(2531,3,'2022-06-23 17:59:32','2022-06-23 17:59:32','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Window and Skylight Upgrades\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Window and Skylight Upgrades? </strong></h2>\n<p>Windows and skylights form part of the fenestration system of a building and play a key role in maintaining a highly insulated building envelope (see <em>Exterior Wall Systems</em>). The fenestration system, or arrangement of openings in a building envelope, determines a building’s HVAC requirements and daylighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Appropriately placed and selected energy-efficient or high-performance windows maximize natural light and minimize glare and heat gain or loss, decreasing dependence on electric lighting and HVAC systems and improving thermal comfort, energy-efficiency, and daylighting (see <em>Daylighting</em> and <em>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Advanced window technologies such as chromogenic windows and auto-operated windows and shading devices offer daylighting, solar heat gain control and ventilation benefits. Two types of chromogenic windows include thermochromic, which uses adhesive coating to adjust tinting passively with window surface temperature; and electrochromic, which use operable switches or automated building control systems to tint the window via electric current.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Operable windows and shading systems use auto-controlled devices that open and close at specific times of the day to manage ventilation levels or light levels and control indoor temperatures and manage solar heat gain.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_423\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"504\"]<img class=\"wp-image-423 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-Windows-and-Skylights-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Windows and Skylights (Source: US DOE Energy Savers)\" width=\"504\" height=\"412\" /> Figure 1 – Windows and Skylights (Source: US DOE Energy Savers)[/caption]<p>High-performance window technologies including low emissive or low-e glass panes, spacers, and insulated frames help prevent energy loss due to conduction, radiation, convection, and air leakage (see <em>Air Infiltration</em>). Low-e windows, treated with a microscopically thin coating, reduce heat flow. Spacers or tiny pieces placed between panes in double- or triple- paned windows, create an insulated space often filled with an inert gas such as argon or krypton to increase the window’s insulation properties (see <em>Exterior Wall Systems</em>).</p>\n<p>State and local energy codes, federal tax credits, and utility incentives, and ENERGY STAR base their criteria for energy-efficient windows on certified ratings by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC). NFRC labels provide ratings for <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php\">U-factor</a>, <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/shgc.php\">Solar Heat Gain Coefficient</a> (SHGC), <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/vt.php\">Visible Light Transmittance</a> (VT), and optionally <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/al.php\">Air Leakage</a> (AL) and <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/cr.php\">Condensation Resistance</a> (CR) ratings.</p>\n<p>A window’s U-factor describes its rate of heat transfer or insulating properties. A lower U-factor indicates a window with higher resistance to heat flow, or a better-insulated window.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. The Air Leakage (AL) rating describes leakage through cracks in the window assembly. Condensation Resistance (CR) rates windows on a range between 1 and 100 with higher numbers signaling increased resistance to condensation.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to implement window and skylight upgrades</strong></h2>\n<p>First, conduct an energy audit to identify sources of air infiltration and to determine opportunities to improve energy-efficiency. Consider improvements to windows and skylights (and the entire fenestration system) early in the renovation process and integrate with updates to other building systems. For example, increasing roof insulation and wall systems in combination with window system upgrades offer a significant opportunity for energy savings.  A retrofit of the windows and skylights also offers the opportunity to improve natural light and introduce complementary systems such as daylighting sensors. Use simulation programs such as the <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool</a> or <a href=\"https://windows.lbl.gov/software/resfen\">Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN</a> to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">ENERGY STAR label</a>, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Improvements to consider when upgrading windows and frames include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Double or triple-paned glass</li>\n<li>Inert gas fill (e.g., krypton, argon, or nitrogen)</li>\n<li>Low-e, glass or film and other advanced coatings and films</li>\n<li>Window tinting appropriate for the climate and building orientation</li>\n<li>Insulated frames, low-conductivity materials</li>\n<li>Chromogenic windows that can reduce HVAC and lighting energy use by controlling heat transfer and daylight transmittance in real time.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Window performance depends on proper installation, sealing and flashing to prevent air leakage and water damage. Window manufacturers often provide detailed installation requirements and specifications for their products and may have recommendations for in-house installers and programs, 3rd party installers, or installer certification programs such as <a href=\"http://www.installationmasters.com/\">Installation Masters™.</a> ASTM Standard E 2112 provides a nationally recognized standard for proper window installation.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy-efficient windows contribute to the satisfaction, health, and productivity of building occupants by providing daylighting, reducing glare, providing views of nature, and regulating thermal comfort. By providing natural light, managing glare, and eliminating the need for window treatments that completely block out sunlight, high-performance windows can reduce electric lighting loads while at the same time reducing the ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings. Energy-efficient windows designed as part of an overall energy management strategy can lead to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see <em>Properly-Sized HVAC System</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of window and skylight upgrades varies by project. Energy savings combined with improved thermal comfort, daylighting, and enhanced security benefits often justify fenestration upgrades. Smaller HVAC systems and annual energy savings can offset the cost of upgrading to high-performance windows and skylights when combined with wall upgrades. Energy savings alone can justify upgrading the glazing to soft coat double-pane, and low-e.  Better glazings can result in higher energy savings in connection with daylighting systems. Commercial buildings with adequately specified fenestration systems have the potential to reduce lighting and HVAC costs 10%–40%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Maintenance and repair have a significant impact on the life-cycle cost of windows and skylights. Glass, a highly durable material only needs replacement when broken. Window frame durability depends upon maintenance. Framing materials typically have a useful life of 20 to 50 years depending upon the type of deterioration such as rot and corrosion.  Sealants, caulks, tapes, and other glazing materials used to achieve weather-tightness typically have a useful life of 15 to 30 years depending upon thermal stress, movement, and environmental exposure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Driven by the demand for large TV screens and recent improvements in thin glass technology, the cost of sub-millimeter glass compares to standard, double-strength glass.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>For up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_benefits\">ENERGY STAR</a> and the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/programs\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a> websites.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a power outage, a building with energy-efficient windows maintains comfortable internal temperature for building occupants by reducing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer months. During the winter months, energy-efficient windows provide better insulating properties compared to conventional windows while also offering daylighting, passive solar heating, and enhanced thermal comfort in the case of a power outage. Energy-efficient windows reduce reliance and stress on the grid and provide energy savings. In areas prone to flooding, wind-driven rain, snow storms or hurricanes, properly sealed and flashed windows protect against problems caused by water intrusion, including mold, warping, and structural damage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Windows and Glazing <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. Understanding Windows. <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/understanding.php\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/understanding.php</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   <a href=\"http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf\">http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf</a> (accessed August 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: A Deeper Dive into Market Segments.” December 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. <a href=\"http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf\">http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf</a> (accessed August 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> The Efficient Windows Collaborative. U-Factor. <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php</a> (accessed May 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Energy Star. <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI</a> (accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US DOE Office of Renewable Energy &amp; Technology (Feb 2018) Windows and Envelope R&amp;D Opportunities Workshop <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/bto-windows-envelope-workshop-report-2018-03-01.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/bto-windows-envelope-workshop-report-2018-03-01.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines. <a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-windows-and-skylights/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> US DOE Office of Renewable Energy &amp; Technology (Feb 2018) Windows and Envelope R&amp;D Opportunities Workshop <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/bto-windows-envelope-workshop-report-2018-03-01.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/bto-windows-envelope-workshop-report-2018-03-01.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-exterior-walls/\">Exterior Wall Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights\">Energy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nfrc.org\">National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/windows-and-building-envelope\">US DOE – Building Technologies Office – Windows and Building Envelope</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Efficient Windows Collaborative</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.umn.edu/index.php\">High-Performance Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/financing.php\">Financing and Incentives</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/software.php\">Software and Tools</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>New Buildings Institute (NBI)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://patternguide.advancedbuildings.net\">Daylighting Pattern Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170719235328/http://newbuildings.org:80/resource/daylighting-guide-office-interiors/\">Daylighting Guide for Office Interiors</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">Provide Comfortable Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php\">Windows and Glazing</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Window and Skylight Upgrades','','inherit','closed','closed','','1917-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:59:32','2022-06-23 17:59:32','',1917,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2531',0,'revision','',0),(2532,3,'2022-06-23 17:59:40','2022-06-23 17:59:40','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Natural Ventilation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Natural Ventilation?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Natural ventilation uses passive strategies to supply outdoor air to a building’s interior for ventilation and cooling.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Natural ventilation systems rely on natural forces, such as wind and temperature differences between a building and its environment, to drive the flow of fresh air through a building. Cross ventilation uses air-pressure differentials caused by wind, and stack ventilation uses the increased buoyancy of air as it warms up.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Both work on the principle of air moving from a high-pressure to a low-pressure zone.</p>\n<p>Many modern commercial buildings utilize tightly sealed building envelopes and mechanical HVAC systems to achieve energy efficiency (see <em><i>Air Infiltration</i></em>). Natural ventilation strategies can introduce fresh air to airtight buildings, replacing all or part of a mechanical system, and reduce energy and operating costs and improve indoor air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Mixed-mode systems use a combination of natural ventilation from operable windows (either manually or sensor controlled) and mechanical systems that include air distribution equipment and refrigeration equipment for cooling (see <em><i>Demand Control Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Natural Ventilation</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Implementing a successful natural ventilation design or mixed-mode system requires an understanding of the local climate, intended building use, building geometry, and occupant behavior (see <em><i>Building Orientation, Tree Protection and Placement, </i></em>and <em><i>Building Evaluation</i></em>). For example, in coastal locations, buildings can take advantage of desirable cool sea breezes to reduce cooling loads. Other locations may not be ideal candidates for natural ventilation due to local sources of air pollution, allergens, or outdoor noises. The design of internal spaces and the size and placement of openings in the building impacts ventilation as well.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Operable windows, fans, and corridors help direct airflow using natural ventilation principles (see <em><i>Individual Comfort Controls</i></em> and <em><i>Views and Operable Windows</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Early in the design stage, project architects, designers, and engineers can use <a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/\">CoolVent</a>, a natural ventilation simulation tool developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to evaluate the effects of different natural ventilation strategies on the proposed building’s energy use and occupant comfort (see <em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The project team may also consider pursuing the <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a> building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for all types of high-performance, energy-efficient buildings.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170103003524/https://buildingdata.energy.gov/project/zion-national-park-visitor-center\">Zion Canyon Visitor Center, Springdale, UT.</a></p>\n<p>High, operable, clerestory windows, controlled by the building’s energy management system, cool the Zion Canyon Visitor Center by allowing hot air to escape while low windows introduce cool air at ground level.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_460\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1366\"]<img class=\"wp-image-460 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Natural-Ventilation-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Natural ventilation\" width=\"1366\" height=\"846\" /> Source: NREL and NPS drawings[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Natural ventilation strategies can reduce energy use, and lower energy bills and installation and maintenance costs by allowing for smaller mechanical systems and extending the life of HVAC equipment. When part of a mixed-mode system, natural ventilation can increase occupant satisfaction and indoor air quality by offering occupants greater personal control over thermal comfort, ventilation levels, and connection to the outdoors (see <em><i>Biophilia</i></em>).</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A study by Carnegie Mellon found that natural ventilation and mixed-mode conditioning can achieve 0.8-1.3% savings on health costs, 3-18% productivity gains and 47-79% in HVAC energy savings, for an average ROI of at least 120%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of power outages and the loss of air conditioning, natural ventilation can maintain thermal comfort for building occupants, particularly at night, when colder outside air can mix with warmer air inside the building (see <em><i>Building Flush</i></em>). Mixed-mode systems add redundancy and flexibility to the building’s ventilation and HVAC systems, providing back-up during power-outages, mechanical failures, security threats, or the release of air-borne contaminants.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Natural Ventilation. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> CoolVent. 2018. Basics of Natural Ventilation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. <a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/intro-to-natural-ventilation/basics-of-natural-ventilation/\">http://coolvent.mit.edu/intro-to-natural-ventilation/basics-of-natural-ventilation/</a> (accessed June 28, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> WindowMaster. Cost and Performance – <em><i>A design-led approach to effective natural ventilation</i></em>. <a href=\"https://www.windowmaster.com/white-papers\">https://www.windowmaster.com/white-papers</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Center for the Built Environment (CBE) Berkeley University. What is Mixed Mode? <a href=\"https://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/mixedmode/aboutmm.html\">https://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/mixedmode/aboutmm.html</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> WBDG. Natural Ventilation.  <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php</a> (accessed March 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> NREL. Zion Visitor Center Brochure <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/29315.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/29315.pdf</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Carnegie Mellon (2004), Guidelines for High-Performance Buildings. Ventilation and Productivity.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-evaluation/\">Building Evaluation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-control-ventilation/\">Demand Control Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/mixedmode/aboutmm.html\">CBE Berkeley Mixed-Mode Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/\">CoolVent – The Natural Ventilation Simulation Tool by MIT</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS +2018)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/37542.pdf\">Torcellini et al. S. Lessons Learned from Case Studies of Six High-Performance Buildings. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Natural Ventilation P 52-63.</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Natural Ventilation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1155-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:59:40','2022-06-23 17:59:40','',1155,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2532',0,'revision','',0),(2533,3,'2022-06-23 17:59:41','2022-06-23 17:59:41','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Natural Ventilation\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Natural Ventilation?</h2>\n<p>Natural ventilation uses passive strategies to supply outdoor air to a building’s interior for ventilation and cooling.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Natural ventilation systems rely on natural forces, such as wind and temperature differences between a building and its environment, to drive the flow of fresh air through a building. Cross ventilation uses air-pressure differentials caused by wind, and stack ventilation uses the increased buoyancy of air as it warms up.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Both work on the principle of air moving from a high-pressure to a low-pressure zone.</p>\n<p>Many modern commercial buildings utilize tightly sealed building envelopes and mechanical HVAC systems to achieve energy efficiency (see <em><i>Air Infiltration</i></em>). Natural ventilation strategies can introduce fresh air to airtight buildings, replacing all or part of a mechanical system, and reduce energy and operating costs and improve indoor air quality.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Mixed-mode systems use a combination of natural ventilation from operable windows (either manually or sensor controlled) and mechanical systems that include air distribution equipment and refrigeration equipment for cooling (see <em><i>Demand Control Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2>How to Implement Natural Ventilation</h2>\n<p>Implementing a successful natural ventilation design or mixed-mode system requires an understanding of the local climate, intended building use, building geometry, and occupant behavior (see <em><i>Building Orientation, Tree Protection and Placement, </i></em>and <em><i>Building Evaluation</i></em>). For example, in coastal locations, desirable cool sea breezes can reduce cooling loads. It is important to be aware that outdoor air in these areas may also have high moisture content that needs to be managed (see <em><i>Moisture Control</i></em>). Other locations may not be ideal for natural ventilation due to local sources of air pollution, allergens, or outdoor noises. The design of internal spaces and the size and placement of openings in the building impacts ventilation as well.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Operable windows, fans, and corridors help direct airflow using natural ventilation principles (see <em><i>Individual Comfort Controls</i></em> and <em><i>Views and Operable Windows</i></em>).</p>\n<p>For naturally ventilated spaces, the Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance requirement for LEEDv4 Operations + Maintenance Existing Buildings refers to the natural ventilation procedure from ASHRAE Standard 62.1–2010 (or a local equivalent, whichever is more stringent).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/\">CoolVent</a> is a natural ventilation simulation tool developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to evaluate the effects of different natural ventilation strategies on a building’s energy use and occupant comfort. The CoolVent website also provides resources and case studies about natural ventilation (see <em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)</a> building certification sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for all types of high-performance, energy-efficient buildings. The International Passive House Association (iPHA) provides a program and resources that address <a href=\"https://passipedia.org/planning/refurbishment_with_passive_house_components\">refurbishment with passive house components</a>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> The Passive House Institute developed the iPHA to promote the Passive House Standard wordwide.</p>\n<h3>Example</h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170103003524/https://buildingdata.energy.gov/project/zion-national-park-visitor-center\">Zion Canyon Visitor Center, Springdale, UT.</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"></a></p>\n<p>High, operable, clerestory windows, controlled by the building’s energy management system, cool the Zion Canyon Visitor Center by allowing hot air to escape while low windows introduce cool air at ground level (see Figure 1).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_460\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1366\"]<img class=\"wp-image-460 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Natural-Ventilation-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Drawing of natural ventilation features at Zion Canyon Visitor Center. Source: NREL and NPS drawings\" width=\"1366\" height=\"846\" /> Figure 1 – Drawing of natural ventilation features at Zion Canyon Visitor Center. Source: NREL and NPS drawings[/caption]\n<h2>Benefits</h2>\n<p>Natural ventilation strategies can reduce energy use, and lower energy bills and installation and maintenance costs by allowing for smaller mechanical systems and extending the life of HVAC equipment. When part of a mixed-mode system, natural ventilation can increase occupant satisfaction and indoor air quality by offering occupants greater personal control over thermal comfort, ventilation levels, and connection to the outdoors (see <em><i>Biophilia</i></em>).</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>A study by Carnegie Mellon found that natural ventilation and mixed-mode conditioning can achieve 0.8-1.3% savings on health costs, 3-18% productivity gains and 47-79% in HVAC energy savings, for an average ROI of at least 120%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>In the event of power outages and the loss of air conditioning, natural ventilation can maintain thermal comfort for building occupants, particularly at night, when colder outside air can mix with warmer air inside the building (see <em><i>Building Flush</i></em>). Mixed-mode systems add redundancy and flexibility to the building’s ventilation and HVAC systems, providing back-up during power-outages, mechanical failures, security threats, or the release of air-borne contaminants.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Natural Ventilation. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> CoolVent. 2018. Basics of Natural Ventilation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. <a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu/intro-to-natural-ventilation/basics-of-natural-ventilation/\">http://coolvent.mit.edu/intro-to-natural-ventilation/basics-of-natural-ventilation/</a> (accessed February 16,2019).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> WindowMaster. Cost and Performance – <em><i>A design-led approach to effective natural ventilation</i></em>. <a href=\"https://www.windowmaster.com/white-papers\">https://www.windowmaster.com/white-papers</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Center for the Built Environment (CBE) Berkeley University. What is Mixed Mode? <a href=\"https://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/mixedmode/aboutmm.html\">https://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/mixedmode/aboutmm.html</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> WBDG. Natural Ventilation.  <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php</a> (accessed March 12, 2018).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> USGBC. Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance.  <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings/v4/eq103\">https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings/v4/eq103</a> (accessed February 16, 2019).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Passipedia. Refurbishment with Passive House Components. <a href=\"https://passipedia.org/planning/refurbishment_with_passive_house_components\">https://passipedia.org/planning/refurbishment_with_passive_house_components</a> (accessed February 16, 2019).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> NREL. Zion Visitor Center Brochure <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/29315.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/29315.pdf</a> (accessed March 14, 2018).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-natural-ventilation-2/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Carnegie Mellon (2004), Guidelines for High-Performance Buildings. Ventilation and Productivity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"></a></p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-air-infiltration/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-building-evaluation/\">Building Evaluation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-control-ventilation/\">Demand Control Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-properly-sized-high-performance-hvac-equipment-and-controls/\">Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/mixedmode/aboutmm.html\">CBE Berkeley Mixed-Mode Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://coolvent.mit.edu\">CoolVent – The Natural Ventilation Simulation Tool by MIT</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS +2018)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://passipedia.org/planning/refurbishment_with_passive_house_components\">Passipedia – Refurbishment with Passive House Components</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/37542.pdf\">Torcellini et al. S. Lessons Learned from Case Studies of Six High-Performance Buildings. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Natural Ventilation P 52-63.</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Natural Ventilation','','inherit','closed','closed','','2156-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:59:41','2022-06-23 17:59:41','',2156,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2533',0,'revision','',0),(2534,3,'2022-06-23 18:00:20','2022-06-23 18:00:20','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Thermal Massing\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Thermal Massing?</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal massing utilizes building materials to absorb, store and release heat produced by sunlight. Masonry materials with high specific heat capacities and high density, like concrete, stone, brick, and tile, are commonly used as thermal mass, as well as water or other phase change materials.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> During the winter months, thermal mass passively absorbs heat through direct sunlight and slowly releases heat during the night. In the summer, thermal mass absorbs warmth from the air and helps cool the building. Passive solar design employs thermal mass as part of an overall strategy to achieve thermal comfort and energy conservation without the use of mechanical heating and cooling systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>The US Department of Energy describes five elements of passive solar design that work together for a successful system.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Aperture</li>\n<li>Absorber</li>\n<li>Thermal mass</li>\n<li>Distribution</li>\n<li>Control</li>\n</ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_34\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"884\"]<img class=\"wp-image-34 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Thermal-Massing-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Five Elements of Passive Solar Design (Source: US DOE | EERE).\" width=\"884\" height=\"604\" /> Figure 1 – Five Elements of Passive Solar Design (Source: US DOE | EERE).[/caption]<p>Passive solar design techniques include direct gain, indirect gain, and isolated gain. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Direct gain</em> uses south-facing windows to collect sunlight and absorbs and stores heat with thermal mass materials such as masonry floors and walls.</li>\n<li><em>Indirect gain</em> places thermal mass between south-facing windows and occupied spaces using a Trombe Wall that absorbs and radiates heat into the building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></li>\n<li><em>Isolated gain</em> uses south-facing rooms or sunspaces, generally separated with doors or windows from the rest of the building, to collect solar energy. Bordering thermal mass walls and floors absorb the heat, and vents distribute the heat to adjacent building spaces.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Thermal Massing</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal massing requires an understanding of climate, building orientation, and materials. A designer experienced in passive solar design can determine whether thermal massing makes sense as a stand-along strategy or as part of a comprehensive passive solar design approach. Computer modeling can simulate different types and locations of thermal massing and passive solar configurations to determine cost-effective, and energy-efficient designs.</p>\n<p>Elements to consider include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Insulation and air sealing</li>\n<li>Window location, glazing type and shading</li>\n<li>Thermal mass location and type</li>\n<li>Heating and cooling system design</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/project/maplewood-police-court-building-maplewood-nj/\">Maplewood Police and Court Building, Maplewood, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The brick façade of the Maplewood Police station adds thermal mass to the well-insulated steel-frame building.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Thermal massing offers several benefits:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lower heating loads and costs through daytime absorption and nighttime release of solar energy.</li>\n<li>Lower cooling loads and costs through absorption of excess heat from solar gains and from internal sources such as electrical lighting, computers, and mechanical equipment.</li>\n<li>Enhanced thermal comfort by reducing the impact of external temperature swings and maintaining steady internal temperatures.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Buildings designed with thermal massing should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated with other passive solar design strategies.  Energy cost savings from lower heating and cooling loads can offset the upfront costs of building materials and of hiring project team members with passive solar design expertise.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Wall assembly systems (with thermal mass properties) such as precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), and structural insulated panels (SIPs) offer protection against hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> When paired with daylighting strategies, superior insulation values, and intentional sectioning of lighting and HVAC systems, thermal massing contributes to an overall resiliency approach that helps reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling, and other critical functions. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US DOE | Energy Savers: Passive Solar Home Design. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design</a> (accessed April 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Sustainable Sources. Passive Solar Design <a href=\"http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines\">http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines</a> (accessed April 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> WBDG. Passive Solar Heating – Types and Costs of Technology.  <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating</a> (accessed April 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE. 2018. Passive Solar Home Design. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design</a> (accessed July 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJCAA. 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in NJ.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare Reduction and Heat Gain</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2018-getting-to-zero\">Passive House Institute US (PHIUS)+ 2018: Getting to Zero</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines\">Sustainable Sources</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>US Department of Energy</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/zero-energy-ready-home\">Zero Energy Ready Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design\">Passive Solar Home Design</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating\">Passive Solar Heating</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Thermal Massing','','inherit','closed','closed','','1160-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:00:20','2022-06-23 18:00:20','',1160,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2534',0,'revision','',0),(2535,3,'2022-06-23 18:01:10','2022-06-23 18:01:10','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Information Modeling (BIM)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?</h2>\n<p>Building Information Modeling (BIM) forms a digital representation of a residential building’s physical and functional characteristics and calculates information about the building that can be used by all building stakeholders to make decisions about the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of a building throughout its life-cycle.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Combining graphical information, such as plans and elevations, and nongraphical information, such as costs, specifications, schedules and maintenance requirements, into a BIM model results in a single source of information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>Large-scale builders, managing large amounts of data, often use BIM as are an increasing number of mid-size and small residential builders.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_20\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"wp-image-20 \" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1-300x201.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)\" width=\"424\" height=\"192\" /> Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Building Information Modeling</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designate a ‘Project BIM Manager’ or a lead design and a lead construction ‘Project BIM Manager’ with knowledge and experience working with BIM and selected software. Provide ongoing BIM training to all building stakeholders responsible for inputting, extracting, modifying, and analyzing the data (see<span> </span><em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The National Institute of Building Science’s,<span> </span><em><i>The National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO),</i></em><span> </span>guides building owners on how to incorporate BIM into internal policies and contract documents.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>BIM coordinates information sharing among building stakeholders across multiple project phases that result in more informed decision making and eliminates the re-gathering and re-formatting of building information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM also serves as a “clash detection tool,” by identifying potential design, construction, and operational inconsistencies, and cuts costs and reduces waste by avoiding rework.