(3877,1200,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">NR Energy Modeling</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Energy Modeling?<br />\nEnergy modeling simulates a home’s energy use, helping to inform design decisions or diagnose underperformance. Model inputs include building geometry, envelope data, including construction materials specifications, mechanical systems data and projected or actual building use and operations including occupancy, lighting, and heating and cooling schedules.[1] These inputs are combined with local weather data to simulate cost-effective building designs with optimized energy performance.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Energy Modeling<br />\nImplementing energy modeling into a new residential project requires an appropriately skilled team (see Integrated Design Process).  The architect/designer/builder should be knowledgeable about energy-efficient and green building practices. A ‘Certified Energy Professional’ can evaluate or rate the home design using energy modeling software and recommend improvements.[2]<br />\nThe necessary steps for implementing a building energy model comprise the following. First, create a model of the baseline home, which represents the building as designed. Next, manipulate specific variables to create alternate scenarios of the home’s energy performance. Many national green building certification programs require new buildings to meet or exceed a specified level of energy performance, and correspondingly require energy model documentation including these:</p>\n<p>US EPA Energy Star Certified Home Version 3.1<br />\nUS DOE Zero Energy Ready Home Program<br />\nUSGBC LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise<br />\nPassive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018) Certification Program</p>\n<p>USGBC’s LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise references the Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Home Energy Rating System (HERS)  Index[3] for single-family homes, and for multifamily, the ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1–2010, Appendix G (with errata).[4]<br />\nThere are a variety of software packages on the market available to create and analyze residential energy models. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) offers free energy modeling software called BEopt (Building Energy Optimization) that uses EnergyPlus.<br />\nExample<br />\nGreen Residential Home Study: A Shore Community in New Jersey<br />\nThis case study by the Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB) compared the performance of three single-family homes built by Fluid Construction in Monmouth County, New Jersey – a home built to the LEED for Homes Silver standard,  a “Code Plus”[5] home, and an ENERGY STAR-rated home.[6] MaGrann Associates completed an energy analysis on the ENERGY STAR and LEED-H homes using REM/Rate Home Energy Analysis Software.[7] The baseline model of each home allows for the comparison between predicted and actual performance, as well as for the comparison between homes built to different levels of energy performance. The results of the energy analysis showed that the LEED-H outperformed a typical code home, that its design/predicted performance closely matched its actual performance, but that it underperformed compared to the home built to Energy Star certification.[8]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEnergy modeling facilitates the comparison of building design alternatives and assists in determining the most cost-effective path for meeting energy performance goals over the life cycle of the building. Energy modeling also supports green building certification and code compliance. When used early in the design process, energy modeling reduces redesigns and subsequent delays later in the project.[9]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe cost for energy modeling can range from $.05/SF for larger/less complicated buildings to $.45/SF for small or complicated ones.[10] The project size, level of analysis, and the complexity of the building design and the mechanical system all impact the cost of energy modeling.[11]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nEnergy modeling identifies and evaluates green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While energy modeling typically uses historical weather data, “specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data” can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.[12] Energy modeling that takes into account resiliency objectives may include design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels.<br />\nFor example, the NYC Mayor’s Office of Resiliency and Recovery’s Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines provides resilient design strategies including, cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.[13]<br />\n[1] US DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy – Emerging Technologies. 2018. “About Building Energy Modeling.” https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/about-building-energy-modeling (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[2] The Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Professional. http://www.resnet.us/professional/ (accessed June 12, 2018).<br />\n[3] The Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Home Energy Rating System (HERS) Index rates homes on a scale of 0 to 100 where 0 corresponds to net-zero energy and 100 corresponds to code-level energy efficiency.<br />\n[4] USGBC LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise (Updated Oct 2, 2017). Page 7-8. https://new.usgbc.org (accessed June 12, 2018).<br />\n[5] Home built according to 2006 NJ State Building Code.<br />\n[6] Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB) and Associates. 2011. “Green Residential Home Study: A Shore Community in New Jersey.” http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Monmouth-County-Green-Homes-POE-Final.pdf (accessed June 12, 2018).<br />\n[7] REM/Rate™ http://www.remrate.com (accessed June 12, 2018).<br />\n[8] Ibid, “Green Residential Home Study,” page 8.<br />\n[9] Amber Wood and John Lisman. 2017. “The Benefits of Early Stage Energy Modeling.” USGBC-Colorado. https://www.usgbc.org/articles/benefits-earlystage-energy-modeling-usgbc-colorado (accessed June 12, 2018).<br />\n[10] Email correspondence with Mike Kornitas, Director of Sustainability and Energy, Rutgers University, July 11, 2018.<br />\n[11] Jim Nicolow, “Measuring the cost to Become LEED Certified,” November 2008. http://www.facilitiesnet.com/green/article/Measuring-The-Cost-To-Become-LEED-Certified–10057 (accessed March 23, 2018).<br />\n[12] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[13] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Building Orientation<br />\nIntegrated Design Process</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)– Building Modeling and Simulation<br />\nASHRAE Building Energy Modeling (BEM) Professional Certification<br />\nNational Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) BEopt<br />\nPassive House Institute – PHIUS+ 2018 Certification Program<br />\nResidential Energy Services Network (RESNET)</p>\n<p>HERS Index<br />\nUSGBC LEEDv4 for Homes and Multifamily Midrise</p>\n<p>US DOE</p>\n<p>Building Energy Modeling<br />\nUS DOE Zero Energy Ready Home</p>\n<p>US EPA EnergyStar Certified Home Program</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3878,1200,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-08 08:06:59'),(3879,1200,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3880,1200,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3881,1200,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3882,1200,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3883,1200,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3884,1200,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3885,1200,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3886,1200,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3887,1200,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3913,1207,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3914,1207,'_edit_last','2'),(3915,1207,'_edit_lock','1648666656:3'),(3916,1207,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3917,1207,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3918,1207,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3919,1207,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1207\" /]'),(3920,1207,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3921,1207,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3922,1207,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3923,1207,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3924,1207,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">NR Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Life Cycle Assessment?<br />\nA life cycle assessment (LCA) is a “cradle-to-grave” or “cradle-to-cradle” evaluation method that assesses the environmental impacts of products, processes, and services.[1] In the residential building sector, LCA is a tool that helps architects, building professionals and homeowners understand the embodied energy and other environmental impacts associated with all life cycle phases of a building or building product as defined by the ISO 14040/44 standard including resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction, operation, and disposal or recycling (see Figure 1).[2] The evaluation at each phase also includes the associated activities of a particular building product or design. For example, during the operational phase, the LCA for a deck includes the impact of the resources used for cleaning (e.g., energy, water, detergents), staining, or replacing boards.[3]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Defined environmental impact areas commonly include: [4]</p>\n<p>Climate change (“carbon footprint”)<br />\nAcidification (“acid rain”)<br />\nEutrophication (“algal bloom”)<br />\nPhotochemical oxidant creation (“summer smog”)<br />\nOzone depletion (“the ozone hole”)</p>\n<p>LCA’s support informed decision-making by providing a standardized system for verifying environmental footprints and claims, identifying environmental trade-offs, and making relative comparisons between different design paths or product choices.<br />\nWhile LCA’s take into account environmental impacts, Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) evaluates the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems (see Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)).  Together, LCA’s and LCCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. <br />\nHow to Implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)<br />\nIncreasingly, consumers and regulatory agencies are asking businesses and product manufacturers to provide environmental product declarations, which use LCA data to report the environmental impacts of their products, processes, and services (see Sustainable Materials). In the building sector, green building programs such as LEED, offer credits for environmentally preferable products that contain recycled and recyclable content, reclaimed materials (e.g., salvaged, refurbished or reused), or reduced life-cycle impacts (e.g., local production).[5] Likewise, the field of LCA continues to evolve as the quality and completeness of LCA data improves and LCA methodologies are tested and refined.<br />\nThe complete process of LCA includes:[6]</p>\n<p>Defining goals and assessment boundaries.<br />\nCollecting information on materials and design alternative.<br />\nUsing accredited LCA assessment tools to perform impact calculations.<br />\nCompiling and interpreting results.<br />\nDocumenting the process and providing assessment reports.</p>\n<p>LCA reports are often complex and technical in nature, but current tools attempt to summarize LCA information in a manageable format specifically targeted to design professionals. Tools are available for both whole building and product level LCA’s.<br />\nAthena EcoCalculator is a free online LCA calculator that provides a streamlined report of building’s footprint using LCA data on hundreds of common building products.<br />\nAthena Impact Estimator for Buildings is a free LCA-based software package for designers and building professionals that provides environmental impact data on over 1,000 structural and envelope assembly combinations.<br />\nBuilding for Economic and Environmental Software (BEES) is a free online tool for selecting cost-effective and environmentally preferable building products and includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 200+ building products.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nThe main benefit to LCA is credible, transparent data that informs greener design and product decisions and the associated cost savings and environmental benefits from reduced resource consumption, pollution, and waste.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe costs for performing an LCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project, data availability and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and designers perform LCA’s (see Resources). Costs for performing an LCA typically include labor costs for data collection and data input and the interpretation and reporting of results.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nAn LCA can identify and evaluate the environmental benefits of green building designs and products that enhance building resiliency. These may include specific design inputs for address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels. For example, resilient strategies may include cooling and shading features (e.g., cool pavements and cool roofs), improving the efficiency of building envelopes (e.g., insulation, windows, exterior walls), planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems (e.g., battery storage), and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features (e.g., properly-sized HVAC systems).[7] LCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions and the ability to shelter in place. [8]<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[2] International Standard for Standardization (ISO). ISO14040 Standard (2006) provides LCA principles and framework; https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html (accessed January 30, 2019); ISO 14044 Standard (2006) provides LCA Requirements and Guidelines. https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[3] Athena Sustainable Materials Institute. 2018. About LCA.<br />\nhttp://www.athenasmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LCA_summary_of_four_pages.pdf (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[4] Rajesh Kumar Singh. 2017. “Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment Through LEED v4.” GBCI<br />\nhttp://www.gbci.org/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-through-leed-v4 (accessed January 28, 2019).<br />\n[5] USGBC LEED Version 4.1 Single Family. 2019. Environmentally Preferable Products.  https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41 (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[6] USGBC LEED Version 4.1 BD+C Beta. 2019. Building Life-cycle Impact Reduction.  https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41 (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[7] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[8] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Integrated Design Process<br />\nLife Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)<br />\nSustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Athena Sustainable Materials Institute<br />\nBuilding For Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES 4.0)<br />\nGreenBlue<br />\nThe Natural Step<br />\nNational Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Evaluating Green Products</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3925,1207,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-08 08:06:59'),(3926,1207,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3927,1207,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3928,1207,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3929,1207,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3930,1207,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3931,1207,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3932,1207,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3933,1207,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3934,1207,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(3960,1215,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(3961,1215,'_edit_last','2'),(3962,1215,'_edit_lock','1648673215:3'),(3963,1215,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(3964,1215,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(3965,1215,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(3966,1215,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1215\" /]'),(3967,1215,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(3968,1215,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(3969,1215,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(3970,1215,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(3971,1215,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">NR Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)?<br />\nLife Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a form of economic evaluation that compares the costs and savings of alternative building designs and systems over the life cycle of a building. Green building features generally have higher initial costs compared to conventional features but offer operational savings over time through decreased resource use (e.g., energy, water), maintenance and disposal fees.[1] LCCA takes into account the overall costs of purchasing, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or building system, which the initial purchase price does not reflect. Comparing the life cycle costs of various options helps determine the most cost-effective choice for a comparable building design or system in terms of function and performance by translating this data into dollar amounts and providing information about how long it takes an investment to pay for itself (e.g., internal rate of return, savings-to-investment ratio, payback period).<br />\nWhile LCCA’s take into account the life-cycle costs of building designs and systems, a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems (see Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)).[2] Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.<br />\nHow to Perform a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)<br />\nPerform the LCCA early in the project and as part of an integrated design process to allow sufficient time and resources to refine the design and ensure the highest quality product for the lowest cost (see Integrated Design Process). Depending on project team expertise, hire a consulting service or conduct the LCCA in-house.<br />\nThe first task of an LCCA involves determining the costs and benefits of alternative project options. Cost inputs for an LCCA are often broken down into the following categories:[3]</p>\n<p>Initial Costs—Purchase, Acquisition, Construction Costs<br />\nFuel Costs<br />\nOperation, Maintenance, and Repair Costs<br />\nReplacement Costs<br />\nResidual Values—Resale or Salvage Values or Disposal Costs<br />\nFinance Charges—Loan Interest Payments<br />\nNon-Monetary Benefits or Costs</p>\n<p>Next, project teams can conduct several sensitivity analyses that include variations in the discount rate, study period or building lifespan, and energy escalation rates.<br />\nThe discount rate is a measure that decreases the value of dollars spent or received in the future, so future costs and returns are worth progressively less in terms of today’s dollars. The interest rate used for discounting is a rate that reflects an investor’s opportunity cost of money over time. The LCCA method converts cash flows to present values by discounting them to a common point in time, usually the base date.<br />\nThe US Department of Energy (US DOE) suggests a real discount rate of 3.0%, based on a 12-month average of long-term Treasury bond rates.[4]<br />\nStudy period or building lifespan refers to the length of time the LCCA covers.<br />\nEnergy escalation rates refer to projected average annual energy price increases obtained either from the supplier or from energy price escalation rates published annually on April 1 by US DOE in Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135.[5]<br />\nThere are several online tools for performing an LCCA and links to more information in the Resources section below.<br />\nExample<br />\nNew Jersey Association of Realtors (NJAR): Green Building Cost-Benefit Analysis<br />\nThe Rutgers Center for Green Building in partnership with the New Jersey Association of Realtors completed a detailed analysis of the upfront costs, operating savings, payback period, and appraisal and valuation benefits of several residential green building features, including energy-efficient windows, appliances, heating  and cooling systems, ventilation systems, and use of sustainable and healthy materials. The research looked at the costs and benefits of purchasing a green home on a life-cycle basis, from upfront costs through expected resale value. The research aims to help the real estate industry understand the net economic benefits of green home building.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Benefits<br />\nLCCA’s can offer environmental and monetary benefits for new residential construction projects by revealing the most environmentally-friendly and cost-effective solutions for the long run that purchase price alone cannot quantify. Potential benefits include reduced energy, water, and fuel consumption and cost savings on utility bills, maintenance, replacement, and end-of-life disposal costs. While an LCCA cannot remove all uncertainty surrounding a building project, the results equip the design team with the means to identify the optimal balance between green design and economic efficiency.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe costs for performing an LCCA depend on the scope and complexity of the building project and on whether in-house expertise or an independent consulting service completes the analysis. Several free online tools and resources are available to help owners and developers perform an initial LCCA (see Resources). Costs for performing an LCCA typically include labor costs for data collection, energy modeling (if necessary), LCCA calculations, and the interpretation and reporting of results.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nAn LCCA can identify and evaluate the costs and benefits of green building strategies that enhance building resiliency. While LCCAs and energy modeling typically use historical weather data, specific, regional, and forward-looking climate data can be used in energy models to inform resilient building design.[6]<br />\nLCCA’s can take into account resiliency objectives. These may include specific design inputs to address increasing heat, more intense precipitation, or rising sea levels, including cooling and shading buildings, improving the efficiency of building envelopes, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.[7] LCCA’s focused on resilient design can also consider the avoided costs or resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions and the ability to shelter in place.[8]<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLLC). http://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/tools/building-life-cycle-cost-blcc (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[2] National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html(accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[3] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). 2016. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA). https://www.wbdg.org/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca (accessed January 27, 2019).<br />\n[4] This rate for life-cycle cost analyses is valid through March 31, 2019, according to US DOE. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/04/f50/2018discountrates.pdf (accessed January 27, 2019).<br />\n[5] The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2018. Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – 2018: Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135. https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/building-life-cycle-cost-programs (accessed January 27, 2019).<br />\n[6] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 4. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[7] NYC Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency. April 2018. Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines. Version 2.0. Page 9-19. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/orr/pdf/NYC_Climate_Resiliency_Design_Guidelines_v2-0.pdf (accessed June 11, 2018).<br />\n[8] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Integrated Design Process<br />\nLife Cycle Assessment (LCA)</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>ASTM E917-17 Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems<br />\nGeneral Service Administration (GSA) Life Cycle Costing<br />\nUS DOE Building Life Cycle Cost Programs and Tools<br />\nR. S. Means Company – Construction Cost Databases<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Design for Maintainability<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(3972,1215,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-08 08:06:59'),(3973,1215,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(3974,1215,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(3975,1215,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(3976,1215,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(3977,1215,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(3978,1215,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(3979,1215,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(3980,1215,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(3981,1215,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4043,1225,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4044,1225,'_edit_last','2'),(4045,1225,'_edit_lock','1648675165:3'),(4046,1225,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4047,1225,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4048,1225,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4049,1225,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1225\" /]'),(4050,1225,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4051,1225,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4052,1225,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4053,1225,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4054,1225,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Alternative Transportation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_24  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Alternative Transportation?<br />\nAlternative transportation discourages dependence on the personal automobile and encourages public transportation options such as carpooling, vanpooling, busing, walking, and cycling. Telecommuting, informal transit options, compressed workweeks, and alternative fuel vehicles such as plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) also help reduce the number of greenhouse gasses produced by single occupancy vehicles.[1] Commuting to and from an average office building built to modern energy codes consumes thirty percent more energy compared to the energy the building itself consumes.[2] The location of residential buildings and their proximity to other resources and services are important factors to consider in a home’s overall environmental impact. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) concentrates development around transit stations, such as train, light rail, and bus stations, and other amenities to create places for people to live, work, and play without requiring the use of a car.[3]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_25  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_26  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Incorporate Alternative Transportation<br />\nThere are several alternative transportation strategies to consider when developing a new residential project that can also help to earn your project LEEDv4 Home credits.</p>\n<p>Proximity to existing public transportation, pedestrian, and bicycle networks and establishing a shuttle service if beyond a short walk away.<br />\nProximity to existing infrastructure, services and economic activity such as stores, schools, offices, and parks.<br />\nMinimizing on-site parking and providing bicycle changing facilities and storage.[4]<br />\nProviding covered areas for people awaiting carpool/vanpool rides and drop-off/pick-up zones for vehicles.<br />\nProviding facilities to encourage energy-efficient vehicle use, such as two-way electric plug-in charging stations that enable EVs to both draw electricity from and supply electricity to the grid, and liquid or gas alternative fueling facilities or a battery switching station.</p>\n<p>Many local programs assist with alternative transportation options such as the Hudson County Transportation Management Authority that offers rideshare, carpool, and vanpool services as well as other useful information for commuters.<br />\nEmployees can take advantage of or look to work for companies that offer telecommuting options, which contribute to sustainable workplace practices by allowing employees to communicate via telephone and computers to accomplish tasks that traditionally occur in central office spaces, reducing traffic congestion and strain on transportation systems, fuel consumption, and associated emissions and air quality issues.[5]<br />\nTOD begins with site selection near transit hubs. Consider local regulations and interest in transit hub development to reduce delays and conflict. Identify special zoning and permit systems designed to expedite efficient redevelopment of urban centers.<br />\nThe New Jersey Department of Transportation and New Jersey Transit leads a multi-agency partnership known as the Transit Village Initiative that encourages pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods and community revitalization. This program aims to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality and promote growth in areas where infrastructure and public transit already exist.[6]<br />\nExamples<br />\nCranford Crossing, Cranford, NJ.<br />\nCranford Crossing, a mixed-use redevelopment integrated into Cranford’s pedestrian-friendly environment and located one block from Cranford’s train station.[7]<br />\nRegional Plan Association Report – The Fourth Regional Plan<br />\nThis report provides examples of several Transit Oriented Developments (TODs) throughout NJ that encourage alternative transportation.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEncouraging the use of alternative transportation options provides benefits for developers, property owners, and building occupants as well as benefits for the environment and the community. Alternative transportation reduces automobile congestion, fossil fuel consumption, and carbon emissions.[8] Some forms of alternative transportation also provide options for healthier lifestyle choices. Initiatives like increased bike parking and storage can lead to a more active lifestyle on the part of residents as well as potentially lowering the risk of diseases such as diabetes linked to unhealthy diets and low activity. Proximity to public transportation and neighborhood services can improve quality of life and reduce commuting stress, all of which provide positive marketing opportunities for a new residential or mixed-use facility.<br />\nCosts<br />\nIncluding alternative transportation options in the initial design phase and locating projects near rapid transit helps to reduce upfront project costs. Transit-oriented design saves developers money by capitalizing on existing infrastructure and upgrades rather than relying on the developer to provide new infrastructure and parking, a significant redevelopment cost (see Brownfield and Infill sites).<br />\nBuilding excessive parking adds to construction costs and may contribute to environmental problems such as the heat island effect and increased stormwater runoff (see High Reflectance Hardscape Materials and Pervious Hardscape Materials). Providing excessive parking also encourages driving, which causes congestion, air pollution, and contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases. The fewer spaces dedicated to parking, the more for open space, parks, community rooms, or additional building square footage.[9]<br />\nCosts associated with providing facilities and equipment that encourage alternative transportation options such as biking and walking vary by project and may include costs to provide shower and changing facilities. Bicycle racks can accommodate about ten bikes for the same space and cost as one parking space. The cost of adding bike lanes depends on the existing condition of the roads.  The cost of adding a sidewalk is about $70 per linear foot along existing roads, though it can be significantly less if included as part of the initial road construction work.[10]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nLocating residential buildings and homes with access to a variety of alternative transportation options increases a building and its occupant’s resiliency by providing access to a seamless network of diverse mobility choices fueled by multiple energy sources and insulated from disruptions caused by extreme weather events, security threats, and disaster-related scenarios.[11] Telecommuting and flexible work schedules reduce congestion and strain on transportation systems, especially during vulnerable times such as storms and inclement weather. Providing bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations supports alternative fuel vehicle adoption, and vehicle-to-grid applications, which enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during emergencies or supply shortages (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).[12]<br />\nTOD encourages community interaction that can lead to better cultural understanding, stronger social ties, and in turn, more resilient communities that come together to support each other in times of need. Also, TOD and telecommuting help reduce the number of cars on the road, an added benefit, especially during times of mandatory evacuations when roads need to be accessible to first responders.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] USGBC. LEED O+M: Existing Buildings | LEED v4.  Alternative Transportation. https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings-schools-existing-buildings-retail-existing-buildings-data-centers-exis-41 (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[2] Alex Wilson and Rachel Navaro. Driving to Green Buildings: The Transportation Intensity of Buildings. https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/driving-green-buildings-transportation-energy-intensity-buildings (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[3] NJTOD.org. “What is Transit Oriented Development?” http://njtod.org/about-us/what-is-transit-oriented-development/ (accessed March 28, 2018).<br />\n[4] Stop Waste. Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018. http://www.stopwaste.org/resource/green-rehabilitation-multifamily-rental-properties (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[5] US General Service Administration (GSA). “Resources for Managing Teleworkers.” https://www.gsa.gov/governmentwide-initiatives/telework/telework-initiatives-at-gsa/resources-for-managing-teleworkers (accessed Sept 10, 2018).<br />\n[6] NJ DOT. http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/community/village/ (accessed April 1, 2018).<br />\n[7] New Jersey Future – Smart Growth Awards: Cranford Crossing  http://www.njfuture.org/smart-growth-101/smart-growth-awards/2005-award/cranford-crossing/  (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[8] Federal Transit Administration. Transit-Oriented and Joint Development. https://www.transit.dot.gov/JointDevelopment  (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[9] Stop Waste.  Green Rehabilitation of Multifamily Rental Properties, 2018.<br />\n[10] The Sidewalk Study. http://www.knoxmpc.org/pubs/sidewalk.htm (accessed March 1, 2018).<br />\n[11] Victoria Transport Policy Institute. (2017) “Evaluating Transportation Resilience<br />\nEvaluating the Transportation System’s Ability to Accommodate Diverse, Variable and Unexpected Demands with Minimal Risk.” http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm (accessed March 8, 2018).<br />\n[12] Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles (accessed August 21, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_27  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Active Living<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nHigh Reflectance Hardscape Materials<br />\nPervious Hardscape Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_28  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Alan M. Vorhees Transportation Center (VTC)<br />\nFederal Transit Administration – Transit Oriented Development<br />\nNJ Bicycle &amp; Pedestrian Resource Center  (Complete Streets)<br />\nNJ Clean Cities Coalition<br />\nNJTOD.org (A partnership between NJ Transit and Rutgers University)<br />\nNJ Department of Transportation<br />\nNJ State League of Municipalities<br />\nNJ Transit Village Initiative<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nSmartGrid.Org<br />\nRegional Plan Association<br />\nUS EPA – Smart Growth<br />\n </div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4055,1225,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:33:21'),(4056,1225,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4057,1225,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4058,1225,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4059,1225,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4060,1225,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4061,1225,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4062,1225,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4063,1225,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4064,1225,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4081,184,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (Source: Flickr).'),(4088,1232,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4089,1232,'_edit_last','2'),(4090,1232,'_edit_lock','1648675417:3'),(4091,1232,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4092,1232,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4093,1232,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4094,1232,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1232\" /]'),(4095,1232,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4096,1232,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4097,1232,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4098,1232,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4099,1232,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Composting</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Composting?