(2505,3,'2022-06-23 17:57:19','2022-06-23 17:57:19','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Turf Grass Reduction\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Turf Grass?</h2>\n<p>Turf grass refers to a form of grass used when growing a lawn and typically includes species such as bluegrass, rye, and fescue.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> These species, referred to as conventional turf grass, grow evenly and to a uniform height when maintained. Conventional turf grass requires high levels of maintenance, irrigation, and fertilization to achieve a consistently green and manicured look. Turf grass had become common in the United States after post-World War II when it became a mainstream middle-class status symbol. At that time many types of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers were becoming commercially available.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Alternatives to conventional turf grass lawns include replacing the lawn with native grasses or groundcover and reducing the size of the lawn by incorporating other types of natural landscaping or garden beds (see <em>Native and Adapted Plants</em>).). There are many varieties of groundcovers, including those that are edible or flowering. Groundcover refers to plants that, once established, form a uniform layer over the ground and require little to no maintenance. Native grasses are species of grass that are native to a particular area and climate. These grasses require less maintenance and are less susceptible to pests.</p>\n<p>[caption id=\"attachment_587\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"622\"]<img class=\"wp-image-587 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Turf-Grass-Reduction-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – An example of non-lawn outdoor space (Source: Ithaca College).\" width=\"622\" height=\"540\" /> Figure 1 – An example of non-lawn outdoor space (Source: Ithaca College).[/caption]</p>\n<p>Reasons to consider reducing the use of turf grass include:</p>\n<p><u>High Maintenance Requirements</u></p>\n<p>Lawns require frequent and sometimes costly maintenance. Lawn maintenance often involves hiring lawn care employees, purchasing fertilizers, and maintaining lawn care equipment. Lawns may require mowing multiple times a week during the peak growing season. During a drought, lawns require irrigation. Landscapes consume 9 billion gallons of water each day in the United States, mostly to irrigate lawns.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p><u>High Pollution Outputs that Create Public Health Risks</u></p>\n<p>Lawn care chemicals can pose a threat to people, pets and the environment. Studies have found numerous adverse health consequences associated with the synthetic chemicals found in traditional lawn care products, especially for children due to their size, physiological development and proximity to the ground.</p>\n<p>Lawns can also contribute to water pollution as chemicals used to treat lawns combine with stormwater runoff and flow into freshwater supplies, adversely affecting plants and animal life. Many commercial lawns require frequent fertilization to maintain quality turf grass. Excessive fertilizer use can also lead to fertilizers entering sources of drinking water.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>Note that while conventional turf grass does help remove carbon dioxide from the air, the amount sequestered does not cancel out the greenhouse gas emissions produced from fertilizer production, mowing, leaf blowing and other lawn management practices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p><u>Lack of Biodiversity</u></p>\n<p>Conventional turf grass lawns lack biodiversity, an essential component of healthy ecosystems, and do not support a wide variety of birds, beneficial insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<h2>How to Reduce Turf Grass</h2>\n<p>Turf grass accounts for 30-40 million acres of land in the United States.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> Many fiscally and environmentally responsible alternatives to lawns exist such as minimizing turfgrass areas, using more eco-friendly grass species for remaining turf areas, and planting a wide variety of low-maintenance trees, shrubs, and perennials to create garden spaces, rain gardens, and native habitats (see <em>Rain Gardens</em>). When designing an alternative lawn, select eco-friendly grass and grass-like species such as native sedges and meadow mixes and limit turf areas for defining garden edges, active recreation areas, pathways between planting beds and other structural and functional purposes. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Native grasses and sedges can provide a low maintenance alternative with high ecological value.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p><u>Use Groundcover</u></p>\n<p>Groundcovers refer to low-growing plants including native grasses and sedges but also include taller trees and shrubs that grow together to form dense vegetation. Choose groundcovers that require little maintenance and support wildlife.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a>  Increasing the size of shrub beds and adding groundcovers can facilitate the reduction of erosion and water runoff.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a> Select non-invasive groundcovers that do not threaten plant biodiversity or affect wildlife that depends on native species as a food source.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>To select an appropriate groundcover, talk with the local cooperative extension agent and refer to the <a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">NJ Native Plant Society’s</a> listing of native and invasive species and the <a href=\"https://www.nwf.org/NativePlantFinder/About\">Native Plant Finder</a>. Native species often vary across regions, even within New Jersey. Note that the USDA identifies New Jersey as being in Hardiness Zones 5 through 7.</li>\n<li>To contain groundcovers, install an edge barrier such as a row of low bricks or wood frame. Extend edging a few inches into the soil to contain roots.</li>\n<li>Weed and mulch groundcover regularly, especially in the first year of planting.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">County Extension Offices</a> trains volunteer in each county through its Master Gardeners Program to provide guidance on lawn alternatives.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Tips on Removing Lawn</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use a sod cutter to remove sections of existing lawn gradually.</li>\n<li>Remove existing lawn but do not disturb the soil as turning the soil allows weeds to compete with the new native seedlings.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><u>Tips for Caring for Existing Lawns</u></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Keep mower at 2 1⁄2 inches, water in the early morning and de-thatch if thatch reaches more than 1⁄2 inch in thickness. Cutting lawns too short decreases root growth.</li>\n<li>Leave clippings on the lawn as a natural source of nitrogen for the soil, recycle the clippings or start a compost pile.</li>\n<li>Reduce water needs by mulching the garden beds around an existing lawn.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Economic</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Decreases maintenance costs and reduces water bills. Once established, groundcovers appropriate to the site conditions require less upkeep than conventional turf grass.</li>\n<li>Reduces costs spent on fertilizers and pesticides.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Environmental</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases biodiversity and support of wildlife such as birds, insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.</li>\n<li>Dense and short growing groundcover plants eliminate weeds, preserve moisture in the soil, and do not require mowing.</li>\n<li>Reduces the need for lawn irrigation (see <em>Water-Efficient Landscaping</em>).</li>\n<li>Groundcovers act as mulch, enhancing the soil.</li>\n<li>Groundcovers and native grasses require less maintenance to prevent soil erosion compared to turfgrass.</li>\n<li>Reduces toxic emissions released into the environment from lawnmowers.</li>\n<li>Reduces use of fossil fuels required by lawn and irrigation equipment.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Personal Wellness</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Saves time and labor.</li>\n<li>Connects people to the natural landscape.</li>\n<li>Creates a diverse and aesthetically pleasing outdoor environment.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>The cost of lawn alternatives varies depending on the type and size of the landscape. For example, cost per square foot of alternative groundcovers depends upon the type of plants chosen and the size of the groundcover. The higher initial cost of selecting plants specific to the site pays for itself over time through reduced maintenance costs compared to less adaptive and higher-maintenance turf grass.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Replacing conventional turf grass with native plants and water-efficient landscaping promotes resiliency by decreasing water use and reducing the reliance and stress on municipal water infrastructure. Alternatives to turf grass can also increase groundwater infiltration, helping to slow stormwater runoff and reduce erosion during flooding events. Also, replacing turf grass with diverse native plants increases the biological diversity in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> American-Lawns. “Mixtures and Blends.” <a href=\"http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html\">http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Turf Grass Madness: Reasons to Reduce the Lawn in Your Landscape.”  <a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf\">http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf</a> (accessed March 22, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> U.S. EPA.  Outdoor Water Use in the United States.  <a href=\"https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html\">https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html</a> (accessed March 22, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US EPA, University of West Virginia. “Managing Turfgrass and Garden Fertilizer Application to Prevent Contamination of Drinking Water.” <a href=\"http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf\">http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> University of California, Irvine.  Turfgrass. <a href=\"https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/\">https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/</a>  (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> NJ DEP. 2015. New Jersey Natural Heritage Program. <a href=\"https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/\">https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/</a> (accessed Sept 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Earth Institute at Columbia University.  “The Problem of Lawns.” <a href=\"http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2010/06/04/the-problem-of-lawns/\">http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2010/06/04/the-problem-of-lawns/</a> (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Less Lawn. “Native Grass Lawns.” <a href=\"http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html\">http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html</a> (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> The Nature Conservancy. Habitat Network. Native Grasses for your Native Lawn. <a href=\"http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/\">http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/</a> (accessed November 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Groundcover Alternatives to Turf Grass.”  <a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf\">http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf</a> (accessed March 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/turf-grass-reduction/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> Ibid.</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.16\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-native-and-adapted-plants/\">Native and Adapted Plants</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/rain-gardens-and-cisterns/\">Rain Gardens</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-water-efficient-landscaping/\">Water-Efficient Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.16\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.audubon.org/bird/at_home/pdf/AAHPA-21-32-Lawn.pdf\">Audubon Society – Lawn Alternatives</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.cleanwaternj.org/garden.html\">Clean Water NJ – In the Garden</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.jerseyyards.org/jersey-friendly-plants/\">Jersey-Friendly Yards</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.npsnj.org/\">Native Plant Society of New Jersey</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nwf.org/NativePlantFinder/About\">Native Plant Finder</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/\">Nature Conservancy – Habitat Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/dep/watershedrestoration/waterbook_chp6.html\">NJ DEP Lawn and Garden Care</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/county/\">Rutgers NJ Agriculture Experiment Station</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/subcategory.php?cat=5&amp;sub=35\">Commercial Turfgrass and Landscape Maintenance Fact Sheets &amp; Bulletins</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://turf.rutgers.edu/\">Center for Turfgrass Science</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://water.rutgers.edu/Rain_Gardens/RGWebsite/RainGardenManualofNJ.html\">Rutgers Water Resource Program – Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>University Extension Services – Groundcovers</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf\">Delaware</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170911143317/http://extension.umd.edu:80/hgic/groundcover-list\">Maryland</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>US Environmental Protection Agency</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/tools/greenscapes/web/html/brochure.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US EPA Greenscapes: Environmentally Beneficial Landscaping</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Turf Grass Reduction','','inherit','closed','closed','','1134-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:57:19','2022-06-23 17:57:19','',1134,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2505',0,'revision','',0),(2506,3,'2022-06-23 17:57:26','2022-06-23 17:57:26','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Daylighting\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong><b>What is Daylighting?</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Daylighting combines building orientation, fenestration (e.g., the location of windows and openings in a building), shading devices, interior design, and lighting and controls.  Daylighting illuminates indoor spaces with appropriate levels of natural light, minimizes glare and heat gain, and reduces electrical lighting needs (see <em><i>Integrated Design Process, Building Orientation, High-Efficiency Lighting Systems, and Networked Lighting Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction and Sensor Controls</i></em>).</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_582\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"894\"]<img class=\"wp-image-582 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Daylighting-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Sunshade at Rutgers Visitor Center (Source: Rutgers University).\" width=\"894\" height=\"540\" /> Figure 1 – Sunshade at Rutgers Visitor Center (Source: Rutgers University).[/caption]<p>Building orientation, in combination with window selection and placement and reflection and glare from adjacent buildings, impacts daylighting levels, thermal comfort, ventilation, and views to nature (see <em><i>Natural Ventilation </i></em>and <em><i>Views and Operable Windows</i></em>). A daylighting-optimized building maximizes south and north exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive more favorable sources of direct and indirect natural light, respectively.<sup><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></sup> The design and choice of window glazing also affect the amount, distribution, and quality of daylight.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> For example, glazing systems with tinted glass and low-solar low-E coatings reduce solar heat gain with little reduction in visible transmittance or the amount of light in the visible portion of the spectrum.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Introducing daylight from skylights or solar tubes can also help balance daylight in a room. Utilize the upper portion of windows to introduce high levels of daylight and avoid glare issues, while taking advantage of views from the lower portion of windows, balanced by proper shading.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, louvers, and reflecting systems and self-shading elements of building form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light. Interior designs that incorporate open layouts and light-colored surfaces also bounce light throughout interior spaces. For example, dark interior finishes can compromise an otherwise successful daylighting design.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Furniture, cubicles, and workstations can block light and have a substantial impact on the light levels in a given space. Model any partition systems or permanent furniture in the design phase as they can have a significant impact on interior light levels.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Reduce electrical lighting consumption and costs, and associated waste heat by pairing harvested daylight with automated dimmers and photosensors (see <em><i>High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</i></em>).</p>\n<h2><strong><b>How to Implement Daylighting</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Designing for daylighting involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process. For example, window glazing influences interior electrical lighting design, sizing of mechanical systems, and interior design layouts. The following outlines steps to integrate daylighting and electrical lighting into new commercial buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>\n<ol>\n<li>Set a Maximum Lighting Power Density (LPD) goal to avoid overlit spaces and to achieve an appropriate level of lighting per area lit or watts per square foot.</li>\n<li>Set a Daylight Sufficiency Goal that establishes the amount of daylighting, measured in lumens or foot-candles, required to perform a typical task in each space without electrical lighting.</li>\n<li>Develop a layered lighting strategy that first utilizes daylight to provide basic or ambient lighting levels, and then adds electrical lighting options and controls to vary lighting levels for a variety of tasks and occupant preferences.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Daylighting guidelines provide general principles and examples, but project specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools that can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190112120531/https://www.commercialwindows.org/fdt.php\">The Facade Design Tool</a> by the Efficient Windows Collaborative compares several design parameters including orientation, window area, controls, shading, and window type to predict performance outcomes such as annual energy use and savings, daylight levels, glare, and thermal comfort.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/software\">Low Energy – High Performance:  Building Façade Solutions</a> by Berkeley Lab offers a list of simulation software for modeling window system performance.</p>\n<h3><strong><b>Examples</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/case_hl.php\">The Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Office Building, NJ</a></p>\n<p>This building uses several design strategies to bring daylight into a massive central core building including small interior atriums, light shelves, and prismatic glazing.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/factsheets/WashingtonDesignGuideOffice.pdf\">Perimeter Office Zones, Washington, DC</a></p>\n<p>This case study and design guide examine combinations of window area, shading devices, and glazing types to maximize daylighting and save energy.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Controlled, natural lighting provides multiple benefits:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Reduced cooling loads and downsized HVAC systems through less heat gain from electrical lighting (see <em><i>Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</i></em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Improved employee productivity and satisfaction based on a shared preference for naturally daylit spaces, reinforcement of circadian rhythms, and connection to nature.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></li>\n<li>Above average lease rates and lower tenant turnover.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Daylighting design should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated throughout the design process.  The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>In the event of a power outage, a daylighting-optimized building provides interior light to building occupants, reducing reliance and stress on the grid and providing energy savings.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32. <a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf</a> (accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylighting. <a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php</a>(accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Window Technologies: Transmittance. <a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php</a> (accessed July 6, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a>  (accessed Dec 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> US DOE. <em><i>Lighting Design.</i></em> <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/lighting-design\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/lighting-design</a>  (accessed September 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) <em><i>Daylighting. </i></em>September 2016. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting</a> (accessed September 10, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” <a href=\"https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf\">https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf</a> (accessed Dec 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> WBDG. Daylighting. <a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php\">http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Ibid WBDG.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylight Controls. Windows for High-Performance Buildings. <a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php\">http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php</a> (accessed July 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> California Energy Commission and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential”</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf\">http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Daylight Dividends, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. “Daylighting Resources – Productivity.” <a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/dr_productivity.asp\">http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/dr_productivity.asp</a> (accessed April 4, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-glare-and-heat-gain-reduction/\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-high-efficiency-lighting-systems-and-networked-lighting-controls/\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/integrated-design-process/\">Integrated Design Process</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-natural-ventilation/\">Natural Ventilation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-properly-sized-hvac-equipment/\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-smart-sensors-and-controls/\">Smart Sensors and Controls</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windows.lbl.gov/software\">Berkeley Lab – Building Technology and Urban Systems- Windows and Daylighting – Software Tools</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.commercialwindows.org/\">Efficient Windows Collaborative. Windows for High-Performance Commercial Buildings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.iesna.org/\">Illuminating Engineering Society of North America</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf\">LBNL and US DOE. The Integrated Approach – Tips for Daylighting with Windows</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) – Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/fenestration-systems/glazing\">Glazing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sun-control-and-shading-devices\">Sun Control and Shading Devices</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/fenestration-systems/windows\">Windows</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>New Buildings Institute (NBI)</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://patternguide.advancedbuildings.net/\">Daylighting Pattern Guide</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Other</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.seventhwave.org/daylighting\">Seventhwave</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/videos/energy-101-daylighting\">US DOE – Energy Savers – Daylighting</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Daylighting','','inherit','closed','closed','','1146-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 17:57:26','2022-06-23 17:57:26','',1146,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2506',0,'revision','',0);

INSERT INTO `wp_posts` VALUES (2564,3,'2022-06-23 18:09:34','2022-06-23 18:09:34','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"On-Site Wind Energy Systems\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is an<span> </span></strong><strong>On-Site Wind Energy System?</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site wind energy systems provide renewable energy in areas with sufficient wind speed. Prime locations for harvesting wind energy in New Jersey are along the shore.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>The two main types of wind turbines include horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT), the most common, and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Initially designed to be mounted on high poles in open or rural areas, small wind turbines (SWTs) include systems that are 100 kilowatts (kW) or less. Small wind energy systems can either be stand-alone (e.g., not connected to the utility grid) or grid-connected. Built-environment wind turbines (BEWT) refer to projects constructed on, in, or near buildings.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>The highly turbulent and variable wind directions often found in the built environment make VAWTs a viable option for these types of locations as VAWTs do not need to orient into the wind to generate power.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>VAWTs come in two different designs: the Savonius design, which generates power through drag, and the Darrieus, which generates power through an aerodynamic lift.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_573\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"666\"]<img class=\"wp-image-573 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-On-Site-Wind-Energy-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).\" width=\"666\" height=\"624\" /> Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).[/caption][caption id=\"attachment_284\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"662\"]<img class=\"wp-image-284 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-OnSite-Wind-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).\" width=\"662\" height=\"444\" /> Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement an On-Site Wind Energy System</strong></h2>\n<p>There are many factors to consider when deciding on a wind energy system, including wind speed, location, lot size, and zoning restrictions.</p>\n<p>Contact the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding for on-site wind energy systems. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site wind energy system project comprise a wind resource assessment study, sizing, and design of systems.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>For example, siting turbines on the highest elevation on the site often correspond to the highest, unobstructed wind speeds. Wind speed increases with height, and small increases in speed boost a turbine’s generating-potential significantly.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></p>\n<p>Figure 3 shows that coastal New Jersey has the best wind resources, although some inland areas also have adequate winds. While wind maps help to get a general idea of the wind speeds in the area, actual wind resources on a particular site vary depending on topography and structural interference.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>Contact the local building authority or planning board to find out about necessary permits and requirements to build a wind energy system on the property. Zoning ordinances sometimes do not address wind turbines, or they may not allow structures taller than 35 ft. Obtaining a variance may be necessary. In January 2010, New Jersey enacted legislation to prevent municipalities from adopting regulations that place unreasonable limits or hinder the performance of small wind energy systems. For more information, visit the<span> </span><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/3929\">Database of State Incentives for Renewables &amp; Efficient (DSIRE).</a></p>\n<p>Experienced wind turbine manufacturers and installers can help to determine the potential energy production for the site, depending on wind speeds, the height of the towers, and other factors such as site elevation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">NREL.<em><span> </span>“</em>Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices.”</a></p>\n<p>This study looked at several case studies of BEWTs, documenting mixed-results in the BEWT industry. Main obstacles included, 1) project feasibility and planning processes that are insufficient and not well defined, 2) additional expenses related to installation and operations in the built environment that create high-cost projects, 3) a lack of certified manufacturers for ongoing service and parts availability, and 4) over-estimated project performance due to the complexity of conducting accurate resource and production assessments in the built environment. The BEWT projects with the best outcomes had well developed and quantified project goals that included energy production as well as education and sustainability marketing goals. These projects also conducted more thorough feasibility investigations, used certified HAWTs with a proven track record, and were installed on taller buildings relative to surrounding obstacles.