(6682,1571,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Biophilic Design</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Biophilic Design?<br />\nBiophilic design is related to the concept of biophilia, a term popularized by biologist E.O. Wilson, that suggests connections with the natural world enhance human physical and mental well-being. [1] The biophilia hypothesis indicates that people have a biological affinity for nature, based on such an affinity’s evolutionary advantage. An affinity for the natural world can be broken down into nine categories representing different values and expressions of biophilia, including the natural world as a source of material utilization and exploitation, physical beauty and appeal, empirical<br />\nknowledge and understanding, communication and thought, exploration and discovery, bonding and companionship, mastery and control, moral and spiritual connection, and fear and repression.[2] Biophilic design, which incorporates connections to natural systems and materials into the built environment, creates an opportunity for exercising and strengthening biophilic values, which in turn, opens the door to physical, intellectual, and emotional benefits.<br />\nKey Elements of Biophilic Design[3]</p>\n<p>Environmental features<br />\nNatural shapes and forms<br />\nNatural patterns and processes<br />\nDaylight and open space<br />\nPlace-based relationships<br />\nEvolved human-nature relationships</p>\n<p>These biophilic design attributes are defined further in the book, “Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life” by Stephen R. Kellert, Judith Heerwagen, and Martin Mador.<br />\nHow to Incorporate Biophilic Design<br />\nSpecify biophilic design goals early in the design process and engage the entire project team. Biophilic design involves the use of local, natural materials, potted plants, courtyard gardens, views to nature, natural light and ventilation, water features, animals and aquariums, and blurring the boundaries between the building and the surrounding landscape (see Views and Operable Windows, Native and Adapted Plants, Daylighting, Natural Ventilation).<br />\nStudies show that fractal patterns found in nature and natural patterns such as “waves, leaves in a breeze, fish swimming in an aquarium, or a flickering fire,” captivate people’s attention and induce states of relaxation far better than spaces and views without “visual richness” such as blank, white walls or tree-less streets.[4] Look to incorporate patterns found in nature through representational artwork, ornamentation, biomorphic forms and use of natural materials such as wood and stone.<br />\nExample<br />\nSunlight and Water, Queens Botanical Garden (QBG) Visitor Center, Flushing, NY<br />\nThe QBG Visitor Center illustrates biophilic design with the windows in the first-floor corridor, which capture the sun reflecting off the rainwater harvest feature that runs along the exterior of the building. Depending on the time of day and amount of sunlight, an occupant of the building can see patterns of sunlight reflected on the interior walls and ceiling. The interplay between sun and water connects people inside to the changes in the outdoor environment throughout the day.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nMany studies document the benefits of a connection to nature in the built environment. For example, studies point to positive gains in workplace productivity through increased mental focus and attention, enhanced cognitive functioning, reduced stress levels, greater worker satisfaction, elevated moods, and less sick days; views to nature result in shorter recovery rates in hospitals, and daylighting increases sales in retail buildings and improves test scores and accelerates learning rates in schools.[5] For example, pain medication was requested 23 percent less with patients in hospital rooms with morning sunshine compared to rooms lacking natural light.[6] Another study showed that students with access to natural light from operable skylights improved 19-20% faster than students in classrooms without a skylight.[7]<br />\nCosts<br />\nRecent studies that quantify the benefits of biophilic design elements in the built environment help advance biophilic design from an add-on to an integrated design strategy and profitable pursuit.[8] One peer-reviewed study by Terrapin Bright Green, LLC (see Resources) measures and quantifies the cost-benefits of biophilic design on the following indicators of productivity:[9]</p>\n<p>Illness and absenteeism<br />\nStaff retention<br />\nJob performance (mental stress/fatigue)<br />\nHealing rates<br />\nClassroom learning rates<br />\nRetail sales<br />\nViolence statistics</p>\n<p>Resiliency<br />\nBiophilic design can lead to a deeper connection to nature, which in turn, can foster an environmental ethic that supports ecological resilience by protecting the biological diversity of native plants and animals in a given area and enhancing the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance. Common biophilic design features such as daylighting provide resiliency benefits by maintaining lighting levels for critical functions when the grid goes down due to environmental or other issues. The use of local materials supports local knowledge and resources for maintaining and rebuilding after storms. Natural materials such as stone provide strength and durability and also help in maintaining thermal comfort during power outages (see Thermal Mass). Biophilic design connects buildings to nature and links building systems to complex, natural systems that can adapt to changing conditions – a cornerstone of resiliency. Some of our most historic and beloved buildings incorporate biophilic design elements, supporting the notion that people and communities look to maintain and protect beautiful, timeless and inspiring buildings.<br />\n[1] International Living Building Institute. Biophilic Design Initiative. https://living-future.org/biophilic design-overview/ (accessed January 4, 2019).<br />\n[2] Kellert, Stephen. “Kinship to Mastery: Biophilia in Human Evolution and Development.” Island Press, Shearwater Books. Washington, D.C. 1997. Page 3.<br />\n[3] International Living Future Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative. https://living-future.org/biophilic-design-overview/ (accessed January 6, 2019).<br />\n[4] Terrapin Bright Green, LLC. The Economics of Biophilia – Why designing with nature in mind makes financial sense. Peer Review by Judith Heerwagen and Vivian Loftness https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter (accessed Sept 28, 2018).<br />\n[5] Terrapin Bright Green, LLC. Biophilia – Why designing with nature in mind makes financial sense. Peer Review by Judith Heerwagen and Vivian Loftness https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter (accessed September 28, 2018).<br />\n[6] Sole-Smith, Virginia. “Nature on the Threshold.” New York Times, September 7, 2006, Home and Garden section. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/07/garden/07bio.html (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[7] Heschong, Lisa. Daylighting in Schools. California Board for Energy Efficiency. 1999. http://www.coe.uga.edu/sdpl/research/daylightingstudy.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[8] Wilson, Alex. Biophilia in Practice: Buildings that Connect People with Nature. Building Green, July 2006. https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/biophilia-practice-buildings-connect-people-nature<br />\n(accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[9] Terrapin Bright Green, LLC. Biophilia – Why designing with nature in mind makes financial sense. Peer Review by Judith Heerwagen and Vivian Loftness. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter (accessed January 4 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Daylighting<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nNative and Adapted Plants<br />\nThermal Mass<br />\nViews and Operable Windows</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Biophilic Design – The Architecture of Life</p>\n<p>Heerwagen, Judith, Kellert, Stephen, Mador, Martin. Biophilic Design: Theory, Research, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life. John Wiley.<br />\nKellert, Steven. 2005. Buildings for Life – Designing and Understanding the Human-Nature Connection. Island Press.</p>\n<p>GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool – Biophilic Design<br />\nInternational Living Future Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative<br />\nTerrapin Bright Green LLC – The Economics of Biophilia – Why designing with nature makes economic sense<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Psychosocial Value of Space</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6683,1571,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 09:01:22'),(6684,1571,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6685,1571,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6687,1571,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6688,1571,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6689,1571,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6690,1571,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6691,1571,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6692,1571,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6693,1571,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6695,1577,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6696,1577,'_edit_last','2'),(6697,1577,'_edit_lock','1649947301:2'),(6699,1577,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6702,1577,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6703,1577,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6704,1577,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1577\" /]'),(6705,1577,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6706,1577,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6708,1577,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6709,1577,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6710,1577,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is a Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan?<br />\nA construction indoor air quality management plan is a step-by-step approach to protecting indoor air during construction and pre-occupancy. People who work in an office environment spend up to 90% of their day indoors.[1] Several studies show that pollutant levels indoors are two to five times greater than outdoors. Poor indoor air quality can cause dizziness, asthma, fever, lung cancer and many other health problems.[2],[3]Implementing protective practices during the construction phase can help prevent poor indoor air quality.<br />\nStrategies, such as protecting absorptive materials from exposure to moisture to prevent mold growth and using air filters when running equipment during the installation of interior duct systems or during power equipment use (sanding) reduces the risk of poor air quality. These strategies also protect the workforce during construction and building occupants after the structure is built (see Table 1 for a list of conventional sources of air pollution).<br />\nTable 1: Common Sources of Indoor Air Pollution[4]</p>\n<p>Pollutant<br />\nSource</p>\n<p>Environmental tobacco smoke<br />\nOther smokers</p>\n<p>Asbestos<br />\nInsulating or fire-retardant building supplies</p>\n<p> Biological contaminants<br />\nMold, pollen, People plus dirty/poorly-maintained ventilation systems or water-damaged walls</p>\n<p>Pesticides<br />\nPest-controlling chemicals</p>\n<p>Formaldehyde<br />\nPressed wood products and adhesives</p>\n<p>Particulate Matter<br />\nDust, dirt, soot, smoke</p>\n<p>Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)<br />\nPaints, adhesives, copying machines, air fresheners, and other cleaning materials and chemicals</p>\n<p>Other Gases<br />\nRadon (entering a building through cracks from water and natural breakdown in rocks and soil), Carbon Monoxide (combustion, exhaust, heating systems)</p>\n<p>How to Implement a Construction IAQ Management Plan<br />\nThe Construction IAQ Management Plan is developed during the design phase and implemented at the outset of the construction phase (see Integrated Design Process). The IAQ plan also addresses the period between the completion of construction and occupancy. Control emissions during both construction and post-construction by selecting low-emitting materials whenever possible, holding off on installation of absorbent materials (e.g., carpet, ceiling tiles) until emissions from construction contaminants (e.g., oils, adhesives, paints) have subsided, increasing ventilation during periods of high emission, protecting ducts from dust and contaminants and delaying occupancy of unit until emissions have dissipated. If occupants are present in the building, it is vital to isolate construction contaminants by establishing a full enclosure around the construction zone, establishing negative pressure within containment zone with exhaust fans and making sure that contaminants don’t re-enter the building through open windows or HVAC system intakes.[5] Also, the building should be flushed out before occupancy. Flush out involves forcing large quantities of outdoor air through the new building to remove pollutants before occupancy.  Recommendations for the duration of the flush-out period vary from 3 to 90 days.[6]<br />\nThe following list includes some of the construction IAQ management elements outlined in the US Green Building Council’s LEED BD+C Rating System for the design and construction of commercial buildings. For more detailed information see LEED Guidance:[7]</p>\n<p>Meet or exceed the recommended control measures of the Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning National Contractors Association (SMACNA) 2007 IAQ Plan Guidelines. SMACNA includes measures such as covering ductwork and using low VOC materials.<br />\nProhibit tobacco use.<br />\nProtect absorptive materials from moisture damage.<br />\nWhen required to use permanently installed air-handlers during construction, use filtration media with a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 8 at each return air grille, as determined by ASHRAE Standard 52.2-2007 (with errata but without addenda 1). Replace all filtration media immediately before occupancy.</p>\n<p>Benefits</p>\n<p>Protects the health of the construction team (and building occupants if the building remains occupied) during the construction phase.<br />\nProtects the health of the occupants following construction.<br />\nPrevents potential health problems by reducing airborne contaminants.<br />\nIncreases productivity of occupants through thermal comfort and proper ventilation.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nWhen combined with an integrated design process, developing and implementing an IAQ management plan is not a significant financial burden but requires extensive coordination with the project team.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nImplementing a comprehensive construction IAQ management plan helps ensure the building and building systems begin operation without contaminants or elements that can degrade indoor air quality. Sound IAQ management contributes to operation efficiencies through protecting building systems and indoor environmental quality for occupants. Good indoor air quality and efficient operations help contribute to a building, building systems and building occupants’ ability to withstand, recover from and adapt to extreme or unpredictable events.[8]<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US EPA. The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality. https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/inside-story-guide-indoor-air-quality  (accessed April 20, 2018).<br />\n[2] See US EPA’s webpage on Health Effects due to poor indoor air quality for a list of identified illnesses. (accessed April 20, 2018).<br />\n[3] Also see Health Impact at WHO’s webpage on Indoor Air Pollution and Health (accessed April 20, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA. Indoor Pollutants and Sources.  https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-pollutants-and-sources (accessed December 18, 2018).<br />\n[5] US EPA. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/renovation-and-new-construction-text-module-indoor-air-quality-building#cr52 (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[6] US EPA. Controlling Pollutants and Sources: Indoor Air Quality Design Tools for Schools. https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/controlling-pollutants-and-sources-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools#AirOutandFlushOut (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[7] U.S Green Building Council – LEED BD+C New Construction v4. Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan. https://www.usgbc.org/node/2615033?return=/credits (accessed May 8, 2019).<br />\n[8] US EPA. Indoor Air and Climate Readiness. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/climate_readiness.pdf (accessed December 18, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Sustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>ASHRAE Indoor Air Quality Guide<br />\nUS Department of Labor – Occupational Safety and Health Administration: IAQ<br />\nUS EPA</p>\n<p>iBeam<br />\nIndoor Air Quality<br />\nOffice Building Occupant’s Guide to Indoor Air Quality</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6711,1577,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 08:59:53'),(6712,1577,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6713,1577,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6715,1577,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6716,1577,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6717,1577,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6718,1577,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default');
INSERT INTO `wp_postmeta` VALUES (6719,1577,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6720,1577,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6721,1577,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6723,1584,'_edit_last','2'),(6724,1584,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6725,1584,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6726,1584,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6727,1584,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6728,1584,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6729,1584,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6730,1584,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6731,1584,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6732,1584,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Flexible Workspaces</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Flexible Workspaces?<br />\nFlexible workspaces are settings that support a variety of business arrangements tailored to the needs of the user.[1] Changes in technology, management approaches, and business models drive a need for spaces that can adapt quickly to change. [2] Disassembly, deconstruction, and demolition are essential considerations for managing resources and the waste stream when creating new building environments (see Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction). New construction should emphasize reusable parts and easy access to infrastructure, plumbing, and wiring as well as planning for recycling or reuse of leftover materials.[3] In addition to a focus on flexible workspaces in a traditional office environment, there is also an increasing number of people using flexible work locations such as co-working spaces or fully equipped shared spaces (see Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Design).<br />\nHow to Implement Flexible Workspaces<br />\nFlexible workspaces should provide flexible infrastructure, adjustable workstations and support mobility within the office and outside of the office. Re-configurable furniture in meeting spaces as well as providing options for subdividing larger spaces help contribute to a more flexible work environment.[4]<br />\nTo implement flexible workspaces, it is essential to:</p>\n<p>Engage in an integrated design process (see Integrated Design Process).<br />\nProvide flexibility for delivering power, voice, data, and internet.<br />\nProvide distributed, vertical cores, satellite closets, and generous horizontal plenum spaces with mobile, user-based services to accommodate changing technology.<br />\nProvide systems that are controllable and adjustable by the users without depending on outside contractors (see Individual Comfort Controls).<br />\nIncorporate sustainable design principles, which can help achieve flexible spaces.[5]<br />\nUse durable materials that are worth recovering for reuse or recycling (see Durable and Adaptable Materials).<br />\nPlan for the movement and safety of occupants to allow for building adaptation.[6]</p>\n<p>Table 1. Drivers, Solutions, and Issues for the Changing Workplace (Adapted from Whole Building Design Guide – The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work, and Workplace) [7]</p>\n<p>Benefits</p>\n<p>Reduces the need to alter infrastructure<br />\nEnables low-cost and less complicated reconfiguration<br />\nPromotes productivity and efficiency and occupant satisfaction<br />\nReduces real estate costs (by de-linking physical space consumption from occupant headcount)<br />\nImproves organizational flexibility and agility to respond to current and future workforce demands<br />\nIncreases options for disassembly and deconstruction[8]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nCompanies need to plan for flexibility and change to keep up with changing business models and technology. The GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool includes a case study for the renovation of the PBS Chicago Regional Office. Through incorporating flexible design strategies, the renovation reduced costs of reconfiguration of workstations from $900 per workstation and $1650 per office to $0. Plug and play data and telecom enabled GSA staff to make changes without the help of outside technicians, saving approximately $125 per change. Designing flexible workspaces can minimize costs associated with reconfigurations as technology and office environments evolve. [9]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nFlexibility and adaptability are elements that contribute to a resilient workplace. As described by Judith Heerwagen and Michael Bloom in the Resilient Workplace, workplaces need to promote the capacity of humans to be creative and adapt in the face of disruption and change.[10]<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design. http://www.wbdg.org/design/design_change.php (accessed January 6, 2019).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide. Office Building. https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/office-building  (accessed January 6, 2019).<br />\n[3] US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design (accessed January 20, 2019).<br />\n[4] GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool. Flexible Workplace Design.  (accessed January 20, 2019).<br />\n[5] Whole Building Design Guide. Design for the Changing Workplace. (accessed January 20, 2019 ).<br />\n[6] US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design (accessed January 20, 2019).<br />\n[7] Adapted from Whole Building Design Guide. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/chngorgwork.php (accessed January 20, 2019).<br />\n[8] GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool. Flexible Workplace Design. https://sftool.gov/learn/about/243/flexible-workplace-design (accessed January 20, 2019).<br />\n[9] GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool. (accessed January 20, 2019).<br />\n[10] Heerwagen, Judith and Michael F. Bloom. The Resilient Workplace. http://workandplace.com/the-resilient-workplace/ (accessed January 20, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nConstruction and Demolition(C&amp;D) Waste<br />\nIndividual Comfort Controls<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nSustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool – Flexible Workplace Design<br />\nUC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment<br />\nUS EPA – Sustainable Materials Management. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials. Designing for Adaptability, Disassembly, and Reuse<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Design for the Changing Workplace<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work and Workplace</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6733,1584,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 08:59:53'),(6734,1584,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6735,1584,'_edit_lock','1649947694:2'),(6737,262,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Table 1. Drivers, Solutions, and Issues for the Changing Workplace (Adapted from Whole Building Design Guide – The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work, and Workplace) [7]'),(6738,1584,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6741,1584,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6742,1584,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6743,1584,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1584\" /]'),(6744,1584,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6745,1584,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6747,1584,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6748,1584,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6749,1584,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6752,1589,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6753,1589,'_edit_last','2'),(6754,1589,'_edit_lock','1651068024:2'),(6756,49,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 3 – Stained concrete floor (source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)'),(6757,94,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 4 – Recycled carpet (source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)'),(6758,1589,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6761,1589,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6762,1589,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6763,1589,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1589\" /]'),(6764,1589,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6765,1589,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6766,1589,'_thumbnail_id','428'),(6767,1589,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6768,1589,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6769,1589,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Non-toxic Materials</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Non-toxic Materials?<br />\nNon-toxic or low-emitting materials release relatively low levels of odorous, irritating, toxic, or hazardous substances unhealthy to building occupants.[1] Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (including formaldehyde), particulates, and fibers include substances often emitted from building materials that can adversely impact human health.<br />\nVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) contain carbon molecules and can vaporize from material surfaces into indoor air at average room temperatures (a process known as off-gassing).[2] A non-toxic material must meet different thresholds of VOC emissions compliance depending on the material.[3] Found in many everyday products and building materials, VOCs can escape into the air and cause illness and allergic reactions. Studies have linked elevated levels of VOCs and interior pollutants to health concerns that cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination, nausea, and other health problems. [4] People with respiratory problems, children, seniors and people with compromised immune systems are at higher risk to reactions from exposure than general population.<br />\nAccording to the EPA, concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors (up to ten times) than outdoors. Paints, sealants, manufactured wood products, and adhesives as well as some furnishings and carpet systems often release VOCs. Inherently non-emitting sources of VOCs such as stone, ceramic, powder-coated metals, plated or anodized metal, glass, concrete, clay, brick, and unfinished or untreated solid wood do not require VOC emissions testing if they do not include VOC emitting surface coatings, binders, or sealants.[5]<br />\nFormaldehyde (CH2O), a known carcinogen, is a colorless gas with a strong odor that can cause eye, nose, skin, and lung irritations. It forms an essential component of several polymers used in many building materials including urea formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde, and melamine resin. When selecting safe, non-toxic materials, avoid building materials and products containing formaldehyde resins. Pressed-wood products, such as particleboard, oriented strand board (OSB), plywood, medium density fiberboard, glues and adhesives, permanent-press fabrics, paper product coatings, and specific insulation materials often use formaldehyde resins.[6] More information about formaldehyde can be found through resources such as the US EPA website. If a formaldehyde-containing product is purchased, it should be aired out before it is used.</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Non-toxic Materials<br />\nIncreased awareness about possible health risks and indoor air quality concerns have helped to expand the market for safe, non-toxic materials. Low-emitting material credit requirements by LEED and other green building certifications have led to a demand for products lower in VOCs and toxic chemicals.[7] Several certification programs, standards, and criteria for selecting and evaluating sustainable materials include GREENGUARD (indoor air quality certification), Green Label Plus (carpets/rugs), Green Seal, and Scientific Certification Systems.<br />\nThe definition of a “low” concentration of VOC emissions varies according to the product type. For example, for interior paints and coatings, low-VOC emitting products have concentrations below 50 g/L; a zero-VOC paint has fewer than 5 grams per liter.[8] Paints and finishes come in either oil-based formulas or latex (water) based, which are generally less toxic and less VOC-emitting than oil-based paints.[9] Not all latex-based formulas are low in VOC’s, however, and a few oil-based products now qualify as low-VOC. For independent certifications and standards, see greenseal.org and greenguard.org (which measures VOC emissions).<br />\nThere are many hard, low-formaldehyde flooring materials on the market. Formaldehyde occurs naturally in wood and making wood-containing flooring products are never 100% formaldehyde free. By using materials such as concrete and recycled tile, a homeowner can significantly reduce the amount of formaldehyde concentration in a home, while also preserving natural resources such as wood commonly used for flooring.<br />\nIf choosing to install new wood, consider salvaged wood or look for products that earn the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certification label. The FSC specializes in providing certification for wood products produced from sustainable harvesting practices that contain low levels of formaldehyde. FSC-certified wood floors do not include added urea-formaldehyde.<br />\nExample<br />\nRutgers University Visitor Center<br />\nThe Rutgers University Visitor Center was constructed using low-emitting materials including paints, finishes and recycled content carpet.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nThe selection of building material and furnishings have a significant impact on indoor environmental quality. Benefits of choosing low-emitting materials include: [10]</p>\n<p>Improved indoor air quality.<br />\nImproved worker safety and health.<br />\nReduced incidents of an eye and respiratory irritation, headaches, fatigue.<br />\nHealthier environment for building occupants who are sensitive to specific products.<br />\nReduced pollution of groundwater and water supplies.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nMany low-emitting materials are cost-competitive with conventional materials. Low/no-VOC paints typically cost about the same as conventional paints.[11] Many wood product manufacturers are replacing formaldehyde-based bonding resins with non-toxic substitutes. Cost impacts for such non-formaldehyde wood products can vary.[12]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nThe use of non-toxic materials in building assemblies and furnishings can help to reduce the release of toxic chemicals when debris from buildings finds its way into the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds caused by natural disasters and severe storm events. For example, Superstorm Sandy generated over 8 million cubic yards of debris across the nine hardest-hit counties in New Jersey in only one day.[13] Damaged and contaminated materials may include waterlogged drywall, plaster, insulation, flooring, carpets, mattresses, and upholstered furniture, that when put it into unlined landfills, can contaminate groundwater.<br />\n[1] Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[3] LEED BD+C: New Construction | v4 – LEED v4. Low-emitting materials<br />\nhttps://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0  (accessed April 25, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA. An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality. https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality  (accessed April 23, 2018).<br />\n[5] LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[6] Healthy Building Network. Formaldehyde Found in Building Materials.  https://healthybuilding.net/uploads/files/formaldehyde-found-in-building-materials.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[7] LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[8] GreenGuard. Your Guide to Low-And Zero-VOC Paints. http://greenguard.org/files/LivingGreenPaintGuide.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[9] Ibid.<br />\n[10] WBDG. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[11] Cost Helper. How Much Does Painting an Interior Cost? http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[12] Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[13] NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities.<br />\nhttp://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Sustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>NJ Department of Health and Senior Services – Indoor Environments<br />\nUS EPA Indoor Air Quality – Green Indoor Environments<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide: Evaluating and Selecting Green Products</p>\n<p>Green Product Certifications and Standards:</p>\n<p>Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label Program<br />\nCradle to Cradle<br />\nThe GREENGUARD Environmental Institute is an industry-independent, not-for-profit organization that oversees the GREENGUARD Certification programs.<br />\nGreen Seal<br />\nInternational Living Future Institute<br />\nLEED: Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels<br />\nScientific Certification Systems Indoor Advantage<br />\nSMaRt Consensus Sustainable Product Standards</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6770,1589,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 08:59:53'),(6771,1589,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6772,1589,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6774,1589,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6775,1589,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6776,1589,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6777,1589,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6778,1589,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6779,1589,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6780,1589,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6782,1596,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6783,1596,'_edit_last','2'),(6784,1596,'_edit_lock','1651068090:2'),(6786,304,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 5 – Barn at Fallingwater (Source: Fallingwater.org)'),(6787,1596,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6790,1596,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6791,1596,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6792,1596,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1596\" /]'),(6793,1596,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6794,1596,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6795,1596,'_thumbnail_id','304'),(6796,1596,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6797,1596,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6798,1596,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Sustainable Materials</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Sustainable Materials?<br />\nSustainable materials provide environmental and human health benefits and reduce negative impacts over the life of the material and generally incorporate characteristics that contribute to:[1]</p>\n<p>Resource efficiency &amp; conservation<br />\nIndoor air quality<br />\nEnergy efficiency<br />\nAffordability<br />\nSafe and healthy indoor environments<br />\nDurability and adaptability</p>\n<p>There are environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of a material (extracting resources, processing, producing, shipping, installation and use, and discarding). Evaluating and understanding the health and environmental impacts of materials is complex and can be confusing, but good resources and increased availability of product information can help.[2]</p>\n<p>How to Integrate Sustainable Materials<br />\nSustainable material management (SMM) refers to the process of researching the system-wide impacts of the life cycle of materials.[3] A comprehensive approach that incorporates social, environmental, and economic factors relies on the use of research, innovation, and technology to support decisions about appropriate material selection and use.[4] Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) provide information about the environmental impact of a material throughout its life cycle. LEEDv4 rewards project teams for incorporating materials and products that have life cycle information available and verified positive environmental life cycle impacts.[5]<br />\nWhen choosing materials, consider the following aspects of sustainability:</p>\n<p>Recycled content and recyclability<br />\nCertified wood (such as Forest Stewardship Council-certified products)<br />\nLocally produced and sourced products<br />\nRapidly renewable materials<br />\nSalvaged materials<br />\nNon-toxic, no/low-emitting materials<br />\nDurability and adaptability</p>\n<p>When developing material specifications and standards for a project, it is important to consider environmental factors such as waste prevention and disposal (see Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction, Demolition, and Source Reduction and Recycling).[6] It is also essential to develop an environmentally preferable purchasing policy to guide purchasing. According to documents guiding federal sustainability (Executive Order 13693), environmentally preferable purchasing refers to “products or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose” as it applies to raw materials, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, use, reuse, operation, maintenance, and disposal.[7]<br />\nThe US EPA website has several useful tools for finding and evaluating green products and services.[8] There are a number of certification programs, standards and criteria available to help provide guidance in selecting and evaluating sustainable materials such as GREENGUARD (indoor air quality certification), Green Label Plus (carpets/rugs), Green Seal, Scientific Certification Systems, Rainforest Alliance Certification, and Forest Stewardship Council Certification. Also, life cycle assessment tools such as those offered by the Athena Sustainable Materials Institute are useful in helping to assess the cost and impact of a material. Cradle to Cradle is a third-party certification for products that promote safety for humans, the environment, and are designed for future life cycles rather than being disposed.[9]<br />\nRecycled Content &amp; Recyclability<br />\nUsing recycled materials reduces the amount of waste that ends up in landfills or incinerators and reduces the extraction of resources used to produce new products and materials. Many common building materials and furnishings contain recycled materials such as asphalt, steel, carpet, ceiling tiles, and concrete. Post-consumer recycled content is material that has been used by consumers, collected and re-manufactured into new products and materials. Plastic lumber is a product that often has high post-consumer recycled content. Some plastic lumber is composed of 100% post-consumer plastic such as milk jugs and laundry detergent bottles.<br />\nLabeling related to recycled content can be confusing. The recycling symbol is in the public domain, so its use can have a variety of meanings. Some products have labeling that identifies the percentage of pre-consumer and/or post-consumer recycled content in the product. If a product is not labeled, contact the manufacturer and ask about recycled content.<br />\nTypical materials that often contain post-consumer recycled content include:[10]</p>\n<p>Drywall<br />\nInsulation<br />\nPlastic lumber<br />\nKitchen countertops<br />\nGlass tiles<br />\nLandscaping materials<br />\nCarpet and carpet padding<br />\nSteel</p>\n<p>The recyclability of materials is also an essential consideration in materials selection. Some materials are recyclable at the end of their useful life into new high-quality carpeting with very little waste such as carpet products that are Cradle to Cradle (C2C) certified.[11]<br />\nCertified Wood<br />\nCertified wood refers to wood harvested from forests that practice environmentally and economically responsible forestry. A third-party entity documents the sustainable forestry practices and the chain of custody, which tracks wood from the forest through milling and manufacturing to the point of sale. Certifiers also grant chain-of-custody certifications to companies that manufacture and sell products made from certified wood. Forest certification intends to let consumers know that wood or paper product comes from forests managed under strict environmental and social standards. The Forest Resource Certification Center provides information about several well-known certification programs.<br />\nThe Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is one example of a popular certification program. FSC has established a program that monitors third-party certifiers of forests and forest products. During FSC forest-management assessments, teams of foresters, ecologists and social scientists visit forestry operations and inspect their practices for compliance with FSC’s standards, such as:</p>\n<p>Ensuring harvesting rates and clearing sizes do not exceed a forest’s natural capacity to regenerate<br />\nMaintaining natural forest conditions needed for wildlife and healthy ecosystem function<br />\nProtecting rare, threatened and endangered species and forest types<br />\nEstablishing new plantations on agricultural and pasture lands and avoiding the replacement of natural forests with barren tree plantations<br />\nCreating adequate conservation zones<br />\nMinimizing or eliminating chemical use<br />\nProtecting streams and rivers from soil erosion that degrades water quality and fish habitat<br />\nProtecting the rights and interests of workers, communities, and indigenous people who benefit from the forestry operation</p>\n<p>Forestry operations that meet the standards are granted an FSC forest management certification and audited annually. Forestry operations are required to make improvements as a condition of getting certified and staying certified over time.[12]<br />\nDuring the design stages of a building, specify certified wood as an alternative to conventional wood including certified plywood and veneers. There are several resources available to assist with finding certified wood such as the FSC Certificate Database. This database includes primarily manufacturers and distributors, not retailers. To find products carried by a local retailer, contact them directly.[13] Look for the FSC logo (Figure 3) stamped on the product. In addition to choosing certified wood, selecting salvaged or reclaimed wood also helps protect resources and reduce waste. Purchase wood from local producers when possible to reduce CO2 emissions from transporting the materials.<br />\nLocally Produced and Sourced Products<br />\nThe LEED system includes a location valuation factor that promotes the use of products extracted, manufactured and purchased within 100 miles of a project. Purchasing locally produced products helps support local businesses and reduce transportation-related environmental impacts.[14]<br />\nSalvaged Materials<br />\nSalvaged materials include materials saved during the deconstruction process and sold, donated, stored for later use, or reused on future projects (see Deconstruction). Construction and Demolition (C&amp;D) debris accounts for 534 million tons of waste, 90% the result of demolition work with the remaining 10% generated by construction activities.[15] Carefully dismantling a structure with the intent of reusing materials extends the useful life materials, requires less energy and raw materials, and produces less pollution than discarding or recycling materials.<br />\nIdentify materials to reuse, sell, donate, or recycle early in the planning process and develop a plan for salvaged materials in project documents such as the construction and demolition waste management plan (see Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction).[16] Salvageable materials may include plumbing, light fixtures, doors, cabinets, working appliances, windows, millwork, carpet, brick, ceiling and floor tiles, wood, HVAC equipment, and decorative items such as fireplaces and stonework.[17] When reusing salvaged materials, keep in mind that materials may contain chemicals not safe for the environment and human health. The EPA’s Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials site has information on potentially contaminated materials and substances.[18],[19]<br />\nContact organizations and programs that facilitate the exchange or purchase of salvaged or surplus building materials. Other options include auctions and classified websites designed to sell, donate or buy materials. Check with a consulting a site such as The Better Business Bureau Wise Giving Alliance to identify organizations eligible to receive donations.<br />\nRapidly Renewable Resources<br />\nRapidly renewable materials are natural, non-petroleum-based building materials and include agricultural by-products such as bamboo, straw, cork, natural linoleum products, cotton, sunflowers, hemp, wool, wheatboard, and strawboard. Using materials produced with rapidly growing plant-based products reduces the harvesting of forests and other resources that take decades to regenerate. Consider green building materials comprised of a composite of rapidly renewable materials and recycled content (e.g., newsprint, cotton, soy-based materials, seed husks).[20] Compare the environmental trade-offs of using a product such as global warming, resource depletion, indoor air quality.[21] Although some materials might be from rapidly renewable sources, they may require shipping from long distances or may not be as durable as other conventional materials.<br />\nExample<br />\nBarn at Fallingwater<br />\nAn adaptive reuse project at the Barn at Fallingwater in Mill Run, Pennsylvania used the original characteristics of the barn and provided new space for administrative offices, exhibitions, lectures, classes, and programs. Along with furthering the connection between nature and architecture, the project earned a Silver LEED rating. This adaptive reuse project also incorporated several renewable resources such as straw panels for sound absorptive wall finishes and products from sunflower seed composite.<br />\nNon-toxic, No/low-emitting Materials<br />\nSafe, non-toxic or low-emitting materials release relatively low levels of odorous, irritating, toxic, or hazardous substances unhealthy to building occupants.[22] Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (including formaldehyde), particulates, and fibers include substances often emitted from building materials that can adversely impact human health.<br />\nVOCs contain carbon molecules and can vaporize from material surfaces into indoor air at average room temperatures (a process known as off-gassing).[23] A non-toxic material must meet different thresholds of VOC emissions compliance depending on the material.[24] Found in many everyday products and building materials, VOCs can escape into the air and cause illness and allergic reactions. Studies have linked elevated levels of VOCs and interior pollutants to health concerns that cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination, nausea, and other health problems. [25] People with respiratory problems, children, seniors and people with compromised immune systems are at higher risk of reactions from exposure than the general population.<br />\nIncreased awareness about possible health risks and indoor air quality concerns have helped to expand the market for safe, non-toxic materials. Low-emitting material credit requirements by LEED and other green building certifications have led to a demand for products lower in VOCs and toxic chemicals.[26] Several certification programs, standards, and criteria for selecting and evaluating sustainable materials include GREENGUARD (indoor air quality certification), Green Label Plus (carpets/rugs), Green Seal, and Scientific Certification Systems (see Safe, Non-Toxic Materials).<br />\nDurable Materials and Designing for Adaptability<br />\nSelecting durable and adaptable materials reduces waste, extends the useful life of a building and contributes to the resiliency of the structure.[27] Durable materials require less repair and less frequent replacement so the environmental impacts of the resources that have been invested in those materials can be spread out over a longer time.[28] A durability plan can help inform decision making throughout every phase of a building’s development and addresses factors such as sunlight, moisture, heat, insects, and natural disasters.[29] Designing for adaptability allows materials to be easily disassembled and reused, thus providing economic benefits and reducing environmental impacts.[30]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nCareful selection and use of sustainable materials provide environmental benefits in many ways such as:</p>\n<p>Conserving resources<br />\nReducing greenhouse gas emissions (in extraction, production, and shipping)<br />\nSupporting local businesses and economy<br />\nEnsuring safer air quality indoor (also overall regional air quality)</p>\n<p>Consumer demand for sustainable materials and product certification is a powerful incentive for manufacturers and suppliers. By purchasing certified wood, for example, forest managers are more likely to adopt ecologically sound practices that maintain natural forest characteristics. Also, demand can help to move the wood industry away from destructive techniques like large-scale clearcutting, logging in endangered and old growth forests, and destruction of natural forests for replacement by barren tree plantations.[31]<br />\nChoosing certified and/or salvaged wood and wood products can help:</p>\n<p>Protect natural forests and other habitats<br />\nReduce the use of highly hazardous pesticides<br />\nMinimize the cultivation of genetically modified trees (GMOs)<br />\nProtect the rights of indigenous peoples</p>\n<p>Using post-consumer recycled content:[32]</p>\n<p>Reduces waste going into landfills and incinerators<br />\nPreserves natural resources by reducing the use of virgin materials used to produce new products and materials<br />\nSaves energy and prevents pollution caused by the extraction and processing of virgin materials and the manufacture of products using virgin materials<br />\nContributes to the recycling economy</p>\n<p>Using rapidly renewable materials can:</p>\n<p>Reduce the use and depletion of finite raw materials<br />\nReduce the number and quantity of products made from fossil-fuel derivatives<br />\nReduce demand for materials that require longer to regenerate</p>\n<p>Salvaging materials during the demolition process shift the construction industry away from the conventional practice of consumption and disposal towards an ethic of resource efficiency and reuse. The benefits of using salvaged materials include:[33]</p>\n<p>Minimizing landfill waste and pollution and the need for more landfills<br />\nDecreasing consumption and demand for new materials, reducing waste and pollution associated with the production of virgin materials<br />\nCreating value-added markets from waste materials<br />\nExpanding job opportunities and workforce development skills<br />\nReducing project costs through avoided disposal costs and purchases of new materials, revenue earned from material sales, and tax breaks gained for donations<br />\nPreserving architectural and cultural heritage by salvaging unique materials</p>\n<p>The selection of building material and furnishings have a significant impact on indoor environmental quality. Benefits of choosing low-emitting materials include: [34]</p>\n<p>Improved indoor air quality.<br />\nImproved worker safety and health.<br />\nReduced incidents of an eye and respiratory irritation, headaches, fatigue.<br />\nHealthier environment for building occupants who are sensitive to specific products.<br />\nReduced pollution of groundwater and water supplies.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThere is a perception that sustainable products always cost more than conventional products. Some materials do have a higher first cost; however, the first cost is often made up within the overall life cycle cost of the material. Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) (see Life Cycle Cost Analysis) takes into account the lifecycle costs of building designs and systems while a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (see Life Cycle Assessment) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems.[35] Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. There are also many sustainable materials available that are comparable in price to conventional materials.