<br />\nComposting is the natural conversion of organic materials into a useable soil amendment. Compost is the by-product of decaying organic matter like vegetable scraps. Material that can be composted (e.g., food scraps and landscape waste) make up 30% of the material we discard.[1] Composting this material instead of sending it to a landfill turns it into a useful resource that builds nutrient-rich organic soil. Vermicomposting is composting facilitated by worms (i.e., generally red wiggler worms Eisenia foetida). The worms help expedite the breakdown of the organic matter; vermicomposting provides a space-saving option for residential properties with limited space.[2]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_18  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_19  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Composting<br />\nOrganic matter can be collected separately to create compost including kitchen scraps (plant and animal), paper products, wood scraps and grass clippings. Grass clippings can also be left directly on the lawn. This saves time and helps recycle nutrients back into the soil.[3],[4] Depending on the volume and type of waste generated, there are two ways to compost non-lawn waste: choose a pick-up service or choose to compost waste and use it on site. The decision should be Based the decision to compose on how much organic matter you collect regularly, whether the space exists to convert refuse to compost, whether there is a need for nutrient-rich soil on-site (e.g.,  landscaping, planting, etc.), and whether waste is primarily plant (e.g., leaves and wood chips) or animal matter, and availability of a pick-up service in your area. Some municipalities offer composting drop-off/pick-up services (see Hoboken – Composting). If dropping off materials, be sure to check what waste types are accepted at composting facilities: NJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste: Compost Facilities. If composting is not possible on-site, local composting programs or community garden projects often accept items like grass clippings and food waste for their compost operations.[5] If composting at home, plan for ongoing maintenance of the composting process.<br />\nOutdoor Composting Process:<br />\nCompost outdoors with either a simple pile in the yard or a compost bin. First, decide on a location for the pile or bin that is shady and relatively dry. Collect roughly equal amounts of nitrogen-rich (e.g., food scraps) and carbon-rich (e.g., dead leaves, twigs) wastes. Add materials to the pile or bin as they are collected while also adding a little water each time. Once the pile is established, add grass clippings, green leaves, and mix to make sure the food scraps are inside the pile. Use the bin lid or a tarp to cover the pile to retain moisture and heat. When the material at the bottom of the pile is rich in organic matter and dark in color, it is ready to use. This could take anywhere from two months to a year, depending on the contents of the compost pile and the outdoor conditions.[6]<br />\nIndoor Composting Process:[7]<br />\nIf outdoor space is limited or unavailable, composting can be done inside on a smaller scale. Purchase or build indoor compost bins, that when managed correctly, do not smell or attract pests.[8] Indoor composting can be performed in one of two ways: anaerobic (i.e., without oxygen) or aerobic (i.e., with oxygen). Choose from anaerobic composters that can be placed on a countertop or under a sink or aerobic composter that use a worm bin.  These can either be purchased or made quite easily.<br />\nBuilding a Worm Bin (Vermicomposting)[9]</p>\n<p>In a plastic storage container, place about 8-12 inches of bedding material such as potting soil, leaves, grass clipping, and newspaper strips. Purchase worms, typically red wiggler, to place in the bin. In addition, drill several air holes into the lid of the bin and make sure the bedding is moist and loosely placed in the bin to ensure proper air circulation.<br />\nAdd about 1 lb of red worms to the bin.<br />\nPlace food scraps, except animal products (e.g., meat, grease, cheese, etc.) under the bedding. Worms can eat about 3 to 3.5 pounds of kitchen waste per week.<br />\nKeep the bin covered to retain heat and moisture. Check the box every day or two for moisture. If the edges begin to look dry, add some water.<br />\nStore the bin in a warm dark place since the worms do not like light and can freeze if it gets too cold.<br />\nHarvest compost when it is a dark, rich color to use in a garden or in potted plants.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_20  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_21  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Order worm bins or make them a plastic storage bin. For more information on worm bins and composting indoors visit: Rutgers Cooperative Research &amp; Extension<br />\nExample<br />\nThird Can Program – Lambertville, NJ<br />\nThe City of Lambertville realized that food waste comprised approximately 15% of the city’s waste stream. Beginning in 2014, Lambertville initiated the Third Can Program on a voluntary basis for residents.<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Saves money on waste management<br />\nReduces landfill waste; reducing the production of methane, a greenhouse gas (GHG).<br />\nImproves landscapes through improved soil structure, stabilized pH and suppressing plant diseases[10]<br />\nProvides opportunities to garden and grow produce on-site</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe small up-front costs can be quickly offset by the benefits of waste reduction and the use of compost on-site instead of purchasing fertilizer. Full size outdoor bins can range in price from $26 – $500. For indoor composting activities, composter prices range from $40 – $300, and small simple collection canisters as low as $20.[11] Worm/vermicompost bins can be made relatively easily[12] or purchased (average $60-100 each)[13] and worms can be purchased for about $20-$40.00/lb (2 lbs to 1 lb of food scraps).[14] Mature compost can also minimize the amount of fertilizer needed, therefore saving on the cost of purchasing fertilizer. Finally, in areas where garbage is collected on a pay per bag basis, reducing the amount of trash by composting food scraps and paper saves money in trash collection fees.[15]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nComposting increases local community resilience by reducing stress on the waste management system, emissions from landfill gas and trash burning, and the release of pollutants. Compost enhances soil health, tilth (or physical condition), aeration, and water holding capacity, which support healthy plant and microorganism populations that are more resilient to ecosystem disturbances.[16] Composting also provides stormwater management and erosion control benefits.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US EPA. Composting http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm (accessed April 7, 2019).<br />\n[2] US EPA. Vermicomposting. https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process#vermi (accessed April 8, 2019).<br />\n[3] US EPA. Types of Compost and Understanding the Process. https://www.epa.gov/reducefoodwaste/types-composting-and-understanding-process (accessed April 8, 2019).<br />\n[4] NJ DEP. NJ Manual on Composting Leaves and Management of Other Yard Trimmings. VI. Management of Other Yard Wastes: A. Grass Clippings. http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/manag.htm (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[5] One Green Planet. 7 Things to do with Compost if you don’t Garden. https://www.onegreenplanet.org/lifestyle/things-to-do-with-compost-if-you-dont-garden/<br />\nhttp://www.epa.gov/greenhomes/reducewaste.htm (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[6] US EPA, Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[7] Lower East Side Ecology Center: In-Vessel Composting System. https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/ (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[8] US EPA. Wastes – Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle – Composting, http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/rrr/composting/index.htm (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[9] Rutgers Cooperative Extension – Vermicomposting (Worm composting) fact sheet http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS805 (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[10] Lower East Side Ecology Center. Community Compost Program.  https://www.lesecologycenter.org/programs/compost/ (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[11] Based on a survey of several manufacturers<br />\n[12] US EPA. How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin. https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-create-and-maintain-indoor-worm-composting-bin (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[13] Based on a survey of several manufacturers<br />\n[14] Based on a survey of several suppliers<br />\n[15] US EPA. Sustainable Management of Food Basics. https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-food/sustainable-management-food-basics (accessed May 5, 2019).<br />\n[16] Platt, Brenda. 2013. “Composting and Community Resilience. Institute for Local Self-Reliance PowerPoint presented for Prince George’s County Planning Department Speaker Series Upper Marlboro, MD, November 20, 2013. https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Composting-Community-Resilience.pdf (accessed May 7, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_22  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Homeowner Training<br />\nNative and Adapted Plants<br />\nRain gardens<br />\nSource Reduction and Recycling<br />\nSustainable Materials<br />\nTurf Grass Reduction<br />\nVegetated Roofs<br />\nWater-Efficient Landscaping</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_23  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Institute for Local-Self Reliance<br />\nJersey-Friendly Yards<br />\nLower East Side Ecology Center – Community Compost Program<br />\nNatural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) – Composting is Way Easier Than You Think<br />\nNJ WasteWise – The Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction – WasteWise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors<br />\nNYC Master Composter Manual<br />\nRutgers Agricultural Experiment Station- Rutgers Cooperative Extension<br />\nUS Composting Council<br />\nUS EPA – How to Create and Maintain an Indoor Worm Composting Bin<br />\nUS EPA – Types of Composting and Understanding the Process<br />\n </div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4100,1232,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:33:21'),(4101,1232,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4102,1232,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4103,1232,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4104,1232,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4105,1232,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4106,1232,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4107,1232,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4108,1232,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4109,1232,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4119,382,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Outdoor composting container (Source: Flickr solylunafamilia http://www.flickr.com/photos/solylunafamilia/2985709812/)'),(4120,285,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Typical Worm bin (source: Flickr vees http://www.flickr.com/photos/vees/2150446340/sizes/l/in/photostream/)'),(4132,1238,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4133,1238,'_edit_last','2'),(4134,1238,'_edit_lock','1648678562:3'),(4135,1238,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4136,1238,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4137,1238,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4138,1238,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1238\" /]'),(4139,1238,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4140,1238,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4141,1238,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4142,1238,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4143,1238,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">NR Brownfield and Infill Sites</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Brownfield and Infill Development?<br />\nThe reuse of urbanized brownfield and infill sites utilizes existing infrastructure and maximizes the value of existing resources. Brownfields consist of properties whose expansion, redevelopment, or reuse may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.[1] These properties include sites with historical use as an industrial or commercial site and are often located in urban areas. According to the NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJ DEP), there are an estimated 10,000 brownfield sites located throughout the state.[2] Of the more than 10,000 sites, some 2,544 acres of brownfields fall into 267 sites that the NJ DEP calls Brownfield Development Areas (BDAs). The NJ DEP has designated BDAs in communities that are affected by multiple brownfield sites in need of remediation. The BDA Initiative, a program of the NJ DEP, assembles large parcels of brownfields and coordinates clean up and redevelopment efforts to elicit a more significant impact environmentally, economically, and socially.[3]<br />\nOnce remediated, these sites find a reuse for any type of development, from parks and housing to new commercial and industrial development. As New Jersey reaches build-out, redeveloping brownfields emphasizes the benefit of maintaining undeveloped lands for use as farmland and open space – recognizing that diverse landscapes build value for the developed environment. Brownfield redevelopment revitalizes urban areas, improves adjacent property values and adds to the overall quality of life for residents and the community.<br />\nRedevelopment of brownfields and infill development in existing developed areas provides opportunities for alternative transportation such as walking and bicycling and can reduce reliance on the automobile as a mode of transportation (see Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Design). These sites gain value by locating in areas of existing infrastructure (i.e., public transportation, water, sewer, electricity). For developers, there are numerous incentives to redevelop these sites, offering compelling benefits for investors as well. As a community benefit, redevelopment restores economic and social value to the surrounding neighborhood adding value to the community at large.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Develop Brownfield and Infill Sites<br />\nConducting an initial investigation of a brownfield site indicates the level of contamination on the property – and the level of cleanup required. This phase is often inexpensive and is a common element of due diligence in real estate development. It is important to realize that many brownfield sites are minimally contaminated, and it may be inexpensive to neutralize or stabilize the site.[4] New technologies, such as the Triad Approach, assess a site both speedily and comprehensively – two significant issues of concern to investors and developers.  The Triad Approach focuses on three main principles and uses real-time environmental sensors:</p>\n<p>Systematic Project Plans<br />\nDynamic Work Strategies<br />\nInnovative rapid sampling and Analytical Technologies[5]</p>\n<p>New residential developments, especially single-family residential developments, are subject to strict cleanup measures.[6] Developers may also want to consider planning a mixed-use development.[7]<br />\nTo pursue the development of new residential construction on a contaminated or brownfield site, the developer may follow these steps:[8]</p>\n<p>Gain local support – speak with local zoning officials, planning officials, or community development department to confirm that the redevelopment plan is within the community’s neighborhood plan. Make sure to address the following questions: [9]</p>\n<p>Is the brownfield or contaminated site located within a BDA?<br />\nHow is the parcel or area zoned according to municipal zoning ordinance?<br />\nIs the proposed end-use consistent with the municipality’s master plan? If not, would they accept an end-use change?</p>\n<p>Gather community input – consult with the community and foster support for the project. Depending on the size of the site to be developed, host a public hearing.<br />\nConsult with the Brownfields Interagency Team (BRIT) of the NJ Department of State’s Business Action Center. BRIT brings together over a dozen agencies that may be relevant to a redevelopment project, including departments that offer financial incentives.<br />\nFind an appropriate site – New Jersey Brownfields Site Mart is an online searchable database of brownfield properties. The Location Assessment tool allows searching by land characteristics, demographics, and economic opportunity zones for any address in New Jersey.  Additionally, check the NJ DEP’s Known Contaminated Site Report, which is more exhaustive. Known contaminated sites may be appropriate for redevelopment and eligible for incentives.<br />\nHire a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP)[10]To oversee the clean-up process – The LSRP assists in conducting a preliminary assessment, site investigation, remedial investigation, and creation of a remedial action work plan by the Brownfield and Contaminated Site Remediation Act. The preliminary assessment is critical because a brownfield, by definition, does not necessarily have contamination. Instead, it “is perceived to have contamination.” As a result, some designated brownfields may require little or no clean-up effort and may not be costly.<br />\nInvestigate obtaining environmental insurance.<br />\nEngage the services of an environmental or redevelopment attorney. These professionals support the developer in understanding their liability and obligations once they have acquired a contaminated site.<br />\nResearch funding sources and incentives and additional resources through the NJ Department of State’s Office of Business Advocacy</p>\n<p>Examples<br />\nMarina Village, Elizabeth, NJ<br />\nLeveraging $6.2 million in state and federal funding, the city of Elizabeth was able to identify, remediate and develop ten contiguous contaminated sites in the Elizabeth port neighborhood. In addition to an initial grant from the EPA, sources of funding included the NJ Redevelopment Authority, the City of Elizabeth Home funds, the State of New Jersey Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program, the New Jersey Balance Housing Program, NJRA Brownfields Remediation Program, and the State Urban Enterprise Zone. The city hired Brand New Day, Inc., a local nonprofit housing developer to construct a 35-unit affordable housing development.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSaves on infrastructure costs/Utilizes existing infrastructure<br />\nBrownfields, vacant or abandoned property, or underutilized parcels, are often located in dense urban areas near mass transit and other existing infrastructure, helping to avoid costs of building new utilities, roads, and other expensive infrastructure. Existing infrastructure also reduces the amount of land disturbance necessary for a project.[11]<br />\nSaves on land costs/Increases property values<br />\nBrownfield sites, vacant or abandoned land, or underutilized property, can have substantially lower property costs than other properties, offsetting the cost of assessment and remediation. Due to low initial cost, property value can increase significantly after redevelopment. Also, the surrounding property values can increase by addressing brownfields and vacant or underutilized parcels in the area. According to the US EPA, addressing nearby brownfields can increase residential property values by 2 to 3 percent.[12]<br />\nEnjoys significant incentives<br />\nThe State of New Jersey has created multiple funding streams for brownfield development that may be available to developers. The Office of Brownfield Reuse administers the Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Program, the Brownfield Reimbursement Fund Program, and the Landfill Redevelopment Program. Federal tax incentive certifications may also be available. Incentives and programs are subject to change. To determine what incentives are available, developers should meet with a representative from the NJ Brownfields Redevelopment InterAgency Team.<br />\nThe New Jersey Hazardous Discharge Site Remediation Fund (HDSRF) created a partnership between the NJDEP and New Jersey Economic Development Authority (NJEDA) to provide remediation funding for innocent purchasers. An innocent purchaser is an individual who, “by an honest agreement, buys property in the absence of sufficient knowledge to charge him or her with notice of any defect in the transaction.”[13]<br />\nNew Jersey designates Brownfield Development Areas (BDAs) in areas of planned redevelopment and existing brownfield sites. This competitive process provides management, technical and financial assistance. The BDA Initiative provides “funding to public entities (municipalities, counties, and redevelopment agencies), qualifying private entities (businesses, corporations, homeowners) and non-profit organizations for the investigation or remediation of a suspected or known discharge of a hazardous substance.”[14]<br />\nThe Brownfield Reimbursement Program reimburses developers up to 75 percent of remediation costs based on new taxes developed from the brownfield project.<br />\nThe US EPA also funds assessment, cleanup for brownfield sites and provides technical and financing information (http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/grant_info/index.htm).<br />\nCreates density and improves existing markets<br />\nDue to the location of most brownfield sites, there is the benefit of being close to existing markets. The same is true when pursuing infill development within already developed areas. Urban areas provide the necessary density that other areas cannot for certain types of businesses. Locating a business near an existing market or in a densely populated area can ease the costs of remediation, alleviate the higher cost of land in an urban area as opposed to a greenfield, and limit the costs associated with marketing and attracting business.<br />\nRevitalizes urban/former industrial areas<br />\nCleaning up brownfield sites or redeveloping vacant, abandoned, or underutilized land can revitalize urban areas. By promoting infill and creating denser walkable communities, cities can improve the sense of community among residents.<br />\nRemoves hazardous material from soil and groundwater and protects human health<br />\nMany brownfield sites contain some level of a contaminant in the soil. These contaminants can be harmful to human and environmental health for the surrounding area. Rainfall can transport pollutants into groundwater and negatively impact downstream sites. Brownfields can pose a health risk to the people living nearby and to waterways in the area or downstream. Remediating and stabilizing these sites can improve overall environmental quality and avoid potential environmental and human health risks (see Soil Test).<br />\nCreates jobs<br />\nAs of May 2017, assessment grants and other EPA Brownfields grants have contributed more than 124,759 jobs and $24 billion of public and private funding for brownfield and infill development. On average, $16.11 was leveraged for each EPA Brownfields dollar and 8.5 jobs leveraged per $100,000 of EPA brownfields funds expended on assessment, cleanup, and revolving loan fund cooperative agreements.[15] Also, finding uses for vacant, abandoned, or underutilized properties can create jobs both in the development of the project and afterward. Since these are in dense urban areas, developing mixed-use buildings on these sites can generate jobs even after the construction phase of the project.<br />\nBuilds public support<br />\nThere is often strong public support to remove brownfield sites and the potential health risks they might pose. Also, vacant, abandoned, underutilized land can bring down property values in the area and residents are often in favor of addressing these issues and improving the aesthetics of the community.<br />\nBenefits to Water Quality, Air Quality, and Lower Traffic Congestion<br />\nUS EPA estimates that redevelopment projects can reduce stormwater impacts, especially if the redevelopment project incorporates green technologies, such as green roofs, stormwater harvest and reuse systems, and landscaping elements such as bioswales and rain gardens (see Vegetated Roofs and Rain Gardens).[16]<br />\nBy promoting development near existing infrastructure and services, brownfield and infill development can improve air quality by creating denser, pedestrian and bicycle-friendly communities (see Active Living). In denser, urban areas people are more likely to walk, thus reducing traffic congestion, improving overall air quality, and improving public health by encouraging residents to walk.[17]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe cost of brownfield remediation varies substantially, depending on the extent of the contamination and the intended reuse. Because a brownfield is considered a site that may be contaminated, a remediation investigation may reveal limited contamination, in which case, the remediation cost is minimal. In cases where a heating fuel tank was buried and leaked, the damage can be extensive, but, again, may be relatively inexpensive ($10,000-$100,000).22 For more complex sites, which have multiple contaminants and higher levels of contaminants, costs can run in the millions.<br />\nA significant area of cost is that of uncertainty. In instances where the property has been in industrial use for many years, there could be contaminants that predate any tracking systems, making them difficult to anticipate and requiring more than one investigation. Triad is a recommended program because it fully characterizes the extent and type of spill all at once, whereas traditional approaches tested where they expected to be the extent of contamination, and, if they were wrong, had to go into the field a second time and test again. In some instances, these repeat tests could delay projects by months. Though Triad is more expensive initially, for complex sites where there is an extensive industrial history, it can expedite the clean up significantly. The level of cleanup required also determines the cost. In New Jersey, non-industrial cleanup requirements (such as would be required to build housing on a previously industrial property) must meet a higher standard than a cleanup for a property that returns to industrial use. Depending upon the project, some developed brownfield sites require ongoing monitoring by a responsible party as determined.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nBrownfield reuse offers multiple environmental and resiliency benefits by reducing the number of impermeable surfaces in a given area, especially by preserving open space and park space, often lacking in many residential areas across New Jersey.  Instead of developing existing greenfields which can be critical natural habitats and create more stormwater runoff (through higher levels of asphalt, concrete, and other impermeable surfaces), brownfields use existing, impermeable sites.<br />\nRedeveloped brownfield sites can serve as an emergency headquarters or storm shelter in underserved areas that could house mobile assistance; for example, serving as a location for food trucks or mobile health services. Other reuse may include warehouses with solar panels for backup power generation, or broadband and wireless access to support communications/dispatch mobile services.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US EPA. http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/ (accessed March 2nd, 2018).<br />\n[2] NJ DEP Site Remediation Program.  Known Contaminated Sites in New Jersey Reports, Updated February 2017.  http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/kcsnj/  (accessed March 2nd, 2018).<br />\n[3] NJ DEP Brownfield Development Area Initiative. http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/brownfields/bda/ (accessed March 2, 2018).<br />\n[4] USGBC LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction.<br />\n[5] Triad Resource Center, Overview. https://triadcentral.clu-in.org/mgmt/over/overview/index.cfm (accessed March 2, 2018).<br />\n[6] Restrictions apply to the end use of a partially remediated site. While some restrictions may be allowed on residential uses, the NJ DEP does not like to see restrictions on single-family residences. For example, contamination capped with soil restricts residents from digging in the yard, placing a more substantial burden for single-family homeowners compared to townhomes or multi-family properties managed by a property management group. To determine the level of clean up necessary for the end user, developers work with a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (NJ DEP, 2010).<br />\n[7] A mixed-use development incorporates multiple uses within a building or neighborhood – a green building practice that places housing within walking distance of commercial and recreational activities. However, mixed-use developments on brownfields cause complications because commercial and residential uses require different cleanup measures.<br />\n[8] Content for this section draws on two interviews, cited below. Kloo, Ken. Administrator, Site Remediation Program (NJ DEP). Interview by Caitlin Salemi. November 16, 2010. Rendiero, Donna. Director of Community Planning, New Jersey Redevelopment Authority (NJRA). Interview by Caitlin Salemi. November 19, 2010.<br />\n[9] Answering these questions helps determine available incentives.<br />\n[10] In New Jersey, the Site Remediation Reform Act (SRRA) (2009) outlines how remediation takes place on contaminated sites. Under the SRRA, approval is not required by the NJDEP before beginning the remediation process. However, when the SRRA became fully active in 2012, any remediating party was required to use a Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP) and must start the cleanup without NJ DEP approval. The SRRA established the LSRP program. Qualified professionals receive a license from an LSRP Board to conduct remediation of sites in New Jersey.  See http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/regs/statutes/srra.pdf for further information.<br />\n[11]U.S. EPA, New Jersey Redevelopment Authority (NJRA) https://nepis.epa.gov/ (accessed April 1,2018).<br />\n[12] U.S. EPA “Brownfields.” https://www.epa.gov/brownfields (accessed April 1, 2018)<br />\n[13] The Free Dictionary. http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Innocent+Purchaser. (Accessed April 1, 2018).<br />\n[14] NJ DEP HDSRF Fact Sheet website. http://www.state.nj.us/dep/srp/finance/hdsrf/factsheet.htm. (Accessed April 1, 2018).<br />\n[15] US EPA News Releases, May 2017. https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-brownfields-funding-announced-three-communities-south-carolina  (accessed April 1, 2018).<br />\n[16] US EPA, Brownfields Program Accomplishments and Benefits. https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-program-accomplishments-and-benefits  (accessed March 8, 2018).<br />\n[17] LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and Construction</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Active Living<br />\nAlternative Transportation<br />\nRain Gardens<br />\nVegetated Roofs<br />\nSoil Test</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Center for Creative Land Recycling<br />\nNJ Department of State – Brownfields Redevelopment Task Force<br />\nNJ DEP Office of Brownfield Reuse<br />\nNJ DEP Site Remediation Program<br />\nNJ DEP – New Jersey Known Contaminated Sites<br />\nUS EPA Region 2 Brownfields Program<br />\nUS EPA State Brownfields and Voluntary Response Programs, New Jersey </div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4144,1238,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:33:21'),(4145,1238,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4146,1238,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4147,1238,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4148,1238,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4149,1238,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4150,1238,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4151,1238,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4152,1238,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4153,1238,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4163,446,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Lafayette Village, Jersey City, NJ Before (left) and After (right) (Source: NJ DEP)'),(4174,1245,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4175,1245,'_edit_last','2'),(4176,1245,'_edit_lock','1648678552:3'),(4177,1245,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4178,1245,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4179,1245,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4180,1245,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1245\" /]'),(4181,1245,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4182,1245,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4183,1245,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4184,1245,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4185,1245,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Energy-Efficient Landscaping</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Energy-Efficient Landscaping?<br />\nEnergy-efficient landscaping reduces a household’s energy consumption through the strategic placement of trees, shrubs, and plants (see Tree Protection and Placement).<br />\nHeating and cooling comprise nearly half of a household’s energy consumption.[1] Energy-efficient landscaping provides a low-cost solution to reducing energy use with both economic and environmental benefits.<br />\nHeat exchange occurs in three processes: air infiltration,[2] conduction,[3] solar-radiation.[4] Energy-efficient landscaping uses four main strategies to moderate these processes.</p>\n<p>Plant trees and shrubs to provide shade and reduce solar heat gain in the summer (see Glare and Heat Gain Reduction).<br />\nPlant trees and shrubs to prevent heat loss in the winter.<br />\nPlant trees and shrubs to deflect winter winds and maintain a warmer microclimate around the building.<br />\nConsider a vegetated roof to provide extra thermal mass and insulation (see Vegetated Roof).</p>\n<p>How to Implement an Energy-Efficient Landscape<br />\nWhen designing an energy-efficient landscape consider New Jersey’s temperate climate and your property’s unique micro-climate. Before construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees (see Tree Protection and Placement). When possible, protect or enhance the diversity of native species and age of trees on the site and maintain them as necessary (see Native and Adapted Plants).</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">The following table is a guide to help achieve energy efficiency.<br />\nTable 1: Goals and Appropriate Landscape Types[5]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Tips and Maintenance</p>\n<p>Consider mapping the sun’s path to understand the site’s microclimate better.<br />\nCreate a landscape and maintenance plan.<br />\nDo not plant trees too close to the house because roots may grow into the foundation. Place medium to large trees at least 20 feet from the house. Place trees that result in small, full-grown crowns closer to the house to maintain both energy and aesthetic value. See the Arbor Day Tree Guide for growth rate and crown size information for specific tree species.<br />\nReview the Native and Adapted Plants strategy for plant selection guidance. Consider genetic diversity to minimize potential disease and insect problems.<br />\nConsider using temporary measures to provide shade until trees reach maturity. For instance, vines growing on a trellis can shade air conditioning units. If using mature trees for shading or a windbreak, plant a temporary row of faster-growing shrubs upwind of the permanent row and remove before the roots interfere with the permanent planting.</p>\n<p>Benefits</p>\n<p>According to a Lawrence Berkeley National Labs study, landscapes that provided shade result in temperatures 3-6°F cooler can decrease the energy load required for buildings by 9-20%.<br />\nShading an air conditioning unit can increase its efficiency by up to 10% and allow units to operate more efficiently.[6]<br />\nWindbreaks can save up to 25% on heating costs by protecting the microclimate surrounding a building.[7]<br />\nDecreasing energy demand to heat and cool buildings also reduces carbon dioxide emissions from energy generation.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nModerate upfront investments in energy-efficient landscaping can realize paybacks in as little as eight years as trees and shrubs reach full maturity, offering maximum energy-saving benefits.[8] Large, deep-rooted deciduous trees provide optimal shading benefits but depending on growth rate of the species, may take up to 5 or 10 years to reach full maturity.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nEnergy efficient landscaping offers a strong line of natural defense for buildings and the surrounding community.  Instead of implementing costly, time-consuming engineering projects, natural systems such as trees for windbreaks or shade, and wetlands for storm barriers offer protection from the elements, along with substantial energy savings. In the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.<br />\nNote that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lightning result in one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.<br />\n[1] US EIA. 2003.  Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey, Table E1A. https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/e1a-e11a.pdf (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[2] Air infiltration occurs when outside air enters a house uncontrollably through cracks and openings. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/air-sealing-your-home (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[3]Conduction is heat traveling through a solid material https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/principles-heating-and-cooling  (accessed April 10, 2018)<br />\n[4] Solar radiation is heat created from sunlight https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics  (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[5] US DOE. Energy-Efficient Landscaping for Homes https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[6] US DOE. Landscaping for Shade. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade (April 10, 2018).<br />\n[7] Walker, L. and Newman, S. Landscaping for Energy Conservation. Colorado State University Extension Publications. no.7.225. March 2009. http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/yard-garden/landscaping-for-energy-conservation-7-225/  (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[8] US DOE. Landscaping for Shade. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/landscaping-energy-efficient-homes/landscaping-shade (April 10, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Glare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nNative and Adapted Plants<br />\nTree Protection and Placement<br />\nVegetated Roofs</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) – Resilient Design<br />\nInternational Society of Arboriculture<br />\nLandscape for Life<br />\nNational Arbor Day Foundation<br />\nNative Plant Society of New Jersey<br />\nNew Jersey Master Gardeners<br />\nRutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station<br />\nThe Sustainable Sites Initiative<br />\nSustainable Sources: Landscaping for Energy Savings<br />\nUS DOE: Energy Savers – Landscaping</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4186,1245,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:33:21'),(4187,1245,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4188,1245,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4189,1245,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4190,1245,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4191,1245,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4192,1245,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4193,1245,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4194,1245,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4195,1245,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4205,345,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1: Tree placement for energy-efficiency (Source: The Morton Arboretum)'),(4206,29,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','(Source: Adapted from US DOE Landscaping for Energy-Efficient Homes)'),(4207,148,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Windbreak (Source: Virginia Cooperative Extension)'),(4214,1250,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4215,1250,'_edit_last','2'),(4216,1250,'_edit_lock','1648678524:3'),(4217,1250,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4218,1250,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4219,1250,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4220,1250,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1250\" /]'),(4221,1250,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4222,1250,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4223,1250,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4224,1250,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4225,1250,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Site Protection Plan</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is a Site Protection Plan?<br />\nA site protection plan helps protect the natural resources of a project site and adjacent areas and achieve compliance with local laws and codes. Existing trees and vegetation, healthy soils and natural hydrologic systems on a site are all valuable resources to consider protecting before a construction project begins. The site protection plan’s essential elements include: [1]</p>\n<p>A protection plan for vegetation/trees and healthy soils<br />\nA tree rescue plan for those trees and plantings identified for removal (a park, community garden, nursery, or some other entity may want them)<br />\nA site access plan, including a designated staging or ‘lay down’ area designed to minimize damage to the environment<br />\nStorage areas for salvaged materials and collection areas for recyclable materials, including day-to-day construction waste (e.g., packaging, bottles)<br />\nDefined sensitive areas where staging, stockpiling, and soil compaction are prohibited<br />\nWastewater runoff and erosion control measures<br />\nMeasures to salvage existing clean topsoil on site for reuse<br />\nPlans to mitigate dust, smoke, and odors.<br />\nNoise control measures, including schedules for particularly disruptive, high decibel operations<br />\nDesignated wash-down area for construction equipment</p>\n<p>Minimizing site disturbance reduces the impact that the construction of a new building has on the site and the regional ecosystem by minimizing the portion of the site that is impacted by development, reducing grading, preventing soil erosion, protecting existing vegetation, and other natural resources.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement a Site Protection Plan<br />\nConduct a site analysis that inventories site conditions and natural resources such as existing soils, vegetation, and hydrology early in the design process to provide information about how to minimize negative site impacts and identify any ecosystem impacts. Include a site protection plan in the contract documents.<br />\nFollow the Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control when developing plans for controlling erosion during construction.[2] A soil erosion control permit, issued by one of the state’s 15 soil conservation districts is one of the many permits required by New Jersey laws to build and develop in the state.[3] The Standards manual includes design guidance for structural practices, such as grass waterways or detention basins as well as a comprehensive list of plant species used for vegetative stabilization of disturbed soils.[4]Obtain the Standards through any NJ Soil Conservation District.<br />\nProjects also need to comply with the NJ DEP Construction Stormwater Phase II program. Construction activities including clearing, grading and excavating that disturb one acre require a Storm Water Discharge Permit, administered through the NJ Soil Conservation Districts in conjunction with the NJ DEP Division of Water Quality.[5]<br />\nA site protection plan should define procedures for protecting existing trees and vegetation on site. Take an inventory of existing vegetation to determine the health and species composition. It is also essential to use the following resources to identify and protect any endangered or threatened species that may exist on-site. NJ DEP maintains a List of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern. Search the USDA by the state for a list for endangered and threatened plant species. In addition to protecting endangered species, minimizing vegetation removal also reduces the effects of soil erosion from the site because plant roots help stabilize the soil.[6]<br />\nThe three leading causes of tree damage, decline, and death as a result of construction are soil compaction caused by equipment driving too near the tree, root damage caused by adding or removing soil, and the severing of roots caused by trenching (see Tree Protection and Placement strategy).[7]Include a certified arborist on the project team and consult them early in the process to help protect trees during construction. An arborist can assess existing trees on a project site, outline steps for protection, and advise on best practices. The following is a list of significant considerations for a site protection plan:</p>\n<p>During construction, the largest single killer of tree roots – and thus of trees – is soil compaction by heavy machinery (compaction by construction equipment also degrades soil structure and reduces infiltration);[8]<br />\nThe roots of most species of large, woody trees grow primarily horizontally;<br />\nThese roots are predominantly located in the top 12″ of soil and do not usually extend to depths greater than 3′ to 7’ yet extend outward to an average diameter of 1 to 2 times the height of that tree.</p>\n<p>Tree guards should be erected to protect trees during construction, but since it would be impractical in most cases to establish a complete protection zone for all root systems tree guards should reach at least to the drip line of the tree’s crown. The drip line is the vertical plane going from the perimeter of the tree’s branch system to the ground.[9]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nImplementing a site protection plan:</p>\n<p>Protects the ecological services and natural resources of the site and the region<br />\nImproves community relations through reduced environmental degradation[10]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nDeveloping, implementing and enforcing a site protection plan can save money through avoiding fines by meeting local codes and regulations and protecting the natural resources of the site.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSite protection plans foster ecological resilience by preserving noninvasive trees, native plants, and pervious surfaces, which provide valuable ecosystem services, that in turn, enhance the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines. http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/guidelines.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[2] NJ Department of Agriculture. http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[3] NJ Soil Conservation Districts. http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/conservdistricts.html (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[4] NJ Department of Agriculture.<br />\n[5] NJ DEP Division of Water Quality  http://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/needperm.htm (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[6] Hopper, Leonard J. 2007. Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ. Google Books Link: http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[7] C. Dennis, W.R. Jacobi.  Protecting Trees During Construction Projects. Colorado State University Extension http://extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/garden/07420.pdf  (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[8] University of Alabama Cooperative Extension. A Guide to Preventing Soil Compaction During Construction. http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1455/ANR-1455.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[9] City of NY Department of Design &amp; Construction High-Performance Building Guidelines.<br />\n[10] Ibid.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Tree Protection and Placement</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>NJ DEP</p>\n<p>Construction Storm Water Permit Phase II<br />\nList of Endangered Plant Species and Plant Species of Concern</p>\n<p>NJ Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control<br />\nNJ Storm Water Best Practices Manual – Chapter 2: Low Impact Development Techniques<br />\nSustainable Sites Initiative<br />\nUS EPA – National Menu of Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Storm Water<br />\nUniversity of Minnesota Extension – Protecting Existing Trees During Construction</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4226,1250,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:33:21'),(4227,1250,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4228,1250,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4229,1250,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4230,1250,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4231,1250,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4232,1250,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4233,1250,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4234,1250,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4235,1250,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4255,1258,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4256,1258,'_edit_last','2'),(4257,1258,'_edit_lock','1648678496:3'),(4258,1258,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4259,1258,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4260,1258,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4261,1258,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1258\" /]'),(4262,1258,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4263,1258,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4264,1258,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4265,1258,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4266,1258,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Tree Protection and Placement</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_22  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Tree Protection and Placement?<br />\nTrees play an essential role in the overall environmental quality of a property. Protecting existing trees and properly siting new trees can increase the energy efficiency of a building design before considering mechanical enhancements or upgrades. Trees protect buildings by reducing energy loads, reducing interior glare, and blocking potentially harsh winds (see Glare and Heat Gain Reduction). Trees also add aesthetic appeal, reduce stormwater runoff and soil erosion, and can improve air quality. It is essential to locate trees strategically. Trees can take 10-15 years to mature to a size that provides significant shade and protection, therefore protecting existing trees during construction is very important.<br />\nBefore construction begins, consult with an International Society for Arboriculture (ISA) certified arborist who can work with the project team to formulate a plan to protect existing trees. Symptoms of tree damage from construction may not be visible immediately but may appear years later. In planning for tree protection and determining necessary tree removals, consider the species, size, maturity, location, and condition of each tree.[1] Sometimes saving a younger tree is more beneficial than saving a mature tree because they are better able to adapt to the disturbances of construction. It is essential to maintain a diversity of species and age of trees on the site.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_23  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_24  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Tree Protection and Placement<br />\nA tree protection plan should be created during design and enforced during construction. The plan should define parameters such as materials and dimensions of tree protection fencing required for all trees in the site protection plan. Fencing helps protect trees by keeping construction vehicles, equipment, and materials away from the tree. Penalties, such as a fine proportional to damages accrued, help construction workers adhere to the tree protection plan.<br />\nWhen developing a strategy to preserve existing trees during site construction, it is essential to consider both the aboveground and belowground components of the trees. Machinery can damage the trunk and crown of a tree by breaking branches and gashing the trunk. When digging to install a foundation and utilities, roots are susceptible to being severed.  The majority of the roots of a tree are no more than a foot deep in the soil. However, in a mature tree, the root system can extend as far as 1 to 3 times the height of the tree.[2] As Figure 1 illustrates, the drip line, a vertical plane extending from the perimeter of the crown to the ground, is the minimum area that should be left undisturbed when preserving a tree. Extending that boundary increases the likelihood of the tree’s survival. The closer the cut is made to the tree, the more damage the tree suffers.[3] Removing roots also makes the tree more prone to falling over as they stabilize the tree in the ground.  If a utility line must run through the area of a tree, the International Society of Arboriculture recommends tunneling under the tree’s roots as opposed to running through them if possible.<br />\nAlthough equipment may not always actually cut or physically damage a tree, it should never go within the drip line of a tree because the weight can cause the soil above the roots to compact and impair root development.  Adding or removing soil above the root system should be avoided to prevent smothering or rotting. When making changes to the grade of the soil, stay as far away from the trunk as possible. Exposing trees to the elements by removing nearby trees makes them vulnerable to damage from the sun and to breaking from wind and ice. All of these factors are important as trees require years to adjust to stresses caused by construction.  Continue to monitor and maintain trees and look out for any signs of poor health or safety hazards.  An arborist can provide guidance on how to properly maintain and treat any trees that have suffered damage.<br />\n Select trees carefully and maintain them as necessary to achieve maximum benefits.  To maximize energy savings associated with trees, plant deciduous trees on the south and west sides of the building to lower air-conditioning costs in the summer.[4] Locate trees so that they shade as much hardscape as possible. A commitment to the long-term care of trees is essential to maintaining their health. Consult an ISA-certified arborist for consultation and care.[5]<br />\nExample<br />\nWashington’s Headquarters at Valley Forge<br />\nA reconstruction project at Washington’s Headquarters included taking an inventory of existing trees, protecting historic trees, removing invasive species, and pruning and fertilizing remaining trees on the property.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_25  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_26  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Benefits<br />\nTrees are essential to healthy, livable communities as they provide beauty, shade, and enhance a community’s quality of life. As described in further detail below, trees provide numerous benefits such as cleaning our air, reducing stormwater runoff, cooling buildings, and can even stimulate business in downtown areas by creating a more inviting and comfortable environment.<br />\nEnvironment<br />\nAbsorption of Air Pollutants – Preserving and increasing trees on site is a simple strategy for improving local air quality. Trees remove pollutants from the air by absorbing airborne particles and gaseous pollution. According to the US Forestry Service, 100 trees remove 53 tons of carbon dioxide and 430 pounds of other air pollutants per year.[6]<br />\nCarbon Sequestration – Trees reduce greenhouse gases by storing carbon dioxide in their leaves, branches, trunks, and roots. They use carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and cellulose for plant structure and function and release oxygen back into the atmosphere.[7],[8]<br />\nReducing the Urban Heat Island Effect – The high percentage of impervious surfaces in urban areas absorb heat and create what is known as the urban heat island effect; this causes the annual, mean air temperature of cities to be 5.4°F warmer than surrounding areas.[9] Trees help cool urban areas by shading pavement and absorbing excess urban heat, reducing the urban heat island effect. This same strategy can be applied in less densely built areas by shading hardscaped areas.<br />\nEnergy Conservation – Trees strategically placed on-site can reduce the energy needed to cool and heat buildings. In the summertime, large trees on the west and east side of a building can save up to 30% of air-conditioning costs and allow units to operate more efficiently (see Energy-Efficient Landscaping).[10]<br />\nCapturing Storm Water Runoff and Preventing Erosion – Trees capture and absorb rainwater, reducing stormwater runoff. Tree roots also hold soil in place, preventing erosion (see Rain Gardens).[11]<br />\nPeople<br />\nBiophilia – The presence of trees nurtures the inherent affinity that humans are believed to have with nature known as biophilia (see Biophilic Design). Well-treed environments have also been shown to reduce stressors in urban environments due to the beauty and serenity they convey. For instance, a study in a Chicago public housing development showed reduced crime levels in apartment buildings that were surrounded by greenery compared to the same buildings in barren landscapes.[12] Another study showed that exposure to greener play environments reduced ADHD symptoms in children in the United States.[13] Also, studies find a connection between the presence of trees and lower levels of violence.[14]<br />\nNoise Reduction, Traffic Calming, and Pedestrian Safety – Trees can serve as useful sound buffers. For example, a 98-foot-wide by 49-foot-tall tree belt can reduce highway noise pollution by 6 to 10 decibels.[15] Trees also serve as physical barriers which protect pedestrians in high traffic areas. Since the presence of trees often indicates the presence of pedestrians, trees near roads help suppress the notion of a transportation corridor meant only for vehicles and can help calm traffic.[16]<br />\nEconomy<br />\nIncreased property values – Property values have been found to increase by as much as 10%, according to the U.S. Forest Service, while the International Society of Arboriculture estimates a 5-20% increase in property value due to street trees.<br />\nIncreased Business in Shopping Districts – A study conducted by University of Washington’s Center for Urban Horticulture found that the presence of trees and other vegetation positively influenced consumers’ perception of retail districts. Furthermore, shoppers spent more time shopping in downtown business districts that were well landscaped compared to those areas with little vegetation. Shoppers were also willing to pay more for parking and spend up to 11% more for goods and services in highly treed retail areas.[17]<br />\nCosts<br />\nOn average, caring for a large tree costs $13/year but returns about $65 in energy savings, improved stormwater management, and higher property values.[18]<br />\nThe cost benefits of large, medium and small trees are as follows:[19]<br />\nLarge Tree                                                         Medium Tree<br />\nTotal benefits/year = $55                                   Total benefits/year = $33<br />\nTotal costs/year = $18                                       Total costs/year = $17<br />\nNet benefits/year = $37                                     Net benefits/year = $16<br />\nLife expectancy = 120 years                              Life expectancy = 60 years<br />\nLifetime benefits = $6,600                               Lifetime benefits = $1,980<br />\nLifetime costs = $2,160                                     Lifetime costs = $1,020<br />\nValue to community = $4,440                         Value to community = $960<br />\nSmall Tree<br />\nTotal benefits/year = $23<br />\nTotal costs/year = $14<br />\nNet benefits/year = $9<br />\nLife expectancy = 30 years<br />\nLifetime benefits = $690<br />\nLifetime costs = $420<br />\nValue to community = $270<br />\nResiliency<br />\nTrees provide multiple resiliency benefits. During severe storms, tree roots help to manage flooding and coastal/riparian erosion by soaking up water and stabilizing soil. Trees help reduce strain on local sewer systems, especially combined sewer systems where flooding events can negatively affect water quality and lead to public health concerns.  By infiltrating water where it falls, trees help replenish groundwater reserves, relieving stress on local water supplies and reducing the need to import potable water.[20] Consequently, trees can lessen the impact of droughts.<br />\nIn the event of a significant heat wave, shade-providing trees help to reduce the urban heat island effect, reduce indoor cooling loads, and reduce stress on the power grid. When emergency events disrupt regular supply and delivery networks, fruit producing trees can supplement local food supplies. Furthermore, properly sited and maintained trees can block buildings from severe winds and offer protection from extreme cold.<br />\nNote that debris from storm-related tree damage and downed electric lines caused by wind, snow, and ice, flooding and lighting is often one of the most substantial storm-related expenses. Maintaining tree health through proper pruning, watering, and disease control can help prevent tree damage and preserve the many benefits of trees.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] International Society of Arboriculture (ISA). Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf  (accessed March 21, 2018.)<br />\n[2] ISA. Trees Are Good. “Avoiding Tree Damage During Construction.” https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/AvoidingTreeDamage.pdf (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[3] Ibid.<br />\n[4] ISA. Trees are Good. “Tree Care Information:  Benefits of Trees.” https://www.treesaregood.org/portals/0/docs/treecare/benefits_trees.pdf (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[5] Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf  (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[6] US Forestry Service: Benefits of Trees. https://www.fs.fed.us/learn/trees (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[7] Colorado Tree Coalition.  “Education: Why Plant a Tree?”  http://coloradotrees.org/education/ (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[8] Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition. “Urban Forests Curb Greenhouse Gases.” http://www.urbanforestcoalition.org/doc/SUFC_GHG_PolicyPaper.pdf (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[9] US EPA.   “Heat Island Effect.”   http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/ (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[10] Arbor Day Foundation.  “Benefits of Trees.” https://www.arborday.org/trees/benefits.cfm (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[11] Ibid.<br />\n[12] Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). Environment and crime in the inner city: Does vegetation reduce crime? Environment and Behavior, 33(3), 343-367. http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm (accessed April 10, 2018)<br />\n[13] Faber Taylor, A., Kuo, F.E., &amp; Sullivan, W.C. (2001). “Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings.” Environment and Behavior, 33(1), 54-77. http://lhhl.illinois.edu/crime.htm (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[14] Sullivan, W.C. &amp; F. E. Kuo.  Human-Environment Research Laboratory Department of Natural Resources and the Environmental Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.  “Do Trees Strengthen Urban Communities, Reduce Domestic Violence?”  January 1996.  http://www.aces.edu/urban/metronews/vol1no4/forestry.html  (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[15] National Forest Foundation.  “New Research Proves Just How Green Urban Forests Are.” https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/green-urban-forests  (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[16] Jacobs, Allan B.  Great Streets.  Cambridge MA: MIT Press.  1995.<br />\n[17] Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources.  “Fact Sheet #5: Trees in Business Districts.”  http://www.naturewithin.info/CityBiz/Biz3Ps-FS5.pdf (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[18] US Forest Service, Center for Urban Forestry Research and Information.  “The Large Tree Argument.”  https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/urban_forestry/products/cufr_511_large_tree_argument.pdf  (accessed March 21, 2018).<br />\n[19] Ibid.<br />\n[20] US EPA. Green Infrastructure: Climate Resiliency. https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/green-infrastructure-climate-resiliency (accessed April 25, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_27  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Biophilic Design<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Landscaping<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nRain Gardens</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_28  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Arbor Day Foundation Tree Guide<br />\nInternational Society of Arboriculture – Trees Are Good<br />\nI-Tree Tools<br />\nThe Nature Conservancy<br />\nNJ DEP Division of Parks and Forestry – Community Forestry<br />\nNJ Tree Foundation<br />\nPhiladelphia Water Department<br />\nRutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station<br />\nUrban Forests and Climate Change<br />\nUniversity of Minnesota Extension Service: Fitting Trees and Shrubs into the Landscape<br />\nUS EPA Green Infrastructure<br />\nUS Forest Service Watershed Forestry</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4267,1258,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:32:41'),(4268,1258,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4269,1258,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4270,1258,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4271,1258,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4272,1258,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4273,1258,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4274,1258,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4275,1258,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4276,1258,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4292,1263,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4293,1263,'_edit_last','2'),(4294,1263,'_edit_lock','1648678470:3'),(4295,1263,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4296,1263,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4297,1263,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4298,1263,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1263\" /]'),(4299,1263,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4300,1263,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4301,1263,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4302,1263,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4303,1263,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Turfgrass Reduction</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Turfgrass?<br />\nTurfgrass refers to a form of grass used when growing a lawn and typically includes species such as bluegrass, rye, and fescue.[1] These species, referred to as conventional turf grass, grow evenly and to a uniform height when maintained. Conventional turf grass requires high levels of maintenance, irrigation, and fertilization to achieve a consistently green and manicured look. Turfgrass had become common in the United States after post-World War II when it became a mainstream middle-class status symbol. At that time many types of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers were becoming commercially available.[2]<br />\nAlternatives to conventional turf grass lawns include replacing the lawn with native grasses or groundcover and reducing the size of the lawn by incorporating other types of natural landscaping or garden beds (see Native and Adapted Plants, and Wildlife Habitat). There are many varieties of groundcovers, including those that are edible or flowering. Groundcover refers to plants that, once established, form a uniform layer over the ground and require little to no maintenance. Native grasses are species of grass that are native to a particular area and climate. These grasses require less maintenance and are less susceptible to pests (see Integrated Pest Management).</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_18  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_19  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Reasons to consider reducing the use of turfgrass include:<br />\nHigh Maintenance Requirements<br />\nLawns require frequent and sometimes costly maintenance. Lawn maintenance often involves hiring lawn care employees, purchasing fertilizers, and maintaining lawn care equipment. Lawns may require mowing multiple times a week during the peak growing season. During a drought, lawns require irrigation. Landscapes consume 9 billion gallons of water each day in the United States, mostly to irrigate lawns (see Water-Efficient Landscaping).[3]<br />\nHigh Pollution Outputs that Create Public Health Risks<br />\nLawn care chemicals can pose a threat to people, pets and the environment. Studies have found numerous adverse health consequences associated with the synthetic chemicals found in traditional lawn care products, especially for children due to their size, physiological development and proximity to the ground.<br />\nLawns can also contribute to water pollution as chemicals used to treat lawns combine with stormwater runoff and flow into freshwater supplies, adversely affecting plants and animal life. Many commercial lawns require frequent fertilization to maintain quality turf grass. Excessive fertilizer use can also lead to fertilizers entering sources of drinking water.[4]<br />\nNote that while conventional turf grass does help remove carbon dioxide from the air, the amount sequestered does not cancel out the greenhouse gas emissions produced from fertilizer production, mowing, leaf blowing and other lawn management practices (see Energy-Efficient Landscaping).[5]<br />\nLack of Biodiversity<br />\nConventional turfgrass lawns lack biodiversity, an essential component of healthy ecosystems, and do not support a wide variety of birds, beneficial insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.[6]<br />\nHow to Reduce the Use of Turf Grass<br />\nIn New Jersey, homeowners account for 76 percent of the state’s 880,542 acres of turf grass. [7] On average, lawns take up half of an average lot size.[8] Many fiscally and environmentally responsible alternatives to lawns exist such as minimizing turfgrass areas, using more eco-friendly grass species for remaining turf areas, and planting a wide variety of low-maintenance trees, shrubs, and perennials to create garden spaces, rain gardens, and native habitats (see Rain Gardens). When designing an alternative lawn, select eco-friendly grass and grass-like species such as native sedges and meadow mixes and limit turf areas for defining garden edges, active recreation areas, pathways between planting beds and other structural and functional purposes. [9] Native grasses and sedges can provide a low maintenance alternative with high ecological value.[10]<br />\nUse Groundcover or Native Grasses<br />\nGroundcovers refer to low-growing plants including native grasses and sedges but also include taller trees and shrubs that grow together to form dense vegetation. Choose groundcovers that require little maintenance and support wildlife.[11]  Increasing the size of shrub beds and adding groundcovers can facilitate the reduction of erosion and water runoff (see Erosion Control).[12] Select non-invasive groundcovers that do not threaten plant biodiversity or affect wildlife that depends on native species as a food source. 10</p>\n<p>To select an appropriate groundcover, talk with the local cooperative extension agent and refer to the NJ Native Plant Society’s listing of native and invasive species and the Native Plant Finder. Native species often vary across regions, even within New Jersey. Note that the USDA identifies New Jersey as being in Hardiness Zones 5 through 7.<br />\nTo contain groundcovers, install an edge barrier such as a row of low bricks or wood frame. Extend edging a few inches into the soil to contain roots.<br />\nWeed and mulch groundcover regularly, especially in the first year of planting.<br />\nCounty Extension Offices trains volunteer in each county through its Master Gardeners Program to provide guidance on lawn alternatives.</p>\n<p>Tips on Removing Lawn</p>\n<p>Use a sod cutter to remove sections of existing lawn gradually.<br />\nRemove existing lawn but do not disturb the soil as turning the soil allows weeds to compete with the new native seedlings.</p>\n<p>Tips for Caring for Existing Lawns</p>\n<p>Keep mower at 2 1⁄2 inches, water in the early morning and de-thatch if thatch reaches more than 1⁄2 inch in thickness. Cutting lawns too short decreases root growth.<br />\nLeave clippings on the lawn as a natural source of nitrogen for the soil, recycle the clippings or start a compost pile.<br />\nReduce water needs by mulching the garden beds around an existing lawn.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nEconomic</p>\n<p>Decreases maintenance costs and reduces water bills. Once established, groundcovers appropriate to the site conditions require less upkeep than conventional turf grass.<br />\nReduces costs spent on fertilizers and pesticides.</p>\n<p>Environmental</p>\n<p>Increases in biodiversity and support of wildlife such as birds, insects, small amphibians, and small land mammals.<br />\nDense and short growing groundcover plants eliminate weeds, preserve moisture in the soil, and do not require mowing.<br />\nReduces the need for lawn irrigation.<br />\nGroundcovers act as mulch, enhancing the soil.<br />\nGroundcovers and native grasses require less maintenance to prevent soil erosion compared to turfgrass.<br />\nReduces toxic emissions released into the environment from lawnmowers.<br />\nReduces use of fossil fuels required by lawn and irrigation equipment.</p>\n<p>Personal Wellness</p>\n<p>Saves time and labor.<br />\nConnects people to the natural landscape.<br />\nCreates a diverse and aesthetically pleasing outdoor environment.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of lawn alternatives varies depending on the type and size of the landscape. For example, cost per square foot of alternative groundcovers depends upon the type of plants chosen and the size of the groundcover. The higher initial cost of selecting plants specific to the site pays for itself over time through reduced maintenance costs compared to less adaptive and higher-maintenance turfgrass.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nReplacing conventional turf grass with native plants and water-efficient landscaping promotes resiliency by decreasing water use and reducing the reliance and stress on municipal water infrastructure. Alternatives to turf grass can also increase groundwater infiltration, helping to slow stormwater runoff and reduce erosion during flooding events. Also, replacing turf grass with diverse native plants, increases the biological diversity in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.<br />\n[1] American-Lawns. “Mixtures and Blends.” http://www.american-lawns.com/grasses/grass.html (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[2]  University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Turf Grass Madness: Reasons to Reduce the Lawn in Your Landscape.”  http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Turf_Grass_Madness.pdf (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[3] U.S. EPA.  Outdoor Water Use in the United States.  https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/watersense/pubs/outdoor.html (accessed March 22, 2018)<br />\n[4] US EPA, University of West Virginia. “Managing Turfgrass and Garden Fertilizer Application to Prevent Contamination of Drinking Water.” http://nesc.wvu.edu/smart/training/toolkit/page1/SWPPT_bulletins/turfgrass.pdf (accessed March 23, 2018).<br />\n[5] University of California, Irvine.  Turfgrass. https://news.uci.edu/2010/01/19/turfgrass/  (accessed March 23, 2018).<br />\n[6] NJ DEP. 2015. New Jersey Natural Heritage Program. https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/ (accessed Sept 20, 2018).<br />\n[7] 880,542 acres is equal to 18 percent of NJ’s total land area. www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf (accessed April 15, 2018).<br />\n[8] The Center for Turf grass Science. The New Jersey Turf grass Industry Economic Survey. February 2007. www.turf.rutgers.edu/outreach/econsurvexecsummfullreport.pdf (accessed April 15, 2018).<br />\n[9] Less Lawn. “Native Grass Lawns.” http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1010.html (accessed March 23, 2018).