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Wind power reduces dependence on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a><span> </span>Generating power from wind reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promotes the renewable energy industry in New Jersey.</p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>In New Jersey, between 2002 and 2011, residential wind turbine installation costs ranged from $12,000 to $100,000.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a><span> </span>Nationwide, wind turbines cost between $800/kW and $1100/kW and a typical 2 MW project costs between $1.6 and $2.2 million.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Necessary fees include utility company fees, township and county permits, and installation which accounts for about 7% of the total project cost for a residential project.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a><span> </span>Installing a wind turbine often have higher upfront, capital costs; however, net metering, lower utility bills, tax incentives, and renewable energy credits facilitate a faster payback and lower costs in the long run. A wind energy system can lower electricity bills 50 to 90 percent.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a><span> </span>Depending on the strength of the wind resource and the cost of the system, the typical paybacks range from 6-15 years.</p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site wind energy systems rely on wind, a site-based resource and may operate independently from the power grid. Installed with additional hardware—including transfer switches, critical load panels, and appropriate controls—these systems can act as self-sufficient microgrids, generating energy and powering critical loads in the absence of utility sourced power. Wind energy systems provide additional protection from flooding events, based on elevated installations.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>American Wind Energy Association. “Wind 101: Wind Energy Basics.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180903090547/http://www.awea.org:80/wind-power-101\">https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101</a><span> </span>(accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>WBDG. Wind Technology.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a><span> </span>(accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Jason Fields, Frank Oteri, Robert Press, and Ian Baring-Gould (2016) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>J. Smith, T. Forsyth, K. Sinclair, and F. Oteri. (2015) NREL. Built-Environment Wind Turbine Roadmap.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>WBDG. Wind Technology.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology</a><span> </span>(accessed April 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"></a>DOE. Small Wind Guidebook.<span> </span><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts\">https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts</a><span> </span>(accessed April 11, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>US DOE.<span> </span><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/maps-data/207\">https://windexchange.energy.gov/maps-data/207</a><span> </span>(accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>McCollum, David, and Christopher Yang. 2009. “Achieving deep reductions in US transport greenhouse gas emissions: Scenario analysis and policy implications.” Energy Policy 37: 5580-5596.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>NJCEP. Installation and Project Status Reports (REIP and CORE Programs).<span> </span><a href=\"http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive\">http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive</a><span> </span>(accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>US DOE. 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>Pacific Northwest National Lab. Benchmarking US Small Wind Costs.<span> </span><a href=\"https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf\">https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-onsite-wind-energy-systems/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a><span> </span>DOE. Small Wind Electric Systems.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/buying-and-making-electricity/small-wind-electric-systems\">https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/buying-and-making-electricity/small-wind-electric-systems</a><span> </span>(accessed April 12, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><em>General information and Starting Up</em>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://cleanpower.org/\">American Wind Energy Association (AWEA)</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>NJ Clean Energy Program\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=80&amp;start=1\">Trade-Ally: Residential</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=84&amp;start=1\">Wind Site Assessor</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/files/docs/small_wind_economic_model.xls\">Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/downloads/2016-wind-technologies-market-report\">2016 Wind Technologies Market Report</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><em>Technical Guidance</em>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://distributedwind.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Distributed-Wind-Toolkit-Nov2017.pdf\">Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) Distributed Wind Energy Zoning and Permitting: A Toolkit for Local Governments</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/29948.pdf\">Small Wind Electric Systems: A New Jersey Consumer’s Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts\">Small Wind Guidebook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://windexchange.energy.gov/\">US Northeast Wind Resource Center</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><em>Funding Sources</em>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://cleanpower.org/facts/wind-power/\">American Clean Power - Wind power facts</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://elpc.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/ELPC-Community-Wind-Book-09.pdf\">Community Wind Financing</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>NJ Clean Energy Program\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/technologies/wind/wind\">See<span> </span><em>Financing Your System</em></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/tools-and-resources/tradeally/approved_vendorsearch/?id=80&amp;start=1\">Trade-Ally: Residential</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR On-Site Wind Energy Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1321-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:09:34','2022-06-23 18:09:34','',1321,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2564',0,'revision','',0),(2565,3,'2022-06-23 18:09:43','2022-06-23 18:09:43','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Photovoltaic (PV) Systems\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Photovoltaic (PV) Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>PV cells placed together in a module which are then grouped to form an array applied to surfaces such as roofs or applied as ground mounts. A specific PV system, known as Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) uses PV technology and applies it to building materials, serving multifunctional purposes.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>For example, a BIPV skylight not only captures energy to generate electricity for a building but also provides daylighting (see<span> </span><em>Daylighting</em>). Another strategy incorporates PV technology into an exterior wall for decorative purposes as well as collecting energy.</p>\n<p>PV systems can be stand-alone or grid-connected. Stand-alone systems, not connected to the electricity grid, are used in remote locations where extending power lines can be expensive costing anywhere from $15,000 to $50,000 per mile.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>These systems can also be used by people who live near the grid who wish to be independent of the utility or invest fully in non-polluting energy resources.</p>\n<p>Grid-connected systems utilize solar energy when available and feed excess electricity back to the grid. When the sun does not shine, the grid supplies the home electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>A grid-connected PV system consists of one or more PV modules are connected to an inverter, which converts the system’s direct-current (DC) electricity to alternating current (AC). Optional batteries provide energy storage or backup power in case of a grid power interruption or outage (see<span> </span><em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>Connecting to the grid requires typically requires two agreements, an interconnection agreement and a purchase and sale agreement.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Net-metering allows excess electricity generated by grid-connected PV systems to feed back to the grid.  Net-metering rules vary from state to state and may restrict the amount of energy exported back to the grid based on a minimum capacity that is established by the utility or utility commissions. If the home uses more electricity than is produced by the PV system, the system owner pays the power provider for the difference between what was used and produced.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>When a customer’s renewable energy system produces more electricity than the customer needs, the excess energy is exported back to the grid.  All grid connected PV systems qualify to generate Solar Renewable Energy Credits (SRECS) which could be traded for additional incentives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_17\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"808\"]<img class=\"wp-image-17 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NR-PV-Systems-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1: Residential grid-connected PV system (Source: US Department of Energy)\" width=\"808\" height=\"416\" /> Figure 1: Residential grid-connected PV system (Source: US Department of Energy)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement a Photovoltaic (PV) System</strong></h2>\n<p>Check out<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.google.com/get/sunroof#p=0\">Google Project Sunroof</a><span> </span>and enter your address to find out the solar savings potential of your home.</p>\n<p>Contact the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding for Photovoltaic Systems.</p>\n<p>While projects can tailor PV systems to meet the needs of a particular site and home, south facing surfaces not shaded by nearby trees, buildings, and structures provide the best results (see<span> </span><em>Building Orientation</em>). If possible, orient collectors at the angle of the location’s latitude (in New Jersey, this is approximately 40°N). Flat roofs also work well for solar electric systems, allowing PV modules to tilt at an optimal angle toward the sun. Ground systems mounted on a tracker to follow the sun work well for homes with large yards.</p>\n<p>Hire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Example</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/casestudy02_Ian_Stocks.pdf\">New Jersey Clean Energy Program PV Installation, Suburban Home, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This case study describes a New Jersey resident’s experience installing solar panels on his home.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>An NJ Clean Energy Program rebate reduced the initial cost by $11,000</li>\n<li>Electric bills dropped by 25 percent each month</li>\n<li>Ten-year payback based on estimated annual energy savings.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating on-site renewable energy systems reduces greenhouse gas emissions,</p>\n<p>protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. The modularity of PV systems allows great flexibility in applying this technology to different home designs. Solar PV can help manage peak demand and lower utility rates, while also providing shade and urban heat island reduction benefits (see<span> </span><em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). Additional benefits include low-cost operations and maintenance, and US-based manufacturers and installers that provide domestic jobs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>PV systems require a high upfront investment but lower monthly electricity bills. Most solar electric systems last 30 years and pay for themselves in 4 to 5 years.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a><span> </span>The cost per kilowatt-hour goes down as the system size increases. In 2019, residential solar electric systems incurred a median installed cost of $2.50 – 3.00 per watt. Federal and state tax credits and rebates are available to offset costs. While actual costs vary depending on system configuration and other factors, the following are average costs before rebates and taxes:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>A 2-kilowatt (2,000-watt) system costs between $5,000 and $15,000 and supplies enough energy to meet most of the needs of an energy-efficient home.</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>A 5-kilowatt system may be installed for $10,000 to $40,000, with an average cost of around $20,000, and can meet all the electricity needs of a large home.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see<span> </span><em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV and Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a><span> </span>Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Eiffert Ph. D, Patrina, and Gregory J. Kiss. NREL. Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Designs for Commercial and Institutional Structures: A Sourcebook for Architects.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf\">www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed  April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>US DOE. Off-Grid or Standalone renewable Energy Systems. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/grid-or-stand-alone-renewable-energy-systems (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>NREL. Connecting Your Solar Electric System to the Utility Grid.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31687.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31687.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>US DOE. A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>US DOE. A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>NREL. Connecting Your Solar Electric System to the Utility Grid<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31687.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31687.pdf</a><span> </span> (accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a>  NJ’s Clean Energy Program. Net Metering and Interconnection.<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/net-metering-and-interconnection\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/net-metering-and-interconnection</a><span> </span>(accessed April 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>Renewable Energy World. Advantages and disadvantages of Solar Photovoltaic – Quick Pros and Cons of Solar PV<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ugc/articles/2012/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-photovoltaic--quick-pros-and-cons-of-solar-pv.html\">http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ugc/articles/2012/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-photovoltaic–quick-pros-and-cons-of-solar-pv.html</a><span> </span>(accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/solar-cell3.htm\">The Anatomy of a Photovoltaic System</a></li>\n<li>DSIRE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energysage.com/solar/calculator/?rc=dsirecalc&amp;__hstc=&amp;__hssc=&amp;hsCtaTracking=24f6de41-f4cb-4d54-bd03-4e93c4803dc6%7Cf8ccc64f-8ead-4828-bb3d-8aeff1490f02\">Calculate Your Solar Panel Savings</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?fromSir=0&amp;state=NJ\">DSIRE Solar Incentives and Policies for New Jersey</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.google.com/get/sunroof#p=0\">Google Project Sunroof</a></li>\n<li>NJ Office of Clean Energy\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/programs\">Programs</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/project-activity-reports/project-activity-reports\">Solar Activity Reports (including project lists and SREC pricing)</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP)\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nabcep.org/\">List of certified system installers in New Jersey</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://pvwatts.nrel.gov/\">NREL PVWatts calculator</a></li>\n<li>US DOE\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">A Consumer’s Guide to Solar Electricity for the Home</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210305043249/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/articles/so-you-want-go-solar-3-things-consider-when-installing-solar-power-home\">Three Things to Consider when installing a Solar Electric System</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wunderground.com/calculators/solar.html?MR=1\">Weather Underground Tool: Calculates potential electricity generation</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Photovoltaic (PV) Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1326-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:09:43','2022-06-23 18:09:43','',1326,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2565',0,'revision','',0),(2566,3,'2022-06-23 18:09:44','2022-06-23 18:09:44','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Photovoltaic (PV) Systems\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What are Photovoltaic (PV) Systems?</strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> PV cells placed together in a module are grouped together electrically to form an array applied to surfaces such as roofs, parking structures, utility poles, or ground mounts and capture light energy from the sun and produce electricity. For example, installing solar photovoltaic (PV) panels on parking structures provides shading to cars and comfort to their occupants, while providing clean electricity.</p>\n<p>A specific PV system, known as Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) uses PV technology and applies it to building materials, serving multifunctional purposes. For example, a BIPV skylight not only captures energy, generating electricity for a building but also provides daylighting (see <em>Daylighting</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Another strategy incorporates PV technology into an exterior wall for decorative purposes as well as collecting energy.</p>\n<p>The availability of PV combined with available incentives makes New Jersey one of the fastest growing markets for PV technology. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_218\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"718\"]<img class=\"wp-image-218 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-PV-System-Fig-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Solar array on Maplewood, NJ Police Station (Source: Image Up Studio Metuchen, NJ).\" width=\"718\" height=\"524\" /> Figure 1 – Solar array on Maplewood, NJ Police Station (Source: Image Up Studio Metuchen, NJ).[/caption]\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Photovoltaic Systems</strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic systems are complex and require project team members with renewable energy system expertise. The <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">US DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program’s Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Facilities</a> offers advice on understanding renewable energy options, selecting appropriate types of renewable energy technologies, and integrating these technologies into all project phases. Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding for Photovoltaic Systems. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site renewable energy system project comprise preliminary screening, a renewable energy feasibility study, sizing and design of systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<p>While projects can tailor PV systems to meet the needs of a particular site and building, south facing surfaces not shaded by nearby trees, buildings, and structures provide the best results (see <em>Building Orientation</em>). If possible, orient collectors at the angle of the location’s latitude (in New Jersey, this is approximately 40°N). Flat roofs also work well for solar electric systems, allowing PV modules to tilt at an optimal angle toward the sun. Solar panels are usually roof mounted, but they can also be mounted on a pole or on the ground. Ground systems work well for projects with large sites and can be mounted on trackers to follow the sun.</p>\n<p>Hire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/file/MC%20Marketing/NJ%20Case%20study%20-VinelandCopy2%20(2).pdf\">Vineland Solar One, Vineland, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>Located on 14 acres at the Landis Sewage Authority (LSA), the Vineland Solar One generation facility includes 13,456 monocrystalline silicon panels that produce up to 5,500 MWh of energy annually. The NJ Office of Clean Energy Solar Renewable Energy Credit (SREC) Program and a Power Purchase Agreement between the Vineland Municipal Electric Utility (VMEU) and Conectiv Energy helped finance this public/private partnership.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Incorporating on-site renewable energy systems reduces greenhouse gas emissions,</p>\n<p>protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. The modularity of PV systems allows great flexibility in applying this technology to buildings. Solar PV can help manage peak demand and lower utility rates, while also providing shade and urban heat island reduction benefits (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). Additional benefits include low-cost operations and maintenance, and US-based manufacturers and installers that provide domestic jobs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Capital cost – PV systems can have a high first cost. Non-residential solar project costs were about $4000/kW for projects &lt;500 kW and $3000/kW for projects &gt;500 kW in 2016.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n<li>Incentives<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a>\n<ul>\n<li>The <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/project-activity-reports/srec-pricing/srec-pricing\">value of renewable energy certificates</a> varies with trades of up to $700/MWh recorded. In April 2018, they are trading at $229.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></li>\n<li>Maximum Incentive: 2018-2019 compliance year $300 per MWh (~$0.300 per kWh)</li>\n<li>Terms: Systems must be registered with NJ Board of Public Utilities; facilities qualify to generate SRECs for 15 years after the date of interconnection</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Incremental cost – (e.g., cost of green technology – cost of conventional technology)\n<ul>\n<li>Conventional Cost = $0.14/kWh (http://www.solarbuzz.com/statsCosts.htm)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Annual Cost Savings (e.g., annual kWh saved *.14 (price of electricity))</li>\n<li>Payback (Capital Costs or Incremental Costs / annual cost savings)</li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV and Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</em>). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Eiffert Ph. D, Patrina, and Gregory J. Kiss. NREL. Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Designs for Commercial and Institutional Structures: A Sourcebook for Architects.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf\">www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf</a> (accessed  April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NJ Clean Energy Program. Renewable Energy: Programs: <em>SREC Registration Program. </em><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy\">http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/solar-renewable-energy-certificates-srec/new-jersey-solar-renewable-energy</a> (accessed April 12, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf\">https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf</a> (accessed May 8, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> Renewable Energy World. Advantages and disadvantages of Solar Photovoltaic – Quick Pros and Cons of Solar PV <a href=\"http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ugc/articles/2012/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-photovoltaic--quick-pros-and-cons-of-solar-pv.html\">http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ugc/articles/2012/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-photovoltaic–quick-pros-and-cons-of-solar-pv.html</a> (accessed  April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NJCEP Solar Project data</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> DSIRE. New Jersey Incentives/Policies for Renewables <a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?zipcode=08730\">http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program?zipcode=08730</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> FlettExchange Spot Price New Jersey <a href=\"https://www.flettexchange.com/markets/new-jersey/market-data\">https://www.flettexchange.com/markets/new-jersey/market-data</a> (accessed April 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-pv-systems/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-building-orientation/\">Building Orientation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-daylighting/\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<h4>General information and Starting Up</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/solar_basics/how.php\">Go Solar California: How Small Solar Electric Systems Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/workingwithus/re-photovoltaics.html\">NREL: Solar Photovoltaic Technology Basics</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>US Department of Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun (US DOE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-photovoltaic-technology-basics\">PV Basics</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Technical Guidance</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210305043249/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/articles/so-you-want-go-solar-3-things-consider-when-installing-solar-power-home\">US DOE: Things to Consider when installing a Solar Electric System</a><a href=\"http://www.wunderground.com/calculators/solar.html?MR=1\">Weather Underground Tool: calculate electricity generated from your system</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nabcep.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/NABCEP-PV-Guide-7-16-13-W.pdf\">NABCEP: PV Installation Professional Research Guide</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h4>Funding Sources</h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/srec-registration-program/how-participate\">NJ Clean Energy Program: SREC Registration and How to Participate</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Photovoltaic (PV) Systems','','inherit','closed','closed','','1488-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:09:44','2022-06-23 18:09:44','',1488,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2566',0,'revision','',0),(2567,3,'2022-06-23 18:09:54','2022-06-23 18:09:54','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation?</strong></h2>\n<p>In the last 20 years, an increase in the frequency and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, and ice storms in New Jersey and the associated costs of storm-related power outages, highlight the need for resilient energy systems that provide backup power in the event of a grid failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Historically, generators fueled by fossil fuels, such as diesel or natural gas, provide backup power in the event of a power outage or natural disaster. In New Jersey, Hurricane Sandy exposed the vulnerability of generators, as the storm disrupted access to fuel and competing fuel demands from the transportation sector quickly depleted local fuel reserves.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Energy storage refers to storing energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, or for energy arbitrage storing low priced energy and using that energy during peak demand when prices climb.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Energy storage technologies most applicable to the residential building sector include battery storage and fuel cells.</p>\n<p>Backup power provides energy required for  supporting critical building functions by utilizing stored electrical or thermal energy (energy storage) from on-site power generation systems with islanding (generating power when the electrical grid is down) capabilities, or power from local microgrids and distributed energy generators.  Energy storage systems could also help provide grid stabilization functionalities such as Contingency Reserve and Frequency Regulation.</p>\n<p>As the costs of energy storage and backup power generation systems continue to decline and the integration of these technologies continues to advance, several viable options exist for supplementing or replacing traditional standby generators, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Islandable Photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery storage (see<span> </span><em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV</em>)</li>\n<li>Small Wind Energy Systems with battery storage (see On-Site Small Wind Energy Systems)</li>\n<li>Fuel Cells and hydrogen storage</li>\n<li>Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology and battery storage (see<span> </span><em>Alternative Transportation</em>)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><strong><br /></strong></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</strong></h2>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from backup power in the event of power outage.</p>\n<p>Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, emergency and night-time lighting, water pumps, and phone or laptop charging, and online access via a cable modem or wireless router versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Figure 1 shows considerations for sizing solar and battery storage for backup power generation.