium- or high-temperature refers to the operating temperature above the ambient temperature required or desired.</p>\n<p><strong>Table 1 – Solar Thermal Heating Systems by Level.</strong><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-445 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Thermal-Systems-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1244\" height=\"322\" /></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Install Solar Thermal Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar Thermal Systems are complex and require project team members with renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Hire an experienced solar thermal system installer, certified by the North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP) to properly site and size the thermal solar system in coordination with standard plumbing trade work.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/showcase-projects/health-professions-and-athletics-center\">Health Professions and Athletics Center, Wye Mills, MD.</a></p>\n<p>Two high-efficiency propane-fired water heaters preheated by a solar thermal system generate hot water for this LEED Platinum facility.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/06/f32/solar-water-heating-case.pdf\">Solar Water Heating in Multifamily Building, Greenfield, MA.</a></p>\n<p>The Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB), a US DOE Building America team, installed a solar domestic hot water (SDHW) system (372 ft2 evacuated tube, 330 gallons storage) as part a major renovation project that converted an old school building into 12 high-performance apartments.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar thermal systems reduce greenhouse gas emissions, protect against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and save on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. Solar thermal systems reduce water consumption as well as the consumption of consumable, non-renewable, and often non-domestic energy sources such as natural gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar thermal systems prove most cost-effective in locations with a consistent demand for heated water and high electric or natural gas prices. The average price of solar collector equipment varies depending on the type (low, medium, high temperature) and ranges from $1.94-$25.32 per square foot, averaging $7.01 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> The cost table below compares the average cost of solar thermal to conventional energy sources for 2017.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>New Jersey</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>Electricity</strong></td>\n<td width=\"120\"><strong>Natural Gas</strong></td>\n<td width=\"114\"><strong>Solar thermal</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>Average Cost per kilowatt-hour in commercial and industrial sectors:</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\">10.16-12.31¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></td>\n<td width=\"120\">9.05¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></td>\n<td width=\"114\">9.2-12¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar water heaters offer energy system resiliency in that they can provide hot water needs without a need for electricity or natural gas when installed with additional hardware—including transfer switches, critical load panels, and appropriate controls.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US DOE. Solar Water Heaters. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> EIA. Solar Thermal Manufacturing Activities. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/\">https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Denholm, P. 2007. “The Technical Potential of Solar Water Heating to Reduce Fossil Fuel Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United States.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO.   <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE | EIA. Form EIA-63A, “Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey.” From table 2.12 at <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/\">https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE | EIA.   “Electricity Data Browser.”   <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin\">https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE | EIA. “Natural Gas Prices.” 2017 Available for Commercial only <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm\">https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NREL. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/68925.pdf\">The U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmark: Q1 2017</a>. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html</a>   (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientbuildings.org/\">Commercial Building Tax Deduction Coalition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?state=NJ\">Database of Incentives for Renewables &amp; Efficiency – New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WSE\">ENERGY STAR solar water heaters</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/research/solarthermal/\">Florida Solar Energy Center: Solar Thermal projects and programs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">NJ Clean Energy Program – SREC Registration Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWatts Simulator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://solar%20estimator/\">Solar Estimate.org</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters\">US Department of Energy Solar Water Heater Information</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/swheating.php\">Whole Building Design Guide: Introduction to Solar Water Heating</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1494-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 17:11:31','2022-04-12 17:11:31','',1494,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1498',0,'revision','',0),(1499,2,'2022-04-12 17:11:33','2022-04-12 17:11:33','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Solar Thermal Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Solar Thermal Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar thermal systems, whether passive or active, utilize solar power or energy from the sun to heat water for domestic or process uses. Solar thermal water heating systems use tanks and solar collectors. Active water systems also use pumps and controls. Three common types of solar collectors include flat-plate collectors, integral collectors, and evacuated tube collectors. Flat-plate collectors consist of insulated and weatherproof boxes with a dark absorber plate under glass or plastic covers that heats water. Integral collectors use the same system as a flat-plate collector, but the water continues to a traditional hot water tank, ensuring a consistent supply of hot water. Evacuated tube collectors consist of rows of transparent tubes that allow water to pass through and heat quickly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_278\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"602\"]<img class=\"wp-image-278 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NC-Solar-Thermal-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)\" width=\"602\" height=\"568\" /> Figure 1 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)[/caption]<p>Two main categories of solar thermal systems include concentrating versus non-concentrating, and low-, medium-, and high-temperature collectors. Concentrating collectors use lenses or mirrors to focus the rays of the sun. Non-concentrating collectors consist of a flat panel with the collector area equal to that of the absorber area. Low-, medium- or high-temperature refers to the operating temperature above the ambient temperature required or desired.</p>\n<p><strong>Table 1 – Solar Thermal Heating Systems by Level.</strong><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-445 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Thermal-Systems-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1244\" height=\"322\" /></p>\n<h2><strong>How to Install Solar Thermal Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar Thermal Systems are complex and require project team members with renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Hire an experienced solar thermal system installer, certified by the North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP) to properly site and size the thermal solar system in coordination with standard plumbing trade work.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/showcase-projects/health-professions-and-athletics-center\">Health Professions and Athletics Center, Wye Mills, MD.</a></p>\n<p>Two high-efficiency propane-fired water heaters preheated by a solar thermal system generate hot water for this LEED Platinum facility.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/06/f32/solar-water-heating-case.pdf\">Solar Water Heating in Multifamily Building, Greenfield, MA.</a></p>\n<p>The Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB), a US DOE Building America team, installed a solar domestic hot water (SDHW) system (372 ft2 evacuated tube, 330 gallons storage) as part a major renovation project that converted an old school building into 12 high-performance apartments.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar thermal systems reduce greenhouse gas emissions, protect against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and save on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. Solar thermal systems reduce water consumption as well as the consumption of consumable, non-renewable, and often non-domestic energy sources such as natural gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar thermal systems prove most cost-effective in locations with a consistent demand for heated water and high electric or natural gas prices. The average price of solar collector equipment varies depending on the type (low, medium, high temperature) and ranges from $1.94-$25.32 per square foot, averaging $7.01 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> The cost table below compares the average cost of solar thermal to conventional energy sources for 2017.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>New Jersey</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>Electricity</strong></td>\n<td width=\"120\"><strong>Natural Gas</strong></td>\n<td width=\"114\"><strong>Solar thermal</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>Average Cost per kilowatt-hour in commercial and industrial sectors:</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\">10.16-12.31¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></td>\n<td width=\"120\">9.05¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></td>\n<td width=\"114\">9.2-12¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar water heaters offer energy system resiliency in that they can provide hot water needs without a need for electricity or natural gas when installed with additional hardware—including transfer switches, critical load panels, and appropriate controls.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US DOE. Solar Water Heaters. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> EIA. Solar Thermal Manufacturing Activities. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/\">https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Denholm, P. 2007. “The Technical Potential of Solar Water Heating to Reduce Fossil Fuel Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United States.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO.   <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE | EIA. Form EIA-63A, “Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey.” From table 2.12 at <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/\">https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE | EIA.   “Electricity Data Browser.”   <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin\">https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE | EIA. “Natural Gas Prices.” 2017 Available for Commercial only <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm\">https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NREL. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/68925.pdf\">The U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmark: Q1 2017</a>. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html</a>   (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientbuildings.org/\">Commercial Building Tax Deduction Coalition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?state=NJ\">Database of Incentives for Renewables &amp; Efficiency – New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WSE\">ENERGY STAR solar water heaters</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/research/solarthermal/\">Florida Solar Energy Center: Solar Thermal projects and programs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">NJ Clean Energy Program – SREC Registration Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL’s PVWatts Simulator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://solar%20estimator/\">Solar Estimate.org</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters\">US Department of Energy Solar Water Heater Information</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/swheating.php\">Whole Building Design Guide: Introduction to Solar Water Heating</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Solar Thermal Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1494-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 17:11:33','2022-04-12 17:11:33','',1494,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1499',0,'revision','',0),(1503,2,'2022-04-12 17:13:14','2022-04-12 17:13:14','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"New Commercial Buildings\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The Manual supports the construction of new green commercial buildings with diminished energy and environmental footprints and the greening of existing commercial buildings. This approach limits the impact of the built environment on the natural environment, while sensitivity to the location of building activities helps to prevent urban sprawl and preserves natural resources.</p>\n<p>Best practice strategies include all aspects of green building and design with an added focus on those that jointly promote energy efficiency and resiliency in keeping with the State of New Jersey policy objectives. The Manual organizes best practice strategies according to an operational framework based on a design-build-operate-evaluate process. Each strategy includes a short explanation or definition, implementation recommendations, New Jersey specific examples (when available), and sections on strategy benefits, costs, resiliency (if applicable), and additional resources.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Design\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf568;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operational Tools\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe035;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/building-information-modeling-bim/\">Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/\">Brownfield and Infill Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/\">Site Protection Plan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><strong>Envelope</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Mechanicals and Equipment</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Energy Supply</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/\">Biomass Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/\">On-Site Wind Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/\">Photovoltaic Systems (PV)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Water\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf043;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Backup Systems\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf5df;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. 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You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Operate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf085;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operations & Maintenance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe038;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Smart Infrastructure\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1eb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Evaluate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf3fd;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Building Performance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf080;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.03)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Case Studies</h2>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"30%\" module_alignment=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_divider][et_pb_portfolio fullwidth=\"off\" include_categories=\"3\" show_categories=\"off\" show_pagination=\"off\" hover_overlay_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_portfolio][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','New Commercial','','inherit','closed','closed','','659-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 17:13:14','2022-04-12 17:13:14','',659,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1503',0,'revision','',0),(1506,3,'2022-04-12 17:29:40','2022-04-12 17:29:40','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Cool Roofs\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Cool Roofs?</strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs reflect (solar reflectance) and radiate heat (thermal emittance) away from the building and reduce roof temperature. (See Figure 1). The Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) measures roof reflectance and emissivity on a scale of 0 to 100, and the higher the value, the “cooler” the roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>White, light-colored, and reflective colored surfaces have a higher SRI than dark-colored roofs.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_132\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"732\"]<img class=\"wp-image-132 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Reflectance and Emittance of cool roofs (Source: Cool Roof Rating Council)\" width=\"732\" height=\"500\" /> Figure 1: Reflectance and Emittance of cool roofs (Source: Cool Roof Rating Council)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Conventional dark colored roofs absorb sunlight, generating heat and increasing the cooling load of the building. The heat generated by conventional roofs also contributes to the heat island effect in urban and dense suburban areas. Heat island effect takes place when built up or densely developed areas experience an increase in temperature due to larger areas of dark pavement and roofs that absorb heat from the sun. Rising temperatures result in increased energy demands, which can lead to higher air conditioning costs, increased greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and increased risk of heat-related illnesses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Urbanized and densely populated suburban regions are more vulnerable to the heat island effect, and conditions tend to be worse during the summer months.