<br />\n[10] The Nature Conservancy. Habitat Network. Native Grasses for Your Native Lawn. http://content.yardmap.org/learn/native-grasses-for-your-native-lawn/ (accessed November 11, 2018).<br />\n[11] University of Delaware College of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources. “Groundcover Alternatives to Turf Grass.”  http://ag.udel.edu/udbg/sl/vegetation/Groundcovers.pdf (accessed March 23, 2018).<br />\n[12] Ibid.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_20  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Energy-Efficient Landscaping<br />\nErosion Control<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management<br />\nNative and Adapted Plants<br />\nRain Gardens<br />\nWater-Efficient Landscaping<br />\nWildlife Habitat</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_21  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Audubon Society – Lawn Alternatives<br />\nClean Water NJ – In the Garden<br />\nJersey-Friendly Yards<br />\nNative Plant Society of New Jersey<br />\nNative Plant Finder<br />\nNature Conservancy – Habitat Network<br />\nNJ DEP Lawn and Garden Care<br />\nRutgers NJ Agriculture Experiment Station<br />\nCommercial Turfgrass and Landscape Maintenance Fact Sheets &amp; Bulletins<br />\nCenter for Turfgrass Science<br />\nRutgers Water Resource Program – Rain Garden Manual of New Jersey<br />\nUniversity Extension Services – Groundcovers</p>\n<p>Delaware<br />\nMaryland</p>\n<p>US EPA Greenscapes: Environmentally Beneficial Landscaping</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4304,1263,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-11 13:30:46'),(4305,1263,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4306,1263,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4307,1263,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4308,1263,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4309,1263,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4310,1263,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4311,1263,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4312,1263,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4313,1263,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4323,309,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Blue Wood Sedge (Source: Courtesy of North Creek Nurseries)'),(4331,1268,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4332,1268,'_edit_last','2'),(4333,1268,'_edit_lock','1648678425:3'),(4334,1268,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4335,1268,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4336,1268,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4337,1268,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1268\" /]'),(4338,1268,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4339,1268,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4340,1268,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4341,1268,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4342,1268,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Building Orientation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Building Orientation?<br />\nBuilding orientation describes a building’s placement on a site and the positioning of windows, rooflines, and other features. A building oriented for solar design takes advantage of passive and active solar strategies. Passive solar strategies use energy from the sun to heat and illuminate buildings without the use of external energy sources and mechanical systems. Building orientation combined with the proper selection of building materials and the placement of windows, openings and shading devices influences heating and cooling loads, natural daylighting levels, and air flows within the building (see Daylighting, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, Natural Ventilation, and Thermal Mass).<br />\nPassive solar strategies use building components to collect, store, distribute, and control solar heat gains (see Table 1). Strategies include implementing large, south-facing windows, sourcing building materials that absorb and slowly release heat, manipulating building form to influence ventilation, and minimizing unwanted heat gain through proper window selection and glazing. Shading devices such as roof overhangs or landscaping also reduce solar load (See Tree Protection and Placement).</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_18  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_19  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Active solar strategies capture and store the sun’s energy through mechanical or electrical means. Solar photovoltaic systems generate and store electricity, while solar thermal systems heat liquid directly and transfer thermal energy for heating water or air (see Photovoltaic Systems and Solar Thermal Systems).[1] Solar ready buildings have south-facing roofs not shaded by nearby trees, structures or buildings. NREL’s PVWattsâ Calculator can estimate energy production and costs of a photovoltaic (PV) system at your location.<br />\nHow to Optimize Building Orientation<br />\nDecisions about building orientation begin early in the design phase, inform the entire building process, and involve all project team members (see Integrated Design Process). It helps to have input from experienced passive solar design architects and builders and to consider site conditions, such as temperature, solar access, and wind to evaluate passive design opportunities.<br />\nBuilding orientation impacts daylighting which also relates to building geometry, window selection, interior layout, HVAC sizing, and electrical lighting design.[2] Utilizing computer simulation software and energy modeling tools help to assess how building orientation and passive design considerations affect overall building performance (see Energy Modeling).<br />\nThe project team may also consider pursuing the Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018) building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for zero-energy, high-performance buildings.<br />\nExamples<br />\nDiscovery Elementary School, Arlington, VA.<br />\nThe Discovery Elementary School is one of the first Zero Energy schools on the East Coast. The project team adopted passive solar design by orienting the building with its longest facades facing north and south, took advantage of shading opportunities to reduce summer cooling loads, selected construction materials with high thermal mass, and utilized occupancy sensors for temperature settings.<br />\nCambria Office Facility, Ebensburg, PA.<br />\nThe original plan for the Cambria Office Facility was to maximize curb appeal with a flat-roofed, square box building orientated along the road near the edge of the property. Instead, the location of the building on the site was changed to optimize solar orientation and preserve wetlands on the property.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nBuildings oriented for passive and active solar provide multiple benefits:</p>\n<p>Utilize solar, a renewable energy source, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and slowing fossil fuel depletion.<br />\nConnect occupants to the natural environment by responding to changing weather conditions and providing window views.<br />\nProvide daylighting, which decreases electrical lighting requirements and increases occupant satisfaction and productivity.<br />\nEmploy thermal massing, which reduces temperature swings and produces a higher degree of temperature stability and thermal comfort.<br />\nReduce heating and cooling costs through natural heating/cooling and ventilation.<br />\nLower operation and maintenance costs by requiring fewer moving parts and opportunities for mechanical failure.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nConsidering life-cycle costs and annual energy and maintenance savings, buildings designed to maximize solar access are often less expensive than conventional buildings. Passive solar features, such as south-facing windows, thermal mass, and roof overhangs, can pay for themselves by reducing mechanical heating and cooling loads, unit size, installation, operation and maintenance costs.[3] Compared to passive solar systems, active solar systems often have a higher initial cost and longer payback period depending on the size and the type of technology but may be offset with currently available federal and state tax credits.[4]<br />\nCheck the DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency and the NJ Office of Clean Energy and for available incentives, rebates and tax credits.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nBuilding’s oriented for passive and active solar design enhance a building’s resiliency by maintaining livable conditions in the event of power interruption and loss of heating fuel.<br />\nDaylight-optimized buildings provide interior light, and highly insulated buildings with natural ventilation maintain thermal comfort for building occupants. Photovoltaic systems with battery storage and islanding inverters provide emergency “power islands” during times of storm or other grid outages.[5]<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US DOE | Energy Savers: Active Solar Heating. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating-systems/active-solar-heating (accessed March 12, 2018).<br />\n[2] Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch4.pdf (accessed July 3, 2018).<br />\n[3] NREL. Passive Solar Design Fact Sheet. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/29236.pdf (accessed March 12, 2018)<br />\n[4] WBDG. Passive Solar Heating. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/psheating.php (accessed March 21, 2018)<br />\n[5] Jennifer Senick et al. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/highland-park-solar-islanding-project/ (accessed March 12, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_20  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Daylighting<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nPhotovoltaic (PV) Systems<br />\nSolar Thermal Systems<br />\nThermal Mass<br />\nTree Protection and Placement</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_21  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>DSIRE: Database for State Incentives Renewables and Efficiency<br />\nLos Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide – Chapter 4: The Building Architectural Design<br />\nNJ’s Clean Energy Program<br />\nNREL’s PVWattsâ Calculator<br />\nPassive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018)<br />\nSustainable Sources: Passive Solar Design<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Passive Solar Heating</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4343,1268,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:32:41'),(4344,1268,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4345,1268,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4346,1268,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4347,1268,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4348,1268,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4349,1268,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4350,1268,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4351,1268,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4352,1268,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4369,1276,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4370,1276,'_edit_last','2'),(4371,1276,'_edit_lock','1648678385:3'),(4372,1276,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4373,1276,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4374,1276,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4375,1276,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1276\" /]'),(4376,1276,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4377,1276,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4378,1276,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4379,1276,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4380,1276,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Daylighting</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Daylighting?<br />\nDaylighting combines building orientation, fenestration (e.g., the location of windows and openings in a building), shading devices, interior design, and lighting and controls.  Daylighting design illuminates indoor spaces with appropriate levels of natural light, minimizes glare and heat gain, and reduces electrical lighting needs (see Integrated Design Process, Building Orientation, High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction and Sensor Controls).<br />\nBuilding orientation, in combination with window selection and placement, impacts daylighting levels, thermal comfort, ventilation, and views to nature (see Natural Ventilation and Energy Efficient Windows). A daylighting-optimized building maximizes south and north exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive direct and indirect natural light, respectively.[1] The design and choice of window glazing affect the amount, distribution, and quality of daylight.[2] For example, glazing systems with tinted glass and low-solar low-E coatings reduce solar heat gain with little reduction in visible transmittance or the amount of light in the visible portion of the spectrum.[3] Skylights, solar tubes, clerestory windows, and cupolas can also help introduce and balance daylight in a room. Utilize the upper portion of windows to introduce high levels of daylight and avoid glare issues, while taking advantage of views from the lower portion of windows, balanced by proper shading.[4] Exterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, awnings, and self-shading elements of building form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light. Interior designs that incorporate open layouts and light-colored surfaces also help distribute natural light. Reduce electrical lighting consumption and costs, and associated waste heat by pairing harvested daylight with automated dimmers and photosensors (see High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls).</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Daylighting<br />\nDesigning for daylighting involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process. For example, window glazing influences interior electrical lighting design, sizing of mechanical systems, and interior design layouts. The following outlines steps to integrate daylighting and electrical lighting.[5]</p>\n<p>Set a Maximum Lighting Power Density (LPD) goal to avoid overlit spaces and to achieve an appropriate level of lighting per area lit or watts per square foot.<br />\nSet a Daylight Sufficiency Goal that establishes the amount of daylighting, measured in lumens or foot-candles, required to perform a typical task in each space without electrical lighting.<br />\nDevelop a layered lighting strategy that first utilizes daylight to provide basic or ambient lighting levels, and then adds electrical lighting options and controls to vary lighting levels for a variety of tasks and occupant preferences.</p>\n<p>Daylighting guidelines provide general principles and examples, but project specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools, which can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.[6]<br />\nThe Facade Design Tool by the Efficient Windows Collaborative compares several design parameters including orientation, window area, controls, shading, and window type to predict performance outcomes such as annual energy use and savings, daylight levels, glare, and thermal comfort.<br />\nLow Energy – High Performance:  Building Façade Solutions by Berkeley Lab offers a list of simulation software for modeling window system performance.<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Improved life-cycle cost, reduced emissions, and reduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.<br />\nReduced operating costs through reductions in electrical lighting usage.[7]<br />\nReduced cooling loads and downsized HVAC systems through less heat gain from electrical lighting (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).[8]<br />\nImproved occupant satisfaction and comfort based on a shared preference for naturally daylit spaces, reinforcement of circadian rhythms, and connection to nature.[9]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nPlanning for daylighting should be integral to the design process and should not impose a significant impact on project costs if considered from the early stages of design. Windows with more than one pane and glazing to control temperature fluctuations and reduce UV exposure tend to cost more than conventional windows. Increasing the window to wall ratio to promote natural daylighting cost more than the construction of standard walls. The average national cost of window installation is $5,040, with most homeowners spending between $2,584 and $7,497 depending on materials, features, and size.[10] Structures such as a copula require more materials and are more technically challenging to build and incur additional costs.  Additional upfront costs associated with daylighting strategies or hiring a daylighting consultant typically pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn the event of a power outage, a daylighting-optimized home continues to provide interior light to occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid and providing energy savings.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32. https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf (accessed July 6, 2018).<br />\n[2] Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylighting. http://www.commercialwindows.org/daylight.php (accessed July 6, 2018).<br />\n[3] Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Window Technologies: Transmittance. http://www.commercialwindows.org/transmittance.php (accessed July 6, 2018).<br />\n[4] General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf (accessed Dec 11, 2018).<br />\n[5] General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf (accessed Dec 11, 2018).<br />\n[6] WBDG. Daylighting. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php (accessed April 4, 2018).<br />\n[7] Ibid WBDG.<br />\n[8] Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylight Controls. Windows for High-Performance Buildings. http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php (accessed July 5, 2018).<br />\n[9] California Energy Commission and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential” http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf (accessed April 5, 2018).<br />\n[10] HomeAdvisor – True Cost Guide – Installing Windows https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/doors-and-windows/install-windows/ (accessed April 6, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Building Orientation<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Efficient Windows Collaborative – Providing Natural Light<br />\nLBNL and US DOE – Tips for Daylighting With Windows: The Integrated Approach<br />\nLeslie, Russell P.; Conway, Kathryn M. (2007 online) The Lighting Pattern Book for Homes.<br />\nRensselaer Polytechnic Institute -Lighting Research Center<br />\nUS DOE Energy Savers – Daylighting<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide (WBDG) Daylighting</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4381,1276,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:32:41'),(4382,1276,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4383,1276,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4384,1276,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4385,1276,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4386,1276,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4387,1276,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4388,1276,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4389,1276,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4390,1276,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4400,316,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – House with cupola (Source: The Cupola House http://www.cupolahouse.org/)'),(4405,1276,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(4409,1280,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4410,1280,'_edit_last','2'),(4411,1280,'_edit_lock','1648678570:3'),(4412,1280,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4413,1280,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4414,1280,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4415,1280,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1280\" /]'),(4416,1280,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4417,1280,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4418,1280,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4419,1280,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4420,1280,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Glare and Heat Gain Reduction</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Glare and Heat Gain Reduction?<br />\nGlare occurs when sunlight or artificial light inhibits a person from visually focusing on his or her task either by casting a veil of light between the task and the viewer or by flooding the eyes with light. For example, sun glare on a document makes the black text almost as bright as the white background, reducing the contrast and making the document difficult to read.<br />\nHeat gain occurs when solar radiation or warmth enters a building through windows, skylights or other glazing systems. Maximizing heat gain during the winter through passive solar strategies and minimizing heat gain and reducing cooling loads during the summer, while maintaining daylighting quality, provides energy and cost savings and enhances thermal comfort (see Daylighting).<br />\nReducing glare and heat gain requires balancing electrical lighting and daylighting goals and utilizing protective barriers such as high-performance window glazing systems and external or internal physical barriers such as shades, blinds, awnings, overhangs or vegetation (see High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls, Energy-Efficient Windows, and Energy-Efficient Landscaping).</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Glare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nDesigning for glare and heat gain reduction involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process (see Integrated Design Process). For example, building orientation, window glazing, and shading devices influence lighting design, mechanical systems, and interior design (see Building Orientation).<br />\nBuilding orientation, in combination with window selection and placement, impacts daylighting levels and visual and thermal comfort (see Energy-Efficient Windows). A daylighting-optimized building designed to reduce glare and control heat gains maximizes southern and northern exposures and minimizes east and west exposures. Low sun angles make it more difficult to shade and to avoid glare and heat gain from east and west facing windows compared to south and north facing windows that receive more favorable sources of direct and indirect natural light, respectively.[1] Taking advantage of sunlight during the winter through high-performance windows can also help heat the building naturally and alleviate the dependence on the mechanical heating system.<br />\nProject-specific solutions often require hiring a daylighting or lighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools that can effectively simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.[2]<br />\nUse simulation programs such as the Efficient Windows Collaborative Window Selection Tool or Berkeley Lab’s RESFEN to determine energy-efficient and cost-effective window options. Look for the ENERGY STAR label, which sets standards for energy-efficiency that often exceed local energy code requirements.[3]<br />\nThe following strategies and information provide general guidance on reducing glare and heat gain in new homes:<br />\nThe Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates how much of the sun’s solar energy transmits through the window as heat. As the SHGC increases, the solar gain potential increases. Visible transmittance (VT) refers to the amount of visible light transmitted through the window. A higher VT means more daylight in a space. Advances in high-performance tinted glass and low-solar-gain low-e coatings reduce solar heat gain while maintaining visible transmittance. Using high-performance windows to provide solar control reduces the need for operating shades, resulting in increased daylight and unobstructed views.<br />\nWhen selecting a window based on performance, look for visible transmittance (VT) levels higher than (&gt; 70%), especially for daylighting applications (see Daylighting).[4] For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, EnergyStar recommends SHGC of 0.4 (40%) or lower for homes with moderate air conditioning requirements. Look for SHGC values of 0.25 or less for homes with significant air conditioning costs or summer overheating problems.[5] For New Jersey’s Northern/Central climate zone, a U-factor of &lt; 0.25 is recommended for high-performance homes.[6]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Managing solar heat gains on the exterior of the home prevents heat from entering the home in the first place. In combination with high-performance glazing systems, consider shading devices early in the design process to achieve a well-integrated architectural design.<br />\nExterior shading and control devices such as light shelves, overhangs, louvers, and reflecting systems and self-shading elements of architectural form such as wings and deep-set windows can reduce heat gains, soften harsh light contrasts, and diffuse natural light.<br />\nInterior glare control devices, such as Venetian blinds, miniblinds, vertical slatted blinds, pleated and honeycomb shades, and roll-down shades can reduce direct sunlight and glare but are less effective at reducing cooling loads since they only block sunlight and do not prevent solar gains from entering the home.[7] Motorized and automated shading systems use sensors, time clocks, a building automation system or occupant control to adjust the position of window coverings to reduce glare, daylighting or privacy levels or heat gain (see Smart Controls and Smart Sensors).<br />\nNatural landscaping such as mature trees, hedgerows, or trellises and vines can provide shading. Plant a shade tree near the window or skylight to shade it during the summer months and let as much light and heat in as possible during the winter months (see Energy-Efficient Landscaping).<br />\nBenefits<br />\n Effectively managing glare and heat gains offers multiple benefits, including:</p>\n<p>Reduced peak heat gain and cooling requirements in the summer and maximized solar heat gain in winter, leading to mechanical equipment downsizing, saving capital costs, and reducing mechanical loads and operating expenses (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).[8]<br />\nImproved daylighting design, reducing electrical lighting requirements.<br />\nDiminished ultraviolet (UV) and other solar radiation which causes fading of fabrics and furnishings.<br />\nAdded environmental benefits such as stormwater management and occupant benefits including views and connection to nature by utilizing energy-efficient landscaping.<br />\nIncreased occupant visual and thermal comfort by managing glare and solar heat gains resulting in increased occupant satisfaction and productivity.[9]<br />\nEnhanced visual interest in building design through the use of shading devices, building orientation and architectural form.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nCosts vary depending on the types of strategies implemented. Designing for glare and heat gain reduction should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated throughout the design process. The costs of hiring an expert daylighting consultant and electrical lighting designer often pay for themselves through electrical lighting reductions and associated energy cost savings.<br />\nThe cost of windows varies by project. Energy savings combined with improved visual and thermal comfort and daylighting benefits often justify the investment in high-performance windows. Available rebates and incentives can help offset upfront costs. For up-to-date information on available incentives, visit the ENERGY STAR and the NJ Clean Energy Program websites.<br />\nThe cost of planting a tree or shrub for shade may range from as little as $10 to hundreds of dollars depending on materials and labor and maturity of selected landscaping vegetation.[10]<br />\nExternal window coverings range in price from low-budget options for an aluminum awning to more costly investments for a shade structure. There are also additional costs associated with maintenance of outdoor structures, notably year-round or permanently affixed shades.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn the event of a power outage or a heat wave during the summer months, a home designed to optimize daylighting and reduce glare and heat gain can maintain comfortable internal temperatures and lighting levels for occupants, while at the same time reducing reliance and stress on the grid by reducing the need for electrical lighting and air conditioning.<br />\n[1] Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and US DOE. 2013. The Integrated Approach: Tips for Daylighting with Windows. Page 32. https://facades.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/tips-for-daylighting-2013.pdf (accessed July 6, 2018).<br />\n[2] WBDG. Daylighting. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php (accessed April 4, 2018).<br />\n[3] Energy Star. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=WI (accessed April 8, 2018).<br />\n[4] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Windows and Glazing. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/windows-and-glazing (accessed April 8, 2018).<br />\n[5] Ibid.<br />\n[6] The Efficient Windows Collaborative. “Selecting Energy Efficient New Windows in New Jersey.” January 2016. http://www.efficientwindows.org/factsheets/New%20Jersey.pdf (accessed May 9, 2018).<br />\n[7] US DOE. “Energy-Efficient Window Attachments.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-window-attachments (accessed April 6, 2018).<br />\n[8] WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php (accessed April 6, 2018).<br />\n[9] WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php (accessed April 6, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Building Orientation<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Landscaping<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Efficient Windows Collaborative</p>\n<p>Window Selection Tool</p>\n<p>Efficient Window Coverings and Attachments<br />\nEnergy Star – Windows, Doors, and Skylights<br />\nNational Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)<br />\nRensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center<br />\nUS DOE – Energy Savers</p>\n<p>Energy Efficient Window Attachments<br />\nEnergy Performance Ratings for Windows<br />\nWindow Types and Technologies</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)</p>\n<p>Passive Solar Heating<br />\nProvide Comfortable Environment<br />\nSun Control and Shading Devices<br />\nWindows and Glazing</p></div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4421,1280,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:32:41'),(4422,1280,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4423,1280,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4424,1280,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4425,1280,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4426,1280,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4427,1280,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4428,1280,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4429,1280,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4430,1280,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4432,1280,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(4442,210,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 3 – Exterior Window Shading Strategies (Source: Florida Solar Energy Center)'),(4477,1292,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4478,1292,'_edit_last','2'),(4479,1292,'_edit_lock','1648678801:3'),(4480,1292,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4481,1292,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4482,1292,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4483,1292,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1292\" /]'),(4484,1292,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4485,1292,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4486,1292,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4487,1292,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4488,1292,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Natural Ventilation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Natural Ventilation?<br />\nNatural ventilation uses passive strategies to supply outdoor air to a building’s interior for ventilation and cooling.[1] Natural ventilation systems rely on natural forces, such as wind and temperature differences between a building and its environment, to drive the flow of fresh air through a building. Cross ventilation uses air-pressure differentials caused by wind, and stack ventilation or the chimney effect uses the increased buoyancy of air as it warms up. [2] Both work on the principle of air moving from a high-pressure to a low-pressure zone. For example, when cool air enters a home on the first floor or basement, it absorbs heat in the room, rises, and exits through upstairs windows.[3] Stack ventilation works best in open layout home designs with cathedral ceilings and operable windows and skylights on the top floor.<br />\nMany modern homes utilize tightly sealed building envelopes and mechanical HVAC systems to achieve energy efficiency (see Air Infiltration). Natural ventilation strategies can introduce fresh air to airtight homes, replacing all or part of an HVAC system, although a home usually needs to supplement natural ventilation with design strategies that help direct airflows such as room-to-room ceiling fans, or whole house fans for larger homes.[4]<br />\nCeiling fans circulate air, remove heat from the home and create a wind chill that cools the body. The wind chill effect can make a room feel 4 to 6 degrees cooler.[5] A whole house fan can move cooler nighttime air into the house through open windows and exhaust warm air through the attic.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Natural Ventilation<br />\nImplementing a successful natural ventilation design requires an understanding of the local climate, building geometry, occupant behavior, and the design of internal spaces (see Building Orientation, Tree Protection and Placement, and Building Evaluation). For example, in coastal locations, desirable cool sea breezes can reduce cooling loads. It is important to be aware that outdoor air in these areas may also have high moisture content that needs to be managed (see Moisture Control). Other locations may not be ideal for natural ventilation due to local sources of air pollution, allergens, or outdoor noises. The design of internal spaces and the size and placement of openings in the building impacts ventilation as well.[6] Operable windows, fans, and corridors help direct airflow using natural ventilation principles (see Individual Comfort Controls and Views and Operable Windows).<br />\nEarly in the design stage, project architects and homebuilders can use CoolVent, a natural ventilation simulation tool developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to evaluate the effects of different natural ventilation strategies on the proposed home’s energy use and occupant comfort (see Energy Modeling).<br />\nThe project team may also consider pursuing the Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018) building certification which sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for zero-energy, high-performance homes.<br />\nExample<br />\nHarvard HouseZero, Cambridge, MA.<br />\nHarvard HouseZero, headquarters for the Harvard Center for Green Buildings and Cities, serves as a model for residential home construction and remodeling. The renovation of the pre-1940’s house into a zero-energy office building utilizes passive strategies, including thermal mass to replace the need for an HVAC system, and active strategies such as a ground source heat pump for peak (extreme) conditions. The building plans to achieve 100% natural daylighting and ventilation using solar vents to instigate buoyancy-driven ventilation and triple-glazed windows for natural cross ventilation through a manual and automated system that monitors for temperature, humidity, and air quality.[7]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nNatural ventilation strategies can reduce energy use, and lower energy bills and installation and maintenance costs by allowing for smaller mechanical systems and by extending the life of HVAC equipment. Homeowners can install ceiling fans to support natural ventilation without the need to hire a professional, providing additional cost savings. Other benefits include comfortable, year-round indoor temperatures, improved indoor air quality through increased fresh air circulation and increased connection to the outdoors (see Biophilia).<br />\nCosts<br />\nWhile passive building typically costs 5-10% more than building a conventional home, natural ventilation strategies considered early in the design phase and as part of an integrated design process provide the opportunity to realize upfront cost savings from installing downsized mechanical equipment and cost savings associated with increased energy efficiency (see Integrated Design Process).[8]<br />\nInstalling ENERGY STAR certified ceiling fans saves 40% more energy compared to conventional fans, providing savings up to $60 in energy costs over the fan’s 10-year lifetime.[9] The ENERGY STAR website provides guidance on ceiling fan installation and usage as well as comparative product tools and information on available rebates.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn the event of power outages and the loss of air conditioning, natural ventilation can maintain thermal comfort for building occupants, particularly at night, when colder outside air can mix with warmer air inside the building (e.g., nighttime flush). Mixed-mode systems add redundancy and flexibility to the building’s ventilation and HVAC systems, providing back-up during power-outages, mechanical failures, security threats, or the release of air-borne contaminants.<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Natural Ventilation. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[2] CoolVent. 2018. Basics of Natural Ventilation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. http://coolvent.mit.edu/intro-to-natural-ventilation/basics-of-natural-ventilation/ (accessed June 28, 2018).<br />\n[3] US DOE. Energy Savers. Natural Ventilation<br />\nhttps://www.energy.gov/energysaver/natural-ventilation (accessed March 30, 2018).