</p>\n<ul></ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_175\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"878\"]<img class=\"wp-image-175 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Storage-and-Back-up-Power-Generation-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"878\" height=\"698\" /> Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Note that configuring power systems to operate independently of the grid requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, energy storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful islanding to take place.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Accounting for cost savings through the year (demand response) and for the cost of electric grid power outages (resiliency benefit) lowers the payback period for energy storage and backup power investments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>Contact the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030011/https://hydrogenhouseproject.org/the-hydrogen-house.html\">Hydrogen House Project, Hopewell, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Hydrogen House, designed by homeowner Mike Striki with a grant from the NJ Board of Public Utilities, features a 21-kilowatt PV system with battery storage used to run a low-pressure electrolyzer, which extracts hydrogen and oxygen from water. Low-pressure propane tanks store hydrogen, which can be burned for cooking and heating applications or used in a fuel cell to produce electricity, with only water and oxygen as by-products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site energy storage and backup power generation provides a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see<span> </span><em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>, and<span> </span><em>Smart Metering</em>). For example, energy storage systems provide a way for customers to shift power demands to off-peak hours and to take advantage of time-of-day pricing and lower energy prices.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capabilities and battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, with the added benefit of increased power reliability. Battery storage helps to reduce common challenges with PV systems such as ramping, output variability, voltage and current inconsistencies that impact power quality, and a disconnect between the power supply (morning sun) and power demand (afternoon and evening air conditioning spikes).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Islandable PV systems with battery storage also provide value throughout the year, do not require refueling and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>Small wind energy systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak. High wind speeds during severe storms may cause wind turbines to “cut-out” to protect the blades. Islandable wind turbines with added dynamic inverters and transfer switches can serve as a local, reliable, distributed energy resource that provides power to a storm affected home. Battery storage increases small wind power reliability by helping to balance the mismatch between the power supply (night) with power demand (daytime).</p>\n<p>Fuel cells offer a clean, energy-efficient, grid-independent and reliable source of power provided adequate fuel supply from a variety of domestic energy sources such as hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol making them a viable alternative for backup power generation and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a><span> </span>Excess electricity produced by fuel cells can run an electrolyzer and extract hydrogen from water, providing hydrogen for storage and for later use in the fuel cell to produce electricity when it is needed.</p>\n<p>Vehicle-to-grid applications with bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during power emergencies or supply shortages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional power generation systems, islandable systems with energy storage require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a><span> </span>As the cost of energy storage and backup power generation technologies decline, and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy storage and backup power generation support energy resiliency in many ways. Backup power generation systems that utilize energy storage or islanding and microgrid ready capabilities can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand. Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats. Energy storage and backup power generation allow customers to take full advantage of demand response programs that signal when to use, store, or sell energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand.  Likewise, energy storage and on-site backup power help to support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Understanding New Jersey’s Vulnerability to Climate Change.<span> </span><a href=\"http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file\">http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration<span> </span><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Ibid. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>NREL. 2018. Vehicle to Grid Integration. Energy Systems Integration Facility.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html</a><span> </span>(</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At:<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid. <span> </span><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>NREL. 2018. Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration<span> </span><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). 2016. Fuel Cells and Renewable Hydrogen.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen</a><span> </span>(accessed October 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a><span> </span>(accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a><span> </span>DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/ups\">Energy Storage Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org/\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/\">NREL Energy Systems Integration Facility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org/\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us/\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1353-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:09:54','2022-06-23 18:09:54','',1353,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2567',0,'revision','',0),(2568,3,'2022-06-23 18:41:20','2022-06-23 18:41:20','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation? </strong></h2>\n<p>In the last 20 years, an increase in the frequency and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, and ice storms in New Jersey and the associated costs of storm-related power outages, highlight the need for resilient energy systems that provide backup power in the event of a grid failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Historically, generators fueled by fossil fuels, such as diesel or natural gas, provide backup power in the event of a power outage or natural disaster. In New Jersey, Hurricane Sandy exposed the vulnerability of generators, as the storm disrupted access to fuel and competing fuel demands from the transportation sector quickly depleted local fuel reserves.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Energy storage refers to storing energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, or for energy arbitrage storing low priced energy and using that energy during peak demand when prices climb.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The following categories highlight current and emerging energy storage technologies applicable to the building sector:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flow Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flywheels</li>\n<li>Compressed Air Energy Storage</li>\n<li>Thermal(see <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Backup power provides energy required for supporting critical building functions by utilizing stored electrical or thermal energy (energy storage) from on-site power generation systems with islanding (generating power when the electrical grid is down) capabilities, or power from local microgrids and distributed energy generators. Energy storage systems could also help provide grid stabilization functionalities such as Contingency Reserve and Frequency Regulation.</p>\n<p>As the costs of energy storage and backup power generation systems continue to decline and the integration of these technologies continues to advance, several viable options exist for supplementing or replacing traditional standby generators, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Islandable Photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery storage (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV</em>)</li>\n<li>Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems with or without energy storage (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em> and <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n<li>Fuel Cells and hydrogen storage<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology and battery storage (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation </strong></h2>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from backup power in the event of power outage.</p>\n<p>Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, emergency and night-time lighting, water pumps, and phone or laptop charging, and online access via a cable modem or wireless router versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Figure 1 shows considerations for sizing solar and battery storage for backup power generation.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_245\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"878\"]<img class=\"wp-image-245 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Storage-and-Back-up-Power-Generation-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"878\" height=\"698\" /> Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)[/caption]<p>Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Note that configuring power systems to operate independently of the grid requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, energy storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful islanding to take place.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>As per the <a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">Insurance Institute for Business and Home and Safety’s (IBHS) FORTIFIED Commercial Hurricane Standard</a>, locate electrical connections for backup power generation and energy storage at an elevation above the 500-year flood level or 3 ft above the Base Flood Elevation (BFE) for the property or provide dry flood protection such as flood gates, walls or doors, inflatable barriers, or sand bags to prevent water intrusion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>Accounting for cost savings during regular business operations (demand response) and for the cost of electric grid power outages and lost business (resiliency benefit) lowers the payback period for energy storage and backup power investments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">PV and Battery Pilot Project, Hopewell Valley Central Highschool, Pennington, NJ</a></p>\n<p>As part of PSE&amp;G’s Solar 4 All Program, which supports solar technologies that also contribute to grid resiliency, the Hopewell Valley Central Highschool installed an 876 kilowatt-dc rooftop solar and parking lot solar canopy system with large lithium ion batteries.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> The system can connect to the grid or charge batteries, allowing the highschool to participate in the PJM Frequency Regulation Market. During power outages, the system provides critical functions including heating/cooling, emergency lighting, and food refrigeration.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">GAF Headquarters Building, Parsippany, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The GAF Headquarters Building led the way in 2016 becoming the first building to ever be awarded the LEED pilot credit for resilient design (now being incorporated into the RELi resilience standard).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> The project team designed the building to maintain critical functions in the event of a hurricane, by avoiding flood zones, designing flood preparation and backup capabilities for long-term power outages, reinforcing roof structures to hurricane wind standards, and developing a business continuity recovery plan that details employee and business procedures in the event of a disaster.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site energy storage and backup power generation provides a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>, and <em>Smart Metering</em>). For example, energy storage systems provide a way for customers to shift power demands to off-peak hours and to take advantage of time-of-day pricing and lower energy prices.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capabilities and battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, with the added benefit of increased power reliability. Battery storage helps to reduce common challenges with PV systems such as ramping, output variability, voltage and current inconsistencies that impact power quality, and a disconnect between the power supply (morning sun) and power demand (afternoon and evening air conditioning spikes).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Islandable PV systems with battery storage also provide value throughout the year, do not require refueling and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy resulting from the overgeneration of heat and electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> Typical cost savings and project cost associated with CHP applications can be found on the DOE IAC database.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>Fuel cells offer a clean, energy-efficient, grid-independent and reliable source of power provided adequate fuel supply from a variety of domestic energy sources such as hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol making them a viable alternative for backup power generation and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> Excess electricity produced by fuel cells can run an electrolyzer and extract hydrogen from water, providing hydrogen for storage and for later use in the fuel cell to produce electricity when it is needed.</p>\n<p>Vehicle-to-grid applications with bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional power generation systems, islandable systems with energy storage require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> As the cost of energy storage and backup power generation technologies decline and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy storage and backup power generation support energy resiliency in many ways. Backup power generation systems that utilize energy storage or islanding and microgrid ready capabilities can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand. Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats. Energy storage and backup power generation allow customers to take full advantage of demand response programs that signal when to use, store, or sell energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand.  Likewise, energy storage and on-site backup power help to support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Understanding New Jersey’s Vulnerability to Climate Change. <a href=\"http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file\">http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Energy Storage Technologies. <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE. 2018. Fuel Cells. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NREL. 2018. Vehicle to Grid Integration. Energy Systems Integration Facility. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021133358/https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS). 2017 FORTIFIED Commercial – Hurricane Standard.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf</a> (accessed October 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Clean Energy Group. 2016. Hopewell Valley Highschool. <a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> USGGB Center for Resilience. 2018. Profiles of Resilience. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Department of Energy. 2018. “CHP Applications.” Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) <a href=\"https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34\">https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34</a> (accessed Dec 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). 2016. Fuel Cells and Renewable Hydrogen. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen</a> (accessed October 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Power and Heat (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/ups\">Energy Storage Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/\">Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS) – FORTIFIED Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/\">NREL Energy Systems Integration Facility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1533-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:41:20','2022-06-23 18:41:20','',1533,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2568',0,'revision','',0),(2569,3,'2022-06-23 18:41:21','2022-06-23 18:41:21','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation? </strong></h2>\n<p>In the last 20 years, an increase in the frequency and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, and ice storms in New Jersey and the associated costs of storm-related power outages, highlight the need for resilient energy systems that provide backup power in the event of a grid failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Historically, generators fueled by fossil fuels, such as diesel or natural gas, provide backup power in the event of a power outage or natural disaster. In New Jersey, Hurricane Sandy exposed the vulnerability of generators, as the storm disrupted access to fuel and competing fuel demands from the transportation sector quickly depleted local fuel reserves.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Energy storage refers to storing energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, or for energy arbitrage storing low priced energy and using that energy during peak demand when prices climb.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The following categories highlight current and emerging energy storage technologies applicable to the building sector:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flow Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flywheels</li>\n<li>Compressed Air Energy Storage</li>\n<li>Thermal (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Backup power provides energy required for supporting critical building functions by utilizing stored electrical or thermal energy (energy storage) from on-site power generation systems with islanding (generating power when the electrical grid is down) capabilities, or power from local microgrids and distributed energy generators. Energy storage systems could also help provide grid stabilization functionalities such as Contingency Reserve and Frequency Regulation.</p>\n<p>As the costs of energy storage and backup power generation systems continue to decline and the integration of these technologies continues to advance, several viable options exist for supplementing or replacing traditional standby generators, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Islandable Photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery storage (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV</em>)</li>\n<li>Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems with or without energy storage (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em> and <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n<li>Fuel Cells and hydrogen storage<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology and battery storage (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation </strong></h2>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from backup power in the event of power outage.</p>\n<p>Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, emergency and night-time lighting, water pumps, and phone or laptop charging, and online access via a cable modem or wireless router versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Figure 1 shows considerations for sizing solar and battery storage for backup power generation.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_175\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"878\"]<img class=\"wp-image-175 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Storage-and-Back-up-Power-Generation-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"878\" height=\"698\" /> Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)[/caption]<p>Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Note that configuring power systems to operate independently of the grid requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, energy storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful islanding to take place.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>As per the <a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">Insurance Institute for Business and Home and Safety’s (IBHS) FORTIFIED Commercial Hurricane Standard</a>, locate electrical connections for backup power generation and energy storage at an elevation above the 500-year flood level or 3 ft above the Base Flood Elevation (BFE) for the property or provide dry flood protection such as flood gates, walls or doors, inflatable barriers, or sand bags to prevent water intrusion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>Accounting for cost savings during regular business operations (demand response) and for the cost of electric grid power outages and lost business (resiliency benefit) lowers the payback period for energy storage and backup power investments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">PV and Battery Pilot Project, Hopewell Valley Central Highschool, Pennington, NJ</a></p>\n<p>As part of PSE&amp;G’s Solar 4 All Program, which supports solar technologies that also contribute to grid resiliency, the Hopewell Valley Central Highschool installed an 876 kilowatt-dc rooftop solar and parking lot solar canopy system with large lithium ion batteries.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> The system can connect to the grid or charge batteries, allowing the highschool to participate in the PJM Frequency Regulation Market. During power outages, the system provides critical functions including heating/cooling, emergency lighting, and food refrigeration.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">GAF Headquarters Building, Parsippany, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The GAF Headquarters Building led the way in 2016 becoming the first building to ever be awarded the LEED pilot credit for resilient design (now being incorporated into the RELi resilience standard).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> The project team designed the building to maintain critical functions in the event of a hurricane, by avoiding flood zones, designing flood preparation and backup capabilities for long-term power outages, reinforcing roof structures to hurricane wind standards, and developing a business continuity recovery plan that details employee and business procedures in the event of a disaster.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site energy storage and backup power generation provides a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>, and <em>Smart Metering</em>). For example, energy storage systems provide a way for customers to shift power demands to off-peak hours and to take advantage of time-of-day pricing and lower energy prices.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capabilities and battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, with the added benefit of increased power reliability. Battery storage helps to reduce common challenges with PV systems such as ramping, output variability, voltage and current inconsistencies that impact power quality, and a disconnect between the power supply (morning sun) and power demand (afternoon and evening air conditioning spikes).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Islandable PV systems with battery storage also provide value throughout the year, do not require refueling and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy resulting from the overgeneration of heat and electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> Typical cost savings and project cost associated with CHP applications can be found on the DOE IAC database.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>Fuel cells offer a clean, energy-efficient, grid-independent and reliable source of power provided adequate fuel supply from a variety of domestic energy sources such as hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol making them a viable alternative for backup power generation and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> Excess electricity produced by fuel cells can run an electrolyzer and extract hydrogen from water, providing hydrogen for storage and for later use in the fuel cell to produce electricity when it is needed.</p>\n<p>Vehicle-to-grid applications with bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional power generation systems, islandable systems with energy storage require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> As the cost of energy storage and backup power generation technologies decline and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy storage and backup power generation support energy resiliency in many ways. Backup power generation systems that utilize energy storage or islanding and microgrid ready capabilities can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand. Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats. Energy storage and backup power generation allow customers to take full advantage of demand response programs that signal when to use, store, or sell energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand.  Likewise, energy storage and on-site backup power help to support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Understanding New Jersey’s Vulnerability to Climate Change. <a href=\"http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file\">http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Energy Storage Technologies. <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE. 2018. Fuel Cells. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NREL. 2018. Vehicle to Grid Integration. Energy Systems Integration Facility. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021133358/https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS). 2017 FORTIFIED Commercial – Hurricane Standard.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf</a> (accessed October 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Clean Energy Group. 2016. Hopewell Valley Highschool. <a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> USGGB Center for Resilience. 2018. Profiles of Resilience. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Department of Energy. 2018. “CHP Applications.” Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) <a href=\"https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34\">https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34</a> (accessed Dec 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). 2016. Fuel Cells and Renewable Hydrogen. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen</a> (accessed October 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Power and Heat (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/ups\">Energy Storage Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/\">Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS) – FORTIFIED Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/\">NREL Energy Systems Integration Facility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1997-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:41:21','2022-06-23 18:41:21','',1997,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2569',0,'revision','',0),(2570,3,'2022-06-23 18:41:22','2022-06-23 18:41:22','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation?</strong></h2>\n<p>In the last 20 years, an increase in the frequency and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, and ice storms in New Jersey and the associated costs of storm-related power outages, highlight the need for resilient energy systems that provide backup power in the event of a grid failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Historically, generators fueled by fossil fuels, such as diesel or natural gas, provide backup power in the event of a power outage or natural disaster. In New Jersey, Hurricane Sandy exposed the vulnerability of generators, as the storm disrupted access to fuel and competing fuel demands from the transportation sector quickly depleted local fuel reserves.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Energy storage refers to storing energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, or for energy arbitrage storing low priced energy and using that energy during peak demand when prices climb.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Energy storage technologies most applicable to the residential building sector include battery storage and fuel cells.</p>\n<p>Backup power provides energy required for  supporting critical building functions by utilizing stored electrical or thermal energy (energy storage) from on-site power generation systems with islanding (generating power when the electrical grid is down) capabilities, or power from local microgrids and distributed energy generators.  Energy storage systems could also help provide grid stabilization functionalities such as Contingency Reserve and Frequency Regulation.</p>\n<p>As the costs of energy storage and backup power generation systems continue to decline and the integration of these technologies continues to advance, several viable options exist for supplementing or replacing traditional standby generators, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Islandable Photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery storage (see<span> </span><em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV</em>)</li>\n<li>Small Wind Energy Systems with battery storage (see On-Site Small Wind Energy Systems)</li>\n<li>Fuel Cells and hydrogen storage</li>\n<li>Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology and battery storage (see<span> </span><em>Alternative Transportation</em>)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><strong><br /></strong></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</strong></h2>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from backup power in the event of power outage.