[36] Low- and no-VOC paints typically cost about the same as a manufacturer’s premium line of paints.[37] Furthermore, non-sustainable materials often do not reflect the costs (often referred to as “externalities”), such as expenses associated with cleaning up contamination and losses due to human health and illness.<br />\nAs a result of increased demand and changes in technology, post-consumer recycled products are readily available on the market today and are often comparable in cost and quality to products made with virgin materials. The price for recycled content padding and carpeting, for example, is often comparable to a conventional, virgin-fiber carpet.[38] Whether virgin or recycled, many factors impact the cost of products such as availability, cost of material feedstocks, energy costs, distributor mark-up, transportation charges, size and type of order, and geographic location. The cost-effectiveness of reusing, donating or selling salvaged building materials varies with each project, depending on the value of the salvaged materials, the market for these materials, and the costs of labor and disposal. Post-consumer recycled products may last longer or require less maintenance than their counterparts made with virgin material which can offset any additional up-front costs. Therefore, items with high wear and tear, maintenance or replacement frequency may be ideal candidates for post-consumer recycled products with higher upfront costs, but longer useful life expectancy.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nMany of the benefits listed above also contribute to resiliency. Selecting sustainable materials can help protect human health by minimizing exposure to toxic components during an emergency and contributing to the durability of the facility and its contents. Protecting indoor air quality contributes to building occupants’ health and well-being and the ability of the occupants to function during and recover from disruption. Using sustainable materials, such as certified or salvaged wood can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems. Established networks and markets for salvaged materials also help divert and reuse debris generated by natural disasters and severe storm events that can contaminate the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds.[39] Salvaging materials from storms turn recovery efforts into a profit-generating resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<br />\nThe use of safe, non-toxic materials in building assemblies and furnishings can help reduce the release of toxic chemicals into debris following storm surges, flooding, and high winds caused by natural disasters and severe storm events. For example, Superstorm Sandy generated over 8 million cubic yards of debris across the nine hardest-hit counties in New Jersey in only one day.[40] Damaged and contaminated materials may include waterlogged drywall, plaster, insulation, flooring, carpets, mattresses, and upholstered furniture, that when put it into unlined landfills, can contaminate groundwater.<br />\nUsing moisture protective and inherent moisture-wicking materials, as well as materials resistant to excessive humidity such as glazed brick, concrete, stone, and decay-resistant lumber can also contribute to more resilient structures.<br />\n[1] CalRecycle. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Greenbuilding/Materials/ (accessed February 1, 2019)).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed February 1, 2019).<br />\n[3] US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. The Road Ahead. https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-materials-management-road-ahead (accessed November 28, 2018).<br />\n[4] BIAC. The Voice of OECD Business. Key Business Messages. Sustainable Materials Management. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/18/46235661.pdf (accessed November 28, 2018).<br />\n[5] USGBC. Building Product Disclosure and Optimization – environmental product declarations. https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-retail-new-construction-healthca-22 (accessed February 1, 2019).<br />\n[6] Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[7] US EPA. About the Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Program. https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/about-environmentally-preferable-purchasing-program (accessed February 3, 2019).<br />\n[8] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[9] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[10] Cal Recycle. Matrix: Overview of Recycled Content and Availability. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/greenbuilding/materials/matrix (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[11] The Cradle to CradleÒ program certifies products that meet multi-attribute criteria for: human and environmental health; Recyclability/compostability; renewable energy use; water stewardship social responsibility.<br />\n[12] Natural Resources Defense Council. http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[13] Forest Stewardship Council. https://us.fsc.org/en-us (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[14] USGBC. LEEDv4. https://www.usgbc.org/guide/bdc (accessed February 1, 2019).<br />\n[15] US EPA. Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2014 Fact Sheet. November 2016<br />\nhttps://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/2014_smmfactsheet_508.pdf (accessed  June 23, 2018)  (As cited in US EPA. Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Materials. February 2018. (https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials)<br />\n[16] US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials. Aug 23, 2017. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials (accessed July 2, 2018)<br />\n[17] Habitat for Humanity. Habitat ReStore. “8 things to donate when renovating.”<br />\nhttps://www.habitat.org/stories/8-things-to-donate-when-renovating (accessed July 13, 2018).<br />\n[18] US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials. Aug 23, 2017. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials (accessed July 2, 2018).<br />\n[19]  US EPA Sustainable Materials Management. Comprehensive Procurement Guideline (CPG) Program. June 2018. https://www.epa.gov/smm/comprehensive-procurement-guideline-cpg-program#content (accessed July 13, 2018).<br />\n[20] Green-buildings.com. What are Rapidly Renewal Materials?  http://www.green-buildings.com/content/78325-rapidly-renewable-materials-leed-mr-credit-6-what-are-they (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[21] Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use  (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[22] Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[23] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[24] LEED BD+C: New Construction | v4 – LEED v4. Low-emitting materials<br />\nhttps://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0  (accessed April 25, 2018).<br />\n[25] US EPA. An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality. https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality  (accessed April 23, 2018).<br />\n[26] LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[27] US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials (accessed February 18, 2019).<br />\n[28] GreenBiz. Durability: A Key Component of Green Building. https://www.greenbiz.com/news/2005/12/18/durability-key-component-green-building (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[29] Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[30] US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials.  https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[31] Natural Resources Defense Council. How to Buy Good Wood. http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[32] New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Economic Benefits of Recycling. http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/economic.htm (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[33] CalRecycle. Construction and Demolition Debris Recycling. February 2018. http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/ (accessed July 9, 2018).<br />\n[34] Whole Building Design Guide. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[35] National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[36] CalRecycle. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/Greenbuilding/Training/StateManual/Materials.doc  (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[37] Cost Helper. How Much Does Painting an Interior Cost? http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[38] New World Climate. Best Low Voc Carpets for your Home. http://www.nwclimate.org/green-home/low-voc-carpets-and-rugs/  (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[39] NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf (accessed July 20, 2018).<br />\n[40] NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Construction &amp; Demolition Waste Reduction<br />\nFlexible Workspaces<br />\nSafe, Non-toxic Materials<br />\nLife Cycle Assessment<br />\nLife Cycle Cost Analysis<br />\nMoisture Control<br />\nSource Reduction and Recycling</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>NJ Department of Health and Senior Services – Indoor Environments<br />\nUS EPA Indoor Air Quality – Green Indoor Environments<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide: Evaluating and Selecting Green Products</p>\n<p>Green Product Certifications and Standards:</p>\n<p>Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label Program<br />\nCradle to Cradle<br />\nThe GREENGUARD Environmental Institute is an industry-independent, not-for-profit organization that oversees the GREENGUARD Certification programs.<br />\nGreen Seal<br />\nInternational Living Future Institute<br />\nLEED: Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels<br />\nScientific Certification Systems Indoor Advantage<br />\nSMaRt Consensus Sustainable Product Standards</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6799,1596,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 08:59:53'),(6800,1596,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6801,1596,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6803,1596,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6804,1596,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6805,1596,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6806,1596,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6807,1596,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6808,1596,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6809,1596,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6812,1596,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','5'),(6815,1589,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','4'),(6817,1605,'_edit_lock','1649954235:2'),(6818,1605,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6819,1605,'_edit_last','2'),(6821,240,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – The Willow School (Source: Mark Biedron LEED AP, co-Founder)'),(6822,1605,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6825,1605,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6826,1605,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6827,1605,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1605\" /]'),(6828,1605,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6829,1605,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6830,1605,'_thumbnail_id','86'),(6831,1605,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6832,1605,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6833,1605,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Construction and Demolition (C&amp;D) Waste?<br />\nConstruction and demolition (C&amp;D) waste consists of the debris generated during the construction, renovation, and demolition of buildings. C&amp;D waste often contains bulky, heavy materials, such as concrete, wood, metals, glass, and salvaged building components.[1] Demolition accounts for more than 90% of C&amp;D waste and construction represent less than 10%[2]; therefore, the concept of deconstruction is also essential to consider. Deconstruction is the practice of disassembling a building to salvage materials (joists, flooring, siding, fixtures) reused for new construction.[3] Carefully dismantling a structure with the intent of reusing materials extends the useful life of the material and requires less energy and raw materials and produces less pollution than discarding or even recycling materials.<br />\nThe disposal of C&amp;D waste contributes to environmental concerns including wasted materials and embodied energy, greenhouse gas generation, and other environmental impacts associated with producing new materials instead of using existing materials. Also, the number of C&amp;D landfills is declining, which means fewer disposal options, greater hauling distances, and increased fuel consumption and vehicle emissions.[4] Many C&amp;D waste materials can be reused on-site or elsewhere, or recycled (see Sustainable Materials, Source Reduction &amp; Recycling).[5] Some materials may be toxic or classified as hazardous waste and require special handling and disposal.</p>\n<p>How to Implement C&amp;D Waste Reduction<br />\nDesigning to prevent waste is an important first step in C&amp;D waste management, accomplished by using standard sizes, advanced framing techniques, prefabrication, on-site protection of materials, and by returning unused materials to suppliers, among other strategies.[6] Make a plan and communicated clearly to the construction team specifying which items to reuse and which to recycle.<br />\nImportant considerations for construction and demolition waste reduction include:[7]</p>\n<p>Design to prevent waste<br />\nKnow the waste stream (e.g., project waste materials, including hazardous materials)<br />\nBecome familiar with local ordinances and regulations<br />\nUse specifications to set recycling goals and delineate responsibilities<br />\nRequire a construction waste management plan<br />\nEducate project team about construction &amp; demolition waste recycling goals<br />\nMonitor waste management performance</p>\n<p>Materials can be recycled onsite or offsite at a construction and demolition processor. Typical materials recycled from building sites include metal, lumber, asphalt, pavement, concrete, roofing material, corrugated cardboard, and wallboard.[8] There are many recycling centers in New Jersey for the scrap metal and corrugated cardboard generated by construction and demolition activities. Concrete, concrete block, asphalt, and brick are typically crushed and used as a substitute for quarry stone in road construction projects or used as a fill material in various applications. Decorative landscaping material use crushed brick and non-chemically treated and non-painted wood scrap, as well as tree stumps and tree trunks, are shredded and sold as landscaping mulch.<br />\nPlanning is also essential for a successful deconstruction project. There are many steps to consider with deconstruction such as creating safety and materials management plans, surveying and taking inventory of the building materials, environmental health, and compliance, and coordinating with historic preservation designations.<br />\nExample<br />\nThe Willow School – Gladstone, N.J.<br />\nAccording to the founder of The Willow School, the first LEED Gold Certified Building in NJ (2002), the project recycled over 85% of its construction waste. White pine trees removed during construction were sent to an NJ company to be milled and made into a wide variety of furniture. Built-in closets, bookshelves, chairs, and desks for students utilized salvaged white pine from the property.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nBenefits of reducing and recycling C&amp;D waste:[9],[10]</p>\n<p>Conserves landfill space<br />\nReduces the release of methane (a potent greenhouse gas) from landfills<br />\nReduces the environmental impact of producing new materials<br />\nConserves natural resources<br />\nReduces overall project expenses through avoided purchase or disposal costs<br />\nCreates jobs<br />\nDeconstruction preserves architectural heritage by salvaging unique materials</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nEPA’s Recycling Economic Information (REI) report indicates that recycling and reuse of materials create jobs and generates local and state tax revenues. Out of the recycling categories, C&amp;D materials recycling contributed the most in the areas considered: jobs, wage, and tax revenue.[11] Cost savings associated with C&amp;D waste reduction reduces costs by avoiding the cost of disposal, potential revenue from the sale of recycled materials, and reductions in the need for waste disposal services.[12] Disposal fees are an expensive part of the demolition.<br />\nDepending on the building, deconstruction can salvage a large amount of material from a building and lead to savings on avoided disposal fees. Deconstruction typically requires more time and labor than traditional demolition but also provides more jobs and is an excellent opportunity for job training in the construction trades. The feasibility and cost-effectiveness of deconstruction are different for every building depending on a building’s construction and the material composition. Most wood-frame and some metal-frame buildings can apply deconstruction methods. The building components, their condition, and the method of attachment to the structure can affect the cost-effectiveness of salvaging materials. Deconstruction requires more labor for disassembly, removal, and sorting than conventional demolition. These costs can be balanced out with careful planning and accounting for the value of the salvaged building materials and the avoided cost of disposal.[13]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nMany of the benefits listed above also contribute to resiliency. Reducing waste and reusing or recycling materials can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems. Established networks and markets for salvaged materials also help divert and reuse debris generated by natural disasters and severe storm events that can contaminate the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds.[14] Salvaging materials from storms turn recovery efforts into a profit-generating resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Construction and Demolition Materials. http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/rrr/imr/cdm/index.htm (accessed March 20, 2019).<br />\n[2] US EPA. Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Materials https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials#America (accessed March 20, 2019).<br />\n[3] BMRA. https://bmra.org/  (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[4] Whole Building Design Guide. Construction Waste Management. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[5] Whole Building Design Guide. Construction Waste Management. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php (accessed March 20, 2019).<br />\n[6] Northeast Recycling Council. https://nerc.org/documents/moving_toward_zero_waste_cost_savings_a_roadmap_contractors_builders.pdf (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[7] CalRecycle. C&amp;D Recycling Toolkit for Contractors. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/Toolkit/ (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[8] US EPA. Recover your Resources. https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-recover-your-resources-reduce-reuse-and-recycle-construction-and-demolition  (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[9] Ibid.<br />\n[10] NYC DDC. http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/waste.pdf (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[11] US EPA. Recycling Economic Information report. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/final_2016_rei_report.pdf (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[12] NJ DEP. The Economic Benefits of Recycling and Waste Reduction – Wastewise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors. https://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[13] Seattle.gov. Salvage and Deconstruction. http://www.seattle.gov/util/forbusinesses/construction/cdwastemanagement/salvageanddeconstruction/ (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[14] NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf (accessed July 20, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Source Reduction and Recycling<br />\nSustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Build it Green! NYC<br />\nBuilding Materials Reuse Association<br />\nCity of New York Department of Design and Construction – Construction and Demolition Manual<br />\nConstruction and Demolition Recycling Association<br />\nHabitat for Humanity Restore Directory – New Jersey<br />\nMorris Habitat for Humanity – Deconstruction<br />\nNJ DEP – The Economic Benefits of Recycling and Waste Reduction – Wastewise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors<br />\nNJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste Program<br />\nNortheast Recycling Council<br />\nNortheast Recycling Council – Moving Toward Zero Waste &amp; Cost Savings – A Roadmap for Builders and Contractors for Construction &amp; Demolition Projects<br />\nUS EPA: Deconstruction and Reuse<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Construction Waste Management Database<br />\nZero Waste Design Guidelines</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6834,1605,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 08:59:53'),(6835,1605,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6836,1605,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6838,1605,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6839,1605,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6840,1605,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6841,1605,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6842,1605,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6843,1605,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6844,1605,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6847,1605,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(6853,1611,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6854,1611,'_edit_lock','1649954633:2'),(6855,1611,'_edit_last','2'),(6857,1611,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6860,1611,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6861,1611,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6862,1611,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1611\" /]'),(6863,1611,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6864,1611,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6865,1611,'_thumbnail_id','281'),(6866,1611,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6867,1611,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6868,1611,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are High Reflectance Hardscape Materials?<br />\nHigh reflectance hardscape materials or “cool” pavements are paving materials with high solar reflectance (albedo), such as concrete, that absorb minimal heat, reducing the heat island effect.[1] Albedo, or solar reflectance, is the ratio of the amount of light reflected from a surface to the amount of light shining on that surface. Pavements with a lower albedo absorb more sunlight and increase in temperature, while pavements with higher albedo absorb less sunlight, remaining cooler.[2] The heat island effect refers to the increase in temperature in developed areas that results from heat-absorbing paved areas, the loss of naturally cooling vegetation, and waste heat produced by buildings, motor vehicles, and machinery. This increase in temperature leads to increased energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.[3]  Urban areas exacerbate the heat island effect where 1/3 of surfaces are covered by pavement, particularly dark colored surfaces, which absorb more sunlight than light-colored surfaces and remit heat back in the environment (see Cool Roofs).[4]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate High Reflectance Materials<br />\nHigh reflective “cool” pavements stay cooler in the sun than traditional pavements. Use reflective aggregate, a reflective or clear binder, or a reflective surface coating to enhance the reflective properties of pavement.[5] When selecting hardscape materials, consider the albedo (solar reflectance) and solar reflectance index (SRI) of the material. The SRI, which ranges from zero to 100, indicates the effect of a surface’s reflectance and emittance on its surface temperature. Materials with the highest SRI are the coolest. New asphalt pavement has an SRI of 0, while new white Portland cement concrete can have an SRI of between 86 and 100. Emittance, or emissivity, is a range between 0 and 1 that indicates how much heat is emitted by a surface. Since most opaque materials used for paving have an emittance of around .9, the albedo of a material determines its SRI.[6]<br />\nConsider using pavers (concrete masonry units) as an alternative to asphalt and other dark materials for driveways, parking lots, plazas, and streets. Most pavers use high reflectance materials and some pavers also help reduce stormwater runoff by allowing water infiltration (see Pervious Hardscape Materials).[7]  Check with the manufacturer to find out each product’s specifications. Pavers are available in a wide array of shapes, colors, and sizes.<br />\nThe natural landscape can help cool a building and the site (including parking lots, streets, and entranceways into the building). For example, using trees and other vegetation to shade paved areas can protect the area from unwanted solar energy. Incorporating trees and plants for shade also decreases surface and air temperature, increases comfort, and connects people to the natural environment (see Biophilic Design and Energy-Efficient Landscaping).[8]<br />\nExamples<br />\nNew York State Energy and Research Development Authority: Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces<br />\nThis study used a regional climate model in combination with observed meteorological, satellite, and GIS data to determine the impact of urban forestry, living (green) roofs, and light-colored surfaces on near-surface air temperature and the urban heat island effect in New York City. Findings showed that among the single-strategy scenarios, light surfaces, light roofs, and living roofs can potentially reduce the summer peak electric load more than the other strategies.<br />\nUrban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region<br />\nThis research project focused on the analysis of the urban heat island effect in the greater Camden region and on mitigation strategies for the urban heat island in the city of Camden and adjoining communities. Mitigation strategies for the urban heat island effect included increased urban vegetation and lighter-colored surfacing.<br />\nBenefits </p>\n<p>Reduces energy demand and lowers utility costs.<br />\nImproves water quality by reducing the surface temperature of stormwater runoff and protecting aquatic life.[9]<br />\nImproves air quality, as decreased energy demand results in decreased air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.<br />\nImproves aesthetics with an increase of trees and vegetation along with a reduction of large paved spaces.<br />\nImproves health and comfort by reducing the heat island effect.[10]<br />\nIncreases the solar reflectance of roads, enhancing road visibility and reducing the electricity required for street lighting at night.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of any pavement application varies by region, the contractor, the time of year, materials, accessibility of the site, local availability of materials, underlying soils, size of the project, expected traffic, and the desired life of the pavement. Although the cost of these materials varies based on the factors listed above, an estimated cost range for a standard concrete installation is $4.00–$5.00/square foot, while a standard asphalt installation costs $3.00–$3.25/square foot.[11] However, concrete has an estimated service of 15-35 years, while conventional asphalt’s service life is about 7-20 years.[12]  High reflectance concrete pavers are comparable in price to darker colored concrete pavers. For cost information for shading (see Tree Protection and Placement).<br />\nThere are also cost savings associated with mitigating the urban heat island effect. For every 1°F increase in air temperature, electricity demand for cooling grows by 1.5-2%.[13] Densely populated urban areas are often 2 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit higher than surrounding suburban and undeveloped areas; this translates to an increase in cooling demand ranging between 3.5-15.75%.[14] Project teams that want to use high reflectance pavements as part of a heat island mitigation program may find it hard to estimate the net costs or benefits based on temperature reduction alone. The highest overall value may result when multiple benefits, such as improved stormwater management and water quality, are also factored into the evaluation of a paving project. For more in-depth cost-benefit analysis of various urban heat island mitigation scenarios using high reflectance hardscape materials and shading see Section 6 of the New York State Energy and Research Development Authority’s Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nHigh reflectance hardscape materials contribute to resiliency through their reduction of the heat island effect, especially during severe heat waves or power outages, when vulnerable populations are at risk from heat-related illnesses, and air-conditioning demands put additional stress on an outdated and overtaxed electricity grid.<br />\n[1] Portland Cement Association. “Heat Island Reduction.” http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[2] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Heat Island Group. “Cool Pavements.” https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements  (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[3] NJ DEP. “Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region.” http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[4] Berkeley Labs. Cool Pavements. https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements (accessed May 14, 2018).<br />\n[5] Berkeley Labs. Cool Pavements. https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements (accessed May 14, 2018).<br />\n[6] Portland Cement Association. “Heat Island Reduction.” http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[7] Portland Cement Association. “Hardscape &amp; Pavers – Permeable Pavement and Surfaces.” http://www.concretethinker.com/applications/Hardscape-Pavers.aspx  (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[8] US EPA. “Heat Island Effect: Using Trees and Vegetation to Reduce Heat Islands.” https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-trees-and-vegetation-reduce-heat-islands  (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[9] US EPA. “Heat Island Impacts.” https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts  (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[10] US EPA.  “Climate Change Indicators in the United States: Heat-Related Deaths.” Updated August 2016 https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/print_heat-deaths-2016.pdf  pg. 1 (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[11] Costs provided by two of the significant asphalt and concrete suppliers in NJ (May 14, 2018).<br />\n[12] US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies: Cool Pavements,” https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_5.pdf. (accessed March 22, 2018)<br />\n[13] US EPA. “Heat Island Impacts.” https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[14] Rutgers Center for Green Building. “CAP Project.” http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/ (accessed March 22, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Biophilic Design<br />\nCool Roofs<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Landscaping<br />\nTree Protection and Placement<br />\nPervious Hardscape Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Berkeley Lab Heat Island Group<br />\nNJ DEP Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region<br />\nNew York State Energy and Research Development Authority’s Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces</p>\n<p>US Environmental Protection Agency</p>\n<p>Cool Pavements<br />\nHeat Island Effect</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6869,1611,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 08:59:53'),(6870,1611,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6871,1611,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6873,1611,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6874,1611,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6875,1611,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6876,1611,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6877,1611,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6878,1611,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6879,1611,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6881,1617,'_edit_last','2'),(6882,1617,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6883,1617,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6884,1617,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6885,1617,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6886,1617,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6887,1617,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6888,1617,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6889,1617,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6890,1617,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Light Pollution Reduction</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Light Pollution?<br />\nLight pollution refers to noticeable artificial light at night (ALAN), an unwelcome by-product of excessive outdoor lighting, especially vertical illuminance that includes such effects as skyglow, the brightening of the night sky, light trespass, the spilling of light beyond a property or intended lighting boundary, and glare, the obtrusive brightness of light viewed against an unlit background.[1] The commercial building sector contributes to light pollution through a variety of sources, including advertising lighting, architectural and landscape lighting, interior nighttime lighting, and security lighting.<br />\nThe following includes a list of several negative impacts of light pollution.</p>\n<p>Interferes with wildlife migratory and breeding patterns, impacting nighttime ecosystems and biodiversity.[2]<br />\nWastes energy and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.<br />\nLeads to glare issues and unsafe driving conditions, particularly for older motorists.<br />\nImpacts human metabolism and disrupts sleep through constant exposure to artificial light, particularly light from the blue end of the spectrum.[3]<br />\nReduces ability to view stars and interferes with astronomical observatories. [4]<br />\nCauses a nuisance to neighboring properties by casting unwanted nighttime glare into windows.</p>\n<p>How to reduce light pollution?<br />\nThe first steps to reducing light pollution are to evaluate the outdoor lighting requirements of a particular location (i.e., aesthetics, security, or utility), to eliminate unnecessary lighting, and to strategically place energy-efficient lighting and controls to meet the remaining lighting requirements (see High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls).<br />\nDownlighting refers to a lighting strategy that directs light down and only lights the predetermined area; therefore reducing light pollution. Technologies to reduce light pollution also include full cutoff luminaires, low-reflectance surfaces, and low-angle spotlights. Cutoff luminaires have no direct uplight, help eliminate glare, and efficiently direct lighting down to the predetermined area.<br />\nGeneral guidelines for efficient outdoor lighting include:</p>\n<p>Consider location and surrounding areas during the lighting design, and select luminaires, locations, and orientations that minimize light trespass onto adjacent properties.<br />\nReplace traditional HIDs (high-intensity discharge) luminaires and lamps, including high-pressure sodium and metal halide lamps, with EnergyStar certified outdoor LEDs.<br />\nConsider installing solar powered outdoor LED lights for outdoor pathways.<br />\nAim floodlight angles low so that the entire beam falls within the intended lighted area and direct light downward whenever possible.<br />\nUse well-shielded luminaires and lamps, and other control devices when up-lighting is required to maximize the efficiency of the light source (e.g., reflectors, deflectors, and covers).<br />\nCouple outdoor lightings systems, with lighting controls such as motion detectors, photosensors, and schedule controls, to enhance an energy efficiency and security.<br />\nAdjust timers to the minimum period necessary and dim or switch lights off when not needed to save energy and cut electric bills.<br />\nPlan for backup power for critical lighting needs during a power outage, such as emergency and night-time lighting (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).<br />\nCommission and regularly re-commission all lighting systems and controls to optimize performance and energy savings.</p>\n<p>For project specific advice, consult the Illuminating Engineering Society’s lighting design guides, which provide lighting professionals with standards and recommended best practices for a variety of lighting applications.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEfficient outdoor lighting design helps to reduce light pollution, and its associated adverse effects including wasted energy reduced nighttime visibility for astronomers and scientists, disruption of nocturnal wildlife and ecology, and impacts on human health and well-being.[5]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe costs of implementing lighting designs and technologies that reduce light pollution vary depending on the selection of lighting sources, fixtures, and controls. Effective and efficient outdoor lighting solutions are not always the least expensive option, but as with any comprehensive cost evaluation, operating costs, including energy savings, lifetime performance, and maintenance, are essential factors to consider.[6]<br />\nCheck the New Jersey Office of Clean Energy for available incentives.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nReducing light pollution provides energy savings and reduces reliance and stress on the electricity grid. Outdoor lighting designs that supplement solar-powered LED lighting technologies for a portion of regular lighting requirements (e.g., pedestrian pathways) and plan for backup power for critical lighting needs further reduce stress on the grid, especially in the event of a power outage.<br />\n[1] The Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/Seminarpresentation.pdf (accessed October 22, 2018).<br />\n[2] Gaston KJ, Visser ME, Ho ̈lker F. 2015 The biological impacts of artificial light at night: the research challenge. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 370: 20140133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133 (accessed Dec 19, 2018).<br />\n[3] Illuminating Engineering Society, International Dark Sky Association.  Model Lighting Ordinance. http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/16_MLO_FINAL_JUNE2011.PDF (accessed October 22, 2018)<br />\n[4] Cornell University, Astronomy Department. 2018. “Ask an Astronomer: How does light pollution affect astronomers?” http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/116-observational-astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollution-affect-astronomers-intermediate (accessed Dec 20, 2018).<br />\n3 LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/LEED%20v4%20BDC_07.2.18_current.pdf  (accessed Oct. 22, 2018).<br />\n[5] International Dark-Sky Association. Light Pollution. http://darksky.org/light-pollution/  (accessed October 22, 2018).<br />\n[6] Illuminating Engineering Society. IES Lighting Handbook, 10th Edition. https://www.ies.org/handbook/DiLaura/Introduction%20to%20the%20IES%20Handbook%20PDF.pdf  (accessed October 22, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls (NLCs)<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Illuminating Engineering Society<br />\nInternational Dark-Sky Association<br />\nLighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute<br />\nLoss of the Night Network<br />\nNJ Astronomical Association</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6891,1617,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 07:29:45'),(6892,1617,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6893,1617,'_edit_lock','1651068153:2'),(6895,337,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Downlighting from a commercial building (Source: Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/mrhayata/321358583/sizes/m/in/p)'),(6896,1617,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6899,1617,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6900,1617,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6901,1617,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1617\" /]'),(6902,1617,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6903,1617,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6904,1617,'_thumbnail_id','337'),(6905,1617,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6906,1617,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6907,1617,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6909,1622,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6910,1622,'_edit_last','2'),(6911,1622,'_edit_lock','1655927110:3'),(6913,1622,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6916,1622,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6917,1622,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6918,1622,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1622\" /]'),(6919,1622,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6920,1622,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6921,1622,'_thumbnail_id','24'),(6922,1622,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6923,1622,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6924,1622,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Native and Adapted Plants</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Native and Adapted Plants?<br />\nNative plant species thrive naturally in a particular region, ecosystem or habitat without direct or indirect human actions.[1] Adapted plants have evolved to the physical conditions such as soil, climate, and geology of a site but were not formally part of the natural ecosystem.[2] Invasive plants grow quickly and aggressively, often displacing native plants and adversely impacting native wildlife, local food sources, and pollination.[3]<br />\nLandscaping with plants that are native and adapted to the Mid-Atlantic geographic region nurtures a diverse and healthy ecosystem and saves time and maintenance costs. Diverse native habitats resist disease, reduce the need for synthetic pesticides, increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife, reduce stormwater runoff and mitigate flooding, and provide an alternative to the time-consuming, energy-intensive, and water-inefficient practices of lawn and turf care (see Turf Grass Reduction).</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Native and Adapted Plants</p>\n<p>Assess existing site conditions: Is the site sunny or shaded? Flat or sloped? Is soil tight (clay) or loose (sand)? Drainage (quick or slow)? What is the existing vegetation on the site?<br />\nResearch local nurseries that specialize in native plants and contact nurseries in advance to obtain availability lists.<br />\nChoose plants appropriate for the site conditions. The Native Plant Society of New Jersey provides a list of NJ native plants by County. Some projects may be eligible for the Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program. Resources such as Jersey-Friendly Yards offer plant information and an easily searchable plant database.<br />\nSite preparation: minimize disturbance to the natural landscape, test the soil, and amend the soil with compost when necessary.<br />\nInstall plants and water regularly until established (see Water-Efficient Landscaping).<br />\nCreate and implement a long-term land management plan for maintenance, including integrated pest management (see Integrated Pest Management).</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nIncorporating native and adapted plants:</p>\n<p>Reduces the amount of water used in landscaping.<br />\nReduces use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which contaminate water from runoff and pose a threat to humans, pets and the environment.<br />\nIncreases wildlife habitat and biodiversity.<br />\nReduces stormwater runoff and improves stormwater quality (replacing lawns and turf with natural vegetation maximizes stormwater absorption).<br />\nReduces the amount of landscape waste often generated from routine maintenance of a manicured landscape.<br />\nIncreases appreciation for regional, natural resources and sense of place.<br />\nSaves maintenance cost (once established, native plants can be less costly to maintain than some non-native landscapes).</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nAll landscapes require regular maintenance and a long-term maintenance plan. The cost of maintaining any landscape depends on the type of plants and the expectations for that landscape. Once established, native landscapes maintenance costs may be lower than some non-native landscapes.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, native and adapted plants act as an essential buffer to encroaching water during flood periods while acting as a routine defense against beach erosion.  For example, American Beachgrass considered one of the best lines of shoreline defense against storms, may also help prevent increasing levels of brackish water from infiltrating water tables close to a salt-water body.[4] In general, the root systems of native plants can reduce runoff and mitigate flooding.[5] In the event of droughts, water-efficient landscapes designed with native and adapted plants add layers of protection against water scarcity. Native plants also increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife necessary for a healthy and resilient ecosystem that can better rebound after a disturbance.[6]<br />\n[1] Audubon. Plant Natives. http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[2] Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2010. National Park Service and U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service. “Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas.”  Washington, D.C. http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[3] PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.  “Invasive Plants” http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx  (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[4] Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. StormSmart Properties Fact Sheet 1: Artificial Dunes and Dune Nourishment.  http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[5] USDA Forest Service. Native Gardening.  https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml (November 9, 2018).<br />\n[6] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Why Native Plants. https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants (accessed November 4, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Integrated Pest Management<br />\nTurf Grass Reduction<br />\nWater-Efficient Landscaping</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>	Center for Urban Restoration Ecology – A Collaboration between Rutgers University and Brooklyn Botanic Garden<br />\n	Green Values Stormwater Toolbox<br />\n	Jersey-Friendly Yards<br />\n	Native Plant Database<br />\n	The Native Plant Society of New Jersey<br />\n	Rutgers – New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station – Incorporating Native Plants<br />\n	Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas<br />\n	Sustainable Sites Initiative<br />\n	USDA and NRCS Aberdeen Plant Materials Center – Plants for Riparian Buffers<br />\n	USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service<br />\n	US EPA Greenscapes</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6925,1622,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 07:29:45'),(6926,1622,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6927,1622,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6929,1622,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6930,1622,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6931,1622,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6932,1622,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6933,1622,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6934,1622,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6935,1622,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6937,1628,'_edit_lock','1649958240:2'),(6938,1628,'_edit_last','2'),(6939,1628,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6940,1628,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6941,1628,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6942,1628,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6943,1628,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6944,1628,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6945,1628,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6946,1628,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6947,1628,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Pervious Hardscape Materials?<br />\nPervious paving systems absorb water rather than diverting water into underlying soils, reducing runoff and treating pollutants as water passes through soils and replenishes groundwater.[1] Stormwater runoff occurs when precipitation, of all forms, falls on land or impervious surfaces and does not infiltrate into the ground. When the runoff flows over the land or impermeable surfaces, including impervious paved surfaces, it combines with pollutants such as debris, chemicals, and sediments. This polluted stormwater can negatively affect the hydrology and water quality of local water sources, resulting in habitat modification and loss, increased flooding, decreased biological diversity, increased sedimentation and erosion, contaminated drinking water, and forced beach closings due to health threats to swimmers.[2]<br />\nGreen Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices, such as pervious hardscape materials, that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration (see Rain Barrels and Cisterns and Vegetated Roofs).[3] Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers for use in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.<br />\nThe essential components of pervious surfaces include:[4]</p>\n<p>Uncompacted subgrade (original, undisturbed soil)<br />\nBase layer/filter fabric/geotextile<br />\nUniform crushed stone base<br />\nPorous layer (pavement/paver/brick/stone)</p>\n<p>How to Use Pervious Hardscape Materials<br />\nReview municipal regulations for permission to use pervious paving materials and consult with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.<br />\nProper installation and base materials such as open-grade crushed stone maximize the surface’s ability to absorb and store water.[5] Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the components of typical permeable concrete paver systems.<br />\nMaintenance and Tips</p>\n<p>Consider using salvaged bricks or recycled stone pavers.<br />\nLook for a regionally-quarried stone to reduce transportation costs and environmental footprint.<br />\nTo prevent clogging, immediately clean any soil deposited on pavement and vacuum (as necessary) twice each year.<br />\nMaintain planted areas adjacent to the pavement.</p>\n<p>For additional information regarding the design of pervious pavement, see the NJ DEP Stormwater Best Practices Manual and the Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for NJ.<br />\nExamples<br />\nUS EPA Region 2 Laboratory Parking Lot, Edison, NJ<br />\nThis demonstration project in Edison NJ included three types of permeable surfaces for a 110-vehicle-capacity parking lot. The project leveraged funding from US EPA’s Office of Research and Development (ORD) long-term research project examining various stormwater management practices and installed  instrumentation to study the impact of permeable surfaces on stormwater quanitity and quality, erosion, and threats to aquatic life.[6]<br />\nAltoona Downtown Revitalization – Altoona, PA<br />\nA collaborative effort initiated by downtown business owners and other stakeholders resulted in over 42,000 SF of pervious pavers. A combination of pervious hardscapes was chosen depending on the application, from pavers to withstand traffic loads to compact stone for pedestrians.<br />\nMorton Arboretum Visitor’s Center Parking Lot – Lisle, IL<br />\nRather than create detention facilities to address water runoff from required hardscapes (entrance road, passenger drop-off, parking lot), Morton Arboretum opted for permeable pavers covering 173,000 SF, allowing the site design to protect water quality and facilitate water management.<br />\nSouthwest Park, Hoboken, NJ<br />\nA one-acre park designed with green infrastructure such as bioswales, rain gardens, permeable pavement, and underground chambers that can store 200,000 gallons of stormwater runoff, South Park in Hoboken NJ helps reduce localized flooding in the surrounding neighborhood (see Rain Gardens).<br />\nBenefits<br />\nUsing pervious hardscape materials:</p>\n<p>Alleviates the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff, thus mitigates flooding.<br />\nReduces pollution of total suspended solids and nutrients in the soil.<br />\nHelps reduce the need for and size of detention ponds, thereby reducing the need to clear more land and wildlife habitats.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nCosts for pervious paving materials vary by the project. The size of the project, local labor expenses, and the type of material all influence the final costs. Cost comparisons for paving materials can be misleading. For example, on average, a standard asphalt installation costs between $3.00 – $3.25 per square foot requires additional stormwater management systems, whereas pervious paving systems incorporate stormwater management.