<br />\n[4] WindowMaster. Cost and Performance – A design-led approach to effective natural ventilation. https://www.windowmaster.com/white-papers (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[5] U.S. Green Building Council’s Green Home Guide. “10 Ways to Beat the Heat.”  http://greenhomeguide.com/know-how/article/10-ways-to-beat-the-heat  (accessed March 30, 2018).<br />\n[6] WBDG. Natural Ventilation.  http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php (accessed March 12, 2018).<br />\n[7] Harvard HouseZero. http://harvardcgbc.org/cgbc-announces-first-of-its-kind-housezero-project-extreme-retrofit-of-its-headquarters-requires-no-hvac-or-electric-light/ (accessed March 30, 2018).<br />\n[8] Passive House Alliance. 2018. What is Passive Building? Passive House Institute US. http://www.phius.org/what-is-passive-building (accessed June 29, 2018).<br />\n[9] Energy Star. Energy Efficient Products. Ceiling Fans. https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans/(accessed March 30, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Biophilic Design<br />\nBuilding Orientation<br />\nBuilding Evaluation<br />\nEnergy Modeling<br />\nMoisture Control<br />\nTree Protection and Placement<br />\nIndividual Comfort Controls<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nViews and Operable Windows</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)<br />\nCoolVent – The Natural Ventilation Simulation Tool by MIT<br />\nENERGY STAR Energy Efficient Products – Ceiling Fans<br />\nNREL – Cooling Your Home with Fans and Ventilation<br />\nPassive House Institute US (PHIUS)<br />\nUS DOE: Energy Savers</p>\n<p>Fans<br />\nNatural Ventilation</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide – Natural Ventilation</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4489,1292,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:32:41'),(4490,1292,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4491,1292,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4492,1292,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4493,1292,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4494,1292,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4495,1292,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4496,1292,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4497,1292,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4498,1292,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4499,1292,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(4508,276,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Ceiling fan (Source: www.changehappensindegrees.org)'),(4516,1297,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4517,1297,'_edit_last','2'),(4518,1297,'_edit_lock','1648678974:3'),(4519,1297,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4520,1297,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4521,1297,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4522,1297,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1297\" /]'),(4523,1297,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4524,1297,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4525,1297,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4526,1297,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4527,1297,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Thermal Mass</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_26  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Thermal Massing?<br />\nThermal massing utilizes building materials to absorb, store and release heat produced by sunlight. Masonry materials with high specific heat capacities and high density, like concrete, stone, brick, and tile, are commonly used as thermal mass, as well as water or other phase change materials.[1] During the winter months, thermal mass passively absorbs heat through direct sunlight and slowly releases heat during the night. In the summer, thermal mass absorbs warmth from the air and helps cool the home. Passive solar design employs thermal mass as part of an overall strategy to achieve thermal comfort and energy conservation without the use of mechanical heating and cooling systems.[2]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_27  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_28  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">The US Department of Energy describes five elements of passive solar design that work together for a successful system.</p>\n<p>Aperture<br />\nAbsorber<br />\nThermal mass<br />\nDistribution<br />\nControl</p>\n<p>Passive solar design techniques include direct gain, indirect gain, and isolated gain. [3]</p>\n<p>Direct gain uses south-facing windows to collect sunlight and absorbs and stores heat with thermal mass materials such as masonry floors and walls.<br />\nIndirect gain places thermal mass between south-facing windows and occupied spaces using a Trombe Wall that absorbs and radiates heat into the home.[4]<br />\nIsolated gain uses south-facing rooms or sunspaces, generally separated with doors or windows from the rest of the home, to collect solar energy. Bordering thermal mass walls and floors absorb the heat, and vents distribute the heat to adjacent living spaces.</p>\n<p>How to Implement Thermal Massing<br />\nThermal massing requires an understanding of climate, building orientation, and materials. A designer experienced in passive solar design can determine whether thermal massing makes sense as a stand-along strategy or as part of a comprehensive passive solar design approach. Computer modeling can simulate different types and locations of thermal massing and passive solar configurations to determine cost-effective, and energy-efficient designs.<br />\nElements to consider include:[5]</p>\n<p>Insulation and air sealing<br />\nWindow location, glazing type and shading<br />\nThermal mass location and type<br />\nHeating and cooling system design</p>\n<p>Examples<br />\nHelios Passive and Active Solar Home – Net Zero Energy, Lafayette, NJ.<br />\nThe Helios Passive and Active Solar Home optimized energy efficiency with passive solar design strategies before utilizing active solar strategies to achieve net zero energy. Passive design strategies include a south-facing building orientation with south-facing windows, a 2-story sunspace, earth sheltering and thermal mass walls, and roof overhangs to regulate heating and cooling loads. A solar hot water heater and photovoltaic system provide all the energy requirements needed for space heating, cooling, hot water, and plug loads.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nThermal massing offers several benefits:</p>\n<p>Lowers heating loads and costs through daytime absorption and nighttime release of solar energy.<br />\nLowers cooling loads and costs through absorption of excess heat from solar gains and sources such as electrical lighting and appliances.<br />\nEnhances thermal comfort by reducing the impact of external temperature swings and maintaining steady internal temperatures.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nResidential buildings designed with thermal massing should not impose a significant impact to project costs if considered early in the design phase and integrated with other passive solar design strategies.  Energy cost savings from lower heating and cooling loads can offset the upfront costs of building materials and of hiring project team members with passive solar design expertise.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nLightweight, wood frame construction remains the predominant residential wall assembly system used in the United States. Several alternative wall assembly systems, with more substantial thermal mass properties, including precast concrete panels, insulated concrete forms (ICFs), structural insulated panels (SIPs) and autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) perform equally or better in terms of energy performance, offer protection against hazards such as fire, wind, earthquakes, and floods, and improve indoor environmental quality through resistance to mold.[6] When paired with daylighting strategies, superior insulation values, and intentional sectioning of lighting and HVAC systems, thermal massing contributes to an overall resiliency approach that helps reduce the need for electricity for lighting, cooling, and other critical functions. [7]<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US DOE | Energy Savers: Passive Solar Home Design. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design (accessed April 14, 2018).<br />\n[2] Sustainable Sources. Passive Solar Design http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines (accessed April 14, 2018).<br />\n[3] WBDG. Passive Solar Heating – Types and Costs of Technology.  https://www.wbdg.org/resources/passive-solar-heating (accessed April 14, 2018).<br />\n[4] Ibid, WBDG. Passive Solar Heating – Types and Costs of Technology.<br />\n[5] US DOE. 2018. Passive Solar Home Design. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/passive-solar-home-design (accessed July 14, 2018).<br />\n[6] New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA). 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Page 11. Edited by Jennifer Senick. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/111-green-bulding/file (accessed May 7, 2018).<br />\n[7] Ibid, NJCAA. 2014. The Role of Buildings in Climate Adaptation. Climate Change Preparedness in NJ.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_29  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration<br />\nBuilding Orientation<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nEnergy Modeling<br />\nGlare Reduction and Heat Gain<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nInsulation<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_30  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Passive House Institute US (PHIUS) 2018 Project Certification<br />\nSustainable Sources – Passive Solar Design<br />\nUS DOE Zero Energy Ready Home<br />\nUS DOE – Energy Savers – Passive Solar Home Design<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Passive Solar Heating</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4528,1297,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:32:08'),(4529,1297,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4530,1297,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4531,1297,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4532,1297,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4533,1297,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4534,1297,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4535,1297,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4536,1297,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4537,1297,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4538,1297,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(4550,1297,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(4554,1301,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4555,1301,'_edit_last','2'),(4556,1301,'_edit_lock','1648679075:3'),(4557,1301,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4558,1301,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4559,1301,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4560,1301,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1301\" /]'),(4561,1301,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4562,1301,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4563,1301,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4564,1301,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4565,1301,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_23  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment?<br />\nHeating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems consume 48% of the energy used in a typical US home.[1] Design engineers often oversize HVAC systems to comply with code or to meet the most extreme loads such as the coldest and hottest days of the year, and design systems with a built-in capacity for overloads which occur only 1% to 2.5% of the time.[2] Properly sized HVAC equipment considers the interaction among building systems, and the potential synergies and contradictions among these systems, taking into account the energy savings achieved through building envelope strategies, smart controls, and occupant behaviors when selecting equipment and designing air distribution systems (see Integrated Design Process).<br />\nOversized equipment often results in higher installation and capital costs, reduced operating efficiency, and potential negative impacts on comfort. For example, short-cycling or excessive cycling of air conditioning equipment can lead to poor humidity control and moisture or mold issues and contributes to the wear and tear and longevity of equipment. Oversized systems use more fan power for blowers and can increase peak demand during the cooling season, leading to higher energy costs.[3] Oversizing can occur for a variety of reasons. Contractors may use standard rules of thumb based on experience rather than industry accepted practices and customers often request oversized units without understanding the calculations that go into sizing equipment or to plan for potential building additions.[4]<br />\nHow to Incorporate Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nFirst, consider all aspects of the building as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Use energy modeling to help select appropriately sized HVAC equipment that takes into account the impact of different energy-efficient design measures and building operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as how often the system runs on part load (see Energy Modeling). Consider part-load performance when selecting equipment as most heating and cooling equipment fail to operate at peak efficiency unless fully loaded (see Part Load Efficiency).[5] One approach to downsizing HVAC equipment uses a small, efficient system to manage normal loads, and designates a backup system or relies on energy storage for extreme conditions that demand additional load capacity and occur less frequently (see Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation, Thermal Energy Storage).[6] In general, properly sizing HVAC equipment avoids providing excess capacity and allocates extra physical space for additional equipment and designs modular distribution systems that can accept additional equipment for planned future expansion.[7]<br />\nAccording to the US DOE, there are several key elements to consider when sizing a residential heating and cooling system:[8]</p>\n<p>Local climate<br />\nSize, shape, and building orientation<br />\nInsulation levels<br />\nWindow area, location, and type<br />\nAir infiltration rates<br />\nNumber and ages of occupants<br />\nOccupant comfort preferences<br />\nSelection of lights and major home appliances (which give off heat)</p>\n<p>A home’s HVAC system design involves load calculations, system sizing, ductwork selection, and diffuser selection.[9] Hire certified contractors that use the Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA) Manual J, “Residential Load Calculation” to calculate loads, the ACCA’s Manual D, “Residential Duct Design” for duct design, and the ACCA’s Manual S, “Residential Equipment Selection,” for guidance on selecting home heating and cooling systems[10] and the ACCA’s Manual T, “Air Distribution Basics,” for information on diffusers.[11]<br />\nExamples<br />\nHVAC Equipment Sizing Example, Chicago, IL.<br />\nThis strategy guide prepared for the US Department of Energy’s Building America Building Technologies Program details the equipment selection of a split system air conditioner and furnace for a one-story, 2,223 square foot case study house with a full conditioned basement in Chicago, Illinois that meets the 2009 IECC prescriptive path.[12]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nProperly sized HVAC systems reduce energy consumption, water use and emissions, provide cost savings, manage occupant comfort and maintain indoor air quality.<br />\nCosts<br />\n Incorporating a whole-building energy-saving approach including envelope strategies, high-performance lighting, and energy-efficient windows can reduce peak heating and cooling loads and result in smaller HVAC systems that cost less upfront than larger capacity models and save 30% on average on annual utility costs.[13] Additional upfront costs for energy modeling software and analysis often pay for themselves through realized energy and cost savings.<br />\nFor information on available HVAC equipment incentives, see the New Jersey Clean Energy Program.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nProperly sized HVAC equipment increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, and peak loads which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid natural gas, water and wastewater infrastructure.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US DOE: Heating and Cooling. https://www.energy.gov/heating-cooling (accessed May 23, 2018).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[3] NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf  (accessed May 23, 2018).<br />\n[4] NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf  (accessed May 23, 2018).<br />\n[5] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[5] NREL. Right-Size Heating and Cooling Equipment. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31318.pdf<br />\n[6] Roth, Amir. 2017. “Building Energy Modeling 101: HVAC Design and Operation Use Case.” US DOE Building Technologies Program. https://www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/articles/building-energy-modeling-101-hvac-design-and-operation-use-case (accessed Nov 26, 2018).<br />\n[7] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[8] DOE. “HVAC Right Sizing Part 1: Calculating Loads” https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/webinar_hvac_calculatingloads_20110428.pdf (accessed May 23, 2018).<br />\n[9] DOE Building Technologies Program Advanced Strategy Guideline: Air Distribution Basics and Duct Design https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53352.pdf (accessed May 23, 2018).<br />\n[10] DOE. “HVAC Right Sizing Part 1: Calculating Loads” https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/webinar_hvac_calculatingloads_20110428.pdf (accessed May 23, 2018).<br />\n[11] DOE Building Technologies Program Advanced Strategy Guideline: Air Distribution Basics and Duct Design https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53352.pdf (accessed May 23, 2018).<br />\n[12] Burdick, Alan. 2012. “Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing” Prepared for the US DOE Building America Building Technologies Program. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf (accessed November 27, 2018).<br />\n[13] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_24  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration<br />\nCool Roofs<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nEnergy Modeling<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nInsulation<br />\nPart-Load Efficiency<br />\nThermal Mass</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_25  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA)<br />\nAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)<br />\nENERGY STAR Verified HVAC Installations (ESVI)<br />\nNJ Clean Energy Program Residential HVAC Programs</p>\n<p>WARMAdvantage<br />\nCOOLAdvantage</p>\n<p>US DOE</p>\n<p>Building Technologies Program Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing<br />\nComputer Program Listing for a range of HVAC measurements and calculations</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide</p>\n<p>Energy Analysis Tools<br />\nHigh-Performance HVAC<br />\nRelevant codes</p></div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4566,1301,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:32:08'),(4567,1301,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4568,1301,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4569,1301,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4570,1301,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4571,1301,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4572,1301,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4573,1301,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4574,1301,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4575,1301,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4576,1301,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(4577,1301,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(4589,1301,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(4593,1306,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4594,1306,'_edit_last','2'),(4595,1306,'_edit_lock','1648679405:3'),(4596,1306,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4597,1306,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4598,1306,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4599,1306,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1306\" /]'),(4600,1306,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4601,1306,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4602,1306,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4603,1306,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4604,1306,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Part-Load Efficiency</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Part-Load Efficiency?<br />\nPart-load efficiency refers to the ability of an HVAC system to handle part-load energy use. Factors that impact the internal load of a home include heat generated by occupants, processes, equipment, and lighting (see Figure 1); External load variables include insulation levels, glazing and window selection, and building orientation (see Figure 2).[1] HVAC systems are designed to serve a wide range of loads. Higher efficiency standards set by ASHRAE 90.1 and advances in HVAC technology make modern systems highly efficient at full or maximum loads. However, efficiency rates decline at part-load or when loads fall below 90%, making it challenging for residences that experience variable loads throughout the day to maximize energy savings.[2] Coupled with the fact that most design engineers oversize HVAC systems, selecting equipment and technologies designed for part-load operation offer the potential for significant energy savings (see Properly Sized HVAC Equipment).[3]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_18  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Part-Load Efficiency<br />\nFirst, consider all aspects of the home as part of an integrated design process and incorporate energy-efficient strategies that reduce heating and cooling loads. Install smart thermostats and HVAC systems that use multiple sensors and controls to monitor and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings, control energy consumption in unoccupied areas, and detect and diagnose issues (see Smart Sensors and Controls). Use energy modeling to understand the impacts of different energy-efficient design measures and operations on peak heating and cooling loads and overall system loads as well as the expected average runtime of the HVAC system under part- load conditions (see Energy Modeling).<br />\nFor residences with significant part-load profiles, select equipment and components that can operate efficiently at part-load or that can modify capacity at varying loads such as variable speed compressors, fans, and pumps; and temperature reset controls for hot water and supply air.[4] For example, variable speed compressors use an inverter known as a variable frequency drive (VFD) to run a motor at different speeds to match the load and help reduce energy consumption. To reduce central air conditioning loads and provide zoning or heating and cooling for individual spaces, consider modular, mini split-system air-conditioners.[5]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_19  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_20  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Benefits<br />\nDesigning for part-load efficiency optimizes energy-efficiency and cost-effectively reduces energy use, water consumption, and emissions, and manages occupant comfort and indoor air quality.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe cost of implementing part-load efficiency varies depending on the equipment and system selected. Considering part-load performance when designing and installing a system saves on first costs as well as operating costs.[6]<br />\nCheck the New Jersey Office of Clean Energy for available equipment incentives.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nPart-load efficiency increases resiliency by decreasing energy and water consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on the electricity grid, natural gas, and water and wastewater infrastructure.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Burdick, Alan. 2012. “Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing” Prepared for the US DOE Building America Building Technologies Program. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52991.pdf (accessed November 27, 2018).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[3] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/high-performance-hvac (accessed Nov 28, 2018).<br />\n[4] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. High-Performance HVAC. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php (accessed June 5, 2018).<br />\n[5] US DOE- Energy Savers. “Ductless, Mini-Split Air Conditioners.”<br />\nhttps://www.energy.gov/energysaver/ductless-mini-split-air-conditioners (accessed Nov 29 2018).<br />\n[6] Whole Building Design Guide. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/hvac.php (accessed March 20, 2011).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_21  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration Reduction<br />\nCool Roofs<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nEnergy Modeling<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nInsulation<br />\nProperly Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nThermal Massing<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_22  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>ASHRAE<br />\nThe Consortium for Energy Efficiency – Directory of commercial HVAC equipment<br />\nNew Jersey Clean Energy Program<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide: High-Performance HVAC</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4605,1306,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:32:08'),(4606,1306,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4607,1306,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4608,1306,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4609,1306,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4610,1306,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4611,1306,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4612,1306,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4613,1306,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4614,1306,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4615,1306,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(4616,1306,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(4617,1306,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(4624,459,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1. Heat Gain Locations (Source: NREL)'),(4625,555,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2. Heat Loss Locations (Source: NREL)'),(4633,1311,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4634,1311,'_edit_last','2'),(4635,1311,'_edit_lock','1648679562:3'),(4636,1311,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4637,1311,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4638,1311,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4639,1311,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1311\" /]'),(4640,1311,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4641,1311,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4642,1311,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4643,1311,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4644,1311,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Geothermal Heat Pumps</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Geothermal Heat Pumps?<br />\nGeothermal heat pumps (GHPs), also known as ground source heat pumps or geo-exchange systems use the constant temperature (45°F- 75°F) of the earth to cool buildings in the summer and warm them in the winter. [1] Geothermal technology consists of open-loop or closed-loop systems (see Figure 1). Open-loop systems draw water from a well or a surface water body to circulate as a heat exchange fluid through the system and then returns the water to the ground through a well or surface discharge.[2] Closed-loop systems, configured as horizontal, vertical, or pond/lake systems, use a non-toxic antifreeze solution as the heat exchanger.[3] Some GHPs have wells drilled vertically deep underground and can fit into space constricted areas, while others have horizontal loops a shorter distance below ground that require adequate space or land.[4] GHPs can include a device called a desuperheater, which heats household water using waste heat from water in cooling mode.[5]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Geothermal Heat Pumps<br />\nThe practicality of a GHP for a specific project increases when considered early in the planning stages of the site and building design. Renewable energy systems are complex and require project team members with on-site renewable energy system expertise. Site assessments include analysis of geology, hydrology, and land availability to determine the feasibility of installing a geothermal heat pump, whether to install vertical or horizontal ground loops, and opportunities to utilize local water bodies. [6]<br />\nLook for ENERGY STAR qualified geothermal heat pumps that use about 45% less energy than a standard heat pump.[7] Find qualified installers through your local utility company, the International Ground Source Heat Pump Association, or the Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium.<br />\nExample<br />\nBaseline Home vs. Model of Energy-Efficient New Home in NJ.<br />\nThis study investigated the costs and benefits of several investments in residential energy efficiency, including a high-level mechanical upgrade using a ground source heat pump or geothermal system, compared to a baseline, single-family detached home with a conventional HVAC system.<br />\nThe high upfront capital costs for this system included trenching, piping, equipment (including pump and de-superheater with associated fittings, valves, and backflow preventers) and installation.[8] The incremental capital cost of $34k surpassed the baseline capital costs by more than one-third. [9] While operating costs fell by 37%, a lack of available tax benefits and incentives, and site conditions that prevented a low-cost installation resulted in a project payback period of 32 years.<br />\nSites and projects with similar limitations might consider other heat pump technologies including air source heat pumps or absorption heat pumps.[10] Check NJ’s Clean Energy Program for available incentives.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nIncorporating a geothermal system reduces greenhouse gas emissions, protects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. Geothermal pumps have a higher efficiency than air pumps and produce less noise pollution as most of the moving parts are underground.[11] Depending on the cost and type of fuel, heating with geothermal pumps can cost 25-50% less than that of conventional heating.[12] Compared to air-source heat pumps, geothermal pumps last longer, require less maintenance and do not depend on outside air temperatures.[13]<br />\nCosts<br />\nWhile the initial purchase price of a residential GHP system cost more than that of a comparable gas-fired furnace and central air-conditioning system, lower utility costs associated with GHP systems can result in a payback of two to ten years depending on the system and environmental factors.[14] As seen in the example above, site-specific costs associated with wellfields can add tens of thousands of dollars to the cost of the system in some locations. For instance, costs increase when a high level of bedrock at the site requires boring and vertical trenching.[15] If included in a mortgage, a GHP can have a positive cash flow from the beginning. For example, if the extra $3,500 in installation costs added $30 per month to each mortgage payment, the energy cost savings can exceed that added mortgage amount each year.[16]<br />\nCheck NJ’s Clean Energy Program for the latest information about incentives for residential geothermal systems.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nGeothermal heat pumps increase grid resiliency by helping to diversify sources of clean and renewable energy and by providing a consistent and energy-efficient source of renewable energy to supply the grid in the absence of wind or solar. Geothermal heat pumps with thermal energy storage can operate off the grid and supply energy to emergency services and infrastructure during power outages.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US DOE  “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed  April 4, 2018).<br />\n[2] ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed April 5, 2018).<br />\n[3] US DOE “Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed April 5, 2018).<br />\n[4]  US DOE. “Guide to Geothermal Heat Pumps” https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_geothermal_heat_pumps.pdf (accessed April 4, 2018).<br />\n[5] EnergySmart Alternatives. “How a Geothermal DeSuperheater Works.” http://energysmartalternatives.com/2013/03/how-a-geothermal-desuperheater-works/ (accessed April 5, 2018).<br />\n[6] ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed  April 4, 2018).<br />\n[7] ENERGY STAR. “Heat Pumps, Geothermal for Consumers.” http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&amp;pgw_code=HP (accessed  April 4, 2018).<br />\n[8] Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB). “Costs and Benefits of Residential Energy-Efficiency Investments.” Prepared for the New Jersey Association of Realtors Governmental Research Foundation. Final Report. July 2011. http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf (accessed April 4, 2018). The costs of the ground source heat pump’s material and labor costs came from averages of estimates from local vendors.<br />\n[9] Ibid. RCGB. Costs for ground source heat pump well fields are highly site-specific. The reported construction cost is for a site that required vertical boreholes. A site that is suitable for a shallow, horizontal piping loop may have an incremental cost of less than $10k. Such a system would achieve simple payback in less than 10 years (instead of 32 years for the vertical case).<br />\n[10] US DOE. Energy Savers: Heat Pumps Systems. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems (accessed April 4, 2018).<br />\n[11] ENERGY STAR. “Choosing and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pumps.” https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps  (accessed April 5, 2018).<br />\n[12] US DOE. Energy Savers: Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pumps. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed April 20, 2018).<br />\n[13] US DOE. Energy Savers: Selecting and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed April 4, 2018).<br />\n[14] US DOE. Geothermal Heat Pump. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-and-cool/heat-pump-systems/geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed May 14, 2018).<br />\n[15] Rutgers Center for Green Building. 2011. Costs and Benefits of Residential Energy Efficiency Investments. Prepared for the New Jersey Association of REALTORS Governmental Research Foundation. http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/NJAR-Final-Report-July-2011_submitted.pdf (accessed May 14, 2018).<br />\n[16] US DOE. Selecting and Installing a Geothermal Heat Pump. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/choosing-and-installing-geothermal-heat-pumps (accessed April 5, 2018 ).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Demand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nSmart Metering</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium<br />\nGeothermal Resource Council<br />\nInternational Ground Source Heat Pump Association<br />\nNJ’s Clean Energy Program – COOLAdvantage Program<br />\nUS Department of Energy – Geothermal Heat Pump Introduction<br />\nUS EPA – Geothermal Heating and Cooling Technologies<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Geothermal Heat Pumps</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4645,1311,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:32:08'),(4646,1311,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4647,1311,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4648,1311,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4649,1311,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4650,1311,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4651,1311,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4652,1311,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4653,1311,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4654,1311,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4655,1311,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(4656,1311,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(4657,1311,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(4664,538,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Geothermal Heat Pump Systems with Associated Equipment. (Source: Whole Building Design Guide: Geothermal Heat Pumps)'),(4671,1316,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4672,1316,'_edit_last','2'),(4673,1316,'_edit_lock','1648679793:3'),(4674,1316,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4675,1316,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4676,1316,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4677,1316,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1316\" /]'),(4678,1316,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4679,1316,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4680,1316,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4681,1316,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4682,1316,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Green Power</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Green Power?<br />\nGreen power refers to renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit including electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, some forms of biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources (i.e., do not impact land use and fisheries).[1] Homes get their power from a mix of energy sources with varying levels of environmental impacts and benefits (see Figure 1). Electricity generated from coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas, wind, and solar all goes to the same grid (see Figure 2). Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) represent 1 MWh of renewable electricity generation and provide proof of the electricity generated by green power.