</p>\n<p>Many building codes and green building programs have a cool roof and urban heat island mitigation requirements that refer to<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/roof_products/cool_roofs_emissivity\">ENERGY STAR</a><span> </span>and the<span> </span><a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/\">Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)</a><span> </span>voluntary labeling programs.</p>\n<p>ENERGY STAR labels roof products that meet the following reflectance requirements and provides information about emissivity<strong>.</strong><strong><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></strong> </p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_178\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1460\"]<img class=\"wp-image-178 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Table-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"(source: Energy Star)\" width=\"1460\" height=\"300\" /> (source: Energy Star)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>The Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) does not set minimum requirements but uses independent and accredited testing laboratories and a random testing program to identify products on its online <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/products/results\">Rated Products Directory</a> that meet the ANSI/CRRC S100 accredited standard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Cool roofs options are available for most standard roofing materials and come in common roofing colors (e.g., gray, red).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> There are two main types of cool roofs: low-sloped and steep-sloped. Low-slope roofs have less than 2 inches of rise for every 12 inches of run. In comparison, steep-sloped roofs have a more significant rise/run ratio.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> For the majority of cases, steep-sloped roofs are utilized in residential construction, while low-sloped roofs are typically used for commercial buildings. Steep-sloped roofs are currently available in clay or concrete tiles. The light pigments of clay and concrete allow the roof to reflect and radiate heat. For steep-slope roofs, light-colored asphalt shingles, metal roofing, tiles, or shakes are also available.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Cool Roofs</strong></h2>\n<p>The decision to incorporate cool roofs depends on the local climate, a building’s heating and cooling loads, peak energy demands, and shading provided by surrounding trees or structures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Incorporating cool roofs requires proper selection and installation of the roof product or roof coating. Refer to the Energy Star and CRRC products list. Cool roof design combined with appropriate roof insulation, shade tree placement, and adequately sized HVAC equipment maximizes energy and cost savings (See <em>Insulation</em>, <em>Properly Sized HVAC</em>, and <em>Tree Protection and Placement)</em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Complementary strategies include vegetated roofs and roof-top photovoltaic systems (see <em>Vegetated Roofs</em>, <em>Photovoltaic Systems</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs offer several potential benefits, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Energy cost savings by reducing cooling loads.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></li>\n<li>Lowered peak electricity demand which decreases the likelihood of power outages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Reduced roof temperatures which may reduce roof maintenance and replacement expenses by extending roof life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></li>\n<li>Increased indoor thermal comfort in summer, helping to prevent heat-related illness and deaths.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></li>\n<li>Mitigated heat island effect in cities and suburbs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></li>\n<li>Reduced air pollution and smog formation.</li>\n<li>Water reduction savings for urban irrigation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></li>\n<li>Minimized heat loss in winter in cold climates when combined with appropriate insulation levels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>A roof’s life cycle costs include upfront installation (materials and labor) and ongoing savings and maintenance costs (repair, recoating, and cleaning). The installed costs vary depending on the type and size of the roof, complexity of the roof system, and building location. In many cases, cool roofs cost about the same as conventional dark roofs with the cost premium ranging from $0.05 to $1.50/SF over conventional roofing products.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> These costs can be recovered in the relatively short-term (1 year or less) through decreased energy consumption.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<p>For a list of price premiums for cool roofs, see the Global Cool Cities Alliance’s <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/\">Cool Roof and Pavements Toolkit</a>. Financial incentives may be available for builders and homeowners who install cool roofs. For up-to-date information on available incentives, please visit the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/main/rebates-and-promotions/rebates-and-promotions\">New Jersey Clean Energy website.</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs contribute to resiliency by providing a durable roofing material and through energy efficiency.  For example, cool roofs enhance roofing durability by reducing thermal flux and increasing the roof’s resiliency to changing climate conditions, heat and UV aging.  Cool roofs also contribute to decreased air-conditioning loads, thereby extending the life of AC units. Regarding energy efficiency, cool roofs, combined with proper insulation levels, can reduce heating and cooling loads, reducing stress on the grid, and help to regulate thermal comfort in the event of a power outage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/\">http://coolroofs.org</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Solecki, William D., et al.,<em> Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region,</em> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science, Research, and Technology (2004). <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf</a>  (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Roof Products Key Product Criteria.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_crit_roof_products\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_crit_roof_products</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Cool Roof Rating Council. 2016. “Policy Makers and Code Official: Learn about Cool Roofs.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf\">http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 13. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) <a href=\"http://www.coolroofs.org/HomeandBuildingOwnersInfo.html\">http://www.coolroofs.org/HomeandBuildingOwnersInfo.html</a> (accessed March 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 21. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 9. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> CRRC. “Resources for Code Officials and Policy Makers” <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf\">http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf</a> (accessed June 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> The “heat island effect” refers to developed areas that experience an increase in temperature that has the effect of increasing energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Vahmani, Pouya. (2017) “Water Conservation Benefits of Urban Heat Mitigation.” Nature Communication 8, Article: 1072,  <a href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/\">http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/</a> (accessed March 16. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> Ramamurthy, P. et al. “The joint influence of albedo and insulation on roof performance: An observational study,” 2015, Energy and Buildings, Volume 93, pages 249-258. <a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study\">https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study</a> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Page 12, Table 5. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf</a> (accessed June 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 35. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-roofs\">Berkeley Lab -Heat Island Group</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.coolroofs.org/\">Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.coolmetalroofing.org/\">Cool Metal Roofing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/roof_products/cool_roofs_emissivity\">Energy Star – Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://rsc.ornl.gov/\">EPA Roof Savings Calculator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://globalcoolcities.org/\">Global Cool Cities Alliance</a><span> </span>–\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/\">Cool Roof and Cool Pavements Toolkit</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrca.net/\">National Roofing Contractors Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisld/mitigation/coolroofs.htm\">US EPA – Heat Island Effect: Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/tools/cool-roof/\">Cool Roof Calculator: Estimates Cooling and Heating Savings for Flat Roofs with Non-Black Surfaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">Guidelines for Selecting Cool Roof</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Cool Roofs','','inherit','closed','closed','','1467-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 17:29:40','2022-04-12 17:29:40','',1467,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1506',0,'revision','',0),(1507,3,'2022-04-12 17:29:40','2022-04-12 17:29:40','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Cool Roofs\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Cool Roofs?</strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs reflect (solar reflectance) and radiate heat (thermal emittance) away from the building and reduce roof temperature. (See Figure 1). The Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) measures roof reflectance and emissivity on a scale of 0 to 100, and the higher the value, the “cooler” the roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>White, light-colored, and reflective colored surfaces have a higher SRI than dark-colored roofs.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_132\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"732\"]<img class=\"wp-image-132 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Reflectance and Emittance of cool roofs (Source: Cool Roof Rating Council)\" width=\"732\" height=\"500\" /> Figure 1: Reflectance and Emittance of cool roofs (Source: Cool Roof Rating Council)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Conventional dark colored roofs absorb sunlight, generating heat and increasing the cooling load of the building. The heat generated by conventional roofs also contributes to the heat island effect in urban and dense suburban areas. Heat island effect takes place when built up or densely developed areas experience an increase in temperature due to larger areas of dark pavement and roofs that absorb heat from the sun. Rising temperatures result in increased energy demands, which can lead to higher air conditioning costs, increased greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and increased risk of heat-related illnesses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Urbanized and densely populated suburban regions are more vulnerable to the heat island effect, and conditions tend to be worse during the summer months.</p>\n<p>Many building codes and green building programs have a cool roof and urban heat island mitigation requirements that refer to<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/roof_products/cool_roofs_emissivity\">ENERGY STAR</a><span> </span>and the<span> </span><a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/\">Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)</a><span> </span>voluntary labeling programs.</p>\n<p>ENERGY STAR labels roof products that meet the following reflectance requirements and provides information about emissivity<strong>.</strong><strong><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></strong> </p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_178\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1460\"]<img class=\"wp-image-178 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Table-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"(source: Energy Star)\" width=\"1460\" height=\"300\" /> (source: Energy Star)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>The Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) does not set minimum requirements but uses independent and accredited testing laboratories and a random testing program to identify products on its online <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/products/results\">Rated Products Directory</a> that meet the ANSI/CRRC S100 accredited standard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Cool roofs options are available for most standard roofing materials and come in common roofing colors (e.g., gray, red).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> There are two main types of cool roofs: low-sloped and steep-sloped. Low-slope roofs have less than 2 inches of rise for every 12 inches of run. In comparison, steep-sloped roofs have a more significant rise/run ratio.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> For the majority of cases, steep-sloped roofs are utilized in residential construction, while low-sloped roofs are typically used for commercial buildings. Steep-sloped roofs are currently available in clay or concrete tiles. The light pigments of clay and concrete allow the roof to reflect and radiate heat. For steep-slope roofs, light-colored asphalt shingles, metal roofing, tiles, or shakes are also available.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Cool Roofs</strong></h2>\n<p>The decision to incorporate cool roofs depends on the local climate, a building’s heating and cooling loads, peak energy demands, and shading provided by surrounding trees or structures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Incorporating cool roofs requires proper selection and installation of the roof product or roof coating. Refer to the Energy Star and CRRC products list. Cool roof design combined with appropriate roof insulation, shade tree placement, and adequately sized HVAC equipment maximizes energy and cost savings (See <em>Insulation</em>, <em>Properly Sized HVAC</em>, and <em>Tree Protection and Placement)</em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Complementary strategies include vegetated roofs and roof-top photovoltaic systems (see <em>Vegetated Roofs</em>, <em>Photovoltaic Systems</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs offer several potential benefits, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Energy cost savings by reducing cooling loads.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></li>\n<li>Lowered peak electricity demand which decreases the likelihood of power outages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Reduced roof temperatures which may reduce roof maintenance and replacement expenses by extending roof life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></li>\n<li>Increased indoor thermal comfort in summer, helping to prevent heat-related illness and deaths.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></li>\n<li>Mitigated heat island effect in cities and suburbs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></li>\n<li>Reduced air pollution and smog formation.</li>\n<li>Water reduction savings for urban irrigation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></li>\n<li>Minimized heat loss in winter in cold climates when combined with appropriate insulation levels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>A roof’s life cycle costs include upfront installation (materials and labor) and ongoing savings and maintenance costs (repair, recoating, and cleaning). The installed costs vary depending on the type and size of the roof, complexity of the roof system, and building location. In many cases, cool roofs cost about the same as conventional dark roofs with the cost premium ranging from $0.05 to $1.50/SF over conventional roofing products.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> These costs can be recovered in the relatively short-term (1 year or less) through decreased energy consumption.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<p>For a list of price premiums for cool roofs, see the Global Cool Cities Alliance’s <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/\">Cool Roof and Pavements Toolkit</a>. Financial incentives may be available for builders and homeowners who install cool roofs. For up-to-date information on available incentives, please visit the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/main/rebates-and-promotions/rebates-and-promotions\">New Jersey Clean Energy website.</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs contribute to resiliency by providing a durable roofing material and through energy efficiency.  For example, cool roofs enhance roofing durability by reducing thermal flux and increasing the roof’s resiliency to changing climate conditions, heat and UV aging.  Cool roofs also contribute to decreased air-conditioning loads, thereby extending the life of AC units. Regarding energy efficiency, cool roofs, combined with proper insulation levels, can reduce heating and cooling loads, reducing stress on the grid, and help to regulate thermal comfort in the event of a power outage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/\">http://coolroofs.org</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Solecki, William D., et al.,<em> Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region,</em> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science, Research, and Technology (2004). <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf</a>  (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Roof Products Key Product Criteria.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_crit_roof_products\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_crit_roof_products</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Cool Roof Rating Council. 2016. “Policy Makers and Code Official: Learn about Cool Roofs.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf\">http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 13. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) <a href=\"http://www.coolroofs.org/HomeandBuildingOwnersInfo.html\">http://www.coolroofs.org/HomeandBuildingOwnersInfo.html</a> (accessed March 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 21. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 9. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> CRRC. “Resources for Code Officials and Policy Makers” <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf\">http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf</a> (accessed June 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> The “heat island effect” refers to developed areas that experience an increase in temperature that has the effect of increasing energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Vahmani, Pouya. (2017) “Water Conservation Benefits of Urban Heat Mitigation.” Nature Communication 8, Article: 1072,  <a href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/\">http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/</a> (accessed March 16. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> Ramamurthy, P. et al. “The joint influence of albedo and insulation on roof performance: An observational study,” 2015, Energy and Buildings, Volume 93, pages 249-258. <a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study\">https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study</a> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Page 12, Table 5. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf</a> (accessed June 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 35. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-roofs\">Berkeley Lab -Heat Island Group</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.coolroofs.org/\">Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.coolmetalroofing.org/\">Cool Metal Roofing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/roof_products/cool_roofs_emissivity\">Energy Star – Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://rsc.ornl.gov/\">EPA Roof Savings Calculator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://globalcoolcities.org/\">Global Cool Cities Alliance</a><span> </span>–\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/\">Cool Roof and Cool Pavements Toolkit</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrca.net/\">National Roofing Contractors Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisld/mitigation/coolroofs.htm\">US EPA – Heat Island Effect: Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/tools/cool-roof/\">Cool Roof Calculator: Estimates Cooling and Heating Savings for Flat Roofs with Non-Black Surfaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">Guidelines for Selecting Cool Roof</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Air Infiltration','','inherit','closed','closed','','1467-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 17:29:40','2022-04-12 17:29:40','',1467,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1507',0,'revision','',0),(1508,3,'2022-04-12 17:29:44','2022-04-12 17:29:44','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Cool Roofs\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Cool Roofs?</strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs reflect (solar reflectance) and radiate heat (thermal emittance) away from the building and reduce roof temperature. (See Figure 1). The Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) measures roof reflectance and emissivity on a scale of 0 to 100, and the higher the value, the “cooler” the roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>White, light-colored, and reflective colored surfaces have a higher SRI than dark-colored roofs.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_132\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"732\"]<img class=\"wp-image-132 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Reflectance and Emittance of cool roofs (Source: Cool Roof Rating Council)\" width=\"732\" height=\"500\" /> Figure 1: Reflectance and Emittance of cool roofs (Source: Cool Roof Rating Council)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Conventional dark colored roofs absorb sunlight, generating heat and increasing the cooling load of the building. The heat generated by conventional roofs also contributes to the heat island effect in urban and dense suburban areas. Heat island effect takes place when built up or densely developed areas experience an increase in temperature due to larger areas of dark pavement and roofs that absorb heat from the sun. Rising temperatures result in increased energy demands, which can lead to higher air conditioning costs, increased greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and increased risk of heat-related illnesses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Urbanized and densely populated suburban regions are more vulnerable to the heat island effect, and conditions tend to be worse during the summer months.</p>\n<p>Many building codes and green building programs have a cool roof and urban heat island mitigation requirements that refer to<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/roof_products/cool_roofs_emissivity\">ENERGY STAR</a><span> </span>and the<span> </span><a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/\">Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)</a><span> </span>voluntary labeling programs.</p>\n<p>ENERGY STAR labels roof products that meet the following reflectance requirements and provides information about emissivity<strong>.</strong><strong><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></strong> </p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_178\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1460\"]<img class=\"wp-image-178 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Table-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"(source: Energy Star)\" width=\"1460\" height=\"300\" /> (source: Energy Star)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p>The Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) does not set minimum requirements but uses independent and accredited testing laboratories and a random testing program to identify products on its online <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/products/results\">Rated Products Directory</a> that meet the ANSI/CRRC S100 accredited standard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Cool roofs options are available for most standard roofing materials and come in common roofing colors (e.g., gray, red).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> There are two main types of cool roofs: low-sloped and steep-sloped. Low-slope roofs have less than 2 inches of rise for every 12 inches of run. In comparison, steep-sloped roofs have a more significant rise/run ratio.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> For the majority of cases, steep-sloped roofs are utilized in residential construction, while low-sloped roofs are typically used for commercial buildings. Steep-sloped roofs are currently available in clay or concrete tiles. The light pigments of clay and concrete allow the roof to reflect and radiate heat. For steep-slope roofs, light-colored asphalt shingles, metal roofing, tiles, or shakes are also available.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Cool Roofs</strong></h2>\n<p>The decision to incorporate cool roofs depends on the local climate, a building’s heating and cooling loads, peak energy demands, and shading provided by surrounding trees or structures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Incorporating cool roofs requires proper selection and installation of the roof product or roof coating. Refer to the Energy Star and CRRC products list. Cool roof design combined with appropriate roof insulation, shade tree placement, and adequately sized HVAC equipment maximizes energy and cost savings (See <em>Insulation</em>, <em>Properly Sized HVAC</em>, and <em>Tree Protection and Placement)</em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Complementary strategies include vegetated roofs and roof-top photovoltaic systems (see <em>Vegetated Roofs</em>, <em>Photovoltaic Systems</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs offer several potential benefits, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Energy cost savings by reducing cooling loads.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></li>\n<li>Lowered peak electricity demand which decreases the likelihood of power outages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Reduced roof temperatures which may reduce roof maintenance and replacement expenses by extending roof life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></li>\n<li>Increased indoor thermal comfort in summer, helping to prevent heat-related illness and deaths.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></li>\n<li>Mitigated heat island effect in cities and suburbs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></li>\n<li>Reduced air pollution and smog formation.</li>\n<li>Water reduction savings for urban irrigation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></li>\n<li>Minimized heat loss in winter in cold climates when combined with appropriate insulation levels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>A roof’s life cycle costs include upfront installation (materials and labor) and ongoing savings and maintenance costs (repair, recoating, and cleaning). The installed costs vary depending on the type and size of the roof, complexity of the roof system, and building location. In many cases, cool roofs cost about the same as conventional dark roofs with the cost premium ranging from $0.05 to $1.50/SF over conventional roofing products.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> These costs can be recovered in the relatively short-term (1 year or less) through decreased energy consumption.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<p>For a list of price premiums for cool roofs, see the Global Cool Cities Alliance’s <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/\">Cool Roof and Pavements Toolkit</a>. Financial incentives may be available for builders and homeowners who install cool roofs. For up-to-date information on available incentives, please visit the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/main/rebates-and-promotions/rebates-and-promotions\">New Jersey Clean Energy website.</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs contribute to resiliency by providing a durable roofing material and through energy efficiency.  For example, cool roofs enhance roofing durability by reducing thermal flux and increasing the roof’s resiliency to changing climate conditions, heat and UV aging.  Cool roofs also contribute to decreased air-conditioning loads, thereby extending the life of AC units. Regarding energy efficiency, cool roofs, combined with proper insulation levels, can reduce heating and cooling loads, reducing stress on the grid, and help to regulate thermal comfort in the event of a power outage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/\">http://coolroofs.org</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Solecki, William D., et al.,<em> Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region,</em> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science, Research, and Technology (2004). <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf</a>  (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Roof Products Key Product Criteria.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_crit_roof_products\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_crit_roof_products</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Cool Roof Rating Council. 2016. “Policy Makers and Code Official: Learn about Cool Roofs.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf\">http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 13. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) <a href=\"http://www.coolroofs.org/HomeandBuildingOwnersInfo.html\">http://www.coolroofs.org/HomeandBuildingOwnersInfo.html</a> (accessed March 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 21. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 9. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> CRRC. “Resources for Code Officials and Policy Makers” <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf\">http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf</a> (accessed June 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> The “heat island effect” refers to developed areas that experience an increase in temperature that has the effect of increasing energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Vahmani, Pouya. (2017) “Water Conservation Benefits of Urban Heat Mitigation.” Nature Communication 8, Article: 1072,  <a href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/\">http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/</a> (accessed March 16. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> Ramamurthy, P. et al. “The joint influence of albedo and insulation on roof performance: An observational study,” 2015, Energy and Buildings, Volume 93, pages 249-258. <a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study\">https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study</a> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Page 12, Table 5. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf</a> (accessed June 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-cool-roofs/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 35. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-roofs\">Berkeley Lab -Heat Island Group</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.coolroofs.org/\">Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.coolmetalroofing.org/\">Cool Metal Roofing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/roof_products/cool_roofs_emissivity\">Energy Star – Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://rsc.ornl.gov/\">EPA Roof Savings Calculator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://globalcoolcities.org/\">Global Cool Cities Alliance</a><span> </span>–\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/\">Cool Roof and Cool Pavements Toolkit</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrca.net/\">National Roofing Contractors Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisld/mitigation/coolroofs.htm\">US EPA – Heat Island Effect: Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/tools/cool-roof/\">Cool Roof Calculator: Estimates Cooling and Heating Savings for Flat Roofs with Non-Black Surfaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">Guidelines for Selecting Cool Roof</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Cool Roofs','','inherit','closed','closed','','1467-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 17:29:44','2022-04-12 17:29:44','',1467,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1508',0,'revision','',0),(1509,3,'2022-04-12 17:34:04','2022-04-12 17:34:04','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy-Efficient Windows\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What are Energy-Efficient Windows?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Windows form part of the fenestration system of a building and play a key role in maintaining a highly insulated building envelope (see<span> </span><em><i>Insulation</i></em>). The fenestration system, or arrangement of openings in a building envelope, determines a building’s HVAC requirements and daylighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy-efficient or high-performance windows maximize natural light and minimize glare and heat gain or loss, decreasing dependence on electric lighting and HVAC systems and improving thermal comfort, energy-efficiency, and daylighting (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<p>High-performance window technologies including low emissive or low-e glass panes, spacers, and insulated frames help prevent energy loss due to conduction, radiation, convection, and air leakage (see<span> </span><em><i>Air Infiltration</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Low-e windows, treated with a microscopically thin coating, reduce heat flow. Spacers or tiny pieces placed between panes in double- or triple- paned windows, create an insulated space often filled with an inert gas such as argon or krypton to decrease heat loss through the window.</p>\n<p>State and local energy codes, federal tax credits, and utility incentives, and ENERGY STAR base their criteria for energy-efficient windows on certified ratings by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC). NFRC labels provide ratings for<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php\">U-factor</a>,<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/shgc.php\">Solar Heat Gain Coefficient</a><span> </span>(SHGC),<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/vt.php\">Visible Light Transmittance</a><span> </span>(VT), and optionally<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/al.php\">Air Leakage</a><span> </span>(AL) and<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/cr.php\">Condensation Resistance</a><span> </span>(CR) ratings (See Figure 1).</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_181\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"538\"]<img class=\"wp-image-181 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-EE-Windows-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Example of NRFC certified window unit label. (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative)\" width=\"538\" height=\"654\" /> Figure 1 – Example of NRFC certified window unit label. (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>A window’s U-factor describes its rate of heat transfer or insulating properties. A lower U-factor indicates a window with higher resistance to heat flow, or a better-insulated window.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar heat energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. The Air Leakage (AL) rating describes leakage through cracks in the window assembly. Condensation Resistance (CR) rates windows on a range between 1 and 100 with higher numbers signaling increased resistance to condensation.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Energy Efficient Windows</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Use simulation programs such as the<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool</a></u><span> </span>or<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://windows.lbl.gov/software/resfen\">Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN</a></u><span> </span>to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">ENERGY STAR label</a></u>, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>When selecting a window based on performance, look for visible transmittance (VT) levels higher than (&gt; 70%), especially for daylighting applications (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, EnergyStar recommends SHGC of 0.4 (40%) or lower for homes with moderate air conditioning requirements. Look for SHGC values of 0.25 or less for homes with significant air conditioning costs or summer overheating problems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, a U-factor of<span> </span><u>&lt;</u><span> </span>0.25 is recommended for high-performance homes (see Fig. 2).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Window performance depends on proper installation, sealing and flashing to prevent air leakage and water damage. Window manufacturers often provide detailed installation requirements and specifications for their products and may have recommendations of in-house installers and programs, 3rd party installers, or installer certification programs such as<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.installationmasters.com/\">Installation Masters™.</a></u><span> </span>ASTM Standard E 2112 provides a nationally recognized standard for proper window installation.