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing BIM varies widely, depending on the project team’s expertise using BIM, the complexity of the project, and other building process considerations. Costs include training, software, and organizational changes required to implement BIM technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Lower building costs and efficient construction timelines often associated with BIM projects can help offset upfront costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>BIM enhances the resiliency of the built environment and construction industry in the “pre-disaster phase and post-disaster phases.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>In the design phase, BIM can conduct scenario forecasting to predict the performance of a facility during emergencies, such as fire, flood, evacuation, and others.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>BIM can also enhance the post-disaster phase, for example, by providing building information to first responders and allowing them to direct building occupants to the nearest exit.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. 2011. “BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. National BIM Guide for Owners<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Jeff Marcus. “NAHB: More builders, architects are betting on BIM.” Construction Dive.  Dec 15, 2016<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/\">https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. “National BIM Guide for Owners.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide – Building Information Modeling (BIM)<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/bim\">https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/</a><span> </span>(accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a><span> </span>Dippold, Cory. “Effective Implementation of BIM.” November 26, 2008.<span> </span><em><i>Engineering News-Record</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp\">http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp</a><span> </span>(accessed March 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a><span> </span>National Institute of Building Sciences.<span> </span><em><i>Journal of Building Information Modeling</i></em>.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-engineering\">https://www.epa.gov/green-engineering</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017. Building Information Modeling as a Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry. <em><i><span> </span>Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series</i></em>. 12(1): 9-18.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180730021002/https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf\">https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a><span> </span>Kreider, Ralph G., and Messner, John I. 2013. “The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting BIM Uses.” Version 0.9, September, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.<span> </span><a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a><span> </span>(accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a><span> </span>Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.probuilder.com/bim-home-builders\">BIM for Homebuilders</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nahb.org/advocacy/nahb-policies/construction-and-codes/building-information-modeling\">National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) – Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">National BIM Guide for Owners (2012) The National Institute of Building Sciences</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nationalbimstandard.org/\">National Institute of Building Sciences buildingSMART alliance®,<span> </span><em><i>National BIM Standard-United States® Version 3<span> </span></i></em>(2015).</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building Information Modeling','','inherit','closed','closed','','1181-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:01:10','2022-06-23 18:01:10','',1181,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2535',0,'revision','',0),(2536,3,'2022-06-23 18:01:11','2022-06-23 18:01:11','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Building Information Modeling (BIM)\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.17.3\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?</h2>\n<p>Building Information Modeling (BIM) forms a digital representation of a residential building’s physical and functional characteristics and calculates information about the building that can be used by all building stakeholders to make decisions about the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of a building throughout its life-cycle.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Combining graphical information, such as plans and elevations, and nongraphical information, such as costs, specifications, schedules and maintenance requirements, into a BIM model results in a single source of information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Large-scale builders, managing large amounts of data, often use BIM as are an increasing number of mid-size and small residential builders.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_20\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"968\"]<img class=\"wp-image-20 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/NC_BIM_1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)\" width=\"968\" height=\"648\" /> Figure 1 – Building Information Modeling (BIM) from the US General Service Administration. (Source: GSA)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Building Information Modeling</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designate a ‘Project BIM Manager’ or a lead design and a lead construction ‘Project BIM Manager’ with knowledge and experience working with BIM and selected software. Provide ongoing BIM training to all building stakeholders responsible for inputting, extracting, modifying, and analyzing the data (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process</i></em> and <em><i>Energy Modeling</i></em>).</p>\n<p>The National Institute of Building Science’s, <em><i>The National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO),</i></em> guides building owners on how to incorporate BIM into internal policies and contract documents.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>BIM coordinates information sharing among building stakeholders across multiple project phases that result in more informed decision making and eliminates the re-gathering and re-formatting of building information.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> BIM also serves as a “clash detection tool,” by identifying potential design, construction, and operational inconsistencies, and cuts costs and reduces waste by avoiding rework.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing BIM varies widely, depending on the project team’s expertise using BIM, the complexity of the project, and other building process considerations. Costs include training, software, and organizational changes required to implement BIM technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Lower building costs and efficient construction timelines often associated with BIM projects can help offset upfront costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>BIM enhances the resiliency of the built environment and construction industry in the “pre-disaster phase and post-disaster phases.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> In the design phase, BIM can conduct scenario forecasting to predict the performance of a facility during emergencies, such as fire, flood, evacuation, and others.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> BIM can also enhance the post-disaster phase, for example, by providing building information to first responders and allowing them to direct building occupants to the nearest exit.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. 2011. “BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University.” <a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a> (accessed April 17, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. National BIM Guide for Owners <a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a> (accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Jeff Marcus. “NAHB: More builders, architects are betting on BIM.” Construction Dive.  Dec 15, 2016 <a href=\"https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/\">https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/</a> (accessed March 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. “National BIM Guide for Owners.” <a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf</a> (accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide – Building Information Modeling (BIM) <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/bim\">https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim</a> (accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory. <a href=\"https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/\">https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/</a> (accessed June 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Dippold, Cory. “Effective Implementation of BIM.” November 26, 2008. <em><i>Engineering News-Record</i></em>. <a href=\"http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp\">http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp</a> (accessed March 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> National Institute of Building Sciences. <em><i>Journal of Building Information Modeling</i></em>. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-engineering\">https://www.epa.gov/green-engineering</a> (accessed March 7, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017. Building Information Modeling as a Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry. <em><i> Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series</i></em>. 12(1): 9-18.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180730021002/https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf\">https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf</a> (accessed March 7, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Kreider, Ralph G., and Messner, John I. 2013. “The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting BIM Uses.” Version 0.9, September, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. <a href=\"http://bim.psu.edu/\">http://bim.psu.edu</a> (accessed April 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-information-modeling-bim/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.17.3\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.probuilder.com/bim-home-builders\">BIM for Homebuilders</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nahb.org/advocacy/nahb-policies/construction-and-codes/building-information-modeling\">National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) – Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nibs.org/news/national-bim-guide-owners-now-available-public-review\">National BIM Guide for Owners (2012) The National Institute of Building Sciences</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nationalbimstandard.org/\">National Institute of Building Sciences buildingSMART alliance®, <em><i>National BIM Standard-United States® Version 3 </i></em>(2015).</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Building Information Modeling','','inherit','closed','closed','','2340-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:01:11','2022-06-23 18:01:11','',2340,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2536',0,'revision','',0),(2537,3,'2022-06-23 18:01:38','2022-06-23 18:01:38','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Composting\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Composting?</strong></h2>\n<p>Composting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms<span> </span><em>Eisenia foetida)</em>. The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for residential properties with limited space.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_382\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"374\"]<img class=\"wp-image-382 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)\" width=\"374\" height=\"280\" /> Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Composting</strong></h2>\n<p>Organic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></sup><span> </span>Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/compost\">Hoboken – Composting</a>). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities:<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/classcfc.htm\">NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities</a>. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><span> </span>If composting at home, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.</p>\n<p><u>Outdoor Composting Process</u>:</p>\n<p>Compost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Indoor Composting Process</u>:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>If outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.</p>\n<p>Building a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.</li>\n<li>Add about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.</li>\n<li>Place food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.</li>\n<li>Keep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.</li>\n<li>Store the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.</li>\n<li>Harvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</li>\n</ol>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_285\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"592\"]<img class=\"wp-image-285 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)\" width=\"592\" height=\"440\" /> Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.lambertvillenj.org/third-can-recycling-program\">Third Can Program – Lambertville, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The City of Lambertville realized that food waste comprised approximately 15% of the city’s waste stream. Beginning in 2014, Lambertville initiated the Third Can Program on a voluntary basis for residents.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves money on waste management</li>\n<li>Reduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).</li>\n<li>Improves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Provides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer. Full size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> or purchased (average $60-100 each)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Composting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Composting <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm</a> (accessed April 7, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Vermicomposting. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: <em>A. Grass Clippings.</em> <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. <a href=\"https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/\">https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Based on a survey of several suppliers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics\">https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-composting/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. <a href=\"https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf\">https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed May 7, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-homeowner-training/\">Homeowner Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-source-reduction-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://ilsr.org/\">Institute for Local-Self Reliance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/stories/composting-way-easier-you-think\">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/docs/nyc-master-composter-manual-mcm.pdf\">NYC Master Composter Manual</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.asp?cat=5&amp;sub=36\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.compostingcouncil.org/page/education\">US Composting Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</a></li>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Composting','','inherit','closed','closed','','1232-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:01:38','2022-06-23 18:01:38','',1232,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2537',0,'revision','',0),(2538,3,'2022-06-23 18:01:39','2022-06-23 18:01:39','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Composting\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What is Composting? </strong></h2>\n<p>Composting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms <em>Eisenia foetida)</em>. The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for offices and businesses with limited space.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_382\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"374\"]<img class=\"wp-image-382 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)\" width=\"374\" height=\"280\" /> Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Composting</strong></h2>\n<p>Organic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></sup> Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see <a href=\"https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/compost\">Hoboken – Composting</a>). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities: <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/classcfc.htm\">NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities</a>. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> If composting in-house, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.</p>\n<p><u>Outdoor Composting Process</u>:</p>\n<p>Compost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Indoor Composting Process</u>:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>If outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.</p>\n<p>Building a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.</li>\n<li>Add about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.</li>\n<li>Place food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.</li>\n<li>Keep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.</li>\n<li>Store the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.</li>\n<li>Harvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_285\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"592\"]<img class=\"wp-image-285 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)\" width=\"592\" height=\"440\" /> Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">Campbell Soup Company Headquarters, Camden, NJ</a></p>\n<p>Campbell initiated a comprehensive waste reduction program, including composting, in 2014. That year, they diverted 2,776 tons of waste from going to the landfill through composting.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves money on waste management</li>\n<li>Reduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).</li>\n<li>Improves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Provides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer.</p>\n<p>Full size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> or purchased (average $60-100 each)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>Composting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Composting <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm</a> (accessed April 7, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Vermicomposting. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: <em>A. Grass Clippings.</em> <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. <a href=\"https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/\">https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Based on a survey of several suppliers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics\">https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. <a href=\"https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf\">https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed May 7, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-operator-and-occupant-training/\">Operator and Occupant Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-site-and-stormwater-management/\">Site and Stormwater Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-sustainable-materials/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://ilsr.org/\">Institute for Local-Self Reliance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/stories/composting-way-easier-you-think\">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/docs/nyc-master-composter-manual-mcm.pdf\">NYC Master Composter Manual</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.asp?cat=5&amp;sub=36\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.compostingcouncil.org/page/education\">US Composting Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Composting','','inherit','closed','closed','','1866-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:01:39','2022-06-23 18:01:39','',1866,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2538',0,'revision','',0),(2539,3,'2022-06-23 18:01:40','2022-06-23 18:01:40','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Composting\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Composting? </strong></h2>\n<p>Composting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms <em>Eisenia foetida)</em>. The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for offices and businesses with limited space.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_382\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"374\"]<img class=\"wp-image-382 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)\" width=\"374\" height=\"280\" /> Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Composting</strong></h2>\n<p>Organic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><sup>,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></sup> Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see <a href=\"https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/compost\">Hoboken – Composting</a>). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities: <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/classcfc.htm\">NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities</a>. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> If composting in-house, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.</p>\n<p><u>Outdoor Composting Process</u>:</p>\n<p>Compost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><u>Indoor Composting Process</u>:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>If outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.</p>\n<p>Building a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.</li>\n<li>Add about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.</li>\n<li>Place food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.</li>\n<li>Keep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.</li>\n<li>Store the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.</li>\n<li>Harvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_285\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"592\"]<img class=\"wp-image-285 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/EC-Composting-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)\" width=\"592\" height=\"440\" /> Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">Campbell Soup Company Headquarters, Camden, NJ</a></p>\n<p>Campbell initiated a comprehensive waste reduction program, including composting, in 2014. That year, they diverted 2,776 tons of waste from going to the landfill through composting.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves money on waste management</li>\n<li>Reduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).</li>\n<li>Improves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></li>\n<li>Provides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer.</p>\n<p>Full size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> or purchased (average $60-100 each)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency </strong></h2>\n<p>Composting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Composting <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm</a> (accessed April 7, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA. Vermicomposting. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process</a> (accessed April 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: <em>A. Grass Clippings.</em> <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. <a href=\"https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/\">https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet <a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805\">http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  <a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Based on a survey of several manufacturers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Based on a survey of several suppliers</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics\">https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics</a> (accessed May 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-composting/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. <a href=\"https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf\">https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed May 7, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-operator-and-occupant-training/\">Operator and Occupant Training</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/rain-gardens-and-cisterns/\">Rain gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-source-reduction-and-recycling/\">Source Reduction and Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://ilsr.org/\">Institute for Local-Self Reliance</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/\">Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/stories/composting-way-easier-you-think\">Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf\">NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dsny/docs/nyc-master-composter-manual-mcm.pdf\">NYC Master Composter Manual</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.asp?cat=5&amp;sub=36\">Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.compostingcouncil.org/page/education\">US Composting Council</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin\">US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/types-composting-and-understanding-process\">US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Composting','','inherit','closed','closed','','1726-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:01:40','2022-06-23 18:01:40','',1726,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2539',0,'revision','',0),(2540,3,'2022-06-23 18:01:49','2022-06-23 18:01:49','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"NR Brownfield and Infill Sites\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Brownfield and Infill Development?</h2>\n<p>The reuse of urbanized brownfield and infill sites utilizes existing infrastructure and maximizes the value of existing resources. Brownfields consist of properties whose expansion, redevelopment, or reuse may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>These properties include sites with historical use as an industrial or commercial site and are often located in urban areas. According to the NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJ DEP), there are an estimated 10,000 brownfield sites located throughout the state.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Of the more than 10,000 sites, some 2,544 acres of brownfields fall into 267 sites that the NJ DEP calls<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">Brownfield Development Areas</a><span> </span>(BDAs). The NJ DEP has designated BDAs in communities that are affected by multiple brownfield sites in need of remediation. The BDA Initiative, a program of the NJ DEP, assembles large parcels of brownfields and coordinates clean up and redevelopment efforts to elicit a more significant impact environmentally, economically, and socially.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Once remediated, these sites find a reuse for any type of development, from parks and housing to new commercial and industrial development. As New Jersey reaches build-out, redeveloping brownfields emphasizes the benefit of maintaining undeveloped lands for use as farmland and open space – recognizing that diverse landscapes build value for the developed environment. Brownfield redevelopment revitalizes urban areas, improves adjacent property values and adds to the overall quality of life for residents and the community.</p>\n<p>Redevelopment of brownfields and infill development in existing developed areas provides opportunities for alternative transportation such as walking and bicycling and can reduce reliance on the automobile as a mode of transportation (see<span> </span><em>Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Design</em>). These sites gain value by locating in areas of existing infrastructure (i.e., public transportation, water, sewer, electricity). For developers, there are numerous incentives to redevelop these sites, offering compelling benefits for investors as well. As a community benefit, redevelopment restores economic and social value to the surrounding neighborhood adding value to the community at large.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_446\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"802\"]<img class=\"wp-image-446 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Brownfield-and-Infill-Development-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Lafayette Village, Jersey City, NJ Before (left) and After (right) (Source: NJ DEP)\" width=\"802\" height=\"318\" /> Figure 1 – Lafayette Village, Jersey City, NJ Before (left) and After (right) (Source: NJ DEP)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Develop Brownfield and Infill Sites</strong></h2>\n<p>Conducting an initial investigation of a brownfield site indicates the level of contamination on the property – and the level of cleanup required. This phase is often inexpensive and is a common element of due diligence in real estate development. It is important to realize that many brownfield sites are minimally contaminated, and it may be inexpensive to neutralize or stabilize the site.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>New technologies, such as<span> </span><em>the Triad Approach,</em><span> </span>assess a site both speedily and comprehensively – two significant issues of concern to investors and developers.  The Triad Approach focuses on three main principles and uses real-time environmental sensors:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Systematic Project Plans</li>\n<li>Dynamic Work Strategies</li>\n<li>Innovative rapid sampling and Analytical Technologies<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>New residential developments, especially single-family residential developments, are subject to strict cleanup measures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Developers may also want to consider planning a mixed-use development.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>To pursue the development of new residential construction on a contaminated or brownfield site, the developer may follow these steps:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Gain local support – speak with local zoning officials, planning officials, or community development department to confirm that the redevelopment plan is within the community’s neighborhood plan. Make sure to address the following questions:<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Is the brownfield or contaminated site located within a BDA?</li>\n<li>How is the parcel or area zoned according to municipal zoning ordinance?</li>\n<li>Is the proposed end-use consistent with the municipality’s master plan? If not, would they accept an end-use change?</li>\n</ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Gather community input – consult with the community and foster support for the project. Depending on the size of the site to be developed, host a public hearing.</li>\n<li>Consult with the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/state/planning/spc-redevelopment.html\">Brownfields Interagency Team</a><span> </span>(BRIT) of the NJ Department of State’s Business Action Center. BRIT brings together over a dozen agencies that may be relevant to a redevelopment project, including departments that offer financial incentives.</li>\n<li>Find an appropriate site –<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njbrownfieldsproperties.com/default.aspx\">New Jersey Brownfields Site Mart</a><span> </span>is an online searchable database of brownfield properties. The Location Assessment tool allows searching by land characteristics, demographics, and economic opportunity zones for any address in New Jersey.<sup> <span> </span></sup>Additionally, check the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">NJ DEP’s Known Contaminated Site Report</a>, which is more exhaustive. Known contaminated sites may be appropriate for redevelopment and eligible for incentives.</li>\n<li>Hire a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a>To oversee the clean-up process – The LSRP assists in conducting a preliminary assessment, site investigation, remedial investigation, and creation of a remedial action work plan by the Brownfield and Contaminated Site Remediation Act. The preliminary assessment is critical because a brownfield, by definition, does not necessarily have contamination. Instead, it “is perceived to have contamination.” As a result, some designated brownfields may require little or no clean-up effort and may not be costly.</li>\n<li>Investigate obtaining environmental insurance.</li>\n<li>Engage the services of an environmental or redevelopment attorney. These professionals support the developer in understanding their liability and obligations once they have acquired a contaminated site.</li>\n<li>Research funding sources and incentives and additional resources through the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/state/bac/dos_bac_advocates.html\">NJ Department of State’s Office of Business Advocacy</a></li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://nepis.epa.gov/\">Marina Village, Elizabeth, NJ</a></p>\n<p>Leveraging $6.2 million in state and federal funding, the city of Elizabeth was able to identify, remediate and develop ten contiguous contaminated sites in the Elizabeth port neighborhood. In addition to an initial grant from the EPA, sources of funding included the NJ Redevelopment Authority, the City of Elizabeth Home funds, the State of New Jersey Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program, the New Jersey Balance Housing Program, NJRA Brownfields Remediation Program, and the State Urban Enterprise Zone. The city hired Brand New Day, Inc., a local nonprofit housing developer to construct a 35-unit affordable housing development.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p><strong><em>Saves</em><em><span> </span>on infrastructure</em><em><span> </span>costs</em><em>/</em><em>Utilizes</em><span> </span><em>existing</em><em><span> </span>infrastructure</em></strong></p>\n<p>Brownfields, vacant or abandoned property, or underutilized parcels, are often located in dense urban areas near mass transit and other existing infrastructure, helping to avoid costs of building new utilities, roads, and other expensive infrastructure. Existing infrastructure also reduces the amount of land disturbance necessary for a project.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p><strong><em>Saves on land costs/Increases property values</em></strong></p>\n<p>Brownfield sites, vacant or abandoned land, or underutilized property, can have substantially lower property costs than other properties, offsetting the cost of assessment and remediation. Due to low initial cost, property value can increase significantly after redevelopment. Also, the surrounding property values can increase by addressing brownfields and vacant or underutilized parcels in the area. According to the US EPA, addressing nearby brownfields can increase residential property values by 2 to 3 percent.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p><strong><em>Enjoys significant incentives</em></strong></p>\n<p>The State of New Jersey has created multiple funding streams for brownfield development that may be available to developers. The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/obr/\">Office of Brownfield Reuse</a><span> </span>administers the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/\">Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Program</a>, the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bf_reimbursement.htm\">Brownfield Reimbursement Fund Program</a>, and the Landfill Redevelopment Program. Federal tax incentive certifications may also be available. Incentives and programs are subject to change. To determine what incentives are available, developers should meet with a representative from the NJ Brownfields Redevelopment InterAgency Team.</p>\n<p>The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/\">New Jersey Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Fund (HDSRF)</a><span> </span>created a partnership between the NJDEP and New Jersey Economic Development Authority (NJEDA) to provide remediation funding for innocent purchasers. An innocent purchaser is an individual who, “by an honest agreement, buys property in the absence of sufficient knowledge to charge him or her with notice of any defect in the transaction.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>New Jersey designates Brownfield Development Areas (BDAs) in areas of planned redevelopment and existing brownfield sites. This competitive process provides management, technical and financial assistance. The BDA Initiative provides “funding to public entities (municipalities, counties, and redevelopment agencies), qualifying private entities (businesses, corporations, homeowners) and non-profit organizations for the investigation or remediation of a suspected or known discharge of a hazardous substance.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<p>The<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bf_reimbursement.htm\">Brownfield Reimbursement Program</a><span> </span>reimburses developers up to 75 percent of remediation costs based on new taxes developed from the brownfield project.</p>\n<p>The US EPA also funds assessment, cleanup for brownfield sites and provides technical and financing information (<a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm</a>).</p>\n<p><strong><em>Creates density and improves existing markets</em></strong></p>\n<p>Due to the location of most brownfield sites, there is the benefit of being close to existing markets. The same is true when pursuing infill development within already developed areas. Urban areas provide the necessary density that other areas cannot for certain types of businesses. Locating a business near an existing market or in a densely populated area can ease the costs of remediation, alleviate the higher cost of land in an urban area as opposed to a greenfield, and limit the costs associated with marketing and attracting business.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Revitalizes urban/former industrial areas</em></strong></p>\n<p>Cleaning up brownfield sites or redeveloping vacant, abandoned, or underutilized land can revitalize urban areas. By promoting infill and creating denser walkable communities, cities can improve the sense of community among residents.