</p>\n<p>Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, emergency and night-time lighting, water pumps, and phone or laptop charging, and online access via a cable modem or wireless router versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Figure 1 shows considerations for sizing solar and battery storage for backup power generation.</p>\n<ul></ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_175\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"878\"]<img class=\"wp-image-175 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Storage-and-Back-up-Power-Generation-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"878\" height=\"698\" /> Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Note that configuring power systems to operate independently of the grid requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, energy storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful islanding to take place.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Accounting for cost savings through the year (demand response) and for the cost of electric grid power outages (resiliency benefit) lowers the payback period for energy storage and backup power investments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>Contact the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030011/https://hydrogenhouseproject.org/the-hydrogen-house.html\">Hydrogen House Project, Hopewell, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Hydrogen House, designed by homeowner Mike Striki with a grant from the NJ Board of Public Utilities, features a 21-kilowatt PV system with battery storage used to run a low-pressure electrolyzer, which extracts hydrogen and oxygen from water. Low-pressure propane tanks store hydrogen, which can be burned for cooking and heating applications or used in a fuel cell to produce electricity, with only water and oxygen as by-products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site energy storage and backup power generation provides a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see<span> </span><em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>, and<span> </span><em>Smart Metering</em>). For example, energy storage systems provide a way for customers to shift power demands to off-peak hours and to take advantage of time-of-day pricing and lower energy prices.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capabilities and battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, with the added benefit of increased power reliability. Battery storage helps to reduce common challenges with PV systems such as ramping, output variability, voltage and current inconsistencies that impact power quality, and a disconnect between the power supply (morning sun) and power demand (afternoon and evening air conditioning spikes).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Islandable PV systems with battery storage also provide value throughout the year, do not require refueling and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>Small wind energy systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak. High wind speeds during severe storms may cause wind turbines to “cut-out” to protect the blades. Islandable wind turbines with added dynamic inverters and transfer switches can serve as a local, reliable, distributed energy resource that provides power to a storm affected home. Battery storage increases small wind power reliability by helping to balance the mismatch between the power supply (night) with power demand (daytime).</p>\n<p>Fuel cells offer a clean, energy-efficient, grid-independent and reliable source of power provided adequate fuel supply from a variety of domestic energy sources such as hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol making them a viable alternative for backup power generation and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a><span> </span>Excess electricity produced by fuel cells can run an electrolyzer and extract hydrogen from water, providing hydrogen for storage and for later use in the fuel cell to produce electricity when it is needed.</p>\n<p>Vehicle-to-grid applications with bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during power emergencies or supply shortages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional power generation systems, islandable systems with energy storage require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a><span> </span>As the cost of energy storage and backup power generation technologies decline, and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy storage and backup power generation support energy resiliency in many ways. Backup power generation systems that utilize energy storage or islanding and microgrid ready capabilities can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand. Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats. Energy storage and backup power generation allow customers to take full advantage of demand response programs that signal when to use, store, or sell energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand.  Likewise, energy storage and on-site backup power help to support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Understanding New Jersey’s Vulnerability to Climate Change.<span> </span><a href=\"http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file\">http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration<span> </span><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Ibid. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>NREL. 2018. Vehicle to Grid Integration. Energy Systems Integration Facility.<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021133358/https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html</a><span> </span>(</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At:<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid. <span> </span><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>NREL. 2018. Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration<span> </span><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). 2016. Fuel Cells and Renewable Hydrogen.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen</a><span> </span>(accessed October 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a><span> </span>(accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a><span> </span>DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/ups\">Energy Storage Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org/\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/\">NREL Energy Systems Integration Facility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org/\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us/\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1353-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:41:22','2022-06-23 18:41:22','',1353,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2570',0,'revision','',0),(2571,3,'2022-06-23 18:41:28','2022-06-23 18:41:28','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation? </strong></h2>\n<p>In the last 20 years, an increase in the frequency and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, and ice storms in New Jersey and the associated costs of storm-related power outages, highlight the need for resilient energy systems that provide backup power in the event of a grid failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Historically, generators fueled by fossil fuels, such as diesel or natural gas, provide backup power in the event of a power outage or natural disaster. In New Jersey, Hurricane Sandy exposed the vulnerability of generators, as the storm disrupted access to fuel and competing fuel demands from the transportation sector quickly depleted local fuel reserves.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Energy storage refers to storing energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, or for energy arbitrage storing low priced energy and using that energy during peak demand when prices climb.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The following categories highlight current and emerging energy storage technologies applicable to the building sector:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flow Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flywheels</li>\n<li>Compressed Air Energy Storage</li>\n<li>Thermal(see <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Backup power provides energy required for supporting critical building functions by utilizing stored electrical or thermal energy (energy storage) from on-site power generation systems with islanding (generating power when the electrical grid is down) capabilities, or power from local microgrids and distributed energy generators. Energy storage systems could also help provide grid stabilization functionalities such as Contingency Reserve and Frequency Regulation.</p>\n<p>As the costs of energy storage and backup power generation systems continue to decline and the integration of these technologies continues to advance, several viable options exist for supplementing or replacing traditional standby generators, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Islandable Photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery storage (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV</em>)</li>\n<li>Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems with or without energy storage (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em> and <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n<li>Fuel Cells and hydrogen storage<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology and battery storage (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation </strong></h2>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from backup power in the event of power outage.</p>\n<p>Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, emergency and night-time lighting, water pumps, and phone or laptop charging, and online access via a cable modem or wireless router versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Figure 1 shows considerations for sizing solar and battery storage for backup power generation.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_245\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"878\"]<img class=\"wp-image-245 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Storage-and-Back-up-Power-Generation-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"878\" height=\"698\" /> Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)[/caption]<p>Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Note that configuring power systems to operate independently of the grid requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, energy storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful islanding to take place.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>As per the <a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">Insurance Institute for Business and Home and Safety’s (IBHS) FORTIFIED Commercial Hurricane Standard</a>, locate electrical connections for backup power generation and energy storage at an elevation above the 500-year flood level or 3 ft above the Base Flood Elevation (BFE) for the property or provide dry flood protection such as flood gates, walls or doors, inflatable barriers, or sand bags to prevent water intrusion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>Accounting for cost savings during regular business operations (demand response) and for the cost of electric grid power outages and lost business (resiliency benefit) lowers the payback period for energy storage and backup power investments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">PV and Battery Pilot Project, Hopewell Valley Central Highschool, Pennington, NJ</a></p>\n<p>As part of PSE&amp;G’s Solar 4 All Program, which supports solar technologies that also contribute to grid resiliency, the Hopewell Valley Central Highschool installed an 876 kilowatt-dc rooftop solar and parking lot solar canopy system with large lithium ion batteries.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> The system can connect to the grid or charge batteries, allowing the highschool to participate in the PJM Frequency Regulation Market. During power outages, the system provides critical functions including heating/cooling, emergency lighting, and food refrigeration.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">GAF Headquarters Building, Parsippany, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The GAF Headquarters Building led the way in 2016 becoming the first building to ever be awarded the LEED pilot credit for resilient design (now being incorporated into the RELi resilience standard).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> The project team designed the building to maintain critical functions in the event of a hurricane, by avoiding flood zones, designing flood preparation and backup capabilities for long-term power outages, reinforcing roof structures to hurricane wind standards, and developing a business continuity recovery plan that details employee and business procedures in the event of a disaster.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site energy storage and backup power generation provides a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>, and <em>Smart Metering</em>). For example, energy storage systems provide a way for customers to shift power demands to off-peak hours and to take advantage of time-of-day pricing and lower energy prices.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capabilities and battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, with the added benefit of increased power reliability. Battery storage helps to reduce common challenges with PV systems such as ramping, output variability, voltage and current inconsistencies that impact power quality, and a disconnect between the power supply (morning sun) and power demand (afternoon and evening air conditioning spikes).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Islandable PV systems with battery storage also provide value throughout the year, do not require refueling and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy resulting from the overgeneration of heat and electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> Typical cost savings and project cost associated with CHP applications can be found on the DOE IAC database.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>Fuel cells offer a clean, energy-efficient, grid-independent and reliable source of power provided adequate fuel supply from a variety of domestic energy sources such as hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol making them a viable alternative for backup power generation and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> Excess electricity produced by fuel cells can run an electrolyzer and extract hydrogen from water, providing hydrogen for storage and for later use in the fuel cell to produce electricity when it is needed.</p>\n<p>Vehicle-to-grid applications with bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional power generation systems, islandable systems with energy storage require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> As the cost of energy storage and backup power generation technologies decline and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy storage and backup power generation support energy resiliency in many ways. Backup power generation systems that utilize energy storage or islanding and microgrid ready capabilities can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand. Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats. Energy storage and backup power generation allow customers to take full advantage of demand response programs that signal when to use, store, or sell energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand.  Likewise, energy storage and on-site backup power help to support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Understanding New Jersey’s Vulnerability to Climate Change. <a href=\"http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file\">http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Energy Storage Technologies. <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE. 2018. Fuel Cells. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NREL. 2018. Vehicle to Grid Integration. Energy Systems Integration Facility. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021133358/https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS). 2017 FORTIFIED Commercial – Hurricane Standard.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf</a> (accessed October 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Clean Energy Group. 2016. Hopewell Valley Highschool. <a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> USGGB Center for Resilience. 2018. Profiles of Resilience. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Department of Energy. 2018. “CHP Applications.” Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) <a href=\"https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34\">https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34</a> (accessed Dec 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). 2016. Fuel Cells and Renewable Hydrogen. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen</a> (accessed October 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Power and Heat (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/ups\">Energy Storage Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200702200424/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/\">Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS) – FORTIFIED Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/\">NREL Energy Systems Integration Facility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1533-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:41:28','2022-06-23 18:41:28','',1533,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2571',0,'revision','',0),(2572,3,'2022-06-23 18:41:29','2022-06-23 18:41:29','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV? </strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity (see <em>Photovoltaic (PV) systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Most grid-tied PV systems connect to the traditional centralized grid or macrogrid and loose power whenever the large-scale electric power system goes down.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Islanding refers to when a distributed energy resource (DER), such as a PV system, continues to power a location with available solar even after a grid outage. Laws typically require grid-tied PV systems to have a grid-tie inverter with an anti-islanding capability, which can sense when a power outage occurs, automatically disconnect from the grid, and shut itself off, protecting utility workers from live wires and preventing power surges.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_400\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1132\"]<img class=\"wp-image-400 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Islanding-Micrgrid-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Diagram of a typical microgrid configuration. (Source: NREL https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\" width=\"1132\" height=\"744\" /> Figure 1. Diagram of a typical microgrid configuration. (Source: NREL https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0[/caption]<p>Unlike the traditional macrogrid, microgrids function as locally controlled systems (see Figure 1) and can allow for intentional solar islanding or operating independently of the grid.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> The United States Department of Energy Microgrid Exchange Group defines a microgrid as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<blockquote><p>“A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (DER)     within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode.”</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Microgrids can operate at different scales or classifications based on the size and organization of the Distributed Energy Resources (DER) connected to the grid. For example, Level 1 or single customer microgrids may include PV systems that serve one customer or building through a single meter.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capability and battery storage can provide emergency power for critical building functions during grid outages and emergency situations (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). They can also function independently of the traditional grid during the year to manage peak demand and energy prices through participation in Demand Response (DR) programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). Likewise, PV systems designed to connect to local or future microgrid connections helps support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage power outages, peak demand, and the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid (see <em>Smart Metering, and Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV </strong></h2>\n<p>Reconfiguring PV systems to operate independently of the grid and serve as self-sufficient microgrids requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, battery storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful solar islanding to take place (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from solar islanding. Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, lighting, and phone or laptop charging versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> See the <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding</a> example below for advice on calculating critical loads and determining capacity requirements for an islandable PV and battery storage system.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_134\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1038\"]<img class=\"wp-image-134 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Islanding-Microgrid-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.\" width=\"1038\" height=\"684\" /> Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.[/caption]<p>Hire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Funding and incentive programs may require islandable PV and battery storage systems to blackstart or startup without a direct connection to the electric utility grid and operate at critical load for a set minimum period.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Solar Islanding Project, Highland Park, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This report analyzes the power demands and associated functions potentially sustained by three existing solar installations in Highland Park, NJ if converted into solar power islands. The report includes recommendations in language consistent with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) standard for adoption by other municipalities who may already have solar islands.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems with battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, while also providing a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs. By providing localized power generation, islandable PV systems increase energy efficiency by reducing transmission and distribution losses typical of centralized grid systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Unlike diesel and fossil-fueled generators, typically used only during emergencies, islandable PV systems with battery storage provide value throughout the year, do not require regular maintenance or refueling, and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional grid-tied PV systems, islandable PV and battery storage systems require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs (see <em>Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> As the cost of solar and battery storage declines and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, may offset these incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NREL (2017) Microgrid-Ready Solar PV – Planning for Resiliency. Updated September 2017. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. 2018. Microgrids at Berkeley Labs. <a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0</a>  (accessed Oct 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2018. Energy Resilience Bank. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html</a> (accessed Oct 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200702200424/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ Office of Clean Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/der-microgrid-feasibility-studies\">Town Center Distributed Energy Resource Microgrid Feasibility Study Incentive Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV','','inherit','closed','closed','','1546-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:41:29','2022-06-23 18:41:29','',1546,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2572',0,'revision','',0),(2573,3,'2022-06-23 18:41:30','2022-06-23 18:41:30','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation? </strong></h2>\n<p>In the last 20 years, an increase in the frequency and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, and ice storms in New Jersey and the associated costs of storm-related power outages, highlight the need for resilient energy systems that provide backup power in the event of a grid failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Historically, generators fueled by fossil fuels, such as diesel or natural gas, provide backup power in the event of a power outage or natural disaster. In New Jersey, Hurricane Sandy exposed the vulnerability of generators, as the storm disrupted access to fuel and competing fuel demands from the transportation sector quickly depleted local fuel reserves.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Energy storage refers to storing energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, or for energy arbitrage storing low priced energy and using that energy during peak demand when prices climb.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The following categories highlight current and emerging energy storage technologies applicable to the building sector:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flow Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flywheels</li>\n<li>Compressed Air Energy Storage</li>\n<li>Thermal (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Backup power provides energy required for supporting critical building functions by utilizing stored electrical or thermal energy (energy storage) from on-site power generation systems with islanding (generating power when the electrical grid is down) capabilities, or power from local microgrids and distributed energy generators. Energy storage systems could also help provide grid stabilization functionalities such as Contingency Reserve and Frequency Regulation.</p>\n<p>As the costs of energy storage and backup power generation systems continue to decline and the integration of these technologies continues to advance, several viable options exist for supplementing or replacing traditional standby generators, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Islandable Photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery storage (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV</em>)</li>\n<li>Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems with or without energy storage (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em> and <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n<li>Fuel Cells and hydrogen storage<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology and battery storage (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation </strong></h2>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from backup power in the event of power outage.</p>\n<p>Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, emergency and night-time lighting, water pumps, and phone or laptop charging, and online access via a cable modem or wireless router versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Figure 1 shows considerations for sizing solar and battery storage for backup power generation.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_175\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"878\"]<img class=\"wp-image-175 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Storage-and-Back-up-Power-Generation-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"878\" height=\"698\" /> Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)[/caption]<p>Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Note that configuring power systems to operate independently of the grid requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, energy storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful islanding to take place.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>As per the <a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">Insurance Institute for Business and Home and Safety’s (IBHS) FORTIFIED Commercial Hurricane Standard</a>, locate electrical connections for backup power generation and energy storage at an elevation above the 500-year flood level or 3 ft above the Base Flood Elevation (BFE) for the property or provide dry flood protection such as flood gates, walls or doors, inflatable barriers, or sand bags to prevent water intrusion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>Accounting for cost savings during regular business operations (demand response) and for the cost of electric grid power outages and lost business (resiliency benefit) lowers the payback period for energy storage and backup power investments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">PV and Battery Pilot Project, Hopewell Valley Central Highschool, Pennington, NJ</a></p>\n<p>As part of PSE&amp;G’s Solar 4 All Program, which supports solar technologies that also contribute to grid resiliency, the Hopewell Valley Central Highschool installed an 876 kilowatt-dc rooftop solar and parking lot solar canopy system with large lithium ion batteries.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> The system can connect to the grid or charge batteries, allowing the highschool to participate in the PJM Frequency Regulation Market. During power outages, the system provides critical functions including heating/cooling, emergency lighting, and food refrigeration.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">GAF Headquarters Building, Parsippany, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The GAF Headquarters Building led the way in 2016 becoming the first building to ever be awarded the LEED pilot credit for resilient design (now being incorporated into the RELi resilience standard).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> The project team designed the building to maintain critical functions in the event of a hurricane, by avoiding flood zones, designing flood preparation and backup capabilities for long-term power outages, reinforcing roof structures to hurricane wind standards, and developing a business continuity recovery plan that details employee and business procedures in the event of a disaster.