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_569\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1360\"]<img class=\"wp-image-569 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EE-Windows-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – ENERGY STAR Recommended U-factor, SHGC and Air Leakage values for New Jersey’s Mixed Climate (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative)\" width=\"1360\" height=\"556\" /> Figure 2 – ENERGY STAR Recommended U-factor, SHGC and Air Leakage values for New Jersey’s Mixed Climate (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Energy-efficient windows contribute to the satisfaction, health, and productivity of building occupants by providing daylighting, reducing glare, providing views of nature, and regulating thermal comfort. By providing natural light, managing glare, and eliminating the need for window treatments that completely block out sunlight, high-performance windows can reduce electric lighting loads while at the same time reducing the ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings. Heat gain and heat loss through windows represent 25%–30% of residential energy use from heating and cooling.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>Installing low-e windows can save 12%–33% on heating and cooling costs, depending on the climate, window orientation, window area, shading devices, and window frame and glazing type.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy-efficient windows designed as part of an overall energy management strategy can lead to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see<span> </span><em><i>Properly-Sized HVAC System</i></em>).</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The average national cost of window installation is $5,040, with most homeowners spending between $2,584 and $7,497.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a>  ENERGY STAR estimates that upgrading from a conventional single pane window to an ENERGY STAR certified window in the Mid-Atlantic region saves an average of $236 (20%) in one year.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy savings help offset the higher upfront cost of energy-efficient windows compared to conventional windows.</p>\n<p>For up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_benefits\">ENERGY STAR</a></u><span> </span>and the<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/programs\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a></u><span> </span>websites.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a power outage, a home built with energy-efficient windows maintains comfortable internal temperature for occupants by reducing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer months. During the winter months, energy-efficient windows provide better insulating properties compared to conventional windows while also offering daylighting, passive solar heating, and enhanced thermal comfort in the case of a power outage. Energy-efficient windows reduce reliance and stress on the grid and provide energy savings. In areas prone to flooding, wind-driven rain, snow storms or hurricanes, properly sealed and flashed windows protect against problems caused by water intrusion, including mold, warping, and structural damage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Windows and Glazing<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Efficient Windows Collaborative. Understanding Windows.<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/understanding.php\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/understanding.php</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>The Efficient Windows Collaborative. U-Factor.<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php</a></u><span> </span>(accessed May 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy Star.<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Windows and Glazing.<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>The Efficient Windows Collaborative. “Selecting Energy Efficient New Windows in New Jersey.” January 2016.<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf</a></u><span> </span>(accessed May 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers. Windows<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/windows-doors-and-skylights/update-or-replace-windows\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/windows-doors-and-skylights/update-or-replace-windows</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>HomeAdvisor – True Cost Guide – Installing Windows<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/doors-and-windows/install-windows/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/doors-and-windows/install-windows/</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. Benefits of ENERGY STAR Qualified Windows, Doors, and Skylights.<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights/benefits\">https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights/benefits</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://aamanet.org/pages/caring-for-your-windows-doors-and-skylights\">American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) – Caring for Your Windows, Doors, and Skylights</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/\">Efficient Windows Collaborative</a><u></u>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/financing.php\">Financing and Incentives</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Window Selection Tool</a><u></u></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights\">Energy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.installationmasters.com/\">Installation Masters – Window &amp; Door Installer Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nfrc.org/\">National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</a><u></u></li>\n<li>US DOE – Energy Savers\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/windows-doors-and-skylights/energy-performance-ratings-windows-doors-and\"><u>Energy Performance Ratings for Windows</u></a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/window-types-and-technologies\"><u>Window Types and Technologies</u></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php\">Windows and Glazing</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy-Efficient Windows','','publish','closed','closed','','nr-energy-efficient-windows','','','2022-04-15 17:17:02','2022-04-15 17:17:02','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1509',0,'post','',0),(1511,3,'2022-04-12 17:34:04','2022-04-12 17:34:04','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy-Efficient Windows\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What are Energy-Efficient Windows?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Windows form part of the fenestration system of a building and play a key role in maintaining a highly insulated building envelope (see<span> </span><em><i>Insulation</i></em>). The fenestration system, or arrangement of openings in a building envelope, determines a building’s HVAC requirements and daylighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy-efficient or high-performance windows maximize natural light and minimize glare and heat gain or loss, decreasing dependence on electric lighting and HVAC systems and improving thermal comfort, energy-efficiency, and daylighting (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<p>High-performance window technologies including low emissive or low-e glass panes, spacers, and insulated frames help prevent energy loss due to conduction, radiation, convection, and air leakage (see<span> </span><em><i>Air Infiltration</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Low-e windows, treated with a microscopically thin coating, reduce heat flow. Spacers or tiny pieces placed between panes in double- or triple- paned windows, create an insulated space often filled with an inert gas such as argon or krypton to decrease heat loss through the window.</p>\n<p>State and local energy codes, federal tax credits, and utility incentives, and ENERGY STAR base their criteria for energy-efficient windows on certified ratings by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC). NFRC labels provide ratings for<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php\">U-factor</a>,<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/shgc.php\">Solar Heat Gain Coefficient</a><span> </span>(SHGC),<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/vt.php\">Visible Light Transmittance</a><span> </span>(VT), and optionally<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/al.php\">Air Leakage</a><span> </span>(AL) and<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/cr.php\">Condensation Resistance</a><span> </span>(CR) ratings (See Figure 1).</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_181\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"538\"]<img class=\"wp-image-181 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-EE-Windows-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Example of NRFC certified window unit label. (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative)\" width=\"538\" height=\"654\" /> Figure 1 – Example of NRFC certified window unit label. (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>A window’s U-factor describes its rate of heat transfer or insulating properties. A lower U-factor indicates a window with higher resistance to heat flow, or a better-insulated window.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar heat energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. The Air Leakage (AL) rating describes leakage through cracks in the window assembly. Condensation Resistance (CR) rates windows on a range between 1 and 100 with higher numbers signaling increased resistance to condensation.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Energy Efficient Windows</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Use simulation programs such as the<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool</a></u><span> </span>or<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://windows.lbl.gov/software/resfen\">Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN</a></u><span> </span>to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">ENERGY STAR label</a></u>, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>When selecting a window based on performance, look for visible transmittance (VT) levels higher than (&gt; 70%), especially for daylighting applications (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, EnergyStar recommends SHGC of 0.4 (40%) or lower for homes with moderate air conditioning requirements. Look for SHGC values of 0.25 or less for homes with significant air conditioning costs or summer overheating problems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, a U-factor of<span> </span><u>&lt;</u><span> </span>0.25 is recommended for high-performance homes (see Fig. 2).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Window performance depends on proper installation, sealing and flashing to prevent air leakage and water damage. Window manufacturers often provide detailed installation requirements and specifications for their products and may have recommendations of in-house installers and programs, 3rd party installers, or installer certification programs such as<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.installationmasters.com/\">Installation Masters™.</a></u><span> </span>ASTM Standard E 2112 provides a nationally recognized standard for proper window installation.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_569\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1360\"]<img class=\"wp-image-569 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EE-Windows-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – ENERGY STAR Recommended U-factor, SHGC and Air Leakage values for New Jersey’s Mixed Climate (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative)\" width=\"1360\" height=\"556\" /> Figure 2 – ENERGY STAR Recommended U-factor, SHGC and Air Leakage values for New Jersey’s Mixed Climate (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Energy-efficient windows contribute to the satisfaction, health, and productivity of building occupants by providing daylighting, reducing glare, providing views of nature, and regulating thermal comfort. By providing natural light, managing glare, and eliminating the need for window treatments that completely block out sunlight, high-performance windows can reduce electric lighting loads while at the same time reducing the ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings. Heat gain and heat loss through windows represent 25%–30% of residential energy use from heating and cooling.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>Installing low-e windows can save 12%–33% on heating and cooling costs, depending on the climate, window orientation, window area, shading devices, and window frame and glazing type.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy-efficient windows designed as part of an overall energy management strategy can lead to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see<span> </span><em><i>Properly-Sized HVAC System</i></em>).</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The average national cost of window installation is $5,040, with most homeowners spending between $2,584 and $7,497.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a>  ENERGY STAR estimates that upgrading from a conventional single pane window to an ENERGY STAR certified window in the Mid-Atlantic region saves an average of $236 (20%) in one year.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy savings help offset the higher upfront cost of energy-efficient windows compared to conventional windows.</p>\n<p>For up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_benefits\">ENERGY STAR</a></u><span> </span>and the<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/programs\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a></u><span> </span>websites.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a power outage, a home built with energy-efficient windows maintains comfortable internal temperature for occupants by reducing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer months. During the winter months, energy-efficient windows provide better insulating properties compared to conventional windows while also offering daylighting, passive solar heating, and enhanced thermal comfort in the case of a power outage. Energy-efficient windows reduce reliance and stress on the grid and provide energy savings. In areas prone to flooding, wind-driven rain, snow storms or hurricanes, properly sealed and flashed windows protect against problems caused by water intrusion, including mold, warping, and structural damage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Windows and Glazing<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Efficient Windows Collaborative. Understanding Windows.<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/understanding.php\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/understanding.php</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>The Efficient Windows Collaborative. U-Factor.<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php</a></u><span> </span>(accessed May 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy Star.<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Windows and Glazing.<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>The Efficient Windows Collaborative. “Selecting Energy Efficient New Windows in New Jersey.” January 2016.<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf</a></u><span> </span>(accessed May 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers. Windows<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/windows-doors-and-skylights/update-or-replace-windows\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/windows-doors-and-skylights/update-or-replace-windows</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>HomeAdvisor – True Cost Guide – Installing Windows<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/doors-and-windows/install-windows/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/doors-and-windows/install-windows/</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. Benefits of ENERGY STAR Qualified Windows, Doors, and Skylights.<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights/benefits\">https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights/benefits</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://aamanet.org/pages/caring-for-your-windows-doors-and-skylights\">American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) – Caring for Your Windows, Doors, and Skylights</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/\">Efficient Windows Collaborative</a><u></u>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/financing.php\">Financing and Incentives</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Window Selection Tool</a><u></u></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights\">Energy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.installationmasters.com/\">Installation Masters – Window &amp; Door Installer Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nfrc.org/\">National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</a><u></u></li>\n<li>US DOE – Energy Savers\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/windows-doors-and-skylights/energy-performance-ratings-windows-doors-and\"><u>Energy Performance Ratings for Windows</u></a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/window-types-and-technologies\"><u>Window Types and Technologies</u></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php\">Windows and Glazing</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy-Efficient Windows','','inherit','closed','closed','','1509-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 17:34:04','2022-04-12 17:34:04','',1509,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1511',0,'revision','',0),(1512,3,'2022-04-12 17:34:04','2022-04-12 17:34:04','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy-Efficient Windows\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What are Energy-Efficient Windows?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Windows form part of the fenestration system of a building and play a key role in maintaining a highly insulated building envelope (see<span> </span><em><i>Insulation</i></em>). The fenestration system, or arrangement of openings in a building envelope, determines a building’s HVAC requirements and daylighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy-efficient or high-performance windows maximize natural light and minimize glare and heat gain or loss, decreasing dependence on electric lighting and HVAC systems and improving thermal comfort, energy-efficiency, and daylighting (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<p>High-performance window technologies including low emissive or low-e glass panes, spacers, and insulated frames help prevent energy loss due to conduction, radiation, convection, and air leakage (see<span> </span><em><i>Air Infiltration</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Low-e windows, treated with a microscopically thin coating, reduce heat flow. Spacers or tiny pieces placed between panes in double- or triple- paned windows, create an insulated space often filled with an inert gas such as argon or krypton to decrease heat loss through the window.</p>\n<p>State and local energy codes, federal tax credits, and utility incentives, and ENERGY STAR base their criteria for energy-efficient windows on certified ratings by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC). NFRC labels provide ratings for<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php\">U-factor</a>,<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/shgc.php\">Solar Heat Gain Coefficient</a><span> </span>(SHGC),<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/vt.php\">Visible Light Transmittance</a><span> </span>(VT), and optionally<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/al.php\">Air Leakage</a><span> </span>(AL) and<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/cr.php\">Condensation Resistance</a><span> </span>(CR) ratings (See Figure 1).