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Removes hazardous material from soil and groundwater and protects human health</em></strong></p>\n<p>Many brownfield sites contain some level of a contaminant in the soil. These contaminants can be harmful to human and environmental health for the surrounding area. Rainfall can transport pollutants into groundwater and negatively impact downstream sites. Brownfields can pose a health risk to the people living nearby and to waterways in the area or downstream. Remediating and stabilizing these sites can improve overall environmental quality and avoid potential environmental and human health risks (see<span> </span><em>Soil Test</em>).</p>\n<p><strong><em>Creates jobs</em></strong></p>\n<p>As of May 2017, assessment grants and other EPA Brownfields grants have contributed more than 124,759 jobs and $24 billion of public and private funding for brownfield and infill development. On average, $16.11 was leveraged for each EPA Brownfields dollar and 8.5 jobs leveraged per $100,000 of EPA brownfields funds expended on assessment, cleanup, and revolving loan fund cooperative agreements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a><span> </span>Also, finding uses for vacant, abandoned, or underutilized properties can create jobs both in the development of the project and afterward. Since these are in dense urban areas, developing mixed-use buildings on these sites can generate jobs even after the construction phase of the project.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Builds public support</em></strong></p>\n<p>There is often strong public support to remove brownfield sites and the potential health risks they might pose. Also, vacant, abandoned, underutilized land can bring down property values in the area and residents are often in favor of addressing these issues and improving the aesthetics of the community.</p>\n<p><strong><em>Benefits to Water Quality, Air Quality, and Lower Traffic Congestion</em></strong></p>\n<p>US EPA estimates that redevelopment projects can reduce stormwater impacts, especially if the redevelopment project incorporates green technologies, such as green roofs, stormwater harvest and reuse systems, and landscaping elements such as bioswales and rain gardens (see<span> </span><em>Vegetated Roofs and Rain Gardens</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p>By promoting development near existing infrastructure and services, brownfield and infill development can improve air quality by creating denser, pedestrian and bicycle-friendly communities (see<span> </span><em>Active Living</em>). In denser, urban areas people are more likely to walk, thus reducing traffic congestion, improving overall air quality, and improving public health by encouraging residents to walk.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of brownfield remediation varies substantially, depending on the extent of the contamination and the intended reuse. Because a brownfield is considered a site that<span> </span><em>may</em><span> </span>be contaminated, a remediation investigation may reveal limited contamination, in which case, the remediation cost is minimal. In cases where a heating fuel tank was buried and leaked, the damage can be extensive, but, again, may be relatively inexpensive ($10,000-$100,000).<sup>22</sup><span> </span>For more complex sites, which have multiple contaminants and higher levels of contaminants, costs can run in the millions.</p>\n<p>A significant area of cost is that of uncertainty. In instances where the property has been in industrial use for many years, there could be contaminants that predate any tracking systems, making them difficult to anticipate and requiring more than one investigation.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/triad/\">Triad</a><span> </span>is a recommended program because it fully characterizes the extent and type of spill all at once, whereas traditional approaches tested where they expected to be the extent of contamination, and, if they were wrong, had to go into the field a second time and test again. In some instances, these repeat tests could delay projects by months. Though<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/triad/\">Triad</a><span> </span>is more expensive initially, for complex sites where there is an extensive industrial history, it can expedite the clean up significantly. The level of cleanup required also determines the cost. In New Jersey, non-industrial cleanup requirements (such as would be required to build housing on a previously industrial property) must meet a higher standard than a cleanup for a property that returns to industrial use. Depending upon the project, some developed brownfield sites require ongoing monitoring by a responsible party as determined.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Brownfield reuse offers multiple environmental and resiliency benefits by reducing the number of impermeable surfaces in a given area, especially by preserving open space and park space, often lacking in many residential areas across New Jersey.  Instead of developing existing greenfields which can be critical natural habitats and create more stormwater runoff (through higher levels of asphalt, concrete, and other impermeable surfaces), brownfields use existing, impermeable sites.</p>\n<p>Redeveloped brownfield sites can serve as an emergency headquarters or storm shelter in underserved areas that could house mobile assistance; for example, serving as a location for food trucks or mobile health services. Other reuse may include warehouses with solar panels for backup power generation, or broadband and wireless access to support communications/dispatch mobile services.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US EPA.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/\">http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 2nd, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP Site Remediation Program.  Known Contaminated Sites in New Jersey Reports, Updated February 2017. <span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/</a>  (accessed March 2nd, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP Brownfield Development Area Initiative.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/</a><span> </span>(accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>USGBC LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>Triad Resource Center, Overview.<span> </span><a href=\"https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm\">https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm</a><span> </span>(accessed March 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Restrictions apply to the end use of a partially remediated site. While some restrictions may be allowed on residential uses, the NJ DEP does not like to see restrictions on single-family residences. For example, contamination capped with soil restricts residents from digging in the yard, placing a more substantial burden for single-family homeowners compared to townhomes or multi-family properties managed by a property management group. To determine the level of clean up necessary for the end user, developers work with a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (NJ DEP, 2010).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>A mixed-use development incorporates multiple uses within a building or neighborhood – a green building practice that places housing within walking distance of commercial and recreational activities. However, mixed-use developments on brownfields cause complications because commercial and residential uses require different cleanup measures.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Content for this section draws on two interviews, cited below. Kloo, Ken. Administrator, Site Remediation Program (NJ DEP). Interview by Caitlin Salemi. November 16, 2010. Rendiero, Donna. Director of Community Planning, New Jersey Redevelopment Authority (NJRA). Interview by Caitlin Salemi. November 19, 2010.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Answering these questions helps determine available incentives.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>In New Jersey, the Site Remediation Reform Act (SRRA) (2009) outlines how remediation takes place on contaminated sites. Under the SRRA, approval is not required by the NJDEP before beginning the remediation process. However, when the SRRA became fully active in 2012, any remediating party was required to use a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP) and must start the cleanup without NJ DEP approval. The SRRA established the LSRP program. Qualified professionals receive a license from an LSRP Board to conduct remediation of sites in New Jersey.  See<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/regs/statutes/srra.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/regs/statutes/srra.pdf</a><span> </span>for further information.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a>U.S. EPA, New Jersey Redevelopment Authority (NJRA)<span> </span><a href=\"https://nepis.epa.gov/\">https://nepis.epa.gov/</a><span> </span>(accessed April 1,2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>U.S. EPA “Brownfields.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields\">https://www.epa.gov/brownfields</a><span> </span>(accessed April 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>The Free Dictionary.<span> </span><a href=\"http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser\">http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser</a>. (Accessed April 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP HDSRF Fact Sheet website.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/factsheet.htm\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/factsheet.htm</a>. (Accessed April 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a><span> </span>US EPA News Releases, May 2017.<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20171016062630/https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-brownfields-funding-announced-three-communities-south-carolina\">https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-brownfields-funding-announced-three-communities-south-carolina</a>  (accessed April 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a><span> </span>US EPA, Brownfields Program Accomplishments and Benefits.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits\">https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits</a>  (accessed March 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-brownfield-and-infill-sites/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a><span> </span>LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction</p>\n<ol></ol>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-soil-test/\">Soil Test</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cclr.org/\">Center for Creative Land Recycling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/state/planning/spc-redevelopment-brownfields-task-force.html\">NJ Department of State – Brownfields Redevelopment Task Force</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/obr/\">NJ DEP Office of Brownfield Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/\">NJ DEP Site Remediation Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/kcsnj/\">NJ DEP – New Jersey Known Contaminated Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-and-land-revitalization-new-jersey-new-york-puerto-rico-and-us-virgin\">US EPA Region 2 Brownfields Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-12/documents/state_brownfields_voluntary_response_program_report_508_11-2017_web.pdf\">US EPA State Brownfields and Voluntary Response Programs, New Jersey</a><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"> </span></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Brownfield and Infill Sites','','inherit','closed','closed','','1238-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:01:49','2022-06-23 18:01:49','',1238,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2540',0,'revision','',0),(2541,3,'2022-06-23 18:02:49','2022-06-23 18:02:49','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy-Efficient Landscaping\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Energy-Efficient Landscaping?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Energy-efficient landscaping reduces a household’s energy consumption through the strategic placement of trees, shrubs, and plants (see<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>\n<p>Heating and cooling comprise nearly half of a household’s energy consumption.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy-efficient landscaping provides a low-cost solution to reducing energy use with both economic and environmental benefits.</p>\n<p>Heat exchange occurs in three processes: air infiltration,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>conduction,<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>solar-radiation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Energy-efficient landscaping uses four main strategies to moderate these processes.</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to provide shade and reduce solar heat gain in the summer (see<span> </span><em><i>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to prevent heat loss in the winter.</li>\n<li>Plant trees and shrubs to deflect winter winds and maintain a warmer microclimate around the building.</li>\n<li>Consider a vegetated roof to provide extra thermal mass and insulation (see<span> </span><em><i>Vegetated Roof</i></em>).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement an Energy-Efficient Landscape</b></strong></h2>\n<p>When designing an energy-efficient landscape consider New Jersey’s temperate climate and your property’s unique micro-climate. Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees (see<span> </span><em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>). When possible, protect or enhance the diversity of native species and age of trees on the site and maintain them as necessary (see<span> </span><em><i>Native and Adapted Plants</i></em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_345\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"552\"]<img class=\"wp-image-345 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Tree placement for energy-efficiency (Source: The Morton Arboretum)\" width=\"552\" height=\"810\" /> Figure 1: Tree placement for energy-efficiency (Source: The Morton Arboretum)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The following table is a guide to help achieve energy efficiency.</p>\n<p>Table 1: Goals and Appropriate Landscape Types<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_29\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1154\"]<img class=\"wp-image-29 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Table-1.png\" alt=\"(Source: Adapted from US DOE Landscaping for Energy-Efficient Homes)\" width=\"1154\" height=\"644\" /> (Source: Adapted from US DOE Landscaping for Energy-Efficient Homes)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p><u>Tips and Maintenance</u></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_148\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1224\"]<img class=\"wp-image-148 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Energy-Efficient-Landscaping-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Windbreak (Source: Virginia Cooperative Extension)\" width=\"1224\" height=\"522\" /> Figure 2 – Windbreak (Source: Virginia Cooperative Extension)[/caption]<ul>\n<li>Consider mapping the sun’s path to understand the site’s <em><i>microclimate </i></em>better.</li>\n<li>Create a landscape and maintenance plan.</li>\n<li>Do not plant trees too close to the house because roots may grow into the foundation. Place medium to large trees at least 20 feet from the house. Place trees that result in small, full-grown crowns closer to the house to maintain both energy and aesthetic value. See the <a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/\">Arbor Day Tree Guide</a> for growth rate and crown size information for specific tree species.</li>\n<li>Review the <em><i>Native and Adapted Plants </i></em>strategy for plant selection guidance. Consider genetic diversity to minimize potential disease and insect problems.</li>\n<li>Consider using temporary measures to provide shade until trees reach maturity. For instance, vines growing on a trellis can shade air conditioning units. If using mature trees for shading or a windbreak, plant a temporary row of faster-growing shrubs upwind of the permanent row and remove before the roots interfere with the permanent planting.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>According to a Lawrence Berkeley National Labs study, landscapes that provided shade result in temperatures 3-6°F cooler can decrease the energy load required for buildings by 9-20%.</li>\n<li>Shading an air conditioning unit can increase its efficiency by up to 10% and allow units to operate more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Windbreaks can save up to 25% on heating costs by protecting the microclimate surrounding a building.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Decreasing energy demand to heat and cool buildings also reduces carbon dioxide emissions from energy generation.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Moderate upfront investments in energy-efficient landscaping can realize paybacks in as little as eight years as trees and shrubs reach full maturity, offering maximum energy-saving benefits.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></sup> Large, deep-rooted deciduous trees provide optimal shading benefits but depending on growth rate of the species, may take up to 5 or 10 years to reach full maturity.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Energy efficient landscaping offers a strong line of natural defense for buildings and the surrounding community.  Instead of implementing costly, time-consuming engineering projects, natural systems such as trees for windbreaks or shade, and wetlands for storm barriers offer protection from the elements, along with substantial energy savings. In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.</p>\n<p>Note that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lightning result in one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> US EIA. 2003.  <em><i>Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey, </i></em>Table E1A. <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf\">https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Air infiltration occurs when outside air enters a house uncontrollably through cracks and openings. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a>Conduction is heat traveling through a solid material <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> <em>Solar radiation</em> is heat created from sunlight <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US DOE. Energy-Efficient Landscaping for Homes <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> US DOE. <em><i>Landscaping for Shade</i></em>. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade</a> (April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Walker, L. and Newman, S. <em><i>Landscaping for Energy Conservation</i></em>. Colorado State University Extension Publications. no.7.225. March 2009. <a href=\"http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/yard-garden/landscaping-for-energy-conservation-7-225/\">http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/yard-garden/landscaping-for-energy-conservation-7-225/</a>  (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> US DOE. <em><i>Landscaping for Shade</i></em>. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade</a> (April 10, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asla.org/resilientdesign.aspx\">American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) – Resilient Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.isa-arbor.com/\">International Society of Arboriculture</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20220308160142/https://landscapeforlife.org/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.arborday.org/\">National Arbor Day Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/index.htm\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/mastergardeners/\">New Jersey Master Gardeners</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njaes.rutgers.edu/extension/\">Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://landscaping.sustainablesources.com/\">Sustainable Sources: Landscaping for Energy Savings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping\">US DOE: Energy Savers – Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy-Efficient Landscaping','','inherit','closed','closed','','1245-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:02:49','2022-06-23 18:02:49','',1245,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2541',0,'revision','',0),(2542,3,'2022-06-23 18:02:50','2022-06-23 18:02:50','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Water-Efficient Landscaping\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Water-Efficient Landscaping?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Water-efficient landscaping refers to several different terms, such as water-wise, water-smart low-water, and natural landscaping that all rely on the same basic principles.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>Xeriscape landscaping, for example, includes landscaping that conserves water and protects water quality by utilizing landscape designs and plantings suited to local conditions.  Most water efficient landscaping approaches incorporate the following suggestions:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Group plants according to their watering needs.</li>\n<li>Use native and adapted plants (see<span> </span><em><i>Native and Adapted Plants</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Limit turf areas (see<span> </span><em><i>Turf Grass Reduction</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Use efficient irrigation systems and watering schedules (see<span> </span><em><i>Smart Sensors and Controls</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Start with healthy soil and add mulch to retain moisture.</li>\n<li>Provide regular maintenance.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The US EPA estimates that the average family of four uses about 400 gallons of water per day, 30 percent for outdoor use. Landscape irrigation accounts for more than one-third of all residential water use nationwide. Water use depends on location and climate, but in some areas, up to 50 percent of water used to irrigate may be lost to evaporation, wind, and improper system design or overwatering.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>Minimizing or eliminating the use of potable water for irrigation can conserve clean water for the benefit of the environment and the community.</p>\n<ul></ul>\n<h2></h2>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_516\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1172\"]<img class=\"wp-image-516 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Water-Efficient-Landscaping-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Non-Xeriscaping (left) and Xeriscaping (right) (Source: US EPA – Water Efficient Landscaping)\" width=\"1172\" height=\"668\" /> Figure 1 – Non-Xeriscaping (left) and Xeriscaping (right) (Source: US EPA – Water Efficient Landscaping)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Water-Efficient Landscapes</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Design landscapes that rely on natural rainfall and only require supplemental irrigation during the plants’ initial establishment period. Use native and appropriate non-native vegetation adapted to site conditions and climate (see<span> </span><em><i>Native and Adapted Plants</i></em>). Group plants with similar water requirements to maximize irrigation efficiency and use climate-based controllers for irrigation systems to lower water consumption. Consider using non-potable water for irrigation (see<span> </span><em><i>Rain Barrels and Cisterns</i></em>, and<span> </span><em><i>Onsite Alternative Water Reuse</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>For more information, refer to US EPA’s WaterSense Water-Smart Landscaping Design Guide.</p>\n<p>For location specific information, refer to your county extension service, and local garden and nursery centers.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p><strong><b> </b></strong>Economic:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lowers water bills – careful design and choice of appropriate plants can reduce outdoor water use by 20 to 50 percent.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Increases home values – attractive, water-efficient landscaping may increase property values.</li>\n<li>Saves money spent on landscape maintenance because many water-efficient plants require less care.</li>\n<li>Reduces tax burden by reducing stress on the municipal water infrastructure.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong><b> </b></strong>Environmental:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Conserves natural resources.</li>\n<li>Protects against habitat loss and increases biodiversity by introducing native plants</li>\n<li>Lowers energy use due to less pumping and treatment of water.</li>\n<li>Reduces stormwater and irrigation runoff that transport top soils and pollutants into waterways.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Personal Wellness:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves time spent on landscaping.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of water-efficient landscaping does not exceed the cost of conventional landscaping. The cost and cost-savings of water-efficient landscaping vary depending on the local cost of water. Converting irrigated turf lawns to ground covers or mulched areas can result in considerable cost savings. Changing watering schedule and landscape management without making any physical changes in the landscape may save water. A study by the UGA Cooperative Extension notes that converting 1,000 square feet of irrigated area to a non-irrigated area may save up homeowners an estimated minimum of $60 per year.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Incentives for homeowners may be available through the<span> </span><a href=\"http://epa.gov/watersense\">US EPA’s WaterSense</a><span> </span>program. The program assists homeowners in improving water efficiency and reducing costs by promoting efficient irrigation technologies such as weather-based irrigation controllers and soil moisture sensors.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Water-efficient landscaping increases resiliency by decreasing the reliance and stress on municipal water infrastructure and supply, and by supporting local ecosystems that are drought tolerant (see<span> </span><em><i>Emergency Water Supply and Storage</i></em>).</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a><span> </span>US EPA. Water-Efficient Landscaping: Preventing Pollution &amp; Using Resources Wisely.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/waterefficiency.pdf\">https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/waterefficiency.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a><span> </span>US EPA. Water-Efficient Landscaping: Preventing Pollution &amp; Using Resources Wisely.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/waterefficiency.pdf\">https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/waterefficiency.pdf</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><span> </span>US EPA. Outdoor Water Use in the United States.<span> </span><a href=\"https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/P1004XFX.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&amp;Client=EPA&amp;Index=2006+Thru+2010&amp;Docs=&amp;Query=&amp;Time=&amp;EndTime=&amp;SearchMethod=1&amp;TocRestrict=n&amp;Toc=&amp;TocEntry=&amp;QField=&amp;QFieldYear=&amp;QFieldMonth=&amp;QFieldDay=&amp;IntQFieldOp=0&amp;ExtQFieldOp=0&amp;XmlQuery=&amp;File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C06thru10%5CTxt%5C00000010%5CP1004XFX.txt&amp;User=ANONYMOUS&amp;Password=anonymous&amp;SortMethod=h%7C-&amp;MaximumDocuments=1&amp;FuzzyDegree=0&amp;ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&amp;Display=hpfr&amp;DefSeekPage=x&amp;SearchBack=ZyActionL&amp;Back=ZyActionS&amp;BackDesc=Results%20page&amp;MaximumPages=1&amp;ZyEntry=1&amp;SeekPage=x&amp;ZyPURL\">Link</a><span> </span>(accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a><span> </span>Dr. Steve Windhager, University of Texas School of Architecture. <span> </span><em><i>Sustainable Sites<span> </span></i></em> <a href=\"https://soa.utexas.edu/sites/default/disk/urban_ecosystems/urban_ecosystems/09_03_fa_windhager_calaci_ml.pdf\">https://soa.utexas.edu/sites/default/disk/urban_ecosystems/urban_ecosystems/09_03_fa_windhager_calaci_ml.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a><span> </span>US EPA. Outdoor Water Use in the United States.<span> </span><a href=\"https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/P1004XFX.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&amp;Client=EPA&amp;Index=2006+Thru+2010&amp;Docs=&amp;Query=&amp;Time=&amp;EndTime=&amp;SearchMethod=1&amp;TocRestrict=n&amp;Toc=&amp;TocEntry=&amp;QField=&amp;QFieldYear=&amp;QFieldMonth=&amp;QFieldDay=&amp;IntQFieldOp=0&amp;ExtQFieldOp=0&amp;XmlQuery=&amp;File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C06thru10%5CTxt%5C00000010%5CP1004XFX.txt&amp;User=ANONYMOUS&amp;Password=anonymous&amp;SortMethod=h%7C-&amp;MaximumDocuments=1&amp;FuzzyDegree=0&amp;ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&amp;Display=hpfr&amp;DefSeekPage=x&amp;SearchBack=ZyActionL&amp;Back=ZyActionS&amp;BackDesc=Results%20page&amp;MaximumPages=1&amp;ZyEntry=1&amp;SeekPage=x&amp;ZyPURL\">Link</a>  (accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a><span> </span>UGA College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Cooperative Extension.<span> </span><em><i>A Guide to Developing a Water-Wise Landscape</i></em><span> </span><a href=\"https://athenaeum.libs.uga.edu/bitstream/handle/10724/12344/B1073.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\">https://athenaeum.libs.uga.edu/bitstream/handle/10724/12344/B1073.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y</a><span> </span>(accessed April 15, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/\">Emergency Water Supply and Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-on-site-alternative-water-resuse/\">On-Site Alternative Water Reuse</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20220308160142/https://landscapeforlife.org/\">Landscape for Life</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li>NJ DEP\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/opsc/docs/Sustainable_Landscape.pdf\">Creating Sustainable Communities – A Guide for Developers and Communities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/drought/index.html\">Drought Information</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njwatersavers.rutgers.edu/For%20Residents_Introduction.html\">NJ Water Savers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.php?pid=E341\">Rutgers NJ Agriculture Experiment Station – Landscaping for Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org/\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/watersense/landscaping-tips\">US EPA: WaterSense – Landscaping Tips</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Water-Efficient Landscaping','','inherit','closed','closed','','2025-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:02:50','2022-06-23 18:02:50','',2025,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2542',0,'revision','',0),(2543,3,'2022-06-23 18:03:22','2022-06-23 18:03:22','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Turfgrass Reduction\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Turfgrass?</h2>\n<p>Turfgrass refers to a form of grass used when growing a lawn and typically includes species such as bluegrass, rye, and fescue.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>These species, referred to as conventional turf grass, grow evenly and to a uniform height when maintained. Conventional turf grass requires high levels of maintenance, irrigation, and fertilization to achieve a consistently green and manicured look. Turfgrass had become common in the United States after post-World War II when it became a mainstream middle-class status symbol. At that time many types of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers were becoming commercially available.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Alternatives to conventional turf grass lawns include replacing the lawn with native grasses or groundcover and reducing the size of the lawn by incorporating other types of natural landscaping or garden beds (see<span> </span><em>Native and Adapted Plants,<span> </span></em><em>and Wildlife Habitat</em>). There are many varieties of groundcovers, including those that are edible or flowering. Groundcover refers to plants that, once established, form a uniform layer over the ground and require little to no maintenance. Native grasses are species of grass that are native to a particular area and climate. These grasses require less maintenance and are less susceptible to pests (see<span> </span><em>Integrated Pest Management</em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][caption id=\"attachment_309\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"468\"]<img class=\"wp-image-309 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-Turf-Grass-Reduction-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Blue Wood Sedge (Source: Courtesy of North Creek Nurseries)\" width=\"468\" height=\"494\" /> Figure 1 – Blue Wood Sedge (Source: Courtesy of North Creek Nurseries)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Reasons to consider reducing the use of turfgrass include:</p>\n<p><u>High Maintenance Requirements</u></p>\n<p>Lawns require frequent and sometimes costly maintenance. Lawn maintenance often involves hiring lawn care employees, purchasing fertilizers, and maintaining lawn care equipment. Lawns may require mowing multiple times a week during the peak growing season. During a drought, lawns require irrigation. Landscapes consume 9 billion gallons of water each day in the United States, mostly to irrigate lawns (see<span> </span><em>Water-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p><u>High Pollution Outputs that Create Public Health Risks</u></p>\n<p>Lawn care chemicals can pose a threat to people, pets and the environment. Studies have found numerous adverse health consequences associated with the synthetic chemicals found in traditional lawn care products, especially for children due to their size, physiological development and proximity to the ground.</p>\n<p>Lawns can also contribute to water pollution as chemicals used to treat lawns combine with stormwater runoff and flow into freshwater supplies, adversely affecting plants and animal life. Many commercial lawns require frequent fertilization to maintain quality turf grass. Excessive fertilizer use can also lead to fertilizers entering sources of drinking water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Note that while conventional turf grass does help remove carbon dioxide from the air, the amount sequestered does not cancel out the greenhouse gas emissions produced from fertilizer production, mowing, leaf blowing and other lawn management practices (see<span> </span><em>Energy-Efficient Landscaping</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p><u>Lack of Biodiversity</u></p>\n<p>Conventional turfgrass lawns lack biodiversity, an essential component of healthy ecosystems, and do not support a wide variety of birds, beneficial insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<h2>How to Reduce the Use of Turf Grass</h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, homeowners account for 76 percent of the state’s 880,542 acres of turf grass.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>On average, lawns take up half of an average lot size.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Many fiscally and environmentally responsible alternatives to lawns exist such as minimizing turfgrass areas, using more eco-friendly grass species for remaining turf areas, and planting a wide variety of low-maintenance trees, shrubs, and perennials to create garden spaces, rain gardens, and native habitats (see Rain Gardens). When designing an alternative lawn, select eco-friendly grass and grass-like species such as native sedges and meadow mixes and limit turf areas for defining garden edges, active recreation areas, pathways between planting beds and other structural and functional purposes.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Native grasses and sedges can provide a low maintenance alternative with high ecological value.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><u>Use Groundcover or Native Grasses</u></p>\n<p>Groundcovers refer to low-growing plants including native grasses and sedges but also include taller trees and shrubs that grow together to form dense vegetation. Choose groundcovers that require little maintenance and support wildlife.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a><span> </span> Increasing the size of shrub beds and adding groundcovers can facilitate the reduction of erosion and water runoff (see<span> </span><em>Erosion Control</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Select non-invasive groundcovers that do not threaten plant biodiversity or affect wildlife that depends on native species as a food source.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">10</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>To select an appropriate groundcover, talk with the local cooperative extension agent and refer to the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">NJ Native Plant Society’s</a><span> </span>listing of native and invasive species and the Native Plant Finder. Native species often vary across regions, even within New Jersey. Note that the USDA identifies New Jersey as being in Hardiness Zones 5 through 7.</li>\n<li>To contain groundcovers, install an edge barrier such as a row of low bricks or wood frame. Extend edging a few inches into the soil to contain roots.</li>\n<li>Weed and mulch groundcover regularly, especially in the first year of planting.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">County Extension Offices</a><span> </span>trains volunteer in each county through its Master Gardeners Program to provide guidance on lawn alternatives.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Tips on Removing Lawn</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use a sod cutter to remove sections of existing lawn gradually.</li>\n<li>Remove existing lawn but do not disturb the soil as turning the soil allows weeds to compete with the new native seedlings.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Tips for Caring for Existing Lawns</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Keep mower at 2 1⁄2 inches, water in the early morning and de-thatch if thatch reaches more than 1⁄2 inch in thickness. Cutting lawns too short decreases root growth.</li>\n<li>Leave clippings on the lawn as a natural source of nitrogen for the soil, recycle the clippings or start a compost pile.</li>\n<li>Reduce water needs by mulching the garden beds around an existing lawn.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Economic</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Decreases maintenance costs and reduces water bills. Once established, groundcovers appropriate to the site conditions require less upkeep than conventional turf grass.</li>\n<li>Reduces costs spent on fertilizers and pesticides.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Environmental</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases in biodiversity and support of wildlife such as birds, insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.