[7]<br />\nA more accurate cost comparison considers stormwater management costs. When asphalt projects consider stormwater management costs, for example, the cost rises to between $7 and $15 per square foot.[8] Gravel pavers typically cost between $3.00 and $10.00 per square foot, while interlocking concrete pavers cost between $6.00 and $15.00 per square foot, and porous concrete cost ranges from $4.00 to $6.00 per square foot.[9] [10] While these pervious paving materials may cost more initially than conventional asphalt, longer lifespans due to the higher durability inherent in concrete, reduce long-term maintenance costs and reduce repair costs and premature replacement.[11]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nGreen infrastructure, such as pervious hardscape materials, integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure. For example, pervious hardscape materials help to increase stormwater infiltration, reducing stress on municipal sewer systems during heavy rain events and help to recharge groundwater, during periods of drought.<br />\n[1] NJ DEP. Green Infrastructure in NJ. Pervious Pavement. http://www.nj.gov/dep/gi/ (accessed April 3, 2018).<br />\n[2] US EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Stormwater Program https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-stormwater-program (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[3] Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[4] NJ DEP. New Jersey Stormwater Best Practices Manual. “Best Practices Standard for Pervious Paving Systems.” http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf (accessed March 24, 2018).<br />\n[5] NJ DEP. New Jersey Stormwater Best Practices Manual. “Best Practices Standard for Pervious Paving Systems” http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/pdf/2016-11-07-pervious-paving-final.pdf (accessed March 24, 2018).<br />\n[6] US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/water-research/experimental-permeable-pavement-parking-lot-and-rain-garden-stormwater-management  (accessed March 24, 2018). <br />\n[7] Costs provided by a significant asphalt supplier in NJ (May 14, 2018).<br />\n[8] Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.” https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Permeable-Pavement_Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines.pdf (accessed March 24, 2018).<br />\n[9] Homeadvisor.com. https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/   (accessed March 24, 2018).<br />\n[10] Improvenet.com.  https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers (accessed March 24, 2018).<br />\n[11] Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.”</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>	Rain Barrels and Cisterns<br />\n	Rain Gardens<br />\n	Vegetated Roofs</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide<br />\nInterlocking Concrete Pavement Institute<br />\nLandscape Architecture Foundation<br />\nRutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure<br />\nThe Sustainable Sites Initiative<br />\nWater Environment Federation</p>\n<p>NJ Department of Environmental Protection</p>\n<p>Green Infrastructure<br />\nStormwater Management</p>\n<p>US Environmental Protection Agency</p>\n<p>Community Solutions for Storm Water Management<br />\nGreen Infrastructure<br />\nGreen Infrastructure Wizard</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6948,1628,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-10 00:34:58'),(6949,1628,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6951,577,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Pervious hardscape (Source: Design New Jersey/Cambridge Pavers).'),(6952,424,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape; concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010).'),(6953,106,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 3- Typical construction of pervious paving (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems).'),(6954,1628,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6957,1628,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6958,1628,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6959,1628,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1628\" /]'),(6960,1628,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6961,1628,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6962,1628,'_thumbnail_id','577'),(6963,1628,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6964,1628,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6965,1628,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(6968,1633,'_edit_last','2'),(6969,1633,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(6970,1633,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(6971,1633,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(6972,1633,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(6973,1633,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(6974,1633,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(6975,1633,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(6976,1633,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(6977,1633,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Vegetated Roofs</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is a Vegetated Roof?<br />\nA vegetated roof or green roof consists of vegetation in a lightweight growing medium placed on top of the drainage layer, root barrier, and waterproof membrane (see Figure 1). Vegetated roofs provide many environmental benefits such as decreased stormwater runoff and reduced energy use. They absorb air pollutants and provide a habitat for beneficial insects and birds, serve as a sound barrier, and mitigate the urban heat island effect.</p>\n<p>How to How to Incorporate a Vegetated Roof<br />\nThere are many pre-engineered green roof systems available on the market, but green roof designs are often customized to achieve a project’s specific performance objectives. Consult a design professional and integrate the development of the green roof with the development of the building’s structure and systems. The roof strength must be able to hold 10-25 pounds per square foot above the requirements of an underlying roof.[1]<br />\nThe two primary categories of vegetated roofs include: extensive and intensive. Extensive vegetated roofs consist of lightweight systems with shallow soil (or other growing media) depths usually less than 6 inches.[2] Extensive vegetated roofs require less structural support than an intensive system and support a limited palette of hardy plants adapted to extreme environments that need little maintenance. Intensive vegetated roofs typically have more than 6″ of soil or other growing media, weigh more than extensive vegetated roofs, and can support a greater variety of plants. Intensive systems require more maintenance and a higher initial investment than an extensive roof.[3]<br />\nVegetated roofs can host a variety of plant species but typically include drought-tolerant species such as hardy succulents, sedums, and perennials. Consider low-maintenance, native species capable of living in the shallow soil. For a list of species indigenous to the Northeast, see NYC Greenbelt Native Plant Center or List of NJ Native Plants by County.<br />\nVegetated roofs require some maintenance such as watering during the establishment period and occasional weeding. Seasonal pruning and cutting of grasses and annual plants reduce the accumulation of combustible material on the roof. Regularly inspect and maintain the components of the roof’s drainage system such as gutters, underdrains, and downspouts.[4]<br />\nExample<br />\nThe Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation Green Roof, Morristown, NJ.<br />\nNative plant species inhabit the Foundation’s 2,000 square foot vegetated roof and provide a home for many bird and butterfly species while absorbing 98% of rainfall.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nReduced Stormwater Runoff<br />\nA vegetated roof can reduce stormwater runoff through retention and evapotranspiration and by slowing the release of precipitation, resulting in reduced peak flows in a watershed and reduced stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure.[5]<br />\nReduced Urban Heat Island Effect<br />\nThe evapotranspiration provided by vegetated roofs reduces both the temperature of the roof and the surrounding air temperature.[6] Vegetated roofs can remain 30-40% cooler than conventional roof surfaces, contributing to an average energy savings of 0.7% compared to non-vegetated roofs (see Cool Roofs).[7] Several vegetated roofs in the NYC region were monitored to collect data about vegetated roofs and the urban heat island effect through the Columbia University’s Center for Climate Systems Research and the data collected help document the role that vegetated roofs can play in mitigating the urban heat island effect.<br />\nReduced Air Pollution<br />\nGreen roofs serve as a carbon sink, helping to offset carbon emissions. Vegetation traps dust and particulate matter as well as other contaminants such as nitrogen oxides.[8]<br />\nEnergy Conservation<br />\nThe multiple layers of a vegetated roof provide insulation (see Insulation). By increasing a building’s thermal mass, vegetated roofs can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season translating into less energy spent on climate control for the building (see Thermal Mass).[9]<br />\nIncreased Wildlife Habitat<br />\nAs the roof system matures, a mini-ecosystem, which supports a variety of beneficial insects, butterflies and birds can develop increasing biodiversity and providing a habitat for native wildlife.[10]<br />\nImproved Quality of Life<br />\nLike other urban greenery, vegetated roofs provide many intangible benefits for people. Installing a vegetated roof can be a method for integrating more green space into the site and the community. Also, neighboring buildings may gain a bonus view of nature when located near a building with a vegetated roof (see Biophilic Design and Energy-Efficient Windows).</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nAccording to the US EPA, estimated costs of installing a green roof average $10/sf for extensive roofing, and $25/sf for intensive roofs. Maintenance costs vary for either type of roof and may range from $0.75–$1.50/sf.[11]<br />\nChanging temperatures and UV rays decrease the quality and life of a roof. Vegetated roofs protect rooftops and its structure, decreasing maintenance. Long-term savings from reduced heating and cooling costs and reduced maintenance can help offset the short-term capital costs.[12]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nVegetated roofs can provide thermal insulation throughout all four seasons, reducing energy consumption and reliance on the electrical grid. In the event of a power outage, they can help keep temperatures cool in hot weather and warmer during the heating season. During heavy rainfalls and flooding events, vegetated roofs can help reduce stress on municipal stormwater infrastructure and reduce combined sewer overflows.[13] Vegetated roofs can also offer local communities the opportunity to grow some of their food, reducing dependency on supply chains and transportation networks often disrupted or compromised from storms and other events.<br />\n[1] City of Portland. https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469 (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[2] WBDG. Extensive Green Roofs. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[3] US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs.” https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands  (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[4] NJ Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques. http://www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWMP_2 print.pdf (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[5] US EPA. “Green Roofs for Stormwater Runoff Control” February 2009. https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/greendocs/epa%20stormwater-sm.pdf (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[6] GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf (accessed Sept 24, 2018).<br />\n[7] US EPA. Heat Island Effect: Using Green Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[8] Oberndorfer, Erica et. al. 2007. Green Roofs as Urban Ecosystems: Ecological Structures, Functions, and Services. Biosciencemag.org 57, no. 10. https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/57/10/823/232363 (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[9] James Hoff. “Reducing Peak Energy Demand: A Hidden Benefit of Cool Roofs.” TEGNOS Research.<br />\nhttps://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Peak-Demand-Hoff-11.11.14.pdf  (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[10] Whole Building Design Guide. Extensive green roofs. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[11] US EPA Heat Island Effect – Green Roofs http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[12] City of Portland. “EcoRoofs.” https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/127469 (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n18  US EPA.  “Lower Building Energy Demands.”  https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/lower-building-energy-demands (accessed March 25, 2018).<br />\n[13] GSA. 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf (accessed Sept 24, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Biophilic Design<br />\nCool Roofs<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nInsulation<br />\nNative and Adapted Plants<br />\nThermal Mass</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Center for Neighborhood Technology – Green Values Calculator<br />\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2018). Estimating the environmental effects of green roofs: A case study in Kansas City, Missouri. EPA 430-S-18-001.<br />\nGaffin, S. R., Kong, A.Y.Y., De Mel, J.M., and Rosenzweig, C. 2017. Green, White and Dark Roofs – The energy perspective. New York, NY, USA: Center for Climate Systems Research at Columbia University and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.<br />\nGreen Roofs for Healthy Cities<br />\nNew Jersey Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques<br />\nThe Sustainable Sites Initiative<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Extensive Vegetative Roofs</p>\n<p>US Environmental Protection Agency</p>\n<p>Green Roofs for Stormwater Control<br />\nGreen Roofs – Heat Island Effect<br />\nReducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies- Green Roofs</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(6978,1633,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 07:29:45'),(6979,1633,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(6980,1633,'_edit_lock','1650293008:2'),(6982,273,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 3 – Benefits of Green Roofs (Source: Hartman, Danielle. Poster presentation, ESRI International User Conference, San Diego. July 2009).'),(6983,1633,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(6986,1633,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(6987,1633,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(6988,1633,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1633\" /]'),(6989,1633,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(6990,1633,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(6991,1633,'_thumbnail_id','500'),(6992,1633,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(6993,1633,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(6994,1633,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7004,1640,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7005,1640,'_edit_last','2'),(7006,1640,'_edit_lock','1650029703:2'),(7008,242,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Panoramic infrared image of a room interior that exposes areas with missing insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).'),(7009,1640,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7012,1640,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7013,1640,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7014,1640,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1640\" /]'),(7015,1640,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7016,1640,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7017,1640,'_thumbnail_id','242'),(7018,1640,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7019,1640,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7020,1640,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Air Infiltration</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Air Infiltration?<br />\nAir infiltration or air leakage refers to the uncontrolled and unintentional penetration of fresh air through leaks in the building envelope caused by wind, rising heat or stack effect, or ineffective fans.[1] Intentional ventilation moves fresh air (usually outdoor air) into a space and removes stale air. Exfiltration refers to the loss of air from an enclosed space. While ventilation supports a healthy indoor environment, uncontrolled air infiltration can negatively alter airflow patterns, impacting mechanical systems, air quality, and thermal comfort.[2]  A Rutgers University study found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of ultrafine particles (&lt;300 nm) inside a building and missing building insulation, indicating that particulate matter from outside can make its way into the building. Overall, particulate matter includes particles and droplets found in the air such as dust and dirt and smoke and can cause coughing, headaches and difficulty breathing and exacerbate existing health problems. [3] Ultrafine particles typically are emitted by combustion processes or can be created through chemical reactions of gasses.</p>\n<p>How to Manage Air Infiltration<br />\nMinimizing air infiltration starts with the design of the building envelope. A combination of insulation, moisture control, controlled ventilation, and air sealing contribute to the building’s thermal performance (see Insulation, Moisture Control, and Natural Ventilation).[4] Sealants, foams, improved insulation, tightly installed doors, and windows, and weather-stripping control air infiltration.[5] A continuous air barrier provides a system of interconnected materials, flexible sealed joints, and building envelope components that provide an airtight separation between conditioned and unconditioned spaces.[6]<br />\nThe PFT (perfluorocarbon tracer gas) technique and blower door test are two standard methods for determining air-tightness that then helps prevent energy loss in a building. A blower door test locates air infiltration by exaggerating the defects in the building shell, measuring air infiltration at a specific point in time. The PFT technique measures air-infiltration over time (e.g., decay in tracer gas concentration over time), finding overall problems rather than exact points of infiltration.[7]<br />\nMany green building guidelines encourage building with a very tight envelope that provides ventilation in a controlled, reliable way to increase energy efficiency and comfort. For example, the Passive House Institute US Certification Program (also applicable to commercial buildings) requires airtight building construction and the following passive design building-science principles:[8]</p>\n<p>Continuous insulation throughout the building envelope without thermal bridging.<br />\nAn airtight building envelope prevents infiltration of outside air and loss of conditioned air from inside.<br />\nWell installed high-performance windows (typically triple-paned) and doors.<br />\nBalanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation and minimal space conditioning system.<br />\nPassive solar strategies for heating and reduced solar gains during the cooling season.</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nRocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Innovation Center, Basalt, Colorado.<br />\nThe RMI Innovation Center achieved Passive House US+ Certification and demonstrated airtight building construction. The building’s recorded air leakage value, 0.36 air changes per hour (ACH) at one pound per square foot pressure (ACH@50 Pa), means that the total area of cracks, gaps, and holes in the entire building envelope equals 61 square inches, about the size of a basketball.[9] A typical older office building has an equivalent hole 24 times larger, or 12 ft2.[10]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nAirtight building construction improves energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Reducing air infiltration lowers utility bills, reduces the influx of unconditioned air and the loss of conditioned air, and reduces the amount of energy spent on creating comfortable thermal conditions (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).[11]<br />\nCosts<br />\nContinuous air barrier systems can reduce air leakage by up to 83%, gas savings over 40%, and electrical savings over 25%.[12] Overall cost considerations for managing air infiltration should include the potential savings of reduced energy loss and proper HVAC sizing.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nReducing air infiltration provides several resiliency benefits. By reducing leaks and drafts and helping to maintain thermal comfort and indoor air quality, an airtight building insulates building occupants during a power outage and can protect them from unwanted air pollutants, contaminants, and airborne security threats (e.g., chemical and biological agents). Reducing air infiltration drives down a building’s peak heating and cooling demand, reducing stress on the grid. Preventing unwanted air leakage in a building can also enhance building resiliency and durability by reducing the flow of condensation inside the envelope, which in turn can cause rot.[13]<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Air Barrier Systems in Buildings. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/air-barrier-systems-buildings (accessed March 18, 2018).<br />\n[2] Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC). Infiltration. https://www.aivc.org/resources/faqs/what-infiltration  (accessed March 18, 2018).<br />\n[3] Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.<br />\n[4] Lstiburek, Joseph. Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation. https://buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0403-air-barriers/view (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[5] Insulation Institute. The Truth About Air Infiltration. http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/BI499.pdf (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[6] Lstiburek, Joseph. Understanding Air Barriers. Building Science Corporation.  https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-104-understanding-air-barriers (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[7] US DOE. Energy Savers. PFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/pft-air-infiltration-measurement-technique (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[8] Passive House Institute – US. Passive Design Principles http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building/passive-house-principles (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[9] Hayes Zernhelt. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/ (accessed March 19, 2018).<br />\n[10] Emmerich et al. NIST “U.S. Commercial Building Airtightness Requirements and Measurements.” https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=90952 (accessed March 19. 2018).<br />\n[11] Whole Building Design Guide.http://www.wbdg.org/resources/airbarriers.php (accessed Mach 18, 2018).<br />\n[12] Emmerich, Steven, McDowell, Timothy, Anis, Wagdy, 2005. “Investigation of the Impact of<br />\nCommercial Building Envelope Airtightness on HVAC Energy Use.” https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-db70d72cbf88472707ae51276ee7e599.pdf(accessed Mach 19, 2018).<br />\n[13] Hayes Zernhelt. RMI “Airtightness in Buildings: Don’t Let it Slip Through the Cracks!” Jan 13, 2016, https://rmi.org/news/airtightness-buildings-dont-let-slip-cracks/ (accessed March 19, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Insulation<br />\nMoisture Control<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Air Barrier Systems in Buildings</p>\n<p>US Department of Energy</p>\n<p>Blower Door Test<br />\nEnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software<br />\nPFT Air Infiltration Measurement Technique</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7021,1640,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 07:29:45'),(7022,1640,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7023,1640,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7025,1640,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7026,1640,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7027,1640,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7028,1640,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7029,1640,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7030,1640,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7031,1640,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7033,1646,'_edit_lock','1650030151:2'),(7034,1646,'_edit_last','2'),(7035,1646,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7036,1646,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7037,1646,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7038,1646,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7039,1646,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7040,1646,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7041,1646,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7042,1646,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7043,1646,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Cool Roofs</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Cool Roofs?<br />\nCool roofs reflect (solar reflectance) and radiate heat (thermal emittance) away from the building and reduce roof temperature (see Figure 1). The Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) measures roof reflectance and emissivity on a scale of 0 to 100, and the higher the value, the “cooler” the roof.[1] White, light-colored, and reflective colored surfaces have a higher SRI than dark-colored roofs.<br />\nConventional dark colored roofs absorb sunlight, generating heat and increasing the cooling load of the building. The heat generated by conventional roofs also contributes to the heat island effect in urban and dense suburban areas. Heat island effect takes place when built up or densely developed areas experience an increase in temperature due to larger areas of dark pavement and roofs that absorb heat from the sun. Rising temperatures result in increased energy demands, which can lead to higher air conditioning costs, increased greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and increased risk of heat-related illnesses.[2] Urbanized and densely populated suburban regions are more vulnerable to the heat island effect, and conditions tend to be worse during the summer months.<br />\nMany building codes and green building programs have a cool roof and urban heat island mitigation requirements that refer to ENERGY STAR and the Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) voluntary labeling programs.<br />\nENERGY STAR labels roof products that meet the following reflectance requirements and provides information about emissivity.[3]</p>\n<p>The Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) does not set minimum requirements but uses independent and accredited testing laboratories and a random testing program to identify products on its online Rated Products Directory that meet the ANSI/CRRC S100 accredited standard.[4]<br />\nCool roofs options are available for most standard roofing materials and come in common roofing colors (e.g., gray, red).[5] There are two main types of cool roofs: low-sloped and steep-sloped (the majority of commercial buildings have low-sloped roofs).<br />\nThe following table lists roofing coverings for low-slope and steep-slope roofs.[6]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Cool Roofs<br />\nThe decision to incorporate cool roofs depends on the local climate, a building’s heating and cooling loads, peak energy demands, and shading provided by surrounding trees or structures.[9] Incorporating cool roofs requires proper selection and installation of the roof product or roof coating. Refer to the Energy Star and CRRC products list. Cool roof design combined with appropriate roof insulation, shade tree placement, and properly sized HVAC equipment maximizes energy and cost savings (See Insulation, Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment, and Tree Protection and Placement).[10] Complementary strategies include vegetated roofs and roof-top photovoltaic systems (see Vegetated Roofs, Photovoltaic Systems).<br />\nBenefits<br />\nCool roofs offer several potential benefits, including:</p>\n<p>Energy cost savings by reducing cooling loads.[11]<br />\nLowered peak electricity demand which decreases the likelihood of power outages.[12]<br />\nReduced roof temperatures which may reduce roof maintenance and replacement expenses by extending roof life.[13]<br />\nIncreased indoor thermal comfort in summer, helping to prevent heat-related illness and deaths.[14]<br />\nMitigated heat island effect in cities and suburbs.[15]<br />\nReduced air pollution and smog formation.<br />\nWater reduction savings for urban irrigation.[16]<br />\nMinimized heat loss in winter in cold climates when combined with appropriate insulation levels.[17]</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nA study by the NYC Department of Design &amp; Construction (DDC) found that installing cool roofs throughout the New York Metropolitan region could reduce the effects of urban heat island effect by 2-3°F.[18]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nA roof’s life cycle costs include upfront installation (materials and labor) and ongoing savings and maintenance costs (repair, recoating, and cleaning). The installed costs vary depending on the type and size of the roof, complexity of the roof system, and building location. In many cases, cool roofs cost about the same as conventional dark roofs with the cost premium ranging from $0.05 to $1.50/SF over conventional roofing products.[19] These costs can be recovered in the relatively short-term (1 year or less) through decreased energy consumption.[20]<br />\nFor a list of price premiums for cool roofs, see the Global Cool Cities Alliance’s Cool Roof and Pavements Toolkit. For up-to-date information on available incentives, please visit the New Jersey Clean Energy website.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nCool roofs contribute to resiliency by providing a durable roofing material and through energy efficiency.  For example, cool roofs enhance roofing durability by reducing thermal flux and increasing the roof’s resiliency to changing climate conditions, heat and UV aging.  Cool roofs also contribute to decreased air-conditioning loads, thereby extending the life of AC units. Regarding energy efficiency, cool roofs, combined with proper insulation levels, can reduce heating and cooling loads, reducing stress on the grid, and help to regulate thermal comfort in the event of a power outage.<br />\n[1] Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) http://coolroofs.org (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[2] Solecki, William D. et al., Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science, Research, and Technology (2004). http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf  (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[3] ENERGY STAR. “Roof Products Key Product Criteria.” http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_crit_roof_products (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[4] Cool Roof Rating Council. 2016. “Policy Makers and Code Official: Learn about Cool Roofs.”<br />\nhttp://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).<br />\n[5] Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 13. https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).<br />\n[6] Whole Building Design Guide – Roofing Systems. https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/roofing-systems (accessed May 31, 2018).<br />\n[7] Slope = rise/run. Low slope means that for every 12 horizontal inches, the roof’s rise is three vertical inches or less.<br />\n[8] Slope = rise/run. Steep slope means that for every 12 horizontal inches, the roof’s rise is three vertical inches or greater.<br />\n[9] Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 21. https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).<br />\n[10] Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 9. https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).<br />\n[11] US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[12] CRRC. “Resources for Code Officials and Policy Makers” http://coolroofs.org/documents/Policy.pdf (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[13] Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf (accessed June 25, 2018).<br />\n[14] US EPA. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands. https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-cool-roofs-reduce-heat-islands (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[15] The “heat island effect” refers to developed areas that experience an increase in temperature that has the effect of increasing energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.<br />\n[16] Vahmani, Pouya. (2017) “Water Conservation Benefits of Urban Heat Mitigation.” Nature Communication 8, Article: 1072, http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/10/20/cool-roofs-water-saving-benefits/ (accessed March 16. 2018).<br />\n[17] Ramamurthy, P. et al. “The joint influence of albedo and insulation on roof performance: An observational study,” 2015, Energy and Buildings, Volume 93, pages 249-258. https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1254734-joint-influence-albedo-insulation-roof-performance-observational-study (accessed March 18, 2018).<br />\n[18] New York City Department of Design and Construction. DDC Cool &amp; Green Roofing Manual. http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/cool_green_roof_man.pdf (accessed March 16, 2018).<br />\n[19] Bryan Urban and Kurt Roth, Ph.D. 2010. “Guidelines for Selection Cool Roofs.” V. 1.2. Prepared by the Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems for the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Program and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Page 12, Table 5. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/10/f3/coolroofguide.pdf (accessed June 25, 2018).<br />\n[20] Global Cool Cities Alliance. 2012. “A Practical Guide to Cool Roofs and Cool Pavements: Primer.” Page 35. https://www.coolrooftoolkit.org/wp-content/pdfs/CoolRoofToolkit_Primer.pdf (accessed June 22, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Insulation<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nTree Protection and Placement<br />\nVegetated Roofs</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Berkeley Lab -Heat Island Group<br />\nCool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)<br />\nCool Metal Roofing<br />\nEnergy Star – Cool Roofs<br />\nEPA Roof Savings Calculator<br />\nGlobal Cool Cities Alliance</p>\n<p>Cool Roof and Cool Pavements Toolkit</p>\n<p>National Roofing Contractors Association<br />\nUS EPA – Heat Island Effect: Cool Roofs</p>\n<p>US Department of Energy</p>\n<p>Cool Roof Calculator: Estimates Cooling and Heating Savings for Flat Roofs with Non-Black Surfaces<br />\nGuidelines for Selecting Cool Roofs</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7044,1646,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 07:29:45'),(7045,1646,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7047,8,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','(Source: Energy Star)'),(7048,224,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','(source: National Institute of Building Sciences, Whole Building Design Guide)'),(7049,441,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – The light-colored roof of the EDA Tech Center in Camden, NJ reduces the urban heat island effect and lowers summer cooling loads. (Source: Clint Andrews, Rutgers Center for Green Building).'),(7050,1646,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7053,1646,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7054,1646,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7055,1646,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1646\" /]'),(7056,1646,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7057,1646,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7059,1646,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7060,1646,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7061,1646,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7064,1651,'_edit_lock','1650030457:2'),(7065,1651,'_edit_last','2'),(7066,1651,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7067,1651,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7068,1651,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7069,1651,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7070,1651,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7071,1651,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7072,1651,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7073,1651,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7074,1651,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Energy-Efficient Windows</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Energy-Efficient or High-Performance Windows?<br />\nWindows form part of the fenestration system of a building and play a key role in maintaining a highly insulated building envelope (see Insulation). The fenestration system, or arrangement of openings in a building envelope, determines a building’s HVAC requirements and daylighting.[1] Appropriately placed and selected energy-efficient or high-performance windows maximize natural light and minimize glare and heat gain or loss, decreasing dependence on electric lighting and HVAC systems and improving thermal comfort, energy-efficiency, and daylighting (see Daylighting and Glare and Heat Gain Reduction).[2]<br />\nHigh-performance window technologies including low emissive or low-e glass panes, spacers, and insulated frames help prevent energy loss due to conduction, radiation, convection, and air leakage (see Air Infiltration). Low-e windows, treated with a microscopically thin coating, reduce heat flow. Spacers or tiny pieces placed between panes in double- or triple- paned windows, create an insulated space often filled with an inert gas such as argon or krypton to increase the window’s insulation properties (see Insulation). Advanced window technologies such as chromogenic windows and auto-operated windows and shading devices offer daylighting, solar heat gain control and ventilation benefits. Two types of chromogenic windows include thermochromic, which uses adhesive coating to adjust tinting passively with window surface temperature; and electrochromic, which use operable switches or automated building control systems to tint the window via electric current.[3] Operable windows and shading systems use auto-controlled devices that open and close at specific times of the day to manage ventilation levels or light levels and control indoor temperatures and manage solar heat gain.[4]<br />\nState and local energy codes, federal tax credits, and utility incentives, and ENERGY STAR base their criteria for energy-efficient windows on certified ratings by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC). NFRC labels provide ratings for U-factor, Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), Visible Light Transmittance (VT), and optionally Air Leakage (AL) and Condensation Resistance (CR) ratings (see Figure 2).<br />\nA window’s U-factor describes its rate of heat transfer or insulating properties. A lower U-factor indicates a window with higher resistance to heat flow, or a better-insulated window.[5] The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. The Air Leakage (AL) rating describes leakage through cracks in the window assembly. Condensation Resistance (CR) rates windows on a range between 1 and 100 with higher numbers signaling increased resistance to condensation.<br />\nHow to Incorporate Energy Efficient Windows<br />\nUse simulation programs such as the Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool or Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the ENERGY STAR label, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.[6] When selecting a window based on performance, look for visible transmittance (VT) levels higher than (&gt; 70%), especially for daylighting applications (see Daylighting).[7] For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, EnergyStar recommends SHGC of 0.4 (40%) or lower for buildings with moderate air conditioning requirements. Look for SHGC values of 0.25 or less for buildings with significant air conditioning costs or summer overheating problems.[8] For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, a U-factor of &lt; 0.25 is recommended for high-performance buildings (see Fig. 2).[9]<br />\nWindow performance depends on proper installation, sealing and flashing to prevent air leakage and water damage. Window manufacturers often provide detailed installation requirements and specifications for their products and may have recommendations of in-house installers and programs, 3rd party installers, or installer certification programs such as Installation Masters™. ASTM Standard E 2112 provides a nationally recognized standard for proper window installation.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nEnergy-efficient windows contribute to the satisfaction, health, and productivity of building occupants by providing daylighting, reducing glare, providing views of nature, and regulating thermal comfort. By providing natural light, managing glare, and eliminating the need for window treatments that completely block out sunlight, high-performance windows can reduce electric lighting loads while at the same time reducing the ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings. Energy-efficient windows designed as part of an overall energy management strategy can lead to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see Properly-Sized HVAC System).<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe cost of windows varies by project. Energy savings combined with improved thermal comfort, daylighting, and enhanced security benefits often justify the investment in high-performance windows. High-performance glazing can result in higher energy savings in connection with daylighting systems. Commercial buildings with adequately specified fenestration systems have the potential to reduce lighting and HVAC costs 10%–40%.[10] Maintenance and repair have a significant impact on the life-cycle cost of windows. Glass, a highly durable material only needs replacement when broken. Window frame durability depends upon maintenance. Framing materials typically have a useful life of 20 to 50 years depending upon the type of deterioration such as rot and corrosion.  Sealants, caulks, tapes, and other glazing materials used to achieve weather-tightness typically have a useful life of 15 to 30 years depending upon thermal stress, movement, and environmental exposure.[11] Driven by the demand for large TV screens and recent improvements in thin glass technology, the cost of sub-millimeter glass compares to standard, double-strength glass.[12]<br />\nFor up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the ENERGY STAR and the NJ Clean Energy Program websites.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn the event of a power outage, a building with energy-efficient windows maintains comfortable internal temperature for building occupants by reducing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer months. During the winter months, energy-efficient windows provide better insulating properties compared to conventional windows while also offering daylighting, passive solar heating, and enhanced thermal comfort in the case of a power outage. Energy-efficient windows reduce reliance and stress on the grid and provide energy savings. In areas prone to flooding, wind-driven rain, snow storms or hurricanes, properly sealed and flashed windows protect against problems caused by water intrusion, including mold, warping, and structural damage.<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Windows and Glazing http://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows.php (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[2] Efficient Windows Collaborative. Understanding Windows. http://www.efficientwindows.org/understanding.php (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[3] Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[4] Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: A Deeper Dive into Market Segments.” December 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[5] The Efficient Windows Collaborative. U-Factor. http://www.efficientwindows.org/ufactor.php (accessed May 4, 2018).<br />\n[6] Energy Star. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI (accessed April 8, 2018).<br />\n[7] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Windows and Glazing. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing (accessed April 8, 2018).<br />\n[8] Ibid.<br />\n[9] The Efficient Windows Collaborative. “Selecting Energy Efficient New Windows in New Jersey.” January 2016. http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf (accessed May 9, 2018).<br />\n[10] US DOE Office of Renewable Energy &amp; Technology (Feb 2018) Windows and Envelope R&amp;D Opportunities Workshop https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/bto-windows-envelope-workshop-report-2018-03-01.pdf (accessed April 11, 2018).<br />\n[11] Philadelphia High-Performance Building Renovation Guidelines. http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGreenGuidelines.pdf (accessed April 11, 2018).<br />\n[12] US DOE Office of Renewable Energy &amp; Technology (Feb 2018) Windows and Envelope R&amp;D Opportunities Workshop https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/bto-windows-envelope-workshop-report-2018-03-01.pdf (accessed April 11, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nInsulation<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Energy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights<br />\nNational Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)<br />\nRensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center<br />\nUS DOE – Building Technologies Office – Windows and Building Envelope</p>\n<p>New Buildings Institute (NBI)</p>\n<p>Daylighting Pattern Guide<br />\nDaylighting Guide for Office Interiors</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</p>\n<p>Provide Comfortable Environments<br />\nWindows and Glazing</p>\n<p>Efficient Windows Collaborative</p>\n<p>High-Performance Commercial Buildings<br />\nFinancing and Incentives<br />\nSoftware and Tools</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7075,1651,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 04:44:44'),(7076,1651,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7078,491,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Windows and Skylights (Source: US DOE Energy Savers).'),(7079,534,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – ENERGY STAR Recommended U-factor, SHGC and Air Leakage values for New Jersey’s Mixed Climate (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative).'),(7080,529,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – ENERGY STAR Recommended U-factor, SHGC and Air Leakage values for New Jersey’s Mixed Climate (Source: The Efficient Windows Collaborative).'),(7081,1651,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7084,1651,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7085,1651,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7086,1651,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1651\" /]'),(7087,1651,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7088,1651,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7089,1651,'_thumbnail_id','491'),(7090,1651,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7091,1651,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7092,1651,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7095,1656,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7096,1656,'_edit_last','2'),(7097,1656,'_edit_lock','1650031782:2'),(7099,575,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1. Envelope Systems of a typical building (Source: Whole Building Design Guide).'),(7100,1656,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7103,1656,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7104,1656,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7105,1656,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1656\" /]'),(7106,1656,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7107,1656,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7108,1656,'_thumbnail_id','575'),(7109,1656,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7110,1656,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7111,1656,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Insulation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Insulation?<br />\nInsulation includes materials that reduce the amount of heat lost from a building. Properly insulating a new building relates to creating an efficient building envelope. The building envelope or the physical structure between the inside of the building and the outside environment includes walls, windows, doors, roof systems, and the foundation.[1] A properly insulated building envelope increases the efficiency of the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, reducing energy costs while increasing occupant thermal comfort by acting as a thermal barrier and controlling indoor temperature and humidity levels.[2] It is important to note that insulation only helps reduce air and heat flow in the space where it is contained. Therefore it is most effective when the building is also correctly sealed against excess air infiltration (see Air Infiltration strategy).[3]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Insulation<br />\nA highly insulated building envelope requires an integrated design approach during the pre-design phase of a project that views the building as a whole system and coordinates all of the building elements that need to be adequately insulated (see Integrated Design Process). Factors to consider include building orientation and daylighting (windows), material selection (walls, doors, roof, foundation), HVAC and electrical system (mechanical equipment), and the local climate (see Building Orientation and Daylighting strategies). The outdoor environment can impact the effectiveness of a building’s envelope. The North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA) provides insulation guidelines for specific climate zones and building types. In the indoor environment, thermal loads may come from mechanical equipment and lighting. Windows and exterior doors, which are part of the fenestration system of a building, can influence the HVAC requirements and also the amount of daylight. For example, HVAC systems are a significant component of the overall energy demand for new commercial buildings. However, a more efficiently insulated building envelope can reduce the energy requirements of the building’s HVAC system by minimizing the loss of conditioned air to the outside (see Properly Sized HVAC Equipment strategy). The building’s layout and interior design elements can impact thermal heat exchange. Specific building materials conduct heat at differing rates (see Thermal Massing strategy), and building components such as walls, joints, studs, and others can act as a conduit for heat conduction. Finally, a highly insulated roof combined with solar reflective roofing materials offer the opportunity to save on heating and cooling costs, improve thermal comfort, and reduce peak cooling loads (see Cool Roof sstrategy).[4] An analysis of these factors early in the design process helps to determine the optimal building footprint to building orientation and the selection of building materials to maximize the energy efficiency benefits of a highly insulated building envelope.<br />\nInsulation ratings refer to R-value or resistance to heat flow. [5] An insulation’s material composition and thickness contribute to its R-value. A higher R-value indicates higher expected thermal performance. However, more is not always better, as there is a point of diminishing returns with insulation (i.e., the intersection between cost and energy savings).[6] Look for Energy Star certified insulation tested for performance and safety standards. Refer to resources such as the North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA) for recommended R-values for the local climate and more specific information about insulation materials.<br />\nThe following list includes examples of both widely-used and more innovative insulation materials and wall systems for commercial buildings:[7]</p>\n<p>Continuous and Cavity Insulation. Continuous insulation runs uninterrupted over structural membranes, avoids thermal bridging and is installed on the exterior surface of the building envelope.[8] Cavity insulation is installed between structural components such as wood studs.<br />\nComposite Metal Panels consist of two sheets of metal adhered to a core material and include:[9]</p>\n<p>Foamed-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels<br />\nLaminated-Insulation Core Metal Wall Panels<br />\nHoneycomb Core Metal Wall Panels</p>\n<p>Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFs) consists of exterior wall cladding made of rigid insulation boards. The polymer-based (PB) system is most popular and consists of closed expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation finished with a polymeric (organic) bonded aggregate and cement reinforced with a glass mesh.[10] Being lightweight and low cost, and the ability to achieve different aesthetic effects make EIFs a popular choice.[11]<br />\nInsulated Concrete Forms (ICFs) consists of concrete walls poured inside foam insulation forms with steel reinforcing and stacked as interlocking blocks.[12] Insulated concrete block or concrete masonry units (CMUs) form prefabricated blocks applied like traditional block wall construction.