<br />\nEnergy-efficient single-family homes that are not ideally suited for on-site renewable energy generation can voluntarily choose to switch to green energy or purchase RECs to help offset their home’s environmental and carbon footprints.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Purchase Green Energy<br />\nIn New Jersey, the Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act (EDECA) of 1999 (N.J.S.A. 48:3-49) separated the supply portion of the electric rate from the delivery portion, providing the consumer the opportunity to select among third-party electricity suppliers licensed by the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU). Consumers can make decisions on a variety of factors including cost or energy efficiency and sources of electricity generation (e.g., nuclear, natural gas, oil, solar).[2]<br />\nThrough the purchase of green power, a home does not necessarily receive renewable energy directly, but instead, the purchase of renewable energy increases the percentage that renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind) that contribute to power production within the region. Table 1 lists various ways to purchase green energy.<br />\nTable 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Residential electricity consumers may choose to purchase RECs, contract with a green energy supplier or participate in a utility-sponsored green energy program. Green power products and programs often require customers to pay a premium over the standard electric price in return for green power (i.e., electricity bundled with RECs) but the utility continues to provide the electric transmission and distribution in the same way as a regular electric customer.<br />\nNote that green power supply options depend on available renewable energy resources and projects, and state and utility policies and programs. Check with your utility provider for available programs and current incentives. Other options include Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that directly support specific renewable energy projects.<br />\nThe decision to purchase green power involves identifying and comparing green power options among verified, third-party certified green power providers that meet nationally-accepted standards for product quality. At this time, the Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program is the only organization that certifies and independently verifies green power products in the United States.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nConventional electricity relies on fossil fuels and produces significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Green power provides the following environmental benefits:[3]</p>\n<p>Supports renewable energy resource and technology development either directly through PPAs and bundled green power products or indirectly through RECs.<br />\nReduces a home’s carbon footprint associated with electricity consumption.</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nJacobstown Solar Farm, Burlington County, NJ.<br />\nThe Jacobstown Solar project, by Community Energy, Inc., provides green power to the Jersey Central Power &amp; Light (JCP&amp;L) regional electric grid and helps farmland preservation in the area by providing a source of local revenue. Landscaping on the site matches the rural surroundings and plantings of low mow turf grass reduce stormwater runoff and improve soil conditions for future agricultural uses. When NJ homeowners choose to purchase green power, they support solar companies like Community Energy, Inc. and projects like the Jacobstown Solar Farm, that provide local sources of renewable energy.<br />\nCosts<br />\nWhile a switch to green power does not require any upfront capital costs, currently there exists a cost premium for green power of about 2 to 4 cents per kWh.[4] Prices for green power vary also depending on a variety of factors, including:</p>\n<p>Supply and demand variability<br />\nProduct type (e.g., RECs, PPAs, utility or competitive green power products)<br />\nPurchase volume (e.g., total kilowatt-hours)<br />\nContract length (e.g., short- or long-term)<br />\nResource and technology type (e.g., solar, wind)<br />\nGeography (e.g., local versus national)<br />\nCertification and verification status</p>\n<p>Resiliency<br />\nA switch to green power provides resiliency benefits by helping to diversify and strengthen the electric power grid through the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar and by supporting local renewable energy generators and distributed renewable energy (DER) projects.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US EPA. Green Power Partnership. “What is Green Power?” https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power (accessed April 10, 2019).<br />\n[2] State of New Jersey. NJ Power Switch. Know Your Rights. https://nj.gov/njpowerswitch/rights/ (accessed April 10, 2019).<br />\n[3] US EPA. Green Power Partnership. Green Power Benefits. https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/benefits-using-green-power (accessed April 10, 2019).<br />\n[4] Residential Electric Default rates or Basic Generation Service (BGS) ratesfor NJ.     https://www.electricrate.com (accessed April 9, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Geothermal Heat Pumps<br />\nOn-Site Small Wind Energy Systems<br />\nPhotovoltaic (PV) Systems<br />\nSolar Thermal Systems</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Center for Resource Solutions’- Green e-Certified Program<br />\nNJ Board of Public Utilities (NJBPU)<br />\nNJ Power Switch<br />\nNew Jersey Energy Delivery Companies (EDCs)</p>\n<p>Atlantic City Electric Company<br />\nJCP&amp;L<br />\nRockland Electric<br />\nPSE&amp;G</p>\n<p>US EPA – Switch to Green Power</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4683,1316,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:32:08'),(4684,1316,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4685,1316,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4686,1316,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4687,1316,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4688,1316,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4689,1316,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4690,1316,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4691,1316,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4692,1316,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4693,1316,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(4694,1316,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(4695,1316,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(4702,252,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Different types of energy resources based on their relative environmental benefits (Source: US EPA).'),(4703,207,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Green Power Distribution Network: (1) Sources; (2) Transmission Substation; (3) Transmission Lines; (4) Area Substation; (5) Transformers; (6) Home or Business (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory).'),(4704,430,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Table 1 – Green Power Supply Options (Source: Adapted from US EPA).'),(4711,1321,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4712,1321,'_edit_last','2'),(4713,1321,'_edit_lock','1648679980:3'),(4714,1321,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4715,1321,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4716,1321,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4717,1321,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1321\" /]'),(4718,1321,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4719,1321,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4720,1321,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4721,1321,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4722,1321,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">On-Site Wind Energy Systems</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is an On-Site Wind Energy System?<br />\nOn-site wind energy systems provide renewable energy in areas with sufficient wind speed. Prime locations for harvesting wind energy in New Jersey are along the shore.[1]<br />\nThe two main types of wind turbines include horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT), the most common, and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT).[2] Initially designed to be mounted on high poles in open or rural areas, small wind turbines (SWTs) include systems that are 100 kilowatts (kW) or less. Small wind energy systems can either be stand-alone (e.g., not connected to the utility grid) or grid-connected. Built-environment wind turbines (BEWT) refer to projects constructed on, in, or near buildings.[3] The highly turbulent and variable wind directions often found in the built environment make VAWTs a viable option for these types of locations as VAWTs do not need to orient into the wind to generate power.[4] VAWTs come in two different designs: the Savonius design, which generates power through drag, and the Darrieus, which generates power through an aerodynamic lift.[5]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement an On-Site Wind Energy System<br />\nThere are many factors to consider when deciding on a wind energy system, including wind speed, location, lot size, and zoning restrictions.<br />\nContact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding for on-site wind energy systems. Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Pre-implementation steps for an on-site wind energy system project comprise a wind resource assessment study, sizing, and design of systems. [6] For example, siting turbines on the highest elevation on the site often correspond to the highest, unobstructed wind speeds. Wind speed increases with height, and small increases in speed boost a turbine’s generating-potential significantly.[7]<br />\nFigure 3 shows that coastal New Jersey has the best wind resources, although some inland areas also have adequate winds. While wind maps help to get a general idea of the wind speeds in the area, actual wind resources on a particular site vary depending on topography and structural interference.[8]<br />\nContact the local building authority or planning board to find out about necessary permits and requirements to build a wind energy system on the property. Zoning ordinances sometimes do not address wind turbines, or they may not allow structures taller than 35 ft. Obtaining a variance may be necessary. In January 2010, New Jersey enacted legislation to prevent municipalities from adopting regulations that place unreasonable limits or hinder the performance of small wind energy systems. For more information, visit the Database of State Incentives for Renewables &amp; Efficient (DSIRE).<br />\nExperienced wind turbine manufacturers and installers can help to determine the potential energy production for the site, depending on wind speeds, the height of the towers, and other factors such as site elevation.[9]<br />\nExample<br />\nNREL. “Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices.”<br />\nThis study looked at several case studies of BEWTs, documenting mixed-results in the BEWT industry. Main obstacles included, 1) project feasibility and planning processes that are insufficient and not well defined, 2) additional expenses related to installation and operations in the built environment that create high-cost projects, 3) a lack of certified manufacturers for ongoing service and parts availability, and 4) over-estimated project performance due to the complexity of conducting accurate resource and production assessments in the built environment. The BEWT projects with the best outcomes had well developed and quantified project goals that included energy production as well as education and sustainability marketing goals. These projects also conducted more thorough feasibility investigations, used certified HAWTs with a proven track record, and were installed on taller buildings relative to surrounding obstacles.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nWind power reduces dependence on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal.[10] Generating power from wind reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promotes the renewable energy industry in New Jersey.<br />\nCosts<br />\nIn New Jersey, between 2002 and 2011, residential wind turbine installation costs ranged from $12,000 to $100,000.[11] Nationwide, wind turbines cost between $800/kW and $1100/kW and a typical 2 MW project costs between $1.6 and $2.2 million.[12] Necessary fees include utility company fees, township and county permits, and installation which accounts for about 7% of the total project cost for a residential project.[13] Installing a wind turbine often have higher upfront, capital costs; however, net metering, lower utility bills, tax incentives, and renewable energy credits facilitate a faster payback and lower costs in the long run. A wind energy system can lower electricity bills 50 to 90 percent.[14] Depending on the strength of the wind resource and the cost of the system, the typical paybacks range from 6-15 years.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nOn-site wind energy systems rely on wind, a site-based resource and may operate independently from the power grid. Installed with additional hardware—including transfer switches, critical load panels, and appropriate controls—these systems can act as self-sufficient microgrids, generating energy and powering critical loads in the absence of utility sourced power. Wind energy systems provide additional protection from flooding events, based on elevated installations.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] American Wind Energy Association. “Wind 101: Wind Energy Basics.” https://www.awea.org/wind-power-101 (accessed April 11, 2018).<br />\n[2] WBDG. Wind Technology. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology (accessed April 19, 2018).<br />\n[3] Jason Fields, Frank Oteri, Robert Press, and Ian Baring-Gould (2016) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Deployment of Wind Turbines in the Built Environment: Risks, Lessons, and Recommended Practices https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65622.pdf (accessed April 20, 2018).<br />\n[4] J. Smith, T. Forsyth, K. Sinclair, and F. Oteri. (2015) NREL. Built-Environment Wind Turbine Roadmap. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/50499.pdf (accessed April 20, 2018).<br />\n[5] WBDG. Wind Technology. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/wind-technology (accessed April 19, 2018).<br />\n[6] US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf (accessed May 8, 2018).<br />\nDOE. Small Wind Guidebook. https://windexchange.energy.gov/small-wind-guidebook#parts (accessed April 11, 2018).<br />\n[8] US DOE. https://windexchange.energy.gov/maps-data/207 (accessed April 12, 2018).<br />\n[9] Ibid.<br />\n[10] McCollum, David, and Christopher Yang. 2009. “Achieving deep reductions in US transport greenhouse gas emissions: Scenario analysis and policy implications.” Energy Policy 37: 5580-5596.<br />\n[11] NJCEP. Installation and Project Status Reports (REIP and CORE Programs). http://njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy-archive (accessed April 18, 2018).<br />\n[12] US DOE. 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/10/f37/2016_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_101317.pdf (accessed April 18, 2018).<br />\n[13] Pacific Northwest National Lab. Benchmarking US Small Wind Costs. https://wind.pnnl.gov/pdf/Benchmarking_US_Small_Wind_Costs_092817_PNNL.pdf (accessed April 18, 2018).<br />\n[14] DOE. Small Wind Electric Systems. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/buying-and-making-electricity/small-wind-electric-systems (accessed April 12, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nSmart Metering</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>General information and Starting Up</p>\n<p>American Wind Energy Association (AWEA)</p>\n<p>NJ Clean Energy Program</p>\n<p>Trade-Ally: Residential<br />\nWind Site Assessor</p>\n<p>US DOE</p>\n<p>Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook<br />\n2016 Wind Technologies Market Report</p>\n<p>Technical Guidance</p>\n<p>Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) Distributed Wind Energy Zoning and Permitting: A Toolkit for Local Governments</p>\n<p>US DOE</p>\n<p>Small Wind Electric Systems: A New Jersey Consumer’s Guide<br />\nSmall Wind Guidebook<br />\nUS Northeast Wind Resource Center</p>\n<p>Funding Sources</p>\n<p>American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) – Small Wind Road Map<br />\nCommunity Wind Financing</p>\n<p>NJ Clean Energy Program</p>\n<p>See Financing Your System<br />\nTrade-Ally: Residential</p></div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4723,1321,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:32:08'),(4724,1321,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4725,1321,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4726,1321,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4727,1321,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4728,1321,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4729,1321,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4730,1321,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4731,1321,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4732,1321,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4733,1321,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(4734,1321,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(4735,1321,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(4742,573,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1. Small Wind Electric System (Source: US NREL).'),(4743,284,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Illustration of turbine installation in the built environment. Side mounted to the building, roof mounted, ground mounted in the built environment, building integrated (source: US NREL).'),(4749,1326,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4750,1326,'_edit_last','2'),(4751,1326,'_edit_lock','1649095924:3'),(4752,1326,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4753,1326,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4754,1326,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4755,1326,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1326\" /]'),(4756,1326,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4757,1326,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4758,1326,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4759,1326,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4760,1326,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Photovoltaic (PV) Systems</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_20  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Photovoltaic (PV) Systems?<br />\nPhotovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity.[1] PV cells placed together in a module which are then grouped to form an array applied to surfaces such as roofs or applied as ground mounts. A specific PV system, known as Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) uses PV technology and applies it to building materials, serving multifunctional purposes. [2] For example, a BIPV skylight not only captures energy to generate electricity for a building but also provides daylighting (see Daylighting). Another strategy incorporates PV technology into an exterior wall for decorative purposes as well as collecting energy.<br />\nPV systems can be stand-alone or grid-connected. Stand-alone systems, not connected to the electricity grid, are used in remote locations where extending power lines can be expensive costing anywhere from $15,000 to $50,000 per mile.[3] These systems can also be used by people who live near the grid who wish to be independent of the utility or invest fully in non-polluting energy resources.<br />\nGrid-connected systems utilize solar energy when available and feed excess electricity back to the grid. When the sun does not shine, the grid supplies the home electricity.[4] A grid-connected PV system consists of one or more PV modules are connected to an inverter, which converts the system’s direct-current (DC) electricity to alternating current (AC). Optional batteries provide energy storage or backup power in case of a grid power interruption or outage (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).[5]<br />\nConnecting to the grid requires typically requires two agreements, an interconnection agreement and a purchase and sale agreement.[6] Net-metering allows excess electricity generated by grid-connected PV systems to feed back to the grid.  Net-metering rules vary from state to state and may restrict the amount of energy exported back to the grid based on a minimum capacity that is established by the utility or utility commissions. If the home uses more electricity than is produced by the PV system, the system owner pays the power provider for the difference between what was used and produced.[7] When a customer’s renewable energy system produces more electricity than the customer needs, the excess energy is exported back to the grid.  All grid connected PV systems qualify to generate Solar Renewable Energy Credits (SRECS) which could be traded for additional incentives.[8]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_21  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_22  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement a Photovoltaic (PV) System<br />\nCheck out Google Project Sunroof and enter your address to find out the solar savings potential of your home.<br />\nContact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding for Photovoltaic Systems.<br />\nWhile projects can tailor PV systems to meet the needs of a particular site and home, south facing surfaces not shaded by nearby trees, buildings, and structures provide the best results (see Building Orientation). If possible, orient collectors at the angle of the location’s latitude (in New Jersey, this is approximately 40°N). Flat roofs also work well for solar electric systems, allowing PV modules to tilt at an optimal angle toward the sun. Ground systems mounted on a tracker to follow the sun work well for homes with large yards.<br />\nHire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.[9]<br />\nExample<br />\nNew Jersey Clean Energy Program PV Installation, Suburban Home, NJ.<br />\nThis case study describes a New Jersey resident’s experience installing solar panels on his home.</p>\n<p>An NJ Clean Energy Program rebate reduced the initial cost by $11,000<br />\nElectric bills dropped by 25 percent each month<br />\nTen-year payback based on estimated annual energy savings.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nIncorporating on-site renewable energy systems reduces greenhouse gas emissions,<br />\nprotects against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels and saves on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. The modularity of PV systems allows great flexibility in applying this technology to different home designs. Solar PV can help manage peak demand and lower utility rates, while also providing shade and urban heat island reduction benefits (see Demand Response and Peak Load Management). Additional benefits include low-cost operations and maintenance, and US-based manufacturers and installers that provide domestic jobs.[10]<br />\nCosts<br />\nPV systems require a high upfront investment but lower monthly electricity bills. Most solar electric systems last 30 years and pay for themselves in 4 to 5 years.[11] The cost per kilowatt-hour goes down as the system size increases. In 2019, residential solar electric systems incurred a median installed cost of $2.50 – 3.00 per watt. Federal and state tax credits and rebates are available to offset costs. While actual costs vary depending on system configuration and other factors, the following are average costs before rebates and taxes:</p>\n<p>A 2-kilowatt (2,000-watt) system costs between $5,000 and $15,000 and supplies enough energy to meet most of the needs of an energy-efficient home.</p>\n<p>A 5-kilowatt system may be installed for $10,000 to $40,000, with an average cost of around $20,000, and can meet all the electricity needs of a large home.[12]</p>\n<p>Resiliency<br />\nSolar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV and Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.[13] Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[2] Eiffert Ph. D, Patrina, and Gregory J. Kiss. NREL. Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Designs for Commercial and Institutional Structures: A Sourcebook for Architects.” www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25272.pdf (accessed  April 5, 2018).<br />\n[3] US DOE. Off-Grid or Standalone renewable Energy Systems. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/grid-or-stand-alone-renewable-energy-systems (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[4] NREL. Connecting Your Solar Electric System to the Utility Grid. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31687.pdf (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[5] US DOE. A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[6] US DOE. A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[7] NREL. Connecting Your Solar Electric System to the Utility Grid https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31687.pdf  (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[8]  NJ’s Clean Energy Program. Net Metering and Interconnection. http://www.njcleanenergy.com/renewable-energy/programs/net-metering-and-interconnection (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[9] US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.” http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf (accessed April 5, 2018).<br />\n[10] Renewable Energy World. Advantages and disadvantages of Solar Photovoltaic – Quick Pros and Cons of Solar PV http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ugc/articles/2012/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-photovoltaic–quick-pros-and-cons-of-solar-pv.html (accessed April 5, 2018).<br />\n[11] Ibid.<br />\n[12] Ibid.<br />\n[13] E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_23  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Building Orientation<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nDemand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nSolar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_24  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>The Anatomy of a Photovoltaic System<br />\nDSIRE</p>\n<p>Calculate Your Solar Panel Savings<br />\nDSIRE Solar Incentives and Policies for New Jersey</p>\n<p>Google Project Sunroof<br />\nNJ Office of Clean Energy</p>\n<p>Programs<br />\nSolar Activity Reports (including project lists and SREC pricing)</p>\n<p>North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP)</p>\n<p>List of certified system installers in New Jersey</p>\n<p>NREL PVWatts calculator<br />\nUS DOE</p>\n<p>A Consumer’s Guide to Solar Electricity for the Home<br />\nThree Things to Consider when installing a Solar Electric System</p>\n<p>Weather Underground Tool: Calculates potential electricity generation</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4761,1326,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:30:38'),(4762,1326,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4763,1326,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4764,1326,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4765,1326,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4766,1326,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4767,1326,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4768,1326,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4769,1326,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4770,1326,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4771,1326,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(4772,1326,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(4773,1326,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(4780,17,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1: Residential grid-connected PV system (Source: US Department of Energy)'),(4783,1326,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(4824,1332,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4825,1332,'_edit_last','2'),(4826,1332,'_edit_lock','1649096564:3'),(4827,1332,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4828,1332,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4829,1332,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4830,1332,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1332\" /]'),(4831,1332,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4832,1332,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4833,1332,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4834,1332,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4835,1332,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Solar Thermal Systems</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Solar Thermal Systems?<br />\nSolar thermal systems, whether passive or active, utilize solar power to heat water for domestic or process uses. In the residential sector, this often includes domestic hot water heating for inside the home or for heating a pool. Solar thermal water heating systems use insulated storage tanks and solar collectors that provide for up to 40 – 70% of a home’s water heating needs.[1] Conventional storage water heaters or demand (tankless or instantaneous) water heaters provide backup for cloudy days and increased demand.<br />\nThe most common types of solar collectors for residential uses include flat-plate collectors and integral collector-storage systems. Flat-plate collectors consist of insulated and weatherproof boxes with a dark absorber plate under glass or plastic covers that heat water. Integral collectors use the same system as a flat-plate collector, but the water continues to a traditional hot water tank, ensuring a consistent supply of hot water.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Solar Thermal Systems<br />\nThere are several factors to consider before installing a solar thermal system. First, look for opportunities to reduce hot water consumption such as installing water-saving devices like low-flow showerheads, faucet aerators, and water-efficient appliances to help reduce the size of the solar thermal system. [2] Variables include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, sizing and design of solar thermal systems.[3]<br />\nContact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding for residential solar thermal systems.<br />\nHire an experienced solar thermal system installer, certified by the North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP) to properly site and size the thermal solar system in coordination with standard plumbing trade work.<br />\nExample<br />\nWisdom Way Solar Village (WWSV), Greenfield, MA.<br />\nThis example describes the results of installing indirect solar water heaters in a development of 20 energy-efficient homes:[4]</p>\n<p>Total installed cost: $9,600<br />\nSystem efficiency of 67%<br />\nAnnual energy savings: $134</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nSolar thermal systems reduce greenhouse gas emissions, protect against the fluctuating costs of fossil fuels, and save on purchasing energy from utility companies while providing additional ecological and user benefits. Solar thermal systems reduce water consumption as well as the consumption of consumable, non-renewable, and often non-domestic energy sources such as natural gas.[5]<br />\nCosts<br />\nSolar thermal systems prove most cost-effective in locations with a consistent demand for hot water and high electric or natural gas prices. Solar thermal systems cost more upfront than conventional water heating systems but usually pay for themselves through annual energy savings of 50-80% compared to conventional systems.[6] While costs vary depending on the size of the system, type of system chosen, location, and contractor, for an average sized home, a system may cost between $7600 and $10,000.[7]<br />\nState and federal incentives are also available, which can significantly reduce the installation cost of a solar hot water system. See the New Jersey Clean Energy Program Water Heater rebate program for more information: http://www.njcleanenergy.com/residential/programs/warmadvantage/gas-water-heaters<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSolar water heaters offer energy system resiliency in that they can provide hot water needs without a need for electricity or natural gas when installed with additional hardware—including transfer switches, critical load panels, and appropriate controls.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide (WBGD). Solar Water Heating. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/swheating.php (accessed  April 20, 2018).<br />\n[2] US DOE. Reduce Hot Water Use for Energy Savings. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/water-heating/reduce-hot-water-use-energy-savings (accessed April 20, 2018).<br />\n[3] US Dept of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Guide to Integrating Renewable Energy in Federal Construction. https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOE/DOECRIT/re_construction_guide.pdf (accessed May 8, 2018).<br />\n[4] US DOE. Indirect Solar Water Heating in Single-Family, Zero Energy Ready Homes. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65187.pdf (accessed April 20, 2018).<br />\n[5] Denholm, P. 2007. “The Technical Potential of Solar Water Heating to Reduce Fossil Fuel Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United States.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO.   https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41157.pdf (accessed April 23, 2018).<br />\n[6] US DOE. Estimating the Cost and Energy Efficiency of a Solar Water Heater. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/estimating-cost-and-energy-efficiency-solar-water-heater (accessed April 20, 2018).<br />\n[7] US EIA. Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/buildings/equipcosts/pdf/full.pdf (accessed April 20, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_18  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Building Orientation<br />\nPhotovoltaic (PV) Systems</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_19  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Database of Incentives for Renewables &amp; Efficiency – New Jersey<br />\nGoogle Project Sunroof<br />\nNREL’s PVWatts Simulator<br />\nNJ’s Clean Energy Program – Trade-Ally: Residential<br />\nUS Department of Energy Solar Water Heater Information<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide: Introduction to Solar Water Heating</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4836,1332,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:30:38'),(4837,1332,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4838,1332,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4839,1332,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4840,1332,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4841,1332,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4842,1332,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4843,1332,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4844,1332,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4845,1332,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4846,1332,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(4847,1332,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(4848,1332,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(4849,1332,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(4855,519,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1- Rooftop flat-plate solar collector (Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory)'),(4874,1341,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4875,1341,'_edit_last','2'),(4876,1341,'_edit_lock','1649096534:3'),(4877,1341,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4878,1341,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4879,1341,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4880,1341,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1341\" /]'),(4881,1341,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4882,1341,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4883,1341,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4884,1341,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4885,1341,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Indoor Water Conservation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Indoor Water Conservation?<br />\nIndoor water conservation refers to home operations, occupant behaviors and water-efficient fixtures and appliances that help to reduce overall water consumption in a home. In New Jersey, the average New Jersey resident uses 70 gallons of water per day, with outdoor irrigation making up the most significant percentage of total water use (see Water Efficient Landscaping).[1]  Figure 1 shows that the most significant areas for potential indoor water savings in typical residential buildings are restrooms including toilets, showerheads, and faucets, clothes washers, and leaks.[2]<br />\nNew Jersey’s receives ample average rainfall of 45 inches per year, and the state’s geology supports the storage of large quantities of groundwater and surface water reservoirs. Preventative conservation efforts and water-efficient equipment upgrades can reduce the risk of water shortages and reduce costs associated with increasing population growth, aging water infrastructure, and climate change impacts such as droughts.[3]<br />\nIndoor water conservation generally addresses water use reductions in four areas:[4]</p>\n<p>Reducing water losses associated with leaks.<br />\nIncreasing the water efficiency of fixtures, equipment, systems, and processes.<br />\nEducating homeowners and tenants about water conservation to encourage water-saving behaviors.<br />\nReusing onsite wastewater for irrigation and non-potable uses.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Indoor Water Conservation<br />\nImplementing indoor water conservation in a residential building typically includes:[5]</p>\n<p>Installing water meters and sub-meters and leak detection sensors to track water usage, find and fix leaks and equipment failures, and identify opportunities for water savings (see Smart Meters, and Smart Sensors and Controls).<br />\nSpecifying low-flow, WaterSense certified fixtures such as toilets, showers, faucets, and aerators, and energy-efficient, EnergyStar certified appliances, such as dishwashers and clothes washers, that also conserve water (see Energy Star Equipment and Plug Load).<br />\nProperly maintaining HVAC systems to minimize water used for heating and cooling equipment.[6]<br />\nMinimizing irrigation or recovering wastewater for irrigation and uses that do not require potable water such as toilet and urinal flushing (see Water Efficient Landscaping, Rain Barrels and Cisterns, On-Site Alternative Water Reuse).<br />\nEducating homeowners and tenants on water conservation efforts and procedures to ensure the proper use of water-saving equipment (e.g., homeowner and manufacturer manuals).