</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_181\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"538\"]<img class=\"wp-image-181 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-EE-Windows-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Example of NRFC certified window unit label. (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative)\" width=\"538\" height=\"654\" /> Figure 1 – Example of NRFC certified window unit label. (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>A window’s U-factor describes its rate of heat transfer or insulating properties. A lower U-factor indicates a window with higher resistance to heat flow, or a better-insulated window.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar heat energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. The Air Leakage (AL) rating describes leakage through cracks in the window assembly. Condensation Resistance (CR) rates windows on a range between 1 and 100 with higher numbers signaling increased resistance to condensation.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Energy Efficient Windows</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Use simulation programs such as the<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool</a></u><span> </span>or<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://windows.lbl.gov/software/resfen\">Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN</a></u><span> </span>to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">ENERGY STAR label</a></u>, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>When selecting a window based on performance, look for visible transmittance (VT) levels higher than (&gt; 70%), especially for daylighting applications (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, EnergyStar recommends SHGC of 0.4 (40%) or lower for homes with moderate air conditioning requirements. Look for SHGC values of 0.25 or less for homes with significant air conditioning costs or summer overheating problems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, a U-factor of<span> </span><u>&lt;</u><span> </span>0.25 is recommended for high-performance homes (see Fig. 2).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Window performance depends on proper installation, sealing and flashing to prevent air leakage and water damage. Window manufacturers often provide detailed installation requirements and specifications for their products and may have recommendations of in-house installers and programs, 3rd party installers, or installer certification programs such as<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.installationmasters.com/\">Installation Masters™.</a></u><span> </span>ASTM Standard E 2112 provides a nationally recognized standard for proper window installation.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_569\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1360\"]<img class=\"wp-image-569 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EE-Windows-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – ENERGY STAR Recommended U-factor, SHGC and Air Leakage values for New Jersey’s Mixed Climate (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative)\" width=\"1360\" height=\"556\" /> Figure 2 – ENERGY STAR Recommended U-factor, SHGC and Air Leakage values for New Jersey’s Mixed Climate (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Energy-efficient windows contribute to the satisfaction, health, and productivity of building occupants by providing daylighting, reducing glare, providing views of nature, and regulating thermal comfort. By providing natural light, managing glare, and eliminating the need for window treatments that completely block out sunlight, high-performance windows can reduce electric lighting loads while at the same time reducing the ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings. Heat gain and heat loss through windows represent 25%–30% of residential energy use from heating and cooling.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>Installing low-e windows can save 12%–33% on heating and cooling costs, depending on the climate, window orientation, window area, shading devices, and window frame and glazing type.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy-efficient windows designed as part of an overall energy management strategy can lead to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see<span> </span><em><i>Properly-Sized HVAC System</i></em>).</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The average national cost of window installation is $5,040, with most homeowners spending between $2,584 and $7,497.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a>  ENERGY STAR estimates that upgrading from a conventional single pane window to an ENERGY STAR certified window in the Mid-Atlantic region saves an average of $236 (20%) in one year.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy savings help offset the higher upfront cost of energy-efficient windows compared to conventional windows.</p>\n<p>For up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_benefits\">ENERGY STAR</a></u><span> </span>and the<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/programs\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a></u><span> </span>websites.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a power outage, a home built with energy-efficient windows maintains comfortable internal temperature for occupants by reducing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer months. During the winter months, energy-efficient windows provide better insulating properties compared to conventional windows while also offering daylighting, passive solar heating, and enhanced thermal comfort in the case of a power outage. Energy-efficient windows reduce reliance and stress on the grid and provide energy savings. In areas prone to flooding, wind-driven rain, snow storms or hurricanes, properly sealed and flashed windows protect against problems caused by water intrusion, including mold, warping, and structural damage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Windows and Glazing<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Efficient Windows Collaborative. Understanding Windows.<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/understanding.php\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/understanding.php</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>The Efficient Windows Collaborative. U-Factor.<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php</a></u><span> </span>(accessed May 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy Star.<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Windows and Glazing.<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>The Efficient Windows Collaborative. “Selecting Energy Efficient New Windows in New Jersey.” January 2016.<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf</a></u><span> </span>(accessed May 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers. Windows<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/windows-doors-and-skylights/update-or-replace-windows\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/windows-doors-and-skylights/update-or-replace-windows</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>HomeAdvisor – True Cost Guide – Installing Windows<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/doors-and-windows/install-windows/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/doors-and-windows/install-windows/</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. Benefits of ENERGY STAR Qualified Windows, Doors, and Skylights.<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights/benefits\">https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights/benefits</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://aamanet.org/pages/caring-for-your-windows-doors-and-skylights\">American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) – Caring for Your Windows, Doors, and Skylights</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/\">Efficient Windows Collaborative</a><u></u>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/financing.php\">Financing and Incentives</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Window Selection Tool</a><u></u></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights\">Energy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.installationmasters.com/\">Installation Masters – Window &amp; Door Installer Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nfrc.org/\">National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</a><u></u></li>\n<li>US DOE – Energy Savers\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/windows-doors-and-skylights/energy-performance-ratings-windows-doors-and\"><u>Energy Performance Ratings for Windows</u></a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/window-types-and-technologies\"><u>Window Types and Technologies</u></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php\">Windows and Glazing</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Cool Roofs','','inherit','closed','closed','','1509-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 17:34:04','2022-04-12 17:34:04','',1509,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1512',0,'revision','',0),(1513,3,'2022-04-12 17:34:08','2022-04-12 17:34:08','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy-Efficient Windows\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What are Energy-Efficient Windows?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Windows form part of the fenestration system of a building and play a key role in maintaining a highly insulated building envelope (see<span> </span><em><i>Insulation</i></em>). The fenestration system, or arrangement of openings in a building envelope, determines a building’s HVAC requirements and daylighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy-efficient or high-performance windows maximize natural light and minimize glare and heat gain or loss, decreasing dependence on electric lighting and HVAC systems and improving thermal comfort, energy-efficiency, and daylighting (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<p>High-performance window technologies including low emissive or low-e glass panes, spacers, and insulated frames help prevent energy loss due to conduction, radiation, convection, and air leakage (see<span> </span><em><i>Air Infiltration</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Low-e windows, treated with a microscopically thin coating, reduce heat flow. Spacers or tiny pieces placed between panes in double- or triple- paned windows, create an insulated space often filled with an inert gas such as argon or krypton to decrease heat loss through the window.</p>\n<p>State and local energy codes, federal tax credits, and utility incentives, and ENERGY STAR base their criteria for energy-efficient windows on certified ratings by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC). NFRC labels provide ratings for<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php\">U-factor</a>,<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/shgc.php\">Solar Heat Gain Coefficient</a><span> </span>(SHGC),<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/vt.php\">Visible Light Transmittance</a><span> </span>(VT), and optionally<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/al.php\">Air Leakage</a><span> </span>(AL) and<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/cr.php\">Condensation Resistance</a><span> </span>(CR) ratings (See Figure 1).</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_181\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"538\"]<img class=\"wp-image-181 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-EE-Windows-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Example of NRFC certified window unit label. (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative)\" width=\"538\" height=\"654\" /> Figure 1 – Example of NRFC certified window unit label. (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>A window’s U-factor describes its rate of heat transfer or insulating properties. A lower U-factor indicates a window with higher resistance to heat flow, or a better-insulated window.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar heat energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. The Air Leakage (AL) rating describes leakage through cracks in the window assembly. Condensation Resistance (CR) rates windows on a range between 1 and 100 with higher numbers signaling increased resistance to condensation.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Energy Efficient Windows</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Use simulation programs such as the<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool</a></u><span> </span>or<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://windows.lbl.gov/software/resfen\">Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN</a></u><span> </span>to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">ENERGY STAR label</a></u>, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>When selecting a window based on performance, look for visible transmittance (VT) levels higher than (&gt; 70%), especially for daylighting applications (see<span> </span><em><i>Daylighting</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, EnergyStar recommends SHGC of 0.4 (40%) or lower for homes with moderate air conditioning requirements. Look for SHGC values of 0.25 or less for homes with significant air conditioning costs or summer overheating problems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, a U-factor of<span> </span><u>&lt;</u><span> </span>0.25 is recommended for high-performance homes (see Fig. 2).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Window performance depends on proper installation, sealing and flashing to prevent air leakage and water damage. Window manufacturers often provide detailed installation requirements and specifications for their products and may have recommendations of in-house installers and programs, 3rd party installers, or installer certification programs such as<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.installationmasters.com/\">Installation Masters™.</a></u><span> </span>ASTM Standard E 2112 provides a nationally recognized standard for proper window installation.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_569\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1360\"]<img class=\"wp-image-569 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EE-Windows-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – ENERGY STAR Recommended U-factor, SHGC and Air Leakage values for New Jersey’s Mixed Climate (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative)\" width=\"1360\" height=\"556\" /> Figure 2 – ENERGY STAR Recommended U-factor, SHGC and Air Leakage values for New Jersey’s Mixed Climate (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Energy-efficient windows contribute to the satisfaction, health, and productivity of building occupants by providing daylighting, reducing glare, providing views of nature, and regulating thermal comfort. By providing natural light, managing glare, and eliminating the need for window treatments that completely block out sunlight, high-performance windows can reduce electric lighting loads while at the same time reducing the ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings. Heat gain and heat loss through windows represent 25%–30% of residential energy use from heating and cooling.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>Installing low-e windows can save 12%–33% on heating and cooling costs, depending on the climate, window orientation, window area, shading devices, and window frame and glazing type.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy-efficient windows designed as part of an overall energy management strategy can lead to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see<span> </span><em><i>Properly-Sized HVAC System</i></em>).</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The average national cost of window installation is $5,040, with most homeowners spending between $2,584 and $7,497.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a>  ENERGY STAR estimates that upgrading from a conventional single pane window to an ENERGY STAR certified window in the Mid-Atlantic region saves an average of $236 (20%) in one year.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy savings help offset the higher upfront cost of energy-efficient windows compared to conventional windows.</p>\n<p>For up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_benefits\">ENERGY STAR</a></u><span> </span>and the<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/programs\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a></u><span> </span>websites.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a power outage, a home built with energy-efficient windows maintains comfortable internal temperature for occupants by reducing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer months. During the winter months, energy-efficient windows provide better insulating properties compared to conventional windows while also offering daylighting, passive solar heating, and enhanced thermal comfort in the case of a power outage. Energy-efficient windows reduce reliance and stress on the grid and provide energy savings. In areas prone to flooding, wind-driven rain, snow storms or hurricanes, properly sealed and flashed windows protect against problems caused by water intrusion, including mold, warping, and structural damage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Windows and Glazing<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Efficient Windows Collaborative. Understanding Windows.<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/understanding.php\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/understanding.php</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>The Efficient Windows Collaborative. U-Factor.<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php</a></u><span> </span>(accessed May 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy Star.<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Windows and Glazing.<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>The Efficient Windows Collaborative. “Selecting Energy Efficient New Windows in New Jersey.” January 2016.<span> </span><u><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf</a></u><span> </span>(accessed May 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers. Windows<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/windows-doors-and-skylights/update-or-replace-windows\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/windows-doors-and-skylights/update-or-replace-windows</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>HomeAdvisor – True Cost Guide – Installing Windows<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/doors-and-windows/install-windows/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/doors-and-windows/install-windows/</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. Benefits of ENERGY STAR Qualified Windows, Doors, and Skylights.