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site energy storage and backup power generation provides a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>, and <em>Smart Metering</em>). For example, energy storage systems provide a way for customers to shift power demands to off-peak hours and to take advantage of time-of-day pricing and lower energy prices.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capabilities and battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, with the added benefit of increased power reliability. Battery storage helps to reduce common challenges with PV systems such as ramping, output variability, voltage and current inconsistencies that impact power quality, and a disconnect between the power supply (morning sun) and power demand (afternoon and evening air conditioning spikes).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Islandable PV systems with battery storage also provide value throughout the year, do not require refueling and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy resulting from the overgeneration of heat and electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> Typical cost savings and project cost associated with CHP applications can be found on the DOE IAC database.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>Fuel cells offer a clean, energy-efficient, grid-independent and reliable source of power provided adequate fuel supply from a variety of domestic energy sources such as hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol making them a viable alternative for backup power generation and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> Excess electricity produced by fuel cells can run an electrolyzer and extract hydrogen from water, providing hydrogen for storage and for later use in the fuel cell to produce electricity when it is needed.</p>\n<p>Vehicle-to-grid applications with bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional power generation systems, islandable systems with energy storage require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> As the cost of energy storage and backup power generation technologies decline and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy storage and backup power generation support energy resiliency in many ways. Backup power generation systems that utilize energy storage or islanding and microgrid ready capabilities can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand. Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats. Energy storage and backup power generation allow customers to take full advantage of demand response programs that signal when to use, store, or sell energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand.  Likewise, energy storage and on-site backup power help to support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Understanding New Jersey’s Vulnerability to Climate Change. <a href=\"http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file\">http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Energy Storage Technologies. <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE. 2018. Fuel Cells. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NREL. 2018. Vehicle to Grid Integration. Energy Systems Integration Facility. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021133358/https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS). 2017 FORTIFIED Commercial – Hurricane Standard.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf</a> (accessed October 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Clean Energy Group. 2016. Hopewell Valley Highschool. <a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> USGGB Center for Resilience. 2018. Profiles of Resilience. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Department of Energy. 2018. “CHP Applications.” Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) <a href=\"https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34\">https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34</a> (accessed Dec 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). 2016. Fuel Cells and Renewable Hydrogen. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen</a> (accessed October 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Power and Heat (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/ups\">Energy Storage Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200702200424/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/\">Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS) – FORTIFIED Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/\">NREL Energy Systems Integration Facility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1997-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:41:30','2022-06-23 18:41:30','',1997,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2573',0,'revision','',0),(2574,3,'2022-06-23 18:41:30','2022-06-23 18:41:30','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What is Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV? </strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity (see <em>Photovoltaic (PV) systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Most grid-tied PV systems connect to the traditional centralized grid or macrogrid and loose power whenever the large-scale electric power system goes down.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Islanding refers to when a distributed energy resource (DER), such as a PV system, continues to power a location with available solar even after a grid outage. Laws typically require grid-tied PV systems to have a grid-tie inverter with an anti-islanding capability, which can sense when a power outage occurs, automatically disconnect from the grid, and shut itself off, protecting utility workers from live wires and preventing power surges.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_400\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1132\"]<img class=\"wp-image-400 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Islanding-Micrgrid-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Diagram of a typical microgrid configuration. (Source: NREL https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\" width=\"1132\" height=\"744\" /> Figure 1. Diagram of a typical microgrid configuration. (Source: NREL https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0[/caption]<p>Unlike the traditional macrogrid, microgrids function as locally controlled systems (see Figure 1) and can allow for intentional solar islanding or operating independently of the grid.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> The United States Department of Energy Microgrid Exchange Group defines a microgrid as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<blockquote><p>“A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (DER)     within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode.”</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Microgrids can operate at different scales or classifications based on the size and organization of the Distributed Energy Resources (DER) connected to the grid. For example, Level 1 or single customer microgrids may include PV systems that serve one customer or building through a single meter.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capability and battery storage can provide emergency power for critical building functions during grid outages and emergency situations (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). They can also function independently of the traditional grid during the year to manage peak demand and energy prices through participation in Demand Response (DR) programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). Likewise, PV systems designed to connect to local or future microgrid connections helps support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage power outages, peak demand, and the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid (see <em>Smart Metering, and Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV </strong></h2>\n<p>Reconfiguring PV systems to operate independently of the grid and serve as self-sufficient microgrids requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, battery storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful solar islanding to take place (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from solar islanding. Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, lighting, and phone or laptop charging versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> See the <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding</a> example below for advice on calculating critical loads and determining capacity requirements for an islandable PV and battery storage system.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_134\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1038\"]<img class=\"wp-image-134 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Islanding-Microgrid-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.\" width=\"1038\" height=\"684\" /> Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.[/caption]<p>Hire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Funding and incentive programs may require islandable PV and battery storage systems to blackstart or startup without a direct connection to the electric utility grid and operate at critical load for a set minimum period.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Solar Islanding Project, Highland Park, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This report analyzes the power demands and associated functions potentially sustained by three existing solar installations in Highland Park, NJ if converted into solar power islands. The report includes recommendations in language consistent with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) standard for adoption by other municipalities who may already have solar islands.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems with battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, while also providing a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs. By providing localized power generation, islandable PV systems increase energy efficiency by reducing transmission and distribution losses typical of centralized grid systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Unlike diesel and fossil-fueled generators, typically used only during emergencies, islandable PV systems with battery storage provide value throughout the year, do not require regular maintenance or refueling, and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional grid-tied PV systems, islandable PV and battery storage systems require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs (see <em>Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> As the cost of solar and battery storage declines and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, may offset these incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NREL (2017) Microgrid-Ready Solar PV – Planning for Resiliency. Updated September 2017. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. 2018. Microgrids at Berkeley Labs. <a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0</a>  (accessed Oct 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2018. Energy Resilience Bank. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html</a> (accessed Oct 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/\">On-Site Renewable Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200702200424/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><strong>NJ Office of Clean Energy - </strong><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/der-microgrid-feasibility-studies\">Town Center Distributed Energy Resource Microgrid Feasibility Study Incentive Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV','','inherit','closed','closed','','2247-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:41:30','2022-06-23 18:41:30','',2247,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2574',0,'revision','',0),(2575,3,'2022-06-23 18:41:31','2022-06-23 18:41:31','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV?</strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Most grid-tied PV systems connect to the traditional centralized grid or macrogrid and loose power whenever the large-scale electric power system goes down.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Islanding refers to when a distributed energy resource (DER), such as a PV system, continues to power a location with available solar even after a grid outage. Laws typically require grid-tied PV systems to have a grid-tie inverter with an anti-islanding capability, which can sense when a power outage occurs, automatically disconnect from the grid, and shut itself off, protecting utility workers from live wires and preventing power surges.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Unlike the traditional macrogrid, microgrids function as locally controlled systems (see Figure 1) and can allow for intentional solar islanding or operating independently of the grid.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>The United States Department of Energy Microgrid Exchange Group defines a microgrid as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (DER) within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single  controllable entity to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode.</p>\n<p>Microgrids can operate at different scales or classifications based on the size and organization of the Distributed Energy Resources (DER) connected to the grid. For example, Level 1 or single customer microgrids may include PV systems that serve one customer through a single meter.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capability and battery storage can provide emergency power for critical building functions during grid outages and emergency situations (see<span> </span><em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). They can also function independently of the traditional grid during the year to manage peak demand and energy prices through participation in Demand Response (DR) programs (see<span> </span><em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). Likewise, PV systems designed to connect to local or future microgrid connections helps support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage power outages, peak demand, and the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid (see<span> </span><em>Smart Metering, and Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_400\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1132\"]<img class=\"wp-image-400 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Islanding-Micrgrid-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Diagram of a typical microgrid configuration. (Source: NREL https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\" width=\"1132\" height=\"744\" /> Figure 1. Diagram of a typical microgrid configuration. (Source: NREL https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</strong></h2>\n<p>Configuring PV systems to operate independently of the grid and serve as self-sufficient microgrids requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, battery storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful solar islanding to take place (see<span> </span><em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from solar islanding. Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, lighting, and phone or laptop charging versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>See the<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding</a><span> </span>example below for advice on calculating critical loads and determining capacity requirements for an islandable PV and battery storage system.</p>\n<p>Hire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Contact the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Funding and incentive programs may require islandable PV and battery storage systems to blackstart or startup without a direct connection to the electric utility grid and operate at critical load for a set minimum period.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_134\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1038\"]<img class=\"wp-image-134 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Islanding-Microgrid-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.\" width=\"1038\" height=\"684\" /> Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Solar Islanding Project, Highland Park, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This report analyzes the power demands and associated functions potentially sustained by three existing solar installations in Highland Park, NJ if converted into solar power islands. The report includes recommendations in language consistent with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) standard for adoption by other municipalities who may already have solar islands.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems with battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, while also providing a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs. By providing localized power generation, islandable PV systems increase energy efficiency by reducing transmission and distribution losses typical of centralized grid systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Unlike diesel and fossil-fueled generators, typically used only during emergencies, islandable PV systems with battery storage provide value throughout the year, do not require regular maintenance or refueling, and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional grid-tied PV systems, islandable PV and battery storage systems require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs (see <em>Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> As the cost of solar and battery storage declines and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions and the ability to shelter in place, may offset these incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NREL (2017) Microgrid-Ready Solar PV – Planning for Resiliency. Updated September 2017. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. 2018. Microgrids at Berkeley Labs. <a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0</a>  (accessed Oct 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2018. Energy Resilience Bank. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html</a> (accessed Oct 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200702200424/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org/\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/der-microgrid-feasibility-studies\">Town Center Distributed Energy Resource Microgrid Feasibility Study Incentive Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org/\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us/\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_section]','NR Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV','','inherit','closed','closed','','2299-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:41:31','2022-06-23 18:41:31','',2299,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2575',0,'revision','',0),(2576,3,'2022-06-23 18:41:33','2022-06-23 18:41:33','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation?</strong></h2>\n<p>In the last 20 years, an increase in the frequency and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, and ice storms in New Jersey and the associated costs of storm-related power outages, highlight the need for resilient energy systems that provide backup power in the event of a grid failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Historically, generators fueled by fossil fuels, such as diesel or natural gas, provide backup power in the event of a power outage or natural disaster. In New Jersey, Hurricane Sandy exposed the vulnerability of generators, as the storm disrupted access to fuel and competing fuel demands from the transportation sector quickly depleted local fuel reserves.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Energy storage refers to storing energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, or for energy arbitrage storing low priced energy and using that energy during peak demand when prices climb.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Energy storage technologies most applicable to the residential building sector include battery storage and fuel cells.</p>\n<p>Backup power provides energy required for  supporting critical building functions by utilizing stored electrical or thermal energy (energy storage) from on-site power generation systems with islanding (generating power when the electrical grid is down) capabilities, or power from local microgrids and distributed energy generators.  Energy storage systems could also help provide grid stabilization functionalities such as Contingency Reserve and Frequency Regulation.</p>\n<p>As the costs of energy storage and backup power generation systems continue to decline and the integration of these technologies continues to advance, several viable options exist for supplementing or replacing traditional standby generators, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Islandable Photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery storage (see<span> </span><em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV</em>)</li>\n<li>Small Wind Energy Systems with battery storage (see On-Site Small Wind Energy Systems)</li>\n<li>Fuel Cells and hydrogen storage</li>\n<li>Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology and battery storage (see<span> </span><em>Alternative Transportation</em>)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><strong><br /></strong></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</strong></h2>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from backup power in the event of power outage.</p>\n<p>Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, emergency and night-time lighting, water pumps, and phone or laptop charging, and online access via a cable modem or wireless router versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Figure 1 shows considerations for sizing solar and battery storage for backup power generation.</p>\n<ul></ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_175\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"878\"]<img class=\"wp-image-175 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Storage-and-Back-up-Power-Generation-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"878\" height=\"698\" /> Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Note that configuring power systems to operate independently of the grid requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, energy storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful islanding to take place.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Accounting for cost savings through the year (demand response) and for the cost of electric grid power outages (resiliency benefit) lowers the payback period for energy storage and backup power investments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>Contact the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030011/https://hydrogenhouseproject.org/the-hydrogen-house.html\">Hydrogen House Project, Hopewell, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Hydrogen House, designed by homeowner Mike Striki with a grant from the NJ Board of Public Utilities, features a 21-kilowatt PV system with battery storage used to run a low-pressure electrolyzer, which extracts hydrogen and oxygen from water. Low-pressure propane tanks store hydrogen, which can be burned for cooking and heating applications or used in a fuel cell to produce electricity, with only water and oxygen as by-products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site energy storage and backup power generation provides a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see<span> </span><em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>, and<span> </span><em>Smart Metering</em>). For example, energy storage systems provide a way for customers to shift power demands to off-peak hours and to take advantage of time-of-day pricing and lower energy prices.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capabilities and battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, with the added benefit of increased power reliability. Battery storage helps to reduce common challenges with PV systems such as ramping, output variability, voltage and current inconsistencies that impact power quality, and a disconnect between the power supply (morning sun) and power demand (afternoon and evening air conditioning spikes).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Islandable PV systems with battery storage also provide value throughout the year, do not require refueling and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>Small wind energy systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak. High wind speeds during severe storms may cause wind turbines to “cut-out” to protect the blades. Islandable wind turbines with added dynamic inverters and transfer switches can serve as a local, reliable, distributed energy resource that provides power to a storm affected home. Battery storage increases small wind power reliability by helping to balance the mismatch between the power supply (night) with power demand (daytime).</p>\n<p>Fuel cells offer a clean, energy-efficient, grid-independent and reliable source of power provided adequate fuel supply from a variety of domestic energy sources such as hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol making them a viable alternative for backup power generation and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a><span> </span>Excess electricity produced by fuel cells can run an electrolyzer and extract hydrogen from water, providing hydrogen for storage and for later use in the fuel cell to produce electricity when it is needed.</p>\n<p>Vehicle-to-grid applications with bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during power emergencies or supply shortages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional power generation systems, islandable systems with energy storage require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a><span> </span>As the cost of energy storage and backup power generation technologies decline, and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy storage and backup power generation support energy resiliency in many ways. Backup power generation systems that utilize energy storage or islanding and microgrid ready capabilities can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand. Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats. Energy storage and backup power generation allow customers to take full advantage of demand response programs that signal when to use, store, or sell energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand.  Likewise, energy storage and on-site backup power help to support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Understanding New Jersey’s Vulnerability to Climate Change.<span> </span><a href=\"http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file\">http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration<span> </span><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Ibid. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>NREL. 2018. Vehicle to Grid Integration. Energy Systems Integration Facility.<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021133358/https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html</a><span> </span>(</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At:<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid. <span> </span><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>NREL. 2018. Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration<span> </span><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). 2016. Fuel Cells and Renewable Hydrogen.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen</a><span> </span>(accessed October 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a><span> </span>(accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a><span> </span>DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/ups\">Energy Storage Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200702200424/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org/\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/\">NREL Energy Systems Integration Facility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org/\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us/\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1353-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:41:33','2022-06-23 18:41:33','',1353,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2576',0,'revision','',0),(2577,3,'2022-06-23 18:41:42','2022-06-23 18:41:42','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation? </strong></h2>\n<p>In the last 20 years, an increase in the frequency and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, and ice storms in New Jersey and the associated costs of storm-related power outages, highlight the need for resilient energy systems that provide backup power in the event of a grid failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Historically, generators fueled by fossil fuels, such as diesel or natural gas, provide backup power in the event of a power outage or natural disaster. In New Jersey, Hurricane Sandy exposed the vulnerability of generators, as the storm disrupted access to fuel and competing fuel demands from the transportation sector quickly depleted local fuel reserves.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Energy storage refers to storing energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, or for energy arbitrage storing low priced energy and using that energy during peak demand when prices climb.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The following categories highlight current and emerging energy storage technologies applicable to the building sector:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flow Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flywheels</li>\n<li>Compressed Air Energy Storage</li>\n<li>Thermal(see <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Backup power provides energy required for supporting critical building functions by utilizing stored electrical or thermal energy (energy storage) from on-site power generation systems with islanding (generating power when the electrical grid is down) capabilities, or power from local microgrids and distributed energy generators. Energy storage systems could also help provide grid stabilization functionalities such as Contingency Reserve and Frequency Regulation.</p>\n<p>As the costs of energy storage and backup power generation systems continue to decline and the integration of these technologies continues to advance, several viable options exist for supplementing or replacing traditional standby generators, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Islandable Photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery storage (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV</em>)</li>\n<li>Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems with or without energy storage (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em> and <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n<li>Fuel Cells and hydrogen storage<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology and battery storage (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation </strong></h2>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from backup power in the event of power outage.