<br />\nStructural Insulated Panels (SIPs) consist of an insulating foam core placed between two structural panels, typically oriented strand board (OSB) or fiber cement panels.[13]<br />\nVacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) consist of a solid interior layer of a high R-value material wrapped in an exterior layer of airtight foil with a vacuum drawn inside the airtight foil.[14] They can achieve an R-value of 50 without adding bulk, making them cost-effective on roofs.[15]</p>\n<p>Examples<br />\nUS Post Office and Courthouse, Camden, NJ<br />\nThis roofing project, sponsored by the General Service Administration (GSA) Green Proving Ground (GPG) program, installed Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) at the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse in Camden, New Jersey. VIPs consist of a solid interior layer of a high R-value material wrapped in an exterior layer of airtight foil with a vacuum drawn inside the airtight foil.[16] The study used energy modeling and thermographic images and found that VIPs can offer a favorable payback in one-story buildings in regions with extreme climates and high utility costs.[17] They can achieve an R-value of 50 without adding bulk, making them cost-effective on roofs.[18]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nA properly designed and installed insulation system offers the following benefits.[19]</p>\n<p>Reduces energy costs<br />\nPrevents moisture condensation<br />\nReduces capacity and size of new mechanical equipment<br />\nEnhances acoustical performance through reduced noise levels<br />\nIncreases indoor environmental quality and thermal comfort.[20]<br />\nProvides fire protection</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of implementing a highly insulated building envelope vary depending on the size and orientation of the home, climate, design elements, and the type of insulation and building material. Annual energy savings and incentives offered by the NJ Office of Clean Energy can help offset upfront costs.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nA properly insulated building offers several essential resiliency benefits. In the event of a power outage, highly insulated buildings protect against heat loss in the winter and heat gain in the summer, helping to maintain comfortable internal temperatures for building occupants, and reducing stress on the grid. Wall assembly systems (with insulating properties) such as precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), and structural insulated panels (SIPs) offer resistance to hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.[21]<br />\n[1] Arnold, Chris. 2016. “Building Envelop Design Guide.” Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[2] US DOE | Better Buildings. “Building Envelope.” https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[3] US DOE: Insulation Fact Sheet. 2008. https://web.ornl.gov/sci/buildings/docs/factSheets/Insulation-FactSheet-2008.pdf (accessed May 4, 2018).<br />\n[4] Vivian Loftness et al. 2012. “State of the Art in Enclosure Technologies and Integrated Systems for 50% Energy Savings in Existing Commercial Buildings.” Consortium for Building Energy Innovation. Page 23. http://cbei.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/State-of-the-Art-in-Enclosure-Technologies.pdf (accessed June 4, 2018).<br />\n[5] US DOE: Energy Saver. “Insulation” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[6] Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB). 2011. “Costs and Benefits of Residential Energy Efficiency Investments.” Prepared for the New Jersey Association of REALTORS® Governmental Research Foundation. Page 21 http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/costs-and-benefits-of-residential-energy-efficiency-investments/ (accessed May 9, 2018).<br />\n[7] US DOE: Better Building Solution Center. Building Envelope Webinars for Walls<br />\nhttps://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/toolkits/building-envelope-webinars-walls (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[8] US DOE Building Energy Codes Resource Center. “Cavity and Continuous Insulation.”<br />\nhttps://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ta_cavity_and_continuous_insulation_in_rescheck.pdf (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[9] Zwayer, Gary L. 2016 “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences. https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[10] Lstiburek, Joseph. 2007. “EIFs: Problems and Solutions.” Building Science Corporation. https://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-146-eifs-problems-and-solutions (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[11] Zwayer, Gary L. 2016. “Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFs).” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences. https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems/exterior-insulation-and-finish-system-eifs (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[12] US DOE: Building America Solution Center: ICFs. https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/insulated-concrete-forms-icfs#quicktabs-guides=1 (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[13] Structural Insulated Panel Association (SIPA). “What are SIPS?” https://www.sips.org/about/what-are-sips (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[14] Dan Howell et al. “Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) in a roofing application of US Post Office and Courthouse Camden, NJ.” March 2014. ORNL https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[15] GSA. Green Proving Ground Program. “Vacuum Insulated Panels in Roofing Applications.” March 2016.  https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[16] Dan Howell et al. “Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) in a roofing application of US Post Office and Courthouse Camden, NJ.” March 2014. ORNL https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GPG_Vacuum_Insulated_Panels_03-2014.pdf (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[17] Ibid.<br />\n[18] GSA. Green Proving Ground Program. “Vacuum Insulated Panels in Roofing Applications.” March 2016.  https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/sustainability/emerging-technologies/published-findings/building-envelope/vacuum-insulated-panels (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[19] National Insulation Association (NIA). 2018 “Benefits of Insulation.” https://insulation.org/about-insulation/benefits-of-insulation/ (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[20] Arnold, Chris. 2016. “HVAC Integration of the Building Envelope.” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences. http://wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/building-envelope-design-guide-introduction (accessed May 29, 2018).<br />\n[21] New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration<br />\nBuilding Orientation<br />\nCool Roofs<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nThermal Massing</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Air Barrier Association of America<br />\nContinuous Insulation<br />\nInsulation Institute<br />\nMetal Building Manufacturers Association<br />\nNorth American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA)<br />\nNJ Clean Energy Program<br />\nStructural Insulated Panel Association<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Envelope<br />\nUS DOE: Better Buildings – Building Envelope</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7112,1656,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 04:44:44'),(7113,1656,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7114,1656,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7116,1656,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7117,1656,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7118,1656,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7119,1656,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7120,1656,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7121,1656,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7122,1656,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7137,1664,'_edit_lock','1650033018:2'),(7138,1664,'_edit_last','2'),(7139,1664,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7140,1664,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7141,1664,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7142,1664,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7143,1664,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7144,1664,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7145,1664,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7146,1664,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7147,1664,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Chilled Beams</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Chilled Beams?<br />\nChilled beams are room air recirculation systems integrated with acoustic ceilings or independently mounted that rely on radiant heat transfer from chilled or heated water coils to cool or heat a space.  Chilled beams use water as a heat transfer medium instead of air to cool or heat a room, taking advantage of water’s higher heat transfer capacity and lower transport energy and freeing up space and saving energy through reduced fan energy and equipment requirements.[1] Chilled beams provide a flexible, easy to maintain, and energy-efficient alternative to variable air volume (VAV) systems and conventional air conditioning and heating systems, particularly for spaces that utilize individual zone control and experience moderate internal moisture loads.[2]<br />\nThere are three types of chilled beam systems: passive, active, and multi-service. Passive chilled beams rely on the natural buoyancy of air to circulate through the heat exchanger, usually coils, to cool the air. In a passive system (most often used for cooling), hot air rises and becomes trapped in a space located above the chilled beams. Once the hot air interacts with the lower temperature beams, it naturally falls back into the room. Unlike active beams, passive beams are not directly connected to the ducted air supply and require a parallel ventilation system to handle dehumidification and latent loads and provide the primary air to drive the passive beam system.[3] Active systems direct air through the use of nozzles to the cooling or heating coils and allow for humidity control. Multi-purpose chilled beams can be used to supply other buildings services, such as lighting, speaker systems, IT systems, fire protection (sprinklers and detectors), acoustic insulation, Building Automation System sensors, and photocells.</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Chilled Beams<br />\nChilled beams require specific applications and each chilled beam system design is unique, requiring project engineers to work closely with the manufacturer’s engineers in the design and selection of the chilled beam.[4]<br />\nAccording to best practice guidance from ASHRAE and REVHA chilled beams work best in applications with low air-side load fractions (or the percentage of the total air supply required by code for a zone) and in applications with high sensible heat ratios (or the percentage of the cooling load that is sensible compared to latent). For example, chilled beam systems can offer benefits over conventional systems if the sensible cooling load is substantially higher than the capacity of the air supplied to satisfy the latent loads.[5]<br />\nFor comprehensive tools and guidance on designing, commissioning, and operating active and passive beam systems refer to the joint publication by ASHRAE and REVHA, “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.” Available for purchase at https://www.ashrae.org<br />\nANSI/ASHRAE Standard 200-2018, Methods of Testing Chilled Beams, establishes testing methods and procedures for determining the performance of chilled beams. Certification programs (Eurovent, AHRI) guarantee the accuracy of manufacturers’ technical data.<br />\nExample<br />\nNew Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.<br />\nThe IFNH building at Rutgers University, designed by Ballinger Architects finished in 2015 and built to LEED Gold standards is the first Rutgers University building to incorporate chilled beams as part of the building’s open laboratory design.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nChilled beams have the potential to save significant amounts of energy and operating costs compared to completely air-based systems because they move heat more efficiently by using water instead of air as the heat transfer fluid, reducing the reheat and fan energy required to operate the system.[6] Chilled beams also increase the usable floor space and ceiling height in a building by eliminating additional ductwork and equipment space requirements and allowing for modular configurations and flexible installations. Other advantages include enhanced thermal comfort (e.g., uniform air distribution), acoustic control (e.g., quiet operation) and indoor air quality (e.g., utilize 100% outside air and limit room to room air recirculation).[7] Finally, chilled beams offer lower maintenance and repair costs due to fewer mechanical components than conventional HVAC systems.<br />\nCost<br />\nThe cost of chilled beams varies depending on the design and application. Chilled beams often have higher materials costs than conventional VAV systems but lower installation, maintenance, and energy costs. For example, by requiring fewer air exchanges, chilled beams can result in the downsizing of ductwork, air-handling units, exhaust fans, chillers, and boilers, reducing first costa and helping to offset the cost of chilled beam infrastructure.[8] The growing number of certified manufacturers and installers and available incentives are also helping to make chilled beams more cost competitive with conventional technologies.<br />\nSee the NJ Clean Energy Program for current incentives and programs http://www.njcleanenergy.com<br />\nResiliency<br />\nChilled beams contribute to resiliency by decreasing energy consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid.<br />\n[1] ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”<br />\n[2] ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”<br />\n[3] Energy Design Resources. 2010. E-News #69: Chilled Beams. February 2010.<br />\nhttps://energydesignresources.com/resources/e-news/e-news-69-chilled-beams.aspx (accessed Jan 8, 2019).<br />\n[4] The American Society for Healthcare Engineering (ASHE), the Association for the Healthcare Environment (AHE), and the Association for Healthcare Resource &amp; Materials Management (AHRMM) of the American Hospital Association (AHA). 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ Accessed Jan 8, 2019).<br />\n[5] ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”<br />\n[6] ASHE et al. 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ Accessed Jan 8, 2019).<br />\n[7] ASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.”<br />\n[8] ASHE et al. 2012. Sustainability Roadmap for Hospitals – “Reduce energy-consumption and improve comfort with an active chilled beam system.” http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/265#.XDOOYi2ZNAZ Accessed Jan 8, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Commissioning<br />\nIndividual Comfort Controls<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Air-Conditioning, Heating &amp; Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Chilled Beams Certification<br />\nASHRAE<br />\nASHRAE and REHVA. 2015. “Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide.” Available for purchase<br />\nREHVA – Federation of European Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Associations</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7148,1664,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 04:44:44'),(7149,1664,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7151,347,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Active and Passive Chilled Beams (Source: US EPA).'),(7152,524,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Fig 3. New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health. (Source: Rutger University).'),(7153,1664,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7156,1664,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7157,1664,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7158,1664,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1664\" /]'),(7159,1664,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7160,1664,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7161,1664,'_thumbnail_id','347'),(7162,1664,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7163,1664,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7164,1664,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7167,1669,'_edit_lock','1650034636:2'),(7168,1669,'_edit_last','2'),(7169,1669,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7170,1669,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7171,1669,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7172,1669,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7173,1669,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7174,1669,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7175,1669,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7176,1669,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7177,1669,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Combined Heat and Power (CHP)?<br />\nCombined Heat and Power (CHP), also known as cogeneration, is a type of distributed energy resource that produces both electricity and thermal energy onsite, using one primary fuel.[1] CHP recovers heat usually wasted in conventional power generation as thermal energy for a building’s space heating and cooling, process heating and cooling, dehumidification, or the production of more electricity generation.[2] CHP system can use fossil or renewable fuels and typically utilize the following prime mover technologies to combust the fuel including reciprocating engines, gas turbines, microturbines, fuel cells, and boiler or steam turbines.<br />\nFor example, (see Figure 1) a prime mover, such as a reciprocating engine or gas turbine uses a fuel such as natural gas to power a generator that creates electricity and emits heat. Generated electricity supplies electrical loads in the building, feeds back to the grid, or utilizes energy storage for later use (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation). A heat recovery unit captures the heat and processes it for use onsite, typically for building heating applications but also for absorption cooling, an application that utilizes heat energy to cool buildings.[3] CHP systems can utilize thermal energy storage to save excess heat energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, to increase energy efficiency, and to store low priced energy and use that energy during peak demand when prices climb (see Thermal Energy Storage).[4]<br />\nMicroturbines use gaseous or liquid fuels, most commonly natural gas, to produce electricity and recover exhaust heat for direct use or use in a heat recovery boiler.[5] Steam turbines do not consume fuel directly but use steam generated by natural gas, oil, coal or biomass driven boilers or heat recovery steam generators, to produce power and thermal energy (see Biomass Energy Systems).[6]<br />\nFuel cells used for CHP applications utilize an electrochemical process to reform natural gas or biogas into hydrogen and then react hydrogen to generate electricity.[7]<br />\nHow to Integrate CHP<br />\nThe practicality of integrating CHP into a project increases when considered early in the planning stages, including early engagement with the local utility to identify permitting issues and available incentives.<br />\nContact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current CHP programs, tools, and available funding. For example, the NJ Office of Clean Energy Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Program currently offers incentives for the following CHP technologies:[8]</p>\n<p>Powered by non-renewable (i.e., natural gas) or renewable fuel source (i.e., biomass).<br />\nGas internal combustion engine.<br />\nGas combustion turbine.<br />\nMicroturbine<br />\nFuel cells with heat recovery.<br />\nWaste heat to power.</p>\n<p>The use of Class 1 renewable fuel sources and installation of CHP with black-start and islanding capabilities at designated critical facilities may qualify projects for additional incentives.<br />\nExample<br />\nWestin – Starwood Hotel, Jersey City, NJ<br />\nThe Westin Jersey City Newport qualified for the NJ Clean Energy Combined Heat &amp; Power Program by installing three Tecogen® Inc. 100-kW natural gas engine CHP units. The co-generation units are expected to produce 1,985 MWh of electricity and 132,962 therms of energy per year. The Westin Jersey City Newport qualified for $600,000 in NJCEP incentives, covering more than 27 percent of the $2,158,229 project cost, which includes ten years of maintenance service by the manufacturer. The co-generation units could potentially save the hotel, on average, 367,209 kWh of electricity and 91,198 therms of natural gas per year, resulting in annual savings ranging from $123,007 to $212,000. With the NJCEP incentives, the project expects to pay for itself within a decade when factoring in federal tax credits.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nInherently inefficient, conventional electricity generation converts only about a third of a fuel’s potential energy into usable energy.[9] It is reasonable to expect CHP applications to operate at 65-75% efficiency, a large improvement over the national average of ~50% for these services when separately provided.[10] Since overgeneration of heat and electricity occurs frequently, CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy.[11] The significant increase in energy efficiency with CHP means lower fuel consumption and reduced greenhouse gas emissions for the same level of output when compared to the separate generation of heat and power. Biomass powered CHP systems have the added benefit of generating both low-carbon electricity and low-carbon heat, further increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions by utilizing waste heat and using fuel more efficiently (see Biomass Energy Systems).[12] Other benefits include CHP’s proven track record and the versatility of CHP to work with existing and planned technologies for various industrial and commercial applications. CHP also localizes energy generation, avoiding congestion issues and improving grid transmission and distribution losses associated with centralized power stations, reducing the risk of electrical grid disruptions and enhancing energy reliability. As a distributed energy generator, CHP provides a reliable and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and grid outages and can help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see Demand Response and Peak Load Management).<br />\nCosts<br />\nCHP makes the most economic sense when electricity prices are high, and natural gas prices are low. While the initial cost of CHP systems often exceed that of conventional heating or cooling systems, reduced energy and operating costs associated with cogeneration can often justify the investment.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nCHP can improve the resiliency of critical infrastructure, by acting as a self-sufficient microgrid keeping essential facilities and systems running without any interruption in electric or thermal service in the absence of utility sourced power due to storms or other events.[13]<br />\nFor example, South Oaks Hospital in Amityville, New York remained open and operational during Superstorm Sandy while over 8.5 million Long Island Power Authority (LIPA) customers had no power for a week.[14] South Oaks Hospital had five 250 kW units, which kept lights on and refrigeration units operational for 15 days, even allowing the hospital to admit new patients.<br />\nA form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of microgrids with the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.[15] Combined with energy storage capabilities, CHP systems hold the potential to help diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of distributed energy resources and energy storage (see Thermal Energy Storage, Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).<br />\n[1] US EPA and US DOE. Guide to Using Combined Heat and Power for Enhancing Reliability and Resiliency in Buildings. September 2013. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_for_reliability_guidance.pdf  (accessed April 18, 2018).<br />\n[2] E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf   (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[3] International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf (accessed Oct 9, 2018).<br />\n[4] Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration<br />\nhttp://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration (accessed Oct 18, 2018).<br />\n[5] US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Microturbines https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Microturbines_0.pdf (accessed Oct 4, 2018).<br />\n[6] US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Steam Turbines. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Steam%20Turbine.pdf (accessed Oct 4, 2018).<br />\n[7] US DOE. 2017. Combined Heat and Power Fact Sheets: Fuel Cells https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/CHP-Fuel%20Cell.pdf (accessed Oct 4, 2018).<br />\n[8] NJ Office of Clean Energy. 2018. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Program. http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/combined-heat-power/combined-heat-power (accessed Oct 5, 2018).<br />\n[9] Electropaedia. http://www.mpoweruk.com/fossil_fuels.htm (accessed April 12, 2018).<br />\n[10] DOE. Combined Heat and Power Basics. https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/combined-heat-and-power-basics (accessed April 12, 2018).<br />\n[11] International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future.https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).<br />\n[12] International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf (accessed Oct 9, 2018).<br />\n[13] ICF International. 2013. “Combined Heat and Power: Enabling Resilient Energy Infrastructure for Critical Facilities.” Prepared for Oak Ridge National Laboratory. March 2013. Page 2. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/chp_critical_facilities.pdf (accessed April 12, 2018).<br />\n[14] ACEEE. New and Improved Methods for Evaluating CHP Cost-Effectiveness. https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2016/data/papers/4_837.pdf (accessed April 12, 2018).<br />\n[15] International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Biomass Energy Systems<br />\nDemand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nThermal Energy Storage</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Combined Heat and Power Installations in New Jersey<br />\nDatabase of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency<br />\nInternational Energy Association (IEA)<br />\nNew Jersey’s Clean Energy Program<br />\nUS EPA Combined Power and Heat Partnership<br />\nUS DOE Combined Heat and Power Basics</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7178,1669,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 04:44:44'),(7179,1669,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7181,212,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1. Reciprocating engine or gas turbine with heat recovery. (Source: US DOE CHP)'),(7182,1669,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7185,1669,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7186,1669,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7187,1669,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1669\" /]'),(7188,1669,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7189,1669,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7190,1669,'_thumbnail_id','212'),(7191,1669,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7192,1669,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7193,1669,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7196,1673,'_edit_lock','1650034843:2'),(7197,1673,'_edit_last','2'),(7198,1673,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7199,1673,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7200,1673,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7201,1673,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7202,1673,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7203,1673,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7204,1673,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7205,1673,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7206,1673,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Demand Control Ventilation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Demand Control Ventilation?<br />\nVentilation systems in commercial buildings, whether passive or active, help maintain the proper mix of gases in the air, control odors, and exhaust contaminants from occupied spaces (see Natural Ventilation, Properly Sized HVAC Equipment). Ventilation systems typically provide a constant flow of fresh air to occupants based on maximum building occupancy or full ventilation rates in contrast to a minimum or area ventilation rate based on reduced occupancy levels. Demand control ventilation (DCV) modulates between full and area ventilation rates based on actual or estimated occupancy levels, saving energy and improving indoor air quality. DCV systems can measure occupancy levels and adjust ventilation using one or more of the following methods:[1]</p>\n<p>Carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors that adjust airflow based on CO2 levels or the number of occupants in a space.<br />\nOccupant counting which counts actual or estimated occupants in a space using ticket sales, security swipes or video monitoring.<br />\nOccupancy sensors that detect occupancy and switch between full or area ventilation rates.<br />\nScheduled ventilation based on estimated and scheduled occupancy.<br />\nSet supply air CO2 concentrations based on design occupancy conditions in designated zones.</p>\n<p>Figure 1 compares the different DCV methods and corresponding ventilation rates in response to changing occupancy levels.</p>\n<p>How to Implement Demand Control Ventilation<br />\nProper ventilation and good indoor air quality start with eliminating or reducing familiar sources of indoor air pollution such as off-gassing from building materials and furnishings.<br />\nWhen designing a new DCV system, best practices include using zone occupancy sensors for small and less densely occupied zones, and CO2 sensors in large or densely occupied spaces, both with setpoints that follow the specific guidelines in Appendix A of the ASHRAE Standard 62.1 User’s Manual.[2] Well-designed and executed DCV systems take into account user requirements, operator training, and coordination among different building systems, such as occupancy sensors used for lighting and air flow. Commissioning and recommissioning provides an opportunity to check DCV set-points and offer potential energy and cost savings.<br />\nExamples<br />\nEnergy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation (DCV), Case Study, Minnesota.<br />\nInformation on a subset of six building systems collected from 32 buildings was taken across all seasons using building automation system data and instrumentation to document energy savings and indoor air quality before and after recommissioning of Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) systems. Building occupants also completed a comfort survey. System designers and operators provided lessons learned. Results showed that DCV implemented in large VAV systems can provide significant energy and cost savings in cold climates and recommissioning either provides additional energy savings or increased indoor air quality.[3]<br />\nOradell Public School, Oradell, NJ<br />\nThe Oradell Public School conducted an energy audit as part of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities’ Local Government Energy Audit Program. The report recommended Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) as an Energy Conservation Measure (ECM) to reduce energy and utility costs and to improve indoor air quality. The following summarizes the estimated implementation costs and savings for Demand Control Ventilation (DCV):</p>\n<p>Electricity Savings: 18,400<br />\nNatural Gas Savings: 2,700<br />\nEstimated Savings: $5,200<br />\nEstimated Installed Cost: $10,000<br />\nPayback Period: 1.9</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nVentilation requires energy to heat or cool outside air. Demand control ventilation (DCV) saves energy by reducing ventilation rates during times of vacancy and reduced peak occupancy. DCV improves indoor air quality, contributing to occupant health and productivity, by closely monitoring CO2 concentrations and occupancy levels that impact indoor air pollution and air quality.<br />\nCosts<br />\nCompared to conventional ventilation systems, demand control ventilation adds up-front costs depending on the complexity and size of the system and number of sensors installed, ranging between $1 – $3 per cfm of outside air.[4]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nDemand control ventilation (DCV) offers an indirect resiliency benefit to buildings by reducing heating and cooling loads, thereby reducing stress on the grid, and the likelihood of brownouts.<br />\n[1] U.S. DOE. “Demand-Controlled Ventilation.” https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cn_demand_control_ventilation.pdf  (accessed May 31, 2018).<br />\n[2] SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources.https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf (accessed Nov 19, 2018).<br />\n[3] SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources. https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf (accessed Nov 19, 2018).<br />\n[4] SeventhWave. 2015. Energy Savings from Implementing and Commissioning Demand Control Ventilation: Lessons learned from observed practical approaches. Prepared for Minnesota Department of Commerce – Division of Energy Resources.https://www.seventhwave.org/sites/default/files/276-1_0.pdf (accessed Nov 19, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Natural Ventilation<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nSustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>General Service Administration (GSA) – Sustainable Facilities Tool<br />\nSeventh Wave – Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)<br />\nUS DOE: Building Energy Codes – Demand Control Ventilation</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7207,1673,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 04:44:44'),(7208,1673,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7210,246,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Fig 1. Ventilation rates provided with fixed ventilation and DCV alternatives (Source: US DOE: Building Energy Codes)'),(7211,1673,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7214,1673,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7215,1673,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7216,1673,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1673\" /]'),(7217,1673,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7218,1673,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7219,1673,'_thumbnail_id','246'),(7220,1673,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7221,1673,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7222,1673,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7227,1677,'_edit_last','2'),(7228,1677,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7229,1677,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7230,1677,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7231,1677,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7232,1677,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7233,1677,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7234,1677,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7235,1677,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7236,1677,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Energy Recovery Systems</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Energy Recovery Systems?<br />\nEnergy recovery systems transfer heat from outgoing air to incoming air in the winter and from incoming air to outgoing air in the summer, lowering heating and cooling costs and overall energy use. There are different types of systems, all featuring a heat exchanger, controls, and one or more fans to move air through the machine.<br />\nEnergy recovery technologies include heat-recovery ventilators (HRV) and energy-recovery ventilators (ERV). Large ventilation systems with dedicated or shared duct systems may contain small, wall or window-mounted units. ERVs transfer a portion of the water vapor, along with heat energy, while HRVs transfer heat only.[1]<br />\nCommon design configurations include:</p>\n<p>Flat-plate heat exchanger systems that transfer energy between the incoming and exhaust air streams using a fixed heat exchanger.[2]<br />\nRun-around coil systems utilize waste heat in the process cooling water from an application such as laboratory equipment and supply domestic hot water and space heating for facilities.<br />\nRegenerative heat wheels consist of revolving discs filled with an air-permeable medium that transfer heat and moisture from one air stream to the next reducing warm air infiltration or heat and moisture loss from buildings.</p>\n<p>How to Implement Energy Recovery Systems<br />\nProper installation, sizing, and placement of ducts and regular maintenance impacts performance.[4] In cold climates, energy recovery ventilators must have a device to prevent freezing and frost formation.[5] Experienced and qualified HVAC contractors should install, properly test, and balance the system. Regularly clean exchangers to ensure high performance and prevent mold and bacteria buildup.[6]<br />\nExample<br />\nWaterfront Technology Center – Camden, NJ<br />\nThe LEED-Core &amp; Shell Gold Certified Waterfront Technology Center in Camden, NJ, includes an ERV incorporated into its rooftop mechanical room. This five-story, 100,000 square foot facility leases to a range of tenants including offices and wet labs.<br />\nPanasonic Corporation of North America, Newark, NJ<br />\nThe Panasonic building utilized expert guidance and financial incentives offered through the NJ Clean Energy Pay for Performance Program and incorporated an energy recovery ventilation thermal wheel system, resulting in 15 percent less energy use compared to a minimally code-compliant building.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEnergy recovery systems can recover about 70-80% of the energy in exiting air and transfer it to incoming air reducing energy consumption and costs.[7] By controlling humidity and cycling in fresh air to replace stale or contaminated indoor air, ERV’s can improve indoor air quality and occupant thermal comfort, which is often linked to increased occupant satisfaction and productivity.<br />\nCosts<br />\nClimates with extreme temperatures or areas with high heating and cooling costs make energy recovery systems most cost-effective.[8] Properly designed systems can reduce the size of the HVAC system by 50%, and energy use by 33%, achieving a life-cycle cost savings of zero to three years.[9]  Typical cost savings and project cost associated with various heat recovery systems, both industrial and commercial, can be found on the DOE IAC database.[10]<br />\nFinancial paybacks depend on the following:</p>\n<p>Added capital costs for ERV equipment<br />\nAvoided capital costs that result from HVAC equipment downsizing<br />\nNet annual energy savings provided by ERV systems<br />\nIncremental annual maintenance cost increases due to ERV systems[11]</p>\n<p>Resiliency<br />\nEnergy recovery systems offer an indirect resiliency benefit to buildings by reducing heating and cooling loads, thereby reducing stress on the grid, and the likelihood of brownouts.<br />\n[1] National Resources Canada (NRCan): Heat/Energy Recovery Systems<br />\nhttps://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/categories/cooling-ventilating/ventilating/hrv/16197 (accessed Dec 17, 2018).<br />\n[2] US EPA. School Advanced Ventilation Engineering Software. https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/school-advanced-ventilation-engineering-software-saves(accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[3] US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[4] University of Minnesota (UMN). Minnesota Sustainable Housing Initiative. Heat and Energy Recovery Ventilators http://www.mnshi.umn.edu/kb/scale/hrverv.html (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[5] US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[6] US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[7] US DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/ventilation/whole-house-ventilation (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[8] Ibid.<br />\n[9] Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory. Energy Recovery. http://ateam.lbl.gov/Design-Guide/DGHtm/energyrecovery.htm (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[10] US DOE. 2018. “Energy Recovery Systems.” Industrial Assessment Center.   https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.24 &amp; https://iac.university/recommendationTypes/2.24 (accessed Dec 17, 2018).<br />\n[11] US EPA. School Advanced Ventilation Engineering Software. https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/school-advanced-ventilation-engineering-software-saves (accessed April 16, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>National Resources Canada (NRCan): Heat/Energy Recovery Systems<br />\nNJ Office of Clean Energy: Pay for Performance Program<br />\nUS DOE Energy Savers. Whole House Ventilation</p>\n<p>US Environmental Protection Agency</p>\n<p>Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV) for Schools<br />\nThe School Advanced Ventilation Engineering Software (SAVES) – helps assess cost savings and benefits of ERV systems in schools</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7237,1677,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 03:51:09'),(7238,1677,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7239,1677,'_edit_lock','1650035278:2'),(7241,243,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Energy Recovery System Diagram[3] (Source: DPoint Technologies)'),(7242,1680,'_edit_last','2'),(7243,1680,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7244,1680,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7245,1680,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7246,1680,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7247,1680,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7248,1680,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7249,1680,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7250,1680,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7251,1680,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Smart Sensors and Controls</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Smart Sensors and Controls?<br />\nSmart sensors are devices that monitor conditions of the physical environment and building equipment such as temperature, air flow, moisture, humidity, lighting and daylighting levels, offer smoke and CO detection, and collect data about real-time building occupancy, and energy and water use (see Daylighting). Electronic actuators process these measurements, and smart controls utilize the data to adjust building conditions and optimize building performance in areas such as lighting and shading, HVAC systems, security, fire suppression, equipment plug loads, and landscape irrigation.[1] Controls utilize software with standardized communication protocols on networked computing devices such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, PCs or through dedicated hardware interfaces such as wall-mounted controls. Smart buildings consist of an integrated network of advanced sensors and controls and use Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to connect building systems and enable automated building operations and control.[2]<br />\nFor example, smart thermostats coupled with smart HVAC systems use multiple sensors and controls to monitor and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings, control energy consumption in unoccupied areas, and detect and diagnose issues. Smart appliances such as refrigerators and freezers use sensors and controls to remotely track and manage variables such as temperature, humidity, and energy use. Demand response enabled devices, including smart thermostats and certain appliances, can be controlled remotely by an energy provider to reduce peak power demand (see Demand Response and Peak Load Management).[3] Smart lighting consists of networked LED and linear fluorescent luminaires with advanced sensors that can detect lighting failure and advanced controls that utilize dual-technology infrared plus ultrasonic occupancy and vacancy sensing, daylight harvesting, dimming controls and task tuning (see High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls).[4] Smart solar window films adjust window tints based on incoming daylight, and window shading systems use auto-controlled devices that open and close at specific times of the day to manage light levels and solar heat gain (see Energy-Efficient Windows).[5] Smart plug load controls, including smart outlets and advanced power strips, use scheduling, motion sensing, or load detection to turn off equipment when not in use (see ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load). Smoke detectors enable automated sprinkler systems to function correctly, and CO sensors trigger alarms to protect building occupants before exposure to dangerous CO levels. Smart security systems automatically unlock doors for building employees using different types of sensors such as facial recognition or mobile phone GPS. Smart water metering and irrigation systems use sensors to monitor water use, detect leaks, and prevent irrigation systems from running when it is raining or when unnecessary.<br />\nSmart building technologies can connect users to a smart grid (see Smart Metering). Smart metered buildings utilize advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advanced monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply.[6] Smart metered buildings with on-site renewable energy generation (see Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems) and energy storage (see Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation) can signal consumers to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated on-site or from the grid when electricity demand is low (see Alternative Transportation).[7] Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.[8]<br />\nHow to Incorporate Smart Sensors and Controls<br />\nThe decision to install smart sensors and controls and the type of technologies selected depends on the size of the building and the building’s intended use. Smart system set-up and installation requires expert assistance. A building can incorporate multiple smart technologies or a single service such as a smart lighting system or a smart security system depending on the needs and desires of the building users. Look for devices with interoperability between smart building technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.<br />\nWhile sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.<br />\nContact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart building technologies that increase energy-efficiency.<br />\nExamples<br />\nGSA Green Proving Ground (GPG): Wireless Pneumatic Thermostats<br />\nA study conducted by the GSA Green Proving Ground Program found that wireless pneumatic thermostats, which detect space temperature and can wirelessly control HVAC systems, can cost-effectively reduce energy use by implementing unoccupied/occupied energy-saving control strategies.<br />\nPanasonic Corporation of North America, Newark, NJ.<br />\nThrough New Jersey’s Clean Energy Pay for Performance Program, Panasonic received guidance and financial incentives to implement lighting control strategies including daylight harvesting.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSmart building technologies provide tools to detect and manage building operations and maintenance, comfort, and energy performance issues, resulting in better equipment maintenance, higher occupant satisfaction, and reduced energy consumption and costs. Smart metered buildings can also track real-time energy consumption, allowing business owners to monitor and certify peak energy use reductions, and take advantage of lower electricity charges and peak demand incentive programs offered by utilities.[9]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe initial cost, energy savings, and payback of smart technologies vary depending on the technology’s features and capabilities. In general, smart technologies that cover the whole building in one application benefit from economies of scale and cost less to install per square foot in larger buildings than in smaller ones. Individual technologies, such as smart thermostats typically cost less for smaller buildings. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation and commissioning costs compared to wired devices. Savings from the reduced utility demand charges often cover the costs of smart control projects.[10]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSmart controls contribute to a building’s resiliency by providing real-time feedback on the status of critical building systems, notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, and providing remote access for turning systems on or off during potential power outages or other disruptive events. Smart sensors that do not rely on external power or wired networks can continue to provide feedback during power outages. Smart metering and smart devices and appliances with demand response ready equipment also benefit the energy system and promote resiliency by supporting grid stability, reducing peak energy demand, and increasing the use of renewable energy.<br />\n[1] Marina Sofos. 2018. “Sensor and Control Technologies: R&amp;D Overview.” Building Technologies Office (BTO). U.S. Department of Energy: Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. BTO Peer Review. April 30, 2018. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/05/f52/Sofos-Peer-Review-S%26C-043018.pdf (accessed Aug 13, 2018).<br />\n[2] Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[3] Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes (accessed August 17, 2018).<br />\n[4] Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[5] Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: A Deeper Dive into Market Segments.” December 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[6] Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes (accessed August 17, 2018).<br />\n[7] Ibid.<br />\n[8] Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/  (accessed May 3, 2018)<br />\n[9] Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/  (accessed May 3, 2018)<br />\n[10] EPRI. “Estimating the Cost and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf (accessed May 5, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nDemand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nOn-Site Wind Energy Generation<br />\nPhotovoltaic (PV) Systems<br />\nSmart Metering</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)<br />\nThe Connected Devices Alliance (CDA) Centre of Excellence<br />\nENERGY STAR – Smart Thermostats<br />\nSmart Buildings Center<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Smart Controls</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7252,1680,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 04:44:44'),(7253,1680,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7254,1680,'_edit_lock','1650035275:2'),(7256,239,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Weather-Based Irrigation Control System (Source: Flickr user slworking2)'),(7257,1680,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7260,1680,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7261,1680,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7262,1680,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1680\" /]'),(7263,1680,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7264,1680,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7265,1680,'_thumbnail_id','239'),(7266,1680,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7267,1680,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7268,1680,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7271,1677,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7274,1677,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7275,1677,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7276,1677,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1677\" /]'),(7277,1677,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7278,1677,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7279,1677,'_thumbnail_id','243'),(7280,1677,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7281,1677,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7282,1677,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7288,1685,'_edit_lock','1650035616:2'),(7289,1685,'_edit_last','2'),(7290,1685,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7291,1685,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7292,1685,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7293,1685,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7294,1685,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7295,1685,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7296,1685,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7297,1685,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7298,1685,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Thermal Energy Storage</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Thermal Energy Storage?<br />\nThermal energy storage (TES) stockpiles thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium for later use in heating and cooling applications and power generation.