</li>\n<li>Dense and short growing groundcover plants eliminate weeds, preserve moisture in the soil, and do not require mowing.</li>\n<li>Reduces the need for lawn irrigation.</li>\n<li>Groundcovers act as mulch, enhancing the soil.</li>\n<li>Groundcovers and native grasses require less maintenance to prevent soil erosion compared to turfgrass.</li>\n<li>Reduces toxic emissions released into the environment from lawnmowers.</li>\n<li>Reduces use of fossil fuels required by lawn and irrigation equipment.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Personal Wellness</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves time and labor.</li>\n<li>Connects people to the natural landscape.</li>\n<li>Creates a diverse and aesthetically pleasing outdoor environment.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of lawn alternatives varies depending on the type and size of the landscape. For example, cost per square foot of alternative groundcovers depends upon the type of plants chosen and the size of the groundcover. The higher initial cost of selecting plants specific to the site pays for itself over time through reduced maintenance costs compared to less adaptive and higher-maintenance turfgrass.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Replacing conventional turf grass with native plants and water-efficient landscaping promotes resiliency by decreasing water use and reducing the reliance and stress on municipal water infrastructure. Alternatives to turf grass can also increase groundwater infiltration, helping to slow stormwater runoff and reduce erosion during flooding events. Also, replacing turf grass with diverse native plants, increases the biological diversity in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>American-Lawns. “Mixtures and Blends.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html\">http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a>  University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Turf Grass Madness: Reasons to Reduce the Lawn in Your Landscape.” <span> </span><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf\">http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>U.S. EPA.  Outdoor Water Use in the United States. <span> </span><a href=\"https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html\">https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>US EPA, University of West Virginia. “Managing Turfgrass and Garden Fertilizer Application to Prevent Contamination of Drinking Water.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf\">http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>University of California, Irvine.  Turfgrass.<span> </span><a href=\"https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/\">https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/</a>  (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>NJ DEP. 2015. New Jersey Natural Heritage Program.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/\">https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/</a><span> </span>(accessed Sept 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>880,542 acres is equal to 18 percent of NJ’s total land area.<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160604161433/http://turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf\">www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>The Center for Turf grass Science. The New Jersey Turf grass Industry Economic Survey. February 2007.<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160604161433/http://turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf\">www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 15, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Less Lawn. “Native Grass Lawns.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html\">http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>The Nature Conservancy. Habitat Network. Native Grasses for Your Native Lawn.<span> </span><a href=\"http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/\">http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/</a><span> </span>(accessed November 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Groundcover Alternatives to Turf Grass.” <span> </span><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf\">http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-erosion-control/\">Erosion Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-pest-management-ipm/\">Integrated Pest Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-gardens/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-wildlife-habitat/\">Wildlife Habitat</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.audubon.org/bird/at_home/pdf/AAHPA-21-32-Lawn.pdf\">Audubon Society – Lawn Alternatives</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cleanwaternj.org/garden.html\">Clean Water NJ – In the Garden</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friendly-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nwf.org/NativePlantFinder/About\">Native Plant Finder</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/\">Nature Conservancy – Habitat Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/watershedrestoration/waterbook_chp6.html\">NJ DEP Lawn and Garden Care</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">Rutgers NJ Agriculture Experiment Station</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.php?cat=5&amp;sub=35\">Commercial Turfgrass and Landscape Maintenance Fact Sheets &amp; Bulletins</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://turf.rutgers.edu/\">Center for Turfgrass Science</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html\">Rutgers Water Resource Program – Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li>University Extension Services – Groundcovers\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf\">Delaware</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170911143317/http://extension.umd.edu:80/hgic/groundcover-list\">Maryland</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/greenbuilding/web/pdf/brochure.pdf\">US EPA Greenscapes: Environmentally Beneficial Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Turfgrass Reduction','','inherit','closed','closed','','1263-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:03:22','2022-06-23 18:03:22','',1263,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2543',0,'revision','',0),(2544,3,'2022-06-23 18:03:48','2022-06-23 18:03:48','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Geothermal Heat Pumps\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Geothermal Heat Pumps?</strong></h2>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), also known as ground source heat pumps or geo-exchange systems use the constant temperature (45°F- 75°F) of the earth to cool buildings in the summer and warm them in the winter.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Geothermal technology consists of open-loop or closed-loop systems (see Figure 1). Open-loop systems draw water from a well or a surface water body to circulate as a heat exchange fluid through the system and then returns the water to the ground through a well or surface discharge.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Closed-loop systems, configured as horizontal, vertical, or pond/lake systems, use a non-toxic antifreeze solution as the heat exchanger.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Some GHPs have wells drilled vertically deep underground and can fit into space constricted areas, while others have horizontal loops a shorter distance below ground that require adequate space or land.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>GHPs can include a device called a desuperheater, which heats household water using waste heat from water in cooling mode.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_538\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"678\"]<img class=\"wp-image-538 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)\" width=\"678\" height=\"462\" /> Figure 1 – Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Geothermal Heat Pumps</strong></h2>\n<p>The practicality of a GHP for a specific project increases when considered early in the planning stages of the site and building design. Renewable energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site renewable energy system expertise. Site assessments include analysis of geology, hydrology, and land availability to determine the feasibility of installing a geothermal heat pump, whether to install vertical or horizontal ground loops, and opportunities to utilize local water bodies.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Look for ENERGY STAR qualified geothermal heat pumps that use about 45% less energy than a standard heat pump.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Find qualified installers through your local utility company, the<span> </span><a href=\"https://igshpa.org/business-directory\">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association,</a><span> </span>or the <a href=\"https://www.geoexchange.org/directory/\">Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium</a>.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf\">Baseline Home vs. Model of Energy-Efficient New Home in NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This study investigated the costs and benefits of several investments in residential energy efficiency, including a high-level mechanical upgrade using a ground source heat pump or geothermal system, compared to a baseline, single-family detached home with a conventional HVAC system.</p>\n<p>The high upfront capital costs for this system included trenching, piping, equipment (including pump and de-superheater with associated fittings, valves, and backflow preventers) and installation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>The incremental capital cost of $34k surpassed the baseline capital costs by more than one-third.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>While operating costs fell by 37%, a lack of available tax benefits and incentives, and site conditions that prevented a low-cost installation resulted in a project payback period of 32 years.</p>\n<p>Sites and projects with similar limitations might consider other heat pump technologies including air source heat pumps or absorption heat pumps.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a><span> </span>Check<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/heat-pumps#COOLAdvanage_rebate_table\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a><span> </span>for available incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating a geothermal system reduces greenhouse gas emissions, protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. Geothermal pumps have a higher efficiency than air pumps and produce less noise pollution as most of the moving parts are underground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a><span> </span>Depending on the cost and type of fuel, heating with geothermal pumps can cost 25-50% less than that of conventional heating.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Compared to air-source heat pumps, geothermal pumps last longer, require less maintenance and do not depend on outside air temperatures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While the initial purchase price of a residential GHP system cost more than that of a comparable gas-fired furnace and central air-conditioning system, lower utility costs associated with GHP systems can result in a payback of two to ten years depending on the system and environmental factors.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a><span> </span>As seen in the example above, site-specific costs associated with wellfields can add tens of thousands of dollars to the cost of the system in some locations. For instance, costs increase when a high level of bedrock at the site requires boring and vertical trenching.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a><span> </span>If included in a mortgage, a GHP can have a positive cash flow from the beginning. For example, if the extra $3,500 in installation costs added $30 per month to each mortgage payment, the energy cost savings can exceed that added mortgage amount each year.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n<p>Check<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/heat-pumps#COOLAdvanage_rebate_table\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program</a><span> </span>for the latest information about incentives for residential geothermal systems.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps increase grid resiliency by helping to diversify sources of clean and renewable energy and by providing a consistent and energy-efficient source of renewable energy to supply the grid in the absence of wind or solar. Geothermal heat pumps with thermal energy storage can operate off the grid and supply energy to emergency services and infrastructure during power outages.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US DOE  “Geothermal Heat Pumps.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>US DOE “Geothermal Heat Pumps.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a>  US DOE. “Guide to Geothermal Heat Pumps”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>EnergySmart Alternatives. “How a Geothermal DeSuperheater Works.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://energysmartalternatives.com/2013/03/how-a-geothermal-desuperheater-works/\">http://energysmartalternatives.com/2013/03/how-a-geothermal-desuperheater-works/</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. “Heat Pumps, Geothermal for Consumers.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP</a><span> </span>(accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB). “Costs and Benefits of Residential Energy-Efficiency Investments.” Prepared for the New Jersey Association of Realtors Governmental Research Foundation. Final Report. July 2011.<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018). The costs of the ground source heat pump’s material and labor costs came from averages of estimates from local vendors.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Ibid. RCGB. Costs for ground source heat pump well fields are highly site-specific. The reported construction cost is for a site that required vertical boreholes. A site that is suitable for a shallow, horizontal piping loop may have an incremental cost of less than $10k. Such a system would achieve simple payback in less than 10 years (instead of 32 years for the vertical case).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers: Heat Pumps Systems.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps  (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers: Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pumps.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Energy Savers: Selecting and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Geothermal Heat Pump.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a><span> </span>Rutgers Center for Green Building. 2011. Costs and Benefits of Residential Energy Efficiency Investments. Prepared for the New Jersey Association of REALTORS Governmental Research Foundation.<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Selecting and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018 ).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://geoexchange.us/\">Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.geothermal.org/index.html\">Geothermal Resource Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://igshpa.org/\">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/heat-pumps#COOLAdvanage_rebate_table\">NJ’s Clean Energy Program –<span> </span><em>COOL</em>Advantage Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">US Department of Energy – Geothermal Heat Pump Introduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/rhc/geothermal-heating-and-cooling-technologies\">US EPA – Geothermal Heating and Cooling Technologies</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Whole Building Design Guide – Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Geothermal Heat Pumps','','inherit','closed','closed','','1311-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:03:48','2022-06-23 18:03:48','',1311,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2544',0,'revision','',0),(2545,3,'2022-06-23 18:03:49','2022-06-23 18:03:49','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Geothermal Heat Pumps\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Geothermal Heat Pumps?</strong></h2>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), also known as ground source heat pumps or geo-exchange systems, use the constant temperature (45°F- 75°F) of the earth to cool buildings in the summer and warm them in the winter. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Geothermal technology consists of open-loop or closed-loop systems. Open-loop systems draw water from a well or a surface water body to circulate as a heat exchange fluid through the system and then returns the water to the ground through a well or surface discharge.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Closed-loop systems, configured as horizontal, vertical, or pond/lake systems, use a non-toxic antifreeze solution as the heat exchanger.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Some GHPs have wells drilled vertically deep underground and can fit into space constricted areas, while others have horizontal loops a shorter distance below ground that require adequate space or land.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_356\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1378\"]<img class=\"wp-image-356 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Geothermal-Heat-Pumps-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1- Summer and Winter scenarios of GHPs (Source: NYSERDA)\" width=\"1378\" height=\"612\" /> Figure 1- Summer and Winter scenarios of GHPs (Source: NYSERDA)[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Geothermal Heat Pumps</strong></h2>\n<p>The practicality of a geothermal heat pump for a specific project increases when considered early in the planning stages of the site and building design. Renewable energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> For example, site assessments include analysis of geology, hydrology, and land availability to determine whether to install vertical or horizontal ground loops and opportunities to utilize local water bodies. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Look for ENERGY STAR qualified geothermal heat pumps that use about 45% less energy than a standard heat pump.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Find qualified installers through your local utility company, the <a href=\"https://igshpa.org/business-directory\">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association,</a> or the <a href=\"https://www.geoexchange.org/directory/\">Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium</a>.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/success_stories/ACUA%202006%20Project%20of%20Year%20Award.pdf\">Atlantic County Utilities Authority (ACUA), Atlantic City and Egg Harbor Township, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The ACUA’s clean energy initiatives include a geothermal heating and cooling system at its GeoBuilding. The system depends on heating well water through fifty closed-looped wells on a field adjacent to the building. The system extracts heat from the water in the winter and transfers heat to the ground in the summer.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/Montclair_SS.pdf\">Township of Montclair Clean Energy Municipality, Montclair, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Rand School, serving grades K-5, in Montclair, NJ uses a geothermal heating and cooling system. A pump house manages the heat supplied from deep in the ground. The geothermal system heats and cools the building by utilizing liquid-filled tubes, cooled to 54 degrees Fahrenheit (cave temperature.)</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating a geothermal system reduces greenhouse gas emissions, protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. Geothermal pumps have a higher efficiency than air pumps and produce less noise pollution as most of the moving parts are underground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Depending on the cost and type of fuel, heating with geothermal pumps can cost 25-50% less than that of conventional heating.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Compared to air-source heat pumps, geothermal pumps last longer, require less maintenance and do not depend on outside air temperatures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The capital cost of geothermal systems averages $7, 000.00 per ton including the bore field.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Highly site-specific, well field costs can quickly add tens of thousands of dollars to overall system cost. Life-cycle costs can deliver a relatively quick payback beginning at 5 years, based on significant heating cost savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Annual energy savings can vary from 25% to 50%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Also, maintenance and upkeep cost less than traditional types of heating and cooling equipment.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Incremental cost (e.g., the cost of the green technology minus the cost of conventional technology) is around $3,957/ton.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>Annual cost savings (e.g., annual kWh saved * $0.14/kWh [the price of electricity])</li>\n<li>According to US DOE Energy Savers, using GHPs reduce electricity consumption by 25-50%.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Scenario:</u> Consider a 20,000 SF commercial building using 50,000<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> btu/SF over five years.</p>\n<p>In <em>one</em> year:</p>\n<p>50,000btu/SF ÷ 5 years = 10,000 btu</p>\n<p>10,000 btu/SF * 20,000 SF = 200,000,000 btu</p>\n<p>200,000,000 btu * (2.93×10<sup>-4 </sup>kWh/1 btu) = <strong>58,614kWh consumed</strong>.</p>\n<p>A reduction in electricity consumption of 50% means a savings of <strong>29,307 kWh</strong>, or:</p>\n<p><strong>29,307 kWh</strong> * $0.14/kWh = <strong>$ 4,102.98</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Payback (Capital Costs or Incremental Costs / annual cost savings)<br />Incremental Cost = $3,957</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Annual Cost Saving =             $4,102.98</p>\n<p>$3,957/$4,102.98 =                 0.96</p>\n<p>It will take <strong>less than one year </strong>to achieve a return on the investment in a geothermal heat pump.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps increase grid resiliency by helping to diversify sources of clean and renewable energy and by providing a consistent and energy-efficient source of renewable energy to supply the grid in the absence of wind or solar. Geothermal heat pumps with thermal energy storage can operate off the grid and supply energy to emergency services and infrastructure during power outages.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US DOE  “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US DOE “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a>  US DOE. “Guide to Geothermal Heat Pumps” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Heat Pumps, Geothermal for Consumers.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US DOE. Energy Savers: Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pumps. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> US DOE | EERE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Rutgers University Facilities Department – Based on estimates received for new buildings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US DOE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> US DOE. Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump System. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> NEEP. “Mid-Atlantic Technical Reference Manual Version 7.” <a href=\"http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf\">http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> US DOE | EERE. Planning, Budget &amp; Analysis: Commercial Buildings Total Energy Consumption. April 2008. <a href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/intensityindicators/total_commercial.html\">http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/intensityindicators/total_commercial.html</a><em> Assume an average of 50k btu for all sectors.</em> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://geoexchange.us/\">Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.geothermal.org/index.html\">Geothermal Resource Council</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://igshpa.org/\">International Ground Source Heat Pump Association</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ’s Clean Energy Program</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/cooladvantage/heat-pumps#COOLAdvanage_rebate_table\"><em>COOL</em>Advantage Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/tools-and-resources/equipment-incentives/equi\">C&amp;I Equipment Incentives</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">Geothermal Heat Pump Introduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Geothermal Technologies Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>National Resources</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/rhc/geothermal-heating-and-cooling-technologies\">US EPA – Geothermal Heating and Cooling Technologies</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/c1249/\">USGS Geothermal Energy—Clean Power from the Earth’s Heat</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Whole Building Design Guide – Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Geothermal Heat Pumps','','inherit','closed','closed','','1476-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:03:49','2022-06-23 18:03:49','',1476,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2545',0,'revision','',0),(2546,3,'2022-06-23 18:03:57','2022-06-23 18:03:57','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Green Power\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Green Power?</strong></h2>\n<p>Green power refers to renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit including electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, some forms of biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources (i.e., do not impact land use and fisheries).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Homes get their power from a mix of energy sources with varying levels of environmental impacts and benefits (see Figure 1). Electricity generated from coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas, wind, and solar all goes to the same grid (see Figure 2). Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) represent 1 MWh of renewable electricity generation and provide proof of the electricity generated by green power.</p>\n<p>Energy-efficient single-family homes that are not ideally suited for on-site renewable energy generation can voluntarily choose to switch to green energy or purchase RECs to help offset their home’s environmental and carbon footprints.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_252\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1390\"]<img class=\"wp-image-252 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"1390\" height=\"848\" /> Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_207\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1388\"]<img class=\"wp-image-207 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).\" width=\"1388\" height=\"634\" /> Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Purchase Green Energy</strong></h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, the Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (EDECA) of 1999 (N.J.S.A. 48:3-49) separated the supply portion of the electric rate from the delivery portion, providing the consumer the opportunity to select among third-party electricity suppliers licensed by the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU). Consumers can make decisions on a variety of factors including cost or energy efficiency and sources of electricity generation (e.g., nuclear, natural gas, oil, solar).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Through the purchase of green power, a home does not necessarily receive renewable energy directly, but instead, the purchase of renewable energy increases the percentage that renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind) that contribute to power production within the region. Table 1 lists various ways to purchase green energy.</p>\n<p>Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><img class=\"wp-image-430 aligncenter size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Table-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).\" width=\"1174\" height=\"962\" /></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Residential electricity consumers may choose to purchase RECs, contract with a green energy supplier or participate in a utility-sponsored green energy program. Green power products and programs often require customers to pay a premium over the standard electric price in return for green power (i.e., electricity bundled with RECs) but the utility continues to provide the electric transmission and distribution in the same way as a regular electric customer.</p>\n<p>Note that green power supply options depend on available renewable energy resources and projects, and state and utility policies and programs. Check with your utility provider for available programs and current incentives. Other options include Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that directly support specific renewable energy projects.</p>\n<p>The decision to purchase green power involves identifying and comparing green power options among verified, third-party certified green power providers that meet nationally-accepted standards for product quality. At this time, the<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a><span> </span>is the only organization that certifies and independently verifies green power products in the United States.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Conventional electricity relies on fossil fuels and produces significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Green power provides the following environmental benefits:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supports renewable energy resource and technology development either directly through PPAs and bundled green power products or indirectly through RECs.</li>\n<li>Reduces a home’s carbon footprint associated with electricity consumption.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.communityenergyinc.com/projects/new-jersey-solar\">Jacobstown Solar Farm, Burlington County, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jacobstown Solar project, by Community Energy, Inc., provides green power to the Jersey Central Power &amp; Light (JCP&amp;L) regional electric grid and helps farmland preservation in the area by providing a source of local revenue. Landscaping on the site matches the rural surroundings and plantings of low mow turf grass reduce stormwater runoff and improve soil conditions for future agricultural uses. When NJ homeowners choose to purchase green power, they support solar companies like Community Energy, Inc. and projects like the Jacobstown Solar Farm, that provide local sources of renewable energy.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While a switch to green power does not require any upfront capital costs, currently there exists a cost premium for green power of about 2 to 4 cents per kWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Prices for green power vary also depending on a variety of factors, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supply and demand variability</li>\n<li>Product type (e.g., RECs, PPAs, utility or competitive green power products)</li>\n<li>Purchase volume (e.g., total kilowatt-hours)</li>\n<li>Contract length (e.g., short- or long-term)</li>\n<li>Resource and technology type (e.g., solar, wind)</li>\n<li>Geography (e.g., local versus national)</li>\n<li>Certification and verification status</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>A switch to green power provides resiliency benefits by helping to diversify and strengthen the electric power grid through the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar and by supporting local renewable energy generators and distributed renewable energy (DER) projects.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US EPA. Green Power Partnership. “What is Green Power?”<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162855/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>State of New Jersey. NJ Power Switch. Know Your Rights.<span> </span><a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/\">https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>US EPA. Green Power Partnership. Green Power Benefits.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Residential Electric Default rates or Basic Generation Service (BGS) ratesfor NJ.    <span> </span><a href=\"https://www.electricrate.com/\">https://www.electricrate.com</a><span> </span>(accessed April 9, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/\">On-Site Small Wind Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bpu.state.nj.us/bpu/index.shtml\">NJ Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/\">NJ Power Switch</a></li>\n<li>New Jersey Energy Delivery Companies (EDCs)\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.atlanticcityelectric.com/Pages/default.aspx\">Atlantic City Electric Company</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/customer/jersey_central_power_light.html\">JCP&amp;L</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en\">Rockland Electric</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.pseg.com/\">PSE&amp;G</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/switch-green-power\">US EPA – Switch to Green Power</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Green Power','','inherit','closed','closed','','1316-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:03:57','2022-06-23 18:03:57','',1316,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2546',0,'revision','',0),(2547,3,'2022-06-23 18:03:58','2022-06-23 18:03:58','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Green Power\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Green Power?</strong></h2>\n<p>Green power refers to renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit including electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, some forms of biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources (i.e., do not impact land use and fisheries).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Buildings get their power from a mix of energy sources with varying levels of environmental impacts and benefits (see Figure 1). Electricity generated from coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas, wind, and solar all goes to the same grid (see Figure 2). Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) represent 1 MWh of renewable electricity generation and provide proof of the electricity generated by green power.</p>\n<p>Energy-efficient commercial buildings that are not ideally suited for on-site renewable energy generation can choose to switch to green energy or purchase RECs to help offset their environmental and carbon footprints on a voluntary basis or to meet corporate sustainability goals or other mandates.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_252\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1390\"]<img class=\"wp-image-252 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"1390\" height=\"848\" /> Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_207\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1388\"]<img class=\"wp-image-207 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).\" width=\"1388\" height=\"634\" /> Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Purchase Green Energy</strong></h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, the Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (EDECA) of 1999 (N.J.S.A. 48:3-49) separated the supply portion of the electric rate from the delivery portion, providing the consumer the opportunity to select among third-party electricity suppliers licensed by the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU). Consumers can make decisions on a variety of factors including cost or energy efficiency and sources of electricity generation (e.g., nuclear, natural gas, oil, solar).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Through the purchase of green power, a building does not necessarily receive renewable energy directly, but instead, the purchase of renewable energy increases the percentage that renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind) that contribute to power production within the region. Table 1 lists various ways to purchase green energy.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_430\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1174\"]<img class=\"wp-image-430 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Table-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).\" width=\"1174\" height=\"962\" /> Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).[/caption]<p>Commercial electricity consumers may choose to purchase RECs, contract with a green energy supplier or participate in a utility-sponsored green energy program. Green power products and programs often require customers to pay a premium over the standard electric price in return for green power (i.e., electricity bundled with RECs) but the utility continues to provide the electric transmission and distribution in the same way as a regular electric customer.</p>\n<p>Note that green power supply options depend on available renewable energy resources and projects, and state and utility policies and programs. Check with your utility provider for available programs and current incentives. Other options include Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that directly support specific renewable energy projects.</p>\n<p>The decision to purchase green power involves identifying and comparing green power options among verified, third-party certified green power providers that meet nationally-accepted standards for product quality. At this time, the <a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a> is the only organization that certifies and independently verifies green power products in the United States.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Conventional electricity relies on fossil fuels and produces significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Green power provides the following environmental and sustainable marketing benefits:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supports renewable energy resource and technology development either directly through PPAs and bundled green power products or indirectly through RECs.</li>\n<li>Reduces a business’s carbon footprint associated with electricity consumption.</li>\n<li>Serves as a marketing tool to demonstrate a business’s commitment to sustainability goals.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.communityenergyinc.com/projects/new-jersey-solar\">Jacobstown Solar Farm, Burlington County, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jacobstown Solar project, by Community Energy, Inc., provides green power to the Jersey Central Power &amp; Light (JCP&amp;L) regional electric grid and helps farmland preservation in the area by providing a source of local revenue. Landscaping on the site matches the rural surroundings and plantings of low mow turf grass reduce stormwater runoff and improve soil conditions for future agricultural uses. When NJ businesses choose to purchase green power, they support solar companies like Community Energy, Inc. and projects like the Jacobstown Solar Farm, that provide local sources of renewable energy.