(1615,2,'2022-04-14 16:43:32','2022-04-14 16:43:32','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"High Reflectance Hardscape Materials\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What are High Reflectance Hardscape Materials? </b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflectance hardscape materials or “cool” pavements are paving materials with high solar reflectance (albedo), such as concrete, that absorb minimal heat, reducing the heat island effect.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Albedo, or solar reflectance, is the ratio of the amount of light reflected from a surface to the amount of light shining on that surface. Pavements with a lower albedo absorb more sunlight and increase in temperature, while pavements with higher albedo absorb less sunlight, remaining cooler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> The heat island effect refers to the increase in temperature in developed areas that results from heat-absorbing paved areas, the loss of naturally cooling vegetation, and waste heat produced by buildings, motor vehicles, and machinery. This increase in temperature leads to increased energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a>  Urban areas exacerbate the heat island effect where 1/3 of surfaces are covered by pavement, particularly dark colored surfaces, which absorb more sunlight than light-colored surfaces and remit heat back in the environment (see Cool Roofs).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_281\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"436\"]<img class=\"wp-image-281 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-High-Reflectance-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Concrete pavers (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)\" width=\"436\" height=\"324\" /> Figure 1 – Concrete pavers (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate High Reflectance Materials</b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflective “cool” pavements stay cooler in the sun than traditional pavements. Use reflective aggregate, a reflective or clear binder, or a reflective surface coating to enhance the reflective properties of pavement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> When selecting hardscape materials, consider the albedo (solar reflectance) and solar reflectance index (SRI) of the material. The SRI, which ranges from zero to 100, indicates the effect of a surface’s reflectance and emittance on its surface temperature. Materials with the highest SRI are the coolest. New asphalt pavement has an SRI of 0, while new white Portland cement concrete can have an SRI of between 86 and 100. Emittance, or emissivity, is a range between 0 and 1 that indicates how much heat is emitted by a surface. Since most opaque materials used for paving have an emittance of around .9, the albedo of a material determines its SRI.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Consider using pavers (concrete masonry units) as an alternative to asphalt and other dark materials for driveways, parking lots, plazas, and streets. Most pavers use high reflectance materials and some pavers also help reduce stormwater runoff by allowing water infiltration (see <em><i>Pervious Hardscape Materials</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>  Check with the manufacturer to find out each product’s specifications. Pavers are available in a wide array of shapes, colors, and sizes.</p>\n<p>The natural landscape can help cool a building and the site (including parking lots, streets, and entranceways into the building). For example, using trees and other vegetation to shade paved areas can protect the area from unwanted solar energy. Incorporating trees and plants for shade also decreases surface and air temperature, increases comfort, and connects people to the natural environment (see <em><i>Biophilic Design and Energy-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority: Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces</a></p>\n<p>This study used a regional climate model in combination with observed meteorological, satellite, and GIS data to determine the impact of urban forestry, living (green) roofs, and light-colored surfaces on near-surface air temperature and the urban heat island effect in New York City. Findings showed that among the single-strategy scenarios, light surfaces, light roofs, and living roofs can potentially reduce the summer peak electric load more than the other strategies.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region</a></p>\n<p>This research project focused on the analysis of the urban heat island effect in the greater Camden region and on mitigation strategies for the urban heat island in the city of Camden and adjoining communities. Mitigation strategies for the urban heat island effect included increased urban vegetation and lighter-colored surfacing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits </b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces energy demand and lowers utility costs.</li>\n<li>Improves water quality by reducing the surface temperature of stormwater runoff and protecting aquatic life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improves air quality, as decreased energy demand results in decreased air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.</li>\n<li>Improves aesthetics with an increase of trees and vegetation along with a reduction of large paved spaces.</li>\n<li>Improves health and comfort by reducing the heat island effect.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Increases the solar reflectance of roads, enhancing road visibility and reducing the electricity required for street lighting at night.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of any pavement application varies by region, the contractor, the time of year, materials, accessibility of the site, local availability of materials, underlying soils, size of the project, expected traffic, and the desired life of the pavement. Although the cost of these materials varies based on the factors listed above, an estimated cost range for a standard concrete installation is $4.00–$5.00/square foot, while a standard asphalt installation costs $3.00–$3.25/square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> However, concrete has an estimated service of 15-35 years, while conventional asphalt’s service life is about 7-20 years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a>  High reflectance concrete pavers are comparable in price to darker colored concrete pavers. For cost information for shading (see <em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>\n<p>There are also cost savings associated with mitigating the urban heat island effect. For every 1°F increase in air temperature, electricity demand for cooling grows by 1.5-2%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Densely populated urban areas are often 2 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit higher than surrounding suburban and undeveloped areas; this translates to an increase in cooling demand ranging between 3.5-15.75%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> Project teams that want to use high reflectance pavements as part of a heat island mitigation program may find it hard to estimate the net costs or benefits based on temperature reduction alone. The highest overall value may result when multiple benefits, such as improved stormwater management and water quality, are also factored into the evaluation of a paving project. For more in-depth cost-benefit analysis of various urban heat island mitigation scenarios using high reflectance hardscape materials and shading see Section 6 of the <a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority’s Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces.</a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflectance hardscape materials contribute to resiliency through their reduction of the heat island effect, especially during severe heat waves or power outages, when vulnerable populations are at risk from heat-related illnesses, and air-conditioning demands put additional stress on an outdated and overtaxed electricity grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Portland Cement Association. “Heat Island Reduction.” <a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Heat Island Group. “Cool Pavements.” <a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJ DEP. “Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region.” <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Berkeley Labs. Cool Pavements. <a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a> (accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Berkeley Labs. Cool Pavements. <a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a> (accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Portland Cement Association. “Heat Island Reduction.” <a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Portland Cement Association. “Hardscape &amp; Pavers – Permeable Pavement and Surfaces.” <a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/applications/Hardscape-Pavers.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/applications/Hardscape-Pavers.aspx</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> US EPA. “Heat Island Effect: Using Trees and Vegetation to Reduce Heat Islands.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-trees-and-vegetation-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-trees-and-vegetation-reduce-heat-islands</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> US EPA. “Heat Island Impacts.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> US EPA.  “Climate Change Indicators in the United States: Heat-Related Deaths.” Updated August 2016 <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/print_heat-deaths-2016.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/print_heat-deaths-2016.pdf</a>  pg. 1 (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Costs provided by two of the significant asphalt and concrete suppliers in NJ (May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies: Cool Pavements,” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_5.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_5.pdf</a>. (accessed March 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> US EPA. “Heat Island Impacts.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> Rutgers Center for Green Building. “CAP Project.” <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">Berkeley Lab Heat Island Group</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">NJ DEP Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority’s Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Environmental Protection Agency</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-pavements-reduce-heat-islands\">Cool Pavements</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands\">Heat Island Effect</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1611-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 16:43:32','2022-04-14 16:43:32','',1611,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1615',0,'revision','',0),(1616,2,'2022-04-14 16:43:36','2022-04-14 16:43:36','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"High Reflectance Hardscape Materials\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What are High Reflectance Hardscape Materials? </b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflectance hardscape materials or “cool” pavements are paving materials with high solar reflectance (albedo), such as concrete, that absorb minimal heat, reducing the heat island effect.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Albedo, or solar reflectance, is the ratio of the amount of light reflected from a surface to the amount of light shining on that surface. Pavements with a lower albedo absorb more sunlight and increase in temperature, while pavements with higher albedo absorb less sunlight, remaining cooler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> The heat island effect refers to the increase in temperature in developed areas that results from heat-absorbing paved areas, the loss of naturally cooling vegetation, and waste heat produced by buildings, motor vehicles, and machinery. This increase in temperature leads to increased energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a>  Urban areas exacerbate the heat island effect where 1/3 of surfaces are covered by pavement, particularly dark colored surfaces, which absorb more sunlight than light-colored surfaces and remit heat back in the environment (see Cool Roofs).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_281\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"436\"]<img class=\"wp-image-281 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-High-Reflectance-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Concrete pavers (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)\" width=\"436\" height=\"324\" /> Figure 1 – Concrete pavers (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate High Reflectance Materials</b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflective “cool” pavements stay cooler in the sun than traditional pavements. Use reflective aggregate, a reflective or clear binder, or a reflective surface coating to enhance the reflective properties of pavement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> When selecting hardscape materials, consider the albedo (solar reflectance) and solar reflectance index (SRI) of the material. The SRI, which ranges from zero to 100, indicates the effect of a surface’s reflectance and emittance on its surface temperature. Materials with the highest SRI are the coolest. New asphalt pavement has an SRI of 0, while new white Portland cement concrete can have an SRI of between 86 and 100. Emittance, or emissivity, is a range between 0 and 1 that indicates how much heat is emitted by a surface. Since most opaque materials used for paving have an emittance of around .9, the albedo of a material determines its SRI.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Consider using pavers (concrete masonry units) as an alternative to asphalt and other dark materials for driveways, parking lots, plazas, and streets. Most pavers use high reflectance materials and some pavers also help reduce stormwater runoff by allowing water infiltration (see <em><i>Pervious Hardscape Materials</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>  Check with the manufacturer to find out each product’s specifications. Pavers are available in a wide array of shapes, colors, and sizes.</p>\n<p>The natural landscape can help cool a building and the site (including parking lots, streets, and entranceways into the building). For example, using trees and other vegetation to shade paved areas can protect the area from unwanted solar energy. Incorporating trees and plants for shade also decreases surface and air temperature, increases comfort, and connects people to the natural environment (see <em><i>Biophilic Design and Energy-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority: Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces</a></p>\n<p>This study used a regional climate model in combination with observed meteorological, satellite, and GIS data to determine the impact of urban forestry, living (green) roofs, and light-colored surfaces on near-surface air temperature and the urban heat island effect in New York City. Findings showed that among the single-strategy scenarios, light surfaces, light roofs, and living roofs can potentially reduce the summer peak electric load more than the other strategies.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region</a></p>\n<p>This research project focused on the analysis of the urban heat island effect in the greater Camden region and on mitigation strategies for the urban heat island in the city of Camden and adjoining communities. Mitigation strategies for the urban heat island effect included increased urban vegetation and lighter-colored surfacing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits </b></strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces energy demand and lowers utility costs.</li>\n<li>Improves water quality by reducing the surface temperature of stormwater runoff and protecting aquatic life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improves air quality, as decreased energy demand results in decreased air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.</li>\n<li>Improves aesthetics with an increase of trees and vegetation along with a reduction of large paved spaces.</li>\n<li>Improves health and comfort by reducing the heat island effect.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Increases the solar reflectance of roads, enhancing road visibility and reducing the electricity required for street lighting at night.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of any pavement application varies by region, the contractor, the time of year, materials, accessibility of the site, local availability of materials, underlying soils, size of the project, expected traffic, and the desired life of the pavement. Although the cost of these materials varies based on the factors listed above, an estimated cost range for a standard concrete installation is $4.00–$5.00/square foot, while a standard asphalt installation costs $3.00–$3.25/square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> However, concrete has an estimated service of 15-35 years, while conventional asphalt’s service life is about 7-20 years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a>  High reflectance concrete pavers are comparable in price to darker colored concrete pavers. For cost information for shading (see <em><i>Tree Protection and Placement</i></em>).</p>\n<p>There are also cost savings associated with mitigating the urban heat island effect. For every 1°F increase in air temperature, electricity demand for cooling grows by 1.5-2%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Densely populated urban areas are often 2 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit higher than surrounding suburban and undeveloped areas; this translates to an increase in cooling demand ranging between 3.5-15.75%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> Project teams that want to use high reflectance pavements as part of a heat island mitigation program may find it hard to estimate the net costs or benefits based on temperature reduction alone. The highest overall value may result when multiple benefits, such as improved stormwater management and water quality, are also factored into the evaluation of a paving project. For more in-depth cost-benefit analysis of various urban heat island mitigation scenarios using high reflectance hardscape materials and shading see Section 6 of the <a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority’s Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces.</a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>High reflectance hardscape materials contribute to resiliency through their reduction of the heat island effect, especially during severe heat waves or power outages, when vulnerable populations are at risk from heat-related illnesses, and air-conditioning demands put additional stress on an outdated and overtaxed electricity grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Portland Cement Association. “Heat Island Reduction.” <a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Heat Island Group. “Cool Pavements.” <a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> NJ DEP. “Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region.” <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Berkeley Labs. Cool Pavements. <a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a> (accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Berkeley Labs. Cool Pavements. <a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements</a> (accessed May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Portland Cement Association. “Heat Island Reduction.” <a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Portland Cement Association. “Hardscape &amp; Pavers – Permeable Pavement and Surfaces.” <a href=\"http://www.concretethinker.com/applications/Hardscape-Pavers.aspx\">http://www.concretethinker.com/applications/Hardscape-Pavers.aspx</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> US EPA. “Heat Island Effect: Using Trees and Vegetation to Reduce Heat Islands.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-trees-and-vegetation-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-trees-and-vegetation-reduce-heat-islands</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> US EPA. “Heat Island Impacts.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts</a>  (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> US EPA.  “Climate Change Indicators in the United States: Heat-Related Deaths.” Updated August 2016 <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/print_heat-deaths-2016.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/print_heat-deaths-2016.pdf</a>  pg. 1 (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Costs provided by two of the significant asphalt and concrete suppliers in NJ (May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies: Cool Pavements,” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_5.pdf\">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_5.pdf</a>. (accessed March 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> US EPA. “Heat Island Impacts.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> Rutgers Center for Green Building. “CAP Project.” <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements\">Berkeley Lab Heat Island Group</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">NJ DEP Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/EMEP/NYC-Heat-Island-Mitigation.pdf\">New York State Energy and Research Development Authority’s Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Environmental Protection Agency</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-pavements-reduce-heat-islands\">Cool Pavements</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands\">Heat Island Effect</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC High Reflectance Hardscape Materials','','inherit','closed','closed','','1611-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 16:43:36','2022-04-14 16:43:36','',1611,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1616',0,'revision','',0),(1617,2,'2022-04-14 16:46:43','2022-04-14 16:46:43','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Light Pollution Reduction\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Light Pollution?</strong></h2>\n<p>Light pollution refers to noticeable artificial light at night (ALAN), an unwelcome by-product of excessive outdoor lighting, especially vertical illuminance that includes such effects as skyglow, the brightening of the night sky, light trespass, the spilling of light beyond a property or intended lighting boundary, and glare, the obtrusive brightness of light viewed against an unlit background.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> The commercial building sector contributes to light pollution through a variety of sources, including advertising lighting, architectural and landscape lighting, interior nighttime lighting, and security lighting.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_337\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"480\"]<img class=\"wp-image-337 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Light-Pollution-Reduction-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Downlighting from a commercial building (Source: Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/mrhayata/321358583/sizes/m/in/p)\" width=\"480\" height=\"654\" /> Figure 1 – Downlighting from a commercial building (Source: Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/mrhayata/321358583/sizes/m/in/p)[/caption]<p>The following includes a list of several negative impacts of light pollution.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Interferes with wildlife migratory and breeding patterns, impacting nighttime ecosystems and biodiversity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></li>\n<li>Wastes energy and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.</li>\n<li>Leads to glare issues and unsafe driving conditions, particularly for older motorists.</li>\n<li>Impacts human metabolism and disrupts sleep through constant exposure to artificial light, particularly light from the blue end of the spectrum.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></li>\n<li>Reduces ability to view stars and interferes with astronomical observatories. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></li>\n<li>Causes a nuisance to neighboring properties by casting unwanted nighttime glare into windows.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to reduce light pollution? </strong></h2>\n<p>The first steps to reducing light pollution are to evaluate the outdoor lighting requirements of a particular location (i.e., aesthetics, security, or utility), to eliminate unnecessary lighting, and to strategically place energy-efficient lighting and controls to meet the remaining lighting requirements (see <em>High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</em>).</p>\n<p>Downlighting refers to a lighting strategy that directs light down and only lights the predetermined area; therefore reducing light pollution. Technologies to reduce light pollution also include full cutoff luminaires, low-reflectance surfaces, and low-angle spotlights. Cutoff luminaires have no direct uplight, help eliminate glare, and efficiently direct lighting down to the predetermined area.</p>\n<p>General guidelines for efficient outdoor lighting include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider location and surrounding areas during the lighting design, and select luminaires, locations, and orientations that minimize light trespass onto adjacent properties.</li>\n<li>Replace traditional HIDs (high-intensity discharge) luminaires and lamps, including high-pressure sodium and metal halide lamps, with <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans\">EnergyStar</a> certified outdoor LEDs.</li>\n<li>Consider installing solar powered outdoor LED lights for outdoor pathways.</li>\n<li>Aim floodlight angles low so that the entire beam falls within the intended lighted area and direct light downward whenever possible.</li>\n<li>Use well-shielded luminaires and lamps, and other control devices when up-lighting is required to maximize the efficiency of the light source (e.g., reflectors, deflectors, and covers).</li>\n<li>Couple outdoor lightings systems, with lighting controls such as motion detectors, photosensors, and schedule controls, to enhance an energy efficiency and security.</li>\n<li>Adjust timers to the minimum period necessary and dim or switch lights off when not needed to save energy and cut electric bills.</li>\n<li>Plan for backup power for critical lighting needs during a power outage, such as emergency and night-time lighting (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).</li>\n<li>Commission and regularly re-commission all lighting systems and controls to optimize performance and energy savings.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>For project specific advice, consult the <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200725012444/https://www.ies.org/standards/ies-lighting-library/\">Illuminating Engineering Society’s</a> lighting design guides, which provide lighting professionals with standards and recommended best practices for a variety of lighting applications.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Efficient outdoor lighting design helps to reduce light pollution, and its associated adverse effects including wasted energy reduced nighttime visibility for astronomers and scientists, disruption of nocturnal wildlife and ecology, and impacts on human health and well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[5]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The costs of implementing lighting designs and technologies that reduce light pollution vary depending on the selection of lighting sources, fixtures, and controls. Effective and efficient outdoor lighting solutions are not always the least expensive option, but as with any comprehensive cost evaluation, operating costs, including energy savings, lifetime performance, and maintenance, are essential factors to consider.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/application-forms/application-forms-0\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a> for available incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing light pollution provides energy savings and reduces reliance and stress on the electricity grid. Outdoor lighting designs that supplement solar-powered LED lighting technologies for a portion of regular lighting requirements (e.g., pedestrian pathways) and plan for backup power for critical lighting needs further reduce stress on the grid, especially in the event of a power outage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> The Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. <a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/Seminarpresentation.pdf\">http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/Seminarpresentation.pdf</a> (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Gaston KJ, Visser ME, Ho ̈lker F. 2015 The biological impacts of artificial light at night: the research challenge. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 370: 20140133. <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133</a> (accessed Dec 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Illuminating Engineering Society, International Dark Sky Association.  <em>Model Lighting Ordinance. </em><a href=\"http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/16_MLO_FINAL_JUNE2011.PDF\">http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/16_MLO_FINAL_JUNE2011.PDF</a> (accessed October 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Cornell University, Astronomy Department. 2018. “Ask an Astronomer: How does light pollution affect astronomers?” <a href=\"http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/116-observational-astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollution-affect-astronomers-intermediate\">http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/116-observational-astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollution-affect-astronomers-intermediate</a> (accessed Dec 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">3</a> LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/leed\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/LEED%20v4%20BDC_07.2.18_current.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct. 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[5]</a> International Dark-Sky Association. <em>Light Pollution.</em> <a href=\"http://darksky.org/light-pollution/\">http://darksky.org/light-pollution/</a>  (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[6]</a> Illuminating Engineering Society. <em>IES Lighting Handbook, 10<sup>th</sup> Edition.</em> <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170607025145/https://www.ies.org/handbook/DiLaura/Introduction%20to%20the%20IES%20Handbook%20PDF.pdf\">https://www.ies.org/handbook/DiLaura/Introduction%20to%20the%20IES%20Handbook%20PDF.pdf</a>  (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls (NLCs)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ies.org/\">Illuminating Engineering Society</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.darksky.org\">International Dark-Sky Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cost-lonne.eu\">Loss of the Night Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njaa.org/\">NJ Astronomical Association</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Light Pollution','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-light-pollution-reduction','','','2022-06-23 19:13:13','2022-06-23 19:13:13','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1617',0,'post','',0),(1618,2,'2022-04-14 16:44:05','2022-04-14 16:44:05','','NC Light Pollution','','inherit','closed','closed','','1617-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 16:44:05','2022-04-14 16:44:05','',1617,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1618',0,'revision','',0),(1620,2,'2022-04-14 16:46:43','2022-04-14 16:46:43','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Light Pollution\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Light Pollution?</strong></h2>\n<p>Light pollution refers to noticeable artificial light at night (ALAN), an unwelcome by-product of excessive outdoor lighting, especially vertical illuminance that includes such effects as skyglow, the brightening of the night sky, light trespass, the spilling of light beyond a property or intended lighting boundary, and glare, the obtrusive brightness of light viewed against an unlit background.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> The commercial building sector contributes to light pollution through a variety of sources, including advertising lighting, architectural and landscape lighting, interior nighttime lighting, and security lighting.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_337\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"480\"]<img class=\"wp-image-337 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Light-Pollution-Reduction-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Downlighting from a commercial building (Source: Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/mrhayata/321358583/sizes/m/in/p)\" width=\"480\" height=\"654\" /> Figure 1 – Downlighting from a commercial building (Source: Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/mrhayata/321358583/sizes/m/in/p)[/caption]<p>The following includes a list of several negative impacts of light pollution.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Interferes with wildlife migratory and breeding patterns, impacting nighttime ecosystems and biodiversity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></li>\n<li>Wastes energy and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.</li>\n<li>Leads to glare issues and unsafe driving conditions, particularly for older motorists.</li>\n<li>Impacts human metabolism and disrupts sleep through constant exposure to artificial light, particularly light from the blue end of the spectrum.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></li>\n<li>Reduces ability to view stars and interferes with astronomical observatories. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></li>\n<li>Causes a nuisance to neighboring properties by casting unwanted nighttime glare into windows.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to reduce light pollution? </strong></h2>\n<p>The first steps to reducing light pollution are to evaluate the outdoor lighting requirements of a particular location (i.e., aesthetics, security, or utility), to eliminate unnecessary lighting, and to strategically place energy-efficient lighting and controls to meet the remaining lighting requirements (see <em>High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls</em>).</p>\n<p>Downlighting refers to a lighting strategy that directs light down and only lights the predetermined area; therefore reducing light pollution. Technologies to reduce light pollution also include full cutoff luminaires, low-reflectance surfaces, and low-angle spotlights. Cutoff luminaires have no direct uplight, help eliminate glare, and efficiently direct lighting down to the predetermined area.</p>\n<p>General guidelines for efficient outdoor lighting include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider location and surrounding areas during the lighting design, and select luminaires, locations, and orientations that minimize light trespass onto adjacent properties.</li>\n<li>Replace traditional HIDs (high-intensity discharge) luminaires and lamps, including high-pressure sodium and metal halide lamps, with <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans\">EnergyStar</a> certified outdoor LEDs.</li>\n<li>Consider installing solar powered outdoor LED lights for outdoor pathways.</li>\n<li>Aim floodlight angles low so that the entire beam falls within the intended lighted area and direct light downward whenever possible.</li>\n<li>Use well-shielded luminaires and lamps, and other control devices when up-lighting is required to maximize the efficiency of the light source (e.g., reflectors, deflectors, and covers).</li>\n<li>Couple outdoor lightings systems, with lighting controls such as motion detectors, photosensors, and schedule controls, to enhance an energy efficiency and security.</li>\n<li>Adjust timers to the minimum period necessary and dim or switch lights off when not needed to save energy and cut electric bills.</li>\n<li>Plan for backup power for critical lighting needs during a power outage, such as emergency and night-time lighting (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).