[1] Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems can utilize thermal energy storage to manage energy loads and reduce peak demand or to provide backup power (see Energy Storage and Backup Power, Combined Heat and Power (CHP), Demand Response and Peak Load Management). In the building sector, TES systems supply thermal energy for domestic hot water, space heating, and air-conditioning. The solar industry utilizes TES to store energy for concentrating solar power (CSP) plants, which use mirrors to focus sunlight and produce and store high-temperature thermal energy for electricity production in the absence of sunlight.[2]<br />\nThere are three kinds of TES systems:</p>\n<p>Sensible heat storage, which stores thermal energy by heating or cooling a liquid or solid storage medium (e.g., water, sand, molten salts, rocks).<br />\nLatent heat storage, which uses phase change materials or PCMs (e.g., from a solid state into a liquid state).<br />\nThermo-chemical storage (TCS), which uses chemical reactions to store and release thermal energy.[3]</p>\n<p>Sensible heat storage and latent heat storage are the most widely used for commercial building applications. Currently more complicated and cost prohibitive, future advances in thermochemical heat storage (THS) systems hold the potential for high storage density, low volume requirements, low heat loss, longer storage periods and low charging temperature.[4]<br />\nTES technologies for heating applications include electrical or solar thermal water heating systems that use hot water tanks to store water until it is needed. TES systems improve the energy efficiency of buildings and provide cost savings by storing waste heat or by-product heat when it is available and supplying it upon demand.[5] Typical independent parameters that characterize TES systems in use are shown in the below table.[6]</p>\n<p>TES technologies for cool storage include:</p>\n<p>Sensible heat storage systems, such as chilled water (CHW) TES, and low-temperature fluid (LTF) TES, which store thermal energy as a temperature change.<br />\nLatent heat storage systems, such as ice TES, which store thermal energy as a change of phase material (e.g., water to ice).</p>\n<p>How to Integrate a Thermal Energy Storage System<br />\nFirst, assess whether the building meets one or more of the following conditions for integrating TES: high utility demand costs, high peak-use utility costs, high daily load variations, short durations of loads, infrequent cyclical loads, and available incentives or rebates.[7]<br />\nNext, determine what type of TES system to install based on the building size and utility costs. Phase change TES system typically work for small buildings while larger buildings often utilize temperature change systems. For example, small commercial buildings with space constraints may want to consider ice storage systems designed with integrated roof-top mounted, direct-expansion cooling systems. For larger commercial buildings, think about a stand-alone water chiller system with high thermal storage capacity. TES technology also scales well to district energy systems that serve multiple buildings.<br />\nFinal steps include installation and monitoring performance to fine-tune the system and to calculate payback periods and cost-savings.<br />\nExamples<br />\nNREL’s Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF), Golden, CO.<br />\nThe Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) at the US DOE’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) houses a state-of-the-art high-performance computing data center built to LEED Platinum. Hot water loops harvest waste heat from the data center and provide heating for the offices and labs.[8] Data center waste heat also heats glycol loops located under the plaza and walkway, melting snow and improving walkway safety.[9]  Utility rebates supported building commissioning, performance verification, and system improvements.<br />\nTIAA-CREF, New York City, NY<br />\nThe Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association (TIAA) replaced an aging chiller system with a new rooftop, chilled water system for ice production that runs during off-peak hours and includes a 30-tank thermal storage system.<br />\nDurst Organization, New York City, NY<br />\nThe 41-story Durst Organization headquarters building uses off-peak, nigh-time electricity to make and store ice in 28 storage tanks located in the basement. Small pumps move ice-cooled fluid past fans that blow cold air into the building during daytime operations.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nThermal Energy Storage (TES) systems facilitate participation in demand response programs, reducing peak demand, energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and costs by utilizing less expensive, off-peak electricity and by increasing the overall efficiency of energy systems (see Demand Response and Peak Load Management). TES systems improve grid reliability by shifting peak heating and cooling loads from periods of high-demand to low-demand, eliminating the need for building new or maintaining older, less-efficient standby energy plants, and providing backup power to the grid like a generator and supporting distributed renewables generation.<br />\nCosts<br />\nTES saves money on electricity and maintenance costs depending on the design of the system, the cooling, and heating requirements of the space, and the time of day during which the storage unit uses energy for its operation. Ideally, TES systems remove thermal energy from the medium during off-peak periods and circulate it during periods of high heating and cooling demand.[10]<br />\nTES systems increase in effectiveness when existing electricity demands vary during the day, as the heat capacity of the medium enables the spreading out of electricity demands more than would be possible with a traditional cooling system. As a result, TES systems work most effectively in buildings experiencing peaks in electricity demands throughout the day and in a location with high peak rates for electricity.[11]<br />\nPrices vary depending on the type of TES system selected, variations in site-specific conditions and individual vendor offerings, but annual energy savings can offset the system costs within ten years.[12] Also, financing and incentives are sometimes available from utility companies to implement sizeable thermal energy storage systems. For example, the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) helped fund the TIAA-CREF building mentioned above.<br />\nWhile the cost-savings of shifting load to off-peak hours drives adoption of most TES systems, designs that reduce chiller size and cost and improve building system efficiency make TES systems for customers with a flat electricity rate a viable option as well.[13]<br />\nCheck with the New Jersey Clean Energy Program’s Combined Heat &amp; Power Program, Pay for Performance Program, and NJ SmartStart Buildings Programs for available incentives and rebates.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nTES systems offer a redundant building system for sustaining uninterrupted power in the event of a power outage. In the case of an emergency, TES systems provide a backup resource to supply heating or cooling to critical areas of a building. TES systems can complement traditional backup generation as part of an islandable microgrid and provide backup power during a grid outage or mechanical failure.[14] By contributing to the downsizing of chillers and HVAC equipment, TES systems reduce the stress on the grid during severe winter weather and heat waves, contributing to grid reliability. By shifting energy loads to off-peak hours, TES systems encourage the use of clean and renewable energy sources.<br />\n[1] International Energy Agency Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (IEA-ETSAP) and International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA). January 2013. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief. https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E17%20Thermal%20Energy%20Storage.pdf (accessed April 11, 2018).<br />\n[2] Mehos, Mark, et al. 2016. On the Path to SunShot: Advancing Concentrating Solar Power Technology, Performance, and Dispatchability. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65688.pdf (accessed April 13, 2018).<br />\n[3] IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief. https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E17%20Thermal%20Energy%20Storage.pdf (accessed April 11, 2018).<br />\n[4] Devrim Aydin et al. The latest advancements in thermochemical heat storage systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol 41. Jan 2015. Pages 356-357. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114007308?via%3Dihub (accessed April 13, 2018).<br />\n[5] IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief. (accessed April 11, 2018).<br />\n[6] Sarbu, I.; Sebarchievici, C. A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage. Sustainability 2018, 10, 191.<br />\n[7] IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief.<br />\n[8] IEA-ETSAP and IREA. Thermal Energy Storage Technical Brief.<br />\nntegration Facility (ESIF).” High-Performance Buildings. Spring 2015. http://www.hpbmagazine.org/attachments/article/12185/15S-Energy-Systems-Integration-Facility-Golden-CO.pdf (accessed April 12, 2018).<br />\n[9] Michael Sheppy et al. “Energy Integration – Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF).” High-Performance Buildings. Spring 2015.<br />\n[10] NJ Department of Environmental Protection. “Infrastructure Energy Efficiency” http://www.state.nj.us/dep/opsc/docs/Infrastructure_Energy.pdf (accessed April 11, 2018).<br />\n[11] US DOE. Federal Energy Management Program. “Thermal Energy Storage for Space Cooling.” https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996 (accessed April 13, 2018).<br />\n[12] US DOE. Federal Energy Management Program. “Thermal Energy Storage for Space Cooling.” https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/770996 (accessed April 13, 2018).<br />\n[13] Ibid.<br />\n[14] NREL. Analysis Identifies Where Commercial Customers Might Benefit from Battery Energy Storage. https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2017/where-commercial-customers-benefit-from-battery-energy-storage.html (accessed April 13, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nCombined Heat and Power (CHP)<br />\nDemand Response and Peak Load Management</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Energy Conservation through Energy Storage<br />\nNational Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Battery and Thermal Energy Storage<br />\nNew Jersey’s Clean Energy Program – Commercial Buildings</p>\n<p>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory</p>\n<p>Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Program<br />\nThe Role of Energy Storage in Commercial Buildings – Preliminary Report</p>\n<p>US Department of Energy</p>\n<p>Thermal Storage R&amp;D for CSP systems<br />\nThermal Energy Storage for Space Cooling</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7299,1685,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 03:51:09'),(7300,1685,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7302,526,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Stratified water thermal storage system at Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Source: US DOE).'),(7303,561,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Typical independent parameters that characterize TES systems'),(7304,1685,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7307,1685,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7308,1685,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7309,1685,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1685\" /]'),(7310,1685,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7311,1685,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7312,1685,'_thumbnail_id','526'),(7313,1685,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7314,1685,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7315,1685,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7318,1689,'_edit_last','2'),(7319,1689,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7320,1689,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7321,1689,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7322,1689,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7323,1689,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7324,1689,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7325,1689,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7326,1689,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7327,1689,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)?<br />\nA variable frequency drive (VFD), also known as a variable-speed drive, adjustable-speed drive or inverter, refers to a device that controls the voltage and frequency supplied to a motor, varying the speed of a motor or the flow in distribution systems.[1] Flow can refer to various systems such as water, air or energy. Many applications and commercial HVAC systems use fixed or single speed motors and regulate flow and pressure with dampers and valves, which can throttle and reduce efficiency.[2]<br />\nVFDs on fans (e.g., supply and return fans, exhaust fans, boiler fans, or condenser fans) save energy by allowing the volume of air moved to match the system demand. VFDs can control the speed of electric motors by applying a low frequency and a low voltage during motor startup, then ramping up to accelerate the load while limiting current. During a shutdown, VFDs can also allow motors to ramp down at a controlled rate. [3] When applied to an HVAC system, more specifically the air handling units (AHU), VFDs can vary motor speed to precisely match the load, a critical energy-saving measure for frequently oversized HVAC systems that work inefficiently at part-load (see Part-Load Efficiency and Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).[4]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Variable Frequency Drives<br />\nConsider all project components and systems during the design phase and coordinate work between the mechanical engineer and contractor (see Integrated Design Process). A mechanical engineer can determine opportunities to install VFDs and to size VFDs to match load requirements accurately.<br />\nExample<br />\nRutgers University Campuses, New Brunswick, Newark and Camden, NJ.<br />\nUniversity engineers at Rutgers conducted a comprehensive energy audit and identified the opportunity to save energy and costs by installing premium efficiency motors and variable frequency drives at multiple campus buildings spanning several university locations. The project expects to have a three-year payback and save an average of 2.8 million kilowatt hours of electricity and prevent the release of 1,500 tons of CO2 on an annual basis.[5]  VFDs can also contribute to demand reduction under the right operational scenario.<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Minimizes mechanical and electrical stress on the motor system, lowering maintenance and repair costs and extending motor life.[6]<br />\nReduces the horsepower (HP) required to run a system by the cube of its motor speed, providing significant energy, demand and costs savings when motor speeds can vary to match a load.[7]<br />\nEnhances overall system performance by matching system capacity to the actual load.<br />\nAllows for improvements in thermal comfort which can impact occupant satisfaction and productivity.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of incorporating VFDs into an HVAC system varies for each project and depend on the manufacturer and supplier. Equipment costs also vary depending on the horsepower (HP) rating, ranging from $1,000 for 5 HP VFD models to $15,000 for 200 HP VFD models.[8] Energy savings from reduced maintenance and longer equipment life and available incentives can reduce payback periods and increase long-term savings.<br />\nCheck the New Jersey Clean Energy’s SmartStart Building Program for available incentives.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nVFDs increase resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, and peak loads which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid, natural gas, and water and wastewater infrastructure.<br />\n[1] Bernier, Michael A, and Bernard Bourret. 1999. Pumping energy and variable frequency drives. ASHRAE Journal. 37.<br />\n[2] Centre for Energy Advancement through Technological Innovation (CEATI) International. 2009. Variable Frequency Drives: Energy Efficiency Reference Guide. https://www.ceati.com/freepublications/7025_guide_web.pdf (accessed Dec 7, 2018)<br />\n[3]Yaskawa. “Five Reasons for VFDs in HVAC Applications.” https://www.yaskawa.com/delegate/getAttachment?documentId=WP.HVAC.03&amp;cmd=documents&amp;documentName=WP.HVAC.03.pdf (accessed June 4, 2018).<br />\n[4] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[5] Project information, savings and environmental benefits provided by Michael Kornitas, Energy Conservation Manager, Rutgers University.<br />\n[6] California Energy Commission. “Water/Wastewater Efficiency:  Variable frequency drives.” http://www.energy.ca.gov/process/pubs/vfds.pdf (accessed June 4, 2018).<br />\n[7] American Society for Healthcare Engineering (ASHE). 2010. Sustainability Roadmap: Install Variable Frequency Drives on Pumps and Motors. http://www.sustainabilityroadmap.org/pims/224#.XAgk9C3Mzq0 (accessed Dec 7, 2018).<br />\n[8] Navigant. 2013. “Incremental Cost Study Phase Two Final Report – A Report on 12 Energy Efficiency Measures Incremental Costs in Six Northeast and Mid-Atlantic Markets. Prepared for the Evaluation, Measurement and Verification Forum. Chaired by the Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships. https://neep.org/sites/default/files/resources/NEEP%20ICS2%20FINAL%20REPORT%202013Feb11-Website.pdf (accessed Dec 19, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Integrated Design Process<br />\nPart-Load Efficiency<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)<br />\nENERGY STAR Verified HVAC Installations (ESVI)<br />\nUS Department of Energy – Adjustable Speed Drive Part-Load Efficiency<br />\nNJ Clean Energy SmartStart Buildings Program</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7328,1689,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 03:51:09'),(7329,1689,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7330,1689,'_edit_lock','1650042716:2'),(7332,168,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Variable frequency drives, Atrium Building – Secaucus, NJ (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)'),(7333,1689,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7336,1689,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7337,1689,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7338,1689,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1689\" /]'),(7339,1689,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7340,1689,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7341,1689,'_thumbnail_id','168'),(7342,1689,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7343,1689,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7344,1689,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7348,1696,'_edit_lock','1651068414:2'),(7349,1696,'_edit_last','2'),(7350,1696,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7351,1696,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7352,1696,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7353,1696,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7354,1696,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7355,1696,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7356,1696,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7357,1696,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7358,1696,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Acoustic Comfort</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Acoustic Comfort?<br />\nAcoustic comfort refers to a building occupant’s experience related to sound in a building or a specific space within a building. A space with good acoustics has a minimal echo, allows for confidential conversations that don’t interrupt others working in the space, and controls excess noise from outside sources as well as sources within the building.[1] Three common noise issues include excess noise from outside, noise from adjacent spaces and noise control issues within a space.[2] Controlling these aspects of sound can help improve indoor environmental quality (IEQ).[3]<br />\nThe Center for the Built Environment (CBE) at U.C. Berkeley maintains a post-occupancy evaluation (POE) database related to indoor environmental quality that includes input about acoustic satisfaction in office buildings. The main categorization of complaints related to acoustics includes excessive noise, lack of speech privacy, and lack of speech clarity.[4]<br />\nExcessive noise issues come from poor sound isolation, which occurs when background noises are too high from outside noises penetrating inside or from noise generated by office equipment or other people.<br />\nSpeech Privacy issues occur when a speaker is not able to communicate with a listener because the speech becomes indiscernible. Courtrooms, hospitals, clinics, and doctor and legal offices are some of the places most affected, especially considering the private discussions that occur in these spaces. Adjusting the ratio between speech and noise levels can control speech privacy. For example, increasing background noise and reducing the noise energy from speech can improve speech privacy concerns. See sound masking section below for details on how to incorporate this technique.<br />\nSpeech Clarity issues make communication difficult and stem from excessive background noise and too much reverberation (sound reflecting off various surfaces).<br />\nHow to Improve Acoustic Comfort<br />\nAn integrated design process is key to achieving a high level of acoustic comfort. Project goals related to security and sustainability, for example, are sometimes perceived to conflict with acoustic goals but involving professionals from those areas of expertise from the start of the project, helps achieve synergistic goals.[5] The following concepts and terms are important to understand when considering acoustic comfort.<br />\nSound Absorbing Technologies</p>\n<p>Sound Transmission Class (STC): STC is a numerical rating system that measures the ability of a wall, floor, or ceiling to minimize sound transmission. The table below details how the rating system works. Hire an acoustical engineer to address conditions in rooms such as conference rooms and mechanical equipment rooms.[6]</p>\n<p>Sound Masking: Sound masking produces unobtrusive sound through speakers installed above ceiling tiles. The background sound reduces interference from distracting office sounds in a manner that also helps make conversations between workers more coherent. Whether installed in an enclosed area or more open office space, adjustments can be made to sound masking. Sound masking can subsequently increase worker productivity as well as improve morale and speech privacy.<br />\nSound Isolation separates sources of noise from the building’s occupants. For example, mechanical equipment such as a building’s HVAC system can become too noisy and make conversations difficult. Implementing sound-absorbing elements along with the proper STC walls, floor, and ceilings can help mitigate the sounds that a noisy HVAC system may create. Consider the following recommendations to increase sound isolation for HVAC systems:<br />\nAvoid through-the-wall air return louvers that draw air from one room through another in private offices, conference rooms, and other rooms where confidential discussions are expected to occur. All air returns should be ducted.<br />\nDo not locate air supply or return registers close to each other on opposite sides of a partition wall. Doing so causes the sound to pass directly from one room to another, negating the acoustical value of the partition.<br />\nSpecify quiet HVAC equipment. Though the price may be somewhat higher, the alternative to using standard equipment may lead to costly and disruptive remediation.</p>\n<p>Consider the following recommendations to develop an indoor environment that provides acoustic comfort:</p>\n<p>Specify sound absorbing materials (e.g., walls, carpets, ceilings) and configure spaces to dampen rather than magnify sound reverberation.<br />\nProvide sound masking if necessary.<br />\nLimit transmission of noise from outside by designing high sound transmission class (STC) walls between work areas and high noise areas inside and outside the building.<br />\nMinimize background noise from the building’s HVAC system and other equipment.<br />\nProvide opportunities for privacy and concentration when needed in open plan offices.<br />\nEnclose or separate group activity spaces from work areas when the concentration is essential.[7]</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nAcoustic comfort can reduce stress, protect health, and increase occupant satisfaction and productivity by contributing to a more comfortable environment psychologically and acoustically.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe cost of implementing strategies to achieve acoustic comfort varies depending on specific project goals and the approach taken. The GSA Sound Matters report in the Resources section below provides costs related to typical partition, wall and ceiling materials. Through increased worker productivity as well as improved indoor environmental quality and the health benefits associated with it, good acoustics can contribute to overall cost savings.[8]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nAcoustic comfort is a critical element of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) that affects the health and well-being of building occupants. In the event of a disaster or emergency event, a high-quality indoor environment helps protect building occupants and contribute to a built environment that can provide protection and recovery from hazardous events.<br />\n[1] GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Indoor Environmental Quality.  https://sftool.gov/learn/about/1/indoor-environmental-quality-ieq (accessed December 26, 2018).<br />\n[2] WBDG. Acoustic Comfort. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic-comfort (accessed December 27, 2018).<br />\n[3] National Institute of Building Sciences – WBDG. Acoustic Comfort. September 2018. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic.php?r=ieq (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[4] UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. Acoustical Analysis in Office Environments Using POE Surveys. http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/acoustic_poe.htm (accessed December 27, 2018).<br />\n[5] WBDG. Acoustic Comfort. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic-comfort (accessed December 27, 2018).<br />\n[6] NAIMA. Noise Control http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/BI476.pdf (accessed September 10, 2018)<br />\n[7] National Institute of Building Sciences – WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. September, 2018. http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[8] U.S General Services Administration. Interior Finishes. August 2017. http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/101251 (accessed September 10, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Individual Comfort Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Acoustical Society of America<br />\nGeneral Services Administration – Sound Matters<br />\nInsulation Institute<br />\nThe Well Building Standard – Comfort Features<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Acoustic Comfort</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7359,1696,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 03:51:09'),(7360,1696,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7568,454,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Sound Transmission Class Ratings (Source: Adapted from NIAIMA’s Noise Control).'),(7569,1696,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7572,1696,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7573,1696,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7574,1696,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1696\" /]'),(7575,1696,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7576,1696,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7578,1696,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7579,1696,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7580,1696,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7586,1701,'_edit_last','2'),(7587,1701,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7588,1701,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7589,1701,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7590,1701,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7591,1701,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7592,1701,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7593,1701,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7594,1701,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7595,1701,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Entryway Systems</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Entryway Systems?<br />\nEntryway or “walk-off” systems are grills, grates, or mats that reduce the amount of dirt, dust, pollen, and other biological and non-biological agents entering the building.[1] Once brought indoors, these substances can enter into air circulation, and the HVAC system and the building occupants can become exposed to them. The goal is to minimize and control pollutant entry into buildings and cross-contamination of regularly occupied areas. Entryway systems can prevent 80 to 90 percent of dust, dirt, and other particles commonly tracked into a building from reaching the interior.[2] Designing exterior entrances with permanent entryway systems to catch and hold particles helps enhance indoor environmental quality by contributing to source control of dust, pollen, and other particles.[3]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Entryway Systems<br />\nInstall permanent entryway systems at outside entrances to prevent dirt from entering the building. Entryway systems include permanently installed grates, grilles, or slotted systems that allow for cleaning underneath. Roll-out mats can also serve as entryway systems that protect the indoor environmental quality, but they need to be maintained weekly and be designed to guide traffic along the entire length of the mat. Incorporate specifics about entryway maintenance in the facility’s green cleaning program (see Green Cleaning).<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Reduces contaminants/pollutants in the facility<br />\nReduces cleaning/maintenance costs<br />\nProtects indoor air quality<br />\nImproves indoor environmental quality<br />\nProtects occupant health<br />\nProtects indoor flooring surfaces<br />\nContributes to the durability of the facility</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of entryway systems varies depending on the type of system installed. An entrance mat may cost as little as $4-6/sf, and a metal grate system cost approximately $20/sf (material only).[4] On average, people track over a pound of dirt a week into a building through just one entryway so reducing the amount of dirt and other particles that enter the building can reduce the cost of cleaning.[5]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nEntryway systems help protect indoor air quality and the integrity of indoor flooring materials during events that cause wet conditions such as storms and flooding, contributing to the protection of occupants during and following storm events as well as the long-term durability of the facility.<br />\n[1] Yale University, Green Cleaning Standards.  Published by the Yale Facilities Management Department and The Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education (AASHE), February 2012. https://stars.aashe.org/media/secure/241/7/652/5915/GreenCleaning.pdf (accessed July 28th, 2018)<br />\n[2] Lynne Knoblock Fedders, Cleanlink.  Published by the National Floor Safety Institute, October 2013.  https://nfsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/design.pdf (accessed July 28, 2018)<br />\n[3] Whole Building Design Guide. http://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php (accessed July 28, 2018).<br />\n[4] Costs based on average data from several manufacturers.<br />\n[5] Corrine Zudonyi, CleanLink. Floor Care, Rolling out the Welcome Mat.   http://www.cleanlink.com/hs/article/Floor-Care-Rolling-Out-The-Welcome-Mat–8939 (accessed July 28, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Green Cleaning</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>General Services Administration – Sustainable Facilities Tool – Entryway Systems/Walk-off Mats<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7596,1701,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 03:51:09'),(7597,1701,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7598,1701,'_edit_lock','1650043284:2'),(7600,369,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Installation of a metal grate as part of the entryway system for Queens Botanical Garden Visitor Center (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)'),(7601,1701,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7604,1701,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7605,1701,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7606,1701,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1701\" /]'),(7607,1701,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7608,1701,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7609,1701,'_thumbnail_id','369'),(7610,1701,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7611,1701,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7612,1701,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7615,1706,'_edit_lock','1650043584:2'),(7616,1706,'_edit_last','2'),(7617,1706,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7618,1706,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7619,1706,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7620,1706,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7621,1706,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7622,1706,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7623,1706,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7624,1706,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7625,1706,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Individual Comfort Controls</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Individual Comfort Controls?<br />\nIndividual comfort controls promote occupant comfort and well-being by enabling building occupants to control airflow and temperature in individual workspaces. Individual comfort controls support flexibility within the interior environment by supporting individual adjustment for localized conditions and user preference.<br />\nIndividual comfort levels vary due to differences in clothing, activity level (metabolic rate), and individual preferences.[1] ASHRAE Standard 55, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, a widely used thermal comfort measure, aim to satisfy most of the people, most of the time and combines four of the traditional comfort factors (air temperature, air humidity, radiant temperature, and airspeed) to define comfort ranges for occupants. Satisfying the people who fall outside ASHRAE’s standardized comfort bands requires individualized comfort controls at each workstation.[2]<br />\nHow to Implement Individual Comfort Controls<br />\nDesign the building and systems with comfort controls to allow adjustments to suit individual needs or those of groups in shared spaces. ASHRAE Standard 55 identifies the factors of thermal comfort and a process for developing comfort criteria for building spaces that suit the needs of the occupants involved in their daily activities. Control strategies can expand beyond basic comfort criteria and allow adjustments to suit individual needs and preferences. For example, individual comfort controls can involve system designs incorporating operable windows, hybrid systems integrating operable windows and mechanical systems, or mechanical systems alone (see Natural Ventilation, Energy-Efficient Windows, and Views and Operable Windows).[3] Individual adjustments may involve individual thermostat controls, local diffusers at the floor, desk or overhead levels, or control of individual radiant panels, or other means integrated into the overall building, thermal comfort systems, and energy systems design (see Smart Sensors and Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, and Daylighting). Also, designers should evaluate the closely tied interactions between thermal comfort (as required by ASHRAE Standard 55) and acceptable indoor air quality (as required by ASHRAE Standard 62.1, whether natural or mechanical ventilation).[4] Individual comfort controls can also refer to lighting controls and automatic daylighting systems and provide occupants with the ability to adjust lighting levels and reduce glare in their workspaces through task lighting or operable shading devices (see Daylighting, and High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls). Green building certification programs such as LEEDv4[5] and the Well Building Standard[6] give credit for including individual comfort controls.<br />\nExample<br />\nBuilding Users are the Key to Successful Energy Efficient Strategies<br />\nStudies of individual control of ventilation and temperature suggest energy savings, improvements in satisfaction, and a decrease in discomfort complaints. Results of a research study by Dr. Clinton Andrews and the Consortium for Building Energy Innovation showed that personal environmental control improved environmental satisfaction. The objective of the study was to evaluate the benefits of personal controls over lighting and ventilation and temperature in offices regarding occupant satisfaction, mood and visual comfort, as well as energy efficiency.[7]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nIndividual comfort controls: [8]</p>\n<p>Improve thermal comfort for individual occupants.<br />\nImprove air movement and ventilation effectiveness; a cleaner environment.<br />\nImprove task lighting and reduce glare and heat gain at individual workspaces.<br />\nReduce building energy use.<br />\nLower building operating costs.<br />\nImprove occupant satisfaction and the potential to increase worker productivity.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of implementing a system that allows for individual comfort controls vary by project but is usually most cost effective when incorporated through an integrated design process (see Integrated Design Process). Higher first costs such as raised access flooring can be reduced or offset by reduced costs for ductwork, electrical services, and mechanical equipment.[9] In addition to the increased potential for improved well-being and increased productivity, enhancing thermal comfort through individual comfort controls can reduce occupant complaints and associated time spent by facilities maintenance staff. [10]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIf the power does not go out during emergency situations and severe weather events, occupants can maintain control of the temperature and ventilation of specific areas within a building with individual controls, thus improving comfort. Individual comfort controls can decrease overall energy use and improve occupant comfort, health, and well-being, all of which can contribute to resiliency through helping occupants and communities withstand and recover from disruptions.[11]<br />\n[1] UC Berkeley. Thermal Comfort in UFAD Systems. http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/thermalcomfort.htm (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[2] ASHRAE Standard. Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-55-thermal-environmental-conditions-for-human-occupancy (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[3] Stanford University. EQ Credit 6.2: Controllability of Systems: Thermal Comfort. https://web.stanford.edu/class/cee115/wiki/uploads/Main/StudentGroup2NewBuildingAnalyisBillingsMilleaVictorsson/BillingsEQcredit6_2.pdf (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[4] Chris Mueller, ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer. ASHRAE Standard 62.1 The IAQ Procedure and LEED.  https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/ciaq-webinar-muller.pdf (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[5] USGBC. LEED v4. Thermal Controls – Controllability. https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62 (accessed January 19, 2019).<br />\n[6] Well Building Standard – Individual Thermal Control.  https://standard.wellcertified.com/comfort/individual-thermal-control?_ga=2.191711722.134009741.1547941804-560727732.1547313140 (accessed January 19, 2019).<br />\n[7] Andrews, C.J., Senick, J.A., Wener, R.W., and M. Sorensen Allacci. (2012) “Investigating Building Performance Through Simulation of Occupant Behavior,” GreenBuild 2012 Proceedings, San Francisco, CA.<br />\n[8] UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems. http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[9] UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems. http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm  (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[10]  Well Building Standard. Thermal Comfort. https://v2.wellcertified.com/v2.1/en/thermal%20comfort (accessed January 19, 2019).<br />\n[11] GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Occupant Comfort. https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort (accessed January 19, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Daylighting<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nViews and Operable Windows</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Consortium for Building Energy Innovation – Empowering Energy Efficient Occupants<br />\nGSA Sustainable Tools – Occupant Comfort<br />\nNew Jersey Office of Clean Energy<br />\nUC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment – Research on Indoor Environmental Quality<br />\nUSGBC – LEEDv4 Thermal Comfort – controllability<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Provide Comfortable Environments</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7626,1706,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-16 03:51:08'),(7627,1706,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7629,1706,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7632,1706,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7633,1706,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7634,1706,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1706\" /]'),(7635,1706,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7636,1706,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7638,1706,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7639,1706,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7640,1706,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7645,95,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Underfloor air distribution systems can improve occupant comfort (Source: UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment).'),(7646,1706,'_thumbnail_id','95'),(7649,1712,'_edit_last','2'),(7650,1712,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7651,1712,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7652,1712,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7653,1712,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7654,1712,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7655,1712,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7656,1712,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7657,1712,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7658,1712,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Moisture Control</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Moisture Control?<br />\nMoisture control is a strategy to minimize excessive moisture in the indoor environment. Excess moisture is at the center of many problems related to building durability and indoor air quality in all types of buildings in a wide range of climates. Excessive moisture in buildings can result from many causes: [1]</p>\n<p>Rainwater leaks through roofs and walls<br />\nLeakage of moist air<br />\nDiffusion of moisture through walls, roofs, and floors<br />\nGroundwater intrusion into basements and crawl spaces through walls and floors<br />\nLeaking or burst water pipes<br />\nIndoor moisture sources<br />\nConstruction moisture</p>\n<p>Moisture problems can lead to the growth of mold and mildew; individuals with allergies and other respiratory issues can be sensitive to mold and mildew spores in the air. Mold and mildew are part of the natural environment and are present in the air. However, they become an issue when their concentrations become high. It is challenging to prevent any mold or mildew growth, or to eliminate it; however, it is possible to control their presence within acceptable limits. In addition to mold, other microorganisms (e.g., bacteria), as well as pests (e.g., mites, cockroaches, and insects) that are known to infest buildings also depend on moisture to survive. Excessively high moisture content in thermal insulation can also reduce the effectiveness of insulation by as much as 50%.[2] Implementing moisture control can both protect structures from rot and deterioration and protect occupants from exposure to mold and bacteria.[3]<br />\nAccording to the US Environmental Protection Agency, the following are primary causes of indoor moisture problems in new buildings:[4]</p>\n<p>Use of building materials that are repeatedly or deeply wetted before the building is fully enclosed.<br />\nPoor control of rain and snow resulting in roof and flashing leaks.<br />\nWet or damp construction cavities.<br />\nMoisture-laden outdoor air entering the building.<br />\nCondensation on cool surfaces.</p>\n<p>How to Implement Moisture Control<br />\nProper construction of the building envelope to reduce the migration of warm and humid air from entering wall and other cavities is critical for controlling moisture. The building envelope is the physical barrier between indoors and outdoors that encloses the structure, including the foundation, roof, floor, ceiling, and walls.[5] Specific recommendations include proper use of vapor retarders on the warm, humid side of the insulation, using vapor barriers to isolate concrete slabs from moist soil, adequate ventilation of areas where moisture can accumulate, and ensuring proper flashing around windows, rooflines, and capillary breaks on footings.<br />\nCritical strategies for reducing moisture in new construction include[6]</p>\n<p>Keeping construction material dry before installation (and drying any materials that get wet within 24-48 hours).<br />\nDesigning roof systems that prevent accumulation of moisture from rain and snow from penetrating roof surfaces.<br />\nEnsuring fresh air intakes for ventilation system have outwardly sloped louvers to reduce the introduction of water during rainfall.<br />\nGrading soil around buildings to move water away from the building, reducing moisture seepage into foundation walls, and avoiding the addition of large areas of impervious surfaces (which can increase the cost and size of stormwater management systems).<br />\nIncorporating covered entryways to reduce moisture introduction during wet weather.<br />\nRight-sizing HVAC systems so that they operate long enough to reduce airborne humidity.<br />\nUsing dehumidifiers.<br />\nInsulating ductwork, refrigeration and water lines to minimize condensation problems.</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nThe Atlantic Club – Red Bank, NJ.<br />\nThe Atlantic Club’s new dehumidifier significantly improved the indoor air quality of the 33,000 sf club. The new system reduced maintenance costs, generated annual energy savings and increased indoor comfort.<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Increases the longevity of the building, materials, and systems<br />\nReduces the costs of replacing or repairing materials and systems<br />\nProtects the health of building occupants<br />\nReduces life-cycle costs</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nIn addition to contributing to poor indoor air quality, excessive moisture in a building can lead to structural damage, deterioration of the performance of building systems and components, and cosmetic damage, all of which can result in increased maintenance and repair costs. Designing for effective moisture management protects occupant health and can lower facility maintenance costs over the lifetime of the building.[7]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nStrategies such as comprehensive waterproofing up to the design flood elevation, using moisture protective and inherent moisture-wicking materials, as well as materials resistant to excessive humidity such as glazed brick, concrete, stone, and decay-resistant lumber can all contribute to more resilient structures. Incorporating moisture control measures such as these into new construction can help develop a built environment that endures and recovers from hazardous events such as storms and flooding.[8]<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide. Mold and Moisture Dynamics. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health (accessed December 1, 2018).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide. Mold and Moisture Dynamics http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health (accessed May 21, 2018).<br />\n[3] Whole Building Design Guide. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health (accessed May 21, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA – Moisture Control, Part of Indoor Air Quality Design Tools for Schools https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/moisture-control-part-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools (accessed May 21, 2018)<br />\n[5] USDOE. Better Buildings Initiative. Building Envelope. https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope (accessed November 21, 2018).<br />\n[6] US EPA. Moisture Control for Building Design, Construction, and Maintenance. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/moisture-control.pdf (accessed December 1, 2018).<br />\n[7] The National Academies Press. Building Envelope, Moisture Management, and Health. http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11574&amp;page=25 (accessed May 21, 2018).<br />\n[8] Whole Building Design Guide. Hazard-Specific Building-Resilience Considerations. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/hazard-specific-building-resilience-considerations (accessed December 1, 2018)</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Green Cleaning<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management (IPM)<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nSustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>General Services Administration – Sustainable Facilities Tool – Moisture Control<br />\nIAQ Building Education and Assessment Model (I-BEAM)<br />\nMoisture Control in Buildings: Putting Building Science in Green Building<br />\nNJ Department of Health – Environmental and Indoor Health<br />\nUS EPA Indoor Air Quality in Offices and Other Large Buildings (see ASHRAE Indoor Air Quality Design Guide available for free download)</p>\n<p>US Environmental Protection Agency</p>\n<p>Moisture Control for Building Design, Construction and Maintenance<br />\nTopics Related to Mold and Moisture</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide</p>\n<p>Hazard-Specific Building-Resilience Considerations<br />\nPromote Health and Well-Being</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7659,1712,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-12 11:24:40'),(7660,1712,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7661,1712,'_edit_lock','1650043982:2'),(7663,232,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Humidity can lead to mold. ( Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)'),(7664,1712,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7667,1712,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7668,1712,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7669,1712,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1712\" /]'),(7670,1712,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7671,1712,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7673,1712,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7674,1712,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7675,1712,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7678,1718,'_edit_lock','1651068409:2'),(7679,1718,'_edit_last','2'),(7680,1718,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7681,1718,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7682,1718,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7683,1718,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7684,1718,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7685,1718,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7686,1718,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7687,1718,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7688,1718,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Incorporate Views and Operable Windows</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Why Incorporate Views and Operable Windows?<br />\nIndoor environments impact occupant well-being and productivity. Aspects of the indoor environment such as access to views and natural light, connection to nature, and personal control over environmental conditions all play a role in occupant comfort (see Individual Comfort Controls).[1] Access to views of the outside contributes to occupant well-being.[2] Many studies have found that people value daylight and prefer to be near windows, and there is an increasing understanding that being near a window can be psychologically and physiologically beneficial, mainly if views contain natural features. Visual contact with nature through window views enhances mood, reduces stress, and promotes a higher quality of life (see Biophilic Design).[3] A study by Roger Ulrich compared postoperative recovery rates of patients experiencing similar surgical procedures but having different window views of trees and a lake, no window views, or a view of a brick wall. The study found that the window view patients recovered significantly faster, required less pharmaceutical assistance, and had fewer post-operative complications, supporting the idea that enhanced opportunities for emotionally bonding with nature promote feelings of calm, confidence, and personal well-being.