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While a switch to green power does not require any upfront capital costs, currently there exists a cost premium for green power of about 2 to 4 cents per kWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Prices for green power vary also depending on a variety of factors, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supply and demand variability</li>\n<li>Product type (e.g., RECs, PPAs, utility or competitive green power products)</li>\n<li>Purchase volume (e.g., total kilowatt-hours)</li>\n<li>Contract length (e.g., short- or long-term)</li>\n<li>Resource and technology type (e.g., solar, wind)</li>\n<li>Geography (e.g., local versus national)</li>\n<li>Certification and verification status</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>A switch to green power provides resiliency benefits by helping to diversify and strengthen the electric power grid through the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar and by supporting local renewable energy generators and distributed renewable energy (DER) projects.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. “What is Green Power?” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162855/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> State of New Jersey. NJ Power Switch. Know Your Rights. <a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/\">https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. Green Power Benefits. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Commercial Electric Rates for NJ based on 12-month contract for buildings with utility bills ranging from less than $1,000 to over $5000. <a href=\"https://www.electricrate.com\">https://www.electricrate.com</a> (accessed April 9, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/\">Biomass Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/\">On-site Wind Generation Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bpu.state.nj.us/bpu/index.shtml\">NJ Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/\">NJ Power Switch</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/switch-green-power\">US EPA – Switch to Green Power</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>New Jersey Energy Delivery Companies (EDCs)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Atlantic City Electric Company</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/customer/jersey_central_power_light.html\">JCP&amp;L</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en\">Rockland Electric</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.pseg.com/\">PSE&amp;G</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Green Power','','inherit','closed','closed','','1750-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:03:58','2022-06-23 18:03:58','',1750,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2547',0,'revision','',0),(2548,3,'2022-06-23 18:03:59','2022-06-23 18:03:59','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Green Power\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Green Power?</strong></h2>\n<p>Green power refers to renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit including electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, some forms of biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources (i.e., do not impact land use and fisheries).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Buildings get their power from a mix of energy sources with varying levels of environmental impacts and benefits (see Figure 1). Electricity generated from coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas, wind, and solar all goes to the same grid (see Figure 2). Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) represent 1 MWh of renewable electricity generation and provide proof of the electricity generated by green power.</p>\n<p>Energy-efficient commercial buildings that are not ideally suited for on-site renewable energy generation can choose to switch to green energy or purchase RECs to help offset their environmental and carbon footprints on a voluntary basis or to meet corporate sustainability goals or other mandates.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_252\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1390\"]<img class=\"wp-image-252 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"1390\" height=\"848\" /> Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_207\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1388\"]<img class=\"wp-image-207 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).\" width=\"1388\" height=\"634\" /> Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Purchase Green Energy</strong></h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, the Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (EDECA) of 1999 (N.J.S.A. 48:3-49) separated the supply portion of the electric rate from the delivery portion, providing the consumer the opportunity to select among third-party electricity suppliers licensed by the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU). Consumers can make decisions on a variety of factors including cost or energy efficiency and sources of electricity generation (e.g., nuclear, natural gas, oil, solar).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Through the purchase of green power, a building does not necessarily receive renewable energy directly, but instead, the purchase of renewable energy increases the percentage that renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind) that contribute to power production within the region. Table 1 lists various ways to purchase green energy.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Commercial electricity consumers may choose to purchase RECs, contract with a green energy supplier or participate in a utility-sponsored green energy program. Green power products and programs often require customers to pay a premium over the standard electric price in return for green power (i.e., electricity bundled with RECs) but the utility continues to provide the electric transmission and distribution in the same way as a regular electric customer.</p>\n<p>Note that green power supply options depend on available renewable energy resources and projects, and state and utility policies and programs. Check with your utility provider for available programs and current incentives. Other options include Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that directly support specific renewable energy projects.</p>\n<p>The decision to purchase green power involves identifying and comparing green power options among verified, third-party certified green power providers that meet nationally-accepted standards for product quality. At this time, the <a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a> is the only organization that certifies and independently verifies green power products in the United States.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Conventional electricity relies on fossil fuels and produces significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Green power provides the following environmental and sustainable marketing benefits:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supports renewable energy resource and technology development either directly through PPAs and bundled green power products or indirectly through RECs.</li>\n<li>Reduces a business’s carbon footprint associated with electricity consumption.</li>\n<li>Serves as a marketing tool to demonstrate a business’s commitment to sustainability goals.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.communityenergyinc.com/projects/new-jersey-solar\">Jacobstown Solar Farm, Burlington County, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jacobstown Solar project, by Community Energy, Inc., provides green power to the Jersey Central Power &amp; Light (JCP&amp;L) regional electric grid and helps farmland preservation in the area by providing a source of local revenue. Landscaping on the site matches the rural surroundings and plantings of low mow turf grass reduce stormwater runoff and improve soil conditions for future agricultural uses. When NJ businesses choose to purchase green power, they support solar companies like Community Energy, Inc. and projects like the Jacobstown Solar Farm, that provide local sources of renewable energy.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While a switch to green power does not require any upfront capital costs, currently there exists a cost premium for green power of about 2 to 4 cents per kWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Prices for green power vary also depending on a variety of factors, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supply and demand variability</li>\n<li>Product type (e.g., RECs, PPAs, utility or competitive green power products)</li>\n<li>Purchase volume (e.g., total kilowatt-hours)</li>\n<li>Contract length (e.g., short- or long-term)</li>\n<li>Resource and technology type (e.g., solar, wind)</li>\n<li>Geography (e.g., local versus national)</li>\n<li>Certification and verification status</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>A switch to green power provides resiliency benefits by helping to diversify and strengthen the electric power grid through the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar and by supporting local renewable energy generators and distributed renewable energy (DER) projects.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. “What is Green Power?” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162855/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> State of New Jersey. NJ Power Switch. Know Your Rights. <a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/\">https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. Green Power Benefits. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Commercial Electric Rates for NJ based on 12-month contract for buildings with utility bills ranging from less than $1,000 to over $5000. <a href=\"https://www.electricrate.com\">https://www.electricrate.com</a> (accessed April 9, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/\">On-Site Renewable Energy Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bpu.state.nj.us/bpu/index.shtml\">NJ Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/\">NJ Power Switch</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/switch-green-power\">US EPA – Switch to Green Power</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>New Jersey Energy Delivery Companies (EDCs)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.atlanticcityelectric.com/Pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Atlantic City Electric Company</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/customer/jersey_central_power_light.html\">JCP&amp;L</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en\">Rockland Electric</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.pseg.com/\">PSE&amp;G</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Green Power','','inherit','closed','closed','','1982-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:03:59','2022-06-23 18:03:59','',1982,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2548',0,'revision','',0),(2549,3,'2022-06-23 18:04:00','2022-06-23 18:04:00','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Green Power\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Green Power?</strong></h2>\n<p>Green power refers to renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit including electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, some forms of biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources (i.e., do not impact land use and fisheries).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Homes get their power from a mix of energy sources with varying levels of environmental impacts and benefits (see Figure 1). Electricity generated from coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas, wind, and solar all goes to the same grid (see Figure 2). Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) represent 1 MWh of renewable electricity generation and provide proof of the electricity generated by green power.</p>\n<p>Energy-efficient single-family homes that are not ideally suited for on-site renewable energy generation can voluntarily choose to switch to green energy or purchase RECs to help offset their home’s environmental and carbon footprints.</p>\n<ul></ul>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_252\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1390\"]<img class=\"wp-image-252 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"1390\" height=\"848\" /> Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_207\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1388\"]<img class=\"wp-image-207 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).\" width=\"1388\" height=\"634\" /> Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>How to Purchase Green Energy</strong></h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, the Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (EDECA) of 1999 (N.J.S.A. 48:3-49) separated the supply portion of the electric rate from the delivery portion, providing the consumer the opportunity to select among third-party electricity suppliers licensed by the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU). Consumers can make decisions on a variety of factors including cost or energy efficiency and sources of electricity generation (e.g., nuclear, natural gas, oil, solar).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Through the purchase of green power, a home does not necessarily receive renewable energy directly, but instead, the purchase of renewable energy increases the percentage that renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind) that contribute to power production within the region. Table 1 lists various ways to purchase green energy.</p>\n<p>Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_430\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1174\"]<img class=\"wp-image-430 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Table-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).\" width=\"1174\" height=\"962\" /> Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).[/caption]<p>Residential electricity consumers may choose to purchase RECs, contract with a green energy supplier or participate in a utility-sponsored green energy program. Green power products and programs often require customers to pay a premium over the standard electric price in return for green power (i.e., electricity bundled with RECs) but the utility continues to provide the electric transmission and distribution in the same way as a regular electric customer.</p>\n<p>Note that green power supply options depend on available renewable energy resources and projects, and state and utility policies and programs. Check with your utility provider for available programs and current incentives. Other options include Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that directly support specific renewable energy projects.</p>\n<p>The decision to purchase green power involves identifying and comparing green power options among verified, third-party certified green power providers that meet nationally-accepted standards for product quality. At this time, the <a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a> is the only organization that certifies and independently verifies green power products in the United States.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Conventional electricity relies on fossil fuels and produces significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Green power provides the following environmental benefits:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supports renewable energy resource and technology development either directly through PPAs and bundled green power products or indirectly through RECs.</li>\n<li>Reduces a home’s carbon footprint associated with electricity consumption.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.communityenergyinc.com/projects/new-jersey-solar\">Jacobstown Solar Farm, Burlington County, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jacobstown Solar project, by Community Energy, Inc., provides green power to the Jersey Central Power &amp; Light (JCP&amp;L) regional electric grid and helps farmland preservation in the area by providing a source of local revenue. Landscaping on the site matches the rural surroundings and plantings of low mow turf grass reduce stormwater runoff and improve soil conditions for future agricultural uses. When NJ homeowners choose to purchase green power, they support solar companies like Community Energy, Inc. and projects like the Jacobstown Solar Farm, that provide local sources of renewable energy.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While a switch to green power does not require any upfront capital costs, currently there exists a cost premium for green power of about 2 to 4 cents per kWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Prices for green power vary also depending on a variety of factors, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supply and demand variability</li>\n<li>Product type (e.g., RECs, PPAs, utility or competitive green power products)</li>\n<li>Purchase volume (e.g., total kilowatt-hours)</li>\n<li>Contract length (e.g., short- or long-term)</li>\n<li>Resource and technology type (e.g., solar, wind)</li>\n<li>Geography (e.g., local versus national)</li>\n<li>Certification and verification status</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>A switch to green power provides resiliency benefits by helping to diversify and strengthen the electric power grid through the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar and by supporting local renewable energy generators and distributed renewable energy (DER) projects.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. “What is Green Power?” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162855/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> State of New Jersey. NJ Power Switch. Know Your Rights. <a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/\">https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. Green Power Benefits. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Residential Electric Default rates or Basic Generation Service (BGS) ratesfor NJ.     <a href=\"https://www.electricrate.com/\">https://www.electricrate.com</a> (accessed April 9, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/\">On-Site Small Wind Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bpu.state.nj.us/bpu/index.shtml\">NJ Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/\">NJ Power Switch</a></li>\n<li>New Jersey Energy Delivery Companies (EDCs)\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.atlanticcityelectric.com/Pages/default.aspx\">Atlantic City Electric Company</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/customer/jersey_central_power_light.html\">JCP&amp;L</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en\">Rockland Electric</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.pseg.com/\">PSE&amp;G</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/switch-green-power\">US EPA – Switch to Green Power</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Green Power','','inherit','closed','closed','','2072-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:04:00','2022-06-23 18:04:00','',2072,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2549',0,'revision','',0),(2550,3,'2022-06-23 18:04:08','2022-06-23 18:04:08','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Green Power\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Green Power?</strong></h2>\n<p>Green power refers to renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit including electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, some forms of biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources (i.e., do not impact land use and fisheries).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Homes get their power from a mix of energy sources with varying levels of environmental impacts and benefits (see Figure 1). Electricity generated from coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas, wind, and solar all goes to the same grid (see Figure 2). Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) represent 1 MWh of renewable electricity generation and provide proof of the electricity generated by green power.</p>\n<p>Energy-efficient single-family homes that are not ideally suited for on-site renewable energy generation can voluntarily choose to switch to green energy or purchase RECs to help offset their home’s environmental and carbon footprints.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_252\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1390\"]<img class=\"wp-image-252 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"1390\" height=\"848\" /> Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_207\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1388\"]<img class=\"wp-image-207 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).\" width=\"1388\" height=\"634\" /> Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Purchase Green Energy</strong></h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, the Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (EDECA) of 1999 (N.J.S.A. 48:3-49) separated the supply portion of the electric rate from the delivery portion, providing the consumer the opportunity to select among third-party electricity suppliers licensed by the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU). Consumers can make decisions on a variety of factors including cost or energy efficiency and sources of electricity generation (e.g., nuclear, natural gas, oil, solar).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Through the purchase of green power, a home does not necessarily receive renewable energy directly, but instead, the purchase of renewable energy increases the percentage that renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind) that contribute to power production within the region. Table 1 lists various ways to purchase green energy.</p>\n<p>Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><img class=\"wp-image-430 aligncenter size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Table-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).\" width=\"1174\" height=\"962\" /></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Residential electricity consumers may choose to purchase RECs, contract with a green energy supplier or participate in a utility-sponsored green energy program. Green power products and programs often require customers to pay a premium over the standard electric price in return for green power (i.e., electricity bundled with RECs) but the utility continues to provide the electric transmission and distribution in the same way as a regular electric customer.</p>\n<p>Note that green power supply options depend on available renewable energy resources and projects, and state and utility policies and programs. Check with your utility provider for available programs and current incentives. Other options include Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that directly support specific renewable energy projects.</p>\n<p>The decision to purchase green power involves identifying and comparing green power options among verified, third-party certified green power providers that meet nationally-accepted standards for product quality. At this time, the<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a><span> </span>is the only organization that certifies and independently verifies green power products in the United States.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Conventional electricity relies on fossil fuels and produces significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Green power provides the following environmental benefits:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supports renewable energy resource and technology development either directly through PPAs and bundled green power products or indirectly through RECs.</li>\n<li>Reduces a home’s carbon footprint associated with electricity consumption.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.communityenergyinc.com/projects/new-jersey-solar\">Jacobstown Solar Farm, Burlington County, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jacobstown Solar project, by Community Energy, Inc., provides green power to the Jersey Central Power &amp; Light (JCP&amp;L) regional electric grid and helps farmland preservation in the area by providing a source of local revenue. Landscaping on the site matches the rural surroundings and plantings of low mow turf grass reduce stormwater runoff and improve soil conditions for future agricultural uses. When NJ homeowners choose to purchase green power, they support solar companies like Community Energy, Inc. and projects like the Jacobstown Solar Farm, that provide local sources of renewable energy.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While a switch to green power does not require any upfront capital costs, currently there exists a cost premium for green power of about 2 to 4 cents per kWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Prices for green power vary also depending on a variety of factors, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supply and demand variability</li>\n<li>Product type (e.g., RECs, PPAs, utility or competitive green power products)</li>\n<li>Purchase volume (e.g., total kilowatt-hours)</li>\n<li>Contract length (e.g., short- or long-term)</li>\n<li>Resource and technology type (e.g., solar, wind)</li>\n<li>Geography (e.g., local versus national)</li>\n<li>Certification and verification status</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>A switch to green power provides resiliency benefits by helping to diversify and strengthen the electric power grid through the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar and by supporting local renewable energy generators and distributed renewable energy (DER) projects.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US EPA. Green Power Partnership. “What is Green Power?”<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162855/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>State of New Jersey. NJ Power Switch. Know Your Rights.<span> </span><a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/\">https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>US EPA. Green Power Partnership. Green Power Benefits.<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162901/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Residential Electric Default rates or Basic Generation Service (BGS) ratesfor NJ.    <span> </span><a href=\"https://www.electricrate.com/\">https://www.electricrate.com</a><span> </span>(accessed April 9, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/\">On-Site Small Wind Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bpu.state.nj.us/bpu/index.shtml\">NJ Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/\">NJ Power Switch</a></li>\n<li>New Jersey Energy Delivery Companies (EDCs)\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.atlanticcityelectric.com/Pages/default.aspx\">Atlantic City Electric Company</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/customer/jersey_central_power_light.html\">JCP&amp;L</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en\">Rockland Electric</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.pseg.com/\">PSE&amp;G</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/switch-green-power\">US EPA – Switch to Green Power</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Green Power','','inherit','closed','closed','','1316-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:04:08','2022-06-23 18:04:08','',1316,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2550',0,'revision','',0),(2551,3,'2022-06-23 18:04:08','2022-06-23 18:04:08','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Green Power\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Green Power?</strong></h2>\n<p>Green power refers to renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit including electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, some forms of biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources (i.e., do not impact land use and fisheries).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Buildings get their power from a mix of energy sources with varying levels of environmental impacts and benefits (see Figure 1). Electricity generated from coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas, wind, and solar all goes to the same grid (see Figure 2). Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) represent 1 MWh of renewable electricity generation and provide proof of the electricity generated by green power.</p>\n<p>Energy-efficient commercial buildings that are not ideally suited for on-site renewable energy generation can choose to switch to green energy or purchase RECs to help offset their environmental and carbon footprints on a voluntary basis or to meet corporate sustainability goals or other mandates.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_252\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1390\"]<img class=\"wp-image-252 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"1390\" height=\"848\" /> Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_207\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1388\"]<img class=\"wp-image-207 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).\" width=\"1388\" height=\"634\" /> Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Purchase Green Energy</strong></h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, the Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (EDECA) of 1999 (N.J.S.A. 48:3-49) separated the supply portion of the electric rate from the delivery portion, providing the consumer the opportunity to select among third-party electricity suppliers licensed by the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU). Consumers can make decisions on a variety of factors including cost or energy efficiency and sources of electricity generation (e.g., nuclear, natural gas, oil, solar).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Through the purchase of green power, a building does not necessarily receive renewable energy directly, but instead, the purchase of renewable energy increases the percentage that renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind) that contribute to power production within the region. Table 1 lists various ways to purchase green energy.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_430\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1174\"]<img class=\"wp-image-430 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Table-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).\" width=\"1174\" height=\"962\" /> Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).[/caption]<p>Commercial electricity consumers may choose to purchase RECs, contract with a green energy supplier or participate in a utility-sponsored green energy program. Green power products and programs often require customers to pay a premium over the standard electric price in return for green power (i.e., electricity bundled with RECs) but the utility continues to provide the electric transmission and distribution in the same way as a regular electric customer.</p>\n<p>Note that green power supply options depend on available renewable energy resources and projects, and state and utility policies and programs. Check with your utility provider for available programs and current incentives. Other options include Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that directly support specific renewable energy projects.</p>\n<p>The decision to purchase green power involves identifying and comparing green power options among verified, third-party certified green power providers that meet nationally-accepted standards for product quality. At this time, the <a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a> is the only organization that certifies and independently verifies green power products in the United States.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Conventional electricity relies on fossil fuels and produces significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Green power provides the following environmental and sustainable marketing benefits:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supports renewable energy resource and technology development either directly through PPAs and bundled green power products or indirectly through RECs.</li>\n<li>Reduces a business’s carbon footprint associated with electricity consumption.</li>\n<li>Serves as a marketing tool to demonstrate a business’s commitment to sustainability goals.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.communityenergyinc.com/projects/new-jersey-solar\">Jacobstown Solar Farm, Burlington County, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jacobstown Solar project, by Community Energy, Inc., provides green power to the Jersey Central Power &amp; Light (JCP&amp;L) regional electric grid and helps farmland preservation in the area by providing a source of local revenue. Landscaping on the site matches the rural surroundings and plantings of low mow turf grass reduce stormwater runoff and improve soil conditions for future agricultural uses. When NJ businesses choose to purchase green power, they support solar companies like Community Energy, Inc. and projects like the Jacobstown Solar Farm, that provide local sources of renewable energy.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While a switch to green power does not require any upfront capital costs, currently there exists a cost premium for green power of about 2 to 4 cents per kWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Prices for green power vary also depending on a variety of factors, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supply and demand variability</li>\n<li>Product type (e.g., RECs, PPAs, utility or competitive green power products)</li>\n<li>Purchase volume (e.g., total kilowatt-hours)</li>\n<li>Contract length (e.g., short- or long-term)</li>\n<li>Resource and technology type (e.g., solar, wind)</li>\n<li>Geography (e.g., local versus national)</li>\n<li>Certification and verification status</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>A switch to green power provides resiliency benefits by helping to diversify and strengthen the electric power grid through the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar and by supporting local renewable energy generators and distributed renewable energy (DER) projects.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. “What is Green Power?” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162855/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> State of New Jersey. NJ Power Switch. Know Your Rights. <a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/\">https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. Green Power Benefits. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162901/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Commercial Electric Rates for NJ based on 12-month contract for buildings with utility bills ranging from less than $1,000 to over $5000. <a href=\"https://www.electricrate.com\">https://www.electricrate.com</a> (accessed April 9, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/\">Biomass Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/\">On-site Wind Generation Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bpu.state.nj.us/bpu/index.shtml\">NJ Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/\">NJ Power Switch</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/switch-green-power\">US EPA – Switch to Green Power</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>New Jersey Energy Delivery Companies (EDCs)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Atlantic City Electric Company</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/customer/jersey_central_power_light.html\">JCP&amp;L</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en\">Rockland Electric</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.pseg.com/\">PSE&amp;G</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Green Power','','inherit','closed','closed','','1750-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:04:08','2022-06-23 18:04:08','',1750,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2551',0,'revision','',0),(2552,3,'2022-06-23 18:04:09','2022-06-23 18:04:09','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Green Power\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Green Power?</strong></h2>\n<p>Green power refers to renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit including electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, some forms of biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources (i.e., do not impact land use and fisheries).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Buildings get their power from a mix of energy sources with varying levels of environmental impacts and benefits (see Figure 1). Electricity generated from coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas, wind, and solar all goes to the same grid (see Figure 2). Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) represent 1 MWh of renewable electricity generation and provide proof of the electricity generated by green power.</p>\n<p>Energy-efficient commercial buildings that are not ideally suited for on-site renewable energy generation can choose to switch to green energy or purchase RECs to help offset their environmental and carbon footprints on a voluntary basis or to meet corporate sustainability goals or other mandates.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_252\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1390\"]<img class=\"wp-image-252 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"1390\" height=\"848\" /> Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_207\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1388\"]<img class=\"wp-image-207 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).\" width=\"1388\" height=\"634\" /> Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Purchase Green Energy</strong></h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, the Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (EDECA) of 1999 (N.J.S.A. 48:3-49) separated the supply portion of the electric rate from the delivery portion, providing the consumer the opportunity to select among third-party electricity suppliers licensed by the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU). Consumers can make decisions on a variety of factors including cost or energy efficiency and sources of electricity generation (e.g., nuclear, natural gas, oil, solar).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Through the purchase of green power, a building does not necessarily receive renewable energy directly, but instead, the purchase of renewable energy increases the percentage that renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind) that contribute to power production within the region. Table 1 lists various ways to purchase green energy.