</li>\n<li>Commission and regularly re-commission all lighting systems and controls to optimize performance and energy savings.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>For project specific advice, consult the <a href=\"https://www.ies.org/standards/ies-lighting-library/\">Illuminating Engineering Society’s</a> lighting design guides, which provide lighting professionals with standards and recommended best practices for a variety of lighting applications.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Efficient outdoor lighting design helps to reduce light pollution, and its associated adverse effects including wasted energy reduced nighttime visibility for astronomers and scientists, disruption of nocturnal wildlife and ecology, and impacts on human health and well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[5]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The costs of implementing lighting designs and technologies that reduce light pollution vary depending on the selection of lighting sources, fixtures, and controls. Effective and efficient outdoor lighting solutions are not always the least expensive option, but as with any comprehensive cost evaluation, operating costs, including energy savings, lifetime performance, and maintenance, are essential factors to consider.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Check the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/application-forms/application-forms-0\">New Jersey Office of Clean Energy</a> for available incentives.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing light pollution provides energy savings and reduces reliance and stress on the electricity grid. Outdoor lighting designs that supplement solar-powered LED lighting technologies for a portion of regular lighting requirements (e.g., pedestrian pathways) and plan for backup power for critical lighting needs further reduce stress on the grid, especially in the event of a power outage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> The Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. <a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/Seminarpresentation.pdf\">http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/Seminarpresentation.pdf</a> (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Gaston KJ, Visser ME, Ho ̈lker F. 2015 The biological impacts of artificial light at night: the research challenge. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 370: 20140133. <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133</a> (accessed Dec 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Illuminating Engineering Society, International Dark Sky Association.  <em>Model Lighting Ordinance. </em><a href=\"http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/16_MLO_FINAL_JUNE2011.PDF\">http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/16_MLO_FINAL_JUNE2011.PDF</a> (accessed October 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Cornell University, Astronomy Department. 2018. “Ask an Astronomer: How does light pollution affect astronomers?” <a href=\"http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/116-observational-astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollution-affect-astronomers-intermediate\">http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/116-observational-astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollution-affect-astronomers-intermediate</a> (accessed Dec 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">3</a> LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/LEED%20v4%20BDC_07.2.18_current.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/LEED%20v4%20BDC_07.2.18_current.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct. 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[5]</a> International Dark-Sky Association. <em>Light Pollution.</em> <a href=\"http://darksky.org/light-pollution/\">http://darksky.org/light-pollution/</a>  (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[6]</a> Illuminating Engineering Society. <em>IES Lighting Handbook, 10<sup>th</sup> Edition.</em> <a href=\"https://www.ies.org/handbook/DiLaura/Introduction%20to%20the%20IES%20Handbook%20PDF.pdf\">https://www.ies.org/handbook/DiLaura/Introduction%20to%20the%20IES%20Handbook%20PDF.pdf</a>  (accessed October 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls (NLCs)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ies.org/\">Illuminating Engineering Society</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.darksky.org\">International Dark-Sky Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cost-lonne.eu\">Loss of the Night Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njaa.org/\">NJ Astronomical Association</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Light Pollution','','inherit','closed','closed','','1617-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 16:46:43','2022-04-14 16:46:43','',1617,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1620',0,'revision','',0),(1622,2,'2022-04-14 16:48:55','2022-04-14 16:48:55','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Native and Adapted Plants\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What are Native and Adapted Plants? </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Native plant species thrive naturally in a particular region, ecosystem or habitat without direct or indirect human actions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Adapted plants have evolved to the physical conditions such as soil, climate, and geology of a site but were not formally part of the natural ecosystem.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Invasive plants grow quickly and aggressively, often displacing native plants and adversely impacting native wildlife, local food sources, and pollination.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Landscaping with plants that are native and adapted to the Mid-Atlantic geographic region nurtures a diverse and healthy ecosystem and saves time and maintenance costs. Diverse native habitats resist disease, reduce the need for synthetic pesticides, increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife, reduce stormwater runoff and mitigate flooding, and provide an alternative to the time-consuming, energy-intensive, and water-inefficient practices of lawn and turf care (see <em><i>Turf Grass Reduction</i></em>).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_24\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"wp-image-24 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Native-and-Adapated-Plants-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)\" width=\"424\" height=\"608\" /> Figure 1 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Native and Adapted Plants</b></strong></h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Assess existing site conditions: Is the site sunny or shaded? Flat or sloped? Is soil tight (clay) or loose (sand)? Drainage (quick or slow)? What is the existing vegetation on the site?</li>\n<li>Research local nurseries that specialize in native plants and contact nurseries in advance to obtain availability lists.</li>\n<li>Choose plants appropriate for the site conditions. The <u><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></u> provides a list of NJ native plants by County. Some projects may be eligible for the <u><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/whipart03.htm#signup\">Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program</a></u>. Resources such as <u><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friend-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></u> offer plant information and an easily searchable plant database.</li>\n<li>Site preparation: minimize disturbance to the natural landscape, test the soil, and amend the soil with compost when necessary.</li>\n<li>Install plants and water regularly until established (see <em><i>Water-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Create and implement a long-term land management plan for maintenance, including integrated pest management (see <em><i>Integrated Pest Management</i></em>).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating native and adapted plants:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces the amount of water used in landscaping.</li>\n<li>Reduces use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which contaminate water from runoff and pose a threat to humans, pets and the environment.</li>\n<li>Increases wildlife habitat and biodiversity.</li>\n<li>Reduces stormwater runoff and improves stormwater quality (replacing lawns and turf with natural vegetation maximizes stormwater absorption).</li>\n<li>Reduces the amount of landscape waste often generated from routine maintenance of a manicured landscape.</li>\n<li>Increases appreciation for regional, natural resources and sense of place.</li>\n<li>Saves maintenance cost (once established, native plants can be less costly to maintain than some non-native landscapes).</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>All landscapes require regular maintenance and a long-term maintenance plan. The cost of maintaining any landscape depends on the type of plants and the expectations for that landscape. Once established, native landscapes maintenance costs may be lower than some non-native landscapes.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency </b></strong></h2>\n<p>In coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, native and adapted plants act as an essential buffer to encroaching water during flood periods while acting as a routine defense against beach erosion.  For example, American Beachgrass considered one of the best lines of shoreline defense against storms, may also help prevent increasing levels of brackish water from infiltrating water tables close to a salt-water body.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> In general, the root systems of native plants can reduce runoff and mitigate flooding.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> In the event of droughts, water-efficient landscapes designed with native and adapted plants add layers of protection against water scarcity. Native plants also increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife necessary for a healthy and resilient ecosystem that can better rebound after a disturbance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Audubon. Plant Natives. <u><a href=\"http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html\">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html</a></u> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2010. National Park Service and U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service. “Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas.”  Washington, D.C. <u><a href=\"http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf\">http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf</a></u> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.  “Invasive Plants” <u><a href=\"http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx\">http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx</a></u>  (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. StormSmart Properties Fact Sheet 1: Artificial Dunes and Dune Nourishment.  <u><a href=\"http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html\">http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html</a></u> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> USDA Forest Service. Native Gardening.  <u><a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml\">https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml</a></u> (November 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Why Native Plants. <u><a href=\"https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants\">https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants</a></u> (accessed November 4, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-integrated-pest-management/\">Integrated Pest Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.i-cure.org/\">Center for Urban Restoration Ecology – A Collaboration between Rutgers University and Brooklyn Botanic Garden</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.cnt.org/tools/green-values-stormwater-toolbox\">Green Values Stormwater Toolbox</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friendly-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CEAM\">Native Plant Database</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org\">The Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs1140/\">Rutgers – New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station – Incorporating Native Plants</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.maipc.org/PlantInvadersMidAtlanticNaturalAreas5thEdition.pdf\">Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_043594.pdf\">USDA and NRCS Aberdeen Plant Materials Center – Plants for Riparian Buffers</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/\">USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/tools/greenscapes/web/html/index.html\">US EPA Greenscapes</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Native and Adapted Plants','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-native-and-adapted-plants','','','2022-06-23 17:56:24','2022-06-23 17:56:24','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1622',0,'post','',0),(1623,2,'2022-04-14 16:46:58','2022-04-14 16:46:58','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1622-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 16:46:58','2022-04-14 16:46:58','',1622,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1623',0,'revision','',0),(1625,2,'2022-04-14 16:48:55','2022-04-14 16:48:55','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Native and Adapted Plants\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What are Native and Adapted Plants? </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Native plant species thrive naturally in a particular region, ecosystem or habitat without direct or indirect human actions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Adapted plants have evolved to the physical conditions such as soil, climate, and geology of a site but were not formally part of the natural ecosystem.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Invasive plants grow quickly and aggressively, often displacing native plants and adversely impacting native wildlife, local food sources, and pollination.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Landscaping with plants that are native and adapted to the Mid-Atlantic geographic region nurtures a diverse and healthy ecosystem and saves time and maintenance costs. Diverse native habitats resist disease, reduce the need for synthetic pesticides, increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife, reduce stormwater runoff and mitigate flooding, and provide an alternative to the time-consuming, energy-intensive, and water-inefficient practices of lawn and turf care (see <em><i>Turf Grass Reduction</i></em>).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_24\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"wp-image-24 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Native-and-Adapated-Plants-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)\" width=\"424\" height=\"608\" /> Figure 1 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Native and Adapted Plants</b></strong></h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Assess existing site conditions: Is the site sunny or shaded? Flat or sloped? Is soil tight (clay) or loose (sand)? Drainage (quick or slow)? What is the existing vegetation on the site?</li>\n<li>Research local nurseries that specialize in native plants and contact nurseries in advance to obtain availability lists.</li>\n<li>Choose plants appropriate for the site conditions. The <u><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></u> provides a list of NJ native plants by County. Some projects may be eligible for the <u><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/whipart03.htm#signup\">Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program</a></u>. Resources such as <u><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friend-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></u> offer plant information and an easily searchable plant database.</li>\n<li>Site preparation: minimize disturbance to the natural landscape, test the soil, and amend the soil with compost when necessary.</li>\n<li>Install plants and water regularly until established (see <em><i>Water-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Create and implement a long-term land management plan for maintenance, including integrated pest management (see <em><i>Integrated Pest Management</i></em>).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating native and adapted plants:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces the amount of water used in landscaping.</li>\n<li>Reduces use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which contaminate water from runoff and pose a threat to humans, pets and the environment.</li>\n<li>Increases wildlife habitat and biodiversity.</li>\n<li>Reduces stormwater runoff and improves stormwater quality (replacing lawns and turf with natural vegetation maximizes stormwater absorption).</li>\n<li>Reduces the amount of landscape waste often generated from routine maintenance of a manicured landscape.</li>\n<li>Increases appreciation for regional, natural resources and sense of place.</li>\n<li>Saves maintenance cost (once established, native plants can be less costly to maintain than some non-native landscapes).</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>All landscapes require regular maintenance and a long-term maintenance plan. The cost of maintaining any landscape depends on the type of plants and the expectations for that landscape. Once established, native landscapes maintenance costs may be lower than some non-native landscapes.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency </b></strong></h2>\n<p>In coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, native and adapted plants act as an essential buffer to encroaching water during flood periods while acting as a routine defense against beach erosion.  For example, American Beachgrass considered one of the best lines of shoreline defense against storms, may also help prevent increasing levels of brackish water from infiltrating water tables close to a salt-water body.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> In general, the root systems of native plants can reduce runoff and mitigate flooding.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> In the event of droughts, water-efficient landscapes designed with native and adapted plants add layers of protection against water scarcity. Native plants also increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife necessary for a healthy and resilient ecosystem that can better rebound after a disturbance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Audubon. Plant Natives. <u><a href=\"http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html\">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html</a></u> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2010. National Park Service and U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service. “Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas.”  Washington, D.C. <u><a href=\"http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf\">http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf</a></u> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.  “Invasive Plants” <u><a href=\"http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx\">http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx</a></u>  (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. StormSmart Properties Fact Sheet 1: Artificial Dunes and Dune Nourishment.  <u><a href=\"http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html\">http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html</a></u> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> USDA Forest Service. Native Gardening.  <u><a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml\">https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml</a></u> (November 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Why Native Plants. <u><a href=\"https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants\">https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants</a></u> (accessed November 4, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-integrated-pest-management/\">Integrated Pest Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.i-cure.org/\">Center for Urban Restoration Ecology – A Collaboration between Rutgers University and Brooklyn Botanic Garden</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.cnt.org/tools/green-values-stormwater-toolbox\">Green Values Stormwater Toolbox</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friendly-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CEAM\">Native Plant Database</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org\">The Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs1140/\">Rutgers – New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station – Incorporating Native Plants</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.maipc.org/PlantInvadersMidAtlanticNaturalAreas5thEdition.pdf\">Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_043594.pdf\">USDA and NRCS Aberdeen Plant Materials Center – Plants for Riparian Buffers</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/\">USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/tools/greenscapes/web/html/index.html\">US EPA Greenscapes</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Native and Adapted Plants','','inherit','closed','closed','','1622-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 16:48:55','2022-04-14 16:48:55','',1622,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1625',0,'revision','',0),(1626,2,'2022-04-14 16:48:56','2022-04-14 16:48:56','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Native and Adapted Plants\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What are Native and Adapted Plants? </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Native plant species thrive naturally in a particular region, ecosystem or habitat without direct or indirect human actions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Adapted plants have evolved to the physical conditions such as soil, climate, and geology of a site but were not formally part of the natural ecosystem.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Invasive plants grow quickly and aggressively, often displacing native plants and adversely impacting native wildlife, local food sources, and pollination.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Landscaping with plants that are native and adapted to the Mid-Atlantic geographic region nurtures a diverse and healthy ecosystem and saves time and maintenance costs. Diverse native habitats resist disease, reduce the need for synthetic pesticides, increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife, reduce stormwater runoff and mitigate flooding, and provide an alternative to the time-consuming, energy-intensive, and water-inefficient practices of lawn and turf care (see <em><i>Turf Grass Reduction</i></em>).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_24\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"wp-image-24 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Native-and-Adapated-Plants-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)\" width=\"424\" height=\"608\" /> Figure 1 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Native and Adapted Plants</b></strong></h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Assess existing site conditions: Is the site sunny or shaded? Flat or sloped? Is soil tight (clay) or loose (sand)? Drainage (quick or slow)? What is the existing vegetation on the site?</li>\n<li>Research local nurseries that specialize in native plants and contact nurseries in advance to obtain availability lists.</li>\n<li>Choose plants appropriate for the site conditions. The <u><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></u> provides a list of NJ native plants by County. Some projects may be eligible for the <u><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/whipart03.htm#signup\">Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program</a></u>. Resources such as <u><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friend-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></u> offer plant information and an easily searchable plant database.</li>\n<li>Site preparation: minimize disturbance to the natural landscape, test the soil, and amend the soil with compost when necessary.</li>\n<li>Install plants and water regularly until established (see <em><i>Water-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Create and implement a long-term land management plan for maintenance, including integrated pest management (see <em><i>Integrated Pest Management</i></em>).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating native and adapted plants:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces the amount of water used in landscaping.</li>\n<li>Reduces use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which contaminate water from runoff and pose a threat to humans, pets and the environment.</li>\n<li>Increases wildlife habitat and biodiversity.</li>\n<li>Reduces stormwater runoff and improves stormwater quality (replacing lawns and turf with natural vegetation maximizes stormwater absorption).</li>\n<li>Reduces the amount of landscape waste often generated from routine maintenance of a manicured landscape.</li>\n<li>Increases appreciation for regional, natural resources and sense of place.</li>\n<li>Saves maintenance cost (once established, native plants can be less costly to maintain than some non-native landscapes).</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>All landscapes require regular maintenance and a long-term maintenance plan. The cost of maintaining any landscape depends on the type of plants and the expectations for that landscape. Once established, native landscapes maintenance costs may be lower than some non-native landscapes.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency </b></strong></h2>\n<p>In coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, native and adapted plants act as an essential buffer to encroaching water during flood periods while acting as a routine defense against beach erosion.  For example, American Beachgrass considered one of the best lines of shoreline defense against storms, may also help prevent increasing levels of brackish water from infiltrating water tables close to a salt-water body.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> In general, the root systems of native plants can reduce runoff and mitigate flooding.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> In the event of droughts, water-efficient landscapes designed with native and adapted plants add layers of protection against water scarcity. Native plants also increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife necessary for a healthy and resilient ecosystem that can better rebound after a disturbance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Audubon. Plant Natives. <u><a href=\"http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html\">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html</a></u> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2010. National Park Service and U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service. “Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas.”  Washington, D.C. <u><a href=\"http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf\">http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf</a></u> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.  “Invasive Plants” <u><a href=\"http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx\">http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx</a></u>  (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. StormSmart Properties Fact Sheet 1: Artificial Dunes and Dune Nourishment.  <u><a href=\"http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html\">http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html</a></u> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> USDA Forest Service. Native Gardening.  <u><a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml\">https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml</a></u> (November 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Why Native Plants. <u><a href=\"https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants\">https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants</a></u> (accessed November 4, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-integrated-pest-management/\">Integrated Pest Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.i-cure.org/\">Center for Urban Restoration Ecology – A Collaboration between Rutgers University and Brooklyn Botanic Garden</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.cnt.org/tools/green-values-stormwater-toolbox\">Green Values Stormwater Toolbox</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friendly-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CEAM\">Native Plant Database</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org\">The Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs1140/\">Rutgers – New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station – Incorporating Native Plants</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.maipc.org/PlantInvadersMidAtlanticNaturalAreas5thEdition.pdf\">Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_043594.pdf\">USDA and NRCS Aberdeen Plant Materials Center – Plants for Riparian Buffers</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/\">USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/tools/greenscapes/web/html/index.html\">US EPA Greenscapes</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1622-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 16:48:56','2022-04-14 16:48:56','',1622,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1626',0,'revision','',0),(1627,2,'2022-04-14 16:49:00','2022-04-14 16:49:00','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Native and Adapted Plants\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What are Native and Adapted Plants? </b></strong></h2>\n<p>Native plant species thrive naturally in a particular region, ecosystem or habitat without direct or indirect human actions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Adapted plants have evolved to the physical conditions such as soil, climate, and geology of a site but were not formally part of the natural ecosystem.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Invasive plants grow quickly and aggressively, often displacing native plants and adversely impacting native wildlife, local food sources, and pollination.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Landscaping with plants that are native and adapted to the Mid-Atlantic geographic region nurtures a diverse and healthy ecosystem and saves time and maintenance costs. Diverse native habitats resist disease, reduce the need for synthetic pesticides, increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife, reduce stormwater runoff and mitigate flooding, and provide an alternative to the time-consuming, energy-intensive, and water-inefficient practices of lawn and turf care (see <em><i>Turf Grass Reduction</i></em>).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_24\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"424\"]<img class=\"wp-image-24 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Native-and-Adapated-Plants-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)\" width=\"424\" height=\"608\" /> Figure 1 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Native and Adapted Plants</b></strong></h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Assess existing site conditions: Is the site sunny or shaded? Flat or sloped? Is soil tight (clay) or loose (sand)? Drainage (quick or slow)? What is the existing vegetation on the site?</li>\n<li>Research local nurseries that specialize in native plants and contact nurseries in advance to obtain availability lists.</li>\n<li>Choose plants appropriate for the site conditions. The <u><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></u> provides a list of NJ native plants by County. Some projects may be eligible for the <u><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/whipart03.htm#signup\">Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program</a></u>. Resources such as <u><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friend-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></u> offer plant information and an easily searchable plant database.</li>\n<li>Site preparation: minimize disturbance to the natural landscape, test the soil, and amend the soil with compost when necessary.</li>\n<li>Install plants and water regularly until established (see <em><i>Water-Efficient Landscaping</i></em>).</li>\n<li>Create and implement a long-term land management plan for maintenance, including integrated pest management (see <em><i>Integrated Pest Management</i></em>).</li>\n</ol>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating native and adapted plants:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces the amount of water used in landscaping.</li>\n<li>Reduces use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which contaminate water from runoff and pose a threat to humans, pets and the environment.</li>\n<li>Increases wildlife habitat and biodiversity.</li>\n<li>Reduces stormwater runoff and improves stormwater quality (replacing lawns and turf with natural vegetation maximizes stormwater absorption).</li>\n<li>Reduces the amount of landscape waste often generated from routine maintenance of a manicured landscape.</li>\n<li>Increases appreciation for regional, natural resources and sense of place.</li>\n<li>Saves maintenance cost (once established, native plants can be less costly to maintain than some non-native landscapes).</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>All landscapes require regular maintenance and a long-term maintenance plan. The cost of maintaining any landscape depends on the type of plants and the expectations for that landscape. Once established, native landscapes maintenance costs may be lower than some non-native landscapes.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency </b></strong></h2>\n<p>In coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, native and adapted plants act as an essential buffer to encroaching water during flood periods while acting as a routine defense against beach erosion.  For example, American Beachgrass considered one of the best lines of shoreline defense against storms, may also help prevent increasing levels of brackish water from infiltrating water tables close to a salt-water body.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> In general, the root systems of native plants can reduce runoff and mitigate flooding.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> In the event of droughts, water-efficient landscapes designed with native and adapted plants add layers of protection against water scarcity. Native plants also increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife necessary for a healthy and resilient ecosystem that can better rebound after a disturbance.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Audubon. Plant Natives. <u><a href=\"http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html\">http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html</a></u> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2010. National Park Service and U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service. “Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas.”  Washington, D.C. <u><a href=\"http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf\">http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf</a></u> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.  “Invasive Plants” <u><a href=\"http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx\">http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx</a></u>  (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. StormSmart Properties Fact Sheet 1: Artificial Dunes and Dune Nourishment.  <u><a href=\"http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html\">http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html</a></u> (accessed March 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> USDA Forest Service. Native Gardening.  <u><a href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml\">https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml</a></u> (November 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Why Native Plants. <u><a href=\"https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants\">https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants</a></u> (accessed November 4, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-integrated-pest-management/\">Integrated Pest Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.i-cure.org/\">Center for Urban Restoration Ecology – A Collaboration between Rutgers University and Brooklyn Botanic Garden</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.cnt.org/tools/green-values-stormwater-toolbox\">Green Values Stormwater Toolbox</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friendly-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CEAM\">Native Plant Database</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org\">The Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs1140/\">Rutgers – New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station – Incorporating Native Plants</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.maipc.org/PlantInvadersMidAtlanticNaturalAreas5thEdition.pdf\">Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablesites.org\">Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_043594.pdf\">USDA and NRCS Aberdeen Plant Materials Center – Plants for Riparian Buffers</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"http://plants.usda.gov/\">USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/tools/greenscapes/web/html/index.html\">US EPA Greenscapes</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Native and Adapted Plants','','inherit','closed','closed','','1622-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 16:49:00','2022-04-14 16:49:00','',1622,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1627',0,'revision','',0),(1628,2,'2022-04-14 17:46:03','2022-04-14 17:46:03','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Pervious Hardscape Materials\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Pervious Hardscape Materials? </strong></h2>\n<p>Pervious paving systems absorb water rather than diverting water into underlying soils, reducing runoff and treating pollutants as water passes through soils and replenishes groundwater.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Stormwater runoff occurs when precipitation, of all forms, falls on land or impervious surfaces and does not infiltrate into the ground. When the runoff flows over the land or impermeable surfaces, including impervious paved surfaces, it combines with pollutants such as debris, chemicals, and sediments. This polluted stormwater can negatively affect the hydrology and water quality of local water sources, resulting in habitat modification and loss, increased flooding, decreased biological diversity, increased sedimentation and erosion, contaminated drinking water, and forced beach closings due to health threats to swimmers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Green Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices, such as pervious hardscape materials, that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration (see <em>Rain Barrels and Cisterns and Vegetated Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers for use in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.</p>\n<p>The essential components of pervious surfaces include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Uncompacted subgrade (original, undisturbed soil)</li>\n<li>Base layer/filter fabric/geotextile</li>\n<li>Uniform crushed stone base</li>\n<li>Porous layer (pavement/paver/brick/stone)</li>\n</ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_577\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"880\"]<img class=\"wp-image-577 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-FIg-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Pervious hardscape (Source: Design New Jersey/Cambridge Pavers).\" width=\"880\" height=\"586\" /> Figure 1 – Pervious hardscape (Source: Design New Jersey/Cambridge Pavers).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Use Pervious Hardscape Materials</strong></h2>\n<p>Review municipal regulations for permission to use pervious paving materials and consult with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.</p>\n<p>Proper installation and base materials such as open-grade crushed stone maximize the surface’s ability to absorb and store water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the components of typical permeable concrete paver systems.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_424\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"734\"]<img class=\"wp-image-424 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010).\" width=\"734\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 2- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_106\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1142\"]<img class=\"wp-image-106 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 3- Typical construction of pervious paving (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems).\" width=\"1142\" height=\"498\" /> Figure 3- Typical construction of pervious paving (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems).[/caption]<p><u>Maintenance and Tips</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider using salvaged bricks or recycled stone pavers.</li>\n<li>Look for a regionally-quarried stone to reduce transportation costs and environmental footprint.</li>\n<li>To prevent clogging, immediately clean any soil deposited on pavement and vacuum (as necessary) twice each year.</li>\n<li>Maintain planted areas adjacent to the pavement.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>For additional information regarding the design of pervious pavement, see the <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual2.htm\">NJ DEP Stormwater Best Practices Manual</a> and the <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for NJ</a>.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/water-research/experimental-permeable-pavement-parking-lot-and-rain-garden-stormwater-management\">US EPA Region 2 Laboratory Parking Lot, Edison, NJ</a></p>\n<p>This demonstration project in Edison NJ included three types of permeable surfaces for a 110-vehicle-capacity parking lot. The project leveraged funding from US EPA’s <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-research-and-development-ord\">Office of Research and Development (ORD)</a> long-term research project examining various stormwater management practices and installed  instrumentation to study the impact of permeable surfaces on stormwater quanitity and quality, erosion, and threats to aquatic life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.farleypavers.com/downloads/Downtown-Altoona-Pennsylvania-Pavingstone-Project.pdf\">Altoona Downtown Revitalization – Altoona, PA</a></p>\n<p>A collaborative effort initiated by downtown business owners and other stakeholders resulted in over 42,000 SF of pervious pavers. A combination of pervious hardscapes was chosen depending on the application, from pavers to withstand traffic loads to compact stone for pedestrians.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.mortonarb.org/\">Morton Arboretum Visitor’s Center Parking Lot – Lisle, IL</a></p>\n<p>Rather than create detention facilities to address water runoff from required hardscapes (entrance road, passenger drop-off, parking lot), Morton Arboretum opted for permeable pavers covering 173,000 SF, allowing the site design to protect water quality and facilitate water management.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/southwest-park\">Southwest Park, Hoboken, NJ</a></p>\n<p>A one-acre park designed with green infrastructure such as bioswales, rain gardens, permeable pavement, and underground chambers that can store 200,000 gallons of stormwater runoff, South Park in Hoboken NJ helps reduce localized flooding in the surrounding neighborhood (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using pervious hardscape materials:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Alleviates the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff, thus mitigates flooding.</li>\n<li>Reduces pollution of total suspended solids and nutrients in the soil.</li>\n<li>Helps reduce the need for and size of detention ponds<strong>, </strong>thereby reducing the need to clear more land and wildlife habitats.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Costs for pervious paving materials vary by the project. The size of the project, local labor expenses, and the type of material all influence the final costs. Cost comparisons for paving materials can be misleading. For example, on average, a standard asphalt installation costs between $3.00 – $3.25 per square foot requires additional stormwater management systems, whereas pervious paving systems incorporate stormwater management.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>A more accurate cost comparison considers stormwater management costs. When asphalt projects consider stormwater management costs, for example, the cost rises to between $7 and $15 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Gravel pavers typically cost between $3.00 and $10.00 per square foot, while interlocking concrete pavers cost between $6.00 and $15.00 per square foot, and porous concrete cost ranges from $4.00 to $6.00 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> While these pervious paving materials may cost more initially than conventional asphalt, longer lifespans due to the higher durability inherent in concrete, reduce long-term maintenance costs and reduce repair costs and premature replacement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Green infrastructure, such as pervious hardscape materials, integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure. For example, pervious hardscape materials help to increase stormwater infiltration, reducing stress on municipal sewer systems during heavy rain events and help to recharge groundwater, during periods of drought.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> NJ DEP. Green Infrastructure in NJ. Pervious Pavement. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Stormwater Program <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program\">https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – <em>Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</em> <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. New Jersey Stormwater Best Practices Manual. “Best Practices Standard for Pervious Paving Systems.” <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018)<em>.</em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> NJ DEP. New Jersey Stormwater Best Practices Manual. “Best Practices Standard for Pervious Paving Systems” <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/water-research/experimental-permeable-pavement-parking-lot-and-rain-garden-stormwater-management\">https://www.epa.gov/water-research/experimental-permeable-pavement-parking-lot-and-rain-garden-stormwater-management</a>  (accessed March 24, 2018).<sup>  </sup></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Costs provided by a significant asphalt supplier in NJ (May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.” <a href=\"https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines_Permeable-Pavement_042120.pdf\">https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines_Permeable-Pavement_042120.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Homeadvisor.com. <a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/</a>   (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Improvenet.com.  <a href=\"https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers\">https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.”</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/rain-gardens-and-cisterns/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://developersguide.njfuture.org\">NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.icpi.org/\">Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lafoundation.org\">Landscape Architecture Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://wefstormwaterinstitute.org\">Water Environment Federation</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ Department of Environmental Protection</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Environmental Protection Agency</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-10/documents/draftlongtermstormwaterguide_508.pdf\">Community Solutions for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainability/giwiz\">Green Infrastructure Wizard</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Pervious Hardscape Materials','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-pervious-hardscape-materials','','','2022-06-23 19:33:02','2022-06-23 19:33:02','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1628',0,'post','',0),(1629,2,'2022-04-14 17:41:50','2022-04-14 17:41:50','','NC Pervious Hardscape Materials','','inherit','closed','closed','','1628-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 17:41:50','2022-04-14 17:41:50','',1628,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1629',0,'revision','',0),(1631,2,'2022-04-14 17:46:03','2022-04-14 17:46:03','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Pervious Hardscape Materials\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Pervious Hardscape Materials? </strong></h2>\n<p>Pervious paving systems absorb water rather than diverting water into underlying soils, reducing runoff and treating pollutants as water passes through soils and replenishes groundwater.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Stormwater runoff occurs when precipitation, of all forms, falls on land or impervious surfaces and does not infiltrate into the ground. When the runoff flows over the land or impermeable surfaces, including impervious paved surfaces, it combines with pollutants such as debris, chemicals, and sediments. This polluted stormwater can negatively affect the hydrology and water quality of local water sources, resulting in habitat modification and loss, increased flooding, decreased biological diversity, increased sedimentation and erosion, contaminated drinking water, and forced beach closings due to health threats to swimmers.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Green Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices, such as pervious hardscape materials, that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration (see <em>Rain Barrels and Cisterns and Vegetated Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers for use in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.</p>\n<p>The essential components of pervious surfaces include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Uncompacted subgrade (original, undisturbed soil)</li>\n<li>Base layer/filter fabric/geotextile</li>\n<li>Uniform crushed stone base</li>\n<li>Porous layer (pavement/paver/brick/stone)</li>\n</ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_577\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"880\"]<img class=\"wp-image-577 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-FIg-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Pervious hardscape (Source: Design New Jersey/Cambridge Pavers).\" width=\"880\" height=\"586\" /> Figure 1 – Pervious hardscape (Source: Design New Jersey/Cambridge Pavers).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Use Pervious Hardscape Materials</strong></h2>\n<p>Review municipal regulations for permission to use pervious paving materials and consult with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.</p>\n<p>Proper installation and base materials such as open-grade crushed stone maximize the surface’s ability to absorb and store water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the components of typical permeable concrete paver systems.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_424\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"734\"]<img class=\"wp-image-424 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010).\" width=\"734\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 2- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_106\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1142\"]<img class=\"wp-image-106 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Fig-3.png\" alt=\"Figure 3- Typical construction of pervious paving (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems).\" width=\"1142\" height=\"498\" /> Figure 3- Typical construction of pervious paving (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems).[/caption]<p><u>Maintenance and Tips</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consider using salvaged bricks or recycled stone pavers.</li>\n<li>Look for a regionally-quarried stone to reduce transportation costs and environmental footprint.</li>\n<li>To prevent clogging, immediately clean any soil deposited on pavement and vacuum (as necessary) twice each year.</li>\n<li>Maintain planted areas adjacent to the pavement.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>For additional information regarding the design of pervious pavement, see the <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual2.htm\">NJ DEP Stormwater Best Practices Manual</a> and the <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Green_Infrastructure_Guidance_Manual/2015-03-31_Manual.compressed.pdf\">Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for NJ</a>.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/water-research/experimental-permeable-pavement-parking-lot-and-rain-garden-stormwater-management\">US EPA Region 2 Laboratory Parking Lot, Edison, NJ</a></p>\n<p>This demonstration project in Edison NJ included three types of permeable surfaces for a 110-vehicle-capacity parking lot. The project leveraged funding from US EPA’s <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-research-and-development-ord\">Office of Research and Development (ORD)</a> long-term research project examining various stormwater management practices and installed  instrumentation to study the impact of permeable surfaces on stormwater quanitity and quality, erosion, and threats to aquatic life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.farleypavers.com/downloads/Downtown-Altoona-Pennsylvania-Pavingstone-Project.pdf\">Altoona Downtown Revitalization – Altoona, PA</a></p>\n<p>A collaborative effort initiated by downtown business owners and other stakeholders resulted in over 42,000 SF of pervious pavers. A combination of pervious hardscapes was chosen depending on the application, from pavers to withstand traffic loads to compact stone for pedestrians.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.mortonarb.org/\">Morton Arboretum Visitor’s Center Parking Lot – Lisle, IL</a></p>\n<p>Rather than create detention facilities to address water runoff from required hardscapes (entrance road, passenger drop-off, parking lot), Morton Arboretum opted for permeable pavers covering 173,000 SF, allowing the site design to protect water quality and facilitate water management.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.hobokennj.gov/resources/southwest-park\">Southwest Park, Hoboken, NJ</a></p>\n<p>A one-acre park designed with green infrastructure such as bioswales, rain gardens, permeable pavement, and underground chambers that can store 200,000 gallons of stormwater runoff, South Park in Hoboken NJ helps reduce localized flooding in the surrounding neighborhood (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Using pervious hardscape materials:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Alleviates the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff, thus mitigates flooding.</li>\n<li>Reduces pollution of total suspended solids and nutrients in the soil.</li>\n<li>Helps reduce the need for and size of detention ponds<strong>, </strong>thereby reducing the need to clear more land and wildlife habitats.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Costs for pervious paving materials vary by the project. The size of the project, local labor expenses, and the type of material all influence the final costs. Cost comparisons for paving materials can be misleading. For example, on average, a standard asphalt installation costs between $3.00 – $3.25 per square foot requires additional stormwater management systems, whereas pervious paving systems incorporate stormwater management.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>A more accurate cost comparison considers stormwater management costs. When asphalt projects consider stormwater management costs, for example, the cost rises to between $7 and $15 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Gravel pavers typically cost between $3.00 and $10.00 per square foot, while interlocking concrete pavers cost between $6.00 and $15.00 per square foot, and porous concrete cost ranges from $4.00 to $6.00 per square foot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> While these pervious paving materials may cost more initially than conventional asphalt, longer lifespans due to the higher durability inherent in concrete, reduce long-term maintenance costs and reduce repair costs and premature replacement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Green infrastructure, such as pervious hardscape materials, integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure. For example, pervious hardscape materials help to increase stormwater infiltration, reducing stress on municipal sewer systems during heavy rain events and help to recharge groundwater, during periods of drought.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> NJ DEP. Green Infrastructure in NJ. Pervious Pavement. <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/</a> (accessed April 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Stormwater Program <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program\">https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – <em>Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey</em> <a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ DEP. New Jersey Stormwater Best Practices Manual. “Best Practices Standard for Pervious Paving Systems.” <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018)<em>.</em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> NJ DEP. New Jersey Stormwater Best Practices Manual. “Best Practices Standard for Pervious Paving Systems” <a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf\">http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US EPA. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/water-research/experimental-permeable-pavement-parking-lot-and-rain-garden-stormwater-management\">https://www.epa.gov/water-research/experimental-permeable-pavement-parking-lot-and-rain-garden-stormwater-management</a>  (accessed March 24, 2018).<sup>  </sup></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Costs provided by a significant asphalt supplier in NJ (May 14, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.” <a href=\"https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Permeable-Pavement_Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines.pdf\">https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Permeable-Pavement_Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Homeadvisor.com. <a href=\"https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/\">https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/</a>   (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Improvenet.com.  <a href=\"https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers\">https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers</a> (accessed March 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.”</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-rain-barrels-and-cisterns/\">Rain Barrels and Cisterns</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/rain-gardens-and-cisterns/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n	<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://developersguide.njfuture.org\">NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.icpi.org/\">Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lafoundation.org\">Landscape Architecture Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html\">Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://wefstormwaterinstitute.org\">Water Environment Federation</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ Department of Environmental Protection</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/\">Stormwater Management</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Environmental Protection Agency</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-10/documents/draftlongtermstormwaterguide_508.pdf\">Community Solutions for Storm Water Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure\">Green Infrastructure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sustainability/giwiz\">Green Infrastructure Wizard</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Pervious Hardscape Materials','','inherit','closed','closed','','1628-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 17:46:03','2022-04-14 17:46:03','',1628,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1631',0,'revision','',0),(1633,2,'2022-04-14 17:49:54','2022-04-14 17:49:54','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Vegetated Roofs\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is a Vegetated Roof?</strong></h2>\n<p>A vegetated roof or green roof consists of vegetation in a lightweight growing medium placed on top of the drainage layer, root barrier, and waterproof membrane (see Figure 1). Vegetated roofs provide many environmental benefits such as decreased stormwater runoff and reduced energy use. They absorb air pollutants and provide a habitat for beneficial insects and birds, serve as a sound barrier, and mitigate the urban heat island effect.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_230\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"908\"]<img class=\"wp-image-230 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Vegetated-Roof-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: A basic cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual).\" width=\"908\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 1: A basic cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to How to Incorporate a Vegetated Roof</strong></h2>\n<p>There are many pre-engineered green roof systems available on the market, but green roof designs are often customized to achieve a project’s specific performance objectives. Consult a design professional and integrate the development of the green roof with the development of the building’s structure and systems. The roof strength must be able to hold 10-25 pounds per square foot above the requirements of an underlying roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>The two primary categories of vegetated roofs include: extensive and intensive. Extensive vegetated roofs consist of lightweight systems with shallow soil (or other growing media) depths usually less than 6 inches.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Extensive vegetated roofs require less structural support than an intensive system and support a limited palette of hardy plants adapted to extreme environments that need little maintenance. Intensive vegetated roofs typically have more than 6″ of soil or other growing media, weigh more than extensive vegetated roofs, and can support a greater variety of plants. Intensive systems require more maintenance and a higher initial investment than an extensive roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can host a variety of plant species but typically include drought-tolerant species such as hardy succulents, sedums, and perennials. Consider low-maintenance, native species capable of living in the shallow soil. For a list of species indigenous to the Northeast, see <a href=\"https://www.nycgovparks.org/greening/greenbelt-native-plant-center/garden-species-lists/garden-green-roof\">NYC Greenbelt Native Plant Center</a> or <a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">List of NJ Native Plants by County</a>.</p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs require some maintenance such as watering during the establishment period and occasional weeding. Seasonal pruning and cutting of grasses and annual plants reduce the accumulation of combustible material on the roof. Regularly inspect and maintain the components of the roof’s drainage system such as gutters, underdrains, and downspouts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.wrtdesign.com/work/geraldine-r-dodge-foundation-headquarters\">The Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation Green Roof, Morristown, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Native plant species inhabit the Foundation’s 2,000 square foot vegetated roof and provide a home for many bird and butterfly species while absorbing 98% of rainfall.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_117\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"642\"]<img class=\"wp-image-117 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Turf-Grass-Reduction-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"The Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation headquarters green roof in Morristown, NJ (Source: Wild New Jersey).\" width=\"642\" height=\"386\" /> The Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation headquarters green roof in Morristown, NJ (Source: Wild New Jersey).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p><u>Reduced Stormwater Runoff </u></p>\n<p>A vegetated roof can reduce stormwater runoff through retention and evapotranspiration and by slowing the release of precipitation, resulting in reduced peak flows in a watershed and reduced stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p><u>Reduced Urban Heat Island Effect </u></p>\n<p>The evapotranspiration provided by vegetated roofs reduces both the temperature of the roof and the surrounding air temperature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Vegetated roofs can remain 30-40% cooler than conventional roof surfaces, contributing to an average energy savings of 0.7% compared to non-vegetated roofs (see <em>Cool Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Several vegetated roofs in the NYC region were monitored to collect data about vegetated roofs and the urban heat island effect through the <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20121220212419/http://ccsr.columbia.edu/?id=resources\">Columbia University’s Center for Climate Systems Research</a> and the data collected help document the role that vegetated roofs can play in mitigating the urban heat island effect.</p>\n<p><u>Reduced Air Pollution </u></p>\n<p>Green roofs serve as a carbon sink, helping to offset carbon emissions. Vegetation traps dust and particulate matter as well as other contaminants such as nitrogen oxides.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p><u>Energy Conservation </u></p>\n<p>The multiple layers of a vegetated roof provide insulation (see <em>Insulation</em>). By increasing a building’s thermal mass, vegetated roofs can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season translating into less energy spent on climate control for the building (see <em>Thermal Mass</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><u>Increased Wildlife Habitat </u></p>\n<p>As the roof system matures, a mini-ecosystem, which supports a variety of beneficial insects, butterflies and birds can develop increasing biodiversity and providing a habitat for native wildlife.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><u>Improved Quality of Life </u></p>\n<p>Like other urban greenery, vegetated roofs provide many intangible benefits for people. Installing a vegetated roof can be a method for integrating more green space into the site and the community. Also, neighboring buildings may gain a bonus view of nature when located near a building with a vegetated roof (see <em>Biophilic Design and Energy-Efficient Windows)</em>.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_273\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"670\"]<img class=\"wp-image-273 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Vegetated-Roofs-Fig-3-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Benefits of Green Roofs (Source: Hartman, Danielle. Poster presentation, ESRI International User Conference, San Diego. July 2009).\" width=\"670\" height=\"648\" /> Figure 3 – Benefits of Green Roofs (Source: Hartman, Danielle. Poster presentation, ESRI International User Conference, San Diego. July 2009).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Costs </strong></h2>\n<p>According to the US EPA, estimated costs of installing a green roof average $10/sf for extensive roofing, and $25/sf for intensive roofs. Maintenance costs vary for either type of roof and may range from $0.75–$1.50/sf.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Changing temperatures and UV rays decrease the quality and life of a roof. Vegetated roofs protect rooftops and its structure, decreasing maintenance. Long-term savings from reduced heating and cooling costs and reduced maintenance can help offset the short-term capital costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can provide thermal insulation throughout all four seasons, reducing energy consumption and reliance on the electrical grid. In the event of a power outage, they can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season. During heavy rainfalls and flooding events, vegetated roofs can help reduce stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure and reduce combined sewer overflows.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Vegetated roofs can also offer local communities the opportunity to grow some of their food, reducing dependency on supply chains and transportation networks often disrupted or compromised from storms and other events.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> City of Portland. <a href=\"https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469\">https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> WBDG. Extensive Green Roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands</a>  (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques. <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2%20print.pdf\">http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2 print.pdf</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA. “Green Roofs for Stormwater Runoff Control” February 2009. <a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf\">https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US EPA. Heat Island Effect: Using Green Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Oberndorfer, Erica et. al. 2007. Green Roofs as Urban Ecosystems: Ecological Structures, Functions, and Services. <em>Biosciencemag.org </em>57, no. 10. <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/10/823/232363\">https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/10/823/232363</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> James Hoff. “Reducing Peak Energy Demand: A Hidden Benefit of Cool Roofs.” TEGNOS Research.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Peak-Demand-Hoff-11.11.14.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Peak-Demand-Hoff-11.11.14.pdf</a>  (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Extensive green roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US EPA Heat Island Effect – Green Roofs <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> City of Portland. “EcoRoofs.” <a href=\"https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469\">https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><sup>18  </sup>US EPA.  “Lower Building Energy Demands.”  <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/lower-building-energy-demands\">https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/lower-building-energy-demands</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenvalues.cnt.org/national/calculator.php\">Center for Neighborhood Technology – Green Values Calculator</a></li>\n<li>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2018). <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands\"><em>Estimating the environmental effects of green roofs: A case study in Kansas City, Missouri. </em></a>EPA 430-S-18-001.