</p>\n<p>Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, emergency and night-time lighting, water pumps, and phone or laptop charging, and online access via a cable modem or wireless router versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Figure 1 shows considerations for sizing solar and battery storage for backup power generation.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_245\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"878\"]<img class=\"wp-image-245 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Storage-and-Back-up-Power-Generation-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"878\" height=\"698\" /> Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)[/caption]<p>Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Note that configuring power systems to operate independently of the grid requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, energy storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful islanding to take place.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>As per the <a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">Insurance Institute for Business and Home and Safety’s (IBHS) FORTIFIED Commercial Hurricane Standard</a>, locate electrical connections for backup power generation and energy storage at an elevation above the 500-year flood level or 3 ft above the Base Flood Elevation (BFE) for the property or provide dry flood protection such as flood gates, walls or doors, inflatable barriers, or sand bags to prevent water intrusion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>Accounting for cost savings during regular business operations (demand response) and for the cost of electric grid power outages and lost business (resiliency benefit) lowers the payback period for energy storage and backup power investments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">PV and Battery Pilot Project, Hopewell Valley Central Highschool, Pennington, NJ</a></p>\n<p>As part of PSE&amp;G’s Solar 4 All Program, which supports solar technologies that also contribute to grid resiliency, the Hopewell Valley Central Highschool installed an 876 kilowatt-dc rooftop solar and parking lot solar canopy system with large lithium ion batteries.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> The system can connect to the grid or charge batteries, allowing the highschool to participate in the PJM Frequency Regulation Market. During power outages, the system provides critical functions including heating/cooling, emergency lighting, and food refrigeration.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">GAF Headquarters Building, Parsippany, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The GAF Headquarters Building led the way in 2016 becoming the first building to ever be awarded the LEED pilot credit for resilient design (now being incorporated into the RELi resilience standard).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> The project team designed the building to maintain critical functions in the event of a hurricane, by avoiding flood zones, designing flood preparation and backup capabilities for long-term power outages, reinforcing roof structures to hurricane wind standards, and developing a business continuity recovery plan that details employee and business procedures in the event of a disaster.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site energy storage and backup power generation provides a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>, and <em>Smart Metering</em>). For example, energy storage systems provide a way for customers to shift power demands to off-peak hours and to take advantage of time-of-day pricing and lower energy prices.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capabilities and battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, with the added benefit of increased power reliability. Battery storage helps to reduce common challenges with PV systems such as ramping, output variability, voltage and current inconsistencies that impact power quality, and a disconnect between the power supply (morning sun) and power demand (afternoon and evening air conditioning spikes).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Islandable PV systems with battery storage also provide value throughout the year, do not require refueling and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy resulting from the overgeneration of heat and electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> Typical cost savings and project cost associated with CHP applications can be found on the DOE IAC database.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>Fuel cells offer a clean, energy-efficient, grid-independent and reliable source of power provided adequate fuel supply from a variety of domestic energy sources such as hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol making them a viable alternative for backup power generation and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> Excess electricity produced by fuel cells can run an electrolyzer and extract hydrogen from water, providing hydrogen for storage and for later use in the fuel cell to produce electricity when it is needed.</p>\n<p>Vehicle-to-grid applications with bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional power generation systems, islandable systems with energy storage require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> As the cost of energy storage and backup power generation technologies decline and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy storage and backup power generation support energy resiliency in many ways. Backup power generation systems that utilize energy storage or islanding and microgrid ready capabilities can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand. Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats. Energy storage and backup power generation allow customers to take full advantage of demand response programs that signal when to use, store, or sell energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand.  Likewise, energy storage and on-site backup power help to support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Understanding New Jersey’s Vulnerability to Climate Change. <a href=\"http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file\">http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Energy Storage Technologies. <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE. 2018. Fuel Cells. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NREL. 2018. Vehicle to Grid Integration. Energy Systems Integration Facility. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021133358/https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS). 2017 FORTIFIED Commercial – Hurricane Standard.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf</a> (accessed October 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Clean Energy Group. 2016. Hopewell Valley Highschool. <a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> USGGB Center for Resilience. 2018. Profiles of Resilience. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Department of Energy. 2018. “CHP Applications.” Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) <a href=\"https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34\">https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34</a> (accessed Dec 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). 2016. Fuel Cells and Renewable Hydrogen. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen</a> (accessed October 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Power and Heat (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/ups\">Energy Storage Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200702200424/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/\">Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS) – FORTIFIED Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200606192915/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/\">NREL Energy Systems Integration Facility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1533-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:41:42','2022-06-23 18:41:42','',1533,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2577',0,'revision','',0),(2578,3,'2022-06-23 18:41:43','2022-06-23 18:41:43','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV? </strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity (see <em>Photovoltaic (PV) systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Most grid-tied PV systems connect to the traditional centralized grid or macrogrid and loose power whenever the large-scale electric power system goes down.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Islanding refers to when a distributed energy resource (DER), such as a PV system, continues to power a location with available solar even after a grid outage. Laws typically require grid-tied PV systems to have a grid-tie inverter with an anti-islanding capability, which can sense when a power outage occurs, automatically disconnect from the grid, and shut itself off, protecting utility workers from live wires and preventing power surges.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_400\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1132\"]<img class=\"wp-image-400 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Islanding-Micrgrid-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Diagram of a typical microgrid configuration. (Source: NREL https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\" width=\"1132\" height=\"744\" /> Figure 1. Diagram of a typical microgrid configuration. (Source: NREL https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0[/caption]<p>Unlike the traditional macrogrid, microgrids function as locally controlled systems (see Figure 1) and can allow for intentional solar islanding or operating independently of the grid.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> The United States Department of Energy Microgrid Exchange Group defines a microgrid as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<blockquote><p>“A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (DER)     within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode.”</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Microgrids can operate at different scales or classifications based on the size and organization of the Distributed Energy Resources (DER) connected to the grid. For example, Level 1 or single customer microgrids may include PV systems that serve one customer or building through a single meter.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capability and battery storage can provide emergency power for critical building functions during grid outages and emergency situations (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). They can also function independently of the traditional grid during the year to manage peak demand and energy prices through participation in Demand Response (DR) programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). Likewise, PV systems designed to connect to local or future microgrid connections helps support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage power outages, peak demand, and the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid (see <em>Smart Metering, and Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV </strong></h2>\n<p>Reconfiguring PV systems to operate independently of the grid and serve as self-sufficient microgrids requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, battery storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful solar islanding to take place (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from solar islanding. Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, lighting, and phone or laptop charging versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> See the <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding</a> example below for advice on calculating critical loads and determining capacity requirements for an islandable PV and battery storage system.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_134\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1038\"]<img class=\"wp-image-134 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Islanding-Microgrid-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.\" width=\"1038\" height=\"684\" /> Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.[/caption]<p>Hire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Funding and incentive programs may require islandable PV and battery storage systems to blackstart or startup without a direct connection to the electric utility grid and operate at critical load for a set minimum period.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Solar Islanding Project, Highland Park, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This report analyzes the power demands and associated functions potentially sustained by three existing solar installations in Highland Park, NJ if converted into solar power islands. The report includes recommendations in language consistent with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) standard for adoption by other municipalities who may already have solar islands.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems with battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, while also providing a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs. By providing localized power generation, islandable PV systems increase energy efficiency by reducing transmission and distribution losses typical of centralized grid systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Unlike diesel and fossil-fueled generators, typically used only during emergencies, islandable PV systems with battery storage provide value throughout the year, do not require regular maintenance or refueling, and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional grid-tied PV systems, islandable PV and battery storage systems require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs (see <em>Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> As the cost of solar and battery storage declines and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, may offset these incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NREL (2017) Microgrid-Ready Solar PV – Planning for Resiliency. Updated September 2017. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. 2018. Microgrids at Berkeley Labs. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200606192915/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0</a>  (accessed Oct 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2018. Energy Resilience Bank. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html</a> (accessed Oct 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200702200424/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200606192915/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>NJ Office of Clean Energy</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/der-microgrid-feasibility-studies\">Town Center Distributed Energy Resource Microgrid Feasibility Study Incentive Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV','','inherit','closed','closed','','1546-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:41:43','2022-06-23 18:41:43','',1546,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2578',0,'revision','',0),(2579,3,'2022-06-23 18:41:44','2022-06-23 18:41:44','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation? </strong></h2>\n<p>In the last 20 years, an increase in the frequency and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, and ice storms in New Jersey and the associated costs of storm-related power outages, highlight the need for resilient energy systems that provide backup power in the event of a grid failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Historically, generators fueled by fossil fuels, such as diesel or natural gas, provide backup power in the event of a power outage or natural disaster. In New Jersey, Hurricane Sandy exposed the vulnerability of generators, as the storm disrupted access to fuel and competing fuel demands from the transportation sector quickly depleted local fuel reserves.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Energy storage refers to storing energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, or for energy arbitrage storing low priced energy and using that energy during peak demand when prices climb.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a> The following categories highlight current and emerging energy storage technologies applicable to the building sector:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flow Solid State Batteries</li>\n<li>Flywheels</li>\n<li>Compressed Air Energy Storage</li>\n<li>Thermal (see <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Backup power provides energy required for supporting critical building functions by utilizing stored electrical or thermal energy (energy storage) from on-site power generation systems with islanding (generating power when the electrical grid is down) capabilities, or power from local microgrids and distributed energy generators. Energy storage systems could also help provide grid stabilization functionalities such as Contingency Reserve and Frequency Regulation.</p>\n<p>As the costs of energy storage and backup power generation systems continue to decline and the integration of these technologies continues to advance, several viable options exist for supplementing or replacing traditional standby generators, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Islandable Photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery storage (see <em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV</em>)</li>\n<li>Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems with or without energy storage (see <em>Combined Heat and Power (CHP)</em> and <em>Thermal Energy Storage</em>)</li>\n<li>Fuel Cells and hydrogen storage<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></li>\n<li>Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology and battery storage (see <em>Alternative Transportation</em>)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation </strong></h2>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from backup power in the event of power outage.</p>\n<p>Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, emergency and night-time lighting, water pumps, and phone or laptop charging, and online access via a cable modem or wireless router versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Figure 1 shows considerations for sizing solar and battery storage for backup power generation.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_175\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"878\"]<img class=\"wp-image-175 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Storage-and-Back-up-Power-Generation-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"878\" height=\"698\" /> Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)[/caption]<p>Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Note that configuring power systems to operate independently of the grid requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, energy storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful islanding to take place.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<p>As per the <a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">Insurance Institute for Business and Home and Safety’s (IBHS) FORTIFIED Commercial Hurricane Standard</a>, locate electrical connections for backup power generation and energy storage at an elevation above the 500-year flood level or 3 ft above the Base Flood Elevation (BFE) for the property or provide dry flood protection such as flood gates, walls or doors, inflatable barriers, or sand bags to prevent water intrusion.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>Accounting for cost savings during regular business operations (demand response) and for the cost of electric grid power outages and lost business (resiliency benefit) lowers the payback period for energy storage and backup power investments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<p>Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">PV and Battery Pilot Project, Hopewell Valley Central Highschool, Pennington, NJ</a></p>\n<p>As part of PSE&amp;G’s Solar 4 All Program, which supports solar technologies that also contribute to grid resiliency, the Hopewell Valley Central Highschool installed an 876 kilowatt-dc rooftop solar and parking lot solar canopy system with large lithium ion batteries.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> The system can connect to the grid or charge batteries, allowing the highschool to participate in the PJM Frequency Regulation Market. During power outages, the system provides critical functions including heating/cooling, emergency lighting, and food refrigeration.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">GAF Headquarters Building, Parsippany, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The GAF Headquarters Building led the way in 2016 becoming the first building to ever be awarded the LEED pilot credit for resilient design (now being incorporated into the RELi resilience standard).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a> The project team designed the building to maintain critical functions in the event of a hurricane, by avoiding flood zones, designing flood preparation and backup capabilities for long-term power outages, reinforcing roof structures to hurricane wind standards, and developing a business continuity recovery plan that details employee and business procedures in the event of a disaster.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site energy storage and backup power generation provides a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>, and <em>Smart Metering</em>). For example, energy storage systems provide a way for customers to shift power demands to off-peak hours and to take advantage of time-of-day pricing and lower energy prices.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capabilities and battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, with the added benefit of increased power reliability. Battery storage helps to reduce common challenges with PV systems such as ramping, output variability, voltage and current inconsistencies that impact power quality, and a disconnect between the power supply (morning sun) and power demand (afternoon and evening air conditioning spikes).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Islandable PV systems with battery storage also provide value throughout the year, do not require refueling and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]</a></p>\n<p>CHP systems that utilize both thermal and electrical storage further increase energy efficiency by capturing wasted energy resulting from the overgeneration of heat and electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]</a> A form of distributed energy generation, CHP systems support the development and integration of the broader smart grid by providing a consistent and reliable source of backup power that helps to balance the supply and demand of electricity from other distributed energy generators, including variable renewables such as wind and solar.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]</a> Typical cost savings and project cost associated with CHP applications can be found on the DOE IAC database.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]</a></p>\n<p>Fuel cells offer a clean, energy-efficient, grid-independent and reliable source of power provided adequate fuel supply from a variety of domestic energy sources such as hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol making them a viable alternative for backup power generation and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]</a> Excess electricity produced by fuel cells can run an electrolyzer and extract hydrogen from water, providing hydrogen for storage and for later use in the fuel cell to produce electricity when it is needed.</p>\n<p>Vehicle-to-grid applications with bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional power generation systems, islandable systems with energy storage require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]</a> As the cost of energy storage and backup power generation technologies decline and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy storage and backup power generation support energy resiliency in many ways. Backup power generation systems that utilize energy storage or islanding and microgrid ready capabilities can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand. Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats. Energy storage and backup power generation allow customers to take full advantage of demand response programs that signal when to use, store, or sell energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand.  Likewise, energy storage and on-site backup power help to support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Understanding New Jersey’s Vulnerability to Climate Change. <a href=\"http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file\">http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Energy Storage Technologies. <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> Ibid. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> US DOE. 2018. Fuel Cells. <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells\">https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel-cells</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> NREL. 2018. Vehicle to Grid Integration. Energy Systems Integration Facility. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021133358/https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS). 2017 FORTIFIED Commercial – Hurricane Standard.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf\">http://disastersafety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fortified_Commercial_Hurricane_Standards.pdf</a> (accessed October 19, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems <a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> Clean Energy Group. 2016. Hopewell Valley Highschool. <a href=\"https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/\">https://www.cleanegroup.org/ceg-projects/resilient-power-project/featured-installations/hopewell-valley/</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> USGGB Center for Resilience. 2018. Profiles of Resilience. <a href=\"https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf\">https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/profiles-of-resilience.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 23, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a> (accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[15]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a>  (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]</a> International Energy Agency (IEA). 2011. Co-generation and Renewables – Solutions for a low-carbon energy future. <a href=\"https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf\">https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 9, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]</a> US Department of Energy. 2018. “CHP Applications.” Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) <a href=\"https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34\">https://iac.university/searchRecommendations?arcCode=2.34</a> (accessed Dec 10, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]</a> U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). 2016. Fuel Cells and Renewable Hydrogen. <a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen</a> (accessed October 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]</a> Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” <a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a> (accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-combined-heat-and-power-chp/\">Combined Power and Heat (CHP)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-thermal-energy-storage/\">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/ups\">Energy Storage Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200702200424/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://disastersafety.org/\">Insurance Institute for Business Home and Safety (IBHS) – FORTIFIED Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200606192915/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/\">NREL Energy Systems Integration Facility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1997-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:41:44','2022-06-23 18:41:44','',1997,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2579',0,'revision','',0),(2580,3,'2022-06-23 18:41:44','2022-06-23 18:41:44','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]<h2><strong>What is Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV? </strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity (see <em>Photovoltaic (PV) systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a> Most grid-tied PV systems connect to the traditional centralized grid or macrogrid and loose power whenever the large-scale electric power system goes down.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a> Islanding refers to when a distributed energy resource (DER), such as a PV system, continues to power a location with available solar even after a grid outage. Laws typically require grid-tied PV systems to have a grid-tie inverter with an anti-islanding capability, which can sense when a power outage occurs, automatically disconnect from the grid, and shut itself off, protecting utility workers from live wires and preventing power surges.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"></a></p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_400\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1132\"]<img class=\"wp-image-400 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Islanding-Micrgrid-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Diagram of a typical microgrid configuration. (Source: NREL https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\" width=\"1132\" height=\"744\" /> Figure 1. Diagram of a typical microgrid configuration. (Source: NREL https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0[/caption]<p>Unlike the traditional macrogrid, microgrids function as locally controlled systems (see Figure 1) and can allow for intentional solar islanding or operating independently of the grid.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a> The United States Department of Energy Microgrid Exchange Group defines a microgrid as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<blockquote><p>“A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (DER)     within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode.”