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Commercial electricity consumers may choose to purchase RECs, contract with a green energy supplier or participate in a utility-sponsored green energy program. Green power products and programs often require customers to pay a premium over the standard electric price in return for green power (i.e., electricity bundled with RECs) but the utility continues to provide the electric transmission and distribution in the same way as a regular electric customer.</p>\n<p>Note that green power supply options depend on available renewable energy resources and projects, and state and utility policies and programs. Check with your utility provider for available programs and current incentives. Other options include Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that directly support specific renewable energy projects.</p>\n<p>The decision to purchase green power involves identifying and comparing green power options among verified, third-party certified green power providers that meet nationally-accepted standards for product quality. At this time, the <a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a> is the only organization that certifies and independently verifies green power products in the United States.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Conventional electricity relies on fossil fuels and produces significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Green power provides the following environmental and sustainable marketing benefits:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supports renewable energy resource and technology development either directly through PPAs and bundled green power products or indirectly through RECs.</li>\n<li>Reduces a business’s carbon footprint associated with electricity consumption.</li>\n<li>Serves as a marketing tool to demonstrate a business’s commitment to sustainability goals.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.communityenergyinc.com/projects/new-jersey-solar\">Jacobstown Solar Farm, Burlington County, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jacobstown Solar project, by Community Energy, Inc., provides green power to the Jersey Central Power &amp; Light (JCP&amp;L) regional electric grid and helps farmland preservation in the area by providing a source of local revenue. Landscaping on the site matches the rural surroundings and plantings of low mow turf grass reduce stormwater runoff and improve soil conditions for future agricultural uses. When NJ businesses choose to purchase green power, they support solar companies like Community Energy, Inc. and projects like the Jacobstown Solar Farm, that provide local sources of renewable energy.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While a switch to green power does not require any upfront capital costs, currently there exists a cost premium for green power of about 2 to 4 cents per kWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Prices for green power vary also depending on a variety of factors, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supply and demand variability</li>\n<li>Product type (e.g., RECs, PPAs, utility or competitive green power products)</li>\n<li>Purchase volume (e.g., total kilowatt-hours)</li>\n<li>Contract length (e.g., short- or long-term)</li>\n<li>Resource and technology type (e.g., solar, wind)</li>\n<li>Geography (e.g., local versus national)</li>\n<li>Certification and verification status</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>A switch to green power provides resiliency benefits by helping to diversify and strengthen the electric power grid through the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar and by supporting local renewable energy generators and distributed renewable energy (DER) projects.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. “What is Green Power?” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162855/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> State of New Jersey. NJ Power Switch. Know Your Rights. <a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/\">https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. Green Power Benefits. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162901/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Commercial Electric Rates for NJ based on 12-month contract for buildings with utility bills ranging from less than $1,000 to over $5000. <a href=\"https://www.electricrate.com\">https://www.electricrate.com</a> (accessed April 9, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/\">On-Site Renewable Energy Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bpu.state.nj.us/bpu/index.shtml\">NJ Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/\">NJ Power Switch</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/switch-green-power\">US EPA – Switch to Green Power</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>New Jersey Energy Delivery Companies (EDCs)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.atlanticcityelectric.com/Pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Atlantic City Electric Company</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/customer/jersey_central_power_light.html\">JCP&amp;L</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en\">Rockland Electric</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.pseg.com/\">PSE&amp;G</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Green Power','','inherit','closed','closed','','1982-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:04:09','2022-06-23 18:04:09','',1982,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2552',0,'revision','',0),(2553,3,'2022-06-23 18:04:10','2022-06-23 18:04:10','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Green Power\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Green Power?</strong></h2>\n<p>Green power refers to renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit including electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, some forms of biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources (i.e., do not impact land use and fisheries).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Homes get their power from a mix of energy sources with varying levels of environmental impacts and benefits (see Figure 1). Electricity generated from coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas, wind, and solar all goes to the same grid (see Figure 2). Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) represent 1 MWh of renewable electricity generation and provide proof of the electricity generated by green power.</p>\n<p>Energy-efficient single-family homes that are not ideally suited for on-site renewable energy generation can voluntarily choose to switch to green energy or purchase RECs to help offset their home’s environmental and carbon footprints.</p>\n<ul></ul>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_252\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1390\"]<img class=\"wp-image-252 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"1390\" height=\"848\" /> Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_207\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1388\"]<img class=\"wp-image-207 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).\" width=\"1388\" height=\"634\" /> Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>How to Purchase Green Energy</strong></h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, the Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (EDECA) of 1999 (N.J.S.A. 48:3-49) separated the supply portion of the electric rate from the delivery portion, providing the consumer the opportunity to select among third-party electricity suppliers licensed by the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU). Consumers can make decisions on a variety of factors including cost or energy efficiency and sources of electricity generation (e.g., nuclear, natural gas, oil, solar).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Through the purchase of green power, a home does not necessarily receive renewable energy directly, but instead, the purchase of renewable energy increases the percentage that renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind) that contribute to power production within the region. Table 1 lists various ways to purchase green energy.</p>\n<p>Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_430\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1174\"]<img class=\"wp-image-430 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Table-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).\" width=\"1174\" height=\"962\" /> Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).[/caption]<p>Residential electricity consumers may choose to purchase RECs, contract with a green energy supplier or participate in a utility-sponsored green energy program. Green power products and programs often require customers to pay a premium over the standard electric price in return for green power (i.e., electricity bundled with RECs) but the utility continues to provide the electric transmission and distribution in the same way as a regular electric customer.</p>\n<p>Note that green power supply options depend on available renewable energy resources and projects, and state and utility policies and programs. Check with your utility provider for available programs and current incentives. Other options include Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that directly support specific renewable energy projects.</p>\n<p>The decision to purchase green power involves identifying and comparing green power options among verified, third-party certified green power providers that meet nationally-accepted standards for product quality. At this time, the <a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a> is the only organization that certifies and independently verifies green power products in the United States.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Conventional electricity relies on fossil fuels and produces significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Green power provides the following environmental benefits:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supports renewable energy resource and technology development either directly through PPAs and bundled green power products or indirectly through RECs.</li>\n<li>Reduces a home’s carbon footprint associated with electricity consumption.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.communityenergyinc.com/projects/new-jersey-solar\">Jacobstown Solar Farm, Burlington County, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jacobstown Solar project, by Community Energy, Inc., provides green power to the Jersey Central Power &amp; Light (JCP&amp;L) regional electric grid and helps farmland preservation in the area by providing a source of local revenue. Landscaping on the site matches the rural surroundings and plantings of low mow turf grass reduce stormwater runoff and improve soil conditions for future agricultural uses. When NJ homeowners choose to purchase green power, they support solar companies like Community Energy, Inc. and projects like the Jacobstown Solar Farm, that provide local sources of renewable energy.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While a switch to green power does not require any upfront capital costs, currently there exists a cost premium for green power of about 2 to 4 cents per kWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Prices for green power vary also depending on a variety of factors, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supply and demand variability</li>\n<li>Product type (e.g., RECs, PPAs, utility or competitive green power products)</li>\n<li>Purchase volume (e.g., total kilowatt-hours)</li>\n<li>Contract length (e.g., short- or long-term)</li>\n<li>Resource and technology type (e.g., solar, wind)</li>\n<li>Geography (e.g., local versus national)</li>\n<li>Certification and verification status</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>A switch to green power provides resiliency benefits by helping to diversify and strengthen the electric power grid through the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar and by supporting local renewable energy generators and distributed renewable energy (DER) projects.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. “What is Green Power?” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162855/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> State of New Jersey. NJ Power Switch. Know Your Rights. <a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/\">https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. Green Power Benefits. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162901/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Residential Electric Default rates or Basic Generation Service (BGS) ratesfor NJ.     <a href=\"https://www.electricrate.com/\">https://www.electricrate.com</a> (accessed April 9, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/\">On-Site Small Wind Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bpu.state.nj.us/bpu/index.shtml\">NJ Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/\">NJ Power Switch</a></li>\n<li>New Jersey Energy Delivery Companies (EDCs)\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.atlanticcityelectric.com/Pages/default.aspx\">Atlantic City Electric Company</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/customer/jersey_central_power_light.html\">JCP&amp;L</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en\">Rockland Electric</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.pseg.com/\">PSE&amp;G</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/switch-green-power\">US EPA – Switch to Green Power</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Green Power','','inherit','closed','closed','','2072-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:04:10','2022-06-23 18:04:10','',2072,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2553',0,'revision','',0),(2554,3,'2022-06-23 18:04:17','2022-06-23 18:04:17','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Green Power\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Green Power?</strong></h2>\n<p>Green power refers to renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit including electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, some forms of biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources (i.e., do not impact land use and fisheries).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Homes get their power from a mix of energy sources with varying levels of environmental impacts and benefits (see Figure 1). Electricity generated from coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas, wind, and solar all goes to the same grid (see Figure 2). Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) represent 1 MWh of renewable electricity generation and provide proof of the electricity generated by green power.</p>\n<p>Energy-efficient single-family homes that are not ideally suited for on-site renewable energy generation can voluntarily choose to switch to green energy or purchase RECs to help offset their home’s environmental and carbon footprints.</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_252\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1390\"]<img class=\"wp-image-252 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"1390\" height=\"848\" /> Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_207\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1388\"]<img class=\"wp-image-207 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).\" width=\"1388\" height=\"634\" /> Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Purchase Green Energy</strong></h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, the Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (EDECA) of 1999 (N.J.S.A. 48:3-49) separated the supply portion of the electric rate from the delivery portion, providing the consumer the opportunity to select among third-party electricity suppliers licensed by the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU). Consumers can make decisions on a variety of factors including cost or energy efficiency and sources of electricity generation (e.g., nuclear, natural gas, oil, solar).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Through the purchase of green power, a home does not necessarily receive renewable energy directly, but instead, the purchase of renewable energy increases the percentage that renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind) that contribute to power production within the region. Table 1 lists various ways to purchase green energy.</p>\n<p>Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<p><img class=\"wp-image-430 aligncenter size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Table-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).\" width=\"1174\" height=\"962\" /></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Residential electricity consumers may choose to purchase RECs, contract with a green energy supplier or participate in a utility-sponsored green energy program. Green power products and programs often require customers to pay a premium over the standard electric price in return for green power (i.e., electricity bundled with RECs) but the utility continues to provide the electric transmission and distribution in the same way as a regular electric customer.</p>\n<p>Note that green power supply options depend on available renewable energy resources and projects, and state and utility policies and programs. Check with your utility provider for available programs and current incentives. Other options include Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that directly support specific renewable energy projects.</p>\n<p>The decision to purchase green power involves identifying and comparing green power options among verified, third-party certified green power providers that meet nationally-accepted standards for product quality. At this time, the<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a><span> </span>is the only organization that certifies and independently verifies green power products in the United States.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Conventional electricity relies on fossil fuels and produces significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Green power provides the following environmental benefits:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supports renewable energy resource and technology development either directly through PPAs and bundled green power products or indirectly through RECs.</li>\n<li>Reduces a home’s carbon footprint associated with electricity consumption.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.communityenergyinc.com/projects/new-jersey-solar\">Jacobstown Solar Farm, Burlington County, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jacobstown Solar project, by Community Energy, Inc., provides green power to the Jersey Central Power &amp; Light (JCP&amp;L) regional electric grid and helps farmland preservation in the area by providing a source of local revenue. Landscaping on the site matches the rural surroundings and plantings of low mow turf grass reduce stormwater runoff and improve soil conditions for future agricultural uses. When NJ homeowners choose to purchase green power, they support solar companies like Community Energy, Inc. and projects like the Jacobstown Solar Farm, that provide local sources of renewable energy.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While a switch to green power does not require any upfront capital costs, currently there exists a cost premium for green power of about 2 to 4 cents per kWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Prices for green power vary also depending on a variety of factors, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supply and demand variability</li>\n<li>Product type (e.g., RECs, PPAs, utility or competitive green power products)</li>\n<li>Purchase volume (e.g., total kilowatt-hours)</li>\n<li>Contract length (e.g., short- or long-term)</li>\n<li>Resource and technology type (e.g., solar, wind)</li>\n<li>Geography (e.g., local versus national)</li>\n<li>Certification and verification status</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>A switch to green power provides resiliency benefits by helping to diversify and strengthen the electric power grid through the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar and by supporting local renewable energy generators and distributed renewable energy (DER) projects.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>US EPA. Green Power Partnership. “What is Green Power?”<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162855/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>State of New Jersey. NJ Power Switch. Know Your Rights.<span> </span><a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/\">https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>US EPA. Green Power Partnership. Green Power Benefits.<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162901/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Residential Electric Default rates or Basic Generation Service (BGS) ratesfor NJ.    <span> </span><a href=\"https://www.electricrate.com/\">https://www.electricrate.com</a><span> </span>(accessed April 9, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/\">On-Site Small Wind Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bpu.state.nj.us/bpu/index.shtml\">NJ Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/\">NJ Power Switch</a></li>\n<li>New Jersey Energy Delivery Companies (EDCs)\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.atlanticcityelectric.com/Pages/default.aspx\">Atlantic City Electric Company</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/customer/jersey_central_power_light.html\">JCP&amp;L</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en\">Rockland Electric</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.pseg.com/\">PSE&amp;G</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210914170320/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/switch-green-power\">US EPA – Switch to Green Power</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Green Power','','inherit','closed','closed','','1316-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:04:17','2022-06-23 18:04:17','',1316,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2554',0,'revision','',0),(2555,3,'2022-06-23 18:04:18','2022-06-23 18:04:18','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Green Power\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Green Power?</strong></h2>\n<p>Green power refers to renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit including electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, some forms of biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources (i.e., do not impact land use and fisheries).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Buildings get their power from a mix of energy sources with varying levels of environmental impacts and benefits (see Figure 1). Electricity generated from coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas, wind, and solar all goes to the same grid (see Figure 2). Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) represent 1 MWh of renewable electricity generation and provide proof of the electricity generated by green power.</p>\n<p>Energy-efficient commercial buildings that are not ideally suited for on-site renewable energy generation can choose to switch to green energy or purchase RECs to help offset their environmental and carbon footprints on a voluntary basis or to meet corporate sustainability goals or other mandates.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_252\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1390\"]<img class=\"wp-image-252 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"1390\" height=\"848\" /> Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_207\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1388\"]<img class=\"wp-image-207 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).\" width=\"1388\" height=\"634\" /> Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Purchase Green Energy</strong></h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, the Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (EDECA) of 1999 (N.J.S.A. 48:3-49) separated the supply portion of the electric rate from the delivery portion, providing the consumer the opportunity to select among third-party electricity suppliers licensed by the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU). Consumers can make decisions on a variety of factors including cost or energy efficiency and sources of electricity generation (e.g., nuclear, natural gas, oil, solar).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Through the purchase of green power, a building does not necessarily receive renewable energy directly, but instead, the purchase of renewable energy increases the percentage that renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind) that contribute to power production within the region. Table 1 lists various ways to purchase green energy.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_430\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1174\"]<img class=\"wp-image-430 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Table-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).\" width=\"1174\" height=\"962\" /> Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).[/caption]<p>Commercial electricity consumers may choose to purchase RECs, contract with a green energy supplier or participate in a utility-sponsored green energy program. Green power products and programs often require customers to pay a premium over the standard electric price in return for green power (i.e., electricity bundled with RECs) but the utility continues to provide the electric transmission and distribution in the same way as a regular electric customer.</p>\n<p>Note that green power supply options depend on available renewable energy resources and projects, and state and utility policies and programs. Check with your utility provider for available programs and current incentives. Other options include Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that directly support specific renewable energy projects.</p>\n<p>The decision to purchase green power involves identifying and comparing green power options among verified, third-party certified green power providers that meet nationally-accepted standards for product quality. At this time, the <a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a> is the only organization that certifies and independently verifies green power products in the United States.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Conventional electricity relies on fossil fuels and produces significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Green power provides the following environmental and sustainable marketing benefits:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supports renewable energy resource and technology development either directly through PPAs and bundled green power products or indirectly through RECs.</li>\n<li>Reduces a business’s carbon footprint associated with electricity consumption.</li>\n<li>Serves as a marketing tool to demonstrate a business’s commitment to sustainability goals.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.communityenergyinc.com/projects/new-jersey-solar\">Jacobstown Solar Farm, Burlington County, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jacobstown Solar project, by Community Energy, Inc., provides green power to the Jersey Central Power &amp; Light (JCP&amp;L) regional electric grid and helps farmland preservation in the area by providing a source of local revenue. Landscaping on the site matches the rural surroundings and plantings of low mow turf grass reduce stormwater runoff and improve soil conditions for future agricultural uses. When NJ businesses choose to purchase green power, they support solar companies like Community Energy, Inc. and projects like the Jacobstown Solar Farm, that provide local sources of renewable energy.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While a switch to green power does not require any upfront capital costs, currently there exists a cost premium for green power of about 2 to 4 cents per kWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Prices for green power vary also depending on a variety of factors, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supply and demand variability</li>\n<li>Product type (e.g., RECs, PPAs, utility or competitive green power products)</li>\n<li>Purchase volume (e.g., total kilowatt-hours)</li>\n<li>Contract length (e.g., short- or long-term)</li>\n<li>Resource and technology type (e.g., solar, wind)</li>\n<li>Geography (e.g., local versus national)</li>\n<li>Certification and verification status</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>A switch to green power provides resiliency benefits by helping to diversify and strengthen the electric power grid through the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar and by supporting local renewable energy generators and distributed renewable energy (DER) projects.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. “What is Green Power?” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162855/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> State of New Jersey. NJ Power Switch. Know Your Rights. <a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/\">https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. Green Power Benefits. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162901/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-green-power/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Commercial Electric Rates for NJ based on 12-month contract for buildings with utility bills ranging from less than $1,000 to over $5000. <a href=\"https://www.electricrate.com\">https://www.electricrate.com</a> (accessed April 9, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/\">Biomass Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/\">On-site Wind Generation Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bpu.state.nj.us/bpu/index.shtml\">NJ Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/\">NJ Power Switch</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210914170320/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/switch-green-power\">US EPA – Switch to Green Power</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>New Jersey Energy Delivery Companies (EDCs)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Atlantic City Electric Company</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/customer/jersey_central_power_light.html\">JCP&amp;L</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en\">Rockland Electric</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.pseg.com/\">PSE&amp;G</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Green Power','','inherit','closed','closed','','1750-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:04:18','2022-06-23 18:04:18','',1750,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2555',0,'revision','',0),(2556,3,'2022-06-23 18:04:19','2022-06-23 18:04:19','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Green Power\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Green Power?</strong></h2>\n<p>Green power refers to renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit including electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, some forms of biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources (i.e., do not impact land use and fisheries).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Buildings get their power from a mix of energy sources with varying levels of environmental impacts and benefits (see Figure 1). Electricity generated from coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas, wind, and solar all goes to the same grid (see Figure 2). Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) represent 1 MWh of renewable electricity generation and provide proof of the electricity generated by green power.</p>\n<p>Energy-efficient commercial buildings that are not ideally suited for on-site renewable energy generation can choose to switch to green energy or purchase RECs to help offset their environmental and carbon footprints on a voluntary basis or to meet corporate sustainability goals or other mandates.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_252\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1390\"]<img class=\"wp-image-252 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"1390\" height=\"848\" /> Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_207\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1388\"]<img class=\"wp-image-207 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).\" width=\"1388\" height=\"634\" /> Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Purchase Green Energy</strong></h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, the Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (EDECA) of 1999 (N.J.S.A. 48:3-49) separated the supply portion of the electric rate from the delivery portion, providing the consumer the opportunity to select among third-party electricity suppliers licensed by the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU). Consumers can make decisions on a variety of factors including cost or energy efficiency and sources of electricity generation (e.g., nuclear, natural gas, oil, solar).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Through the purchase of green power, a building does not necessarily receive renewable energy directly, but instead, the purchase of renewable energy increases the percentage that renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind) that contribute to power production within the region. Table 1 lists various ways to purchase green energy.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Commercial electricity consumers may choose to purchase RECs, contract with a green energy supplier or participate in a utility-sponsored green energy program. Green power products and programs often require customers to pay a premium over the standard electric price in return for green power (i.e., electricity bundled with RECs) but the utility continues to provide the electric transmission and distribution in the same way as a regular electric customer.</p>\n<p>Note that green power supply options depend on available renewable energy resources and projects, and state and utility policies and programs. Check with your utility provider for available programs and current incentives. Other options include Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that directly support specific renewable energy projects.</p>\n<p>The decision to purchase green power involves identifying and comparing green power options among verified, third-party certified green power providers that meet nationally-accepted standards for product quality. At this time, the <a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a> is the only organization that certifies and independently verifies green power products in the United States.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Conventional electricity relies on fossil fuels and produces significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Green power provides the following environmental and sustainable marketing benefits:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supports renewable energy resource and technology development either directly through PPAs and bundled green power products or indirectly through RECs.</li>\n<li>Reduces a business’s carbon footprint associated with electricity consumption.</li>\n<li>Serves as a marketing tool to demonstrate a business’s commitment to sustainability goals.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.communityenergyinc.com/projects/new-jersey-solar\">Jacobstown Solar Farm, Burlington County, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jacobstown Solar project, by Community Energy, Inc., provides green power to the Jersey Central Power &amp; Light (JCP&amp;L) regional electric grid and helps farmland preservation in the area by providing a source of local revenue. Landscaping on the site matches the rural surroundings and plantings of low mow turf grass reduce stormwater runoff and improve soil conditions for future agricultural uses. When NJ businesses choose to purchase green power, they support solar companies like Community Energy, Inc. and projects like the Jacobstown Solar Farm, that provide local sources of renewable energy.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While a switch to green power does not require any upfront capital costs, currently there exists a cost premium for green power of about 2 to 4 cents per kWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Prices for green power vary also depending on a variety of factors, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supply and demand variability</li>\n<li>Product type (e.g., RECs, PPAs, utility or competitive green power products)</li>\n<li>Purchase volume (e.g., total kilowatt-hours)</li>\n<li>Contract length (e.g., short- or long-term)</li>\n<li>Resource and technology type (e.g., solar, wind)</li>\n<li>Geography (e.g., local versus national)</li>\n<li>Certification and verification status</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>A switch to green power provides resiliency benefits by helping to diversify and strengthen the electric power grid through the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar and by supporting local renewable energy generators and distributed renewable energy (DER) projects.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. “What is Green Power?” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162855/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> State of New Jersey. NJ Power Switch. Know Your Rights. <a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/\">https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. Green Power Benefits. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162901/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-green-power/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Commercial Electric Rates for NJ based on 12-month contract for buildings with utility bills ranging from less than $1,000 to over $5000. <a href=\"https://www.electricrate.com\">https://www.electricrate.com</a> (accessed April 9, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/\">On-Site Renewable Energy Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bpu.state.nj.us/bpu/index.shtml\">NJ Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/\">NJ Power Switch</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210914170320/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/switch-green-power\">US EPA – Switch to Green Power</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>New Jersey Energy Delivery Companies (EDCs)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.atlanticcityelectric.com/Pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Atlantic City Electric Company</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/customer/jersey_central_power_light.html\">JCP&amp;L</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en\">Rockland Electric</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.pseg.com/\">PSE&amp;G</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Green Power','','inherit','closed','closed','','1982-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:04:19','2022-06-23 18:04:19','',1982,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2556',0,'revision','',0),(2557,3,'2022-06-23 18:04:20','2022-06-23 18:04:20','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Green Power\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Green Power?