<span> </span><u><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights/benefits\">https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights/benefits</a></u><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://aamanet.org/pages/caring-for-your-windows-doors-and-skylights\">American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) – Caring for Your Windows, Doors, and Skylights</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/\">Efficient Windows Collaborative</a><u></u>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/financing.php\">Financing and Incentives</a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Window Selection Tool</a><u></u></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights\">Energy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.installationmasters.com/\">Installation Masters – Window &amp; Door Installer Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nfrc.org/\">National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</a><u></u></li>\n<li>US DOE – Energy Savers\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/windows-doors-and-skylights/energy-performance-ratings-windows-doors-and\"><u>Energy Performance Ratings for Windows</u></a><u></u></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/window-types-and-technologies\"><u>Window Types and Technologies</u></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php\">Windows and Glazing</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_image src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_image][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy-Efficient Windows','','inherit','closed','closed','','1509-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 17:34:08','2022-04-12 17:34:08','',1509,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1513',0,'revision','',0),(1514,3,'2022-04-12 18:44:48','2022-04-12 18:44:48','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Recovery Systems\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Energy Recovery Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems transfer heat from outgoing air to incoming air in the winter and from incoming air to outgoing air in the summer, lowering heating and cooling costs and overall energy use. There are different types of systems, all featuring a heat exchanger, controls, and one or more fans to move air through a machine.</p>\n<p>Energy recovery technologies include heat-recovery ventilators (HRV) and energy-recovery ventilators (ERV). Energy-efficient, tightly sealed, homes require proper ventilation. Energy recovery ventilators (ERV) minimize energy loss while ventilating the home. Most systems include central, whole-house ventilators, but some smaller models can be mounted on walls or windows.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_221\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"962\"]<img class=\"wp-image-221 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Recovery-Systems-Fig-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram (Source: DPoint Technologies)\" width=\"962\" height=\"566\" /> Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram (Source: DPoint Technologies)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Recovery Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Select ERV systems certified by the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.hvi.org/\">Home Ventilating Institute</a><span> </span>that comply with local building codes for HVAC systems. Most energy recovery systems can share existing ductwork, which reduces maintenance and installation costs. Each room requires a supply and return duct. Proper installation, sizing, and placement of ducts as well as regular maintenance can impact performance.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></sup><span> </span>In cold climates, energy recovery ventilators must have a device to prevent freezing and frost formation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Experienced and qualified HVAC contractors should install, properly test, and balance the system. Improperly balanced systems can lead to negatively pressurized homes that backdraft from combustion appliances, drawing carbon monoxide and gases, such as radon, into the home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/showcase-projects/jche-golda-meir-house\">Golda Meir House, Newton, MA.</a></p>\n<p>This multifamily project demonstrates significant energy improvements as well as annual energy savings by installing energy-efficient measures including an Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV) system.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems can recover about 70-80% of the energy in exiting air and transfer it to incoming air reducing energy consumption and costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>By controlling humidity and cycling in fresh air to replace stale or contaminated indoor air, ERV’s improve indoor air quality and comfort in the home.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While costs vary according to quality, capacity, controls, efficiency, and type, medium-sized (70-120cfm) energy recovery ventilators generally cost between $600 and $1100, not including installation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>These systems are most cost-effective in climates with cold winters and hot summers, such as New Jersey, or where fuel costs are high.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Generally, energy recovery systems cost more to install than conventional systems and require more maintenance over their lifetime, but when correctly installed, can help reduce energy bills, and provide a healthier indoor environment.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems offer an indirect resiliency benefit to buildings by reducing heating and cooling loads, thereby reducing stress on the grid, and the likelihood of brownouts.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>University of Minnesota (UMN). Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210512135007/http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>D. Kosar. 2016. Laboratory Evaluation of Energy Recovery Ventilators Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/66560.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/66560.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>University of Minnesota (UMN). Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210512135007/http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Sustainable Sources. “Energy Recovery Ventilation Systems.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://sustainablesources.com/\">http://sustainablesources.com</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.hvi.org/\">Home Ventilating Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/categories/cooling-ventilating/ventilating/hrv/16197\">National Resources Canada (NRCan): Heat/Energy Recovery Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS)+ 2015 Project Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210512135007/http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">University of Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">US DOE: Energy Savers Whole House Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE: Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoorairplus\">US EPA Indoor AirPLUS</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy Recovery Systems','','publish','closed','closed','','nr-energy-recovery-systems','','','2022-06-23 19:30:19','2022-06-23 19:30:19','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1514',0,'post','',0),(1515,3,'2022-04-12 18:42:26','2022-04-12 18:42:26','','download','','inherit','open','closed','','download-3','','','2022-04-12 18:42:26','2022-04-12 18:42:26','',1514,'http://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-2.png',0,'attachment','image/png',0),(1517,3,'2022-04-12 18:44:48','2022-04-12 18:44:48','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Recovery Systems\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Energy Recovery Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems transfer heat from outgoing air to incoming air in the winter and from incoming air to outgoing air in the summer, lowering heating and cooling costs and overall energy use. There are different types of systems, all featuring a heat exchanger, controls, and one or more fans to move air through a machine.</p>\n<p>Energy recovery technologies include heat-recovery ventilators (HRV) and energy-recovery ventilators (ERV). Energy-efficient, tightly sealed, homes require proper ventilation. Energy recovery ventilators (ERV) minimize energy loss while ventilating the home. Most systems include central, whole-house ventilators, but some smaller models can be mounted on walls or windows.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_221\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"962\"]<img class=\"wp-image-221 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Recovery-Systems-Fig-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram (Source: DPoint Technologies)\" width=\"962\" height=\"566\" /> Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram (Source: DPoint Technologies)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Recovery Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Select ERV systems certified by the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.hvi.org/\">Home Ventilating Institute</a><span> </span>that comply with local building codes for HVAC systems. Most energy recovery systems can share existing ductwork, which reduces maintenance and installation costs. Each room requires a supply and return duct. Proper installation, sizing, and placement of ducts as well as regular maintenance can impact performance.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></sup><span> </span>In cold climates, energy recovery ventilators must have a device to prevent freezing and frost formation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Experienced and qualified HVAC contractors should install, properly test, and balance the system. Improperly balanced systems can lead to negatively pressurized homes that backdraft from combustion appliances, drawing carbon monoxide and gases, such as radon, into the home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://rpsc.energy.gov/search/ERV\">Golda Meir House, Newton, MA.</a></p>\n<p>This multifamily project demonstrates significant energy improvements as well as annual energy savings by installing energy-efficient measures including an Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV) system.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems can recover about 70-80% of the energy in exiting air and transfer it to incoming air reducing energy consumption and costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>By controlling humidity and cycling in fresh air to replace stale or contaminated indoor air, ERV’s improve indoor air quality and comfort in the home.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While costs vary according to quality, capacity, controls, efficiency, and type, medium-sized (70-120cfm) energy recovery ventilators generally cost between $600 and $1100, not including installation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>These systems are most cost-effective in climates with cold winters and hot summers, such as New Jersey, or where fuel costs are high.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Generally, energy recovery systems cost more to install than conventional systems and require more maintenance over their lifetime, but when correctly installed, can help reduce energy bills, and provide a healthier indoor environment.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems offer an indirect resiliency benefit to buildings by reducing heating and cooling loads, thereby reducing stress on the grid, and the likelihood of brownouts.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>University of Minnesota (UMN). Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>D. Kosar. 2016. Laboratory Evaluation of Energy Recovery Ventilators Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/66560.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/66560.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>University of Minnesota (UMN). Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Sustainable Sources. “Energy Recovery Ventilation Systems.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://sustainablesources.com/\">http://sustainablesources.com</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.hvi.org/\">Home Ventilating Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/categories/cooling-ventilating/ventilating/hrv/16197\">National Resources Canada (NRCan): Heat/Energy Recovery Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS)+ 2015 Project Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">University of Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">US DOE: Energy Savers Whole House Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE: Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoorairplus\">US EPA Indoor AirPLUS</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy Recovery Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1514-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 18:44:48','2022-04-12 18:44:48','',1514,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1517',0,'revision','',0),(1518,3,'2022-04-12 18:44:48','2022-04-12 18:44:48','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Recovery Systems\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Energy Recovery Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems transfer heat from outgoing air to incoming air in the winter and from incoming air to outgoing air in the summer, lowering heating and cooling costs and overall energy use. There are different types of systems, all featuring a heat exchanger, controls, and one or more fans to move air through a machine.</p>\n<p>Energy recovery technologies include heat-recovery ventilators (HRV) and energy-recovery ventilators (ERV). Energy-efficient, tightly sealed, homes require proper ventilation. Energy recovery ventilators (ERV) minimize energy loss while ventilating the home. Most systems include central, whole-house ventilators, but some smaller models can be mounted on walls or windows.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_221\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"962\"]<img class=\"wp-image-221 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Recovery-Systems-Fig-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram (Source: DPoint Technologies)\" width=\"962\" height=\"566\" /> Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram (Source: DPoint Technologies)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Recovery Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Select ERV systems certified by the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.hvi.org/\">Home Ventilating Institute</a><span> </span>that comply with local building codes for HVAC systems. Most energy recovery systems can share existing ductwork, which reduces maintenance and installation costs. Each room requires a supply and return duct. Proper installation, sizing, and placement of ducts as well as regular maintenance can impact performance.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></sup><span> </span>In cold climates, energy recovery ventilators must have a device to prevent freezing and frost formation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Experienced and qualified HVAC contractors should install, properly test, and balance the system. Improperly balanced systems can lead to negatively pressurized homes that backdraft from combustion appliances, drawing carbon monoxide and gases, such as radon, into the home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://rpsc.energy.gov/search/ERV\">Golda Meir House, Newton, MA.</a></p>\n<p>This multifamily project demonstrates significant energy improvements as well as annual energy savings by installing energy-efficient measures including an Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV) system.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems can recover about 70-80% of the energy in exiting air and transfer it to incoming air reducing energy consumption and costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>By controlling humidity and cycling in fresh air to replace stale or contaminated indoor air, ERV’s improve indoor air quality and comfort in the home.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While costs vary according to quality, capacity, controls, efficiency, and type, medium-sized (70-120cfm) energy recovery ventilators generally cost between $600 and $1100, not including installation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>These systems are most cost-effective in climates with cold winters and hot summers, such as New Jersey, or where fuel costs are high.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Generally, energy recovery systems cost more to install than conventional systems and require more maintenance over their lifetime, but when correctly installed, can help reduce energy bills, and provide a healthier indoor environment.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems offer an indirect resiliency benefit to buildings by reducing heating and cooling loads, thereby reducing stress on the grid, and the likelihood of brownouts.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>University of Minnesota (UMN). Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>D. Kosar. 2016. Laboratory Evaluation of Energy Recovery Ventilators Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/66560.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/66560.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>University of Minnesota (UMN). Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Sustainable Sources. “Energy Recovery Ventilation Systems.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://sustainablesources.com/\">http://sustainablesources.com</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.hvi.org/\">Home Ventilating Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/categories/cooling-ventilating/ventilating/hrv/16197\">National Resources Canada (NRCan): Heat/Energy Recovery Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS)+ 2015 Project Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">University of Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">US DOE: Energy Savers Whole House Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE: Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoorairplus\">US EPA Indoor AirPLUS</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy-Efficient Windows','','inherit','closed','closed','','1514-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 18:44:48','2022-04-12 18:44:48','',1514,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1518',0,'revision','',0),(1519,3,'2022-04-12 18:44:52','2022-04-12 18:44:52','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Recovery Systems\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Energy Recovery Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems transfer heat from outgoing air to incoming air in the winter and from incoming air to outgoing air in the summer, lowering heating and cooling costs and overall energy use. There are different types of systems, all featuring a heat exchanger, controls, and one or more fans to move air through a machine.