</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Microgrids can operate at different scales or classifications based on the size and organization of the Distributed Energy Resources (DER) connected to the grid. For example, Level 1 or single customer microgrids may include PV systems that serve one customer or building through a single meter.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capability and battery storage can provide emergency power for critical building functions during grid outages and emergency situations (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). They can also function independently of the traditional grid during the year to manage peak demand and energy prices through participation in Demand Response (DR) programs (see <em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). Likewise, PV systems designed to connect to local or future microgrid connections helps support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage power outages, peak demand, and the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid (see <em>Smart Metering, and Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).</p>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV </strong></h2>\n<p>Reconfiguring PV systems to operate independently of the grid and serve as self-sufficient microgrids requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, battery storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful solar islanding to take place (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from solar islanding. Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, lighting, and phone or laptop charging versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a> See the <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding</a> example below for advice on calculating critical loads and determining capacity requirements for an islandable PV and battery storage system.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_134\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1038\"]<img class=\"wp-image-134 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Islanding-Microgrid-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.\" width=\"1038\" height=\"684\" /> Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.[/caption]<p>Hire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a> Contact the <a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a> to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Funding and incentive programs may require islandable PV and battery storage systems to blackstart or startup without a direct connection to the electric utility grid and operate at critical load for a set minimum period.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Solar Islanding Project, Highland Park, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This report analyzes the power demands and associated functions potentially sustained by three existing solar installations in Highland Park, NJ if converted into solar power islands. The report includes recommendations in language consistent with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) standard for adoption by other municipalities who may already have solar islands.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems with battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, while also providing a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs. By providing localized power generation, islandable PV systems increase energy efficiency by reducing transmission and distribution losses typical of centralized grid systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Unlike diesel and fossil-fueled generators, typically used only during emergencies, islandable PV systems with battery storage provide value throughout the year, do not require regular maintenance or refueling, and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional grid-tied PV systems, islandable PV and battery storage systems require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs (see <em>Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> As the cost of solar and battery storage declines and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, may offset these incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NREL (2017) Microgrid-Ready Solar PV – Planning for Resiliency. Updated September 2017. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. 2018. Microgrids at Berkeley Labs. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200606192915/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0</a>  (accessed Oct 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2018. Energy Resilience Bank. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html</a> (accessed Oct 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-on-site-renewable-energy-systems/\">On-Site Renewable Energy Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/smart-meters/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200702200424/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200606192915/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><strong>NJ Office of Clean Energy - </strong><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/der-microgrid-feasibility-studies\">Town Center Distributed Energy Resource Microgrid Feasibility Study Incentive Program</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV','','inherit','closed','closed','','2247-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:41:44','2022-06-23 18:41:44','',2247,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2580',0,'revision','',0),(2581,3,'2022-06-23 18:41:45','2022-06-23 18:41:45','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV?</strong></h2>\n<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a><span> </span>Most grid-tied PV systems connect to the traditional centralized grid or macrogrid and loose power whenever the large-scale electric power system goes down.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a><span> </span>Islanding refers to when a distributed energy resource (DER), such as a PV system, continues to power a location with available solar even after a grid outage. Laws typically require grid-tied PV systems to have a grid-tie inverter with an anti-islanding capability, which can sense when a power outage occurs, automatically disconnect from the grid, and shut itself off, protecting utility workers from live wires and preventing power surges.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a></p>\n<p>Unlike the traditional macrogrid, microgrids function as locally controlled systems (see Figure 1) and can allow for intentional solar islanding or operating independently of the grid.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a><span> </span>The United States Department of Energy Microgrid Exchange Group defines a microgrid as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a></p>\n<p>A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (DER) within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single  controllable entity to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode.</p>\n<p>Microgrids can operate at different scales or classifications based on the size and organization of the Distributed Energy Resources (DER) connected to the grid. For example, Level 1 or single customer microgrids may include PV systems that serve one customer through a single meter.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capability and battery storage can provide emergency power for critical building functions during grid outages and emergency situations (see<span> </span><em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). They can also function independently of the traditional grid during the year to manage peak demand and energy prices through participation in Demand Response (DR) programs (see<span> </span><em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>). Likewise, PV systems designed to connect to local or future microgrid connections helps support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage power outages, peak demand, and the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid (see<span> </span><em>Smart Metering, and Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>).</p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_400\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1132\"]<img class=\"wp-image-400 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Islanding-Micrgrid-Fig-1-.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Diagram of a typical microgrid configuration. (Source: NREL https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\" width=\"1132\" height=\"744\" /> Figure 1. Diagram of a typical microgrid configuration. (Source: NREL https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>How to Implement Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</strong></h2>\n<p>Configuring PV systems to operate independently of the grid and serve as self-sufficient microgrids requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, battery storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful solar islanding to take place (see<span> </span><em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a></p>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from solar islanding. Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, lighting, and phone or laptop charging versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>See the<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding</a><span> </span>example below for advice on calculating critical loads and determining capacity requirements for an islandable PV and battery storage system.</p>\n<p>Hire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a><span> </span>Contact the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Funding and incentive programs may require islandable PV and battery storage systems to blackstart or startup without a direct connection to the electric utility grid and operate at critical load for a set minimum period.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a></p>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_134\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1038\"]<img class=\"wp-image-134 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Solar-Islanding-Microgrid-Fig-2.png\" alt=\"Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.\" width=\"1038\" height=\"684\" /> Figure 2 – Typical grid-tied islanding system (source: www.aeesolar.com/sites/default/files/Graph-grid- tie-battery-backup.jpg). The solar array includes DC coupled battery storage with the potential for adding supplemental generation sources.[/caption]\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/\">Solar Islanding Project, Highland Park, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>This report analyzes the power demands and associated functions potentially sustained by three existing solar installations in Highland Park, NJ if converted into solar power islands. The report includes recommendations in language consistent with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) standard for adoption by other municipalities who may already have solar islands.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems with battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, while also providing a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs. By providing localized power generation, islandable PV systems increase energy efficiency by reducing transmission and distribution losses typical of centralized grid systems.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a> Unlike diesel and fossil-fueled generators, typically used only during emergencies, islandable PV systems with battery storage provide value throughout the year, do not require regular maintenance or refueling, and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional grid-tied PV systems, islandable PV and battery storage systems require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs (see <em>Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</em>).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a> As the cost of solar and battery storage declines and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions and the ability to shelter in place, may offset these incremental costs. <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Solar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see <em>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation</em>). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a> Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a> Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a> NREL (2017) Microgrid-Ready Solar PV – Planning for Resiliency. Updated September 2017. <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a> Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. 2018. Microgrids at Berkeley Labs. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200606192915/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0</a>  (accessed Oct 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a> Ibid. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) <a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a> US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.” <a href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf\">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf</a> (accessed April 5, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a> NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2018. Energy Resilience Bank. <a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html</a> (accessed Oct 2, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a> NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a> DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a> (accessed May 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a> E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) <a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a> (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-biomass-energy-systems/\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200702200424/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org/\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200606192915/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/commercial-industrial/programs/der-microgrid-feasibility-studies\">Town Center Distributed Energy Resource Microgrid Feasibility Study Incentive Program</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org/\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us/\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][/et_pb_section]','NR Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV','','inherit','closed','closed','','2299-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:41:45','2022-06-23 18:41:45','',2299,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2581',0,'revision','',0),(2582,3,'2022-06-23 18:41:46','2022-06-23 18:41:46','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation\" subhead=\"New Residential\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2><strong>What is Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation?</strong></h2>\n<p>In the last 20 years, an increase in the frequency and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, and ice storms in New Jersey and the associated costs of storm-related power outages, highlight the need for resilient energy systems that provide backup power in the event of a grid failure.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]</a></p>\n<p>Historically, generators fueled by fossil fuels, such as diesel or natural gas, provide backup power in the event of a power outage or natural disaster. In New Jersey, Hurricane Sandy exposed the vulnerability of generators, as the storm disrupted access to fuel and competing fuel demands from the transportation sector quickly depleted local fuel reserves.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]</a></p>\n<p>Energy storage refers to storing energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, or for energy arbitrage storing low priced energy and using that energy during peak demand when prices climb.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Energy storage technologies most applicable to the residential building sector include battery storage and fuel cells.</p>\n<p>Backup power provides energy required for  supporting critical building functions by utilizing stored electrical or thermal energy (energy storage) from on-site power generation systems with islanding (generating power when the electrical grid is down) capabilities, or power from local microgrids and distributed energy generators.  Energy storage systems could also help provide grid stabilization functionalities such as Contingency Reserve and Frequency Regulation.</p>\n<p>As the costs of energy storage and backup power generation systems continue to decline and the integration of these technologies continues to advance, several viable options exist for supplementing or replacing traditional standby generators, including:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]</a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Islandable Photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery storage (see<span> </span><em>Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV</em>)</li>\n<li>Small Wind Energy Systems with battery storage (see On-Site Small Wind Energy Systems)</li>\n<li>Fuel Cells and hydrogen storage</li>\n<li>Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology and battery storage (see<span> </span><em>Alternative Transportation</em>)<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]</a><strong><br /></strong></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Implement Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</strong></h2>\n<p>First, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from backup power in the event of power outage.</p>\n<p>Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, emergency and night-time lighting, water pumps, and phone or laptop charging, and online access via a cable modem or wireless router versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Figure 1 shows considerations for sizing solar and battery storage for backup power generation.</p>\n<ul></ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][caption id=\"attachment_175\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"878\"]<img class=\"wp-image-175 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Energy-Storage-and-Back-up-Power-Generation-Fig-1-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)\" width=\"878\" height=\"698\" /> Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)[/caption][/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<p>Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Note that configuring power systems to operate independently of the grid requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, energy storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful islanding to take place.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]</a><span> </span>Accounting for cost savings through the year (demand response) and for the cost of electric grid power outages (resiliency benefit) lowers the payback period for energy storage and backup power investments.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]</a></p>\n<p>Contact the<span> </span><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a><span> </span>to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding.</p>\n<h3><strong>Examples</strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030011/https://hydrogenhouseproject.org/the-hydrogen-house.html\">Hydrogen House Project, Hopewell, NJ.</a></p>\n<p>The Hydrogen House, designed by homeowner Mike Striki with a grant from the NJ Board of Public Utilities, features a 21-kilowatt PV system with battery storage used to run a low-pressure electrolyzer, which extracts hydrogen and oxygen from water. Low-pressure propane tanks store hydrogen, which can be burned for cooking and heating applications or used in a fuel cell to produce electricity, with only water and oxygen as by-products.</p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits</strong></h2>\n<p>On-site energy storage and backup power generation provides a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see<span> </span><em>Demand Response and Peak Load Management</em>, and<span> </span><em>Smart Metering</em>). For example, energy storage systems provide a way for customers to shift power demands to off-peak hours and to take advantage of time-of-day pricing and lower energy prices.</p>\n<p>PV systems with solar islanding capabilities and battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, with the added benefit of increased power reliability. Battery storage helps to reduce common challenges with PV systems such as ramping, output variability, voltage and current inconsistencies that impact power quality, and a disconnect between the power supply (morning sun) and power demand (afternoon and evening air conditioning spikes).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Islandable PV systems with battery storage also provide value throughout the year, do not require refueling and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]</a></p>\n<p>Small wind energy systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak. High wind speeds during severe storms may cause wind turbines to “cut-out” to protect the blades. Islandable wind turbines with added dynamic inverters and transfer switches can serve as a local, reliable, distributed energy resource that provides power to a storm affected home. Battery storage increases small wind power reliability by helping to balance the mismatch between the power supply (night) with power demand (daytime).</p>\n<p>Fuel cells offer a clean, energy-efficient, grid-independent and reliable source of power provided adequate fuel supply from a variety of domestic energy sources such as hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol making them a viable alternative for backup power generation and storage.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]</a><span> </span>Excess electricity produced by fuel cells can run an electrolyzer and extract hydrogen from water, providing hydrogen for storage and for later use in the fuel cell to produce electricity when it is needed.</p>\n<p>Vehicle-to-grid applications with bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during power emergencies or supply shortages.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Costs</strong></h2>\n<p>Compared to traditional power generation systems, islandable systems with energy storage require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]</a><span> </span>As the cost of energy storage and backup power generation technologies decline, and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs.<span> </span><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]</a></p>\n<h2><strong>Resiliency</strong></h2>\n<p>Energy storage and backup power generation support energy resiliency in many ways. Backup power generation systems that utilize energy storage or islanding and microgrid ready capabilities can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand. Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats. Energy storage and backup power generation allow customers to take full advantage of demand response programs that signal when to use, store, or sell energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand.  Likewise, energy storage and on-site backup power help to support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]</a><span> </span>New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Understanding New Jersey’s Vulnerability to Climate Change.<span> </span><a href=\"http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file\">http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]</a><span> </span>E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]</a><span> </span>Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration<span> </span><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]</a><span> </span>Ibid. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]</a><span> </span>NREL. 2018. Vehicle to Grid Integration. Energy Systems Integration Facility.<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021133358/https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html\">https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html</a><span> </span>(</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]</a><span> </span>Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At:<span> </span><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 1, 2018)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]</a><span> </span>NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid. <span> </span><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html\">https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 1, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]</a><span> </span>NREL. 2018. Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf\">https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]</a><span> </span>Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration<span> </span><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]</a><span> </span>NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]</a><span> </span>U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). 2016. Fuel Cells and Renewable Hydrogen.<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen\">https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen</a><span> </span>(accessed October 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]</a><span> </span>Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.”<span> </span><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles\">http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles</a><span> </span>(accessed August 21, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]</a><span> </span>NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf\">https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed Oct 3, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-energy-storage-and-back-up-power-generation/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]</a><span> </span>DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.”<span> </span><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513121841/https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf\">https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf</a><span> </span>(accessed May 1, 2018).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-demand-response-and-peak-load-management/\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-smart-metering/\">Smart Metering</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nr-solar-islanding-and-microgrid-ready-solar-pv/\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/ups\">Energy Storage Association</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200702200424/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/projects/der-cam\">Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program\">DSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.gridwise.org/\">GRIDWISE ALLIANCE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf\">Highland Park Solar Islanding Project</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20200606192915/https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0\">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.njcleanenergy.com/\">NJ Office of Clean Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nrel.gov/esif/\">NREL Energy Systems Integration Facility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-microgrids-work\">US DOE – How Microgrids Work</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://smartenergycc.org/\">Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.smartgrid.gov/\">SmartGrid.Gov</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/\">Smart Grid – Where Power is Going?</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bpu.state.nj.us/\">State of NJ Board of Public Utilities</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NR Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation','','inherit','closed','closed','','1353-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:41:46','2022-06-23 18:41:46','',1353,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2582',0,'revision','',0),(2583,3,'2022-06-23 18:41:55','2022-06-23 18:41:55','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Active Living\" subhead=\"New Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>What is Active Living?</h2>\n<p>Active living incorporates physical activity on a daily basis to promote physical and mental well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Many adults do not meet the Surgeon General’s recommendations for regular physical activity, mainly because driving replaces walking and biking as the primary mode of transportation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Some of this change is due to individual decisions. Another explanation is the built environment; many communities lack sidewalks and bike lanes and other amenities that would otherwise promote active living.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The settings where people spend their time – work, home, and school, for example – influence daily behaviors.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Active living incorporates physical activity into daily routines, such as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Playing in the park</li>\n<li>Taking the stairs</li>\n<li>Using recreation facilities</li>\n<li>Walking or bicycling for exercise, pleasure, or transportation</li>\n<li>Working in the yard</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Active design contributes to public health initiatives and also has positive environmental effects. Strategies that increase the physical activity – such as promoting walking over driving, stairs over elevator usage and recreation over stationary activities such as video games – all also tend to lower energy consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Active living design provides access by people of all ages and varying mobility.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_167\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"572\"]<img class=\"wp-image-167 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Active-Living-Fig-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Children walking to school (Source: Voorhees Transportation Center)\" width=\"572\" height=\"454\" /> Figure 1 – Children walking to school (Source: Voorhees Transportation Center)[/caption]\n<h2>How to Implement Active Living</h2>\n<p>Design strategies that contribute to active living should be considered early in project development and an integrated design process will optimize opportunities and help minimize costs.  