</li>\n<li>Gaffin, S. R., Kong, A.Y.Y., De Mel, J.M., and Rosenzweig, C. 2017. <em>Green, White and Dark Roofs – The energy perspective. </em>New York, NY, USA: Center for Climate Systems Research at Columbia University and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenroofs.org/about-green-roofs/\">Green Roofs for Healthy Cities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_2%20print.pdf\">New Jersey Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Extensive Vegetative Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Environmental Protection Agency</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf\">Green Roofs for Stormwater Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">Green Roofs – Heat Island Effect</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_3.pdf\">Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Vegetated Roofs','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-vegetated-roofs','','','2022-06-23 19:18:11','2022-06-23 19:18:11','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1633',0,'post','',0),(1634,2,'2022-04-14 17:46:33','2022-04-14 17:46:33','','NC Vegetated Roofs','','inherit','closed','closed','','1633-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 17:46:33','2022-04-14 17:46:33','',1633,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1634',0,'revision','',0),(1636,2,'2022-04-14 17:49:54','2022-04-14 17:49:54','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Vegetated Roofs\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is a Vegetated Roof?</strong></h2>\n<p>A vegetated roof or green roof consists of vegetation in a lightweight growing medium placed on top of the drainage layer, root barrier, and waterproof membrane (see Figure 1). Vegetated roofs provide many environmental benefits such as decreased stormwater runoff and reduced energy use. They absorb air pollutants and provide a habitat for beneficial insects and birds, serve as a sound barrier, and mitigate the urban heat island effect.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_230\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"908\"]<img class=\"wp-image-230 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Vegetated-Roof-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: A basic cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual).\" width=\"908\" height=\"542\" /> Figure 1: A basic cross-section of a vegetated roof (Source: New York City Department of Design &amp; Construction Cool and Green Roofing Manual).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to How to Incorporate a Vegetated Roof</strong></h2>\n<p>There are many pre-engineered green roof systems available on the market, but green roof designs are often customized to achieve a project’s specific performance objectives. Consult a design professional and integrate the development of the green roof with the development of the building’s structure and systems. The roof strength must be able to hold 10-25 pounds per square foot above the requirements of an underlying roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>The two primary categories of vegetated roofs include: extensive and intensive. Extensive vegetated roofs consist of lightweight systems with shallow soil (or other growing media) depths usually less than 6 inches.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Extensive vegetated roofs require less structural support than an intensive system and support a limited palette of hardy plants adapted to extreme environments that need little maintenance. Intensive vegetated roofs typically have more than 6″ of soil or other growing media, weigh more than extensive vegetated roofs, and can support a greater variety of plants. Intensive systems require more maintenance and a higher initial investment than an extensive roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can host a variety of plant species but typically include drought-tolerant species such as hardy succulents, sedums, and perennials. Consider low-maintenance, native species capable of living in the shallow soil. For a list of species indigenous to the Northeast, see <a href=\"https://www.nycgovparks.org/greening/greenbelt-native-plant-center/garden-species-lists/garden-green-roof\">NYC Greenbelt Native Plant Center</a> or <a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/pages/nativeplants_Plant_Lists.html\">List of NJ Native Plants by County</a>.</p>\n<p>Vegetated roofs require some maintenance such as watering during the establishment period and occasional weeding. Seasonal pruning and cutting of grasses and annual plants reduce the accumulation of combustible material on the roof. Regularly inspect and maintain the components of the roof’s drainage system such as gutters, underdrains, and downspouts.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.wrtdesign.com/work/geraldine-r-dodge-foundation-headquarters\">The Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation Green Roof, Morristown, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Native plant species inhabit the Foundation’s 2,000 square foot vegetated roof and provide a home for many bird and butterfly species while absorbing 98% of rainfall.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_117\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"642\"]<img class=\"wp-image-117 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Turf-Grass-Reduction-Fig-2-.png\" alt=\"The Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation headquarters green roof in Morristown, NJ (Source: Wild New Jersey).\" width=\"642\" height=\"386\" /> The Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation headquarters green roof in Morristown, NJ (Source: Wild New Jersey).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p><u>Reduced Stormwater Runoff </u></p>\n<p>A vegetated roof can reduce stormwater runoff through retention and evapotranspiration and by slowing the release of precipitation, resulting in reduced peak flows in a watershed and reduced stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p><u>Reduced Urban Heat Island Effect </u></p>\n<p>The evapotranspiration provided by vegetated roofs reduces both the temperature of the roof and the surrounding air temperature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Vegetated roofs can remain 30-40% cooler than conventional roof surfaces, contributing to an average energy savings of 0.7% compared to non-vegetated roofs (see <em>Cool Roofs</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Several vegetated roofs in the NYC region were monitored to collect data about vegetated roofs and the urban heat island effect through the <a href=\"http://www.ccsr.columbia.edu/?id=resources\">Columbia University’s Center for Climate Systems Research</a> and the data collected help document the role that vegetated roofs can play in mitigating the urban heat island effect.</p>\n<p><u>Reduced Air Pollution </u></p>\n<p>Green roofs serve as a carbon sink, helping to offset carbon emissions. Vegetation traps dust and particulate matter as well as other contaminants such as nitrogen oxides.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p><u>Energy Conservation </u></p>\n<p>The multiple layers of a vegetated roof provide insulation (see <em>Insulation</em>). By increasing a building’s thermal mass, vegetated roofs can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season translating into less energy spent on climate control for the building (see <em>Thermal Mass</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><u>Increased Wildlife Habitat </u></p>\n<p>As the roof system matures, a mini-ecosystem, which supports a variety of beneficial insects, butterflies and birds can develop increasing biodiversity and providing a habitat for native wildlife.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p><u>Improved Quality of Life </u></p>\n<p>Like other urban greenery, vegetated roofs provide many intangible benefits for people. Installing a vegetated roof can be a method for integrating more green space into the site and the community. Also, neighboring buildings may gain a bonus view of nature when located near a building with a vegetated roof (see <em>Biophilic Design and Energy-Efficient Windows)</em>.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_273\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"670\"]<img class=\"wp-image-273 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Vegetated-Roofs-Fig-3-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 3 – Benefits of Green Roofs (Source: Hartman, Danielle. Poster presentation, ESRI International User Conference, San Diego. July 2009).\" width=\"670\" height=\"648\" /> Figure 3 – Benefits of Green Roofs (Source: Hartman, Danielle. Poster presentation, ESRI International User Conference, San Diego. July 2009).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Costs </strong></h2>\n<p>According to the US EPA, estimated costs of installing a green roof average $10/sf for extensive roofing, and $25/sf for intensive roofs. Maintenance costs vary for either type of roof and may range from $0.75–$1.50/sf.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Changing temperatures and UV rays decrease the quality and life of a roof. Vegetated roofs protect rooftops and its structure, decreasing maintenance. Long-term savings from reduced heating and cooling costs and reduced maintenance can help offset the short-term capital costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Vegetated roofs can provide thermal insulation throughout all four seasons, reducing energy consumption and reliance on the electrical grid. In the event of a power outage, they can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season. During heavy rainfalls and flooding events, vegetated roofs can help reduce stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure and reduce combined sewer overflows.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> Vegetated roofs can also offer local communities the opportunity to grow some of their food, reducing dependency on supply chains and transportation networks often disrupted or compromised from storms and other events.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> City of Portland. <a href=\"https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469\">https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> WBDG. Extensive Green Roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs.” <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands</a>  (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques. <a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2%20print.pdf\">http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2 print.pdf</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US EPA. “Green Roofs for Stormwater Runoff Control” February 2009. <a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf\">https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US EPA. Heat Island Effect: Using Green Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Oberndorfer, Erica et. al. 2007. Green Roofs as Urban Ecosystems: Ecological Structures, Functions, and Services. <em>Biosciencemag.org </em>57, no. 10. <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/10/823/232363\">https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/10/823/232363</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> James Hoff. “Reducing Peak Energy Demand: A Hidden Benefit of Cool Roofs.” TEGNOS Research.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Peak-Demand-Hoff-11.11.14.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Peak-Demand-Hoff-11.11.14.pdf</a>  (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Whole Building Design Guide. Extensive green roofs. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> US EPA Heat Island Effect – Green Roofs <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm</a> (accessed April 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> City of Portland. “EcoRoofs.” <a href=\"https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469\">https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><sup>18  </sup>US EPA.  “Lower Building Energy Demands.”  <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/lower-building-energy-demands\">https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/lower-building-energy-demands</a> (accessed March 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</a> (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Mass</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://greenvalues.cnt.org/national/calculator.php\">Center for Neighborhood Technology – Green Values Calculator</a></li>\n<li>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2018). <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands\"><em>Estimating the environmental effects of green roofs: A case study in Kansas City, Missouri. </em></a>EPA 430-S-18-001.</li>\n<li>Gaffin, S. R., Kong, A.Y.Y., De Mel, J.M., and Rosenzweig, C. 2017. <em>Green, White and Dark Roofs – The energy perspective. </em>New York, NY, USA: Center for Climate Systems Research at Columbia University and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenroofs.org/about-green-roofs/\">Green Roofs for Healthy Cities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_2%20print.pdf\">New Jersey Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://sustainablesites.org/\">The Sustainable Sites Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Extensive Vegetative Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Environmental Protection Agency</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf\">Green Roofs for Stormwater Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm\">Green Roofs – Heat Island Effect</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_3.pdf\">Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Vegetated Roofs','','inherit','closed','closed','','1633-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 17:49:54','2022-04-14 17:49:54','',1633,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1636',0,'revision','',0),(1638,2,'2022-04-14 17:50:42','2022-04-14 17:50:42','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"New Commercial Buildings\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The Manual supports the construction of new green commercial buildings with diminished energy and environmental footprints and the greening of existing commercial buildings. This approach limits the impact of the built environment on the natural environment, while sensitivity to the location of building activities helps to prevent urban sprawl and preserves natural resources.</p>\n<p>Best practice strategies include all aspects of green building and design with an added focus on those that jointly promote energy efficiency and resiliency in keeping with the State of New Jersey policy objectives. The Manual organizes best practice strategies according to an operational framework based on a design-build-operate-evaluate process. Each strategy includes a short explanation or definition, implementation recommendations, New Jersey specific examples (when available), and sections on strategy benefits, costs, resiliency (if applicable), and additional resources.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Design\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf568;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operational Tools\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe035;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/building-information-modeling-bim/\">Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/\">Brownfield and Infill Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/\">Site Protection Plan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p><strong>Envelope</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Mechanicals and Equipment</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Energy Supply</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/\">Biomass Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/\">On-Site Wind Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/\">Photovoltaic Systems (PV)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Water\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf043;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/\">Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/\">On-Site Alternative Water Re-use</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Backup Systems\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf5df;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/\">Emergency Water Supply and Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-storm-preparation-and-emergency-planning/\">Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/\">Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/\">Flexible Workspaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/\">Non-Toxic Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Build\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf6e3;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/\">Construction &amp; Demolition Waste Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/\">High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/\">Light Pollution Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Operate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf085;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operations & Maintenance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe038;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Smart Infrastructure\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1eb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Evaluate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf3fd;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Building Performance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf080;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.03)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Case Studies</h2>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"30%\" module_alignment=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_divider][et_pb_portfolio fullwidth=\"off\" include_categories=\"3\" show_categories=\"off\" show_pagination=\"off\" hover_overlay_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_portfolio][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','New Commercial','','inherit','closed','closed','','659-revision-v1','','','2022-04-14 17:50:42','2022-04-14 17:50:42','',659,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1638',0,'revision','',0),(1640,2,'2022-04-15 13:37:20','2022-04-15 13:37:20','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Air Infiltration\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Air Infiltration?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Air infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_242\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"866\"]<img class=\"wp-image-242 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"866\" height=\"874\" /> Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Manage Air Infiltration</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Minimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see <em><i>Insulation, Moisture Control, </i></em>and <em><i>Natural Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Many green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2015-project-certification/phius-certification-overview\">Passive House Institute US Certification Program</a> (also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.</li>\n<li>An airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.</li>\n<li>Well installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.</li>\n<li>Balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.</li>\n<li>Passive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/case-studies/rmi-innovation-center\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.</a></p>\n<p>The RMI Innovation Center achieved Passive House US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value<em>, </em>0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft<sup>2</sup>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Airtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Continuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings</a> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration. <a href=\"https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration\">https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration</a>  (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration. <a href=\"http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf\">http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> <em>Lstiburek, </em>Joseph<em>. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.  <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511112921/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.” <a href=\"https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952\">https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952</a> (accessed March 19. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide.<a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php</a> (accessed Mach 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of</p>\n<p>Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.” <a href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf\">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf</a>(accessed Mach 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/blower-door-tests\">Blower Door Test</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energyplus.net/\">EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511112921/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Air Infiltration','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-air-infiltration','','','2022-06-23 19:21:24','2022-06-23 19:21:24','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1640',0,'post','',0),(1641,2,'2022-04-15 13:34:00','2022-04-15 13:34:00','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1640-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 13:34:00','2022-04-15 13:34:00','',1640,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1641',0,'revision','',0),(1643,2,'2022-04-15 13:37:20','2022-04-15 13:37:20','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Air Infiltration\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Air Infiltration?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Air infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_242\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"866\"]<img class=\"wp-image-242 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"866\" height=\"874\" /> Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Manage Air Infiltration</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Minimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see <em><i>Insulation, Moisture Control, </i></em>and <em><i>Natural Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Many green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2015-project-certification/phius-certification-overview\">Passive House Institute US Certification Program</a> (also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.</li>\n<li>An airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.</li>\n<li>Well installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.</li>\n<li>Balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.</li>\n<li>Passive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/case-studies/rmi-innovation-center\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.</a></p>\n<p>The RMI Innovation Center achieved Passive House US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value<em>, </em>0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft<sup>2</sup>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Airtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Continuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings</a> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration. <a href=\"https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration\">https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration</a>  (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration. <a href=\"http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf\">http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> <em>Lstiburek, </em>Joseph<em>. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.  <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.” <a href=\"https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952\">https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952</a> (accessed March 19. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide.<a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php</a> (accessed Mach 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of</p>\n<p>Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.” <a href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf\">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf</a>(accessed Mach 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/blower-door-tests\">Blower Door Test</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energyplus.net/\">EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique#313826-tab-1\">PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Air Infiltration','','inherit','closed','closed','','1640-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 13:37:20','2022-04-15 13:37:20','',1640,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1643',0,'revision','',0),(1644,2,'2022-04-15 13:37:20','2022-04-15 13:37:20','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Air Infiltration\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Air Infiltration?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Air infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_242\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"866\"]<img class=\"wp-image-242 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"866\" height=\"874\" /> Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Manage Air Infiltration</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Minimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see <em><i>Insulation, Moisture Control, </i></em>and <em><i>Natural Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Many green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2015-project-certification/phius-certification-overview\">Passive House Institute US Certification Program</a> (also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.</li>\n<li>An airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.</li>\n<li>Well installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.</li>\n<li>Balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.</li>\n<li>Passive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/case-studies/rmi-innovation-center\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.</a></p>\n<p>The RMI Innovation Center achieved Passive House US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value<em>, </em>0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft<sup>2</sup>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Airtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Continuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings</a> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration. <a href=\"https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration\">https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration</a>  (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration. <a href=\"http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf\">http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> <em>Lstiburek, </em>Joseph<em>. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.  <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.” <a href=\"https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952\">https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952</a> (accessed March 19. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide.<a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php</a> (accessed Mach 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of</p>\n<p>Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.” <a href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf\">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf</a>(accessed Mach 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/blower-door-tests\">Blower Door Test</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energyplus.net/\">EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique#313826-tab-1\">PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1640-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 13:37:20','2022-04-15 13:37:20','',1640,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1644',0,'revision','',0),(1645,2,'2022-04-15 13:37:24','2022-04-15 13:37:24','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Air Infiltration\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Air Infiltration?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Air infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_242\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"866\"]<img class=\"wp-image-242 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Building-Evaluation-Fig-2-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)\" width=\"866\" height=\"874\" /> Figure 1 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Manage Air Infiltration</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Minimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see <em><i>Insulation, Moisture Control, </i></em>and <em><i>Natural Ventilation</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n<p>The PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Many green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/phius-2015-project-certification/phius-certification-overview\">Passive House Institute US Certification Program</a> (also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.</li>\n<li>An airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.</li>\n<li>Well installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.</li>\n<li>Balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.</li>\n<li>Passive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</li>\n</ol>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.phius.org/phius-certification-for-buildings-products/case-studies/rmi-innovation-center\">Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.</a></p>\n<p>The RMI Innovation Center achieved Passive House US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value<em>, </em>0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft<sup>2</sup>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Airtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Continuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Reducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings</a> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration. <a href=\"https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration\">https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration</a>  (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration. <a href=\"http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf\">http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> <em>Lstiburek, </em>Joseph<em>. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.  <a href=\"https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers\">https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</em></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles <a href=\"http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles\">http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.” <a href=\"https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952\">https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952</a> (accessed March 19. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide.<a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php</a> (accessed Mach 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of</p>\n<p>Commercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.” <a href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf\">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf</a>(accessed Mach 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, <a href=\"https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/\">https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/</a> (accessed March 19, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-moisture-control/\">Moisture Control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ashrae.org/\">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/blower-door-tests\">Blower Door Test</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://energyplus.net/\">EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique#313826-tab-1\">PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Air Infiltration','','inherit','closed','closed','','1640-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 13:37:24','2022-04-15 13:37:24','',1640,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1645',0,'revision','',0),(1646,2,'2022-04-15 13:44:42','2022-04-15 13:44:42','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Cool Roofs\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What are Cool Roofs?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs reflect (solar reflectance) and radiate heat (thermal emittance) away from the building and reduce roof temperature (see Figure 1). The Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) measures roof reflectance and emissivity on a scale of 0 to 100, and the higher the value, the “cooler” the roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> White, light-colored, and reflective colored surfaces have a higher SRI than dark-colored roofs.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_132\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"732\"]<img class=\"wp-image-132 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Reflectance and Emittance of cool roofs (Source: Cool Roof Rating Council)\" width=\"732\" height=\"500\" /> Figure 1: Reflectance and Emittance of cool roofs (Source: Cool Roof Rating Council)[/caption]<p>Conventional dark colored roofs absorb sunlight, generating heat and increasing the cooling load of the building. The heat generated by conventional roofs also contributes to the heat island effect in urban and dense suburban areas. Heat island effect takes place when built up or densely developed areas experience an increase in temperature due to larger areas of dark pavement and roofs that absorb heat from the sun. Rising temperatures result in increased energy demands, which can lead to higher air conditioning costs, increased greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and increased risk of heat-related illnesses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Urbanized and densely populated suburban regions are more vulnerable to the heat island effect, and conditions tend to be worse during the summer months.</p>\n<p>Many building codes and green building programs have a cool roof and urban heat island mitigation requirements that refer to <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/roof_products/cool_roofs_emissivity\">ENERGY STAR</a> and the <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/\">Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)</a> voluntary labeling programs.</p>\n<p>ENERGY STAR labels roof products that meet the following reflectance requirements and provides information about emissivity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_8\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1460\"]<img class=\"wp-image-8 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Table-1-.png\" alt=\"(Source: Energy Star)\" width=\"1460\" height=\"300\" /> (Source: Energy Star)[/caption]<p>The Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) does not set minimum requirements but uses independent and accredited testing laboratories and a random testing program to identify products on its online <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/products/results\">Rated Products Directory</a> that meet the ANSI/CRRC S100 accredited standard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Cool roofs options are available for most standard roofing materials and come in common roofing colors (e.g., gray, red).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> There are two main types of cool roofs: low-sloped and steep-sloped (the majority of commercial buildings have low-sloped roofs).</p>\n<p>The following table lists roofing coverings for low-slope and steep-slope roofs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_224\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1526\"]<img class=\"wp-image-224 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Table-2-.png\" alt=\"(source: National Institute of Building Sciences, Whole Building Design Guide)\" width=\"1526\" height=\"1204\" /> (source: National Institute of Building Sciences, Whole Building Design Guide)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Cool Roofs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The decision to incorporate cool roofs depends on the local climate, a building’s heating and cooling loads, peak energy demands, and shading provided by surrounding trees or structures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Incorporating cool roofs requires proper selection and installation of the roof product or roof coating. Refer to the Energy Star and CRRC products list. Cool roof design combined with appropriate roof insulation, shade tree placement, and properly sized HVAC equipment maximizes energy and cost savings (See <em><i>Insulation</i></em>, <em><i>Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</i></em>, and <em><i>Tree Protection and Placement)</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Complementary strategies include vegetated roofs and roof-top photovoltaic systems (see <em><i>Vegetated Roofs</i></em>, <em><i>Photovoltaic Systems</i></em>).