</p>\n<p>Energy recovery technologies include heat-recovery ventilators (HRV) and energy-recovery ventilators (ERV). Energy-efficient, tightly sealed, homes require proper ventilation. Energy recovery ventilators (ERV) minimize energy loss while ventilating the home. Most systems include central, whole-house ventilators, but some smaller models can be mounted on walls or windows.</p>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_221\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"962\"]<img class=\"wp-image-221 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Recovery-Systems-Fig-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram (Source: DPoint Technologies)\" width=\"962\" height=\"566\" /> Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram (Source: DPoint Technologies)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Recovery Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Select ERV systems certified by the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.hvi.org/\">Home Ventilating Institute</a><span> </span>that comply with local building codes for HVAC systems. Most energy recovery systems can share existing ductwork, which reduces maintenance and installation costs. Each room requires a supply and return duct. Proper installation, sizing, and placement of ducts as well as regular maintenance can impact performance.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></sup><span> </span>In cold climates, energy recovery ventilators must have a device to prevent freezing and frost formation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Experienced and qualified HVAC contractors should install, properly test, and balance the system. Improperly balanced systems can lead to negatively pressurized homes that backdraft from combustion appliances, drawing carbon monoxide and gases, such as radon, into the home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://rpsc.energy.gov/search/ERV\">Golda Meir House, Newton, MA.</a></p>\n<p>This multifamily project demonstrates significant energy improvements as well as annual energy savings by installing energy-efficient measures including an Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV) system.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems can recover about 70-80% of the energy in exiting air and transfer it to incoming air reducing energy consumption and costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>By controlling humidity and cycling in fresh air to replace stale or contaminated indoor air, ERV’s improve indoor air quality and comfort in the home.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While costs vary according to quality, capacity, controls, efficiency, and type, medium-sized (70-120cfm) energy recovery ventilators generally cost between $600 and $1100, not including installation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>These systems are most cost-effective in climates with cold winters and hot summers, such as New Jersey, or where fuel costs are high.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Generally, energy recovery systems cost more to install than conventional systems and require more maintenance over their lifetime, but when correctly installed, can help reduce energy bills, and provide a healthier indoor environment.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy recovery systems offer an indirect resiliency benefit to buildings by reducing heating and cooling loads, thereby reducing stress on the grid, and the likelihood of brownouts.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>University of Minnesota (UMN). Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>D. Kosar. 2016. Laboratory Evaluation of Energy Recovery Ventilators Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/66560.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/66560.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>University of Minnesota (UMN). Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-recovery-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Sustainable Sources. “Energy Recovery Ventilation Systems.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://sustainablesources.com/\">http://sustainablesources.com</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.hvi.org/\">Home Ventilating Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/categories/cooling-ventilating/ventilating/hrv/16197\">National Resources Canada (NRCan): Heat/Energy Recovery Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS)+ 2015 Project Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html\">University of Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation\">US DOE: Energy Savers Whole House Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">US DOE: Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/indoorairplus\">US EPA Indoor AirPLUS</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy Recovery Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1514-revision-v1','','','2022-04-12 18:44:52','2022-04-12 18:44:52','',1514,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1519',0,'revision','',0),(1521,2,'2022-04-13 20:19:10','2022-04-13 20:19:10','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Indoor Water Conservation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Indoor Water Conservation?</h2>\n<p>Indoor water conservation refers to building operations, occupant behaviors and water-efficient fixtures and appliances that help to reduce overall water consumption in a building. The commercial and industrial building sector uses large quantities of water, with office buildings representing 9% of water use.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Figure 1 shows that the three most significant areas for potential water savings in office buildings are restrooms, cooling and heating, and landscape irrigation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_76\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"800\"]<img class=\"wp-image-76 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Indoor-Water-Conservation-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- End used of water in Commercial Office Buildings. (Source: US EPA WaterSense).\" width=\"800\" height=\"472\" /> Figure 1- End used of water in Commercial Office Buildings. (Source: US EPA WaterSense).[/caption]<p>New Jersey receives ample average rainfall of 45 inches per year, and the state’s geology supports the storage of large quantities of groundwater and surface water reservoirs. However, ongoing conservation efforts and water-efficient equipment upgrades can reduce the risk of water shortages and reduce costs associated with increasing population growth, aging water infrastructure, and climate change impacts such as droughts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Indoor water conservation generally addresses water use reductions in four areas:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reducing water losses associated with leaks.</li>\n<li>Increasing the water efficiency of fixtures, equipment, systems, and processes.</li>\n<li>Educating staff and occupants about water conservation to encourage water-saving behaviors.</li>\n<li>Reusing onsite wastewater for irrigation and non-potable uses.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>How to Implement Indoor Water Conservation</h2>\n<p>Implementing indoor water conservation depends on the functions of the building but typically includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Installing water meters and sub-meters and leak detection sensors to track water usage, find and fix leaks and equipment failures, and identify opportunities for water savings (see <em>Smart Meters, and Smart Sensors and Controls</em>).</li>\n<li>Specifying low-flow, <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/watersense-products\">WaterSense</a> certified fixtures such as toilets, showers, faucets, and aerators, and energy-efficient, <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products?s=mega\">EnergyStar</a> certified appliances, such as dishwashers and clothes washers, that also conserve water (see <em>Energy Star Equipment and Plug Load</em>).</li>\n<li>Properly maintaining HVAC systems to minimize water used for cooling equipment, eliminating single-pass cooling, and optimizing boiler and steam systems by reusing excess steam.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Minimizing irrigation or recovering wastewater for irrigation and uses that do not require potable water such as toilet and urinal flushing, and cooling tower make-up water (see <em>Water Efficient Landscaping, Rain Barrels and Cisterns, On-Site Alternative Water Reuse</em>).</li>\n<li>Educating staff and occupants on water conservation efforts and procedures to ensure the proper use of water-saving equipment (e.g., instructions for dual flush toilets) and to help identify water saving opportunities (e.g., hotlines for leak reporting).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Example</h3>\n<p>US EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings – Case Studies</p>\n<p>The US EPA WaterSense program provides case studies from across the country and within the commercial and industrial sector that document water efficiency efforts and best practices outlined in <em><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities</a></em> including detailed descriptions of the project and associated water, energy and cost savings.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Indoor water conservation reduces the strain on natural water resources and ensures future water supplies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Water saving fixtures and appliances save money on water and energy bills without sacrificing performance, the latter savings due to the significant amount of energy often used to heat water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> For example, WaterSense certified fixtures and appliances save 20% more water than standard products.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> EnergyStar certified commercial dishwashers use 40% less water and energy than standard models.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Indoor water conservation can also reduce the costs and the amount of energy required to treat, pump, and transport water and wastewater.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-indoor-water-conservation/\" name=\"_ednref12\">12</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Indoor water conservation enhances resiliency by reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity. Water use reductions also decrease the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2018. Types of Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities\">https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2012. Saving Water in Office Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-offices.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-offices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2017, New Jersey Water Supply Plan 2017-2022: 484p, <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a>   (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2018. Types of Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities\">https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. 2017. Water Management and Best Practices at EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-management-plans-and-best-practices-epa\">https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-management-plans-and-best-practices-epa</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience. 2018. The Case for Water Conservation in New Jersey. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm\">https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2012. Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-general-ci.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-general-ci.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2017. Statistics and Facts: WaterSense and Water Savings. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/statistics-and-facts\">https://www.epa.gov/watersense/statistics-and-facts</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US DOE EnergyStar. 2018. Dishwashers. <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/dishwashers\">https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/dishwashers</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience. 2018. The Case for Water Conservation in New Jersey. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm\">https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/\">ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plugload</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/\">On-Site Alternative Water Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Meters</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm\">NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/opsc/docs/guide_indoor_water_conservation.pdf\">NJ DEP Creating Sustainable Communities – Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njwatersavers.rutgers.edu\">NJ WaterSavers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/commercial-buildings\">US EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-conservation-epa\">US EPA – Water Conservation at EPA</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Water Conservation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Indoor Water Conservation','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-indoor-water-conservation','','','2022-06-23 19:32:59','2022-06-23 19:32:59','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1521',0,'post','',0),(1522,2,'2022-04-13 20:15:22','2022-04-13 20:15:22','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1521-revision-v1','','','2022-04-13 20:15:22','2022-04-13 20:15:22','',1521,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1522',0,'revision','',0),(1524,2,'2022-04-13 20:19:10','2022-04-13 20:19:10','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Indoor Water Conservation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Indoor Water Conservation?</h2>\n<p>Indoor water conservation refers to building operations, occupant behaviors and water-efficient fixtures and appliances that help to reduce overall water consumption in a building. The commercial and industrial building sector uses large quantities of water, with office buildings representing 9% of water use.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Figure 1 shows that the three most significant areas for potential water savings in office buildings are restrooms, cooling and heating, and landscape irrigation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_76\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"800\"]<img class=\"wp-image-76 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Indoor-Water-Conservation-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- End used of water in Commercial Office Buildings. (Source: US EPA WaterSense).\" width=\"800\" height=\"472\" /> Figure 1- End used of water in Commercial Office Buildings. (Source: US EPA WaterSense).[/caption]<p>New Jersey receives ample average rainfall of 45 inches per year, and the state’s geology supports the storage of large quantities of groundwater and surface water reservoirs. However, ongoing conservation efforts and water-efficient equipment upgrades can reduce the risk of water shortages and reduce costs associated with increasing population growth, aging water infrastructure, and climate change impacts such as droughts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Indoor water conservation generally addresses water use reductions in four areas:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reducing water losses associated with leaks.</li>\n<li>Increasing the water efficiency of fixtures, equipment, systems, and processes.</li>\n<li>Educating staff and occupants about water conservation to encourage water-saving behaviors.</li>\n<li>Reusing onsite wastewater for irrigation and non-potable uses.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>How to Implement Indoor Water Conservation</h2>\n<p>Implementing indoor water conservation depends on the functions of the building but typically includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Installing water meters and sub-meters and leak detection sensors to track water usage, find and fix leaks and equipment failures, and identify opportunities for water savings (see <em>Smart Meters, and Smart Sensors and Controls</em>).</li>\n<li>Specifying low-flow, <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/watersense-products\">WaterSense</a> certified fixtures such as toilets, showers, faucets, and aerators, and energy-efficient, <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products?s=mega\">EnergyStar</a> certified appliances, such as dishwashers and clothes washers, that also conserve water (see <em>Energy Star Equipment and Plug Load</em>).</li>\n<li>Properly maintaining HVAC systems to minimize water used for cooling equipment, eliminating single-pass cooling, and optimizing boiler and steam systems by reusing excess steam.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Minimizing irrigation or recovering wastewater for irrigation and uses that do not require potable water such as toilet and urinal flushing, and cooling tower make-up water (see <em>Water Efficient Landscaping, Rain Barrels and Cisterns, On-Site Alternative Water Reuse</em>).</li>\n<li>Educating staff and occupants on water conservation efforts and procedures to ensure the proper use of water-saving equipment (e.g., instructions for dual flush toilets) and to help identify water saving opportunities (e.g., hotlines for leak reporting).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Example</h3>\n<p>US EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings – Case Studies</p>\n<p>The US EPA WaterSense program provides case studies from across the country and within the commercial and industrial sector that document water efficiency efforts and best practices outlined in <em><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities</a></em> including detailed descriptions of the project and associated water, energy and cost savings.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Indoor water conservation reduces the strain on natural water resources and ensures future water supplies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Water saving fixtures and appliances save money on water and energy bills without sacrificing performance, the latter savings due to the significant amount of energy often used to heat water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> For example, WaterSense certified fixtures and appliances save 20% more water than standard products.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> EnergyStar certified commercial dishwashers use 40% less water and energy than standard models.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Indoor water conservation can also reduce the costs and the amount of energy required to treat, pump, and transport water and wastewater.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Indoor water conservation enhances resiliency by reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity. Water use reductions also decrease the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2018. Types of Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities\">https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2012. Saving Water in Office Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-offices.