Equitable planning is key as “healthy” communities are often limited to those who can afford them. Communities of color and immigrant populations are increasingly occupying suburbs that often have limited safe and accessible walking and biking options.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Racial and ethnic minorities in the United States face health disparities including higher rates of chronic disease.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a>  The NJ Department of Health’s State Health Assessment Data (<a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/health/shad\">NJSHAD</a>) provides searchable data about the health of the population in NJ that can help inform decision-making. Key recommended measures for implementing active living in developing a site include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Develop mixed land use in neighborhoods and maintain existing mixed conditions.</li>\n<li>Incorporate pedestrian-friendly design including traffic calming features, landscaping, lighting, benches, and water fountains.</li>\n<li>Create continuous bike networks and incorporate bicycle infrastructure including indoor and outdoor bike parking accommodations.</li>\n<li>Ensure a pleasant, safe and secure outdoor environment for pedestrians and cyclists by including, pedestrian-scale lighting, entrances that are easy to see and access from cross streets, ADA accessible sidewalks and ramps, and ground floor windows that provide “eyes on the street.”</li>\n<li>Provide easy access to open spaces, parks, plazas, public buildings, recreational facilities, schools, and trails.</li>\n<li>Design public spaces to accommodate a wide range of public uses.</li>\n<li>Improve access to public transit and multi-modal transit hubs.</li>\n<li>Improve the access and availability of healthy food by providing easy access to local grocery stores and farmer’s markets.</li>\n<li>De-emphasize motor vehicle parking, avoid expansive parking lots, and locate necessary parking in areas away from primary pedestrian traffic.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>There are also steps that can be taken to incorporate active living into building design. Steps that architects can take to promote physical activity within their structures incorporate some of the following:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Encouraging stair use by placing the main stairway in a convenient location for everyday use as well as signage encouraging the use of stairs over elevators. Stairs should also be designed to be visually pleasing and inviting with ample daylight or electrical lighting.</li>\n<li>Incorporating exercise facilities in easily visible locations as well as providing locker rooms, showers, drinking fountains, and bicycle storage.</li>\n<li>Designing the building exterior and envelope to contribute to a pedestrian-friendly atmosphere and including a variety of entries and canopies.</li>\n<li>Improving the access and availability of healthy food by providing on-site gardens on rooftops, in courtyards or on patio spaces.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gethealthycamden.com/\">Get Healthy Camden</a></p>\n<p>Get Healthy Camden is working to building a culture of health in the City of Camden. The organization implements programs related to healthy eating, healthy living, and active living. These programs grew from the blueprint developed by Get Healthy Camden to address community health with an action plan that includes adopting a “comprehensive citywide wellness policy that consists of policies and systems that create walking and biking paths, parks and open space, healthy and affordable food outlets, and that makes Camden an environment that supports daily physical activity and nutrition.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Active living can provide both short and long-term benefits to people of all ages and abilities. Short-term benefits include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>increased ease performing daily activities such as climbing stairs</li>\n<li>increased energy and the ability to cope with stress</li>\n<li>improved sleep</li>\n<li>decreased risk of depression</li>\n<li>improvements in student performance, including grades and standardized test scores<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Potential long-term benefits include reduced risk for specific health problems such as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>back pain</li>\n<li>high blood pressure</li>\n<li>obesity and obesity-related diseases</li>\n<li>anxiety and depression</li>\n<li>cancer <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Active living can also reduce reliance on automobiles and promote increased positive/personal interaction in the community.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost to implement active living strategies depends on a variety of factors. As with any community design process, some costs include collecting data from the neighborhood as well as the implementation costs of various programs such as walking clubs or bicycle recycle initiatives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a> These costs are dependent on the existing design of a community as well as the population within it and their willingness to volunteer their time and resources to active living.</p>\n<p>An integrated design process and considering active living design strategies from the start can minimize costs regardless of project scale. A study released in 2018 identified the total cost of chronic diseases related to individuals identified as obese or overweight was $1.72 trillion or 9.3% of the United States gross domestic product (GDP).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a> Active living can have long-term positive impacts on public health that reduce costs on a community scale.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Health is a key factor in community resilience, defined as the sustained ability of communities to withstand, adapt to, and recover from adversity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\"><sup>[18]</sup></a> Active living helps promote a healthier community of people who are better able to endure and recover from a disaster or emergency event. Accessible public spaces help develop community connections that are important sources of support during emergencies.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” <a href=\"https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128\">https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128</a> (accessed September 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” <a href=\"https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128\">https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128</a> (accessed September 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> CDC. Adult Obesity – Causes &amp; Consequences.  <a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html\">https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” <a href=\"https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128\">https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128</a> (accessed September 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> New York City Department of Design and Construction. “Active Design Guidelines.” <a href=\"https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf\">https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>Aces Connection. Resilient Communities are Healthy Communities. <a href=\"https://www.acesconnection.com/blog/resilient-communities-are-healthy-communities\">https://www.acesconnection.com/blog/resilient-communities-are-healthy-communities</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity.  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425844/\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425844/</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> New York City Department of Design and Construction. “Active Design Guidelines.” <a href=\"https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf\">https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> New Jersey Health Initiatives. 2016. Get Healthy Camden – A Partnership for Healthy Kids Program <a href=\"https://www.njhi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Get-Healthy-Camden_NJHI-Blueprint_v2_FULL.pdf\">https://www.njhi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Get-Healthy-Camden_NJHI-Blueprint_v2_FULL.pdf</a> (accessed January 7, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> US Dept. of Health and Human Services. Importance of Physical Activity <a href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/fitness/be-active/importance-of-physical-activity/index.html\">https://www.hhs.gov/fitness/be-active/importance-of-physical-activity/index.html</a> (accessed January 6. 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Leadership for Healthy Communities. <a href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/leadership-for-healthy-communities.aspx\">http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/leadership-for-healthy-communities.aspx</a> (accessed January 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> Warburton, D.E., Whitney Nicol, C., Bredin, S.S. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence Can. Med. Assoc. J., Mar 2006; 174: 801 – 809</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a>  US Dept. of Health and Human Services. Active Living. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415175314/https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/priorities/prevention/strategy/active-living.html\">https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/priorities/prevention/strategy/active-living.html</a> (accessed January 5, 2019)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a> Active Living By Design. “5P Strategies and Tactics.” <a href=\"http://www.activelivingbydesign.org/our-approach/5p-strategies-tactics\">http://www.activelivingbydesign.org/our-approach/5p-strategies-tactics</a> (accessed March 18, 2011).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a> Waters, Hugh and Marlon Graf. America’s Obesity Crisis: The Health and Economic Costs of Excess Weight. <a href=\"https://www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/view/944\">https://www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/view/944</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\"><sup>[18]</sup></a> Public Health Emergency. Build and Sustain Healthy, Resilient Communities. <a href=\"https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/authority/nhss/Pages/communities.aspx\">https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/authority/nhss/Pages/communities.aspx</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-flexible-workspaces/\">Flexible Work Spaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" hover_enabled=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.activelivingresearch.org/\">Active Living Research</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asla.org/sustainablelandscapes/Vid_ActiveLiving.html\">American Society of Landscape Architects – Designing for Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://centerforactivedesign.org\">Center for Active Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://chnj.njpn.org/focus-areas/active-living-and-healthy-eating/\">Coalition for a Healthy New Jersey – Active Living &amp; Healthy Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://46u0j30o449zq8181dfurbcj-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/FitCity10_Report_101615_SinglePg_Final_299.pdf\">FitCity10 – Promoting Physical Activity through Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://healthyplacesbydesign.org\">Healthy Places by Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bikewalk.org/pdfs/2010/IPA_full.pdf\">Increasing Physical Activity Through Community Design: A Guide for Public Health Practitioners and Livable Community Advocates</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.asla.org/contentdetail.aspx?id=23888\">Livable Communities Resource Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njbikeped.org/complete-streets-2/\">NJ Bicycle and Pedestrian Resource Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.njhcn.org\">NJ Healthy Community Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/about/active-design.page&lt;/a\">New York City Department of Design and Construction – Active Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/health/chs/hnj2020/\">State of NJ Department of Health – Healthy New Jersey 2020</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablejersey.com/actions-certification/actions/?type=1336777436&amp;tx_sjcert_action%5BactionObject%5D=37&amp;tx_sjcert_action%5Baction%5D=getPDF&amp;tx_sjcert_action%5Bcontroller%5D=Action&amp;cHash=7e527b7b529d8e87b7cae5ad2c9a5b74\">Sustainable Jersey – Building Healthier Communities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415175314/https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/priorities/prevention/strategy/active-living.html\">US Department of Health and Human Services – Active Living</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','NC Active Living','','inherit','closed','closed','','1565-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:41:55','2022-06-23 18:41:55','',1565,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2583',0,'revision','',0),(2584,3,'2022-06-23 18:41:56','2022-06-23 18:41:56','[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"3.22\" background_color=\"#f7f7f7\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=\"Active Living\" subhead=\"Existing Commercial\" text_orientation=\"center\" content_max_width=\"none\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_color=\"rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)\" background_layout=\"light\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\" button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=\"off\"][/et_pb_fullwidth_header][/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_row column_structure=\"2_3,1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" background_size=\"initial\" background_position=\"top_left\" background_repeat=\"repeat\" width=\"90%\" max_width=\"1200px\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"2_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"||5px|||\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>What is Active Living?</h2>\n<p>Active living incorporates physical activity on a daily basis to promote physical and mental well-being.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Many adults do not meet the Surgeon General’s recommendations for regular physical activity, mainly because driving replaces walking and biking as the primary mode of transportation.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Some of this change is due to individual decisions. Another explanation is the built environment; many communities lack sidewalks and bike lanes and other amenities that would otherwise promote active living.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The settings where people spend their time – work, home, and school, for example – influence daily behaviors.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>\n<p>Active living incorporates physical activity into daily routines, such as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Playing in the park</li>\n<li>Taking the stairs</li>\n<li>Using recreation facilities</li>\n<li>Walking or bicycling for exercise, pleasure, or transportation</li>\n<li>Working in the yard</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Active design contributes to public health initiatives and also has positive environmental effects. Strategies that increase the physical activity – such as promoting walking over driving, stairs over elevator usage and recreation over stationary activities such as video games – all also tend to lower energy consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Active living design provides access by people of all ages and varying mobility.</p>\n[caption id=\"attachment_167\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"572\"]<img class=\"wp-image-167 size-full\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NC-Active-Living-Fig-1-1.png\" alt=\"Figure 1 – Children walking to school (Source: Voorhees Transportation Center)\" width=\"572\" height=\"454\" /> Figure 1 – Children walking to school (Source: Voorhees Transportation Center)[/caption]\n<h2>How to Implement Active Living</h2>\n<p>Design strategies that contribute to active living should be considered early in project development and an integrated design process will optimize opportunities and help minimize costs.  Equitable planning is key as “healthy” communities are often limited to those who can afford them. Communities of color and immigrant populations are increasingly occupying suburbs that often have limited safe and accessible walking and biking options.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Racial and ethnic minorities in the United States face health disparities including higher rates of chronic disease.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a>  The NJ Department of Health’s State Health Assessment Data (<a href=\"http://www.nj.gov/health/shad\">NJSHAD</a>) provides searchable data about the health of the population in NJ that can help inform decision-making. Key recommended measures for implementing active living in developing a site include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Develop mixed land use in neighborhoods and maintain existing mixed conditions.</li>\n<li>Incorporate pedestrian-friendly design including traffic calming features, landscaping, lighting, benches, and water fountains.</li>\n<li>Create continuous bike networks and incorporate bicycle infrastructure including indoor and outdoor bike parking accommodations.</li>\n<li>Ensure a pleasant, safe and secure outdoor environment for pedestrians and cyclists by including, pedestrian-scale lighting, entrances that are easy to see and access from cross streets, ADA accessible sidewalks and ramps, and ground floor windows that provide “eyes on the street.”</li>\n<li>Provide easy access to open spaces, parks, plazas, public buildings, recreational facilities, schools, and trails.</li>\n<li>Design public spaces to accommodate a wide range of public uses.</li>\n<li>Improve access to public transit and multi-modal transit hubs.</li>\n<li>Improve the access and availability of healthy food by providing easy access to local grocery stores and farmer’s markets.</li>\n<li>De-emphasize motor vehicle parking, avoid expansive parking lots, and locate necessary parking in areas away from primary pedestrian traffic.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>There are also steps that can be taken to incorporate active living into building design. Steps that architects can take to promote physical activity within their structures incorporate some of the following:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Encouraging stair use by placing the main stairway in a convenient location for everyday use as well as signage encouraging the use of stairs over elevators. Stairs should also be designed to be visually pleasing and inviting with ample daylight or electrical lighting.</li>\n<li>Incorporating exercise facilities in easily visible locations as well as providing locker rooms, showers, drinking fountains, and bicycle storage.</li>\n<li>Designing the building exterior and envelope to contribute to a pedestrian-friendly atmosphere and including a variety of entries and canopies.</li>\n<li>Improving the access and availability of healthy food by providing on-site gardens on rooftops, in courtyards or on patio spaces.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong><b>Example</b></strong></h3>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gethealthycamden.com/\">Get Healthy Camden</a></p>\n<p>Get Healthy Camden is working to building a culture of health in the City of Camden. The organization implements programs related to healthy eating, healthy living, and active living. These programs grew from the blueprint developed by Get Healthy Camden to address community health with an action plan that includes adopting a “comprehensive citywide wellness policy that consists of policies and systems that create walking and biking paths, parks and open space, healthy and affordable food outlets, and that makes Camden an environment that supports daily physical activity and nutrition.”<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>\n<h2><strong><b>Benefits</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Active living can provide both short and long-term benefits to people of all ages and abilities. Short-term benefits include:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>increased ease performing daily activities such as climbing stairs</li>\n<li>increased energy and the ability to cope with stress</li>\n<li>improved sleep</li>\n<li>decreased risk of depression</li>\n<li>improvements in student performance, including grades and standardized test scores<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Potential long-term benefits include reduced risk for specific health problems such as:<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a></p>\n<ul>\n<li>back pain</li>\n<li>high blood pressure</li>\n<li>obesity and obesity-related diseases</li>\n<li>anxiety and depression</li>\n<li>cancer <a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Active living can also reduce reliance on automobiles and promote increased positive/personal interaction in the community.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Costs</b></strong></h2>\n<p>The cost to implement active living strategies depends on a variety of factors. As with any community design process, some costs include collecting data from the neighborhood as well as the implementation costs of various programs such as walking clubs or bicycle recycle initiatives.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a> These costs are dependent on the existing design of a community as well as the population within it and their willingness to volunteer their time and resources to active living.</p>\n<p>An integrated design process and considering active living design strategies from the start can minimize costs regardless of project scale. A study released in 2018 identified the total cost of chronic diseases related to individuals identified as obese or overweight was $1.72 trillion or 9.3% of the United States gross domestic product (GDP).<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a> Active living can have long-term positive impacts on public health that reduce costs on a community scale.</p>\n<h2><strong><b>Resiliency</b></strong></h2>\n<p>Health is a key factor in community resilience, defined as the sustained ability of communities to withstand, adapt to, and recover from adversity.<a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\"><sup>[18]</sup></a> Active living helps promote a healthier community of people who are better able to endure and recover from a disaster or emergency event. Accessible public spaces help develop community connections that are important sources of support during emergencies.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” <a href=\"https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128\">https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128</a> (accessed September 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” <a href=\"https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128\">https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128</a> (accessed September 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a> CDC. Adult Obesity – Causes &amp; Consequences.  <a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html\">https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” <a href=\"https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128\">https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128</a> (accessed September 18, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a> New York City Department of Design and Construction. “Active Design Guidelines.” <a href=\"https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf\">https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>Aces Connection. Resilient Communities are Healthy Communities. <a href=\"https://www.acesconnection.com/blog/resilient-communities-are-healthy-communities\">https://www.acesconnection.com/blog/resilient-communities-are-healthy-communities</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a> National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity.  <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425844/\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425844/</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a> New York City Department of Design and Construction. “Active Design Guidelines.” <a href=\"https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf\">https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf</a> (accessed September 20, 2018).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Ibid.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a> New Jersey Health Initiatives. 2016. Get Healthy Camden – A Partnership for Healthy Kids Program <a href=\"https://www.njhi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Get-Healthy-Camden_NJHI-Blueprint_v2_FULL.pdf\">https://www.njhi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Get-Healthy-Camden_NJHI-Blueprint_v2_FULL.pdf</a> (accessed January 7, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a> US Dept. of Health and Human Services. Importance of Physical Activity <a href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/fitness/be-active/importance-of-physical-activity/index.html\">https://www.hhs.gov/fitness/be-active/importance-of-physical-activity/index.html</a> (accessed January 6. 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Leadership for Healthy Communities. <a href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/leadership-for-healthy-communities.aspx\">http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/leadership-for-healthy-communities.aspx</a> (accessed January 5, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a> Warburton, D.E., Whitney Nicol, C., Bredin, S.S. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence Can. Med. Assoc. J., Mar 2006; 174: 801 – 809</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a>  US Dept. of Health and Human Services. Active Living. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415175314/https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/priorities/prevention/strategy/active-living.html\">https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/priorities/prevention/strategy/active-living.html</a> (accessed January 5, 2019)</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\"><sup>[16]</sup></a> Active Living By Design. “5P Strategies and Tactics.” <a href=\"http://www.activelivingbydesign.org/our-approach/5p-strategies-tactics\">http://www.activelivingbydesign.org/our-approach/5p-strategies-tactics</a> (accessed March 18, 2011).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\"><sup>[17]</sup></a> Waters, Hugh and Marlon Graf. America’s Obesity Crisis: The Health and Economic Costs of Excess Weight. <a href=\"https://www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/view/944\">https://www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/view/944</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/nc-active-living/#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\"><sup>[18]</sup></a> Public Health Emergency. Build and Sustain Healthy, Resilient Communities. <a href=\"https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/authority/nhss/Pages/communities.aspx\">https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/authority/nhss/Pages/communities.aspx</a> (accessed January 6, 2019).</p>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_3\" _builder_version=\"4.14.8\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Related Strategies</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-active-living/\">Alternative Transportation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-biophilic-design/\">Biophilic Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-flexible-workspaces/\">Flexible Work Spaces</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/ec-views-and-operable-windows/\">Views and Operable Windows</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.14.9\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]<h2>Resources</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.activelivingresearch.org/\">Active Living Research</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.asla.org/sustainablelandscapes/Vid_ActiveLiving.html\">American Society of Landscape Architects – Designing for Active Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://centerforactivedesign.org\">Center for Active Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://chnj.njpn.org/focus-areas/active-living-and-healthy-eating/\">Coalition for a Healthy New Jersey – Active Living &amp; Healthy Living</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://46u0j30o449zq8181dfurbcj-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/FitCity10_Report_101615_SinglePg_Final_299.pdf\">FitCity10 – Promoting Physical Activity through Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://healthyplacesbydesign.org\">Healthy Places by Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.bikewalk.org/pdfs/2010/IPA_full.pdf\">Increasing Physical Activity Through Community Design: A Guide for Public Health Practitioners and Livable Community Advocates</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.asla.org/contentdetail.aspx?id=23888\">Livable Communities Resource Guide</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://njbikeped.org/complete-streets-2/\">NJ Bicycle and Pedestrian Resource Center</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.njhcn.org\">NJ Healthy Community Network</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www1.nyc.gov/site/ddc/about/active-design.page&lt;/a\">New York City Department of Design and Construction – Active Design</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.state.nj.us/health/chs/hnj2020/\">State of NJ Department of Health – Healthy New Jersey 2020</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.sustainablejersey.com/actions-certification/actions/?type=1336777436&amp;tx_sjcert_action%5BactionObject%5D=37&amp;tx_sjcert_action%5Baction%5D=getPDF&amp;tx_sjcert_action%5Bcontroller%5D=Action&amp;cHash=7e527b7b529d8e87b7cae5ad2c9a5b74\">Sustainable Jersey – Building Healthier Communities</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415175314/https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/priorities/prevention/strategy/active-living.html\">US Department of Health and Human Services – Active Living</a></li>\n</ul>[/et_pb_text][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]','EC Active Living','','inherit','closed','closed','','2169-revision-v1','','','2022-06-23 18:41:56','2022-06-23 18:41:56','',2169,'https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/?p=2584',0,'revision','',0),