</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs offer several potential benefits, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Energy cost savings by reducing cooling loads.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Lowered peak electricity demand which decreases the likelihood of power outages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Reduced roof temperatures which may reduce roof maintenance and replacement expenses by extending roof life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Increased indoor thermal comfort in summer, helping to prevent heat-related illness and deaths.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Mitigated heat island effect in cities and suburbs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Reduced air pollution and smog formation.</li>\n<li>Water reduction savings for urban irrigation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Minimized heat loss in winter in cold climates when combined with appropriate insulation levels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p>A study by the NYC Department of Design &amp; Construction (DDC) found that installing cool roofs throughout the New York Metropolitan region could reduce the effects of urban heat island effect by 2-3°F.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\"><sup>[18]</sup></a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_441\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"996\"]<img class=\"wp-image-441 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – The light-colored roof of the EDA Tech Center in Camden, NJ reduces the urban heat island effect and lowers summer cooling loads. (Source: Clint Andrews, Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"996\" height=\"726\" /> Figure 2 – The light-colored roof of the EDA Tech Center in Camden, NJ reduces the urban heat island effect and lowers summer cooling loads. (Source: Clint Andrews, Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A roof’s life cycle costs include upfront installation (materials and labor) and ongoing savings and maintenance costs (repair, recoating, and cleaning). The installed costs vary depending on the type and size of the roof, complexity of the roof system, and building location. In many cases, cool roofs cost about the same as conventional dark roofs with the cost premium ranging from $0.05 to $1.50/SF over conventional roofing products.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\"><sup>[19]</sup></a> These costs can be recovered in the relatively short-term (1 year or less) through decreased energy consumption.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\"><sup>[20]</sup></a></p>\n<p>For a list of price premiums for cool roofs, see the Global Cool Cities Alliance’s <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/\">Cool Roof and Pavements Toolkit</a>. For up-to-date information on available incentives, please visit the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/main/rebates-and-promotions/rebates-and-promotions\">New Jersey Clean Energy website.</a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs contribute to resiliency by providing a durable roofing material and through energy efficiency.  For example, cool roofs enhance roofing durability by reducing thermal flux and increasing the roof’s resiliency to changing climate conditions, heat and UV aging.  Cool roofs also contribute to decreased air-conditioning loads, thereby extending the life of AC units. Regarding energy efficiency, cool roofs, combined with proper insulation levels, can reduce heating and cooling loads, reducing stress on the grid, and help to regulate thermal comfort in the event of a power outage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/\">http://coolroofs.org</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Solecki, William D. et al.,<em> Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region,</em> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science, Research, and Technology (2004). <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf</a>  (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> ENERGY STAR. “Roof Products Key Product Criteria.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_crit_roof_products\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_crit_roof_products</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Cool Roof Rating Council. 2016. “Policy Makers and Code Official: Learn about Cool Roofs.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf\">http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 13. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide – Roofing Systems. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/roofing-systems\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/roofing-systems</a> (accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Slope = rise/run. Low slope means that for every 12 horizontal inches, the roof’s rise is three vertical inches or less.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Slope = rise/run. Steep slope means that for every 12 horizontal inches, the roof’s rise is three vertical inches or greater.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 21. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 9. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> CRRC. “Resources for Code Officials and Policy Makers” <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf\">http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf</a> (accessed June 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a> The “heat island effect” refers to developed areas that experience an increase in temperature that has the effect of increasing energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a> Vahmani, Pouya. (2017) “Water Conservation Benefits of Urban Heat Mitigation.” Nature Communication 8, Article: 1072, <a href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/\">http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/</a> (accessed March 16. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a> Ramamurthy, P. et al. “The joint influence of albedo and insulation on roof performance: An observational study,” 2015, Energy and Buildings, Volume 93, pages 249-258. <a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study\">https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study</a> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\"><sup>[18]</sup></a> New York City Department of Design and Construction. DDC Cool &amp; Green Roofing Manual. <a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/cool_green_roof_man.pdf\">http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/cool_green_roof_man.pdf</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\"><sup>[19]</sup></a> Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Page 12, Table 5. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf</a> (accessed June 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\"><sup>[20]</sup></a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 35. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-roofs\">Berkeley Lab -Heat Island Group</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.coolroofs.org/\">Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200921035833/http://coolmetalroofing.org/\">Cool Metal Roofing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/roof_products/cool_roofs_emissivity\">Energy Star – Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://rsc.ornl.gov/\">EPA Roof Savings Calculator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://globalcoolcities.org/\">Global Cool Cities Alliance</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/\">Cool Roof and Cool Pavements Toolkit</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrca.net/\">National Roofing Contractors Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisld/mitigation/coolroofs.htm\">US EPA – Heat Island Effect: Cool Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/tools/cool-roof/\">Cool Roof Calculator: Estimates Cooling and Heating Savings for Flat Roofs with Non-Black Surfaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">Guidelines for Selecting Cool Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Cool Roofs','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-cool-roofs','','','2022-06-23 19:21:33','2022-06-23 19:21:33','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1646',0,'post','',0),(1647,2,'2022-04-15 13:37:47','2022-04-15 13:37:47','','NC Cool Roofs','','inherit','closed','closed','','1646-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 13:37:47','2022-04-15 13:37:47','',1646,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1647',0,'revision','',0),(1649,2,'2022-04-15 13:44:42','2022-04-15 13:44:42','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Cool Roofs\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What are Cool Roofs?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs reflect (solar reflectance) and radiate heat (thermal emittance) away from the building and reduce roof temperature (see Figure 1). The Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) measures roof reflectance and emissivity on a scale of 0 to 100, and the higher the value, the “cooler” the roof.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> White, light-colored, and reflective colored surfaces have a higher SRI than dark-colored roofs.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_132\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"732\"]<img class=\"wp-image-132 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Reflectance and Emittance of cool roofs (Source: Cool Roof Rating Council)\" width=\"732\" height=\"500\" /> Figure 1: Reflectance and Emittance of cool roofs (Source: Cool Roof Rating Council)[/caption]<p>Conventional dark colored roofs absorb sunlight, generating heat and increasing the cooling load of the building. The heat generated by conventional roofs also contributes to the heat island effect in urban and dense suburban areas. Heat island effect takes place when built up or densely developed areas experience an increase in temperature due to larger areas of dark pavement and roofs that absorb heat from the sun. Rising temperatures result in increased energy demands, which can lead to higher air conditioning costs, increased greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and increased risk of heat-related illnesses.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Urbanized and densely populated suburban regions are more vulnerable to the heat island effect, and conditions tend to be worse during the summer months.</p>\n<p>Many building codes and green building programs have a cool roof and urban heat island mitigation requirements that refer to <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/roof_products/cool_roofs_emissivity\">ENERGY STAR</a> and the <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/\">Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)</a> voluntary labeling programs.</p>\n<p>ENERGY STAR labels roof products that meet the following reflectance requirements and provides information about emissivity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_8\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1460\"]<img class=\"wp-image-8 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Table-1-.png\" alt=\"(Source: Energy Star)\" width=\"1460\" height=\"300\" /> (Source: Energy Star)[/caption]<p>The Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) does not set minimum requirements but uses independent and accredited testing laboratories and a random testing program to identify products on its online <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/products/results\">Rated Products Directory</a> that meet the ANSI/CRRC S100 accredited standard.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Cool roofs options are available for most standard roofing materials and come in common roofing colors (e.g., gray, red).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> There are two main types of cool roofs: low-sloped and steep-sloped (the majority of commercial buildings have low-sloped roofs).</p>\n<p>The following table lists roofing coverings for low-slope and steep-slope roofs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_224\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1526\"]<img class=\"wp-image-224 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Table-2-.png\" alt=\"(source: National Institute of Building Sciences, Whole Building Design Guide)\" width=\"1526\" height=\"1204\" /> (source: National Institute of Building Sciences, Whole Building Design Guide)[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>How to Incorporate Cool Roofs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The decision to incorporate cool roofs depends on the local climate, a building’s heating and cooling loads, peak energy demands, and shading provided by surrounding trees or structures.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Incorporating cool roofs requires proper selection and installation of the roof product or roof coating. Refer to the Energy Star and CRRC products list. Cool roof design combined with appropriate roof insulation, shade tree placement, and properly sized HVAC equipment maximizes energy and cost savings (See <em><i>Insulation</i></em>, <em><i>Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</i></em>, and <em><i>Tree Protection and Placement)</i></em>.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Complementary strategies include vegetated roofs and roof-top photovoltaic systems (see <em><i>Vegetated Roofs</i></em>, <em><i>Photovoltaic Systems</i></em>).</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs offer several potential benefits, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Energy cost savings by reducing cooling loads.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Lowered peak electricity demand which decreases the likelihood of power outages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Reduced roof temperatures which may reduce roof maintenance and replacement expenses by extending roof life.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Increased indoor thermal comfort in summer, helping to prevent heat-related illness and deaths.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Mitigated heat island effect in cities and suburbs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Reduced air pollution and smog formation.</li>\n<li>Water reduction savings for urban irrigation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Minimized heat loss in winter in cold climates when combined with appropriate insulation levels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p>A study by the NYC Department of Design &amp; Construction (DDC) found that installing cool roofs throughout the New York Metropolitan region could reduce the effects of urban heat island effect by 2-3°F.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\"><sup>[18]</sup></a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_441\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"996\"]<img class=\"wp-image-441 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Cool-Roof-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – The light-colored roof of the EDA Tech Center in Camden, NJ reduces the urban heat island effect and lowers summer cooling loads. (Source: Clint Andrews, Rutgers Center for Green Building).\" width=\"996\" height=\"726\" /> Figure 2 – The light-colored roof of the EDA Tech Center in Camden, NJ reduces the urban heat island effect and lowers summer cooling loads. (Source: Clint Andrews, Rutgers Center for Green Building).[/caption]\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>A roof’s life cycle costs include upfront installation (materials and labor) and ongoing savings and maintenance costs (repair, recoating, and cleaning). The installed costs vary depending on the type and size of the roof, complexity of the roof system, and building location. In many cases, cool roofs cost about the same as conventional dark roofs with the cost premium ranging from $0.05 to $1.50/SF over conventional roofing products.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\"><sup>[19]</sup></a> These costs can be recovered in the relatively short-term (1 year or less) through decreased energy consumption.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\"><sup>[20]</sup></a></p>\n<p>For a list of price premiums for cool roofs, see the Global Cool Cities Alliance’s <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/\">Cool Roof and Pavements Toolkit</a>. For up-to-date information on available incentives, please visit the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/main/rebates-and-promotions/rebates-and-promotions\">New Jersey Clean Energy website.</a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Cool roofs contribute to resiliency by providing a durable roofing material and through energy efficiency.  For example, cool roofs enhance roofing durability by reducing thermal flux and increasing the roof’s resiliency to changing climate conditions, heat and UV aging.  Cool roofs also contribute to decreased air-conditioning loads, thereby extending the life of AC units. Regarding energy efficiency, cool roofs, combined with proper insulation levels, can reduce heating and cooling loads, reducing stress on the grid, and help to regulate thermal comfort in the event of a power outage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/\">http://coolroofs.org</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Solecki, William D. et al.,<em> Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region,</em> New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science, Research, and Technology (2004). <a href=\"http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf\">http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf</a>  (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> ENERGY STAR. “Roof Products Key Product Criteria.” <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_crit_roof_products\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_crit_roof_products</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Cool Roof Rating Council. 2016. “Policy Makers and Code Official: Learn about Cool Roofs.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf\">http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 13. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide – Roofing Systems. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/roofing-systems\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/roofing-systems</a> (accessed May 31, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Slope = rise/run. Low slope means that for every 12 horizontal inches, the roof’s rise is three vertical inches or less.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> Slope = rise/run. Steep slope means that for every 12 horizontal inches, the roof’s rise is three vertical inches or greater.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 21. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 9. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. <a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands\">https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> CRRC. “Resources for Code Officials and Policy Makers” <a href=\"http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf\">http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf</a> (accessed June 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a> The “heat island effect” refers to developed areas that experience an increase in temperature that has the effect of increasing energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a> Vahmani, Pouya. (2017) “Water Conservation Benefits of Urban Heat Mitigation.” Nature Communication 8, Article: 1072, <a href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/\">http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/</a> (accessed March 16. 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a> Ramamurthy, P. et al. “The joint influence of albedo and insulation on roof performance: An observational study,” 2015, Energy and Buildings, Volume 93, pages 249-258. <a href=\"https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study\">https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study</a> (accessed March 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\"><sup>[18]</sup></a> New York City Department of Design and Construction. DDC Cool &amp; Green Roofing Manual. <a href=\"http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/cool_green_roof_man.pdf\">http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/cool_green_roof_man.pdf</a> (accessed March 16, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\"><sup>[19]</sup></a> Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Page 12, Table 5. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf</a> (accessed June 25, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\"><sup>[20]</sup></a> Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 35. <a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf\">https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf</a> (accessed June 22, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-roofs\">Berkeley Lab -Heat Island Group</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.coolroofs.org/\">Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.coolmetalroofing.org/\">Cool Metal Roofing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/roof_products/cool_roofs_emissivity\">Energy Star – Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://rsc.ornl.gov/\">EPA Roof Savings Calculator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://globalcoolcities.org/\">Global Cool Cities Alliance</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/\">Cool Roof and Cool Pavements Toolkit</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrca.net/\">National Roofing Contractors Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/heatisld/mitigation/coolroofs.htm\">US EPA – Heat Island Effect: Cool Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/tools/cool-roof/\">Cool Roof Calculator: Estimates Cooling and Heating Savings for Flat Roofs with Non-Black Surfaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf\">Guidelines for Selecting Cool Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Cool Roofs','','inherit','closed','closed','','1646-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 13:44:42','2022-04-15 13:44:42','',1646,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1649',0,'revision','',0),(1651,2,'2022-04-15 13:49:50','2022-04-15 13:49:50','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy-Efficient Windows\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Energy-Efficient or High-Performance Windows?</strong></h2>\n<p>Windows form part of the fenestration system of a building and play a key role in maintaining a highly insulated building envelope (see <em>Insulation</em>). The fenestration system, or arrangement of openings in a building envelope, determines a building’s HVAC requirements and daylighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Appropriately placed and selected energy-efficient or high-performance windows maximize natural light and minimize glare and heat gain or loss, decreasing dependence on electric lighting and HVAC systems and improving thermal comfort, energy-efficiency, and daylighting (see <em>Daylighting</em> and <em>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_491\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"756\"]<img class=\"wp-image-491 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Efficient-Windows-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Windows and Skylights (Source: US DOE Energy Savers).\" width=\"756\" height=\"604\" /> Figure 1 – Windows and Skylights (Source: US DOE Energy Savers).[/caption]<p>High-performance window technologies including low emissive or low-e glass panes, spacers, and insulated frames help prevent energy loss due to conduction, radiation, convection, and air leakage (see <em>Air Infiltration</em>). Low-e windows, treated with a microscopically thin coating, reduce heat flow. Spacers or tiny pieces placed between panes in double- or triple- paned windows, create an insulated space often filled with an inert gas such as argon or krypton to increase the window’s insulation properties (see <em>Insulation</em>). Advanced window technologies such as chromogenic windows and auto-operated windows and shading devices offer daylighting, solar heat gain control and ventilation benefits. Two types of chromogenic windows include thermochromic, which uses adhesive coating to adjust tinting passively with window surface temperature; and electrochromic, which use operable switches or automated building control systems to tint the window via electric current.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Operable windows and shading systems use auto-controlled devices that open and close at specific times of the day to manage ventilation levels or light levels and control indoor temperatures and manage solar heat gain.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>State and local energy codes, federal tax credits, and utility incentives, and ENERGY STAR base their criteria for energy-efficient windows on certified ratings by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC). NFRC labels provide ratings for <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php\">U-factor</a>, <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/shgc.php\">Solar Heat Gain Coefficient</a> (SHGC), <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/vt.php\">Visible Light Transmittance</a> (VT), and optionally <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/al.php\">Air Leakage</a> (AL) and <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/cr.php\">Condensation Resistance</a> (CR) ratings (see Figure 2).</p>\n<p>A window’s U-factor describes its rate of heat transfer or insulating properties. A lower U-factor indicates a window with higher resistance to heat flow, or a better-insulated window.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. The Air Leakage (AL) rating describes leakage through cracks in the window assembly. Condensation Resistance (CR) rates windows on a range between 1 and 100 with higher numbers signaling increased resistance to condensation.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Energy Efficient Windows</strong></h2>\n<p>Use simulation programs such as the <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool</a> or <a href=\"https://windows.lbl.gov/software/resfen\">Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN</a> to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">ENERGY STAR label</a>, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> When selecting a window based on performance, look for visible transmittance (VT) levels higher than (&gt; 70%), especially for daylighting applications (see <em>Daylighting</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, EnergyStar recommends SHGC of 0.4 (40%) or lower for buildings with moderate air conditioning requirements. Look for SHGC values of 0.25 or less for buildings with significant air conditioning costs or summer overheating problems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, a U-factor of <u>&lt;</u> 0.25 is recommended for high-performance buildings (see Fig. 2).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>Window performance depends on proper installation, sealing and flashing to prevent air leakage and water damage. Window manufacturers often provide detailed installation requirements and specifications for their products and may have recommendations of in-house installers and programs, 3rd party installers, or installer certification programs such as <a href=\"http://www.installationmasters.com/\">Installation Masters™.</a> ASTM Standard E 2112 provides a nationally recognized standard for proper window installation.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_529\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1882\"]<img class=\"wp-image-529 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Efficient-Windows-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – ENERGY STAR Recommended U-factor, SHGC and Air Leakage values for New Jersey’s Mixed Climate (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative).\" width=\"1882\" height=\"770\" /> Figure 2 – ENERGY STAR Recommended U-factor, SHGC and Air Leakage values for New Jersey’s Mixed Climate (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy-efficient windows contribute to the satisfaction, health, and productivity of building occupants by providing daylighting, reducing glare, providing views of nature, and regulating thermal comfort. By providing natural light, managing glare, and eliminating the need for window treatments that completely block out sunlight, high-performance windows can reduce electric lighting loads while at the same time reducing the ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings. Energy-efficient windows designed as part of an overall energy management strategy can lead to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see <em>Properly-Sized HVAC System</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of windows varies by project. Energy savings combined with improved thermal comfort, daylighting, and enhanced security benefits often justify the investment in high-performance windows. High-performance glazing can result in higher energy savings in connection with daylighting systems. Commercial buildings with adequately specified fenestration systems have the potential to reduce lighting and HVAC costs 10%–40%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Maintenance and repair have a significant impact on the life-cycle cost of windows. Glass, a highly durable material only needs replacement when broken. Window frame durability depends upon maintenance. Framing materials typically have a useful life of 20 to 50 years depending upon the type of deterioration such as rot and corrosion.  Sealants, caulks, tapes, and other glazing materials used to achieve weather-tightness typically have a useful life of 15 to 30 years depending upon thermal stress, movement, and environmental exposure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Driven by the demand for large TV screens and recent improvements in thin glass technology, the cost of sub-millimeter glass compares to standard, double-strength glass.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p>For up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_benefits\">ENERGY STAR</a> and the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/programs\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a> websites.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a power outage, a building with energy-efficient windows maintains comfortable internal temperature for building occupants by reducing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer months. During the winter months, energy-efficient windows provide better insulating properties compared to conventional windows while also offering daylighting, passive solar heating, and enhanced thermal comfort in the case of a power outage. Energy-efficient windows reduce reliance and stress on the grid and provide energy savings. In areas prone to flooding, wind-driven rain, snow storms or hurricanes, properly sealed and flashed windows protect against problems caused by water intrusion, including mold, warping, and structural damage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Windows and Glazing <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. Understanding Windows. <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/understanding.php\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/understanding.php</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   <a href=\"http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf\">http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf</a> (accessed August 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: A Deeper Dive into Market Segments.” December 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. <a href=\"http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf\">http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf</a> (accessed August 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> The Efficient Windows Collaborative. U-Factor. <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php</a> (accessed May 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Energy Star. <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI</a> (accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Windows and Glazing. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing</a> (accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> The Efficient Windows Collaborative. “Selecting Energy Efficient New Windows in New Jersey.” January 2016. <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf</a> (accessed May 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> US DOE Office of Renewable Energy &amp; Technology (Feb 2018) Windows and Envelope R&amp;D Opportunities Workshop <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/bto-windows-envelope-workshop-report-2018-03-01.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/bto-windows-envelope-workshop-report-2018-03-01.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines. <a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US DOE Office of Renewable Energy &amp; Technology (Feb 2018) Windows and Envelope R&amp;D Opportunities Workshop <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/bto-windows-envelope-workshop-report-2018-03-01.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/bto-windows-envelope-workshop-report-2018-03-01.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights\">Energy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nfrc.org/\">National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/windows-and-building-envelope\">US DOE – Building Technologies Office – Windows and Building Envelope</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>New Buildings Institute (NBI)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://patternguide.advancedbuildings.net/\">Daylighting Pattern Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170719235328/http://newbuildings.org:80/resource/daylighting-guide-office-interiors/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daylighting Guide for Office Interiors</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">Provide Comfortable Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php\">Windows and Glazing</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Efficient Windows Collaborative</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.umn.edu/index.php\">High-Performance Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/financing.php\">Financing and Incentives</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/software.php\">Software and Tools</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Energy-Efficient Windows','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-energy-efficient-windows','','','2022-06-23 17:59:30','2022-06-23 17:59:30','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1651',0,'post','',0),(1652,2,'2022-04-15 13:45:11','2022-04-15 13:45:11','','NC Energy-Efficient Windows','','inherit','closed','closed','','1651-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 13:45:11','2022-04-15 13:45:11','',1651,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1652',0,'revision','',0),(1654,2,'2022-04-15 13:49:50','2022-04-15 13:49:50','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy-Efficient Windows\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What are Energy-Efficient or High-Performance Windows?</strong></h2>\n<p>Windows form part of the fenestration system of a building and play a key role in maintaining a highly insulated building envelope (see <em>Insulation</em>). The fenestration system, or arrangement of openings in a building envelope, determines a building’s HVAC requirements and daylighting.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Appropriately placed and selected energy-efficient or high-performance windows maximize natural light and minimize glare and heat gain or loss, decreasing dependence on electric lighting and HVAC systems and improving thermal comfort, energy-efficiency, and daylighting (see <em>Daylighting</em> and <em>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_491\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"756\"]<img class=\"wp-image-491 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Efficient-Windows-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Windows and Skylights (Source: US DOE Energy Savers).