</strong></h2>\n<p>Green power refers to renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit including electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, some forms of biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources (i.e., do not impact land use and fisheries).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Homes get their power from a mix of energy sources with varying levels of environmental impacts and benefits (see Figure 1). Electricity generated from coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas, wind, and solar all goes to the same grid (see Figure 2). Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) represent 1 MWh of renewable electricity generation and provide proof of the electricity generated by green power.</p>\n<p>Energy-efficient single-family homes that are not ideally suited for on-site renewable energy generation can voluntarily choose to switch to green energy or purchase RECs to help offset their home’s environmental and carbon footprints.</p>\n<ul></ul>\n<p><span></span></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_252\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1390\"]<img class=\"wp-image-252 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"1390\" height=\"848\" /> Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_207\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1388\"]<img class=\"wp-image-207 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).\" width=\"1388\" height=\"634\" /> Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>How to Purchase Green Energy</strong></h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, the Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (EDECA) of 1999 (N.J.S.A. 48:3-49) separated the supply portion of the electric rate from the delivery portion, providing the consumer the opportunity to select among third-party electricity suppliers licensed by the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU). Consumers can make decisions on a variety of factors including cost or energy efficiency and sources of electricity generation (e.g., nuclear, natural gas, oil, solar).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Through the purchase of green power, a home does not necessarily receive renewable energy directly, but instead, the purchase of renewable energy increases the percentage that renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind) that contribute to power production within the region. Table 1 lists various ways to purchase green energy.</p>\n<p>Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_430\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1174\"]<img class=\"wp-image-430 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NC-Green-Power-Table-1.png\" alt=\"Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).\" width=\"1174\" height=\"962\" /> Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).[/caption]<p>Residential electricity consumers may choose to purchase RECs, contract with a green energy supplier or participate in a utility-sponsored green energy program. Green power products and programs often require customers to pay a premium over the standard electric price in return for green power (i.e., electricity bundled with RECs) but the utility continues to provide the electric transmission and distribution in the same way as a regular electric customer.</p>\n<p>Note that green power supply options depend on available renewable energy resources and projects, and state and utility policies and programs. Check with your utility provider for available programs and current incentives. Other options include Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that directly support specific renewable energy projects.</p>\n<p>The decision to purchase green power involves identifying and comparing green power options among verified, third-party certified green power providers that meet nationally-accepted standards for product quality. At this time, the <a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a> is the only organization that certifies and independently verifies green power products in the United States.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Conventional electricity relies on fossil fuels and produces significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Green power provides the following environmental benefits:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supports renewable energy resource and technology development either directly through PPAs and bundled green power products or indirectly through RECs.</li>\n<li>Reduces a home’s carbon footprint associated with electricity consumption.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.communityenergyinc.com/projects/new-jersey-solar\">Jacobstown Solar Farm, Burlington County, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jacobstown Solar project, by Community Energy, Inc., provides green power to the Jersey Central Power &amp; Light (JCP&amp;L) regional electric grid and helps farmland preservation in the area by providing a source of local revenue. Landscaping on the site matches the rural surroundings and plantings of low mow turf grass reduce stormwater runoff and improve soil conditions for future agricultural uses. When NJ homeowners choose to purchase green power, they support solar companies like Community Energy, Inc. and projects like the Jacobstown Solar Farm, that provide local sources of renewable energy.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>While a switch to green power does not require any upfront capital costs, currently there exists a cost premium for green power of about 2 to 4 cents per kWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> Prices for green power vary also depending on a variety of factors, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Supply and demand variability</li>\n<li>Product type (e.g., RECs, PPAs, utility or competitive green power products)</li>\n<li>Purchase volume (e.g., total kilowatt-hours)</li>\n<li>Contract length (e.g., short- or long-term)</li>\n<li>Resource and technology type (e.g., solar, wind)</li>\n<li>Geography (e.g., local versus national)</li>\n<li>Certification and verification status</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>A switch to green power provides resiliency benefits by helping to diversify and strengthen the electric power grid through the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar and by supporting local renewable energy generators and distributed renewable energy (DER) projects.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. “What is Green Power?” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162855/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> State of New Jersey. NJ Power Switch. Know Your Rights. <a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/\">https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. Green Power Partnership. Green Power Benefits. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210915162901/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power\">https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power</a> (accessed April 10, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-green-power/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Residential Electric Default rates or Basic Generation Service (BGS) ratesfor NJ.     <a href=\"https://www.electricrate.com/\">https://www.electricrate.com</a> (accessed April 9, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal-heat-pumps/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/\">On-Site Small Wind Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-geothermal/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.green-e.org/\">Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.bpu.state.nj.us/bpu/index.shtml\">NJ Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/\">NJ Power Switch</a></li>\n<li>New Jersey Energy Delivery Companies (EDCs)\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.atlanticcityelectric.com/Pages/default.aspx\">Atlantic City Electric Company</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/customer/jersey_central_power_light.html\">JCP&amp;L</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.oru.com/en\">Rockland Electric</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nj.pseg.com/\">PSE&amp;G</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210914170320/https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/switch-green-power\">US EPA – Switch to Green Power</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Green Power','','inherit','closed','closed','','2072-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:04:20','2022-06-23 18:04:20','',2072,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2557',0,'revision','',0),(2558,3,'2022-06-23 18:04:29','2022-06-23 18:04:29','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"On-Site Wind Energy Systems\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is an<span> </span></strong><strong>On-Site Wind Energy System?</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site wind energy systems provide renewable energy in areas with sufficient wind speed. Prime locations for harvesting wind energy in New Jersey are along the shore.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>The two main types of wind turbines include horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT), the most common, and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Initially designed to be mounted on high poles in open or rural areas, small wind turbines (SWTs) include systems that are 100 kilowatts (kW) or less. Small wind energy systems can either be stand-alone (e.g., not connected to the utility grid) or grid-connected. Built-environment wind turbines (BEWT) refer to projects constructed on, in, or near buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>The highly turbulent and variable wind directions often found in the built environment make VAWTs a viable option for these types of locations as VAWTs do not need to orient into the wind to generate power.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>VAWTs come in two different designs: the Savonius design, which generates power through drag, and the Darrieus, which generates power through an aerodynamic lift.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_573\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"666\"]<img class=\"wp-image-573 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).\" width=\"666\" height=\"624\" /> Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_284\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"662\"]<img class=\"wp-image-284 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-OnSite-Wind-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).\" width=\"662\" height=\"444\" /> Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement an On-Site Wind Energy System</strong></h2>\n<p>There are many factors to consider when deciding on a wind energy system, including wind speed, location, lot size, and zoning restrictions.</p>\n<p>Contact the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding for on-site wind energy systems. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site wind energy system project comprise a wind resource assessment study, sizing, and design of systems.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>For example, siting turbines on the highest elevation on the site often correspond to the highest, unobstructed wind speeds. Wind speed increases with height, and small increases in speed boost a turbine’s generating-potential significantly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>Figure 3 shows that coastal New Jersey has the best wind resources, although some inland areas also have adequate winds. While wind maps help to get a general idea of the wind speeds in the area, actual wind resources on a particular site vary depending on topography and structural interference.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>Contact the local building authority or planning board to find out about necessary permits and requirements to build a wind energy system on the property. Zoning ordinances sometimes do not address wind turbines, or they may not allow structures taller than 35 ft. Obtaining a variance may be necessary. In January 2010, New Jersey enacted legislation to prevent municipalities from adopting regulations that place unreasonable limits or hinder the performance of small wind energy systems. For more information, visit the<span> </span><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/3929\">Database of State Incentives for Renewables &amp; Efficient (DSIRE).</a></p>\n<p>Experienced wind turbine manufacturers and installers can help to determine the potential energy production for the site, depending on wind speeds, the height of the towers, and other factors such as site elevation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL.<em><span> </span>“</em>Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices.”</a></p>\n<p>This study looked at several case studies of BEWTs, documenting mixed-results in the BEWT industry. Main obstacles included, 1) project feasibility and planning processes that are insufficient and not well defined, 2) additional expenses related to installation and operations in the built environment that create high-cost projects, 3) a lack of certified manufacturers for ongoing service and parts availability, and 4) over-estimated project performance due to the complexity of conducting accurate resource and production assessments in the built environment. The BEWT projects with the best outcomes had well developed and quantified project goals that included energy production as well as education and sustainability marketing goals. These projects also conducted more thorough feasibility investigations, used certified HAWTs with a proven track record, and were installed on taller buildings relative to surrounding obstacles.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Wind power reduces dependence on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a><span> </span>Generating power from wind reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promotes the renewable energy industry in New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, between 2002 and 2011, residential wind turbine installation costs ranged from $12,000 to $100,000.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a><span> </span>Nationwide, wind turbines cost between $800/kW and $1100/kW and a typical 2 MW project costs between $1.6 and $2.2 million.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Necessary fees include utility company fees, township and county permits, and installation which accounts for about 7% of the total project cost for a residential project.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a><span> </span>Installing a wind turbine often have higher upfront, capital costs; however, net metering, lower utility bills, tax incentives, and renewable energy credits facilitate a faster payback and lower costs in the long run. A wind energy system can lower electricity bills 50 to 90 percent.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a><span> </span>Depending on the strength of the wind resource and the cost of the system, the typical paybacks range from 6-15 years.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site wind energy systems rely on wind, a site-based resource and may operate independently from the power grid. Installed with additional hardware—including transfer switches, critical load panels, and appropriate controls—these systems can act as self-sufficient microgrids, generating energy and powering critical loads in the absence of utility sourced power. Wind energy systems provide additional protection from flooding events, based on elevated installations.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>American Wind Energy Association. “Wind 101: Wind Energy Basics.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180903090547/http://www.awea.org:80/wind-power-101\">https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101</a><span> </span>(accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>WBDG. Wind Technology.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a><span> </span>(accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Jason Fields, Frank Oteri, Robert Press, and Ian Baring-Gould (2016) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>J. Smith, T. Forsyth, K. Sinclair, and F. Oteri. (2015) NREL. Built-Environment Wind Turbine Roadmap.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>WBDG. Wind Technology.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a><span> </span>(accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"></a>DOE. Small Wind Guidebook.<span> </span><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts\">https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts</a><span> </span>(accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>US DOE.<span> </span><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/maps-data/207\">https://windexchange.energy.gov/maps-data/207</a><span> </span>(accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>McCollum, David, and Christopher Yang. 2009. “Achieving deep reductions in US transport greenhouse gas emissions: Scenario analysis and policy implications.” Energy Policy 37: 5580-5596.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>NJCEP. Installation and Project Status Reports (REIP and CORE Programs).<span> </span><a href=\"http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive\">http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive</a><span> </span>(accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>US DOE. 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>Pacific Northwest National Lab. Benchmarking US Small Wind Costs.<span> </span><a href=\"https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf\">https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a><span> </span>DOE. Small Wind Electric Systems.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/buying-and-making-electricity/small-wind-electric-systems\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/buying-and-making-electricity/small-wind-electric-systems</a><span> </span>(accessed April 12, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><em>General information and Starting Up</em>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.awea.org/index.aspx\">American Wind Energy Association (AWEA)</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>NJ Clean Energy Program\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=80&amp;start=1\">Trade-Ally: Residential</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=84&amp;start=1\">Wind Site Assessor</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/files/docs/small_wind_economic_model.xls\">Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/downloads/2016-wind-technologies-market-report\">2016 Wind Technologies Market Report</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><em>Technical Guidance</em>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://distributedwind.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Distributed-Wind-Toolkit-Nov2017.pdf\">Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) Distributed Wind Energy Zoning and Permitting: A Toolkit for Local Governments</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/29948.pdf\">Small Wind Electric Systems: A New Jersey Consumer’s Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts\">Small Wind Guidebook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/rrc/northeast\">US Northeast Wind Resource Center</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><em>Funding Sources</em>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.awea.org/_cs_upload/learnabout/smallwind/4424_1.pdf\">American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) – Small Wind Road Map</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://elpc.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/ELPC-Community-Wind-Book-09.pdf\">Community Wind Financing</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>NJ Clean Energy Program\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/wind/wind\">See<span> </span><em>Financing Your System</em></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=80&amp;start=1\">Trade-Ally: Residential</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR On-Site Wind Energy Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1321-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:04:29','2022-06-23 18:04:29','',1321,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2558',0,'revision','',0),(2559,3,'2022-06-23 18:04:30','2022-06-23 18:04:30','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"On-Site Renewable Energy Systems\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are On-Site Renewable Energy Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Renewable energy refers to energy produced from a fuel that regenerates or does not deplete natural resources. On-site renewable energy systems for existing commercial buildings include solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass. Electricity, heating, cooling, and other applications, including multi-purpose components can utilize renewable technologies. For example, installing solar photovoltaic (PV) panels on parking structures provides shading to cars and comfort to their occupants, while providing clean electricity.</p>\n<p>Many locations – building and/or site — can use on-site renewable energy systems. The practicality of most renewable energy systems or combination of systems for a specific construction project increases when considered early in the planning stages of the site and building design, although retrofits also may be advantageous as illustrated in Figure 1.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_120\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"494\"]<img class=\"wp-image-120 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewable-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Fire Station Solar Array, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green) Building).\" width=\"494\" height=\"500\" /> Figure 1 – Fire Station Solar Array, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green) Building).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Implementation of Renewable Energy Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Renewable energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>On-Site Renewable Energy Systems and Geothermal Systems</strong></h2>\n<p><u>Photovoltaics (PV) </u></p>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems refer to the use of renewable solar energy to create electricity. PV cells placed together in a module are grouped together electrically to form an array. Arrays of PVs applied to surfaces, such as a roof, capture light energy from the sun and produce electricity. The flexibility of installing this on-site renewable energy system makes it a suitable option for existing buildings. A specific PV system known as <em>Building-Integrated Photovoltaic </em>(BIPV)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> uses PV technology and applies it to building materials, serving multifunctional purposes. For example, a BIPV skylight not only captures energy, generating electricity for a building, but also provides daylighting (see <em>Daylighting</em>). Another strategy incorporates PV technology into an exterior wall for decorative purposes as well as collecting energy.</p>\n<p>New Jersey has one of the fastest growing markets in PV technology.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The availability of PV combined with available incentives facilitates the design and installation of PV systems in New Jersey. While projects can tailor PV systems to meet the needs of a particular site and building, south facing surfaces not shaded by nearby trees, buildings, and structures provide the best results. If possible, orient collectors at the angle of the location’s latitude (in New Jersey, this is approximately 40°N).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_453\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"606\"]<img class=\"wp-image-453 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Borough Hall, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"606\" height=\"380\" /> Figure 2 – Borough Hall, Highland Park, NJ. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]<p><u>Geothermal</u></p>\n<p>Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), also known as ground source heat pumps or geo-exchange systems, take advantage of the Earth’s relatively constant temperature (45°F- 75°F),<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> cooling buildings in the summer and warming them in the winter. Some geothermal systems have wells drilled vertically deep underground, while others have horizontal loops a shorter distance below ground.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> ENERGY STAR qualified geothermal heat pumps use about 45% less energy than a standard heat pump.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Underground piping carries warranties of 25–50 years, heat pumps often last 20 years or more.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_538\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"678\"]<img class=\"wp-image-538 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)\" width=\"678\" height=\"462\" /> Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)[/caption]<p><u>Wind Power<br /></u></p>\n<p>Wind systems provide renewable energy in areas with sufficient wind speed. Prime locations for harvesting wind energy in New Jersey are along the shore. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>The two main types of wind turbines include horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT), the most common, and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> Initially designed to be mounted on high poles in open or rural areas, small wind turbines (SWTs) include systems that are 100 kilowatts (kW) or less. Built-environment wind turbines (BEWT) refer to projects constructed on, in, or near buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> The highly turbulent and variable wind directions often found in the built environment make VAWTs a viable option as VAWTs do not need to orient into the wind to generate power.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> VAWTs come in two different design types: the Savonius design, which generates power through drag, and the Darrieus, which generates power through an aerodynamic lift.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_257\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"657\"]<img class=\"wp-image-257 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-4-e1553682158787.png\" alt=\"Figure 4. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).\" width=\"657\" height=\"604\" /> Figure 4. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).[/caption]<p><u>Solar Thermal</u></p>\n<p>Solar thermal, whether passive or active, utilizes solar power to heat water for domestic or process uses. Solar thermal water heating systems use tanks and solar collectors. Active water systems also use pumps and controls.  Three common types of solar collectors include flat-plate collectors, integral collectors, and evacuated tube collectors. Flat-plate collectors consist of insulated and weatherproof boxes with a dark absorber plate under glass or plastic covers that heats water. Integral collectors use the same system as a flat-plate collector, but the water continues on to a traditional hot water tank, ensuring a consistent supply of hot water. Evacuated tube collectors consist of rows of transparent tubes that allow water to pass through and heat quickly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_122\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"612\"]<img class=\"wp-image-122 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-5.png\" alt=\"Figure 5 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)\" width=\"612\" height=\"554\" /> Figure 5 – Solar Water Heater (Source: US DOE | Energy Savers: Solar Water Heaters)[/caption]<p><u>Biomass</u></p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems utilize biomass, a renewable resource, to power facility heating, electric power generation, or combined heat and power (CHP) systems (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Biomass sources include organic material such as plant matter, wood, waste wood, residue from agriculture or forestry and organic matter from municipal or industrial waste. Fumes from landfills such as methane, a natural gas, provide biomass for electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>In addition to purely biomass-powered electricity generation, consider biomass co-firing, applicable to commercial buildings that already have coal-fired boilers. Coal-fired boilers can handle a pre-mixed combination of coal and biomass. Alternatively, retrofit existing coal-fired boilers with a separate feed system for the biomass allowing biomass and coal to mix inside the boiler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_35\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"590\"]<img class=\"wp-image-35 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-6.png\" alt=\"Figure 6 – Rex Lumber Biomass Facility, Englishtown, NJ. (Source: NJ Office of Clean Energy).\" width=\"590\" height=\"522\" /> Figure 6 – Rex Lumber Biomass Facility, Englishtown, NJ. (Source: NJ Office of Clean Energy).[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p>Geothermal: <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/success_stories/ACUA%202006%20Project%20of%20Year%20Award.pdf\">Atlantic County Utilities Authority (ACUA), Atlantic City/Egg Harbor Twp., NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The ACUA’s clean energy initiatives include a geothermal heating and cooling system at its GeoBuilding. The system depends on heating well water through fifty closed-looped wells on a field adjacent to the building. The system extracts heat from the water in the winter and transfers heat to the ground in the summer.</p>\n<p>PV: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Solar Islanding Project, Highland Park, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This report analyzes the power demands and associated functions potentially sustained by three existing solar installations in Highland Park, NJ if converted into solar power islands. The report includes recommendations in language consistent with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) standard for adoption by other municipalities who may already have solar islands.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/MC%20Marketing/NJ%20Case%20study%20-VinelandCopy2%20(2).pdf\">Vineland Solar One, Vineland, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Located on 14 acres at the Landis Sewage Authority (LSA), the Vineland Solar One generation facility includes 13,456 monocrystalline silicon panels that produce up to 5,500 MWh of energy annually. The NJ Office of Clean Energy Solar Renewable Energy Credit (SREC) Program and a Power Purchase Agreement between the Vineland Municipal Electric Utility (VMEU) and Conectiv Energy helped finance this public/private partnership.</p>\n<p>Wind: <a href=\"http://www.acua.com/green-initiatives/renewable-energy/windfarm/\">Jersey Atlantic Wind Farm, Atlantic City, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jersey-Atlantic Wind Farm, a community-scale wind turbine installation, includes five, 380-foot turbines, producing a combined 7.5 megawatts of power. The wind turbines and on-site solar installation power the wastewater treatment plant, with surplus energy sent to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL.<em> “</em>Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices.”</a></p>\n<p>This study looks at several case studies of Built Environment Wind Turbines (BEWTs), documenting mixed-results in the BEWT industry. Main obstacles cited include, 1) insufficient and not well-defined project feasibility and planning processes, 2) high-cost projects related to additional expenses for installation and operations in the built environment, 3) a lack of certified manufacturers for ongoing service and parts, and 4) over-estimated project performance due to the complexity of conducting accurate resource and production assessments in the built environment. BEWT projects with the best outcomes had well developed and quantified project goals that included energy production as well as educational and sustainability marketing goals. These projects also conducted thorough feasibility investigations, used certified HAWTs with a proven track record, and were installed on tall buildings relative to surrounding obstacles.</p>\n<p>Solar Thermal: <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/06/f32/solar-water-heating-case.pdf\">Solar Water Heating in Multifamily Building, Greenfield, MA.</a></p>\n<p>The Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB), a US DOE Building America team, installed a solar domestic hot water (SDHW) system (372 ft2 evacuated tub, 330 gallons storage) as part a major renovation project that converted an old school building into 12 high-performance apartments.</p>\n<p>Biomass: <a href=\"https://www.biomasscenter.org/resource-library/case-studies\">Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC)</a></p>\n<p>With funding from the US DOE, the Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC) developed a series of 55 case studies illustrating the design and operational experiences of various community-scale facilities, including businesses, campuses, community buildings, schools, housing and government facilities, that employ biomass systems in the US, Canada, Europe, and Scandinavia.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/casestudy07_rex_lumber.pdf\">The Rex Lumber Company, Englishtown, NJ. </a></p>\n<p>The Rex Lumber Company, with a rebate for nearly 50% from the NJ Clean Energy Program, replaced a natural gas system with a wood-waste boiler biomass system to heat its kilns.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating on-site renewable energy systems reduces greenhouse gas emissions, protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits as detailed below.</p>\n<p>B<em>iomass</em> energy systems turn waste into resources, provide a renewable source of electricity and reduce the use of and dependency on fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing fuel supply security. Biomass powered CHP systems have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> Biomass reduces waste management costs like tipping fees while promoting local business and farming. Replacing up to 20% of fossil fuel such as coal with bio-fuel also reduces nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide emissions. Capturing methane, a gas emitted by the decomposition of waste 28-36 times stronger than carbon dioxide, reduces emissions of a significant greenhouse gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p><em>Geothermal pumps</em> have a higher efficiency than air pumps and produce less noise pollution as most of the moving parts are underground. Depending on the cost and type of fuel, heating with geothermal pumps can cost 25-50% less than that of conventional heating.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> Compared to air-source heat pumps, geothermal pumps last longer, require less maintenance and do not depend on outside air temperatures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></p>\n<p>The modularity of <em>PV systems</em> allows great flexibility in applying this technology to buildings. Solar PV can help manage peak demand and lower utility rates, while also providing shade and urban heat island reduction benefits.</p>\n<p><em>Solar thermal systems</em> reduce water consumption as well as the consumption of consumable, non-renewable, and often non-domestic energy sources such as natural gas.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a></p>\n<p><em>Wind power</em> reduces dependence on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a> Generating power from wind reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promotes the renewable energy industry in New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p><em>Geothermal </em>– The capital cost of geothermal systems average $7, 000.00 per ton including the bore field.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn23\" name=\"_ednref23\">[23]</a> Highly site-specific, well field costs can quickly add tens of thousands of dollars to overall system cost. Life-cycle costs can deliver a relatively quick payback beginning at 5 years, based on significant heating cost savings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn24\" name=\"_ednref24\">[24]</a> Annual energy savings can vary from 25% to 50%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn25\" name=\"_ednref25\">[25]</a> Also, maintenance and upkeep cost less than traditional types of heating and cooling equipment.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Incremental cost (e.g., the cost of the green technology minus the cost of conventional technology) is around $3,957/ton.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn26\" name=\"_ednref26\">[26]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>Annual cost savings (e.g., annual kWh saved * $0.14/kWh [the price of electricity])</li>\n<li>According to US DOE Energy Savers, using GHPs reduce electricity consumption by 25-50%.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Scenario:</u> Consider a 20,000 SF commercial building using 50,000<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn27\" name=\"_ednref27\">[27]</a> btu/SF over five years.</p>\n<p>In <em>one</em> year:     50,000btu/SF ÷ 5 years = 10,000 btu</p>\n<p>10,000 btu/SF * 20,000 SF = 200,000,000 btu</p>\n<p>200,000,000 btu * (2.93×10<sup>-4 </sup>kWh/1 btu) = <strong>58,614kWh consumed</strong>.</p>\n<p>A reduction in electricity consumption of 50% means a savings of <strong>29,307 kWh</strong>, or:</p>\n<p><strong>29,307 kWh</strong> * $0.14/kWh = <strong>$ 4,102.98</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Payback (Capital Costs or Incremental Costs / annual cost savings)<br />Incremental Cost = $3,957</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Annual Cost Saving =             $4,102.98</p>\n<p>$3,957/$4,102.98 =                 0.96</p>\n<p>It will take <strong>less than one year </strong>to achieve a return on the investment in a geothermal heat pump.</p>\n<p><em>Photovoltaic</em> – PV systems have medium to high first costs, but like geothermal systems, have a quick payback, facilitated by various incentives and renewable energy credits. The New Jersey Office of Clean Energy Solar Renewable Energy Certificate (SREC) program provides renewable energy credits (RECs) during the first 15 years of the system’s life. Credits accumulate whenever a solar installation generates 1000 kWh of electricity. Prices for SREC credits sold through the SREC tracking system vary due to supply and demand.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn28\" name=\"_ednref28\">[28]</a> System costs vary depending on type of panel used, roof type, and size of the system. In New Jersey, a commercial system typically cost between $3 and $5 a Watt, including installation. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn29\" name=\"_ednref29\">[29]</a> Recent SREC pricing information can be found here: <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/project-activity-reports/srec-pricing/srec-pricing\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/project-activity-reports/srec-pricing/srec-pricing</a></p>\n<p><em>Small Wind </em>– Small wind installations cost about $800 to $1100 per kilowatt of generating capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn30\" name=\"_ednref30\">[30]</a> The price of a system varies depending on the size and details of the service agreement. Depending on the strength of the wind resource and the cost of the system, the typical paybacks range from 6-15 years.