</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nUS EPA WaterSense Labeled Homes<br />\nWaterSense Labeled Homes Version 2 establishes a mandatory checklist and performance criteria to earn the WaterSense label. The mandatory checklist for WaterSense Labeled Homes includes a pressure-loss test of all water supplies and a visual leak inspection for toilets, bathroom, and kitchen faucets, shower heads, and fixtures and appliances. The checklist also requires WaterSense labeled toilets, bathroom sink faucets, and showerheads. Also, a WaterSense labeled home must be 30 percent more water efficient than typical new construction (based on national standards and requirements).[7]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nIndoor water conservation reduces the strain on natural water resources and ensures future water supplies.[8] Water saving fixtures and appliances save money on water and energy bills without sacrificing performance, the latter savings due to the significant amount of energy often used to heat water.[9] For example, toilets account for nearly 30% of water use in the average home. Households that install WaterSense labeled toilets, which use 1.28 gallons per flush use 20% less water than households that install standard toilets, which use 1.6 gallons per flush.[10] EnergyStar certified dishwashers use 30% less water and are 12% more energy efficient than standard models.[11] Indoor water conservation can also reduce the costs and the amount of energy required to treat, pump, and transport water and wastewater.[12]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.[13] Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIndoor water conservation enhances resiliency by reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity. Water use reductions also decrease the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure.[14]<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US EPA WaterSense. 2010. New Jersey Water Fact Sheet. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/ws-ourwater-new-jersey-state-fact-sheet.pdf (accessed Oct 29, 2018).<br />\n[2] US EPA WaterSense. 2012. Saving Water in Office Buildings. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-offices.pdf (accessed Oct 25, 2018).<br />\n[3] New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2017, New Jersey Water Supply Plan 2017-2022: 484p, https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/pdf/wsp.pdf (accessed Oct 25, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA WaterSense. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf   (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[5] US EPA WaterSense. 2018. Types of Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities (accessed Oct 25, 2018).<br />\n[6] US EPA. 2017. Water Management and Best Practices at EPA. https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-management-plans-and-best-practices-epa (accessed Oct 25, 2018).<br />\n[7] US EPA WaterSense. 2018. WaterSense Specification for Home Version 2 Concept Paper https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-10/documents/ws-homes-v2-concept-paper.pdf (accessed Oct 31, 2018).<br />\n[8] NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience. 2018. The Case for Water Conservation in New Jersey. https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[9] US EPA WaterSense. 2012. Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-general-ci.pdf  (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[10] US EPA WaterSense. 2018. Residential Toilets. https://www.epa.gov/watersense/residential-toilets  (accessed Oct 31, 2018).<br />\n[11] US Energy Star. 2018. Dishwashers. https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/dishwashers (accessed Oct 31, 2018).<br />\n[12] NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience. 2018. The Case for Water Conservation in New Jersey. https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[13] Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[14] Ibid.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load<br />\nOn-Site Alternative Water Reuse<br />\nRain Barrels and Cisterns<br />\nSmart Meters<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nWater-Efficient Landscaping</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience<br />\nNJ DEP Creating Sustainable Communities – Indoor Water Conservation<br />\nNJ WaterSavers<br />\nUS EPA WaterSense<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Water Conservation</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4886,1341,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:30:38'),(4887,1341,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4888,1341,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4889,1341,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4890,1341,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4891,1341,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4892,1341,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4893,1341,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4894,1341,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4895,1341,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4896,1341,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(4897,1341,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(4898,1341,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(4899,1341,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(4905,358,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – End Uses of Water in Residential Buildings (Source: Water Resource Foundation, 2016)'),(4916,1347,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4917,1347,'_edit_last','2'),(4918,1347,'_edit_lock','1649096864:3'),(4919,1347,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4920,1347,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4921,1347,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4922,1347,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1347\" /]'),(4923,1347,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4924,1347,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4925,1347,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4926,1347,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4927,1347,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Onsite Alternative Water Reuse</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Onsite Alternative Water Reuse?  <br />\nOnsite alternative water reuse intentionally captures, treats, and utilizes stormwater, graywater, and wastewater for reuse at the building site. Stormwater includes precipitation such as rainfall and snowmelt. Graywater (also spelled gray water, greywater and grey water) refers to untreated water from bathroom sinks, laundry, and bathing and does not include water contaminated with toilet waste, food and grease content from kitchen sinks, or dishwasher soap residue.[1] Graywater is of lesser quality than potable (drinking) water but of higher quality than blackwater, which in New Jersey refers to wastewater from water closets, toilets, and urinals.[2] Potential sources of onsite alternative water include rainwater and treated graywater and blackwater. Figure 1 shows graywater reuse from washing machines and showering for outdoor landscaping. Graywater from showers can also be used to flush toilets.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Onsite Alternative Water Reuse<br />\nImplementing onsite alternative water reuse starts with water conservation and includes identifying and evaluating opportunities to substitute or supplement potable water use with onsite alternative water sources based on the water quality and treatment requirements of the intended end-uses, and the feasibility of capturing and delivering alternative water sources to those end-uses (see Indoor Water Conservation).<br />\nHarvest and filter rainwater from rooftops to supplement or replace landscape irrigation and toilet flushing (see Rain Barrels and Cisterns, Vegetated Roofs, and Emergency Water Supply and Storage).[3] Rainwater that flows over non-roof surfaces and filtered by rain gardens or captured by retention ponds also provides an alternative water source for landscape irrigation (see Rain Gardens, Water-Efficient Landscaping).<br />\nCapture graywater from bathtubs, showers, bathroom sinks, and clothes washers by designating separate drain lines, storage units, and pumps to deliver graywater to desired locations. Graywater used for subsurface irrigation of trees, shrubs, and gardens requires filtering to remove suspended solids. Indoor uses for graywater such as toilet flushing, or above-ground irrigation for turf grass or edible gardens often require additional treatment through natural, mechanical or chemical applications.[4] Treatment systems include engineered systems, tailored to specific projects, and packaged systems designed to fit a wide range of project applications.[5]<br />\nBlackwater treatment systems requires a higher level of treatment to bring recycled water to acceptable standards for reuse. Constructed wetlands use a combination of plants, snails, clams, algae, and fish to filter and break down compounds in blackwater. Commercial treatment systems may include sedimentation, membrane filtration or UV sterilization. Composting toilets provide another way to reduce potable water use and reduce the need for wastewater treatment.<br />\nHire certified professionals familiar with the design, construction, and maintenance of onsite alternative water reuse systems. Review local ordinances, permitting requirements, and plumbing codes.<br />\nThe International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials Green Plumbing &amp; Mechanical Code Supplement provides guidance on implementing onsite alternative water reuse for non-potable end-uses.<br />\nThe NSF International/American National Standards Institute (NSF/ANSI) 350, Onsite Residential and Commercial Reuse Treatment Systems establishes design, construction and performance requirements for onsite alternative reuse systems.<br />\nExample<br />\nThe Solaire, New York City<br />\nThe Solaire, a LEED Gold certified residential high-rise building in Battery Park completed in 2003 offers examples of onsite alternative water reuse and wastewater treatment technologies. Indoor water conservation measures include low-flow fixtures, toilets, and appliances that reduce potable water use by 43%. The building’s onsite wastewater treatment plant utilizes digestion, membrane filtration, and ultraviolet disinfection to processes 30,000 gallons of blackwater each day and reuses it as cooling water for two on-site cooling towers and to flush toilets in both the Solaire and an adjacent building, the Verdesian. The Solaire’s vegetated roof helps manage stormwater and diverts excess stormwater runoff to a 10,000-gallon basement water storage tank that stores the water for later use by the vegetated roofs drip irrigation system.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nOnsite alternative water reuse reduces potable water use and the reliance on surface water, groundwater, and reclaimed water purchased from a third-party.[6] Harvesting rainwater can reduce stormwater runoff, flooding, and pollution. Graywater and blackwater reuse reduces the strain on municipal water and wastewater treatment plants. Compared to potable water, recycled water used for irrigation often contains higher levels of nutrients, such as nitrogen, that lessens the need for synthetic fertilizers. Onsite alternative water reuse reduces the energy required to transport water or pump water from deep underground sources. Using recycled water for applications that do not require water treated to potable or drinkable water quality standards saves energy and money by reducing treatment requirements.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and onsite alternative water use technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.[7] Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods. As onsite alternative water technologies evolve, and costs decline, and water shortages and water quality issues become more common, the resiliency benefits of a local and reliable water resource on the ability to shelter in place, health and safety hazards, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. [8]<br />\nFor more information see the Alliance for Water Efficiency’s Report: Water Savings &amp; Financial Benefits of Single-Family Packaged Graywater Systems.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nUsing onsite alternative water resources enhances resiliency by utilizing safe, reliable, redundant and locally controlled water supplies, by reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity, and by protecting sensitive, natural water bodies. Reducing potable water use reduces the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure (see Emergency Water Supply and Storage).[9] Many water pumps run on electricity, and without a source of backup power, fail to operate during power outages highlighting the importance of onsite alternative water sources and treatment options that cover all or part of onsite water use and wastewater treatment needs (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation). Compostable toilets also increase resiliency by continuing to operate during water shortages and by preventing sewage backups.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Alliance for Water Efficiency. 2018. Graywater Introduction. http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx (accessed Nov 15, 2018).<br />\n[2] NJ DEP. Division of Water Quality. Standards for Individual Subsurface Sewage Disposal Systems. www.state.nj.us/dep/dwq/pdf/njac79a.pdf (accessed October 22, 2018).<br />\n[3] US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf (accessed Nov 14, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf (accessed Nov 14, 2018).<br />\n[5] Alliance for Water Efficiency. 2018. Graywater Introduction. http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx (accessed Nov 15, 2018).<br />\n[6] US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf (accessed Nov 14, 2018).<br />\n[7] Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[8] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[9] Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nEmergency Water Supply and Storage<br />\nIndoor Water Conservation<br />\nRain Barrels and Cisterns<br />\nRain Gardens<br />\nVegetated Roofs<br />\nWater-Efficient Landscaping</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Alliance for Water Efficiency<br />\nThe Center for Resilience<br />\nNew Jersey Department of Environmental Protection – Division of Water Quality<br />\nResilient Design Institute<br />\nRutgers University NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program<br />\nUS EPA</p>\n<p>WaterSense<br />\nWater Recycling</p>\n<p>WaterReuse<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Water Conservation</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4928,1347,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-11 13:30:46'),(4929,1347,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4930,1347,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4931,1347,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4932,1347,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4933,1347,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4934,1347,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4935,1347,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4936,1347,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4937,1347,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4938,1347,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(4939,1347,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(4940,1347,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(4941,1347,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(4947,1348,'_wp_attached_file','2022/04/download.png'),(4948,1348,'_wp_attachment_metadata','a:5:{s:5:\"width\";i:16;s:6:\"height\";i:16;s:4:\"file\";s:20:\"2022/04/download.png\";s:5:\"sizes\";a:0:{}s:10:\"image_meta\";a:12:{s:8:\"aperture\";s:1:\"0\";s:6:\"credit\";s:0:\"\";s:6:\"camera\";s:0:\"\";s:7:\"caption\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"created_timestamp\";s:1:\"0\";s:9:\"copyright\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"focal_length\";s:1:\"0\";s:3:\"iso\";s:1:\"0\";s:13:\"shutter_speed\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"title\";s:0:\"\";s:11:\"orientation\";s:1:\"0\";s:8:\"keywords\";a:0:{}}}'),(4949,189,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Graywater reuse for subsurface landscape irrigation. (Source: Alliance for Water Efficiency)'),(4957,1353,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4958,1353,'_edit_last','2'),(4959,1353,'_edit_lock','1649097465:3'),(4960,1353,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4961,1353,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(4962,1353,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(4963,1353,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1353\" /]'),(4964,1353,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(4965,1353,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(4966,1353,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(4967,1353,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(4968,1353,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation?<br />\nIn the last 20 years, an increase in the frequency and the intensity of extreme weather events, such as major hurricanes, thunderstorms, and ice storms in New Jersey and the associated costs of storm-related power outages, highlight the need for resilient energy systems that provide backup power in the event of a grid failure.[1]<br />\nHistorically, generators fueled by fossil fuels, such as diesel or natural gas, provide backup power in the event of a power outage or natural disaster. In New Jersey, Hurricane Sandy exposed the vulnerability of generators, as the storm disrupted access to fuel and competing fuel demands from the transportation sector quickly depleted local fuel reserves.[2]<br />\nEnergy storage refers to storing energy for later use when it is needed, such as during a power outage, or for energy arbitrage storing low priced energy and using that energy during peak demand when prices climb.[3] Energy storage technologies most applicable to the residential building sector include battery storage and fuel cells.<br />\nBackup power provides energy required for  supporting critical building functions by utilizing stored electrical or thermal energy (energy storage) from on-site power generation systems with islanding (generating power when the electrical grid is down) capabilities, or power from local microgrids and distributed energy generators.  Energy storage systems could also help provide grid stabilization functionalities such as Contingency Reserve and Frequency Regulation.<br />\nAs the costs of energy storage and backup power generation systems continue to decline and the integration of these technologies continues to advance, several viable options exist for supplementing or replacing traditional standby generators, including:[4]</p>\n<p>Islandable Photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery storage (see Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV)<br />\nSmall Wind Energy Systems with battery storage (see On-Site Small Wind Energy Systems)<br />\nFuel Cells and hydrogen storage<br />\nVehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology and battery storage (see Alternative Transportation)[5]</p>\n<p>How to Implement Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nFirst, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from backup power in the event of power outage.<br />\nDistinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, emergency and night-time lighting, water pumps, and phone or laptop charging, and online access via a cable modem or wireless router versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.[6] Figure 1 shows considerations for sizing solar and battery storage for backup power generation.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Critical project-specific variables to consider include location, space, energy costs, available project incentives, local net metering and interconnection policies. Note that configuring power systems to operate independently of the grid requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, energy storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful islanding to take place.[7] Accounting for cost savings through the year (demand response) and for the cost of electric grid power outages (resiliency benefit) lowers the payback period for energy storage and backup power investments.[8]<br />\nContact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding.<br />\nExamples<br />\nHydrogen House Project, Hopewell, NJ.<br />\nThe Hydrogen House, designed by homeowner Mike Striki with a grant from the NJ Board of Public Utilities, features a 21-kilowatt PV system with battery storage used to run a low-pressure electrolyzer, which extracts hydrogen and oxygen from water. Low-pressure propane tanks store hydrogen, which can be burned for cooking and heating applications or used in a fuel cell to produce electricity, with only water and oxygen as by-products.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nOn-site energy storage and backup power generation provides a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies while also helping to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs (see Demand Response and Peak Load Management, and Smart Metering). For example, energy storage systems provide a way for customers to shift power demands to off-peak hours and to take advantage of time-of-day pricing and lower energy prices.<br />\nPV systems with solar islanding capabilities and battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, with the added benefit of increased power reliability. Battery storage helps to reduce common challenges with PV systems such as ramping, output variability, voltage and current inconsistencies that impact power quality, and a disconnect between the power supply (morning sun) and power demand (afternoon and evening air conditioning spikes).[9] Islandable PV systems with battery storage also provide value throughout the year, do not require refueling and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.[10]<br />\nSmall wind energy systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak. High wind speeds during severe storms may cause wind turbines to “cut-out” to protect the blades. Islandable wind turbines with added dynamic inverters and transfer switches can serve as a local, reliable, distributed energy resource that provides power to a storm affected home. Battery storage increases small wind power reliability by helping to balance the mismatch between the power supply (night) with power demand (daytime).<br />\nFuel cells offer a clean, energy-efficient, grid-independent and reliable source of power provided adequate fuel supply from a variety of domestic energy sources such as hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol making them a viable alternative for backup power generation and storage.[11] Excess electricity produced by fuel cells can run an electrolyzer and extract hydrogen from water, providing hydrogen for storage and for later use in the fuel cell to produce electricity when it is needed.<br />\nVehicle-to-grid applications with bi-directional electric-plug in charging stations enable fully charged EV’s to supply power to the grid during power emergencies or supply shortages.[12]<br />\nCosts<br />\nCompared to traditional power generation systems, islandable systems with energy storage require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs.[13] As the cost of energy storage and backup power generation technologies decline, and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. [14]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nEnergy storage and backup power generation support energy resiliency in many ways. Backup power generation systems that utilize energy storage or islanding and microgrid ready capabilities can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand. Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats. Energy storage and backup power generation allow customers to take full advantage of demand response programs that signal when to use, store, or sell energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand.  Likewise, energy storage and on-site backup power help to support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid.<br />\n[1] New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Understanding New Jersey’s Vulnerability to Climate Change. http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file<br />\n[2] E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[3] Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration (accessed Oct 18, 2018).<br />\n[4] Ibid. Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey.<br />\n[5] NREL. 2018. Vehicle to Grid Integration. Energy Systems Integration Facility. https://www.nrel.gov/esif/vehicle-grid-integration.html (<br />\n[6] Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf (accessed Oct 1, 2018)<br />\n[7] NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html (accessed Oct 1, 2018).<br />\n[8] NREL. 2018. Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/03/f49/Valuing-Resilience.pdf (accessed Oct 18, 2018).<br />\n[9] Energy Storage Association. 2018. Distribute Grid-Connected PV Integration http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/distributed-grid-connected-pv-integration (accessed Oct 18, 2018).<br />\n[10] NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[11] U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). 2016. Fuel Cells and Renewable Hydrogen. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/fuel-cells-and-renewable-hydrogen (accessed October 18, 2018).<br />\n[12] Energy Storage Association (ESA). 2018. “Electricity Storage and Plug-In Vehicles.” http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technology-applications/electricity-storage-and-plug-vehicles (accessed August 21, 2018).<br />\n[13] NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[14] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Demand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nSmart Metering<br />\nSolar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Energy Storage Association<br />\nDistributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)<br />\nDSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables<br />\nGRIDWISE ALLIANCE<br />\nHighland Park Solar Islanding Project<br />\nLawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids<br />\nNJ Office of Clean Energy<br />\nNREL Energy Systems Integration Facility<br />\nUS DOE – How Microgrids Work<br />\nSmart Energy Consumer Collaborative<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nSmart Grid – Where Power is Going?<br />\nState of NJ Board of Public Utilities</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(4969,1353,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:30:38'),(4970,1353,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(4971,1353,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(4972,1353,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(4973,1353,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(4974,1353,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(4975,1353,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(4976,1353,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(4977,1353,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(4978,1353,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(4979,1353,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(4980,1353,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(4981,1353,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(4982,1353,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(4988,175,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1. Storage and Backup Power Considerations (Source: NREL)'),(4995,1358,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(4996,1358,'_edit_last','2'),(4997,1358,'_edit_lock','1649097624:3'),(4998,1358,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(4999,1358,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(5000,1358,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(5001,1358,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1358\" /]'),(5002,1358,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(5003,1358,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(5004,1358,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(5005,1358,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(5006,1358,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning?</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Severe weather and natural hazards such as droughts, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, winter storms, pandemic influenza, thunderstorms and lighting, tornadoes, and wildfires and associated power outages, flooding, evacuations, and property damage create emergency situations that impact New Jersey businesses on a regular basis. Storm preparation and emergency planning includes steps that residents can take to avoid or mitigate impacts and increase safety and comfort before, during and after adverse events. Proper preparation and planning also refers to resilient design and green building practices that increase a structure’s ability to withstand or recover from severe weather and adverse conditions and protect building occupants. For example, at the building owner level, the Federal Emergency Management Association (FEMA) recommends securing property to protect against hurricane damage by:</p>\n<p>Installing permanent storm shutters for windows or boarding up windows with 5/8” plywood, cut to fit and ready to install.<br />\nAdding straps or clips to securely fasten roof to the frame structure and reduce roof damage.<br />\nClearing loose and clogged rain gutters and downspouts.<br />\nBringing in outdoor objects such as furniture, equipment and tools or anchoring them if they cannot be brought indoors.</p>\n<p>At the design and building level, the FORTIFIED Building Standards by the Institute of Business and Home Safety (IBHS) recommend roofing and fenestration best practices to protect buildings in hurricane prone areas and areas susceptible to hail and high winds. Together, these precautions provide redundancy and increase the likelihood of avoiding major damages and injuries.<br />\nFor more information on hurricane preparedness, see the New Jersey Office of Emergency Management (NJOEM) and the NJ Hurricane Survival Guide.<br />\nHow to implement Storm Preparation and Emergency Preparedness<br />\nA number of local, state and national organizations provide resources and information on storm preparation and emergency preparedness (see Resources below). The NJOEM’s “Be Ready: Follow the “Three Steps to Safety” outlines basic preparations for the most common disaster scenarios in New Jersey.<br />\nStep One: “Get a Kit” – Assemble emergency supplies including food, water, basic first aid supplies, alternative communication and other emergency equipment such as flashlights and duct tape. See NJOEM list of Emergency Food and Water Supplies.<br />\nStep Two: “Make a Plan” – Know your area’s evacuation routes and shelter locations. Keep a list of emergency contacts and local emergency numbers. Visit the American Red Cross Make a Disaster Preparedness Plan web page for more information.<br />\nStep Three: “Stay Informed” – Part of preparation is knowing exactly what kind of disasters you might face and knowing what to do in each situation. Keep track of Current Weather Forecasts and Alerts with:</p>\n<p>Local radio or TV stations<br />\nNOAA Weather Radio– or listen online<br />\nNJOEM’s Weather Links</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nUsing resilient building practices and developing emergency preparedness plans and supply kits:</p>\n<p>Reduces fear, anxiety, and losses.<br />\nAvoids or mitigates impacts and costs.<br />\nSpeeds recovery efforts and reduces further damage and losses.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nStorm preparation and emergency planning can reduce severe weather and disaster-related costs by reducing the physical and financial toll from such events. For example, identify vulnerabilities that offer the greatest potential to reduce avoidable suffering.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nHaving a plan in place and supplies on hand for common emergencies and disasters helps to avoid or mitigate potential impacts and to support recovery efforts. Prepared individuals can react quickly and safely to situations, reduce stress on local emergency responders and resources, and support local community outreach.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Emergency Water Supply and Storage<br />\nEnergy Storage and Backup Power Generation<br />\nSolar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Red Cross Ready Rating<br />\nBe Ready Campaign<br />\nCenter for Disease Control and Prevention – Center for Preparedness and Response<br />\nFederal Emergency Management Association (FEMA)<br />\nInstitute for Business and Home Safety</p>\n<p>FORTIFIED Home Building Standards</p>\n<p>Safe Home<br />\nState of New Jersey Office of Emergency Management<br />\nRELi 2.0 Rating Guidelines for Resilient Design + Construction – HP: Hazard Preparedness<br />\nSecurity Baron</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(5007,1358,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:30:38'),(5008,1358,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(5009,1358,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(5010,1358,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(5011,1358,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(5012,1358,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(5013,1358,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(5014,1358,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(5015,1358,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(5016,1358,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(5017,1358,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(5018,1358,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(5019,1358,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(5020,1358,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(5026,67,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Flooding (Source: NJ DEP Flood Control)'),(5031,413,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Fig 1 – New Jersey’s tropical storm activity is typically between August and late October. (Source: ready.nj.gov).'),(5040,1358,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(5044,1368,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(5045,1368,'_edit_last','2'),(5046,1368,'_edit_lock','1649098059:3'),(5047,1368,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(5048,1368,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(5049,1368,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(5050,1368,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1368\" /]'),(5051,1368,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(5052,1368,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(5053,1368,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(5054,1368,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(5055,1368,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Active Living</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_33  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Active Living?<br />\nActive living incorporates physical activity on a daily basis to promote physical and mental well-being.[1] Many adults do not meet the Surgeon General’s recommendations for regular physical activity, mainly because driving replaces walking and biking as the primary mode of transportation.[2] Some of this change is due to individual decisions. Another explanation is the built environment; many communities lack sidewalks and bike lanes and other amenities that would otherwise promote active living.[3] The settings where people spend their time – work, home, and school, for example – influence daily behaviors.[4]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_34  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_35  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Active living incorporates physical activity into daily routines, such as:[5]</p>\n<p>Playing in the park<br />\nTaking the stairs<br />\nUsing recreation facilities<br />\nWalking or bicycling for exercise, pleasure, or transportation<br />\nWorking in the yard</p>\n<p>Active design contributes to public health initiatives and also has positive environmental effects. Strategies that increase the physical activity – such as promoting walking over driving, stairs over elevator usage and recreation over stationary activities such as video games – all also tend to lower energy consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[6] Active living design provides access by people of all ages and varying mobility.<br />\nHow to Implement Active Living<br />\nA first step to implementing active living into everyday life includes selecting a location or residential developments that include:[7]</p>\n<p>Mixed land use neighborhoods.<br />\nPedestrian-friendly designs with traffic calming features, landscaping, lighting, benches, and water fountains.<br />\nContinuous bike networks and bicycle infrastructure such as indoor and outdoor bike parking accommodations.<br />\nA pleasant, safe and secure outdoor environment for pedestrians and cyclists with pedestrian-scale lighting, entrances that are easy to see and access from cross streets, ADA accessible sidewalks and ramps, and ground floor windows that provide “eyes on the street.”<br />\nEasy access to open spaces, parks, plazas, public buildings, recreational facilities, schools, and trails.<br />\nPublic spaces designed to accommodate a wide range of public uses.<br />\nAccess to public transit and multi-modal transit hubs.<br />\nAccess to healthy food such as local grocery stores and farmer’s markets.<br />\nSmaller parking lots located in areas away from primary pedestrian traffic.</p>\n<p>There are also steps that can be taken to incorporate active living into home design:[8]</p>\n<p>Designing inviting and easy to access outdoor spaces that encourage time spent in nature.<br />\nIncorporating space for exercising and for storage of active lifestyle equipment and gear (e.g., wall mounted bicycle storage, mudroom lockers).<br />\nProviding a front porch to promote neighborhood interaction.<br />\nIncorporating easy to maintain gardens on rooftops, courtyards or patio spaces that promote homegrown herbs, fruits, and vegetables.</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nGet Healthy Camden<br />\nGet Healthy Camden is working to building a culture of health in the City of Camden. The organization implements programs related to healthy eating, healthy living, and active living. These programs grew from the blueprint developed by Get Healthy Camden, that address community health through a “comprehensive citywide wellness policy that consists of policies and systems that create walking and biking paths, parks and open space, healthy and affordable food outlets, and that makes Camden an environment that supports daily physical activity and nutrition.”