\" width=\"756\" height=\"604\" /> Figure 1 – Windows and Skylights (Source: US DOE Energy Savers).[/caption]<p>High-performance window technologies including low emissive or low-e glass panes, spacers, and insulated frames help prevent energy loss due to conduction, radiation, convection, and air leakage (see <em>Air Infiltration</em>). Low-e windows, treated with a microscopically thin coating, reduce heat flow. Spacers or tiny pieces placed between panes in double- or triple- paned windows, create an insulated space often filled with an inert gas such as argon or krypton to increase the window’s insulation properties (see <em>Insulation</em>). Advanced window technologies such as chromogenic windows and auto-operated windows and shading devices offer daylighting, solar heat gain control and ventilation benefits. Two types of chromogenic windows include thermochromic, which uses adhesive coating to adjust tinting passively with window surface temperature; and electrochromic, which use operable switches or automated building control systems to tint the window via electric current.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Operable windows and shading systems use auto-controlled devices that open and close at specific times of the day to manage ventilation levels or light levels and control indoor temperatures and manage solar heat gain.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>State and local energy codes, federal tax credits, and utility incentives, and ENERGY STAR base their criteria for energy-efficient windows on certified ratings by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC). NFRC labels provide ratings for <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php\">U-factor</a>, <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/shgc.php\">Solar Heat Gain Coefficient</a> (SHGC), <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/vt.php\">Visible Light Transmittance</a> (VT), and optionally <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/al.php\">Air Leakage</a> (AL) and <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/cr.php\">Condensation Resistance</a> (CR) ratings (see Figure 2).</p>\n<p>A window’s U-factor describes its rate of heat transfer or insulating properties. A lower U-factor indicates a window with higher resistance to heat flow, or a better-insulated window.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. The Air Leakage (AL) rating describes leakage through cracks in the window assembly. Condensation Resistance (CR) rates windows on a range between 1 and 100 with higher numbers signaling increased resistance to condensation.</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Incorporate Energy Efficient Windows</strong></h2>\n<p>Use simulation programs such as the <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/new_selection1.php\">Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool</a> or <a href=\"https://windows.lbl.gov/software/resfen\">Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN</a> to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">ENERGY STAR label</a>, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> When selecting a window based on performance, look for visible transmittance (VT) levels higher than (&gt; 70%), especially for daylighting applications (see <em>Daylighting</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, EnergyStar recommends SHGC of 0.4 (40%) or lower for buildings with moderate air conditioning requirements. Look for SHGC values of 0.25 or less for buildings with significant air conditioning costs or summer overheating problems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, a U-factor of <u>&lt;</u> 0.25 is recommended for high-performance buildings (see Fig. 2).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>Window performance depends on proper installation, sealing and flashing to prevent air leakage and water damage. Window manufacturers often provide detailed installation requirements and specifications for their products and may have recommendations of in-house installers and programs, 3rd party installers, or installer certification programs such as <a href=\"http://www.installationmasters.com/\">Installation Masters™.</a> ASTM Standard E 2112 provides a nationally recognized standard for proper window installation.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_529\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1882\"]<img class=\"wp-image-529 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Efficient-Windows-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – ENERGY STAR Recommended U-factor, SHGC and Air Leakage values for New Jersey’s Mixed Climate (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative).\" width=\"1882\" height=\"770\" /> Figure 2 – ENERGY STAR Recommended U-factor, SHGC and Air Leakage values for New Jersey’s Mixed Climate (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy-efficient windows contribute to the satisfaction, health, and productivity of building occupants by providing daylighting, reducing glare, providing views of nature, and regulating thermal comfort. By providing natural light, managing glare, and eliminating the need for window treatments that completely block out sunlight, high-performance windows can reduce electric lighting loads while at the same time reducing the ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings. Energy-efficient windows designed as part of an overall energy management strategy can lead to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see <em>Properly-Sized HVAC System</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of windows varies by project. Energy savings combined with improved thermal comfort, daylighting, and enhanced security benefits often justify the investment in high-performance windows. High-performance glazing can result in higher energy savings in connection with daylighting systems. Commercial buildings with adequately specified fenestration systems have the potential to reduce lighting and HVAC costs 10%–40%.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Maintenance and repair have a significant impact on the life-cycle cost of windows. Glass, a highly durable material only needs replacement when broken. Window frame durability depends upon maintenance. Framing materials typically have a useful life of 20 to 50 years depending upon the type of deterioration such as rot and corrosion.  Sealants, caulks, tapes, and other glazing materials used to achieve weather-tightness typically have a useful life of 15 to 30 years depending upon thermal stress, movement, and environmental exposure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Driven by the demand for large TV screens and recent improvements in thin glass technology, the cost of sub-millimeter glass compares to standard, double-strength glass.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<p>For up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_benefits\">ENERGY STAR</a> and the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/programs\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a> websites.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a power outage, a building with energy-efficient windows maintains comfortable internal temperature for building occupants by reducing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer months. During the winter months, energy-efficient windows provide better insulating properties compared to conventional windows while also offering daylighting, passive solar heating, and enhanced thermal comfort in the case of a power outage. Energy-efficient windows reduce reliance and stress on the grid and provide energy savings. In areas prone to flooding, wind-driven rain, snow storms or hurricanes, properly sealed and flashed windows protect against problems caused by water intrusion, including mold, warping, and structural damage.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Windows and Glazing <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. Understanding Windows. <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/understanding.php\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/understanding.php</a> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   <a href=\"http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf\">http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf</a> (accessed August 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: A Deeper Dive into Market Segments.” December 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. <a href=\"http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf\">http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf</a> (accessed August 13, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> The Efficient Windows Collaborative. U-Factor. <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php</a> (accessed May 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Energy Star. <a href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI\">http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI</a> (accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Windows and Glazing. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing</a> (accessed April 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> The Efficient Windows Collaborative. “Selecting Energy Efficient New Windows in New Jersey.” January 2016. <a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf\">http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf</a> (accessed May 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> US DOE Office of Renewable Energy &amp; Technology (Feb 2018) Windows and Envelope R&amp;D Opportunities Workshop <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/bto-windows-envelope-workshop-report-2018-03-01.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/bto-windows-envelope-workshop-report-2018-03-01.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines. <a href=\"http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf\">http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US DOE Office of Renewable Energy &amp; Technology (Feb 2018) Windows and Envelope R&amp;D Opportunities Workshop <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/bto-windows-envelope-workshop-report-2018-03-01.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/bto-windows-envelope-workshop-report-2018-03-01.pdf</a> (accessed April 11, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/residential_windows_doors_and_skylights\">Energy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nfrc.org/\">National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/windows-and-building-envelope\">US DOE – Building Technologies Office – Windows and Building Envelope</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>New Buildings Institute (NBI)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://patternguide.advancedbuildings.net/\">Daylighting Pattern Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://newbuildings.org/resource/daylighting-guide-office-interiors/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daylighting Guide for Office Interiors</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php\">Provide Comfortable Environments</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php\">Windows and Glazing</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Efficient Windows Collaborative</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.umn.edu/index.php\">High-Performance Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/financing.php\">Financing and Incentives</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/software.php\">Software and Tools</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Energy-Efficient Windows','','inherit','closed','closed','','1651-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 13:49:50','2022-04-15 13:49:50','',1651,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1654',0,'revision','',0),(1656,2,'2022-04-15 13:52:18','2022-04-15 13:52:18','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Insulation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Insulation?</strong></h2>\n<p>Insulation includes materials that reduce the amount of heat lost from a building. Properly insulating a new building relates to creating an efficient building envelope. The building envelope or the physical structure between the inside of the building and the outside environment includes walls, windows, doors, roof systems, and the foundation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> A properly insulated building envelope increases the efficiency of the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, reducing energy costs while increasing occupant thermal comfort by acting as a thermal barrier and controlling indoor temperature and humidity levels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> It is important to note that insulation only helps reduce air and heat flow in the space where it is contained. Therefore it is most effective when the building is also correctly sealed against excess air infiltration (see Air Infiltration strategy).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_575\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"776\"]<img class=\"wp-image-575 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Insulation-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Envelope Systems of a typical building (Source: Whole Building Design Guide).\" width=\"776\" height=\"618\" /> Figure 1. Envelope Systems of a typical building (Source: Whole Building Design Guide).[/caption]\n<h2>How to Incorporate Insulation</h2>\n<p>A highly insulated building envelope requires an integrated design approach during the pre-design phase of a project that views the building as a whole system and coordinates all of the building elements that need to be adequately insulated (see Integrated Design Process). Factors to consider include building orientation and daylighting (windows), material selection (walls, doors, roof, foundation), HVAC and electrical system (mechanical equipment), and the local climate (see Building Orientation and Daylighting strategies). The outdoor environment can impact the effectiveness of a building’s envelope. The North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA) provides insulation guidelines for specific climate zones and building types. In the indoor environment, thermal loads may come from mechanical equipment and lighting. Windows and exterior doors, which are part of the fenestration system of a building, can influence the HVAC requirements and also the amount of daylight. For example, HVAC systems are a significant component of the overall energy demand for new commercial buildings. However, a more efficiently insulated building envelope can reduce the energy requirements of the building’s HVAC system by minimizing the loss of conditioned air to the outside (see Properly Sized HVAC Equipment strategy). The building’s layout and interior design elements can impact thermal heat exchange. Specific building materials conduct heat at differing rates (see Thermal Massing strategy), and building components such as walls, joints, studs, and others can act as a conduit for heat conduction. Finally, a highly insulated roof combined with solar reflective roofing materials offer the opportunity to save on heating and cooling costs, improve thermal comfort, and reduce peak cooling loads (se<strong>e </strong>Cool Roof sstrategy).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> An analysis of these factors early in the design process helps to determine the optimal building footprint to building orientation and the selection of building materials to maximize the energy efficiency benefits of a highly insulated building envelope.</p>\n<p>Insulation ratings refer to R-value or resistance to heat flow. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> An insulation’s material composition and thickness contribute to its R-value. A higher R-value indicates higher expected thermal performance. However, more is not always better, as there is a point of diminishing returns with insulation (i.e., the intersection between cost and energy savings).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Look for <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=home_sealing.hm_improvement_certified_insulation\">Energy Star certified insulation</a> tested for performance and safety standards. Refer to resources such as the <a href=\"https://insulationinstitute.org/im-a-building-or-facility-professional/commercial/\">North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA)</a> for recommended R-values for the local climate and more specific information about insulation materials.</p>\n<p>The following list includes examples of both widely-used and more innovative insulation materials and wall systems for commercial buildings:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Continuous and Cavity Insulation. </em>Continuous insulation runs uninterrupted over structural membranes, avoids thermal bridging and is installed on the exterior surface of the building envelope.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Cavity insulation is installed between structural components such as wood studs.</li>\n<li><em>Composite </em><em>Metal Panels</em> consist of two sheets of metal adhered to a core material and include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>Foamed-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n<li>Laminated-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n<li>Honeycomb Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><em>Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFs)</em> consists of exterior wall cladding made of rigid insulation boards. The polymer-based (PB) system is most popular and consists of closed expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation finished with a polymeric (organic) bonded aggregate and cement reinforced with a glass mesh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Being lightweight and low cost, and the ability to achieve different aesthetic effects make EIFs a popular choice.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></li>\n<li><em>Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs) </em>consists of concrete walls poured inside foam insulation forms with steel reinforcing and stacked as interlocking blocks.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Insulated concrete block or <em>concrete masonry units (CMUs)</em> form prefabricated blocks applied like traditional block wall construction.</li>\n<li><em>Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs)</em> consist of an insulating foam core placed between two structural panels, typically oriented strand board (OSB) or fiber cement panels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></li>\n<li><em>Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs)</em> consist of a solid interior layer of a high R-value material wrapped in an exterior layer of airtight foil with a vacuum drawn inside the airtight foil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> They can achieve an R-value of 50 without adding bulk, making them cost-effective on roofs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Examples</h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels\">US Post Office and Courthouse, Camden, NJ</a></p>\n<p>This roofing project, sponsored by the General Service Administration (GSA) Green Proving Ground (GPG) program, installed Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) at the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse in Camden, New Jersey. VIPs consist of a solid interior layer of a high R-value material wrapped in an exterior layer of airtight foil with a vacuum drawn inside the airtight foil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> The study used energy modeling and thermographic images and found that VIPs can offer a favorable payback in one-story buildings in regions with extreme climates and high utility costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> They can achieve an R-value of 50 without adding bulk, making them cost-effective on roofs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>A properly designed and installed insulation system offers the following benefits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces energy costs</li>\n<li>Prevents moisture condensation</li>\n<li>Reduces capacity and size of new mechanical equipment</li>\n<li>Enhances acoustical performance through reduced noise levels</li>\n<li>Increases indoor environmental quality and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></li>\n<li>Provides fire protection</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing a highly insulated building envelope vary depending on the size and orientation of the home, climate, design elements, and the type of insulation and building material. Annual energy savings and incentives offered by the NJ Office of Clean Energy can help offset upfront costs.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>A properly insulated building offers several essential resiliency benefits. In the event of a power outage, highly insulated buildings protect against heat loss in the winter and heat gain in the summer, helping to maintain comfortable internal temperatures for building occupants, and reducing stress on the grid. Wall assembly systems (with insulating properties) such as precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), and structural insulated panels (SIPs) offer resistance to hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Arnold, Chris. 2016. “Building Envelop Design Guide.” Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US DOE | Better Buildings. “Building Envelope.” https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US DOE: Insulation Fact Sheet. 2008. <a href=\"https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/docs/factSheets/Insulation-FactSheet-2008.pdf\">https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/docs/factSheets/Insulation-FactSheet-2008.pdf</a> (accessed May 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Vivian Loftness et al. 2012. “State of the Art in Enclosure Technologies and Integrated Systems for 50% Energy Savings in Existing Commercial Buildings.” Consortium for Building Energy Innovation. Page 23. <a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf\">http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf</a> (accessed June 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE: Energy Saver. “Insulation” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB). 2011. “Costs and Benefits of Residential Energy Efficiency Investments.” Prepared for the New Jersey Association of REALTORS® Governmental Research Foundation. Page 21 <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/costs-and-benefits-of-residential-energy-efficiency-investments/\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/costs-and-benefits-of-residential-energy-efficiency-investments/</a> (accessed May 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE: Better Building Solution Center. Building Envelope Webinars for Walls</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/toolkits/building-envelope-webinars-walls\">https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/toolkits/building-envelope-webinars-walls</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US DOE Building Energy Codes Resource Center. “Cavity and Continuous Insulation.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_cavity_and_continuous_insulation_in_rescheck.pdf\">https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_cavity_and_continuous_insulation_in_rescheck.pdf</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Zwayer, Gary L. 2016 “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Lstiburek, Joseph. 2007. “EIFs: Problems and Solutions.” Building Science Corporation. https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-146-eifs-problems-and-solutions (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Zwayer, Gary L. 2016. “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US DOE: Building America Solution Center: ICFs. <a href=\"https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/insulated-concrete-forms-icfs#quicktabs-guides=1\">https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/insulated-concrete-forms-icfs#quicktabs-guides=1</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Structural Insulated Panel Association (SIPA). “What are SIPS?” <a href=\"https://www.sips.org/about/what-are-sips\">https://www.sips.org/about/what-are-sips</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Dan Howell et al. “Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) in a roofing application of US Post Office and Courthouse Camden, NJ.” March 2014. ORNL <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> GSA. Green Proving Ground Program. “Vacuum Insulated Panels in Roofing Applications.” March 2016.  <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Dan Howell et al. “Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) in a roofing application of US Post Office and Courthouse Camden, NJ.” March 2014. ORNL <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> GSA. Green Proving Ground Program. “Vacuum Insulated Panels in Roofing Applications.” March 2016.  <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> National Insulation Association (NIA). 2018 “Benefits of Insulation.” <a href=\"https://insulation.org/about-insulation/benefits-of-insulation/\">https://insulation.org/about-insulation/benefits-of-insulation/</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> Arnold, Chris. 2016. “HVAC Integration of the Building Envelope.” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences. http://wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.airbarrier.org/\">Air Barrier Association of America</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.continuousinsulation.org/\">Continuous Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://insulationinstitute.org/im-a-building-or-facility-professional/commercial/comparing-insulation-types/\">Insulation Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.mbma.com/\">Metal Building Manufacturers Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.naima.org/\">North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/nj-smartstart-buildings\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sips.org/\">Structural Insulated Panel Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/envelope.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Envelope</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope\">US DOE: Better Buildings – Building Envelope</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Insulation','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-insulation','','','2022-04-15 17:17:00','2022-04-15 17:17:00','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1656',0,'post','',0),(1657,2,'2022-04-15 13:50:06','2022-04-15 13:50:06','','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1656-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 13:50:06','2022-04-15 13:50:06','',1656,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1657',0,'revision','',0),(1659,2,'2022-04-15 13:52:18','2022-04-15 13:52:18','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Insulation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Insulation?</strong></h2>\n<p>Insulation includes materials that reduce the amount of heat lost from a building. Properly insulating a new building relates to creating an efficient building envelope. The building envelope or the physical structure between the inside of the building and the outside environment includes walls, windows, doors, roof systems, and the foundation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> A properly insulated building envelope increases the efficiency of the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, reducing energy costs while increasing occupant thermal comfort by acting as a thermal barrier and controlling indoor temperature and humidity levels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> It is important to note that insulation only helps reduce air and heat flow in the space where it is contained. Therefore it is most effective when the building is also correctly sealed against excess air infiltration (see Air Infiltration strategy).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_575\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"776\"]<img class=\"wp-image-575 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Insulation-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Envelope Systems of a typical building (Source: Whole Building Design Guide).\" width=\"776\" height=\"618\" /> Figure 1. Envelope Systems of a typical building (Source: Whole Building Design Guide).[/caption]\n<h2>How to Incorporate Insulation</h2>\n<p>A highly insulated building envelope requires an integrated design approach during the pre-design phase of a project that views the building as a whole system and coordinates all of the building elements that need to be adequately insulated (see Integrated Design Process). Factors to consider include building orientation and daylighting (windows), material selection (walls, doors, roof, foundation), HVAC and electrical system (mechanical equipment), and the local climate (see Building Orientation and Daylighting strategies). The outdoor environment can impact the effectiveness of a building’s envelope. The North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA) provides insulation guidelines for specific climate zones and building types. In the indoor environment, thermal loads may come from mechanical equipment and lighting. Windows and exterior doors, which are part of the fenestration system of a building, can influence the HVAC requirements and also the amount of daylight. For example, HVAC systems are a significant component of the overall energy demand for new commercial buildings. However, a more efficiently insulated building envelope can reduce the energy requirements of the building’s HVAC system by minimizing the loss of conditioned air to the outside (see Properly Sized HVAC Equipment strategy). The building’s layout and interior design elements can impact thermal heat exchange. Specific building materials conduct heat at differing rates (see Thermal Massing strategy), and building components such as walls, joints, studs, and others can act as a conduit for heat conduction. Finally, a highly insulated roof combined with solar reflective roofing materials offer the opportunity to save on heating and cooling costs, improve thermal comfort, and reduce peak cooling loads (se<strong>e </strong>Cool Roof sstrategy).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> An analysis of these factors early in the design process helps to determine the optimal building footprint to building orientation and the selection of building materials to maximize the energy efficiency benefits of a highly insulated building envelope.</p>\n<p>Insulation ratings refer to R-value or resistance to heat flow. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> An insulation’s material composition and thickness contribute to its R-value. A higher R-value indicates higher expected thermal performance. However, more is not always better, as there is a point of diminishing returns with insulation (i.e., the intersection between cost and energy savings).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Look for <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=home_sealing.hm_improvement_certified_insulation\">Energy Star certified insulation</a> tested for performance and safety standards. Refer to resources such as the <a href=\"https://insulationinstitute.org/im-a-building-or-facility-professional/commercial/\">North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA)</a> for recommended R-values for the local climate and more specific information about insulation materials.</p>\n<p>The following list includes examples of both widely-used and more innovative insulation materials and wall systems for commercial buildings:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Continuous and Cavity Insulation. </em>Continuous insulation runs uninterrupted over structural membranes, avoids thermal bridging and is installed on the exterior surface of the building envelope.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Cavity insulation is installed between structural components such as wood studs.</li>\n<li><em>Composite </em><em>Metal Panels</em> consist of two sheets of metal adhered to a core material and include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>Foamed-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n<li>Laminated-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n<li>Honeycomb Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><em>Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFs)</em> consists of exterior wall cladding made of rigid insulation boards. The polymer-based (PB) system is most popular and consists of closed expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation finished with a polymeric (organic) bonded aggregate and cement reinforced with a glass mesh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Being lightweight and low cost, and the ability to achieve different aesthetic effects make EIFs a popular choice.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></li>\n<li><em>Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs) </em>consists of concrete walls poured inside foam insulation forms with steel reinforcing and stacked as interlocking blocks.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Insulated concrete block or <em>concrete masonry units (CMUs)</em> form prefabricated blocks applied like traditional block wall construction.</li>\n<li><em>Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs)</em> consist of an insulating foam core placed between two structural panels, typically oriented strand board (OSB) or fiber cement panels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></li>\n<li><em>Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs)</em> consist of a solid interior layer of a high R-value material wrapped in an exterior layer of airtight foil with a vacuum drawn inside the airtight foil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> They can achieve an R-value of 50 without adding bulk, making them cost-effective on roofs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Examples</h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels\">US Post Office and Courthouse, Camden, NJ</a></p>\n<p>This roofing project, sponsored by the General Service Administration (GSA) Green Proving Ground (GPG) program, installed Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) at the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse in Camden, New Jersey. VIPs consist of a solid interior layer of a high R-value material wrapped in an exterior layer of airtight foil with a vacuum drawn inside the airtight foil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> The study used energy modeling and thermographic images and found that VIPs can offer a favorable payback in one-story buildings in regions with extreme climates and high utility costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> They can achieve an R-value of 50 without adding bulk, making them cost-effective on roofs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>A properly designed and installed insulation system offers the following benefits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces energy costs</li>\n<li>Prevents moisture condensation</li>\n<li>Reduces capacity and size of new mechanical equipment</li>\n<li>Enhances acoustical performance through reduced noise levels</li>\n<li>Increases indoor environmental quality and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></li>\n<li>Provides fire protection</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing a highly insulated building envelope vary depending on the size and orientation of the home, climate, design elements, and the type of insulation and building material. Annual energy savings and incentives offered by the NJ Office of Clean Energy can help offset upfront costs.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>A properly insulated building offers several essential resiliency benefits. In the event of a power outage, highly insulated buildings protect against heat loss in the winter and heat gain in the summer, helping to maintain comfortable internal temperatures for building occupants, and reducing stress on the grid. Wall assembly systems (with insulating properties) such as precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), and structural insulated panels (SIPs) offer resistance to hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Arnold, Chris. 