[4]<br />\nOperable windows can increase occupant comfort and provide psychological benefits through natural ventilation, connection to natural elements and individual control over the indoor environment (see Natural Ventilation). Operable windows can also contribute to improved indoor air quality, depending on the quality of the outdoor air. Monitor outdoor air quality through resources such as the US EPA “Air Now” online tool (airnow.gov) that lists air quality conditions by zip code.[5]<br />\nOne study compared naturally ventilated buildings (i.e., occupant-controlled operable windows) with centrally controlled HVAC systems (in which occupants had no control over their environment) found that occupants in the naturally ventilated buildings accepted a full range of temperatures compared to occupants who did not have operable windows. One hypothesis for this finding is that occupants with greater control over the indoor environment have a higher tolerance of temperature range.[6]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Views and Operable Windows<br />\nThe factors that define indoor environmental quality connect directly to each other. For example, the decision about the placement or type of window can impact access to natural light, connection to the outdoors, acoustics, thermal comfort, occupant control, and air quality (see Energy-Efficient Windows).[7] It is essential to consider all of these components in the design phase of a project. There are many resources available regarding design steps to consider for the placement of operable windows and to optimize views (see Resources section).<br />\nAlthough there are many benefits associated with operable windows, they can also increase the threat of water and air leakage without careful window selection, design, and installation (see Reduce Air Infiltration). Operable windows can also increase noise and airborne pollutants in the interior space and make it harder to control thermal comfort with various types of HVAC systems (see Acoustic Control). Facilities staff and building occupants should be aware of the limitations and issues that can arise from operable window use and methods to mitigate these issues (see Resources).[8]<br />\nExamples<br />\nAtlantiCare – The Cancer Institute, Egg Harbor Township, NJ.<br />\nAtlantiCare designed and constructed its new Cancer Care Institute according to US Green Building Council LEED standards, achieving LEED Gold certification. The Cancer Institute was the first AtlantiCare building to achieve LEED certification.<br />\nHighlights include:</p>\n<p>Natural lighting including an automatic light-monitoring system to reduce electricity usage.<br />\nThe facility features a natural theme, incorporating a healing arts program.<br />\nNature has been brought inside and trees are planted in several areas inside the facility.<br />\nThree-quarters of the interior space provides natural daylight through the glass façade, skylights and large windows throughout the building.</p>\n<p>The Herman Miller Building, Holland, Michigan.<br />\nAlthough people prefer being in windowed rather than windowless spaces, the view itself has consequences for well-being. Studies have found that views of nature are especially beneficial and reduce stress, provide mental relief, improve the perceived quality of life, and improve emotional functioning. A case study of the Herman Miller building in Holland, Michigan, shows improvements in social functioning and sense of belonging associated with including break areas; a centrally located cafeteria; an interior, daylit and tree-lined “street”; and high levels of internal glazing that offered views into the street and interior spaces.[9]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nIncorporating views and operable windows:</p>\n<p>Enhances occupant comfort and health<br />\nIncreases occupant satisfaction<br />\nIncreases productivity[10]<br />\nOffers natural ventilation[11]<br />\nIncreases access to daylight and window views which can improve psychological functioning and well-being of occupants<br />\nReduces stress and promotes positive emotional states and may also influence cognitive functioning[12]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of incorporating operable windows and maximizing views from interior spaces vary by project, and these aspects should be considered early in the design phase to optimize cost efficiencies. Operable windows are generally more expensive than static windows. Expect to pay approximately 20-percent more for fully operable windows vs. fixed windows. Price also changes by type of operable window – sliders are cheaper than casements, for example. Many factors affect cost and designers need to think holistically about the project. Operable windows can be used to offset mechanical ventilation costs and can allow for downsizing fans (see Properly-Sized HVAC Systems). Installing a traditional mechanical HVAC unit on the roof and installing operable windows can lead to inefficiencies in running the system if occupants are not adequately aware of how the building systems function.[13]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn the event of a fire or other emergency in the building, operable windows (depending on their size) can act as a point of egress for occupants and can also serve as an access point for firefighters and their lifesaving equipment, especially if any other exits are blocked off and inaccessible to the building’s occupants. Operable windows can also help provide natural ventilation and thermal comfort during a power outage.[14]<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide. Promote Health and Well Being http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being  (accessed January 12, 2019).<br />\n[2] GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Occupant Comfort. http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being (accessed January 12, 2019).<br />\n[3] Judith H. Heerwagen, Ph.D. Green Buildings, Organizational Success, and Occupant Productivity. Whole Building Design Guide. https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[4] Ulrich, Roger S. View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery. The Center for Health Design. https://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/article-pdfs/Ulrich-1984-CHD-KPS.pdf  (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[5] US EPA. AirNow. https://www.airnow.gov (accessed December 12, 2018).<br />\n[6] ASHRAE. http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018)<br />\n[7] California Sustainable Design Training. IEQ. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf  (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[8] Buildings.com “A Breath of Fresh Air.” http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx (accessed January 12, 2019).<br />\n[9] The American Institute of Architects (AIA). www.aiatopten.org/node/169 (accessed September 20, 2018)<br />\n[10] California Sustainable Design Training. IEQ. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf  (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[11] Buildings.com   “A Breath of Fresh Air.” http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[12] Judith H. Heerwagen, Ph.D. Green Buildings, Organizational Success, and Occupant Productivity. Whole Building Design Guide. https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[13] Buildings. “A Breath of Fresh Air.” http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx (accessed January 12, 2019)<br />\n[14] Building Green. Resilient Design: Natural Cooling. https://www.buildinggreen.com/blog/resilient-design-natural-cooling (accessed January 12, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Acoustic Comfort<br />\nBiophilic Design<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nIndividual Comfort Controls<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nAir Infiltration</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>ASHRAE. Operable Windows, Personal Control, and Occupant Comfort<br />\nGSA – Sustainable Toolkit – Occupant Comfort<br />\nInternational Living Building Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative<br />\nUSGBC LEED for New Construction Version 4<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7689,1718,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-12 11:24:39'),(7690,1718,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7695,525,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Office with operable windows and view of trees (Source: Flickr drewsaunders http://www.flickr.com/photos/drewbsaunders/116533602/ ).'),(7696,1718,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7699,1718,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7700,1718,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7701,1718,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1718\" /]'),(7702,1718,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7703,1718,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7704,1718,'_thumbnail_id','525'),(7705,1718,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7706,1718,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7707,1718,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7711,1726,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7712,1726,'_edit_last','2'),(7713,1726,'_edit_lock','1650294366:2'),(7715,1726,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7718,1726,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7719,1726,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7720,1726,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1726\" /]'),(7721,1726,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7722,1726,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7723,1726,'_thumbnail_id','382'),(7724,1726,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7725,1726,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7726,1726,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Composting</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_18  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Composting?<br />\nComposting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.[1] Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms Eisenia foetida). The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for offices and businesses with limited space.[2]</p>\n<p>How to Implement Composting<br />\nOrganic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.[3],[4] Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see Hoboken – Composting). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities: NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.[5] If composting in-house, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.<br />\nOutdoor Composting Process:<br />\nCompost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.[6]<br />\nIndoor Composting Process:[7]<br />\nIf outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.[8] Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.<br />\nBuilding a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)[9]</p>\n<p>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.<br />\nAdd about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.<br />\nPlace food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.<br />\nKeep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.<br />\nStore the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.<br />\nHarvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</p>\n<p>Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nCampbell Soup Company Headquarters, Camden, NJ<br />\nCampbell initiated a comprehensive waste reduction program, including composting, in 2014. That year, they diverted 2,776 tons of waste from going to the landfill through composting.<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Saves money on waste management<br />\nReduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).<br />\nImproves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases[10]<br />\nProvides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer.<br />\nFull size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.[11] Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily[12] or purchased (average $60-100 each)[13] and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).[14] Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.[15]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nComposting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.[16] Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Composting http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm (accessed April 7, 2019).<br />\n[2] US EPA. Vermicomposting. https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi (accessed April 8, 2019).<br />\n[3] US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process (accessed April 8, 2019).<br />\n[4] NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: A. Grass Clippings. http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[5] One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/<br />\nhttp://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[6] US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[7] Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/ (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[8] US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[9] Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805 (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[10] Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/ (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[11] Based on a survey of several manufacturers<br />\n[12] US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[13] Based on a survey of several manufacturers<br />\n[14] Based on a survey of several suppliers<br />\n[15] US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[16] Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf (accessed May 7, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_19  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Native and Adapted Plants<br />\nOperator and Occupant Training<br />\nRain gardens<br />\nSource Reduction and Recycling<br />\nSustainable Materials<br />\nTurf Grass Reduction<br />\nVegetated Roofs<br />\nWater-Efficient Landscaping</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_20  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>	Institute for Local-Self Reliance<br />\n	Lower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program<br />\n	Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think<br />\n	NJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors<br />\n	NYC Master Composter Manual<br />\n	Rutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension<br />\n	US Composting Council<br />\n	US EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin<br />\n	US EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7727,1726,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-09 14:52:10'),(7728,1726,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7729,1726,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7731,1726,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7732,1726,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7733,1726,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7734,1726,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7735,1726,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7736,1726,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7737,1726,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7739,1732,'_edit_lock','1650295205:2'),(7740,1732,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7741,1732,'_edit_last','2'),(7743,269,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Shifting Demand (Source: MIT).'),(7744,1732,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7747,1732,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7748,1732,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7749,1732,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1732\" /]'),(7750,1732,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7751,1732,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7752,1732,'_thumbnail_id','269'),(7753,1732,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7754,1732,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7755,1732,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Demand Response and Peak Load Management?<br />\nDemand response refers to strategies employed by utilities that use time-based financial incentives to modify consumer electricity consumption during periods of peak demand, power scarcity, grid congestion or an anticipated grid outage.[1] The cost of electricity from the consumer’s perspective usually reflects the average cost to generate electricity throughout the day or year. Reducing peak demand reduces the cost of electricity by reducing the need for additional generation capacity and avoiding the construction and maintenance costs associated with “peakers” or standby energy plants. Utility companies often charge flat rates for energy consumption. These flat rates do not factor in the different costs of supplying energy during different times or usage levels. Energy usage peaks from air conditioner use on hot days and when people come home from work between the hours of 2 pm and 7 pm. Figure 1 illustrates the results of shifting energy use away from peak hours.[2]<br />\nIncreased peak demand strains the electric system, increases emissions, and adds to energy costs. In a demand response program, building operators manage the amount and timing of energy consumption to maximize energy efficiency and reduce energy costs by shedding loads or shifting activities to off-peak hours, which often coincide with lower energy prices or incentive payments. Demand response may include interrupting demand for a short period or adjusting demand levels by shedding or shifting loads or storing energy. For example, building operators can manually adjust or automatically set HVAC systems to cycle off during periods of peak demand and to cycle back on during off-peak hours, potentially lowering energy use and electricity bills. Advances in smart grid infrastructure including smart metering technologies has expanded the range of available demand response programs and dynamic price offerings.[3] Demand response programs often utilize dynamic pricing models such as time-of-use pricing, real-time pricing, variable peak pricing, critical peak pricing, critical time rebates or peak time rebates.[4] Smart metering and energy management systems provide detailed consumption and cost information, allowing building managers to make informed decisions concerning overall energy usage and energy use patterns at various time intervals. Demand response enabled devices such as smart thermostats and smart water heaters can signal consumers to adjust electricity consumption manually or allow utilities or aggregators to automatically turn off air-conditioning units or water heaters to avoid peak load issues (see Smart Sensors and Controls, and Smart Meters). Demand response programs can also signal buildings with on-site distributed energy generation, such as Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems and islandable photovoltaics, and energy storage capabilities to use, store, or sell renewable energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand (see Alternative Transportation, Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation, Combined Heat and Power (CHP), Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV, and Thermal Energy Storage). Additionally, utilities can notify demand response participants of a potential grid failure, and incentivize participants to reduce energy use, switch to on-site generation, backup power or a combination of these load management strategies.<br />\nHow to Incorporate a Demand Response Program or Peak Load Management?<br />\nCheck with your local utility or regional transmission organization such as PJM, to find out about available demand response programs, eligibility requirements, and offerings in your building’s service area. For example, PJM offers a list of Curtailment Service Providers (CSPs) that can assess available demand response offerings and customer eligibility. Smart energy management systems and smart metering technologies provide the data and two-way communication necessary for participation in many demand response programs (see Smart Metering). Other demand response enable devices may include lighting controls, thermostats, motors, pumps, and HVAC systems (see Smart Sensors and Controls).<br />\nPeak load management strategies may include:</p>\n<p>Activating, or turning on equipment sequentially, rather than all at once.[5]<br />\n“Coasting” the last hours of operation – turning down or off systems (such as temperature control, ventilation) while maintaining adequate levels of comfort.[6]<br />\nLoad shedding or switching non-critical loads such as HVAC systems, non-sensitive machines, and some lighting off during periods of maximum peak demands.[7]<br />\nLoad shifting or moving consumption to off-peak periods, such as pre-cooling refrigerators or temperature set-points to a lower temperature and then allowing the temperature to rise naturally during a load reduction.<br />\nLoad-displacement or offsetting peak demand with on-site generation such as renewable sources and energy storage (see Battery Storage and Backup Power, and Thermal Energy Storage).<br />\nDemand flexibility or communication and control technologies that allow significant loads to continuously respond to changing renewable supply levels, particularly wind and solar, and other market signals.[8]</p>\n<p>Examples<br />\nLiberty Property Trust – Demand Response<br />\nLiberty Property Trust implemented smart grid technology including smart metering into their existing building portfolio to optimize energy efficiency and enable participation in demand response programs. A study conducted by the Rutgers Center for Green Building found that tenants do not notice or are not negatively affected by load shedding associated with participation in a demand response event.[9]<br />\nThe PJM Interconnection (PJM)<br />\nThe PJM Interconnection (PJM), a regional transmission organization (RTO), offers two programs to New Jersey customers, the Economic Load Response Program and Emergency Capacity Program. In both programs, participants provide load reductions either through curtailing electricity use or operating on-site generation in exchange for wholesale electricity prices.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nDemand Response programs supported by smart grid and smart metering infrastructure provide multiple benefits to utilities, energy consumers, and the grid. By accounting for the real-time cost, availability, and source of electricity, and reducing peak consumption, demand response programs:</p>\n<p>Encourage energy conservation and reduce overall energy consumption eliminating the need for building new or maintaining older, less-efficient standby energy plants, passing savings onto ratepayers in the form of reduced electrical bills or incentive payments.[10]<br />\nReduce strain on the grid and increases grid reliability by reducing grid congestion, better balancing of supply and demand, and decreasing supply interruptions and losses.[11]<br />\nFacilitate the use and integration of cleaner energy sources by adjusting demand to match intermittent wind and solar supplies.<br />\nPromote energy storage technologies, such as Vehicle-to-Grid (see Battery Storage and Backup Power Generation and Thermal Energy Storage) that can shift load consumption to optimal times or provide backup power to the grid like a generator and support distributed renewables generation.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nEstablishing a demand response program and offering dynamic pricing to reduce peak demand may be cheaper and faster for a utility than building a peaker plant to meet increased demand. Demand response programs can encourage customers to modify their consumption behavior and reduce electric bills. Smart building and demand response enabling technologies, including smart energy management systems and smart metering are becoming more user-friendly, cost-competitive and widespread in the marketplace. As distributed energy resource capacity, including battery storage, grows so does the ability to shift loads and take advantage of potential cost savings and incentives offered by demand response and dynamic pricing programs.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nDemand response reduces stress on the electricity grid during times of prolonged disaster or shifts in weather. Demand response programs enable utility programs to reduce electricity demand, especially at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by avoiding system outages. Demand response programs also increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage.<br />\n[1] Connected Devices Alliance. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. https://cda.iea-4e.org (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[2] Applied Energy Journal  “Demand Side Management in a Day-Ahead Wholesale Market: A Comparison of Industrial &amp; Social Welfare Approaches” (MIT) https://amfarid.scripts.mit.edu/wpblog/tag/graph-theory/Flex (accessed  April 19, 2018).<br />\n[3] Smart grids are electricity supply networks that use digital communications technology to detect and react to changes in energy supply and demand and manage the transport of electricity from generation sources to end users.<br />\n[4] Smart Electric Power Alliance. 2017. “2017 Utility Demand Response Market Snapshot.”<br />\nhttps://sepapower.org/resource/2017-utility-demand-response-market-snapshot/thank-you/ (accessed September 12, 2018).<br />\n[5] BOMA International. “30 Ways to Save Energy – for little or no cost.” http://www.boma.org/research/Documents/Find%20a%20Resource/BEEPChecklist_final.pdf (accessed April 19, 2018).<br />\n[6] Ibid.<br />\n[7] Energy Exchange. Peak Shaving. https://www.eex.gov.au/opportunity/peak-shaving (accessed May 22, 2018).<br />\n[8] Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI). “Demand Flexibility: The Key to Enabling a Low-Cost, Low-Carbon Grid.” Insight Brief. Feb 2018. https://www.rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Insight_Brief_Demand_Flexibility_2018.pdf (accessed May 22, 2018).<br />\n[9] Handi Chandra Putra, Clinton J. Andrews, Jennifer A. Senick (2017). An agent-based model of building occupant behavior during load shedding. Building Simulation. An International Journal. DOI 10.1007/s12273-017-0384-x<br />\n[10] ACEEE. “Demand response programs can reduce utilities’ peak demand an average of 10%, complementing savings from energy efficiency programs” http://aceee.org/blog/2017/02/demand-response-programs-can-reduce  (accessed April 19, 2018).<br />\n[11] US DOE. “Benefits of Demand Response in Electricity Markets and Recommendations for Achieving Them.” https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/report-lbnl-1252d.pdf  (accessed April 19, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nSmart Metering<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nSolar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV<br />\nThermal Energy Storage</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>The IEA Demand-Side Management Programme &#8211; An international collaboration of 20 countries working together to develop and promote opportunities for demand-side management (DSM)<br />\nLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory – Demand Response Quick Assessment Tool<br />\nState of NJ Board of Public Utilities – Commercial Demand Response Filings<br />\nRocky Mountain Institute (RMI) – Economics of Demand Flexibility<br />\nSmart Electric Power Alliance (SEPA) &#8211; The trade association for companies that provide products and services in the areas of demand response, smart meters and smart grid technologies<br />\nUS DOE Demand Response</p>\n<p>PJM</p>\n<p>Demand Response – Data and Reports<br />\nDemand Response FAQs</p>\n<p>NJ Utility Demand Response Information</p>\n<p>PSEG<br />\nJCPL<br />\nACE<br />\nRECO</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7756,1732,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-12 11:24:39'),(7757,1732,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7758,1732,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7760,1732,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7761,1732,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7762,1732,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7763,1732,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7764,1732,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7765,1732,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7766,1732,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7768,1738,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7769,1738,'_edit_last','2'),(7770,1738,'_edit_lock','1650295600:2'),(7772,416,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Table 1 – Scenario based on a 20,000 sq. ft. building'),(7773,1738,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7776,1738,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7777,1738,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7778,1738,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1738\" /]'),(7779,1738,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7780,1738,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7781,1738,'_thumbnail_id','527'),(7782,1738,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7783,1738,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7784,1738,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Loads</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Loads?<br />\nENERGY STAR, a joint program of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the United States Department of Energy (US DOE), labels energy-efficient products and practices using third-party certified testing to guarantee quality and performance.[1]<br />\nOn average, computers and electronics account for 7% of energy use in commercial buildings, and other uses or miscellaneous electronic loads (MELs) or plug load accounting for 38%.[2] Plug load refers to any device plugged into the building’s electrical system including computers and monitors, task lighting, televisions, vending machines, kitchen equipment, and cell phone chargers.[3] Replacing conventional appliances and office equipment and other electronic devices at the end of their useful life with ENERGY STAR labeled products and managing plug loads can save money through reduced energy consumption and associated cost savings. ENERGY STAR products are 10-25% more efficient than required by the federal standard.[4] Labeled products include commercial electronics such as computers as well as several types of appliances, lighting fixtures, HVAC equipment, and water heaters.<br />\nMost appliance and electronic stores carry ENERGY STAR certified equipment. For a complete list, see ENERGY STAR certified products.<br />\nHow to Incorporate ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Loads<br />\nRequire ENERGY STAR appliances and equipment as part of your procurement and purchasing policy and educate staff on the benefits of labeled equipment and energy-saving behaviors.</p>\n<p>Step 1 – Create an inventory list of necessary equipment.<br />\nStep 2 – Purchase the most energy-efficient devices for the job. Estimate potential energy and cost savings using ENERGY STAR calculators.<br />\nStep 3 – Check for available incentives and rebates:Energy Star Rebate FinderDatabase of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)NJ Clean Energy Program Commercial Building Incentives<br />\nStep 4  – Follow the manufacturer’s instructions or hire a professional installer as poor installation can affect the performance of equipment.<br />\nStep 5 – Manage plug loads. Eliminate or unplug unnecessary devices. Turn off or power down devices when not in use and use power management settings, timers, and advanced power plugs. Engage staff and make sure they understand why, when, and how to power down.</p>\n<p>Examples<br />\nENERGY STAR Purchasing and Procurement Case Studies<br />\nGSA Green Proving Ground (GPG): Advanced Power Strips for Plug Load Control<br />\nA study conducted by the GSA Green Proving Ground Program found that advanced power strips (APS) that use pre-programmed timers to turn off equipment can reduce energy consumption by an average of 26% at workstations and by 50% in printer rooms and kitchens.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nBy avoiding the need to generate electricity in the first place, energy-efficiency reduces emissions and air pollution related to producing energy including greenhouse gases, acidifying substances, ozone precursors, and particulate matter or precursors.[5] The installation of ENERGY STAR qualified equipment and properly managing plug loads can reduce energy usage and lower energy and utility bills.[6]</p>\n<p>Extends product life and decreases maintenance<br />\nIncrease leasing and resale value of an energy-efficient building<br />\nLower operating costs</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nENERGY STAR cost savings calculators provided the following data which shows expected energy savings by switching from a conventional product to an ENERGY STAR product. The example includes common appliances and office equipment found in existing municipal buildings. Assumptions based on ENERGY STAR value assumptions for the various products listed.<br />\nTable 1 – Scenario based on a 20,000 sq. ft. building[7]</p>\n<p>Resiliency<br />\nUse of ENERGY STAR certified products and managing plug loads reduces energy usage, increasing grid reliability and reducing utility costs.<br />\n[1] ENERGY STAR. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=about.ab_index (accessed April 17, 2018).<br />\n[2] Lisa Schwartz et al. “Electricity end uses, energy-efficiency, and distributed energy resources baseline.” Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. January 2017. Page 24. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/Electricity%20End%20Uses,%20Energy%20Efficiency,%20and%20Distributed%20Energy%20Resources.pdf (accessed April 18, 2018).<br />\n[3] New Buildings Institute. 2012. “Plug Load Best Practices Guide: Managing Your Office Equipment Plug Load.” https://newbuildings.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/PlugLoadBestPracticesGuide1.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[4] ENERGY STAR. “Lighting, Appliances, Office Equipment.” http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=pt_reps_res_retail.pt_reps_res_retail (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[5] Lisa Schwartz et al. “Electricity end uses, energy-efficiency, and distributed energy resources baseline.” Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. January 2017. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/Electricity%20End%20Uses,%20Energy%20Efficiency,%20and%20Distributed%20Energy%20Resources.pdf (accessed April 18, 2018).<br />\n[6] ENERGY STAR. ENERGY STAR Qualified Appliances. https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/learn-benefits/value-energy-star-certification (accessed April 17, 2018).<br />\n[7] Table 1 – Expected energy savings by switching from a conventional product to an ENERGY STAR product. Annual Electric Savings (MWh) calculated per unit. All estimates based on the following per unit costs also used in New Jersey state energy plans and studies:14 $0.1316/kWh, $0.85/therm. Average Paybacks calculated with the following equation for each appliance:</p>\n<p>[average incremental cost] – [annual cost savings]*[years] = 0  Or: [average payback in years] = [average incremental cost] / [annual cost savings]</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Demand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE)<br />\nENERGY STAR Products<br />\nGreen Electronics Council<br />\nNJ’s Clean Energy Program Commercial Equipment Incentives</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7785,1738,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-12 11:24:39'),(7786,1738,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7787,1738,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7789,1738,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7790,1738,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7791,1738,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7792,1738,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7793,1738,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7794,1738,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7795,1738,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7797,1744,'_edit_last','2'),(7798,1744,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7799,1744,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7800,1744,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7801,1744,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7802,1744,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7803,1744,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7804,1744,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7805,1744,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7806,1744,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Green Cleaning</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Green Cleaning?<br />\nGreen cleaning refers to using cleaning products and procedures that minimize potential adverse impacts on human health and the environment.[1] Cleaning with green or natural products can lower airborne particulate matter concentration and improve indoor air quality. Comprehensive green cleaning programs prioritize environmental and health issues as well as the appearance of the facility.<br />\nThe commercial cleaning industry uses an estimated 8 billion pounds of chemicals and nearly 4.5 billion pounds of paper products annually, and a shift to greener cleaning has the potential for a significant impact on the environment.[2] Some cleaning products can have human health impacts such as burns or respiratory or skin, eye, nose, throat problems on skin contact or through inhalation exposure, while others may contribute to long-term health problems such as cancer or disruption to the endocrine system. Chlorine bleach or ammonia, which are found in many toilet and drain cleaners, can be corrosive. These chemicals can cause immediate health problems upon skin and inhalation exposure as well as damage to the environment when they go down the drain.[3],[4] When harsh chemical use is necessary, use appropriate gloves to avoid or minimize skin exposure. It is also essential to have good air circulation in the room while cleaning and never mix two different types of cleaners, particularly if the products contain chlorine (bleach) and ammonia.[5]<br />\nGreen cleaning programs prioritize non-toxic cleaning products and low-impact cleaning equipment and reduce the risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals.[6] Green cleaning is not just about products but also about cleaning procedures such as using the appropriate quantity of the right product for a specific job or reducing the frequency of labor-intensive tasks by using less intensive cleaning and maintenance activities more often. Simple changes such as limiting food consumption to specific areas can reduce cleaning needs and can also be part of an integrated pest management plan, reducing the need for toxic pest management chemicals in the building (see Integrated Pest Management). Green cleaning requires a holistic approach that includes the careful selection and use of products and equipment, a reevaluation of cleaning procedures, comprehensive custodial training, and orientation to green cleaning policies and procedures for all building occupants.<br />\nHow to Implement Green Cleaning<br />\nAs part of a building’s Operations &amp; Maintenance plan, develop a green cleaning program that prioritizes green or natural products, green cleaning services, and training staff in green cleaning practices (see Operator and Occupant Training).<br />\nThe Healthy Children and Family Study, conducted by Rutgers University, found that the use of a mop with a microfiber cloth and the use of vinegar and baking soda as cleaners lowered airborne particulate matter concentration. Vacuuming with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters help remove particulate matter and volatile organic compounds from the air.[7] Environmentally preferable purchasing (EPP) refers to products or services that have less impact on human health and the environment than competing products or services that serve the same purpose.[8] Choose environmentally preferable products that are rated green by independent, third-party organizations such as Greenguard, Green Seal, or US EPA’s Safer Choice program. It is also important to check product labels and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).  Custodial equipment, such as vacuums, and green cleaning services can also earn third-party certification through programs like the Carpet and Rug Institute Seal of Approval Program and Green Seal.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nImplementing a green cleaning program offers the following benefits:</p>\n<p>Protect the health and safety of building occupants and cleaning professionals.<br />\nReduce toxic chemicals in the indoor and outdoor environment and reduce the amount of hazardous waste requiring disposal.<br />\nImprove indoor air quality.<br />\nPromote better inventory management of chemicals and equipment.<br />\nReduce liability through safety training.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nOver the long-term, green cleaning can reduce the total cost of cleaning through reducing or eliminating hazardous cleaning chemicals. Because there are fewer toxic chemicals that employees must work with, liability exposure also is reduced. Similarly, with fewer toxic chemicals to store, track, maintain and dispose of, the cost of complying with regulatory requirements is reduced.[9] The University of Georgia’s facilities cleaning program, implemented by the Physical Plant’s building services’ department, earned recognition for a focus on cost-saving and workplace safety. The program covers 9.7 million square feet and includes a Building Services Academy that trains all department employees in green cleaning policies and procedures.[10] The University of Georgia’s program documented benefits such as a decrease in employee respiratory complaints associated with cleaning chemicals, a decrease in the number of severe employee injuries from slips/falls, and significant cost savings from transitioning from traditional cleaners to green cleaners.[11] Many green cleaning products are cost-competitive with traditional products, and green cleaning programs offer the added benefit of protecting human health and the environment. Also, when combined with daily cleaning, green cleaning can reduce a building’s energy usage by not requiring additional energy usage during off hours.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nGreen cleaning reduces the use of toxic and hazardous chemicals and products that can pose health hazards to the public and damage to natural resources. Reducing the need to store toxic chemicals and products helps reduce the risk, and danger of toxic substances spills or releases into the environment during an extreme event such as flooding or other disasters.[12] Minimizing the risk of toxic material spills and leaks help protect the public as well as those engaged in clean up and remediation activities, making it easier to recover after an unexpected event.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Sustainable Marketplace: Greener Products and Services. https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/greening-your-purchase-cleaning-products-guide-federal-purchasers (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[2] Facilities.net. Launching a Green Cleaning Program. http://www.facilitiesnet.com/iaq/article/Launching-a-Green-Cleaning-Program–8382 (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[3] American Lung Association. Cleaning Supplies and Household Chemicals. https://www.lung.org/our-initiatives/healthy-air/indoor/indoor-air-pollutants/cleaning-supplies-household-chem.html (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA. Sustainable Marketplace: Greener Products and Services. https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/greening-your-purchase-cleaning-products-guide-federal-purchasers (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[5] Cleveland Clinic. Household Chemical Products and Their Health Risks. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11397-household-chemical-products-and-their-health-risk (accessed March 3, 2019).<br />\n[6] GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. https://sftool.gov/search?Query=green+cleaning (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[7] Andrews, C.J., Mainelis, G., Wener, R., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Senick, J., Feygina, I., Autote, O., Ramkumar, S., Pryce, T., Marathe, R. and Ding, J. “Expanding the Definition of Green: Impacts of Green and Active Living Design on Health in Low Income Housing: Added Value of Behavioral Interventions as part of an Integrated Service Delivery Model”. Prepared by Rutgers Center for Green Building &amp; Associates for U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development. 2013. At http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/HUD-Expanding-the-Definition-of-Green-Healthy-Families-Study-2013_FINAL_revised.pdf (accessed March 21, 2019).<br />\n[8] US EPA. Sustainable Marketplace: Greener Products and Services. https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/about-environmentally-preferable-purchasing-program (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[9] Facilities.net. Launching a Green Cleaning Program.  https://www.facilitiesnet.com/iaq/article.aspx?id=8382 (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[10] UGA Today. Building excellence: green cleaning program earns two national honors. https://news.uga.edu/building-excellence-green-cleaning-program-wins-two-national-honors/ (accessed March 4, 2019).<br />\n[11] American School &amp; University Magazine. University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. https://www.asumag.com/green-cleaning-award-schools-amp-universities/university-georgia-athens-georgia (accessed March 4, 2019).<br />\n[12] Sciencecorps. Chemical Hazards in Flood and Disasters. http://www.sciencecorps.org/floods-fuels/ (accessed December 19, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Integrated Pest Management<br />\nOperator and Occupant Training</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>EWG’s Guide to Healthy Cleaning<br />\nGSA Sustainable Facilities Tool<br />\nUS EPA Greening Your Purchase of Cleaning Products: A Guide for Federal Purchasers<br />\nUS EPA Safer Choice<br />\nUS EPA Sustainable Marketplace: Greener Products and Services</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7807,1744,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-12 11:24:39'),(7808,1744,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7809,1744,'_edit_lock','1650296043:2'),(7811,1744,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7814,1744,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7815,1744,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7816,1744,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1744\" /]'),(7817,1744,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7818,1744,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7820,1744,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7821,1744,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7822,1744,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7827,249,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Spray bottles (Source: Flickr fatedsnowfox http://www.flickr.com/photos/fatedsnowfox/4540384687/sizes/l/in/photostream/)'),(7828,469,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Natural Cleaning Products. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)'),(7829,1744,'_thumbnail_id','249'),(7832,1750,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7833,1750,'_edit_last','2'),(7834,1750,'_edit_lock','1650296486:2'),(7836,1750,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7839,1750,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7840,1750,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7841,1750,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1750\" /]'),(7842,1750,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7843,1750,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7844,1750,'_thumbnail_id','252'),(7845,1750,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7846,1750,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7847,1750,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Green Power</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Green Power?<br />\nGreen power refers to renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit including electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, some forms of biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources (i.e., do not impact land use and fisheries).[1] Buildings get their power from a mix of energy sources with varying levels of environmental impacts and benefits (see Figure 1). Electricity generated from coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas, wind, and solar all goes to the same grid (see Figure 2). Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) represent 1 MWh of renewable electricity generation and provide proof of the electricity generated by green power.<br />\nEnergy-efficient commercial buildings that are not ideally suited for on-site renewable energy generation can choose to switch to green energy or purchase RECs to help offset their environmental and carbon footprints on a voluntary basis or to meet corporate sustainability goals or other mandates.</p>\n<p>How to Purchase Green Energy<br />\nIn New Jersey, the Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (EDECA) of 1999 (N.J.S.A. 48:3-49) separated the supply portion of the electric rate from the delivery portion, providing the consumer the opportunity to select among third-party electricity suppliers licensed by the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU). Consumers can make decisions on a variety of factors including cost or energy efficiency and sources of electricity generation (e.g., nuclear, natural gas, oil, solar).[2]<br />\nThrough the purchase of green power, a building does not necessarily receive renewable energy directly, but instead, the purchase of renewable energy increases the percentage that renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind) that contribute to power production within the region. Table 1 lists various ways to purchase green energy.<br />\nCommercial electricity consumers may choose to purchase RECs, contract with a green energy supplier or participate in a utility-sponsored green energy program. Green power products and programs often require customers to pay a premium over the standard electric price in return for green power (i.e., electricity bundled with RECs) but the utility continues to provide the electric transmission and distribution in the same way as a regular electric customer.<br />\nNote that green power supply options depend on available renewable energy resources and projects, and state and utility policies and programs. Check with your utility provider for available programs and current incentives. Other options include Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that directly support specific renewable energy projects.<br />\nThe decision to purchase green power involves identifying and comparing green power options among verified, third-party certified green power providers that meet nationally-accepted standards for product quality. At this time, the Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program is the only organization that certifies and independently verifies green power products in the United States.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nConventional electricity relies on fossil fuels and produces significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Green power provides the following environmental and sustainable marketing benefits:[3]</p>\n<p>Supports renewable energy resource and technology development either directly through PPAs and bundled green power products or indirectly through RECs.<br />\nReduces a business’s carbon footprint associated with electricity consumption.<br />\nServes as a marketing tool to demonstrate a business’s commitment to sustainability goals.</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nJacobstown Solar Farm, Burlington County, NJ.<br />\nThe Jacobstown Solar project, by Community Energy, Inc., provides green power to the Jersey Central Power &amp; Light (JCP&amp;L) regional electric grid and helps farmland preservation in the area by providing a source of local revenue. Landscaping on the site matches the rural surroundings and plantings of low mow turf grass reduce stormwater runoff and improve soil conditions for future agricultural uses. When NJ businesses choose to purchase green power, they support solar companies like Community Energy, Inc. and projects like the Jacobstown Solar Farm, that provide local sources of renewable energy.<br />\nCosts<br />\nWhile a switch to green power does not require any upfront capital costs, currently there exists a cost premium for green power of about 2 to 4 cents per kWh.[4] Prices for green power vary also depending on a variety of factors, including:</p>\n<p>Supply and demand variability<br />\nProduct type (e.g., RECs, PPAs, utility or competitive green power products)<br />\nPurchase volume (e.g., total kilowatt-hours)<br />\nContract length (e.g., short- or long-term)<br />\nResource and technology type (e.g., solar, wind)<br />\nGeography (e.g., local versus national)<br />\nCertification and verification status</p>\n<p>Resiliency<br />\nA switch to green power provides resiliency benefits by helping to diversify and strengthen the electric power grid through the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar and by supporting local renewable energy generators and distributed renewable energy (DER) projects.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Green Power Partnership. “What is Green Power?” https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power (accessed April 10, 2019).<br />\n[2] State of New Jersey. NJ Power Switch. Know Your Rights. https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/ (accessed April 10, 2019).