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-offices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2017, New Jersey Water Supply Plan 2017-2022: 484p, <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a>   (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2018. Types of Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities\">https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. 2017. Water Management and Best Practices at EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-management-plans-and-best-practices-epa\">https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-management-plans-and-best-practices-epa</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience. 2018. The Case for Water Conservation in New Jersey. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm\">https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2012. Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-general-ci.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-general-ci.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2017. Statistics and Facts: WaterSense and Water Savings. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/statistics-and-facts\">https://www.epa.gov/watersense/statistics-and-facts</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US DOE EnergyStar. 2018. Dishwashers. <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/dishwashers\">https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/dishwashers</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience. 2018. The Case for Water Conservation in New Jersey. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm\">https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/\">ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plugload</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/\">On-Site Alternative Water Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Meters</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm\">NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/opsc/docs/guide_indoor_water_conservation.pdf\">NJ DEP Creating Sustainable Communities – Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njwatersavers.rutgers.edu\">NJ WaterSavers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/commercial-buildings\">US EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-conservation-epa\">US EPA – Water Conservation at EPA</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Water Conservation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Indoor Water Conservation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1521-revision-v1','','','2022-04-13 20:19:10','2022-04-13 20:19:10','',1521,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1524',0,'revision','',0),(1525,2,'2022-04-13 20:19:10','2022-04-13 20:19:10','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Indoor Water Conservation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Indoor Water Conservation?</h2>\n<p>Indoor water conservation refers to building operations, occupant behaviors and water-efficient fixtures and appliances that help to reduce overall water consumption in a building. The commercial and industrial building sector uses large quantities of water, with office buildings representing 9% of water use.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Figure 1 shows that the three most significant areas for potential water savings in office buildings are restrooms, cooling and heating, and landscape irrigation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_76\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"800\"]<img class=\"wp-image-76 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Indoor-Water-Conservation-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- End used of water in Commercial Office Buildings. (Source: US EPA WaterSense).\" width=\"800\" height=\"472\" /> Figure 1- End used of water in Commercial Office Buildings. (Source: US EPA WaterSense).[/caption]<p>New Jersey receives ample average rainfall of 45 inches per year, and the state’s geology supports the storage of large quantities of groundwater and surface water reservoirs. However, ongoing conservation efforts and water-efficient equipment upgrades can reduce the risk of water shortages and reduce costs associated with increasing population growth, aging water infrastructure, and climate change impacts such as droughts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Indoor water conservation generally addresses water use reductions in four areas:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reducing water losses associated with leaks.</li>\n<li>Increasing the water efficiency of fixtures, equipment, systems, and processes.</li>\n<li>Educating staff and occupants about water conservation to encourage water-saving behaviors.</li>\n<li>Reusing onsite wastewater for irrigation and non-potable uses.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>How to Implement Indoor Water Conservation</h2>\n<p>Implementing indoor water conservation depends on the functions of the building but typically includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Installing water meters and sub-meters and leak detection sensors to track water usage, find and fix leaks and equipment failures, and identify opportunities for water savings (see <em>Smart Meters, and Smart Sensors and Controls</em>).</li>\n<li>Specifying low-flow, <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/watersense-products\">WaterSense</a> certified fixtures such as toilets, showers, faucets, and aerators, and energy-efficient, <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products?s=mega\">EnergyStar</a> certified appliances, such as dishwashers and clothes washers, that also conserve water (see <em>Energy Star Equipment and Plug Load</em>).</li>\n<li>Properly maintaining HVAC systems to minimize water used for cooling equipment, eliminating single-pass cooling, and optimizing boiler and steam systems by reusing excess steam.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Minimizing irrigation or recovering wastewater for irrigation and uses that do not require potable water such as toilet and urinal flushing, and cooling tower make-up water (see <em>Water Efficient Landscaping, Rain Barrels and Cisterns, On-Site Alternative Water Reuse</em>).</li>\n<li>Educating staff and occupants on water conservation efforts and procedures to ensure the proper use of water-saving equipment (e.g., instructions for dual flush toilets) and to help identify water saving opportunities (e.g., hotlines for leak reporting).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Example</h3>\n<p>US EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings – Case Studies</p>\n<p>The US EPA WaterSense program provides case studies from across the country and within the commercial and industrial sector that document water efficiency efforts and best practices outlined in <em><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities</a></em> including detailed descriptions of the project and associated water, energy and cost savings.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Indoor water conservation reduces the strain on natural water resources and ensures future water supplies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Water saving fixtures and appliances save money on water and energy bills without sacrificing performance, the latter savings due to the significant amount of energy often used to heat water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> For example, WaterSense certified fixtures and appliances save 20% more water than standard products.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> EnergyStar certified commercial dishwashers use 40% less water and energy than standard models.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Indoor water conservation can also reduce the costs and the amount of energy required to treat, pump, and transport water and wastewater.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Indoor water conservation enhances resiliency by reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity. Water use reductions also decrease the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2018. Types of Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities\">https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2012. Saving Water in Office Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-offices.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-offices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2017, New Jersey Water Supply Plan 2017-2022: 484p, <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a>   (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2018. Types of Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities\">https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. 2017. Water Management and Best Practices at EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-management-plans-and-best-practices-epa\">https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-management-plans-and-best-practices-epa</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience. 2018. The Case for Water Conservation in New Jersey. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm\">https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2012. Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-general-ci.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-general-ci.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2017. Statistics and Facts: WaterSense and Water Savings. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/statistics-and-facts\">https://www.epa.gov/watersense/statistics-and-facts</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US DOE EnergyStar. 2018. Dishwashers. <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/dishwashers\">https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/dishwashers</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience. 2018. The Case for Water Conservation in New Jersey. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm\">https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/\">ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plugload</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/\">On-Site Alternative Water Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Meters</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm\">NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/opsc/docs/guide_indoor_water_conservation.pdf\">NJ DEP Creating Sustainable Communities – Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njwatersavers.rutgers.edu\">NJ WaterSavers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/commercial-buildings\">US EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-conservation-epa\">US EPA – Water Conservation at EPA</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Water Conservation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1521-revision-v1','','','2022-04-13 20:19:10','2022-04-13 20:19:10','',1521,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1525',0,'revision','',0),(1526,2,'2022-04-13 20:19:15','2022-04-13 20:19:15','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Indoor Water Conservation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Indoor Water Conservation?</h2>\n<p>Indoor water conservation refers to building operations, occupant behaviors and water-efficient fixtures and appliances that help to reduce overall water consumption in a building. The commercial and industrial building sector uses large quantities of water, with office buildings representing 9% of water use.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Figure 1 shows that the three most significant areas for potential water savings in office buildings are restrooms, cooling and heating, and landscape irrigation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_76\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"800\"]<img class=\"wp-image-76 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Indoor-Water-Conservation-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- End used of water in Commercial Office Buildings. (Source: US EPA WaterSense).\" width=\"800\" height=\"472\" /> Figure 1- End used of water in Commercial Office Buildings. (Source: US EPA WaterSense).[/caption]<p>New Jersey receives ample average rainfall of 45 inches per year, and the state’s geology supports the storage of large quantities of groundwater and surface water reservoirs. However, ongoing conservation efforts and water-efficient equipment upgrades can reduce the risk of water shortages and reduce costs associated with increasing population growth, aging water infrastructure, and climate change impacts such as droughts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Indoor water conservation generally addresses water use reductions in four areas:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reducing water losses associated with leaks.</li>\n<li>Increasing the water efficiency of fixtures, equipment, systems, and processes.</li>\n<li>Educating staff and occupants about water conservation to encourage water-saving behaviors.</li>\n<li>Reusing onsite wastewater for irrigation and non-potable uses.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>How to Implement Indoor Water Conservation</h2>\n<p>Implementing indoor water conservation depends on the functions of the building but typically includes:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Installing water meters and sub-meters and leak detection sensors to track water usage, find and fix leaks and equipment failures, and identify opportunities for water savings (see <em>Smart Meters, and Smart Sensors and Controls</em>).</li>\n<li>Specifying low-flow, <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/watersense-products\">WaterSense</a> certified fixtures such as toilets, showers, faucets, and aerators, and energy-efficient, <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products?s=mega\">EnergyStar</a> certified appliances, such as dishwashers and clothes washers, that also conserve water (see <em>Energy Star Equipment and Plug Load</em>).</li>\n<li>Properly maintaining HVAC systems to minimize water used for cooling equipment, eliminating single-pass cooling, and optimizing boiler and steam systems by reusing excess steam.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Minimizing irrigation or recovering wastewater for irrigation and uses that do not require potable water such as toilet and urinal flushing, and cooling tower make-up water (see <em>Water Efficient Landscaping, Rain Barrels and Cisterns, On-Site Alternative Water Reuse</em>).</li>\n<li>Educating staff and occupants on water conservation efforts and procedures to ensure the proper use of water-saving equipment (e.g., instructions for dual flush toilets) and to help identify water saving opportunities (e.g., hotlines for leak reporting).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Example</h3>\n<p>US EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings – Case Studies</p>\n<p>The US EPA WaterSense program provides case studies from across the country and within the commercial and industrial sector that document water efficiency efforts and best practices outlined in <em><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities</a></em> including detailed descriptions of the project and associated water, energy and cost savings.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Indoor water conservation reduces the strain on natural water resources and ensures future water supplies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Water saving fixtures and appliances save money on water and energy bills without sacrificing performance, the latter savings due to the significant amount of energy often used to heat water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> For example, WaterSense certified fixtures and appliances save 20% more water than standard products.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> EnergyStar certified commercial dishwashers use 40% less water and energy than standard models.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Indoor water conservation can also reduce the costs and the amount of energy required to treat, pump, and transport water and wastewater.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Indoor water conservation enhances resiliency by reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity. Water use reductions also decrease the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2018. Types of Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities\">https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2012. Saving Water in Office Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-offices.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-offices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2017, New Jersey Water Supply Plan 2017-2022: 484p, <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf</a>   (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2018. Types of Facilities. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities\">https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. 2017. Water Management and Best Practices at EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-management-plans-and-best-practices-epa\">https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-management-plans-and-best-practices-epa</a> (accessed Oct 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience. 2018. The Case for Water Conservation in New Jersey. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm\">https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2012. Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-general-ci.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-general-ci.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> US EPA WaterSense. 2017. Statistics and Facts: WaterSense and Water Savings. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/statistics-and-facts\">https://www.epa.gov/watersense/statistics-and-facts</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US DOE EnergyStar. 2018. Dishwashers. <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/dishwashers\">https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/dishwashers</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience. 2018. The Case for Water Conservation in New Jersey. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm\">https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation</a> (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-star-equipment-and-plug-loads/\">ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plugload</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/\">On-Site Alternative Water Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Meters</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm\">NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/dep/opsc/docs/guide_indoor_water_conservation.pdf\">NJ DEP Creating Sustainable Communities – Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njwatersavers.rutgers.edu\">NJ WaterSavers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/commercial-buildings\">US EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-conservation-epa\">US EPA – Water Conservation at EPA</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation\">Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Water Conservation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Indoor Water Conservation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1521-revision-v1','','','2022-04-13 20:19:15','2022-04-13 20:19:15','',1521,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1526',0,'revision','',0),