2016. “Building Envelop Design Guide.” Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US DOE | Better Buildings. “Building Envelope.” https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US DOE: Insulation Fact Sheet. 2008. <a href=\"https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/docs/factSheets/Insulation-FactSheet-2008.pdf\">https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/docs/factSheets/Insulation-FactSheet-2008.pdf</a> (accessed May 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Vivian Loftness et al. 2012. “State of the Art in Enclosure Technologies and Integrated Systems for 50% Energy Savings in Existing Commercial Buildings.” Consortium for Building Energy Innovation. Page 23. <a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf\">http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf</a> (accessed June 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE: Energy Saver. “Insulation” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB). 2011. “Costs and Benefits of Residential Energy Efficiency Investments.” Prepared for the New Jersey Association of REALTORS® Governmental Research Foundation. Page 21 <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/costs-and-benefits-of-residential-energy-efficiency-investments/\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/costs-and-benefits-of-residential-energy-efficiency-investments/</a> (accessed May 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE: Better Building Solution Center. Building Envelope Webinars for Walls</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/toolkits/building-envelope-webinars-walls\">https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/toolkits/building-envelope-webinars-walls</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US DOE Building Energy Codes Resource Center. “Cavity and Continuous Insulation.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_cavity_and_continuous_insulation_in_rescheck.pdf\">https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_cavity_and_continuous_insulation_in_rescheck.pdf</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Zwayer, Gary L. 2016 “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Lstiburek, Joseph. 2007. “EIFs: Problems and Solutions.” Building Science Corporation. https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-146-eifs-problems-and-solutions (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Zwayer, Gary L. 2016. “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US DOE: Building America Solution Center: ICFs. <a href=\"https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/insulated-concrete-forms-icfs#quicktabs-guides=1\">https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/insulated-concrete-forms-icfs#quicktabs-guides=1</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Structural Insulated Panel Association (SIPA). “What are SIPS?” <a href=\"https://www.sips.org/about/what-are-sips\">https://www.sips.org/about/what-are-sips</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Dan Howell et al. “Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) in a roofing application of US Post Office and Courthouse Camden, NJ.” March 2014. ORNL <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> GSA. Green Proving Ground Program. “Vacuum Insulated Panels in Roofing Applications.” March 2016.  <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Dan Howell et al. “Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) in a roofing application of US Post Office and Courthouse Camden, NJ.” March 2014. ORNL <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> GSA. Green Proving Ground Program. “Vacuum Insulated Panels in Roofing Applications.” March 2016.  <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> National Insulation Association (NIA). 2018 “Benefits of Insulation.” <a href=\"https://insulation.org/about-insulation/benefits-of-insulation/\">https://insulation.org/about-insulation/benefits-of-insulation/</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> Arnold, Chris. 2016. “HVAC Integration of the Building Envelope.” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences. http://wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.airbarrier.org/\">Air Barrier Association of America</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.continuousinsulation.org/\">Continuous Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://insulationinstitute.org/im-a-building-or-facility-professional/commercial/comparing-insulation-types/\">Insulation Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.mbma.com/\">Metal Building Manufacturers Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.naima.org/\">North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/nj-smartstart-buildings\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sips.org/\">Structural Insulated Panel Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/envelope.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Envelope</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope\">US DOE: Better Buildings – Building Envelope</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Insulation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1656-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 13:52:18','2022-04-15 13:52:18','',1656,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1659',0,'revision','',0),(1660,2,'2022-04-15 13:52:18','2022-04-15 13:52:18','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Insulation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Insulation?</strong></h2>\n<p>Insulation includes materials that reduce the amount of heat lost from a building. Properly insulating a new building relates to creating an efficient building envelope. The building envelope or the physical structure between the inside of the building and the outside environment includes walls, windows, doors, roof systems, and the foundation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> A properly insulated building envelope increases the efficiency of the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, reducing energy costs while increasing occupant thermal comfort by acting as a thermal barrier and controlling indoor temperature and humidity levels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> It is important to note that insulation only helps reduce air and heat flow in the space where it is contained. Therefore it is most effective when the building is also correctly sealed against excess air infiltration (see Air Infiltration strategy).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_575\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"776\"]<img class=\"wp-image-575 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Insulation-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Envelope Systems of a typical building (Source: Whole Building Design Guide).\" width=\"776\" height=\"618\" /> Figure 1. Envelope Systems of a typical building (Source: Whole Building Design Guide).[/caption]\n<h2>How to Incorporate Insulation</h2>\n<p>A highly insulated building envelope requires an integrated design approach during the pre-design phase of a project that views the building as a whole system and coordinates all of the building elements that need to be adequately insulated (see Integrated Design Process). Factors to consider include building orientation and daylighting (windows), material selection (walls, doors, roof, foundation), HVAC and electrical system (mechanical equipment), and the local climate (see Building Orientation and Daylighting strategies). The outdoor environment can impact the effectiveness of a building’s envelope. The North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA) provides insulation guidelines for specific climate zones and building types. In the indoor environment, thermal loads may come from mechanical equipment and lighting. Windows and exterior doors, which are part of the fenestration system of a building, can influence the HVAC requirements and also the amount of daylight. For example, HVAC systems are a significant component of the overall energy demand for new commercial buildings. However, a more efficiently insulated building envelope can reduce the energy requirements of the building’s HVAC system by minimizing the loss of conditioned air to the outside (see Properly Sized HVAC Equipment strategy). The building’s layout and interior design elements can impact thermal heat exchange. Specific building materials conduct heat at differing rates (see Thermal Massing strategy), and building components such as walls, joints, studs, and others can act as a conduit for heat conduction. Finally, a highly insulated roof combined with solar reflective roofing materials offer the opportunity to save on heating and cooling costs, improve thermal comfort, and reduce peak cooling loads (se<strong>e </strong>Cool Roof sstrategy).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> An analysis of these factors early in the design process helps to determine the optimal building footprint to building orientation and the selection of building materials to maximize the energy efficiency benefits of a highly insulated building envelope.</p>\n<p>Insulation ratings refer to R-value or resistance to heat flow. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> An insulation’s material composition and thickness contribute to its R-value. A higher R-value indicates higher expected thermal performance. However, more is not always better, as there is a point of diminishing returns with insulation (i.e., the intersection between cost and energy savings).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Look for <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=home_sealing.hm_improvement_certified_insulation\">Energy Star certified insulation</a> tested for performance and safety standards. Refer to resources such as the <a href=\"https://insulationinstitute.org/im-a-building-or-facility-professional/commercial/\">North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA)</a> for recommended R-values for the local climate and more specific information about insulation materials.</p>\n<p>The following list includes examples of both widely-used and more innovative insulation materials and wall systems for commercial buildings:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Continuous and Cavity Insulation. </em>Continuous insulation runs uninterrupted over structural membranes, avoids thermal bridging and is installed on the exterior surface of the building envelope.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Cavity insulation is installed between structural components such as wood studs.</li>\n<li><em>Composite </em><em>Metal Panels</em> consist of two sheets of metal adhered to a core material and include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>Foamed-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n<li>Laminated-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n<li>Honeycomb Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><em>Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFs)</em> consists of exterior wall cladding made of rigid insulation boards. The polymer-based (PB) system is most popular and consists of closed expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation finished with a polymeric (organic) bonded aggregate and cement reinforced with a glass mesh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Being lightweight and low cost, and the ability to achieve different aesthetic effects make EIFs a popular choice.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></li>\n<li><em>Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs) </em>consists of concrete walls poured inside foam insulation forms with steel reinforcing and stacked as interlocking blocks.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Insulated concrete block or <em>concrete masonry units (CMUs)</em> form prefabricated blocks applied like traditional block wall construction.</li>\n<li><em>Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs)</em> consist of an insulating foam core placed between two structural panels, typically oriented strand board (OSB) or fiber cement panels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></li>\n<li><em>Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs)</em> consist of a solid interior layer of a high R-value material wrapped in an exterior layer of airtight foil with a vacuum drawn inside the airtight foil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> They can achieve an R-value of 50 without adding bulk, making them cost-effective on roofs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Examples</h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels\">US Post Office and Courthouse, Camden, NJ</a></p>\n<p>This roofing project, sponsored by the General Service Administration (GSA) Green Proving Ground (GPG) program, installed Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) at the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse in Camden, New Jersey. VIPs consist of a solid interior layer of a high R-value material wrapped in an exterior layer of airtight foil with a vacuum drawn inside the airtight foil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> The study used energy modeling and thermographic images and found that VIPs can offer a favorable payback in one-story buildings in regions with extreme climates and high utility costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> They can achieve an R-value of 50 without adding bulk, making them cost-effective on roofs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>A properly designed and installed insulation system offers the following benefits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces energy costs</li>\n<li>Prevents moisture condensation</li>\n<li>Reduces capacity and size of new mechanical equipment</li>\n<li>Enhances acoustical performance through reduced noise levels</li>\n<li>Increases indoor environmental quality and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></li>\n<li>Provides fire protection</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing a highly insulated building envelope vary depending on the size and orientation of the home, climate, design elements, and the type of insulation and building material. Annual energy savings and incentives offered by the NJ Office of Clean Energy can help offset upfront costs.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>A properly insulated building offers several essential resiliency benefits. In the event of a power outage, highly insulated buildings protect against heat loss in the winter and heat gain in the summer, helping to maintain comfortable internal temperatures for building occupants, and reducing stress on the grid. Wall assembly systems (with insulating properties) such as precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), and structural insulated panels (SIPs) offer resistance to hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Arnold, Chris. 2016. “Building Envelop Design Guide.” Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US DOE | Better Buildings. “Building Envelope.” https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US DOE: Insulation Fact Sheet. 2008. <a href=\"https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/docs/factSheets/Insulation-FactSheet-2008.pdf\">https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/docs/factSheets/Insulation-FactSheet-2008.pdf</a> (accessed May 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Vivian Loftness et al. 2012. “State of the Art in Enclosure Technologies and Integrated Systems for 50% Energy Savings in Existing Commercial Buildings.” Consortium for Building Energy Innovation. Page 23. <a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf\">http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf</a> (accessed June 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE: Energy Saver. “Insulation” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB). 2011. “Costs and Benefits of Residential Energy Efficiency Investments.” Prepared for the New Jersey Association of REALTORS® Governmental Research Foundation. Page 21 <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/costs-and-benefits-of-residential-energy-efficiency-investments/\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/costs-and-benefits-of-residential-energy-efficiency-investments/</a> (accessed May 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE: Better Building Solution Center. Building Envelope Webinars for Walls</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/toolkits/building-envelope-webinars-walls\">https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/toolkits/building-envelope-webinars-walls</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US DOE Building Energy Codes Resource Center. “Cavity and Continuous Insulation.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_cavity_and_continuous_insulation_in_rescheck.pdf\">https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_cavity_and_continuous_insulation_in_rescheck.pdf</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Zwayer, Gary L. 2016 “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Lstiburek, Joseph. 2007. “EIFs: Problems and Solutions.” Building Science Corporation. https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-146-eifs-problems-and-solutions (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Zwayer, Gary L. 2016. “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US DOE: Building America Solution Center: ICFs. <a href=\"https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/insulated-concrete-forms-icfs#quicktabs-guides=1\">https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/insulated-concrete-forms-icfs#quicktabs-guides=1</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Structural Insulated Panel Association (SIPA). “What are SIPS?” <a href=\"https://www.sips.org/about/what-are-sips\">https://www.sips.org/about/what-are-sips</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Dan Howell et al. “Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) in a roofing application of US Post Office and Courthouse Camden, NJ.” March 2014. ORNL <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> GSA. Green Proving Ground Program. “Vacuum Insulated Panels in Roofing Applications.” March 2016.  <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Dan Howell et al. “Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) in a roofing application of US Post Office and Courthouse Camden, NJ.” March 2014. ORNL <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> GSA. Green Proving Ground Program. “Vacuum Insulated Panels in Roofing Applications.” March 2016.  <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> National Insulation Association (NIA). 2018 “Benefits of Insulation.” <a href=\"https://insulation.org/about-insulation/benefits-of-insulation/\">https://insulation.org/about-insulation/benefits-of-insulation/</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> Arnold, Chris. 2016. “HVAC Integration of the Building Envelope.” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences. http://wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.airbarrier.org/\">Air Barrier Association of America</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.continuousinsulation.org/\">Continuous Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://insulationinstitute.org/im-a-building-or-facility-professional/commercial/comparing-insulation-types/\">Insulation Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.mbma.com/\">Metal Building Manufacturers Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.naima.org/\">North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/nj-smartstart-buildings\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sips.org/\">Structural Insulated Panel Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/envelope.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Envelope</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope\">US DOE: Better Buildings – Building Envelope</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','Auto Draft','','inherit','closed','closed','','1656-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 13:52:18','2022-04-15 13:52:18','',1656,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1660',0,'revision','',0),(1662,2,'2022-04-15 13:52:21','2022-04-15 13:52:21','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Insulation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Insulation?</strong></h2>\n<p>Insulation includes materials that reduce the amount of heat lost from a building. Properly insulating a new building relates to creating an efficient building envelope. The building envelope or the physical structure between the inside of the building and the outside environment includes walls, windows, doors, roof systems, and the foundation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> A properly insulated building envelope increases the efficiency of the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, reducing energy costs while increasing occupant thermal comfort by acting as a thermal barrier and controlling indoor temperature and humidity levels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> It is important to note that insulation only helps reduce air and heat flow in the space where it is contained. Therefore it is most effective when the building is also correctly sealed against excess air infiltration (see Air Infiltration strategy).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_575\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"776\"]<img class=\"wp-image-575 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Insulation-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Envelope Systems of a typical building (Source: Whole Building Design Guide).\" width=\"776\" height=\"618\" /> Figure 1. Envelope Systems of a typical building (Source: Whole Building Design Guide).[/caption]\n<h2>How to Incorporate Insulation</h2>\n<p>A highly insulated building envelope requires an integrated design approach during the pre-design phase of a project that views the building as a whole system and coordinates all of the building elements that need to be adequately insulated (see Integrated Design Process). Factors to consider include building orientation and daylighting (windows), material selection (walls, doors, roof, foundation), HVAC and electrical system (mechanical equipment), and the local climate (see Building Orientation and Daylighting strategies). The outdoor environment can impact the effectiveness of a building’s envelope. The North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA) provides insulation guidelines for specific climate zones and building types. In the indoor environment, thermal loads may come from mechanical equipment and lighting. Windows and exterior doors, which are part of the fenestration system of a building, can influence the HVAC requirements and also the amount of daylight. For example, HVAC systems are a significant component of the overall energy demand for new commercial buildings. However, a more efficiently insulated building envelope can reduce the energy requirements of the building’s HVAC system by minimizing the loss of conditioned air to the outside (see Properly Sized HVAC Equipment strategy). The building’s layout and interior design elements can impact thermal heat exchange. Specific building materials conduct heat at differing rates (see Thermal Massing strategy), and building components such as walls, joints, studs, and others can act as a conduit for heat conduction. Finally, a highly insulated roof combined with solar reflective roofing materials offer the opportunity to save on heating and cooling costs, improve thermal comfort, and reduce peak cooling loads (se<strong>e </strong>Cool Roof sstrategy).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> An analysis of these factors early in the design process helps to determine the optimal building footprint to building orientation and the selection of building materials to maximize the energy efficiency benefits of a highly insulated building envelope.</p>\n<p>Insulation ratings refer to R-value or resistance to heat flow. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> An insulation’s material composition and thickness contribute to its R-value. A higher R-value indicates higher expected thermal performance. However, more is not always better, as there is a point of diminishing returns with insulation (i.e., the intersection between cost and energy savings).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Look for <a href=\"https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=home_sealing.hm_improvement_certified_insulation\">Energy Star certified insulation</a> tested for performance and safety standards. Refer to resources such as the <a href=\"https://insulationinstitute.org/im-a-building-or-facility-professional/commercial/\">North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA)</a> for recommended R-values for the local climate and more specific information about insulation materials.</p>\n<p>The following list includes examples of both widely-used and more innovative insulation materials and wall systems for commercial buildings:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Continuous and Cavity Insulation. </em>Continuous insulation runs uninterrupted over structural membranes, avoids thermal bridging and is installed on the exterior surface of the building envelope.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Cavity insulation is installed between structural components such as wood studs.</li>\n<li><em>Composite </em><em>Metal Panels</em> consist of two sheets of metal adhered to a core material and include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>Foamed-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n<li>Laminated-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n<li>Honeycomb Core Metal Wall Panels</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><em>Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFs)</em> consists of exterior wall cladding made of rigid insulation boards. The polymer-based (PB) system is most popular and consists of closed expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation finished with a polymeric (organic) bonded aggregate and cement reinforced with a glass mesh.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Being lightweight and low cost, and the ability to achieve different aesthetic effects make EIFs a popular choice.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></li>\n<li><em>Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs) </em>consists of concrete walls poured inside foam insulation forms with steel reinforcing and stacked as interlocking blocks.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Insulated concrete block or <em>concrete masonry units (CMUs)</em> form prefabricated blocks applied like traditional block wall construction.</li>\n<li><em>Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs)</em> consist of an insulating foam core placed between two structural panels, typically oriented strand board (OSB) or fiber cement panels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></li>\n<li><em>Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs)</em> consist of a solid interior layer of a high R-value material wrapped in an exterior layer of airtight foil with a vacuum drawn inside the airtight foil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> They can achieve an R-value of 50 without adding bulk, making them cost-effective on roofs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Examples</h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels\">US Post Office and Courthouse, Camden, NJ</a></p>\n<p>This roofing project, sponsored by the General Service Administration (GSA) Green Proving Ground (GPG) program, installed Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) at the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse in Camden, New Jersey. VIPs consist of a solid interior layer of a high R-value material wrapped in an exterior layer of airtight foil with a vacuum drawn inside the airtight foil.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> The study used energy modeling and thermographic images and found that VIPs can offer a favorable payback in one-story buildings in regions with extreme climates and high utility costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> They can achieve an R-value of 50 without adding bulk, making them cost-effective on roofs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>A properly designed and installed insulation system offers the following benefits.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces energy costs</li>\n<li>Prevents moisture condensation</li>\n<li>Reduces capacity and size of new mechanical equipment</li>\n<li>Enhances acoustical performance through reduced noise levels</li>\n<li>Increases indoor environmental quality and thermal comfort.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></li>\n<li>Provides fire protection</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>The cost of implementing a highly insulated building envelope vary depending on the size and orientation of the home, climate, design elements, and the type of insulation and building material. Annual energy savings and incentives offered by the NJ Office of Clean Energy can help offset upfront costs.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>A properly insulated building offers several essential resiliency benefits. In the event of a power outage, highly insulated buildings protect against heat loss in the winter and heat gain in the summer, helping to maintain comfortable internal temperatures for building occupants, and reducing stress on the grid. Wall assembly systems (with insulating properties) such as precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), and structural insulated panels (SIPs) offer resistance to hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> Arnold, Chris. 2016. “Building Envelop Design Guide.” Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> US DOE | Better Buildings. “Building Envelope.” https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> US DOE: Insulation Fact Sheet. 2008. <a href=\"https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/docs/factSheets/Insulation-FactSheet-2008.pdf\">https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/docs/factSheets/Insulation-FactSheet-2008.pdf</a> (accessed May 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Vivian Loftness et al. 2012. “State of the Art in Enclosure Technologies and Integrated Systems for 50% Energy Savings in Existing Commercial Buildings.” Consortium for Building Energy Innovation. Page 23. <a href=\"http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf\">http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf</a> (accessed June 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE: Energy Saver. “Insulation” <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB). 2011. “Costs and Benefits of Residential Energy Efficiency Investments.” Prepared for the New Jersey Association of REALTORS® Governmental Research Foundation. Page 21 <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/costs-and-benefits-of-residential-energy-efficiency-investments/\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/costs-and-benefits-of-residential-energy-efficiency-investments/</a> (accessed May 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE: Better Building Solution Center. Building Envelope Webinars for Walls</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/toolkits/building-envelope-webinars-walls\">https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/toolkits/building-envelope-webinars-walls</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US DOE Building Energy Codes Resource Center. “Cavity and Continuous Insulation.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_cavity_and_continuous_insulation_in_rescheck.pdf\">https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_cavity_and_continuous_insulation_in_rescheck.pdf</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Zwayer, Gary L. 2016 “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Lstiburek, Joseph. 2007. “EIFs: Problems and Solutions.” Building Science Corporation. https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-146-eifs-problems-and-solutions (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Zwayer, Gary L. 2016. “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs\">https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> US DOE: Building America Solution Center: ICFs. <a href=\"https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/insulated-concrete-forms-icfs#quicktabs-guides=1\">https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/insulated-concrete-forms-icfs#quicktabs-guides=1</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> Structural Insulated Panel Association (SIPA). “What are SIPS?” <a href=\"https://www.sips.org/about/what-are-sips\">https://www.sips.org/about/what-are-sips</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Dan Howell et al. “Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) in a roofing application of US Post Office and Courthouse Camden, NJ.” March 2014. ORNL <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> GSA. Green Proving Ground Program. “Vacuum Insulated Panels in Roofing Applications.” March 2016.  <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> Dan Howell et al. “Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) in a roofing application of US Post Office and Courthouse Camden, NJ.” March 2014. ORNL <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> GSA. Green Proving Ground Program. “Vacuum Insulated Panels in Roofing Applications.” March 2016.  <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels\">https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> National Insulation Association (NIA). 2018 “Benefits of Insulation.” <a href=\"https://insulation.org/about-insulation/benefits-of-insulation/\">https://insulation.org/about-insulation/benefits-of-insulation/</a> (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> Arnold, Chris. 2016. “HVAC Integration of the Building Envelope.” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences. http://wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction (accessed May 29, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.airbarrier.org/\">Air Barrier Association of America</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.continuousinsulation.org/\">Continuous Insulation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://insulationinstitute.org/im-a-building-or-facility-professional/commercial/comparing-insulation-types/\">Insulation Institute</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.mbma.com/\">Metal Building Manufacturers Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.naima.org/\">North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/nj-smartstart-buildings/nj-smartstart-buildings\">NJ Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sips.org/\">Structural Insulated Panel Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/design/envelope.php\">Whole Building Design Guide – Envelope</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope\">US DOE: Better Buildings – Building Envelope</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Insulation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1656-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 13:52:21','2022-04-15 13:52:21','',1656,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1662',0,'revision','',0),(1663,2,'2022-04-15 13:53:08','2022-04-15 13:53:08','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"New Commercial Buildings\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>The Manual supports the construction of new green commercial buildings with diminished energy and environmental footprints and the greening of existing commercial buildings. This approach limits the impact of the built environment on the natural environment, while sensitivity to the location of building activities helps to prevent urban sprawl and preserves natural resources.</p>\n<p>Best practice strategies include all aspects of green building and design with an added focus on those that jointly promote energy efficiency and resiliency in keeping with the State of New Jersey policy objectives. The Manual organizes best practice strategies according to an operational framework based on a design-build-operate-evaluate process. Each strategy includes a short explanation or definition, implementation recommendations, New Jersey specific examples (when available), and sections on strategy benefits, costs, resiliency (if applicable), and additional resources.