<br />\n[3] US EPA. Green Power Partnership. Green Power Benefits. https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power (accessed April 10, 2019).<br />\n[4] Commercial Electric Rates for NJ based on 12-month contract for buildings with utility bills ranging from less than $1,000 to over $5000. https://www.electricrate.com (accessed April 9, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Biomass Energy Systems<br />\nGeothermal Heat Pumps<br />\nOn-site Wind Generation Systems<br />\nPhotovoltaic (PV) Systems</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program<br />\nNJ Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU)<br />\nNJ Power Switch<br />\nUS EPA – Switch to Green Power</p>\n<p>New Jersey Energy Delivery Companies (EDCs)</p>\n<p>Atlantic City Electric Company<br />\nJCP&amp;L<br />\nRockland Electric<br />\nPSE&amp;G</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7848,1750,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-09 18:11:06'),(7849,1750,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7850,1750,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7852,1750,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7853,1750,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7854,1750,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7855,1750,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7856,1750,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7857,1750,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7858,1750,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7860,1757,'_edit_last','2'),(7861,1757,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7862,1757,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7863,1757,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7864,1757,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7865,1757,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7866,1757,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7867,1757,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7868,1757,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7869,1757,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Integrated Pest Management</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Integrated Pest Management?<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management (IPM) is a practical and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that applies to both interiors and exteriors of buildings. It is a decision-making process with a goal of solving pest problems with the least toxic method.  IPM programs use comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment. This information, in combination with available pest control methods, is used to manage pest damage by the most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment.[1]<br />\nPesticides can contribute to indoor air quality problems, and other hazards include acute, immediate toxicity to humans and other non-target organisms; chronic or long-term toxicity such as cancer; and potential to contaminate air, or ground and surface water.  Some pests develop a resistance to specific pesticides, and in turn, require stronger chemicals for pest control.  Pesticide labels, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and resources such as Pesticide Action Network Pesticide Database provide information on many of these potential hazards for specific pesticides.[2] MSDS are documents prepared by a product’s manufacturer to provide information on the safe use and potential hazards of a product.<br />\nIn structural pest control (pest control in and around buildings), IPM focuses mainly on eliminating or reducing sources of food, water, and hiding spots that are available to pests, and limiting pest access into and throughout buildings. Control measures such as sanitation and building maintenance are essential aspects of a structural IPM program. Success requires the collaborative efforts of everyone involved in the management and maintenance of a building including service contractors, tenants, custodians, and other employees. Education and cooperation are necessary parts of any IPM program.[3]</p>\n<p>How to Implement Integrated Pest Management<br />\nEach IPM program is designed around individual pest prevention goals and eradication needs, considered in the context of the environment or setting. Although tailored for each setting, most successful IPM programs use the same four-tiered approach that includes 1) Setting action thresholds or defining the level for controlling a pest. 2) Monitoring and identifying pests. This step helps identify if and what pest problems exist and helps reduce the unnecessary use of pesticides. 3) Prevention, which includes proactive methods to prevent pests from becoming a threat such as repairing structural damage in a building and good garbage management. 4) Control. If necessary, implement strategic control methods such as mechanical control (trapping), or highly targeted chemicals. [4]<br />\nIPM recommendations developed Rutgers University identifies regular monitoring, repairing structural damage, proper sanitation and a combination of non-chemical/low-impact pesticides as critical components of a typical structural IPM program (see Figure 2).<br />\nHiring a vendor who uses IPM practices help ensure the safe and effective management of pests in and around the building. It is likely that vendors recommend cleaning up areas and making repairs. Simple changes may include cleaning up break rooms and not overwatering plants. More complex and expensive changes may involve patching holes and crevices, repairing leaks, sealing floor drains and vents, sealing cracks and other access areas for pests, and installing door sweeps. Some vendors may provide training sessions for office and maintenance staff. Designate a knowledgeable, trained staff member to work with the pest control operator and building-maintenance personnel to implement  IPM recommendations are followed. [5]</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nNJ School District Overcomes Pest Control Challenges<br />\nPaterson Public School District, NJ’s third-largest district, began the implementation of a comprehensive IPM program in 2009.  In the years since the district has experienced reduced pests, improved health of staff and students and a better understanding of the role of IPM and indoor air quality plays creating a healthy and safe environment for education.[6]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management:</p>\n<p>Promotes sound structures and healthy plants<br />\nImproves pest control<br />\nPromotes sustainable bio-based pest management alternatives<br />\nReduces the environmental risk associated with pest management by encouraging the adoption of more ecologically benign control tactics<br />\nReduces or eliminates issues related to pesticide residue<br />\nDecreases workers, tenants and public exposure to pesticides<br />\nReduces concern of the public about pests &amp; pesticide-related practices<br />\nMaintains or increases the cost-effectiveness of pest management programs[7]<br />\nPrevents the contamination of indoor air, buildings, soil, and water and keeps hazardous chemicals out of the food chain<br />\nProtects people (especially children and other vulnerable populations), animals and beneficial plants and insects from toxic exposures<br />\nDemonstrates responsible stewardship of environmental and community resources[8]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nIPM can reduce long-term pest management costs. Often IPM programs cost the same or less than traditional pest management programs. Costs may rise during the transition period as new equipment is acquired or after building upgrades. IPM can reduce costs by eliminating regular pesticide spraying, but those savings may be redirected toward preventive practices, such as training employees, inspecting for pests, and investing in building and landscaping improvements. Over time these budget shifts balance out, and improved maintenance, better sanitation and making repairs help make the building more attractive to everyone except pests.[9]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nMinimizing the use of hazardous pesticides reduces the risk of spills and contamination during an emergency event.  Less risk of pesticide exposure or dangerous chemical combinations makes clean up and recovery less dangerous and more efficient. Managing pests through an effective and environmentally sensitive program helps create a healthier indoor environment that can help protect occupant health.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Principles. https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/integrated-pest-management-ipm-principles (accessed December 28, 2018).<br />\n[2] The IPM Institute of North America. http://www.ipminstitute.org/faq.htm#Whatarepesticiderisks? (accessed December 28, 2018).<br />\n[3] Mass.gov. IPM Kit for Building Managers. https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/08/wk/ipm-kit-for-bldg-mgrs.pdf (accessed December 28, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Principles. https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/integrated-pest-management-ipm-principles (accessed December 28, 2018).<br />\n[5] Nyc.gov Integrated Pest Management Toolkit. https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/pesticide/ipm-toolkit.pdf (accessed December 28, 2018)<br />\n[6] Anderson, Marcia. US EPA. PESPWire Fall 2017. NJ School District Overcomes Pest Control Challenges (4-5). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-10/documents/pespwire_fall_2017_final_optimized.pdf (accessed December 28, 2018)<br />\n[7] Mass.gov. IPM Kit for Building Managers. https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/08/wk/ipm-kit-for-bldg-mgrs.pdf (accessed March 26, 2019).<br />\n[8] City of Newton. IPM Policy. https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Newton,_MA_Integrated_Pest_Management_Policy (accessed December 28, 2018).<br />\n[9] Mass.gov. IPM Kit for Building Managers. https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/08/wk/ipm-kit-for-bldg-mgrs.pdf (accessed March 26, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Green Cleaning<br />\nMoisture Control</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Integrated Pest Management Kit for Building Managers<br />\nIPM Institute of North America<br />\nNJ School Integrated Pest Management Program<br />\nNortheastern IPM Center<br />\nRutgers Cooperative Extension Pest Management – IPM Programs<br />\nSustainable Jersey – Integrated Pest Management<br />\nUS EPA Integrated Pest Management Principles<br />\nUS EPA Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program (PESP)</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7870,1757,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-09 18:11:06'),(7871,1757,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7872,1757,'_edit_lock','1650296760:2'),(7876,472,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – A typical household cockroach (Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/johnas/3481624912/)'),(7877,261,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','(Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building and Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station Cooperative Extension. A Guide to Integrated Pest Management. 2012.)'),(7878,1757,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7881,1757,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7882,1757,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7883,1757,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1757\" /]'),(7884,1757,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7885,1757,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7886,1757,'_thumbnail_id','472'),(7887,1757,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7888,1757,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7889,1757,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7892,1762,'_edit_last','2'),(7893,1762,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7894,1762,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7895,1762,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7896,1762,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7897,1762,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7898,1762,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7899,1762,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7900,1762,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7901,1762,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Operator and Occupant Training</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Operator and Occupant Training?<br />\nOperator and occupant training provides those who occupy and maintain a building with the tools and strategies to optimize the efficiency of the building’s systems and protect the health and comfort for the building’s occupants. Green buildings require an ongoing commitment by the building owner, facilities operators and building occupants to implement the intended sustainable performance goals. Effective, sustainable operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) strategies are the key to achieving long-term goals of economy, energy efficiency, resource conservation, and pollution prevention while meeting the comfort, health, and safety requirements of a facility.<br />\nHow to Implement Operator and Occupant Training<br />\nEffective O&amp;M strategies for high-performance buildings: [1]</p>\n<p>Integrate indoor environmental quality, energy efficiency, waste management, and water conservation into standard policies, procedures, and practices of the building’s property management and its contracts with maintenance companies and vendors<br />\nProvide regular professional development and training for O&amp;M staff as often as necessary to account for personnel turnover<br />\nEstablish a facility-wide “green team” to evaluate and improve on O&amp;M practices and get feedback from O&amp;M staff and building occupants on their experiences with using green products and adjust products or practices as necessary<br />\nInclude the preparation and upkeep of procedures, manuals, charts, and checklists<br />\nEnsure that occupants understand policy and procedures, including trash and recycling guidelines, and provide opportunities for communication about maintenance needs, repairs, and indoor air quality issues</p>\n<p>It is also important to have personnel trained in understanding product labels and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for information on product safety and toxicity.[2][3]<br />\nExample<br />\nPrinceton Office of Sustainability – Staff Ambassadors, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.<br />\nThe Princeton Sustainability Ambassadors program works with staff from a variety of campus departments, who participate in a one-year training program and as serve as sustainability ambassadors engaging their co-workers, offices, and groups in informational campaigns and activities that support campus sustainability goals as well as sustainability practices at work and at home.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nTraining for building operators and occupants and implementing sound O&amp;M practices helps to meet sustainable performance targets over the life of the building such as:[4]</p>\n<p>Scheduling of preventative service and maintenance that extend the life of equipment and building materials and reduce costs<br />\nConserving energy and water by optimizing the performance of building systems<br />\nReducing the use of toxics and minimizing solid and hazardous waste generation<br />\nProviding a high-quality indoor environment<br />\nReducing absenteeism and worker’s compensation claims<br />\nReducing occupant complaints<br />\nMaintaining landscaping and grounds with minimum use of water and chemicals (see Native and Adapted Plants and Integrated Pest Management)</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nProviding training for building operators and occupants helps reduce costs through extending the life of equipment and materials, optimizing the performance of systems, and maximizing the use of local resources. The costs associated with training for building operators and occupants vary according to the type of training and type of facility. Coursework for Building Operator Certification, for example, costs between $500 and $1,500 for multi-day programs.[5] Check training resources, such as the visit National Sustainable Structures Center (NSSC) at Pennsylvania College of Technology or the New Jersey Clean Energy Learning Center to learn more about training in your area.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nOperator and occupant training contributes to a building’s resiliency by ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Conducting emergency drills and training building staff and occupants for common emergencies and disasters helps to avoid or mitigate potential impacts and to support recovery efforts (see Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning). Prepared individuals and businesses can react quickly and safely to situations, reduce stress on local emergency responders and resources, and support local community outreach.<br />\n[1]Whole Building Design Guide. Sustainable Operations and Maintenance. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php (accessed April 1, 2019).<br />\n[2] MSDS Solutions Center.  http://www.msds.com/ (accessed April 1, 2019).<br />\n[3] National Safety Compliance.  ANSI Material Safety Data Sheets.  http://www.osha-safety-training.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;catid=11:osha-training-videos&amp;id=96:ansi-material-safety-data-sheet-training-video (accessed April 1, 2019).<br />\n[4] Whole Building Design Guide. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php (accessed April 1, 2019).<br />\n[5] Building Operator Certification, National Sustainable Structures Center (NSSC) at the Pennsylvania College of Technology. Current Course Offerings and Pricing. https://www.pct.edu/business/national-sustainable-structures-center/building-operator-certification (accessed April 1, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Green Cleaning<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management<br />\nNative and Adapted Plants<br />\nPreventative Maintenance<br />\nSmart Meters<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nSource Reduction and Recycling<br />\nStorm Preparation and Emergency Planning</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Building Operator Certification<br />\nBuilding Owners and Managers Association (BOMA)<br />\nBuilding Performance Institute<br />\nENERGY STAR – Owners and Managers<br />\nHarvard Sustainability – Green Office Resources<br />\nIsles – Center for Energy and Environmental Training (CEET)<br />\nNational Safety Compliance.  ANSI Material Safety Data Sheets<br />\nNJ Clean Energy Learning Center<br />\nPrinceton Office of Sustainability<br />\nSustainable Jersey<br />\nSustainable Jersey for Schools<br />\nUSGBC LEED v4.1 O&amp;M Guide<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Sustainable O &amp; M practices</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7902,1762,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-09 18:11:06'),(7903,1762,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7904,1762,'_edit_lock','1650296896:2'),(7907,1762,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7910,1762,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7911,1762,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7912,1762,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1762\" /]'),(7913,1762,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7914,1762,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7916,1762,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7917,1762,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7918,1762,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7921,1767,'_edit_lock','1650297178:2'),(7922,1767,'_edit_last','2'),(7923,1767,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7924,1767,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7925,1767,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7926,1767,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7927,1767,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7928,1767,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7929,1767,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7930,1767,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7931,1767,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Preventative Maintenance</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Preventative Maintenance?<br />\nPreventative maintenance, as opposed to reactive maintenance, refers to actions taken to prevent building systems, equipment or components from failing and extend their useful life by performing regularly scheduled repairs and improvements before apparent problems occur. More specifically, preventative maintenance serves as an essential element of a Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) program that encompasses several types of maintenance applications including reactive, preventative, and predictive (see Table 1).<br />\nReactive maintenance (i.e., breakdown or run-to-failure maintenance) occurs after a building component fails. Preventative maintenance (i.e., time-based) performs repairs on a time-based or predetermined schedule. Predictive maintenance initiates repairs and upgrades only when necessary and as determined by periodically monitoring building components for damage or degradation. RCM programs integrate a mix of maintenance strategies and take advantage of their respective strengths to maximize reliability and safety while minimizing life-cycle costs.[1]<br />\nHow to Implement Preventative Maintenance<br />\nThe following list provides basic steps for implementing RCM that incorporates preventative maintenance principles.</p>\n<p>Develop a list of equipment in your building.<br />\nPrioritize the list based on importance to building operation (i.e., cost of system downtime, safety concerns).<br />\nGroup similar components together.<br />\nDetermine schedule and required maintenance tasks for each component using manufacturers technical manuals, historical maintenance records, failure analysis, and engineering expertise.<br />\nAssess maintenance staff and identify appropriate tasks based on skill sets.<br />\nAnalyze equipment failure modes and impacts on components and systems.<br />\nDevelop maintenance guidelines with input from all stakeholders (e.g., government-legislated requirements, requirements of accreditation bodies, health and safety regulations; fire and building codes, recommendations of equipment manufacturers, quality standards and experiences of facilities personnel).</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nScheduling of preventative service and maintenance extends the life of the equipment and building materials, reduces costs, and provides other potential benefits such as:[2]</p>\n<p>Conserving energy and water by optimizing the performance of building systems<br />\nImproving equipment reliability and reduces costly equipment failure and system downtime<br />\nProviding a high-quality indoor environment that improves occupant comfort and reduces occupant complaints</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nA preventative maintenance program reorganizes and reallocates existing resources and does not significantly impact operating costs. Implementing a best-practice O&amp;M program can reduce facility energy use by 5–20% without significant capital investment.[3] Preventative maintenance helps reduce costs through extending the life of equipment and materials, optimizing the performance of systems, and maximizing the use of local resources.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nPreventative maintenance strengthens building performance and bolsters resiliency by regularly identifying and fixing vulnerable building systems and features, such as a leaking roof or windows, and helping to prevent additional damage and loss during extreme weather events.<br />\n[1] The Federal Energy Management Program’s Operations and Maintenance (O&amp;M) Best Practices Guide: Chapter 5 – Types of Maintenance Programs https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/downloads/operations-and-maintenance-best-practices-guide (accessed April 17, 2019).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php (accessed April 1, 2019).<br />\n[3] PECI. “The 15 Best Operation and Maintenance Practices for Energy-Efficient Buildings.”<br />\nPrepared with funding from the U.S. EPA and U.S. DOE, updated September 2016. https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/buildings/tools/Fifteen%20O%26M%20Best%20Practices.pdf  (accessed April 17, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Building Evaluation<br />\nCommissioning<br />\nGreen Cleaning<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management<br />\nOperator and Occupant Training<br />\nSmart Meters<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nStorm Preparation and Emergency Planning</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA)<br />\nEnergy Star O&amp;M Reports<br />\nThe Federal Energy Management Program’s Operations and Maintenance (O&amp;M) Best Practices Guide<br />\nGSA – Sustainable Facilities Toolkit – Maintenance and Operations<br />\nInsurance Institute for Business &amp; Home Safety Commercial Maintenance<br />\nUSGBC LEED v4.1 O&amp;M Guide<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Sustainable O &amp; M practices</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7932,1767,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-09 18:11:06'),(7933,1767,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7935,412,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Table 1 – Reliability Centered Maintenance Element Applications'),(7936,1767,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7939,1767,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7940,1767,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7941,1767,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1767\" /]'),(7942,1767,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7943,1767,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7944,1767,'_thumbnail_id','412'),(7945,1767,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7946,1767,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7947,1767,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7950,1772,'_edit_last','2'),(7951,1772,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7952,1772,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7953,1772,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7954,1772,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7955,1772,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7956,1772,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7957,1772,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7958,1772,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7959,1772,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Recycling Centers</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Recycling Centers?<br />\nRecycling Centers are designated areas in a building designed to facilitate recycling. Recycling converts materials that would otherwise become waste into valuable resources and generates financial, environmental, and social returns both locally and globally.[1] Recycling not only saves resources and but also reduces the need for landfills and resource recovery facilities.[2] Having a dedicated and organized recycling center in a building makes recycling easy and increases the likelihood that occupants adequately sort recyclables and trash.<br />\nRecycling certain materials in New Jersey is mandatory. For more information about solid waste and recycling in NJ, visit the NJ DEP Solid Hazardous Waste Management program website.<br />\nHow to Implement Recycling Centers<br />\nDesign recycling programs to comply with local laws and regulations and to make recycling convenient for building occupants and facilities staff. Give careful consideration to the type of recycling containers, space allocations for containers and storage, and the movement of recyclables throughout the facility from inside to outside. At a minimum, recycling programs should provide for the collection of paper, corrugated cardboard, glass, plastics, and metals. Designing and allocating space for the storage and collection of recyclables is required in LEED v4.[3]<br />\nWhen designing a recycling program, important considerations include:</p>\n<p>Allocate sufficient interior and exterior space.<br />\nPlan for how to transport the materials to the outside collection area.<br />\nConsider where materials are generated within the building and locate convenient central collection containers.<br />\nGive special consideration to spaces such as copy centers, kitchens, break rooms, receiving and shipping areas and loading docks.<br />\nPlace desktop or desk-side bins by employees’ desk for collection of office paper.<br />\nPlace collection containers for other recyclables such as newspapers and magazines in central locations.<br />\nLabel collection containers clearly to ensure proper sorting.<br />\nConsider space needs and access and collection by vehicles for outdoor storage areas.<br />\nImplement recycling policies and procedures.<br />\nConduct periodic training for building occupants and facilities staff.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nPlanning for a well-designed and well-run recycling program can lead to more efficient waste management and benefits for the facility occupants and the environment. There are many benefits related to recycling over disposal but taking steps towards source reduction and material reuse first, and then implementing recycling efforts provides the environmental benefit.[4]<br />\nSome benefits noted by the Natural Resources Defense Council include:[5]</p>\n<p>Conserves natural resources, such as timber, water, and mineral ores, from domestic and imported sources.<br />\nPrevents pollution caused by manufacturing from virgin resources.<br />\nSaves energy in the production of products from virgin materials that need to be harvested and manufactured.<br />\nReduces the need for landfills and incineration while also helping to reduce the pollution produced by these processes.<br />\nHelps protect and expand manufacturing jobs in America.<br />\nEngenders a sense of community involvement and responsibility in protecting the environment.</p>\n<p>For a list of economic and environmental benefits of recycling in New Jersey, go to http://www.state.nj.us/dep//dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm<br />\nCosts<br />\nRecycling costs vary, but a well-designed recycling program can improve a facility’s waste management practices and cost less than garbage disposal for an equivalent amount of material. Recycling can reduce the waste stream and may be able to reduce the frequency of trash pick-ups or the size of disposal containers.[6] Recycling bins for recycling center and spaces throughout the facility can vary in price depending on style and material but are widely available from a variety of manufacturers.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nProactive strategies for waste-related issues associated with disasters is an integral part of resilience planning.[7] Reducing waste and reusing or recycling materials can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm (accessed May 9, 2019).<br />\n[2] NJ DEP. Recycling in New Jersey. http://www.state.nj.us/dep//dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm (accessed May 9, 2019).<br />\n[3] USGBC. LEED BD+C New Construction v4. https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-commercial-interiors-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-healthcare-h-0?view=language  (accessed May 9, 2019).<br />\n[4] NJ DEP. Recycling in New Jersey. http://www.state.nj.us/dep//dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm (accessed May 9, 2019).<br />\n[5] Natural Resources Defense Council. Too Good to Throw Away. http://www.nrdc.org/cities/recycling/recyc/recyint.asp (accessed May 9, 2010).<br />\n[6] US EPA. Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm (accessed May 9, 2019).<br />\n[7] US EPA. Waste Management Planning to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change. https://www.epa.gov/homeland-security-waste/waste-management-planning-mitigate-impact-climate-change (accessed March 24, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Source Reduction and Recycling</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>NJ DEP – Recycling<br />\nNatural Resources Defense Council – Recycling: Beyond the Bin<br />\nUS EPA – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7960,1772,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-09 18:11:06'),(7961,1772,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7962,1772,'_edit_lock','1650297419:2'),(7964,192,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Separate trash and recycling bins (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building)'),(7965,1772,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7968,1772,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7969,1772,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7970,1772,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1772\" /]'),(7971,1772,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(7972,1772,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(7973,1772,'_thumbnail_id','192'),(7974,1772,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(7975,1772,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(7976,1772,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(7979,1777,'_edit_last','2'),(7980,1777,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(7981,1777,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(7982,1777,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(7983,1777,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(7984,1777,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(7985,1777,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(7986,1777,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(7987,1777,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(7988,1777,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Source Reduction and Recycling</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Source Reduction and Recycling?<br />\nSource reduction refers to reducing the amount (by weight or volume) or toxicity of waste that enters the solid waste stream. Recycling turns materials that would otherwise become waste into new resources.[1] Additionally, source reduction is the first tier in the waste management process. Source reduction decreases the amount of waste that enters the solid waste stream as well as decreases the disposal of toxic materials by sourcing fewer products out of toxic materials. Making products more durable and longer lasting are also activities synonymous with source reduction.[2]<br />\nAccording to the US EPA, “Commercial wastes from business and industry make up between 35 and 45 percent of the U.S. municipal solid waste stream.”[3] Source reduction activities not only conserve natural resources but also conserve the fuel used to make the products. From a business perspective, source reduction can save money in disposal and replacement costs. Source reduction aims to reuse materials (i.e., packaging materials, office furnishings) and not produce or minimize waste whenever possible. Everything put into the trash represents money spent on materials as well as money spent on removing those materials.<br />\nHow to Implement Source Reduction and Recycling<br />\nBefore starting a source reduction and recycling program, it is helpful to conduct a waste audit of the building. A waste audit determines what type, how much, and the toxicity content of waste produced by the building. The waste audit also details the sources of waste and the reasons for waste production. This information can inform better purchasing practices and environmental protection. A waste audit outlines a series of steps one should take to achieve waste and cost reduction goals.[4]<br />\nTo start a source reduction and recycling program in a commercial building, a written plan that details the proposed program should be created by the building owner or business owner. This plan should be made readily available and accessible to all current and future tenants or occupants of the building. A plan should include the types of materials to be collected and recycled, as well as the types of source reduction strategies to be implemented. Implement source separation of three recyclable materials (i.e., paper, glass, plastic) should be implemented and the collection method and target recycling goals should be displayed. The program should be periodically reviewed and updated.  Along with the detailed plan, develop an educational program to inform all occupants of the new strategies. This educational program should explain how building occupants can contribute to the recycling and source reduction program and why it is essential to take part in those activities. Deliver the educational program via email, social media, permanent signs (marking locations of recycling bins) or meetings. Make notifications to occupants in a timely fashion of any changes to the program. Lastly, have facility managers conduct regular checks to guarantee that the source reduction and recycling program follows protocol.[5]<br />\nSource reduction intersects with all aspects of operations from purchasing practices to office practices to shipping and receiving procedures to the lunchroom.[6] While there are many areas to focus on source reduction and recycling programs, computer paper is one of the most significant contributors to the solid waste stream from the workplace. Computer paper costs money to buy, store, and print, while wasting paper leads to profit losses and negative environmental impacts. Though it is essential to recycle computer paper when possible, it is more environmentally and fiscally responsible for reducing the amount of paper purchased. Print two-sided documents if printing is necessary but aims to post notices electronically and send documents for review via email. Communicate with occupants about the importance of conserving paper and that simple actions such as reusing materials can contribute to saving money on office supplies. Locate paper-recycling bins next to printers and trash cans and to encourage paper recycling.  (See Recycling Centers strategy).[7]<br />\nExample<br />\nUSGBC Waste Audits and Waste Diversion Efforts<br />\nEach quarter, the USGBC facilities team and janitorial crew works with a waste consultant to implement waste audits at the USGBC headquarters, allows the team to analyze the facility’s waste stream and work towards improvements in the facility’s waste diversion rate. As an organization, USGBC also works to minimize waste off-site and meetings and conferences.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nSource reduction and recycling can save money and reduce the amount of material entering the solid waste stream. Recycling reduces the amount of strain put on landfills and incinerators, which decreases air and water contamination as well as preserving open space. Additionally, recycling conserves resources and reduces the need for new resources to be extracted from forests, oil wells, and mines, among others.[8] Recycling also has many indirect benefits. Recycling can lead to the creation of jobs and tax revenues that can make communities stronger and more prone to start environmentally responsible initiatives. Also, recycling can reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG’s) because the production, transport, and disposing of solid waste produces GHG’s.[9]<br />\nCosts<br />\nEPA’s WasteWise partners have documented that source reduction can lead to cost savings, particularly in shipping and receiving, office operations, and manufacturing.[10] Recycling can help reduce disposal costs.[11] While the individual cost of purchasing reusable items may be more than disposable products, realizing the long-term benefits of reusable items and life-cycle cost comparisons can balance the initial costs. The life cycle costs include not only the purchase price but also its use by employees, distribution, sterilization of reusable products, and the cost for waste disposal. Consider factors such as its effects on the health of employees and the impacts on the environment. Some source reduction and recycling practices require a change in habits rather than a change in cost.[12]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSource reduction can decrease the quantity of waste generated when a natural or human-caused disaster occurs. Proactive strategies for waste-related issues associated with disasters is an integral part of resilience planning.[13] Reducing waste and reusing or recycling materials can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Recycling. http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[2] The State of New Jersey. “Recycling in NJ: Source Reduction (Waste Reduction).” http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/source_red.htm (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[3] US EPA. “Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States.” http://www.epa.gov/wastes/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/snapshot.pdf (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[4] USGBC. The How and Why of Waste Audits at USGBC. https://www.usgbc.org/articles/how-and-why-waste-audits-usgbc  (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[5] NYC DEC. Practical Source Reduction Tips for Business. http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8822.html (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[6] Ibid.<br />\n[7] CalRecycle. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/reducewaste/business  (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[8] NERC. “New Jersey Environmental Benefits Fact Sheet on Recycling.” http://www.nerc.org/documents/fsheets/nj-factsht.html (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[9] Stopwaste.org. Recycling and Climate Protection. http://www.stopwaste.org/recycling/business/recycling-and-climate-protection  (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[10] US EPA. Wastes – WasteWise Program.  https://archive.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/smm/wastewise/web/html/cost.html (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[11] US EPA. Managing and Reducing Wastes: A Guide for Commercial Buildings. https://www.epa.gov/smm/managing-and-reducing-wastes-guide-commercial-buildings (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[12] GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Life Cycle Approach. https://sftool.gov/plan/399/life-cycle-approach (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[13] US EPA. Waste Management Planning to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change. https://www.epa.gov/homeland-security-waste/waste-management-planning-mitigate-impact-climate-change (accessed March 24, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Sustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>	GSA – Sustainable Facilities Tool – Life Cycle Approach<br />\n	NJ DEP – Bureau of Recycling and Planning<br />\n	NJ DEP – Source Reduction (Waste Reduction)<br />\n	Reducing Hazardous Wastes in Your Business<br />\n	Source Reduction Tips for Businesses<br />\n	US EPA – Managing and Reducing Wastes: A Guide for Commercial Buildings<br />\n	US EPA – Reducing and Reusing Basics<br />\n	US EPA – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(7989,1777,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-09 18:11:05'),(7990,1777,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(7991,1777,'_edit_lock','1650297684:2'),(7993,225,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Volunteers help attendees at Greenbuild International Conference and Expo learn about waste diversion practices at the conference (Source: usgbc.org)'),(7994,1777,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(7997,1777,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(7998,1777,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(7999,1777,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1777\" /]'),(8000,1777,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8001,1777,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8002,1777,'_thumbnail_id','225'),(8003,1777,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8004,1777,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8005,1777,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8009,1785,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8010,1785,'_edit_last','2'),(8011,1785,'_edit_lock','1651068519:2'),(8013,51,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Grid-interactive Efficient Building Key Characteristics (Source: U.S. DOE Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings 2019).'),(8014,334,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Table 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach'),(8015,1785,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8018,1785,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8019,1785,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8020,1785,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1785\" /]'),(8021,1785,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8022,1785,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8023,1785,'_thumbnail_id','51'),(8024,1785,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8025,1785,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8026,1785,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n					<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB)</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n					<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings?<br />\nA Grid-interactive Efficient Building (GEB) refers to an energy efficient building with smart technologies (e.g., smart meters, appliances, sensors and controls) designed to utilize multiple distributed energy resources (DERs) including solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, combined heat and power (CHP), energy storage, demand response (DR), electric vehicles (EVs), microgrids, and energy efficiency in an integrated way to optimize energy use for grid services (i.e., generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity from utility to consumer) and building occupants.[1]<br />\nFigure 1 shows several key features of GEBs. They are energy-efficient with high-performance features designed to reduce both net energy consumption and peak demand. Second, they are connected, with two-way communication capabilities that allow for response to grid conditions. Next, they are also smart with sensors and controls to optimize energy use for occupant patterns and preferences, utility price signals, weather forecasts, and available on-site generation and storage. Finally, they are flexible with the ability to reduce, shed, shift, modulate or generate electricity.<br />\nTraditional buildings do not interact with the grid or exchange energy data information. Smart buildings with advanced sensors and controls, and connected devices can utilize a variety of distribute energy resources (DERs) but often manage them separately. For example, smart metered buildings employ advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advanced monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply (see Smart Meters).[2] Smart metered buildings with on-site renewable energy generation (see Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems) and energy storage (see Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation) can signal consumers to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated on-site or from the grid when electricity demand is low (see Alternative Transportation).[3] Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.[4]<br />\nGrid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB) move beyond the siloed smart building approach to integrate across DERs, managing interactions and benefiting from synergies. Table 1 illustrates the integrated approach of GEBs. In this example, GEB is the sum (i.e., integrated DER approach) of the energy-efficiency and demand response columns (i.e., single DER approaches) and the additional capabilities of the GEB column.<br />\nTable 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach</p>\n<p>Implementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Building (GEB)<br />\nImplementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Building starts with optimizing energy efficiency, assessing DER opportunities and utilizing smart building technologies, which typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.<br />\nThe decision to install smart sensors and controls and the type of technologies selected depends on the size of the building and the building’s intended use. Smart system set-up and installation requires expert assistance. Look for devices with interoperability between smart building technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.<br />\nWhile sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.<br />\nContact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart building technologies that increase energy-efficiency.<br />\nExample<br />\nConnected Neighborhoods Project<br />\nThe Connected Neighborhoods Project recognizes the opportunities for maximizing building-to-grid interaction across a set of buildings. The first Smart Neighborhood, located in Birmingham, Alabama, is a joint project between Alabama Power, Signature Homes, and researchers at Southern Company, U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge Laboratory and the Electric Power Research Institute. This project integrates 62 high-performance homes with energy efficient systems and smart technologies, and a community-scale microgrid with PV panels, battery storage, and a backup natural gas generator to optimize grid services, cost savings, and resiliency.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nGEBs provide benefits to the grid by shifting energy loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from renewable sources thus reducing the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and preventing supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.[5] GEBs also help to balance new loads such as electric vehicles (EVs) and to support the electrification of transportation by hosting two-way EV charging locations. Also, GEBs can provide utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.[6]<br />\nGEBs add value to building owners by transforming traditional but flexible building energy demands like lighting and HVAC, along with DERs into energy assets.[7] GEBs equipped with smart technologies can respond to electric grid conditions, which helps avert system stress, enhancing the reliability of the entire grid. For building owners and operators, the benefits include cost-savings and efficiency gains from a better understanding of energy consumption patterns, advanced load and asset control mechanisms, and increased demand response and DER opportunities.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe initial cost, energy savings, and payback of GEB varies depending on the building’s technological features, size, layout, and existing building capabilities. In general, whole building applications benefit from economies of scale and cost less to install per square foot in larger buildings than in smaller ones. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation and commissioning costs compared to wired devices. Savings from the reduced utility demand charges often help cover the costs of building automatic systems and smart sensors and controls.[8]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nGEBs increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, GEBs help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently dispatching work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times, limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. [9]<br />\n[1] U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf  (accessed April 29, 2019).<br />\n[2] Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes (accessed August 17, 2018).<br />\n[3] Ibid.<br />\n[4] Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/  (accessed May 3, 2018)<br />\n[5] Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.<br />\n[6] 2006 FERC Report, 18 http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[7] U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf  (accessed April 29, 2019).<br />\n[8] EPRI. “Estimating the Cost and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf (accessed May 5, 2018).<br />\n[9] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nEnergy Star Equipment and Plug Load<br />\nEnergy Storage and Backup Power Generation<br />\nDemand Response and Peak-Load Management<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nSmart Metering<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>GRIDWISE ALLIANCE<br />\nNew Buildings Institute (NBI) GridOptimal Buildings Initiative<br />\nNJ Office of Clean Energy<br />\nNREL Electric Vehicle Grid Integration<br />\nSmart Energy Consumer Collaborative<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nSmart Grid – Where Power is Going?<br />\nUS DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8027,1785,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-04-25 19:02:02'),(8028,1785,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8029,1785,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8031,1785,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8032,1785,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8033,1785,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8034,1785,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8035,1785,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8036,1785,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8037,1785,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8039,1793,'_edit_lock','1650298289:2'),(8040,1793,'_edit_last','2'),(8041,1793,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8042,1793,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8043,1793,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8044,1793,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8045,1793,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8046,1793,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8047,1793,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8048,1793,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8049,1793,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n					<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">High-Efficiency Lighting System and NLCs</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n					<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are High-Efficiency Lighting System and NLCs?