</p>\n<p><em>Solar Thermal –</em> The average price of solar thermal collector equipment varies depending on the type (low, medium, high temperature) and ranges from $1.94-$25.32 per square foot, averaging $7.01 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn31\" name=\"_ednref31\">[31]</a> The cost table below compares the average cost of solar thermal to conventional energy sources for 2017.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>New Jersey</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\"><strong>Electricity</strong></td>\n<td width=\"120\"><strong>Natural Gas</strong></td>\n<td width=\"114\"><strong>Solar thermal</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"235\"><strong>Average Cost per kilowatt-hour in commercial and industrial sectors:</strong></td>\n<td width=\"108\">10.16-12.31¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn32\" name=\"_ednref32\">[32]</a></td>\n<td width=\"120\">9.05¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn33\" name=\"_ednref33\">[33]</a></td>\n<td width=\"114\">9.2-12¢<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn34\" name=\"_ednref34\">[34]</a></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p><em>Biomass –</em> The economics of biomass power generation depends on the availability of a predictable, local, sustainably-sourced, low-cost and long-term feedstock supply.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn35\" name=\"_ednref35\">[35]</a> Differences in feedstock chemical composition impact the cost of the feedstock. For example, waste produced due to industrial processes can have a zero or even negative cost by avoiding waste disposal charges. Likewise, prices for dedicated energy crops can spike due to low productivity and high transportation costs. Lower cost options may include agricultural, and forestry residues collected and transported over short distances or available locally as a by-product.</p>\n<p>The wide range of bioenergy-fired power generation technologies translates into a broad range of installed costs. For example, installation costs for biomass heating plants average between $500 to $1500 per kW-thermal of installed heating rate capacity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn36\" name=\"_ednref36\">[36]</a> Installation for small-scale biomass electric plants typically cost between $3,000 to $4,000 per kW.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn37\" name=\"_ednref37\">[37]</a></p>\n<p>Fixed operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) costs, such as labor, scheduled maintenance, routine component or equipment replacement, and insurance for bioenergy power plants typically range from 2-6% of total installed costs per year, while variable O&amp;M costs average 0.005/KWh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn38\" name=\"_ednref38\">[38]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_376\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"992\"]<img class=\"wp-image-376 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/EC-On-Site-Renewables-Fig-7.png\" alt=\"Biomass Co-firing Capital Costs Source: NREL\" width=\"992\" height=\"506\" /> Source: NREL[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site renewable energy systems promote resiliency in many ways. They tend to rely on site-based “fuel” and may island or operate independently from the power grid (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV, Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>). For example, solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems with battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, while also providing a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs. By providing localized power generation, islandable PV systems increase energy efficiency by reducing transmission and distribution losses typical of centralized grid systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn39\" name=\"_ednref39\">[39]</a> Unlike diesel and fossil-fueled generators, typically used only during emergencies, islandable PV systems with battery storage provide value throughout the year, do not require regular maintenance or refueling, and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn40\" name=\"_ednref40\">[40]</a> Some systems provide additional protection from flooding events, based on elevated installations, such as PV roof or pole-mounted systems.</p>\n<p>For recommendations on how to incorporate solar islanding capabilities into existing facilities, see the <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a>.</p>\n<p><em>Biomass</em> offers several resiliency benefits including the ability to stockpile fuel for emergencies.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn41\" name=\"_ednref41\">[41]</a> Plans to recover, segregate, and process biomass fuel locally makes downed biomass from fallen trees and vegetation caused by storms and natural disasters a cost-saving resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn42\" name=\"_ednref42\">[42]</a> Making use of downed biomass also frees up time and money for other recovery efforts, while at the same time providing short to long-term backup power for critical infrastructure and emergency services.</p>\n<p>Biomass energy systems with off-grid or islanding capabilities and thermal energy storage provide enhanced energy independence, security, and reliability in the event of natural disasters and security threats while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Battery Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn43\" name=\"_ednref43\">[43]</a> Biomass-fired CHP systems promote the renewable energy industry in New Jersey by utilizing renewable sources of fuel, providing backup power and balancing the supply and demand of electricity from variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_edn44\" name=\"_ednref44\">[44]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, biomass-fired CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids and the broader smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources and energy storage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Eiffert Ph. D, Patrina and Gregory J. Kiss. NREL. Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Designs for Commercial and Institutional Structures: A Sourcebook for Architects.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf\">www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf</a> (accessed  April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. Renewable Energy: Programs: <em>SREC Registration Program. </em><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US DOE  “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a>  US DOE. “Guide to Geothermal Heat Pumps” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ENERGY STAR. “Heat Pumps, Geothermal for Consumers.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP</a> (accessed  April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE. “Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a>American Wind Energy Association.  “Wind 101: Wind Energy Basics.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180903090547/http://www.awea.org:80/wind-power-101\">https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Jason Fields, Frank Oteri, Robert Press, and Ian Baring-Gould (2016) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> J. Smith, T. Forsyth, K. Sinclair, and F. Oteri. (2015) NREL. Built-Environment Wind Turbine Roadmap. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> US DOE. Solar Water Heaters. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/solar-water-heaters</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Biomass to Heat. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. “Biopower.” <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/biopower/biopower</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> US EIA “Biomass for Electricity Generation.” 2002. <a href=\"http://www2.et.byu.edu/~tom/classes/733/Biomass/Biomass%20for%20electricity%20generation.pdf\">http://www2.et.byu.edu/~tom/classes/733/Biomass/Biomass%20for%20electricity%20generation.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas\">https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas</a> (accessed April 30, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> US DOE. Energy Savers: Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pumps. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> US DOE | EERE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> Denholm, P. 2007. “The Technical Potential of Solar Water Heating to Reduce Fossil Fuel Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United States.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO.   <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> McCollum, David, and Christopher Yang. 2009. “Achieving deep reductions in US transport greenhouse gas emissions: Scenario analysis and policy implications.” Energy Policy 37: 5580-5596.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref23\" name=\"_edn23\">[23]</a> Rutgers University Facilities Department – Based on estimates received for new buildings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref24\" name=\"_edn24\">[24]</a> US DOE. “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref25\" name=\"_edn25\">[25]</a> US DOE. Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump System. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref26\" name=\"_edn26\">[26]</a> NEEP. “Mid-Atlantic Technical Reference Manual Version 7.” <a href=\"http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf\">http://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/Mid_Atlantic_TRM_V7_FINAL.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref27\" name=\"_edn27\">[27]</a> US DOE | EERE. Planning, Budget &amp; Analysis: Commercial Buildings Total Energy Consumption. April 2008. <a href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/intensityindicators/total_commercial.html\">http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/intensityindicators/total_commercial.html</a><em> Assume an average of 50k btu for all sectors.</em> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref28\" name=\"_edn28\">[28]</a> NJ OCE. SREC Registration Program. <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref29\" name=\"_edn29\">[29]</a> NJ OCE. NJCEP Solar Project data</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref30\" name=\"_edn30\">[30]</a> US DOE. 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref31\" name=\"_edn31\">[31]</a> US DOE | EIA. Form EIA-63A, “Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey.” From table 2.12 at <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/\">https://www.eia.gov/renewable/annual/solar_thermal/</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref32\" name=\"_edn32\">[32]</a> US DOE | EIA.   “Electricity Data Browser.”   <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin\">https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&amp;geo=g004&amp;endsec=u&amp;linechart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;map=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref33\" name=\"_edn33\">[33]</a> US DOE | EIA. “Natural Gas Prices.” 2017 Available for Commercial only <a href=\"https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm\">https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_SNJ_a.htm</a> (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref34\" name=\"_edn34\">[34]</a> NREL. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/68925.pdf\">The U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmark: Q1 2017</a>. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/nrel-report-utility-scale-solar-pv-system-cost-fell-last-year.html</a>   (accessed April 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref35\" name=\"_edn35\">[35]</a> International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref36\" name=\"_edn36\">[36]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref37\" name=\"_edn37\">[37]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Electricity. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-electricity-generation</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref38\" name=\"_edn38\">[38]</a> IREA. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017 <a href=\"http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017\">http://www.irena.org/publications/2018/Jan/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2017</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref39\" name=\"_edn39\">[39]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref40\" name=\"_edn40\">[40]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref41\" name=\"_edn41\">[41]</a> WBDG. Biomass from Heating. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref42\" name=\"_edn42\">[42]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref43\" name=\"_edn43\">[43]</a> Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group (WBUG). Benefits of Biomass.  <a href=\"https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml\">https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/index.shtml</a> (accessed April 27, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/#_ednref44\" name=\"_edn44\">[44]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-roof-replacements-and-upgrades/\">Roof Replacements and Upgrades</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org\">Database of State Incentives for Renewables &amp; Efficiency (DSIRE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP\">ENERGY STAR Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.irena.org\">International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ Clean Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/home/home\">Commercial, Industrial and Local Government Programs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/home/home\">Renewable Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/tools-and-resources/links/renewable\">Tools and Resources</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy\">Bioenergy Technologies Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-energy-us-department-energy\">Geothermal Technologies Office</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/solar-energy-technologies-office\">Solar Energy Technologies Office</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/wind-energy-technologies-office\">Wind Energy Technologies Office</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program (FEMA)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/biomass-heat\">Biomass for Heat</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/building-integrated-photovoltaics-bipv\">Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/geothermal-heat-pumps\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/solar-water-heating\">Solar Water Heating</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">Wind Technology</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Tools </strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wunderground.com/calculators/solar.html?MR=1\">Weather Underground Tool: calculates potential electricity generated from your system</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/files/docs/small_wind_economic_model.xls\">Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC On-Site Renewable Energy Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1992-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:04:30','2022-06-23 18:04:30','',1992,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2559',0,'revision','',0),(2560,3,'2022-06-23 18:04:31','2022-06-23 18:04:31','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"On-Site Wind Energy Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are On-Site Wind Energy Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site wind energy systems provide renewable energy in areas with sufficient wind speed. Prime locations for harvesting wind energy in New Jersey are along the shore.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>The two main types of wind turbines include horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT), the most common, and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Initially designed to be mounted on high poles in open or rural areas, small wind turbines (SWTs) include systems that are 100 kilowatts (kW) or less. Small wind energy systems can either be stand-alone (e.g., not connected to the utility grid) or grid-connected. Built-environment wind turbines (BEWT) refer to projects constructed on, in, or near buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The highly turbulent and variable wind directions often found in the built environment make VAWTs a viable option for these types of locations as VAWTs do not need to orient into the wind to generate power.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> VAWTs come in two different designs: the Savonius design, which generates power through drag, and the Darrieus, which generates power through an aerodynamic lift.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_573\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"666\"]<img class=\"wp-image-573 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).\" width=\"666\" height=\"624\" /> Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_303\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"662\"]<img class=\"wp-image-303 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).\" width=\"662\" height=\"450\" /> Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement an On-site Wind Energy System</strong></h2>\n<p>Renewable energy systems such as wind energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site wind energy expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. For implementation in New Jersey, project teams should contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> For example, siting turbines on the highest elevation on the site often correspond to the highest, unobstructed wind speeds. Wind speed increases with height, and small increases in speed boost a turbine’s generating-potential significantly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_255\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"233\"]<img class=\"wp-image-255 size-medium\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-3--233x300.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Wind Speed Map at 30 meters (Source: US DOE | NREL – Wind Powering America).\" width=\"233\" height=\"300\" /> Figure 3 – Wind Speed Map at 30 meters (Source: US DOE | NREL – Wind Powering America).[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.acua.com/green-initiatives/renewable-energy/windfarm/\">Jersey Atlantic Wind Farm, Atlantic City, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Jersey-Atlantic Wind Farm, a community-scale wind turbine installation, includes five, 380-foot turbines, producing a combined 7.5 megawatts of power. The wind turbines and on-site solar installation power the wastewater treatment plant, with surplus energy sent to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL.<em> “</em>Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices.”</a></p>\n<p>This study looks at several case studies of Built Environment Wind Turbines (BEWTs), documenting mixed-results in the BEWT industry. Main obstacles cited include, 1) insufficient and not well-defined project feasibility and planning processes, 2) high-cost projects related to additional expenses for installation and operations in the built environment, 3) a lack of certified manufacturers for ongoing service and parts, and 4) over-estimated project performance due to the complexity of conducting accurate resource and production assessments in the built environment. BEWT projects with the best outcomes had well developed and quantified project goals that included energy production as well as educational and sustainability marketing goals. These projects also conducted thorough feasibility investigations, used certified HAWTs with a proven track record, and were installed on tall buildings relative to surrounding obstacles.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Wind power reduces dependence on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Generating power from wind reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promotes the renewable energy industry in New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_233\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"490\"]<img class=\"wp-image-233 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-4.png\" alt=\"Figure 4 – A 10 kW wind turbine atop a lattice tower at Hamilton College, NY. (Source: Fortis Wind Energy).\" width=\"490\" height=\"690\" /> Figure 4 – A 10 kW wind turbine atop a lattice tower at Hamilton College, NY. (Source: Fortis Wind Energy).[/caption]<p>Rebates and tax credits base wind power incentives on expected energy production, rather than capacity. Commercial businesses or organizations may be eligible for the renewable Production Tax Credit (PTC), which provides a $0.019 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) benefit in 2017 (which is phased out over 2018 and 2019) for the first ten years of a renewable energy facility’s operation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>In New Jersey, between 2002 and 2013, wind turbine installation costs ranged from $19,000 for a 1 MW municipal project to $3.3 million for the ACUA Wind Farm in Atlantic City.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Nationwide, small wind turbines cost between $800/kW and $1100/kW and a typical 2 MW project costs between $1.6 and $2.2 million<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a>. Necessary fees include utility company fees, township and county permits, and installation, accounting for about 4% of the total project cost.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p>Depending on the strength of the wind resource and the cost of the system, the typical paybacks range from 6-15 years.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site wind energy systems rely on wind, a site-based resource and may operate independently from the power grid. Installed with additional hardware—including transfer switches, critical load panels, and appropriate controls—these systems can act as self-sufficient microgrids, generating energy and powering critical loads in the absence of utility sourced power. Wind energy systems provide additional protection from flooding events, based on elevated installations.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> American Wind Energy Association.  “Wind 101: Wind Energy Basics.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180903090547/http://www.awea.org:80/wind-power-101\">https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Jason Fields, Frank Oteri, Robert Press, and Ian Baring-Gould (2016) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> J. Smith, T. Forsyth, K. Sinclair, and F. Oteri. (2015) NREL. Built-Environment Wind Turbine Roadmap. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf</a> (accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> WBDG. Wind Technology. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a> (accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"></a>DOE. Small Wind Guidebook. <a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts\">https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> McCollum, David, and Christopher Yang. 2009. “Achieving deep reductions in US transport greenhouse gas emissions: Scenario analysis and policy implications.” Energy Policy 37: 5580-5596.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> US DOE. Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/savings/renewable-electricity-production-tax-credit-ptc\">https://www.energy.gov/savings/renewable-electricity-production-tax-credit-ptc</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> NJCEP. Installation and Project Status Reports (REIP and CORE Programs). <a href=\"http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive\">http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US DOE. 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf</a> (accessed April 18. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Pacific Northwest National Lab (PNNL). Benchmarking US Small Wind Costs. <a href=\"https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf\">https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.17.3\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<section>\n<div id=\"ecoworld-item-entries\" class=\"ecoworld_row\">\n<article class=\"post-entry ecoworld_blog_post post-716 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-new-commercial\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_column_gap\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pf_no_thumb\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_content\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_content_block\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_text\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_summary\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_summary_text\">\n<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid mpc-row\">\n<div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4 mpc-column\" data-column-id=\"mpc_column-416254a5af996d7\">\n<div class=\"vc_column-inner\">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<h4>General information and Starting Up</h4>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/files/docs/small_wind_economic_model.xls\">Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/downloads/2016-wind-technologies-market-report\">2016 Wind Technologies Market Report</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ Clean Energy Program</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=80&amp;start=1\">Trade-Ally: Residentia</a>l</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=84&amp;start=1\">Wind Site Assessor</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Technical Guidance</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://distributedwind.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Distributed-Wind-Toolkit-Nov2017.pdf\">Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) Distributed Wind Energy Zoning and Permitting: A Toolkit for Local Governments</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy<br /></strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts\">Small Wind Guidebook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/rrc/northeast\">Northeast Wind Resource Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practice</a>s</li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Funding Sources</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://elpc.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/ELPC-Community-Wind-Book-09.pdf\">Community Wind Financing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DESIRE: Renewable Energy Incentives for New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/wind/wind\">NJ Clean Energy Program – see <em>Financing Your System</em></a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_bottom_meta\">\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"clear\"> </div>\n</article>\n</div>\n</section>\n<div class=\"ecoworld_post_single_pagination ecoworld_post_inner_bg\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pp_prev ecoworld_next_prev_box\">\n<div class=\"ecoworld_pp_arrow\"> </div>\n</div>\n</div>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC On-Site Wind Energy Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1481-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:04:31','2022-06-23 18:04:31','',1481,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2560',0,'revision','',0),(2561,3,'2022-06-23 18:05:32','2022-06-23 18:05:32','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"On-Site Wind Energy Systems\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is an<span> </span></strong><strong>On-Site Wind Energy System?</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site wind energy systems provide renewable energy in areas with sufficient wind speed. Prime locations for harvesting wind energy in New Jersey are along the shore.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>The two main types of wind turbines include horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT), the most common, and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Initially designed to be mounted on high poles in open or rural areas, small wind turbines (SWTs) include systems that are 100 kilowatts (kW) or less. Small wind energy systems can either be stand-alone (e.g., not connected to the utility grid) or grid-connected. Built-environment wind turbines (BEWT) refer to projects constructed on, in, or near buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>The highly turbulent and variable wind directions often found in the built environment make VAWTs a viable option for these types of locations as VAWTs do not need to orient into the wind to generate power.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>VAWTs come in two different designs: the Savonius design, which generates power through drag, and the Darrieus, which generates power through an aerodynamic lift.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_573\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"666\"]<img class=\"wp-image-573 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).\" width=\"666\" height=\"624\" /> Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_284\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"662\"]<img class=\"wp-image-284 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-OnSite-Wind-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).\" width=\"662\" height=\"444\" /> Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement an On-Site Wind Energy System</strong></h2>\n<p>There are many factors to consider when deciding on a wind energy system, including wind speed, location, lot size, and zoning restrictions.</p>\n<p>Contact the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding for on-site wind energy systems. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site wind energy system project comprise a wind resource assessment study, sizing, and design of systems.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>For example, siting turbines on the highest elevation on the site often correspond to the highest, unobstructed wind speeds. Wind speed increases with height, and small increases in speed boost a turbine’s generating-potential significantly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>Figure 3 shows that coastal New Jersey has the best wind resources, although some inland areas also have adequate winds. While wind maps help to get a general idea of the wind speeds in the area, actual wind resources on a particular site vary depending on topography and structural interference.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>Contact the local building authority or planning board to find out about necessary permits and requirements to build a wind energy system on the property. Zoning ordinances sometimes do not address wind turbines, or they may not allow structures taller than 35 ft. Obtaining a variance may be necessary. In January 2010, New Jersey enacted legislation to prevent municipalities from adopting regulations that place unreasonable limits or hinder the performance of small wind energy systems. For more information, visit the<span> </span><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/3929\">Database of State Incentives for Renewables &amp; Efficient (DSIRE).</a></p>\n<p>Experienced wind turbine manufacturers and installers can help to determine the potential energy production for the site, depending on wind speeds, the height of the towers, and other factors such as site elevation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL.<em><span> </span>“</em>Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices.”</a></p>\n<p>This study looked at several case studies of BEWTs, documenting mixed-results in the BEWT industry. Main obstacles included, 1) project feasibility and planning processes that are insufficient and not well defined, 2) additional expenses related to installation and operations in the built environment that create high-cost projects, 3) a lack of certified manufacturers for ongoing service and parts availability, and 4) over-estimated project performance due to the complexity of conducting accurate resource and production assessments in the built environment. The BEWT projects with the best outcomes had well developed and quantified project goals that included energy production as well as education and sustainability marketing goals. These projects also conducted more thorough feasibility investigations, used certified HAWTs with a proven track record, and were installed on taller buildings relative to surrounding obstacles.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Wind power reduces dependence on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a><span> </span>Generating power from wind reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promotes the renewable energy industry in New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, between 2002 and 2011, residential wind turbine installation costs ranged from $12,000 to $100,000.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a><span> </span>Nationwide, wind turbines cost between $800/kW and $1100/kW and a typical 2 MW project costs between $1.6 and $2.2 million.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Necessary fees include utility company fees, township and county permits, and installation which accounts for about 7% of the total project cost for a residential project.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a><span> </span>Installing a wind turbine often have higher upfront, capital costs; however, net metering, lower utility bills, tax incentives, and renewable energy credits facilitate a faster payback and lower costs in the long run. A wind energy system can lower electricity bills 50 to 90 percent.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a><span> </span>Depending on the strength of the wind resource and the cost of the system, the typical paybacks range from 6-15 years.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site wind energy systems rely on wind, a site-based resource and may operate independently from the power grid. Installed with additional hardware—including transfer switches, critical load panels, and appropriate controls—these systems can act as self-sufficient microgrids, generating energy and powering critical loads in the absence of utility sourced power. Wind energy systems provide additional protection from flooding events, based on elevated installations.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>American Wind Energy Association. “Wind 101: Wind Energy Basics.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180903090547/http://www.awea.org:80/wind-power-101\">https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101</a><span> </span>(accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>WBDG. Wind Technology.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a><span> </span>(accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Jason Fields, Frank Oteri, Robert Press, and Ian Baring-Gould (2016) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>J. Smith, T. Forsyth, K. Sinclair, and F. Oteri. (2015) NREL. Built-Environment Wind Turbine Roadmap.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>WBDG. Wind Technology.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a><span> </span>(accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"></a>DOE. Small Wind Guidebook.<span> </span><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts\">https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts</a><span> </span>(accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>US DOE.<span> </span><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/maps-data/207\">https://windexchange.energy.gov/maps-data/207</a><span> </span>(accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>McCollum, David, and Christopher Yang. 2009. “Achieving deep reductions in US transport greenhouse gas emissions: Scenario analysis and policy implications.” Energy Policy 37: 5580-5596.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>NJCEP. Installation and Project Status Reports (REIP and CORE Programs).<span> </span><a href=\"http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive\">http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive</a><span> </span>(accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>US DOE. 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>Pacific Northwest National Lab. Benchmarking US Small Wind Costs.<span> </span><a href=\"https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf\">https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a><span> </span>DOE. Small Wind Electric Systems.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/buying-and-making-electricity/small-wind-electric-systems\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/buying-and-making-electricity/small-wind-electric-systems</a><span> </span>(accessed April 12, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><em>General information and Starting Up</em>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://cleanpower.org/\">American Wind Energy Association (AWEA)</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>NJ Clean Energy Program\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=80&amp;start=1\">Trade-Ally: Residential</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=84&amp;start=1\">Wind Site Assessor</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/files/docs/small_wind_economic_model.xls\">Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/downloads/2016-wind-technologies-market-report\">2016 Wind Technologies Market Report</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><em>Technical Guidance</em>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://distributedwind.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Distributed-Wind-Toolkit-Nov2017.pdf\">Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) Distributed Wind Energy Zoning and Permitting: A Toolkit for Local Governments</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/29948.pdf\">Small Wind Electric Systems: A New Jersey Consumer’s Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts\">Small Wind Guidebook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/rrc/northeast\">US Northeast Wind Resource Center</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><em>Funding Sources</em>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.awea.org/_cs_upload/learnabout/smallwind/4424_1.pdf\">American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) – Small Wind Road Map</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://elpc.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/ELPC-Community-Wind-Book-09.pdf\">Community Wind Financing</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>NJ Clean Energy Program\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/wind/wind\">See<span> </span><em>Financing Your System</em></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=80&amp;start=1\">Trade-Ally: Residential</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR On-Site Wind Energy Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1321-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:05:32','2022-06-23 18:05:32','',1321,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2561',0,'revision','',0),