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Design\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf568;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Operational Tools\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xe035;||divi||400\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/building-information-modeling-bim/\">Building Information Modeling (BIM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-modeling/\">Energy Modeling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-assessment-lca/\">Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-life-cycle-cost-analysis/\">Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-alternative-transportation/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-brownfield-and-infill-sites/\">Brownfield and Infill Sites</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-landscaping/\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-site-protection/\">Site Protection Plan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-tree-protection-and-placement/\">Tree Protection and Placement</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/\">Turf Grass Reduction</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p><strong>Envelope</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-mass/\">Thermal Massing</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Mechanicals and Equipment</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-part-load-efficiency/\">Part-Load Efficiency</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Energy Supply</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/\">Biomass Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-geothermal-energy-systems/\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-wind-energy-systems/\">On-Site Wind Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/\">Photovoltaic Systems (PV)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-thermal-systems/\">Solar Thermal Systems</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Water\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf043;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/indoor-water-conservation/\">Indoor Water Conservation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-on-site-alternative-water-reuse/\">On-Site Alternative Water Re-use</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Backup Systems\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf5df;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-emergency-water-supply-and-storage/\">Emergency Water Supply and Storage</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-storm-preparation-and-emergency-planning/\">Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/\">Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-indoor-air-quality-iaq-management-plan/\">Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/\">Flexible Workspaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-safe-non-toxic-materials/\">Non-Toxic Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials-2/\">Sustainable Materials</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Build\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf6e3;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Sustainable Sites\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1bb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-construction-and-demolition-cd-waste/\">Construction &amp; Demolition Waste Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials/\">High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-light-pollution-reduction/\">Light Pollution Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pervious-hardscape-materials/\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-vegetated-roofs/\">Vegetated Roofs</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Energy\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf0e7;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p><strong>Envelope</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-sustainable-materials/\">Air Infiltration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-cool-roofs/\">Cool Roofs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-efficient-windows/\">Energy-Efficient Windows</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-insulation/\">Insulation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Indoor Environmental Quality\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf863;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. 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Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=\"Smart Infrastructure\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf1eb;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"3.25\" custom_padding=\"|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Evaluate\" use_icon=\"on\" font_icon=\"&#xf3fd;||fa||900\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" image_icon_background_color=\"#ffffff\" image_icon_width=\"48px\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" header_level=\"h2\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" image_icon_custom_padding=\"25px|25px|25px|25px|false|false\" text_orientation=\"center\" border_radii_image=\"on|100%|100%|100%|100%\" border_color_all_image=\"#f7f7f7\" use_circle=\"on\" use_circle_border=\"on\" circle_border_color=\"#f7f7f7\" circle_color=\"#ffffff\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" image_icon_background_color__sticky_enabled=\"#7EBEC5\" image_icon_background_color__sticky=\"#7EBEC5\"][/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=\"Building Performance\" icon_color=\"#75C044\" toggle_icon=\"&#xf080;||fa||900\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.</p>[/et_pb_toggle][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.03)\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Case Studies</h2>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"30%\" module_alignment=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_divider][et_pb_portfolio fullwidth=\"off\" include_categories=\"3\" show_categories=\"off\" show_pagination=\"off\" hover_overlay_color=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_portfolio][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','New Commercial','','inherit','closed','closed','','659-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 13:53:08','2022-04-15 13:53:08','',659,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1663',0,'revision','',0),(1664,2,'2022-04-15 14:32:29','2022-04-15 14:32:29','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Chilled Beams\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What are Chilled Beams?</h2>\n<p>Chilled beams are room air recirculation systems integrated with acoustic ceilings or independently mounted that rely on radiant heat transfer from chilled or heated water coils to cool or heat a space.  Chilled beams use water as a heat transfer medium instead of air to cool or heat a room, taking advantage of water’s higher heat transfer capacity and lower transport energy and freeing up space and saving energy through reduced fan energy and equipment requirements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Chilled beams provide a flexible, easy to maintain, and energy-efficient alternative to variable air volume (VAV) systems and conventional air conditioning and heating systems, particularly for spaces that utilize individual zone control and experience moderate internal moisture loads.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>There are three types of chilled beam systems: passive, active, and multi-service. Passive chilled beams rely on the natural buoyancy of air to circulate through the heat exchanger, usually coils, to cool the air. In a passive system (most often used for cooling), hot air rises and becomes trapped in a space located above the chilled beams. Once the hot air interacts with the lower temperature beams, it naturally falls back into the room. Unlike active beams, passive beams are not directly connected to the ducted air supply and require a parallel ventilation system to handle dehumidification and latent loads and provide the primary air to drive the passive beam system.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Active systems direct air through the use of nozzles to the cooling or heating coils and allow for humidity control. Multi-purpose chilled beams can be used to supply other buildings services, such as lighting, speaker systems, IT systems, fire protection (sprinklers and detectors), acoustic insulation, Building Automation System sensors, and photocells.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_347\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1318\"]<img class=\"wp-image-347 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Fig-1-Chilled-Beams-2-images-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Active and Passive Chilled Beams (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"1318\" height=\"480\" /> Figure 1 – Active and Passive Chilled Beams (Source: US EPA).[/caption]\n<h2>How to Incorporate Chilled Beams</h2>\n<p>Chilled beams require specific applications and each chilled beam system design is unique, requiring project engineers to work closely with the manufacturer’s engineers in the design and selection of the chilled beam.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>According to best practice guidance from ASHRAE and REVHA chilled beams work best in applications with low air-side load fractions (or the percentage of the total air supply required by code for a zone) and in applications with high sensible heat ratios (or the percentage of the cooling load that is sensible compared to latent). For example, chilled beam systems can offer benefits over conventional systems if the sensible cooling load is substantially higher than the capacity of the air supplied to satisfy the latent loads.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>For comprehensive tools and guidance on designing, commissioning, and operating active and passive beam systems refer to the joint publication by ASHRAE and REVHA, “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.” Available for purchase at <a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/\">https://www.ashrae.org</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/standards/ashrae-200-2018?product_id=2030772\">ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 200-2018</a>, <em>Methods of Testing Chilled Beams</em>, establishes testing methods and procedures for determining the performance of chilled beams. Certification programs (<a href=\"http://www.eurovent-certification.com/index.php?lg=en\">Eurovent</a>, <a href=\"http://www.ahrinet.org/Home\">AHRI</a>) guarantee the accuracy of manufacturers’ technical data.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://ifnh.rutgers.edu/\">New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The IFNH building at Rutgers University, designed by Ballinger Architects finished in 2015 and built to LEED Gold standards is the first Rutgers University building to incorporate chilled beams as part of the building’s open laboratory design.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_524\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"702\"]<img class=\"wp-image-524 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Chilled-Beams-Fig-3-2.png\" alt=\"Fig 3. New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health. (Source: Rutger University).\" width=\"702\" height=\"408\" /> Fig 3. New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health. (Source: Rutger University).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Chilled beams have the potential to save significant amounts of energy and operating costs compared to completely air-based systems because they move heat more efficiently by using water instead of air as the heat transfer fluid, reducing the reheat and fan energy required to operate the system.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Chilled beams also increase the usable floor space and ceiling height in a building by eliminating additional ductwork and equipment space requirements and allowing for modular configurations and flexible installations. Other advantages include enhanced thermal comfort (e.g., uniform air distribution), acoustic control (e.g., quiet operation) and indoor air quality (e.g., utilize 100% outside air and limit room to room air recirculation).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Finally, chilled beams offer lower maintenance and repair costs due to fewer mechanical components than conventional HVAC systems.</p>\n<h2>Cost</h2>\n<p>The cost of chilled beams varies depending on the design and application. Chilled beams often have higher materials costs than conventional VAV systems but lower installation, maintenance, and energy costs. For example, by requiring fewer air exchanges, chilled beams can result in the downsizing of ductwork, air-handling units, exhaust fans, chillers, and boilers, reducing first costa and helping to offset the cost of chilled beam infrastructure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> The growing number of certified manufacturers and installers and available incentives are also helping to make chilled beams more cost competitive with conventional technologies.</p>\n<p>See the NJ Clean Energy Program for current incentives and programs <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com</a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Chilled beams contribute to resiliency by decreasing energy consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Energy Design Resources. 2010. E-News #69: Chilled Beams. February 2010.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://energydesignresources.com/resources/e-news/e-news-69-chilled-beams.aspx\">https://energydesignresources.com/resources/e-news/e-news-69-chilled-beams.aspx</a> (accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> The American Society for Healthcare Engineering (ASHE), the Association for the Healthcare Environment (AHE), and the Association for Healthcare Resource &amp; Materials Management (AHRMM) of the American Hospital Association (AHA). 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” <a href=\"http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ\">http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ</a> Accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ASHE et al. 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” <a href=\"http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ\">http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ</a> Accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> ASHE et al. 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” <a href=\"http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ\">http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ</a> Accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/\">Commissioning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ahrinet.org/Certification/AHRI-Certification-Programs/Active-Chilled-Beams\">Air-Conditioning, Heating &amp; Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Chilled Beams Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/\">ASHRAE</a></li>\n<li>ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.” <a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Available for purchase</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.rehva.eu/\">REHVA – Federation of European Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Associations</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Chilled Beams','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-chilled-beams','','','2022-04-15 17:17:00','2022-04-15 17:17:00','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1664',0,'post','',0),(1665,2,'2022-04-15 14:28:12','2022-04-15 14:28:12','','NC Chilled Beams','','inherit','closed','closed','','1664-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 14:28:12','2022-04-15 14:28:12','',1664,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1665',0,'revision','',0),(1667,2,'2022-04-15 14:32:29','2022-04-15 14:32:29','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Chilled Beams\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What are Chilled Beams?</h2>\n<p>Chilled beams are room air recirculation systems integrated with acoustic ceilings or independently mounted that rely on radiant heat transfer from chilled or heated water coils to cool or heat a space.  Chilled beams use water as a heat transfer medium instead of air to cool or heat a room, taking advantage of water’s higher heat transfer capacity and lower transport energy and freeing up space and saving energy through reduced fan energy and equipment requirements.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Chilled beams provide a flexible, easy to maintain, and energy-efficient alternative to variable air volume (VAV) systems and conventional air conditioning and heating systems, particularly for spaces that utilize individual zone control and experience moderate internal moisture loads.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>There are three types of chilled beam systems: passive, active, and multi-service. Passive chilled beams rely on the natural buoyancy of air to circulate through the heat exchanger, usually coils, to cool the air. In a passive system (most often used for cooling), hot air rises and becomes trapped in a space located above the chilled beams. Once the hot air interacts with the lower temperature beams, it naturally falls back into the room. Unlike active beams, passive beams are not directly connected to the ducted air supply and require a parallel ventilation system to handle dehumidification and latent loads and provide the primary air to drive the passive beam system.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> Active systems direct air through the use of nozzles to the cooling or heating coils and allow for humidity control. Multi-purpose chilled beams can be used to supply other buildings services, such as lighting, speaker systems, IT systems, fire protection (sprinklers and detectors), acoustic insulation, Building Automation System sensors, and photocells.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_347\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1318\"]<img class=\"wp-image-347 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Fig-1-Chilled-Beams-2-images-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Active and Passive Chilled Beams (Source: US EPA).\" width=\"1318\" height=\"480\" /> Figure 1 – Active and Passive Chilled Beams (Source: US EPA).[/caption]\n<h2>How to Incorporate Chilled Beams</h2>\n<p>Chilled beams require specific applications and each chilled beam system design is unique, requiring project engineers to work closely with the manufacturer’s engineers in the design and selection of the chilled beam.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>According to best practice guidance from ASHRAE and REVHA chilled beams work best in applications with low air-side load fractions (or the percentage of the total air supply required by code for a zone) and in applications with high sensible heat ratios (or the percentage of the cooling load that is sensible compared to latent). For example, chilled beam systems can offer benefits over conventional systems if the sensible cooling load is substantially higher than the capacity of the air supplied to satisfy the latent loads.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>For comprehensive tools and guidance on designing, commissioning, and operating active and passive beam systems refer to the joint publication by ASHRAE and REVHA, “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.” Available for purchase at <a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/\">https://www.ashrae.org</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/standards/ashrae-200-2018?product_id=2030772\">ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 200-2018</a>, <em>Methods of Testing Chilled Beams</em>, establishes testing methods and procedures for determining the performance of chilled beams. Certification programs (<a href=\"http://www.eurovent-certification.com/index.php?lg=en\">Eurovent</a>, <a href=\"http://www.ahrinet.org/Home\">AHRI</a>) guarantee the accuracy of manufacturers’ technical data.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://ifnh.rutgers.edu/\">New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The IFNH building at Rutgers University, designed by Ballinger Architects finished in 2015 and built to LEED Gold standards is the first Rutgers University building to incorporate chilled beams as part of the building’s open laboratory design.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_524\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"702\"]<img class=\"wp-image-524 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Chilled-Beams-Fig-3-2.png\" alt=\"Fig 3. New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health. (Source: Rutger University).\" width=\"702\" height=\"408\" /> Fig 3. New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health. (Source: Rutger University).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Chilled beams have the potential to save significant amounts of energy and operating costs compared to completely air-based systems because they move heat more efficiently by using water instead of air as the heat transfer fluid, reducing the reheat and fan energy required to operate the system.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a> Chilled beams also increase the usable floor space and ceiling height in a building by eliminating additional ductwork and equipment space requirements and allowing for modular configurations and flexible installations. Other advantages include enhanced thermal comfort (e.g., uniform air distribution), acoustic control (e.g., quiet operation) and indoor air quality (e.g., utilize 100% outside air and limit room to room air recirculation).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Finally, chilled beams offer lower maintenance and repair costs due to fewer mechanical components than conventional HVAC systems.</p>\n<h2>Cost</h2>\n<p>The cost of chilled beams varies depending on the design and application. Chilled beams often have higher materials costs than conventional VAV systems but lower installation, maintenance, and energy costs. For example, by requiring fewer air exchanges, chilled beams can result in the downsizing of ductwork, air-handling units, exhaust fans, chillers, and boilers, reducing first costa and helping to offset the cost of chilled beam infrastructure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> The growing number of certified manufacturers and installers and available incentives are also helping to make chilled beams more cost competitive with conventional technologies.</p>\n<p>See the NJ Clean Energy Program for current incentives and programs <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com</a></p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>Chilled beams contribute to resiliency by decreasing energy consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Energy Design Resources. 2010. E-News #69: Chilled Beams. February 2010.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://energydesignresources.com/resources/e-news/e-news-69-chilled-beams.aspx\">https://energydesignresources.com/resources/e-news/e-news-69-chilled-beams.aspx</a> (accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> The American Society for Healthcare Engineering (ASHE), the Association for the Healthcare Environment (AHE), and the Association for Healthcare Resource &amp; Materials Management (AHRMM) of the American Hospital Association (AHA). 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” <a href=\"http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ\">http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ</a> Accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> ASHE et al. 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” <a href=\"http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ\">http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ</a> Accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-chilled-beams/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> ASHE et al. 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” <a href=\"http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ\">http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ</a> Accessed Jan 8, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-commissioning/\">Commissioning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-individual-comfort-controls/\">Individual Comfort Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ahrinet.org/Certification/AHRI-Certification-Programs/Active-Chilled-Beams\">Air-Conditioning, Heating &amp; Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Chilled Beams Certification</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org/\">ASHRAE</a></li>\n<li>ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.” <a href=\"https://www.ashrae.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Available for purchase</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.rehva.eu/\">REHVA – Federation of European Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Associations</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Chilled Beams','','inherit','closed','closed','','1664-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 14:32:29','2022-04-15 14:32:29','',1664,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1667',0,'revision','',0),(1669,2,'2022-04-15 14:59:24','2022-04-15 14:59:24','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Combined Heat and Power (CHP)\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Combined Heat and Power (CHP)?</strong></h2>\n<p>Combined Heat and Power (CHP), also known as cogeneration, is a type of distributed energy resource that produces both electricity and thermal energy onsite, using one primary fuel.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> CHP recovers heat usually wasted in conventional power generation as thermal energy for a building’s space heating and cooling, process heating and cooling, dehumidification, or the production of more electricity generation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> CHP system can use fossil or renewable fuels and typically utilize the following prime mover technologies to combust the fuel including reciprocating engines, gas turbines, microturbines, fuel cells, and boiler or steam turbines.</p>\n<p>For example, (see Figure 1) a prime mover, such as a reciprocating engine or gas turbine uses a fuel such as natural gas to power a generator that creates electricity and emits heat. Generated electricity supplies electrical loads in the building, feeds back to the grid, or utilizes energy storage for later use (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). A heat recovery unit captures the heat and processes it for use onsite, typically for building heating applications but also for absorption cooling, an application that utilizes heat energy to cool buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> CHP systems can utilize thermal energy storage to save excess heat energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, to increase energy efficiency, and to store low priced energy and use that energy during peak demand when prices climb (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_212\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"970\"]<img class=\"wp-image-212 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-CHP-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Reciprocating engine or gas turbine with heat recovery. (Source: US DOE CHP)\" width=\"970\" height=\"450\" /> Figure 1. Reciprocating engine or gas turbine with heat recovery. (Source: US DOE CHP)[/caption]<p>Microturbines use gaseous or liquid fuels, most commonly natural gas, to produce electricity and recover exhaust heat for direct use or use in a heat recovery boiler.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a> Steam turbines do not consume fuel directly but use steam generated by natural gas, oil, coal or biomass driven boilers or heat recovery steam generators, to produce power and thermal energy (see <em>Biomass Energy Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>Fuel cells used for CHP applications utilize an electrochemical process to reform natural gas or biogas into hydrogen and then react hydrogen to generate electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<h2>How to Integrate CHP</h2>\n<p>The practicality of integrating CHP into a project increases when considered early in the planning stages, including early engagement with the local utility to identify permitting issues and available incentives.</p>\n<p>Contact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current CHP programs, tools, and available funding. For example, the NJ Office of Clean Energy Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Program currently offers incentives for the following CHP technologies:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Powered by non-renewable (i.e., natural gas) or renewable fuel source (i.e., biomass).</li>\n<li>Gas internal combustion engine.</li>\n<li>Gas combustion turbine.</li>\n<li>Microturbine</li>\n<li>Fuel cells with heat recovery.</li>\n<li>Waste heat to power.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The use of Class 1 renewable fuel sources and installation of CHP with black-start and islanding capabilities at designated critical facilities may qualify projects for additional incentives.</p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/misc/success-story/westin\">Westin – Starwood Hotel, Jersey City, NJ</a></p>\n<p>The Westin Jersey City Newport qualified for the NJ Clean Energy Combined Heat &amp; Power Program by installing three Tecogen® Inc. 100-kW natural gas engine CHP units. The co-generation units are expected to produce 1,985 MWh of electricity and 132,962 therms of energy per year. The Westin Jersey City Newport qualified for $600,000 in NJCEP incentives, covering more than 27 percent of the $2,158,229 project cost, which includes ten years of maintenance service by the manufacturer. The co-generation units could potentially save the hotel, on average, 367,209 kWh of electricity and 91,198 therms of natural gas per year, resulting in annual savings ranging from $123,007 to $212,000. With the NJCEP incentives, the project expects to pay for itself within a decade when factoring in federal tax credits.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Inherently inefficient, conventional electricity generation converts only about a third of a fuel’s potential energy into usable energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a> It is reasonable to expect CHP applications to operate at 65-75% efficiency, a large improvement over the national average of ~50% for these services when separately provided.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Since overgeneration of heat and electricity occurs frequently, CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> The significant increase in energy efficiency with CHP means lower fuel consumption and reduced greenhouse gas emissions for the same level of output when compared to the separate generation of heat and power. Biomass powered CHP systems have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently (see <em>Biomass Energy Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> Other benefits include CHP’s proven track record and the versatility of CHP to work with existing and planned technologies for various industrial and commercial applications. CHP also localizes energy generation, avoiding congestion issues and improving grid transmission and distribution losses associated with centralized power stations, reducing the risk of electrical grid disruptions and enhancing energy reliability. As a distributed energy generator, CHP provides a reliable and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and grid outages and can help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).</p>\n<h2>Costs</h2>\n<p>CHP makes the most economic sense when electricity prices are high, and natural gas prices are low. While the initial cost of CHP systems often exceed that of conventional heating or cooling systems, reduced energy and operating costs associated with cogeneration can often justify the investment.</p>\n<h2>Resiliency</h2>\n<p>CHP can improve the resiliency of critical infrastructure, by acting as a self-sufficient microgrid keeping essential facilities and systems running without any interruption in electric or thermal service in the absence of utility sourced power due to storms or other events.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<p>For example, South Oaks Hospital in Amityville, New York remained open and operational during Superstorm Sandy while over 8.5 million Long Island Power Authority (LIPA) customers had no power for a week.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> South Oaks Hospital had five 250 kW units, which kept lights on and refrigeration units operational for 15 days, even allowing the hospital to admit new patients.</p>\n<p>A form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids with the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a> Combined with energy storage capabilities, CHP systems hold the potential to help diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of distributed energy resources and energy storage (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage, Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> US EPA and US DOE. Guide to Using Combined Heat and Power for Enhancing Reliability and Resiliency in Buildings. September 2013. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_for_reliability_guidance.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_for_reliability_guidance.pdf</a>  (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a>   (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Microturbines <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Microturbines_0.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Microturbines_0.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Steam Turbines. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Steam%20Turbine.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Steam%20Turbine.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Fuel Cells <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Fuel%20Cell.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Fuel%20Cell.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> NJ Office of Clean Energy. 2018. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Program. <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power</a> (accessed Oct 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> Electropaedia. <a href=\"http://www.mpoweruk.com/fossil_fuels.htm\">http://www.mpoweruk.com/fossil_fuels.htm</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> DOE. Combined Heat and Power Basics. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future.<a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> ICF International. 2013. “Combined Heat and Power: Enabling Resilient Energy Infrastructure for Critical Facilities.” Prepared for Oak Ridge National Laboratory. March 2013. Page 2. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_critical_facilities.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_critical_facilities.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> ACEEE. New and Improved Methods for Evaluating CHP Cost-Effectiveness. <a href=\"https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2016/data/papers/4_837.pdf\">https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2016/data/papers/4_837.pdf</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190928203552/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biomass-energy-systems/\">Biomass Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://doe.icfwebservices.com/chpdb/state/NJ\">Combined Heat and Power Installations in New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/\">Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.iea.org/\">International Energy Association (IEA)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power\">New Jersey’s Clean Energy Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.epa.gov/chp\">US EPA Combined Power and Heat Partnership</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics\">US DOE Combined Heat and Power Basics</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Combined Heat and Power (CHP)','','publish','closed','closed','','nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp','','','2022-06-23 19:22:53','2022-06-23 19:22:53','',0,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1669',0,'post','',0),(1670,2,'2022-04-15 14:56:01','2022-04-15 14:56:01','','NC Combined Heat and Power (CHP)','','inherit','closed','closed','','1669-revision-v1','','','2022-04-15 14:56:01','2022-04-15 14:56:01','',1669,'https://devgreenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=1670',0,'revision','',0),