<br />\nA high-efficiency lighting system integrates daylighting and energy efficient electrical lighting with networked lighting controls (NLCs), to provide a comfortable environment for occupants while reducing energy usage and costs (see Daylighting, and Smart Sensors and Controls).[1] Lighting accounts for 17% of the total electricity consumption in commercial buildings and contributes to a building’s cooling load by emitting waste heat.[2] More stringent building codes, a phasing out of traditional lighting technologies (e.g., incandescents), utility incentives and rebates, and more energy efficient federal standards for lighting applications (e.g., screw-in light bulbs) have helped to drive the market for energy-efficient lighting technologies.[3]<br />\nFor example, fluorescent and high emitting diodes (HIDs) replaced incandescents, regarding energy efficiency and performance in the same way that LEDs (light emitting diodes) promise to command the commercial building sector, as LED technology and performance advance beyond screw-based fixtures to linear fixtures.[4] Fig 1 shows an OLED (organic light emitting diode), an emerging lighting technology, which utilizes carbon-based materials and can be molded into a variety of thin-profile configurations such as tiles and window-like materials to provide diffuse light.[5] OLEDs hold the potential to outperform LEDs as the technology commercializes and costs decline. Advances in materials, optics, electronic design, and smart sensors and controls, including lighting technologies paired with networked lighting controls, promise to offer additional performance and efficiency gains and an enhanced occupant experience through daylight harvesting, vacancy sensing, and task tuning. [6] By providing a foundation for future applications of the IoT (Internet of Things), networked lighting controls may also hold the potential to create new benefits and functions beyond supplying basic illumination, such as enhanced security, indoor environmental quality monitoring, and remote maintenance and service (see Smart Sensors and Controls).[7]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate a High-Efficiency Lighting System and NCLs?<br />\nElectrical lighting design involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process (see Integrated Design Process). For example, window glazing influences interior electrical lighting design, sizing of mechanical systems, and interior design layouts (see Energy-Efficient Windows, Glare, and Heat Gain Reduction, and Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).<br />\nLighting guidelines provide general principles and examples, but project specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting and lighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools that can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.[8]<br />\nThe following provides general best practice guidance on how to optimize daylighting and electrical lighting in new commercial buildings.[9]</p>\n<p>Set a Maximum Lighting Power Density (LPD) goal to avoid overlit spaces and to achieve an appropriate level of lighting per area lit or watts per square foot.<br />\nSet a Daylight Sufficiency Goal that establishes the amount of daylighting, measured in lumens or foot-candles, required to perform a typical task in each space without electrical lighting.<br />\nDevelop a layered lighting strategy that first utilizes daylight to provide primary or ambient lighting levels, and then adds electrical lighting options and controls to vary lighting levels for a variety of tasks and occupant preferences.<br />\nSpecify lighting products from the DesignLights Consortium or ENERGY STAR qualified product lists.<br />\nUse vacancy sensors (manual on, automatic off) as opposed to occupancy sensors (automatic on, automatic off) to save energy by requiring occupants to flip a switch if they require additional light.<br />\nProvide adjustable task lighting at individual workspaces to save energy by directing appropriate lighting to specific tasks.<br />\nIncorporate exterior motion sensors to save energy and enhance security and safety.<br />\nConsider photo-luminescent egress signage subject to local fire code.<br />\nPlan for backup power for critical lighting needs during a power outage, such as emergency and night-time lighting (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).<br />\nCommission and regularly re-commission all lighting systems and controls to optimize performance and energy savings.</p>\n<p>Examples<br />\nGSA Proving Ground – Advanced Lighting Controls and LED<br />\nThis case study conducted by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) investigated LED lighting and Advanced Lighting Controls (ALCs), including light-level tuning, occupancy sensing, and daylight harvesting in open-plan office buildings. The results showed 43% energy savings for buildings that utilized LED and ALCs compared to buildings that only implemented LED lighting. The study also found a significant increase in occupant satisfaction in buildings that utilized light-level tuning. The study concluded that LED and ALCs increase in cost-effectiveness in buildings with high utility rates, generous incentives, and open floor plans.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSupplementing natural daylight with high-efficiency lighting systems and NLCs provides multiple benefits:</p>\n<p>Reduced operating costs through energy efficiency gains and reduced maintenance and replacement costs through longer-lasting bulbs and fixtures.[10]<br />\nReduced cooling loads and downsized HVAC systems through less heat gain from electrical lighting (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).[11]<br />\nReduced number of toxic chemicals released into the waste stream and reduced light pollution.<br />\nImproved employee productivity and satisfaction based on a shared preference for naturally daylit spaces, reinforcement of circadian rhythms, and connection to nature.[12]<br />\nAbove average lease rates and lower tenant turnover.[13]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nHigh-efficiency lighting design and NLCs should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated throughout the design process. The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.<br />\nThe table below shows costs for Commercial and Industrial LED Luminaries[14]<br />\nCheck the New Jersey Office of Clean Energy for available incentives. At the time of this writing, incentives for lighting controls range from $20-$45 per fixture. The incentives for performance lighting are $1.00 per watt below the allowable wattage as determined by ASHRAE 90.1-2013 baseline and $30 per eligible fixture. Prescriptive lighting incentives range from $5 to $150 per fixture.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nImplementing high-efficiency lighting and NCLs provides energy savings and reduces reliance and stress on the electricity grid. Daylit-optimized buildings paired with high-efficiency lighting systems and built-in backup power for critical lighting needs further reduce stress on the grid, especially in the event of a power outage.<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide. (WBDG). Energy Efficient Lighting. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/efficientlighting.php (accessed May 16, 2018).<br />\n[2] US Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2017. CBECS 2012 – Trends in Lighting in Commercial Buildings.<br />\n[3] The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) requires general service lighting products sold as of January 1, 2020, to have an efficacy of at least 45 lumens per watt.<br />\n[4] US DOE. 2017. “Guiding SSL Technology Advances.” Department of Solid-State Lighting. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/guiding-ssl-technology-advances_sep2016.pdf (accessed Dec 13, 2018).<br />\n[5] US DOE. 2017. OLED Basics. Department of Solid-State Lighting. https://www.energy.gov/eere/ssl/oled-basics (accessed Dec 13, 2018).<br />\n[6] US DOE. 2017. “Guiding SSL Technology Advances.” Department of Solid-State Lighting. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/guiding-ssl-technology-advances_sep2016.pdf (accessed Dec 13, 2018).<br />\n[7] Iain Campbell et al. 2017. “A New Way to Think About Office Lighting.” Harvard Business Review. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Buildings Program. https://hbr.org/2017/06/a-new-way-to-think-about-office-lighting (accessed Dec 13, 2018).<br />\n[8] WBDG. Daylighting. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php (accessed April 4, 2018).<br />\n[9] General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf  (accessed Dec 11, 2018).<br />\n[10] Ibid WBDG.<br />\n[11] Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylight Controls. Windows for High-Performance Buildings. http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php (accessed July 5, 2018).<br />\n[12] California Energy Commission and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”<br />\nhttp://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf (accessed April 5, 2018).<br />\n[13] Daylight Dividends, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. “Daylighting Resources – Productivity.” http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/dr_productivity.asp (accessed April 4, 2018).<br />\n[14] US DOE: Energy Savers. “Purchasing Energy-Efficient Commercial and Industrial LED Luminaires.” https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/purchasing-energy-efficient-commercial-and-industrial-led-luminaires (accessed May 18, 2018).<br />\n[15] The Best Available Model category is calculated based on the most efficient model in the database collected from manufacturers as of February 2017.<br />\n[16] The Required Model category is calculated based on new FEMP designated efficiency requirements. Federal agencies must purchase products that meet or exceed FEMP designated efficiency requirements.<br />\n[17] The Less Efficient Model category is calculated based on the previous FEMP requirement for this product type.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Daylighting<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency<br />\nDesignLights Consortium<br />\nIlluminating Engineering Society (IES)<br />\nInternational Association of Lighting Designers (IALD)<br />\nLighting Research Center, Lighting Patterns for Healthy Buildings<br />\nNext Generation Lighting Industry Alliance (NGLIA)</p>\n<p>General Service Administration (GSA)</p>\n<p>Proving Ground<br />\nSustainable Facilities Tool</p>\n<p>NJ’s Clean Energy Program</p>\n<p>Commercial and Industrial Programs<br />\nLighting Incentives (See Performance Lighting and Prescriptive Lighting)</p>\n<p>US DOE</p>\n<p>Tax Credits, Rebates, and Savings (Lighting, New Jersey)<br />\nUS DOE – The Building Technologies Office’s Solid-State Lighting Program</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide</p>\n<p>Energy Efficient Lighting<br />\nElectric Lighting Controls</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8050,1793,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-04-25 19:02:02'),(8051,1793,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8053,589,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1. OLED Office Lighting (Source: US DOE Solid-State Lighting Program)'),(8054,295,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Table 1 - Commercial and Industrial Luminaries'),(8055,1793,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8058,1793,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8059,1793,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8060,1793,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1793\" /]'),(8061,1793,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8062,1793,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8063,1793,'_thumbnail_id','589'),(8064,1793,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8065,1793,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8066,1793,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8069,1798,'_edit_last','2'),(8070,1798,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8071,1798,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8072,1798,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8073,1798,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8074,1798,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8075,1798,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8076,1798,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8077,1798,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8078,1798,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n					<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\"> Smart Sensors and Controls</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n					<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Smart Sensors and Controls?<br />\nSmart sensors are devices that monitor conditions of the physical environment and building equipment such as temperature, air flow, moisture, humidity, lighting and daylighting levels, offer smoke and CO detection, and collect data about real-time building occupancy, and energy and water use (see Daylighting). Electronic actuators process these measurements, and smart controls utilize the data to adjust building conditions and optimize building performance in areas such as lighting and shading, HVAC systems, security, fire suppression, equipment plug loads, and landscape irrigation.[1] Controls utilize software with standardized communication protocols on networked computing devices such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, PCs or through dedicated hardware interfaces such as wall-mounted controls. Smart buildings consist of an integrated network of advanced sensors and controls and use Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to connect building systems and enable automated building operations and control.[2]<br />\nFor example, smart thermostats coupled with smart HVAC systems use multiple sensors and controls to monitor and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings, control energy consumption in unoccupied areas, and detect and diagnose issues. Smart appliances such as refrigerators and freezers use sensors and controls to remotely track and manage variables such as temperature, humidity, and energy use. Demand response enabled devices, including smart thermostats and certain appliances, can be controlled remotely by an energy provider to reduce peak power demand (see Demand Response and Peak Load Management).[3] Smart lighting consists of networked LED and linear fluorescent luminaires with advanced sensors that can detect lighting failure and advanced controls that utilize dual-technology infrared plus ultrasonic occupancy and vacancy sensing, daylight harvesting, dimming controls and task tuning (see High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls).[4] Smart solar window films adjust window tints based on incoming daylight, and window shading systems use auto-controlled devices that open and close at specific times of the day to manage light levels and solar heat gain (see Energy-Efficient Windows).[5] Smart plug load controls, including smart outlets and advanced power strips, use scheduling, motion sensing, or load detection to turn off equipment when not in use (see ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load). Smoke detectors enable automated sprinkler systems to function correctly, and CO sensors trigger alarms to protect building occupants before exposure to dangerous CO levels. Smart security systems automatically unlock doors for building employees using different types of sensors such as facial recognition or mobile phone GPS. Smart water metering and irrigation systems use sensors to monitor water use, detect leaks, and prevent irrigation systems from running when it is raining or when unnecessary.<br />\nSmart building technologies can connect users to a smart grid (see Smart Metering). Smart metered buildings utilize advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advanced monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply.[6] Smart metered buildings with on-site renewable energy generation (see Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems) and energy storage (see Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation) can signal consumers to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated on-site or from the grid when electricity demand is low (see Alternative Transportation).[7] Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.[8]<br />\nHow to Incorporate Smart Sensors and Controls<br />\nThe decision to install smart sensors and controls and the type of technologies selected depends on the size of the building and the building’s intended use. Smart system set-up and installation requires expert assistance. A building can incorporate multiple smart technologies or a single service such as a smart lighting system or a smart security system depending on the needs and desires of the building users. Look for devices with interoperability between smart building technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.<br />\nWhile sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.<br />\nContact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart building technologies that increase energy-efficiency.<br />\nExamples<br />\nGSA Green Proving Ground (GPG): Wireless Pneumatic Thermostats<br />\nA study conducted by the GSA Green Proving Ground Program found that wireless pneumatic thermostats, which detect space temperature and can wirelessly control HVAC systems, can cost-effectively reduce energy use by implementing unoccupied/occupied energy-saving control strategies.<br />\nPanasonic Corporation of North America, Newark, NJ.<br />\nThrough New Jersey’s Clean Energy Pay for Performance Program, Panasonic received guidance and financial incentives to implement lighting control strategies including daylight harvesting.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSmart building technologies provide tools to detect and manage building operations and maintenance, comfort, and energy performance issues, resulting in better equipment maintenance, higher occupant satisfaction, and reduced energy consumption and costs. Smart metered buildings can also track real-time energy consumption, allowing business owners to monitor and certify peak energy use reductions, and take advantage of lower electricity charges and peak demand incentive programs offered by utilities.[9]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe initial cost, energy savings, and payback of smart technologies vary depending on the technology’s features and capabilities. In general, smart technologies that cover the whole building in one application benefit from economies of scale and cost less to install per square foot in larger buildings than in smaller ones. Individual technologies, such as smart thermostats typically cost less for smaller buildings. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation and commissioning costs compared to wired devices. Savings from the reduced utility demand charges often cover the costs of smart control projects.[10]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSmart controls contribute to a building’s resiliency by providing real-time feedback on the status of critical building systems, notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, and providing remote access for turning systems on or off during potential power outages or other disruptive events. Smart sensors that do not rely on external power or wired networks can continue to provide feedback during power outages. Smart metering and smart devices and appliances with demand response ready equipment also benefit the energy system and promote resiliency by supporting grid stability, reducing peak energy demand, and increasing the use of renewable energy.<br />\n[1] Marina Sofos. 2018. “Sensor and Control Technologies: R&amp;D Overview.” Building Technologies Office (BTO). U.S. Department of Energy: Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. BTO Peer Review. April 30, 2018. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/05/f52/Sofos-Peer-Review-S%26C-043018.pdf (accessed Aug 13, 2018).<br />\n[2] Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[3] Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes (accessed August 17, 2018).<br />\n[4] Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[5] Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: A Deeper Dive into Market Segments.” December 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[6] Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes (accessed August 17, 2018).<br />\n[7] Ibid.<br />\n[8] Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/  (accessed May 3, 2018)<br />\n[9] Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/  (accessed May 3, 2018)<br />\n[10] EPRI. “Estimating the Cost and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf (accessed May 5, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nDemand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nOn-Site Wind Energy Generation<br />\nPhotovoltaic (PV) Systems<br />\nSmart Metering</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)<br />\nThe Connected Devices Alliance (CDA) Centre of Excellence<br />\nENERGY STAR – Smart Thermostats<br />\nSmart Buildings Center<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Smart Controls</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8079,1798,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-04-25 19:02:02'),(8080,1798,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8081,1798,'_edit_lock','1650298520:2'),(8083,1798,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8086,1798,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8087,1798,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8088,1798,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1798\" /]'),(8089,1798,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8090,1798,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8091,1798,'_thumbnail_id','239'),(8092,1798,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8093,1798,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8094,1798,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8097,1802,'_edit_last','2'),(8098,1802,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8099,1802,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8100,1802,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8101,1802,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8102,1802,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8103,1802,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8104,1802,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8105,1802,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8106,1802,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n					<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Smart Meters</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n					<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Smart Meters?<br />\nSmart meters or advanced meters, a component of the broader smart grid[1], use digital meters to record and transmit energy consumption and generation data, namely electricity, but also natural gas or water usage in intervals of an hour or less through a secure wireless network back to the utility and consumer at least daily.[2] As opposed to traditional analog or automated meter readers, smart meter technology includes remote reading, two-way communication, support of dynamic pricing[3], and remote disablement and enablement of supply.[4] Energy companies can use data from smart meters to better monitor and manage energy supply and demand, power outages and the integration of clean energy sources into the electric grid. Smart meters provide documentation for participation in utility-sponsored demand response programs, which incentivize consumers to interrupt or adjust energy use by reducing or shifting loads or storing energy during peak demand and periods of higher energy costs or enable utilities to remotely switch electricity services on or off based on the cost or availability of energy.[5] For example, consumption data from smart meters can signal a utility or consumer to remotely turn off air-conditioning units to avoid peak load issues or to run appliances during lower demand, lower-cost times of the day (see Smart Sensors and Controls).<br />\nData collected from smart meters connected to a smart grid supports the advancement and adoption of distributed energy generation and energy storage technologies, such as wind and solar, and plug-in electric vehicles (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).[6] By measuring both electricity generated as well as delivered, smart meters can help utilities better manage and control the storage and transmission of renewable power from distributed energy sources and micro-grids to end-users. Smart meter data can also provide consumers with information on when to use, store, or sell on-site renewable energy generation back to the grid and encourage smart electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours (see Alternative Transportation).<br />\nHow to Implement a Smart Metering System<br />\nImplementing a smart metering system begins with identifying the intended use and goals of the system as this determines the system’s requirements and features. Smart meter systems typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.<br />\nNon-sub-metered systems bill tenants based on a percentage of the total usage for the entire building. A smart sub-metered system makes billing tenants for their actual usage possible.[7] In commercial buildings with multiple tenants or businesses, smart meters provide individual tenants and the utility company information on electricity, natural gas, and water usage, providing the opportunity to track progress on conservation strategies and participation in demand response programs and to identify opportunities to increase energy efficiency and cost savings.<br />\nContact local electricity, natural gas, and water service providers for information on smart metering opportunities and demand response programs. In the absence of a utility run program, smart meters can be implemented by business owners to provide building operators with instant energy and water data for making informed energy choices or to help identify potential equipment issues and leaks, saving energy and money.<br />\nExample<br />\nOrange &amp; Rockland Smart Meter Program<br />\nThe Orange &amp; Rockland Electric Utility plans to install 400,000 smart meters to residential and commercial customers by 2020. The smart metering program aims to utilize the data from smart meters to boost grid reliability and cut the length of power outages by automatically notifying the utility when outages occur leading to faster restoration. Potential benefits to customers include data on energy use habits to promote behavior change or to signal customers to run building equipment and devices at off-peak hours or when cleaner, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are available.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSmart meters provide benefits to both utility companies and consumers. Data gathered from smart meters provides utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.[8] Via demand response, smart meters support the shift of loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from cleaner or renewable sources, reduce the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and prevent supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.[9] Benefits to consumers include enhanced customer service, reduced theft due to the remote and real-time meter reading, and the establishment of time-based rates. Smart meters also inform consumers of their real-time energy usage, providing them with data to make informed energy use decisions and potentially change behavior. Smart metering water lines allow commercial facility managers to see consumption trends within the building and to target areas for improvement.<br />\nCosts<br />\nOne study estimated that the average commercial customer would pay $7,000 to $10,000 for smart meter technology, which includes transmission and distribution upgrades and various customer costs (primarily the costs of the in-building technologies).[10] As an example, Rockland Electric predicts deployment costs of $16.5 million and estimates operational and management expenses over 20 years at $12 million. The utility projects to save $82 million over two decades in reduced labor and outage costs.[11]<br />\nFor smart water meters, project costs range widely based on the number of customers, the specific metering, and communications technologies selected, the level of software integration, and the state of the metering system before smart metering system implementation.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSmart meters increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, smart meters help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently sending work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times and limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. [12]<br />\n[1] Smart grids are electricity supply networks that use digital communications technology to detect and react to changes in energy supply and demand and manage the transport of electricity from generation sources to end users.<br />\n[2] U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2017. Frequently Asked Questions: Smart Meters. Updated December 7, 2017. https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1 (accessed Sept 5, 2018).<br />\n[3] Dynamic pricing includes time-of-use pricing, real-time pricing, variable peak pricing, critical peak pricing, and critical or peak time rebates.<br />\n[4] Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.<br />\n[5] Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.<br />\n[6] Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative. “Do smart meters help the environment?” http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment (accessed Sept 6, 2018).<br />\n[7] National Conference of State Legislatures “Utility Submetering” http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[8] 2006 FERC Report, 18 http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[9] Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.<br />\n[10] EPRI, “Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[11] Tom Johnson. 2017. NJ Spotlight. “Is New Jersey Finally Getting Smarter about Smart Meters?” http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/ (accessed Sept 7, 2018).<br />\n[12] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018)</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nSolar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV Systems</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>GRIDWISE ALLIANCE<br />\nNJ Office of Clean Energy<br />\nSmart Energy Consumer Collaborative<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nSmart Grid – Where Power is Going?<br />\nState of NJ Board of Public Utilities</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8107,1802,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-04-25 19:02:02'),(8108,1802,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8109,1802,'_edit_lock','1650298725:2'),(8111,405,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Electric smart meter (Source: Rutgers University Facilities).'),(8112,1802,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8115,1802,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8116,1802,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8117,1802,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1802\" /]'),(8118,1802,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8119,1802,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8120,1802,'_thumbnail_id','591'),(8121,1802,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8122,1802,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8123,1802,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8140,574,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.'),(8159,1814,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8160,1814,'_edit_last','2'),(8161,1814,'_edit_lock','1650985311:3'),(8163,90,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Example of software that tracks building performance (Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).'),(8164,377,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 3 – Infrared imaging showing improperly installed or damaged insulation. (Source: Rutgers Center for Green Building).'),(8165,1814,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8168,1814,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8169,1814,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8170,1814,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1814\" /]'),(8171,1814,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8172,1814,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8173,1814,'_thumbnail_id','377'),(8174,1814,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8175,1814,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8176,1814,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n					<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Building Evaluation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n					<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Building Evaluation?<br />\nBuilding evaluation is the ongoing process of assessing the actual performance of a building as compared to design or facility goals or a peer group of buildings or building types. Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) refers to a type of building evaluation that measures aspects of building performance such as resource consumption (i.e., energy, water). Other measures of a BPE may include accessibility, aesthetics, cost-effectiveness, productivity, safety and security, and sustainability.[1] Building evaluation may also include a systematic evaluation of the opinions of building users (i.e., occupants, visitors).  This additional aspect of building evaluation commonly falls under the rubric of Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE).[2]  Both BPE and POE can improve the functionality and efficiency of the target building as well as inform future green building design strategies. These evaluation methods are valuable yet often overlooked aspects of commercial green building.<br />\nIn a green building, the most significant areas for evaluation often include satisfaction of occupants, indoor environmental quality including air quality, lighting, acoustics, thermal comfort, and other areas such as occupant health, energy efficiency, and water conservation.  Other factors that may be important to evaluate, depending on the location, include the use of alternative transportation and site-specific choices like landscaping or other outdoor amenities.<br />\nThe Rutgers Center for Green Building has conducted several green building evaluations of various building types available on the Center’s website and as case studies on the NJ Green Building Manual site. Common key findings across these building evaluations include:</p>\n<p>Building occupants rarely behave as designers expect<br />\nGlare problems continue to plague successful implementation of daylighting strategies<br />\nBuilding design and interior space design and management require further coordination<br />\nHighly sophisticated equipment calls for a highly trained / knowledgeable   full-time facilities manager<br />\nGreen buildings generally outperform conventional buildings in energy consumption but underperform their design intent<br />\nEnergy models may be flawed</p>\n<p>How to Perform a Building Evaluation<br />\nThere are several ways to implement BPEs or POEs. An essential first step in the process is determining the criteria for evaluation as well as the methods. A green building evaluation may involve a combination of the following: interviews with occupants, space utilization surveys or floor plan analysis, analysis of utility data, deployment of monitoring or metering equipment and analysis of its results, indoor air quality tests, and other indicative, investigative or diagnostic tools (see Smart Sensors and Controls, and Smart Metering).<br />\nFor example, low-cost detection methods in combination with cost-effective thermal imaging can give property owners a complete assessment of building-related health and safety hazards. While property owners can pursue lower costs methods using consumer-grade technologies (e.g. ‘Foobot’ and ‘Air Visual’ products), they might want to work with a research center like the Center for Green Building (at Rutgers University) to utilize thermal imaging technologies (see Figure 2).[3] The cost of such technologies is decreasing, but data processing requires computing power and specialized software that is typically beyond the access and affordability of building managers. Such technologies enable owners to quickly identify and rectify problem spots in the building envelope and avoid the costs of more common but invasive and destructive trial-and-error processes.<br />\nBuilding Performance Evaluation (BPE) Analysis Tools developed by the US DOE Commercial Buildings Program are available for free download on their website.</p>\n<p>Examples<br />\nCost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards, Bronx Borough, NYC.<br />\nThis HUD-funded study led by a multidisciplinary team of researchers from Rutgers University explored the integration of infrared thermography and laser scanning for building hazard detection. The integration allowed a quick and objective measurement of common building defects that are relevant to a healthy building. The team developed a systematic method that consisted of infrared and laser scan data collection, data fusion, and data analysis. The study included an evaluation of two large multi-family multi-story buildings in the Bronx Borough of NYC. A total of 30 apartments were surveyed and analyzed according to several quantitative metrics including missing insulation, moisture issues, air infiltration, and thermal bridging.<br />\nPoor or missing insulation can impair the thermal performance of the building components significantly (see Figure 3). Moisture is the most common form of deterioration for a building potentially causing reduced insulation value, mold growth, brick sprawling, and roof membrane fastener corrosion. Air leakage and air infiltration can lead to higher energy consumption and condensation in construction which in its turn can cause a poor indoor climate. Thermal bridges are the elements or areas that are characterized by higher thermal conductance and can lead to an increase of energy heating requirements during the winter season.<br />\nThe results of the study showed varied conditions in the apartments, some of them having alarming concerns about thermal performance and hazardous conditions. The main finding deals with the relationship between missing insulation and particle penetration from outdoors to indoors. Investigators found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of airborne particles and the indoor/outdoor ratio of those particles, meaning that apartments with higher percentages of missing insulation also had higher (I/O) ratios. Additionally, in apartments where residents reported mold, higher amounts of insulation were missing – a finding that also matched residents’ asthma reports, leading investigators to conclude that building defects such as missing insulation have a direct effect on the residents’ well-being. This field study showed that low-cost detection of building hazards can generate precise measures to gauge the performance of the building and that integrating indoor air quality data and questionnaires with data from infrared thermography and laser scans can help create a complete picture of building performance and residents’ health.[4]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nBuilding evaluation identifies both successes and failures in building performance, with an emphasis on human interaction with building systems. BPE and POE can contribute to more efficient system operations, greater occupant comfort, and cost savings. Understanding trends in performance also inform new developments in predictive software for building designers and highlight the need for new technologies and more accurate modeling of realistic occupants. Finally, building evaluation helps build a body of knowledge about the performance of buildings that can inform future projects, policies and programs.<br />\nCosts<br />\nCosts for a building evaluation vary based on the level of evaluation and time constraints.  Depending on the resources of the organization, in-house staff can perform some aspects of a building evaluation. In the experience of the Rutgers Center for Green Building, building evaluations range from $15,000 for a very basic one through upwards of $150,000 for a robust building evaluation including multiple data points over time (longitudinal study).<br />\nCheck the NJ Clean Energy Program for available incentives, programs, and funding opportunities.<br />\nThe US EPA Building Performance with EnergyStar program also offers a free energy assessment and tracking tool called Portfolio Manager for commercial buildings.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nBuilding evaluation contributes to a building’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of critical building systems and notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Ongoing building evaluation can also evaluate how successfully a building is performing in response to increasing heat, more intense precipitation and storms, rising sea levels, and flooding, and increased frequency of power outages – all indicators of resiliency. Additionally, building evaluation can help prepare a building for these circumstances by evaluating whether a building has or has not implemented green building strategies with resiliency benefits. Examples include cooling and shading the building, improving the efficiency of the building envelope, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide. Facility Performance Evaluation. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php (accessed Jan 8, 2019).<br />\n[2] Post Occupancy Evaluation. https://postoccupancyevaluation.com/ (accessed Jan 9, 2019).<br />\n[3] Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.<br />\n[4] Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017). Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards. http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf (accessed Jan 10, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration<br />\nMoisture Control<br />\nSmart Metering<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017). Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards.<br />\nThe Rutgers Center for Green Building – Building Evaluation Projects<br />\nUniversity of California, Berkeley – Center for the Built Environment<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Facility Performance Evaluation</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8177,1814,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-04-25 19:02:02'),(8178,1814,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8179,1814,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8181,1814,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8182,1814,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8183,1814,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8184,1814,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8185,1814,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8186,1814,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8187,1814,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8192,1823,'_edit_last','2'),(8193,1823,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(8194,1823,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(8195,1823,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(8196,1823,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(8197,1823,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(8198,1823,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(8199,1823,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8200,1823,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(8201,1823,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Commissioning</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Commissioning?<br />\nCommissioning refers to a quality assurance process for new building projects for optimizing performance and improving building operation that includes verifying and documenting that the building and its systems and assemblies are planned, designed, installed, tested, operated and maintained to meet the owner’s requirements.[1] For new commercial building projects, commissioning begins during pre-design and continues through design, construction, occupancy, and operations. Changes in design or improper installation can lead to systems working inefficiently. Building systems also degrade and lose efficiency over time making re-commissioning and ongoing commissioning essential steps in the overall commissioning process (see Figure 1).</p>\n<p>How to Implement Commissioning<br />\nThe first step in the commissioning process is to designate the commissioning team, which often includes the Commissioning Agent (CxA), Building Owner, Architect/Engineer A/E, Construction Manager/General Contractor, Contractors, maintenance and operations personnel, and occupants (when available). The Building Commissioning Association (BCxA) recommends hiring a third-party independent CxA with excellent written and verbal communication skills, current engineering knowledge and extensive hands-on field experience regarding building systems, including principles of building system performance and system start-up, balancing, testing and troubleshooting, as well as knowledge and experience with building operation and maintenance procedures and the building and design process.[2]<br />\nThe commissioning team assures the completion on all of the steps in the commissioning process and the realization of building objectives and develops the building commissioning plan, which outlines and organizes the commissioning process schedule and allocation of resources and includes details of systems tests and procedures, system and equipment checklists, and testing and documentation responsibilities.<br />\nBuilding commissioning plans may include the following building systems and green building elements (as applicable):[3]</p>\n<p>HVAC systems (control settings and sequencing)<br />\nBuilding assembly (envelope, interior, paths of egress)<br />\nConveying systems (elevators and escalators)<br />\nProtective systems (fire suppression, lightning protection)<br />\nPlumbing (water distribution, sanitary or stormwater)<br />\nElectrical (power distribution, lighting)<br />\nCommunication systems (telecom, wireless networks, sound, video)<br />\nAlarm Systems (fault detection, security, leak detection)<br />\nIndoor air quality (moisture, airborne particles)<br />\nIndoor environmental quality (acoustics, thermal comfort)<br />\nRenewable energy (photovoltaics, wind energy)<br />\nSmart building technology (advanced metering, building automation systems)<br />\nEnergy storage and back-up power generation systems (ice storage, batteries)<br />\nAlternative water reuse systems (greywater recycling, composting toilets)</p>\n<p>The commissioning process provides testing and documentation that establishes valuable performance benchmarks, and a baseline for the future operation and the re-commissioning and ongoing commissioning of the building. Commissioning teams may consider issuing an occupant survey before re-commissioning to identify areas of concern and focus. The final re-commissioning report provides building upgrade recommendations and operations and maintenance improvement opportunities and describes the potential improvement, estimated implementation costs, and savings for each opportunity.<br />\nFor a more detailed overview of the commissioning process, including re-commissioning and ongoing commissioning see the Building Commissioning Association’s New Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices and Tools Handbook.<br />\nExample<br />\nNJ Meadowlands New Observatory Classroom Building<br />\nCommissioning through the construction of this building ensured that systems worked as designed and desired by the occupants. The formalized review process helped the building achieve LEED platinum certification.<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Optimized building systems and quality assurance.[4]<br />\nLower utility bills through reduced energy savings of 14-16%.[5]<br />\nImproved indoor environmental quality and occupant comfort.<br />\nFewer building system issues at building turnover.<br />\nEnhanced operation and maintenance.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nCommissioning costs depend on the type of facility, the complexity of the building systems, and the type and number of systems included in the process. The cost of not commissioning equals the costs of correcting mistakes plus the costs of inefficient operations.[6] Minimize costs by budgeting at least 0.5% to 1.5% of total construction costs or about $1.16 per square foot to cover the costs for commissioning agent services at the beginning of the project as opposed to adding on these services later.[7],[8] Reduce the costs of on-going commissioning by installing systems that make that process more manageable such as smart metering (see Smart Metering). The payback period for costs in extra time and labor and parts are around one to four years.[9] Other estimates find that payback can be less than two years and often less than six months.[10]<br />\nSee the New Jersey Office of Clean Energy for available programs and incentives related to commissioning.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nCommissioning contributes to a building’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of critical building systems and notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Commissioning identifies opportunities for energy savings and if implemented, helps to reduce stress on the grid and the likelihood of grid failures.<br />\n[1] Building Commissioning Association (BCxA). 2018. New Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices including BCxA Essential Attributes Updated May 2018.  https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf (accessed January 15, 2019).<br />\n[2] Building Commissioning Association (BCxA). 2018. New Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices including BCxA Essential Attributes Updated May 2018.  https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf (accessed January 15, 2019).<br />\n[3] Building Commissioning Association. 2016. Existing Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices and Tools https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf (accessed Jan 11, 2019).<br />\n[4] GSA Sustainable Facilities Toolkit. 2018. Building Commissioning. https://sftool.gov/search?query=Building+Commissioning (accessed Jan 14, 2019).<br />\n[5] LBNL. Building Commission – Summary of the 2009 Cost Assessment. http://cx.lbl.gov/2009-assessment.html (accessed January 17, 2019).<br />\n[6] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Building Commissioning. http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php (accessed Jan 14, 2019).<br />\n[7] LBNL. Building Commissioning. http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html (accessed January 14, 2019).<br />\n[8] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Owner’s Role and Responsibilities in the Commissioning Process.  http://www.wbdg.org/project/plan_comm_process.php (accessed January 14, 2019).<br />\n[9] LBNL. Building Commissioning. http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html (accessed January 14, 2019).<br />\n[10] US DOE | EERE. Federal Energy Management Program. Operations and Maintenance Best Practices Guide: Chapter 7. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/OM_7.pdf (accessed January 14, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Building Evaluation<br />\nSmart Metering</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>ASHRAE Standard 202-2018 – Commissioning Process for Buildings and Systems<br />\nBuilding Commissioning Association<br />\nUS DOE Building Commissioning for Federal Buildings<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Building Commissioning</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(8202,1823,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-08 00:01:54'),(8203,1823,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(8204,1823,'_edit_lock','1651068572:2'),(8206,65,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1- Types of Commissioning. (Source: US DOE Federal Energy Management Program Operations and Maintenance Best Practices).'),(8207,1823,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8210,1823,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8211,1823,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8212,1823,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1823\" /]'),(8213,1823,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8214,1823,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8216,1823,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8217,1823,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(8218,1823,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(8227,1829,'_edit_lock','1655929038:3'),(8228,1829,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(8229,1829,'_edit_last','3'),(8231,1829,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(8234,1829,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(8235,1829,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(8236,1829,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1829\" /]'),(8237,1829,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(8238,1829,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(8239,1829,'_thumbnail_id','457'),(8240,1829,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(8241,1829,'_et_pb_first_image',''),