[9]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nActive living can provide both short and long-term benefits to people of all ages and abilities. Short-term benefits include[10]</p>\n<p>increased ease performing daily activities such as climbing stairs<br />\nincreased energy and the ability to cope with stress<br />\nimproved sleep<br />\ndecreased risk of depression<br />\nimprovements in student performance, including grades and standardized test scores[11]</p>\n<p>Potential long-term benefits include reduced risk for specific health problems such as:[12]</p>\n<p>back pain<br />\nhigh blood pressure<br />\nobesity and obesity-related diseases<br />\nanxiety and depression<br />\ncancer[13]</p>\n<p>Active living can also reduce reliance on automobiles and promote increased positive/personal interaction in the community.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe cost to implement active living strategies depends on a variety of factors. As with any community design process, some costs include collecting data from the neighborhood as well as the implementation costs of various programs such as walking clubs or bicycle recycle initiatives.[14] These costs are dependent on the existing design of a community as well as the population within it and their willingness to volunteer their time and resources to active living.<br />\nAn integrated design process and considering active living design strategies from the start can minimize costs regardless of project scale. A study released in 2018 identified the total cost of chronic diseases related to individuals identified as obese or overweight was $1.72 trillion or 9.3% of the United States gross domestic product (GDP).[15] Active living can have long-term positive impacts on public health that reduce costs on a community scale.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nHealth is a critical factor in community resilience, defined as the sustained ability of communities to withstand, adapt to, and recover from adversity.[16] Active living helps promote a healthier community of people who are better able to endure and recover from a disaster or emergency event. Accessible public spaces help develop community connections that are essential sources of support during emergencies.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128 (accessed September 18, 2018).<br />\n[2] Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128 (accessed September 18, 2018).<br />\n[3] Ibid.<br />\n[4] CDC. Adult Obesity – Causes &amp; Consequences.  https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html (accessed January 6, 2019).<br />\n[5] Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128 (accessed September 18, 2018).<br />\n[6] New York City Department of Design and Construction. “Active Design Guidelines.” https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[7] New York City Department of Design and Construction. “Active Design Guidelines.” https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[8] Ibid.<br />\n[9] New Jersey Health Initiatives. 2016. Get Healthy Camden – A Partnership for Healthy Kids Program https://www.njhi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Get-Healthy-Camden_NJHI-Blueprint_v2_FULL.pdf (accessed January 7, 2019).<br />\n[10] US Dept. of Health and Human Services. Importance of Physical Activity https://www.hhs.gov/fitness/be-active/importance-of-physical-activity/index.html (accessed January 6. 2019).<br />\n[11] Leadership for Healthy Communities. http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/leadership-for-healthy-communities.aspx (accessed January 5, 2019).<br />\n[12] Warburton, D.E., Whitney Nicol, C., Bredin, S.S. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence Can. Med. Assoc. J., Mar 2006; 174: 801 – 809<br />\n[13]  US Dept. of Health and Human Services. Active Living. https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/priorities/prevention/strategy/active-living.html (accessed January 5, 2019)<br />\n[14] Active Living By Design. “5P Strategies and Tactics.” http://www.activelivingbydesign.org/our-approach/5p-strategies-tactics (accessed March 18, 2011).<br />\n[15] Waters, Hugh, and Marlon Graf. America’s Obesity Crisis: The Health and Economic Costs of Excess Weight. https://www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/view/944 (accessed January 6, 2019).<br />\n[16] Public Health Emergency. Build and Sustain Healthy, Resilient Communities. https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/authority/nhss/Pages/communities.aspx (accessed January 6, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_36  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nEdible Landscaping</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_37  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Center for Creative Land Recycling<br />\nNJ Brownfields Redevelopment Task Force<br />\nNJ DEP Office of Brownfield Reuse<br />\nNJ DEP Brownfield Remediation and Reuse<br />\nNew Jersey Known Contaminated Sites<br />\nUS EPA State Brownfields and Voluntary Response Programs, New Jersey</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(5056,1368,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:30:11'),(5057,1368,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(5058,1368,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(5059,1368,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(5060,1368,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(5061,1368,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(5062,1368,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(5063,1368,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(5064,1368,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(5065,1368,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(5066,1368,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(5067,1368,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(5068,1368,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(5069,1368,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(5071,1368,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(5075,167,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Children walking to school (Source: Voorhees Transportation Center)'),(5082,1373,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(5083,1373,'_edit_last','2'),(5084,1373,'_edit_lock','1649098363:3'),(5085,1373,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(5086,1373,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(5087,1373,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(5088,1373,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1373\" /]'),(5089,1373,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(5090,1373,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(5091,1373,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(5092,1373,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(5093,1373,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Biophilic Design</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_28  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Biophilic Design?<br />\nBiophilic design is related to the concept of biophilia, a term popularized by biologist E.O. Wilson, that suggests connections with the natural world enhance human physical and mental well-being.[1] The biophilia hypothesis indicates that people have a biological affinity for nature, based on such an affinity’s evolutionary advantage. An affinity for the natural world can be broken down into nine categories representing different values and expressions of biophilia, including the natural world as a source of material utilization and exploitation, physical beauty and appeal, empirical knowledge and understanding, communication and thought, exploration and discovery, bonding and companionship, mastery and control, moral and spiritual connection, and fear and repression.[2] Biophilic design, which incorporates connections to natural systems and materials into the built environment, creates an opportunity for exercising and strengthening biophilic values, which in turn, opens the door to physical, intellectual, and emotional benefits.<br />\nKey Elements of Biophilic Design[3]</p>\n<p>Environmental features<br />\nNatural shapes and forms<br />\nNatural patterns and processes<br />\nDaylight and open space<br />\nPlace-based relationships<br />\nEvolved human-nature relationships</p>\n<p>These biophilic design attributes are defined further in the book, “Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life” by Stephen R. Kellert, Judith Heerwagen, and Martin Mador.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_29  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_30  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Biophilic Design<br />\nSpecify biophilic design goals early in the design process and engage the entire project team. Biophilic design involves the use of local, natural materials, potted plants, courtyard gardens, views to nature, natural light and ventilation, water features, animals and aquariums, and blurring the boundaries between the building and the surrounding landscape (see Views and Operable Windows, Native and Adapted Plants, Daylighting, Natural Ventilation).<br />\nStudies show that fractal patterns found in nature and natural patterns such as “waves, leaves in a breeze, fish swimming in an aquarium, or a flickering fire,” captivate people’s attention and induce states of relaxation far better than spaces and views without “visual richness” such as blank, white walls or tree-less streets.[4] Look to incorporate patterns found in nature through representational artwork, ornamentation, biomorphic forms and use of natural materials such as wood and stone.<br />\nIncorporate biophilic design into the home through strategies such as the simple addition of indoor plants or large well-placed windows that provide visual connections to the outdoors. Design a green home with porches, patios or decks that provide access to the outdoors. Place hedges, fences, larger plants, gazebos or gliders in the backyard to create different outdoor spaces to enjoy and create an extension of the home. These outdoor activity areas can include spaces for play, meditation, and outdoor dining. Biophilic design promotes a connection to the daily and seasonal changes in the natural world and incorporates elements such as local views, natural materials, plants, water, and natural light as well as ventilation for the home.<br />\nExample<br />\nOptimum Performance Home – Sea Ranch, California[5]<br />\nThe design of the Optimum Performance Home at Sea Ranch, California, incorporates dynamic natural light throughout the primary living spaces oriented east, west, and south. Materials used in the interior of the home change textures as natural light phases in, out and across the home during the day. The orientation of the home provides cross ventilation of fresh air from the Pacific Ocean breeze through the use of the windows, doors, and operable skylights. Distant views of the Pacific Ocean from inside and outside spaces within the home visually link the home to its surrounding beach location. Multiple transition areas such as covered walkways, courtyard, decks, and a garden that visually and physically extends the livable space into the natural environment enhance free-flowing movement between indoor and outdoor spaces. Although based upon a home in California, similar biophilic design elements work or an east coast home.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nMany studies document the benefits of a connection to nature in the built environment. For example, studies point to positive gains in workplace productivity through increased mental focus and attention, enhanced cognitive functioning, reduced stress levels, greater worker satisfaction, elevated moods, and less sick days; views to nature result in shorter recovery rates in hospitals, and daylighting increases sales in retail buildings and improves test scores and accelerates learning rates in schools.[6] For example, pain medication was requested 23 percent less with patients in hospital rooms with morning sunshine compared to rooms lacking natural light.[7] Another study showed that students with access to natural light from operable skylights improved 19-20% faster than students in classrooms without a skylight.[8]<br />\nCosts<br />\nRecent studies that quantify the benefits of biophilic design elements in the built environment help advance biophilic design from an add-on to an integrated design strategy and profitable pursuit.[9] One peer-reviewed study by Terrapin Bright Green, LLC (see Resources) measures and quantifies the cost-benefits of biophilic design on the following indicators of productivity:[10]</p>\n<p>Illness and absenteeism<br />\nStaff retention<br />\nJob performance (mental stress/fatigue)<br />\nHealing rates<br />\nClassroom learning rates<br />\nRetail sales<br />\nViolence statistics</p>\n<p>Resiliency<br />\nBiophilic design can lead to a deeper connection to nature, which in turn, can foster an environmental ethic that supports ecological resilience by protecting the biological diversity of native plants and animals in a given area and enhancing the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance. A common biophilic design feature, such as daylighting provides resiliency benefits by maintaining lighting levels for critical functions during grid outages. The use of local materials supports local knowledge and resources for maintaining and rebuilding after storms. Natural materials such as stone provide strength and durability and also help in maintaining thermal comfort during power outages (see Thermal Mass). Biophilic design connects buildings to nature and links building systems to complex, natural systems that can adapt to changing conditions – a cornerstone of resiliency. Some of our most historic and beloved buildings incorporate biophilic design elements, supporting the notion that people and communities look to maintain and protect beautiful, timeless and inspiring buildings.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] International Living Building Institute. Biophilic Design Initiative. https://living-future.org/biophilic design-overview/ (accessed January 4, 2019).<br />\n[2] Kellert, Stephen. “Kinship to Mastery: Biophilia in Human Evolution and Development.” Island Press, Shearwater Books. Washington, D.C. 1997. Page 3.<br />\n[3] International Living Future Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative. https://living-future.org/biophilic-design-overview/ (accessed January 6, 2019).<br />\n[4] Terrapin Bright Green, LLC. The Economics of Biophilia – Why designing with nature in mind makes financial sense. Peer Review by Judith Heerwagen and Vivian Loftness https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter (accessed Sept 28, 2018).<br />\n[5] Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – Lighting Research Center.  https://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/newsroom/enews/Apr07/Research361.html (accessed September 20, 2018)<br />\n[6] Terrapin Bright Green, LLC. Biophilia – Why designing with nature in mind makes financial sense. Peer Review by Judith Heerwagen and Vivian Loftness https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter (accessed Sept 28, 2018).<br />\n[7] Sole-Smith, Virginia. “Nature on the Threshold.” New York Times, September 7, 2006, Home and Garden section. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/07/garden/07bio.html (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[8] Heschong, Lisa. Daylighting in Schools. California Board for Energy Efficiency. 1999. http://www.coe.uga.edu/sdpl/research/daylightingstudy.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[9] Wilson, Alex. Biophilia in Practice: Buildings that Connect People with Nature. Building Green, July 2006. https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/biophilia-practice-buildings-connect-people-nature (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[10] Terrapin Bright Green, LLC. Biophilia – Why designing with nature in mind makes financial sense. Peer Review by Judith Heerwagen and Vivian Loftness. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter (accessed January 4 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_31  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Daylighting<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nNative and Adapted Plants<br />\nThermal Mass<br />\nViews and Operable Windows</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_32  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Biophilic Design – The Architecture of Life<br />\nHeerwagen, Judith, Kellert, Stephen, Mador, Martin. 2008. Biophilic Design: Theory, Research, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life. John Wiley.<br />\nKellert, Steven. 2005. Buildings for Life – Designing and Understanding the Human-Nature Connection. Island Press.<br />\nGSA Sustainable Facilities Tool – Biophilic Design<br />\nInternational Living Future Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative<br />\nTerrapin Bright Green LLC – The Economics of Biophilia – Why designing with nature makes economic sense<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Psychosocial Value of Space</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(5094,1373,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:30:11'),(5095,1373,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(5096,1373,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(5097,1373,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(5098,1373,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(5099,1373,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(5100,1373,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(5101,1373,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(5102,1373,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(5103,1373,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(5104,1373,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(5105,1373,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(5106,1373,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(5107,1373,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(5108,1373,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(5113,69,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Biophilic design connects the interior with the outdoors through well-placed windows and views (Source: Jennifer Souder)'),(5120,1379,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(5121,1379,'_edit_last','2'),(5122,1379,'_edit_lock','1649099074:3'),(5123,1379,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(5124,1379,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(5125,1379,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(5126,1379,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1379\" /]'),(5127,1379,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(5128,1379,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(5129,1379,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(5130,1379,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(5131,1379,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_23  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is a Construction Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan?<br />\nA construction indoor air quality management plan is a step-by-step approach to protecting indoor air during construction and pre-occupancy. Several studies show that pollutant levels indoors are two to five times greater than outdoors. Poor indoor air quality can cause dizziness, asthma, fever, lung cancer and many other health problems.[1],[2]Implementing protective practices during the construction phase can help prevent poor indoor air quality.<br />\nStrategies, such as protecting absorptive materials from exposure to moisture to prevent mold growth and using air filters when running equipment during the installation of interior duct systems or during power equipment use (sanding) reduces the risk of poor air quality. These strategies help to protect the workforce during construction, and building occupants after the structure is built (see Table 1 for a list of conventional sources of air pollution).<br />\nTable 1: Common Sources of Indoor Air Pollution[3]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_24  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_25  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement a Construction IAQ Management Plan<br />\nThe Construction IAQ Management Plan is developed during the design phase and implemented at the outset of the construction phase (see Integrated Design Process). The IAQ plan also addresses the period between the completion of construction and occupancy. Control emissions during both construction and post-construction by selecting low-emitting materials whenever possible, holding off on installation of absorbent materials (e.g., carpet, ceiling tiles) until emissions from construction contaminants (e.g., oils, adhesives, paints) have subsided, increasing ventilation during periods of high emission, protecting ducts from dust and contaminants and delaying occupancy until emissions have dissipated. If occupants are present in the building, isolate construction contaminants by establishing a full enclosure around the construction zone, establishing negative pressure within containment zone with exhaust fans and making sure that contaminants don’t re-enter the building through open windows or HVAC system intakes.[4] Also, the building should be flushed out before occupancy. Flush out involves forcing large quantities of outdoor air through the new building to remove pollutants before occupancy.<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Protects the health of the construction team (and building occupants if the building remains occupied) during the construction phase.<br />\nProtects the health of the occupants following construction.<br />\nPrevents potential health problems by reducing airborne contaminants.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nWhen combined with an integrated design process, developing and implementing an IAQ management plan is not a significant financial burden but requires extensive coordination with the project team.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nImplementing a comprehensive construction IAQ management plan helps ensure the building and building systems begin operation without contaminants or elements that can degrade indoor air quality. Sound IAQ management contributes to operation efficiencies through protecting building systems and indoor environmental quality for occupants. Good indoor air quality and efficient operations help contribute to a building, building systems and building occupants’ ability to withstand, recover from and adapt to extreme or unpredictable events.[5]<br />\n[1] See US EPA’s webpage on Health Effects due to poor indoor air quality for a list of identified illnesses. (accessed April 20, 2018).<br />\n[2] Also see Health Impact at WHO’s webpage on Indoor Air Pollution and Health (accessed April 20, 2018).<br />\n[3] US EPA. Indoor Pollutants and Sources.  https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/indoor-pollutants-and-sources (accessed December 18, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/renovation-and-new-construction-text-module-indoor-air-quality-building#cr52 (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[5] US EPA. Indoor Air and Climate Readiness. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/climate_readiness.pdf (accessed December 18, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_26  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Integrated Design Process</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_27  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>ASHRAE Indoor Air Quality Guide<br />\nUS EPA</p>\n<p>iBeam<br />\nIndoor Air Quality</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(5132,1379,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:30:11'),(5133,1379,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(5134,1379,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(5135,1379,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(5136,1379,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(5137,1379,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(5138,1379,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(5139,1379,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(5140,1379,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(5141,1379,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(5142,1379,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(5143,1379,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(5144,1379,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(5145,1379,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(5146,1379,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(5151,277,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Table 1: Common Sources of Indoor Air Pollution'),(5156,1379,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(5160,1383,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(5161,1383,'_edit_last','2'),(5162,1383,'_edit_lock','1649099230:3'),(5163,1383,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(5164,1383,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(5165,1383,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(5166,1383,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1383\" /]'),(5167,1383,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(5168,1383,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(5169,1383,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(5170,1383,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(5171,1383,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Flexible Spaces</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_18  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Flexible Spaces?<br />\nFlexible spaces and flexible design principles enable future changes and extend the life of a building.[1] Flexibility allows for individual choice over space arrangements and intended uses to support a variety of activities and preferences. Control over the layout of a space can help an occupant manage privacy needs as well as opportunities for health and well-being, social interaction and changes in household characteristics such as growing or aging households. Disassembly, deconstruction, and demolition are essential considerations for managing resources and the waste stream when creating new building environments (see Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction). Building upgrades and significant renovations should emphasize reusable parts and easy access to infrastructure, plumbing, and wiring as well as planning for recycling or reuse of leftover materials.[2]<br />\nHow to Implement Flexible Spaces<br />\nImplementing flexible spaces requires integrated design and planning spaces for change and movement (see Integrated Design Process). The width and height proportion of the home can help guide interior wall locations, as can the location of weight-bearing walls. The width of the home affects the amount of natural light and natural ventilation.[3] Elements such as half walls, moveable walls, mini-offices or computer stations help create multifunctional rooms. Building niches or recessed areas into rooms can offer increased opportunities for various space management in large as well as small living spaces.[4]<br />\nMoveable Components – Mixing heavy furniture with light moveable pieces allows the occupant to reconfigure the space over time. Placing moveable interior, non-structural walls within a home can help increase the efficiency of the room according to the use needed for that space. For example, during the morning and daytime of a winter season, a wall can be moved to create a larger, open space so natural sunlight can reach spaces further into the home instead of just the spaces around the windows.<br />\nConnection to Outdoor Environment – Installing overhead rolling doors or sliding doors with glass panels allow spaces to extend outdoors.[5] This strategy allows for more integration between the outdoor environment and the ease and comfort of the interior space. Incorporate operable windows to allow natural light and passive ventilation throughout the home, resulting in less energy use and increased cost savings (see Daylighting, and Natural Ventilation).<br />\nLighting design is an integral part of a flexible design that supports different activities in the space. Lighting should support areas where focused work occurs (e.g., kitchen counters for food preparation) as well as background or ambient lighting. Lighting is most flexible when switching corresponds to the needs and activities of the space so that lighting not needed in some areas of the space (e.g., near windows where daylighting is available) can be controlled separately from lighting elsewhere. Dimmers also contribute to flexible lighting strategies.<br />\nHome Office Design – Many individuals create home office spaces, and flexible design is helpful to support activities in both areas. Consider the activities in a space such as clients coming into the office or group meetings. Make separations between public and private areas of the home and provide an easily accessible bathroom for visitors.[6] Similarly, create spaces that provide for individual work areas as well as areas to meet with others and a “break” area. Technology for the homeworker can be as important as in the office. Provide daylighting where possible but control for glare on computer monitors by measuring sun angles during different times of the year. Manage glare by providing window treatments that can be managed and respond to the geographic ordinates, especially east and west orientation which create different angles of sun exposure (see Daylighting). Strategies such as flexibility for accessing power, voice, data, and internet, and moveable furniture, and storage on wheels can increase the adaptability of the home office.<br />\nUniversal Design – Universal design is an essential aspect of design to consider when planning for flexible spaces that increase opportunities for a better quality of life for all. Adaptability and low or easy maintenance are elements of universal design.[7] Accessibility creates living spaces that adapt over time to the changing needs of households throughout life stages. Visitability is a concept applied to single-family housing that encourages affordable, sustainable, and accessible design that can be a residence for anyone and be accessible to everyone.[8]<br />\nDesign for Disassembly – Other considerations for creating flexible spaces within the home includes careful planning of the floor systems and providing ease of access to mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems. Design should also build-in flexibility for repair to these systems in such a way as to not require damage to materials or products in the vicinity of the repair. Design for Disassembly (DfD) provides for replacement or removal of components in a way that minimizes damage to the component or adjacent materials. Through this process, materials can be salvaged for reuse, conserving resources and reducing expenses (see Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction). [9]<br />\nExample<br />\nThe Charlotte Vermont House<br />\nThis project sought to create a house that maintained the amenities of a conventional home with minimal environmental impact. The house achieved LEED platinum certification, earned the NESEA Net Zero Energy prize and is 5+ star Energy Star rated. The home’s design incorporated flexibility to allow for it to change over time as occupants’ needs change. An integrated design process and the diverse collaborative team helped contribute to achieving these goals.[10]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_19  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_20  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Benefits<br />\nStrategically designed flexible and adaptable spaces create efficient and comfortable homes. Flexibility supports changing technology and provides the chance to personalize homes while minimizing waste and cost. Optimizing natural light and ventilation, easy access to mechanical and electrical systems and connection to the outside environment increases efficiency and health and well-being. Throughout the life of the home, remodeling might occur to accommodate different stages in the homeowner’s life, such as the addition of family members or career changes. Incorporating flexible spaces in the early stages of design can help reduce the waste of materials and cost and make future changes easier.<br />\nCosts<br />\nDesigning flexible spaces can minimize costs associated with reconfigurations for the needs of the occupants as they change over time. Designing for disassembly can reduce material, labor, and disposal costs associated with making repairs to surfaces beyond the problem area and can provide materials for salvage and recycling.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nA design approach that prioritizes flexibility and includes flexible spaces allows building occupants to adapt to short and longterm change.[11] Flexible spaces provide opportunities to manage privacy needs and social interactions as well to adapt to changes in life stages, all which contribute to health and well-being and the ability of the occupants to function during and recover from disruption.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide. Green Principles for Residential Design. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/green-principles-residential-design (accessed January 24, 2019).<br />\n[2] US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design (accessed January 20, 2019).<br />\n[3] Whole Building Design Guide. Green Principles for Residential Design. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/green-principles-residential-design (accessed January 24, 2019).<br />\n[4] Urban Land. Bringing Flexibility Home. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/green-principles-residential-design (accessed January 24, 2019).<br />\n[5] Design Share. Flexible Spaces. http://www.designshare.com/index.php/design-patterns/flexible-spaces (accessed January 24, 2019).<br />\n[6] Sherry B. Ahrentzen, “A place of peace, prospect, and… a P.C.: The home as office”, Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 6(4) (1989): 271-288.<br />\n[7] Whole Building Design Guide. Beyond Accessibility to Universal Design. http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/accessible/beyond-accessibility-universal-design  (accessed January 24, 2019).<br />\n[8] Jordana L. Maisel, “Toward Inclusive Housing and Neighborhood Design: A Look at Visitability,” in Universal Design and Visitability. From Accessibility to Zoning, edited by Jack Nasar and Jennifer Evans Cowley, 31-44. 2007, Columbus, OH: National Endowment for the Arts. The John Glenn School of Public Affairs, 2007.<br />\n[9] Cradle to Cradle Product Innovation Institute. What is Design for Disassembly? https://www.c2ccertified.org/news/article/what-is-design-for-disassembly (accessed January 24, 2019).<br />\n[10] Whole Building Design Guide. Charlotte Vermont House. https://www.wbdg.org/additional-resources/case-studies/charlotte-vermont-house (accessed January 24, 2019).<br />\n[11] Resilient Design Institute. The Resilient Design Principles. https://www.resilientdesign.org/the-resilient-design-principles/ (accessed January 24, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_21  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nSustainable Materials<br />\nIndividual Comfort Controls<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nNatural Ventilation</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_22  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>US EPA – Sustainable Materials Management. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials. Designing for Adaptability, Disassembly, and Reuse<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Green Principles for Residential Design</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(5172,1383,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:30:11'),(5173,1383,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(5174,1383,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(5175,1383,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(5176,1383,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(5177,1383,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(5178,1383,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(5179,1383,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(5180,1383,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(5181,1383,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(5182,1383,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(5183,1383,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(5184,1383,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(5185,1383,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(5186,1383,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(5188,1383,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(5223,142,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – The Charlotte Vermont House (Source: Whole Building Design Guide)'),(5230,1388,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(5231,1388,'_edit_last','2'),(5232,1388,'_edit_lock','1656010108:3'),(5233,1388,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(5234,1388,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(5235,1388,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(5236,1388,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1388\" /]'),(5237,1388,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(5238,1388,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(5239,1388,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(5240,1388,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(5241,1388,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Non-toxic Materials</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Non-toxic Materials?<br />\nNon-toxic or low-emitting materials release relatively low levels of odorous, irritating, toxic, or hazardous substances unhealthy to building occupants.[1] Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (including formaldehyde), particulates, and fibers include substances often emitted from building materials that can adversely impact human health.<br />\nVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) contain carbon molecules and can vaporize from material surfaces into indoor air at average room temperatures (a process known as off-gassing).[2] A non-toxic material must meet different thresholds of VOC emissions compliance depending on the material.[3] Found in many everyday products and building materials, VOCs can escape into the air and cause illness and allergic reactions. Studies have linked elevated levels of VOCs and interior pollutants to health concerns that cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination, nausea, and other health problems. [4] People with respiratory problems, children, seniors and people with compromised immune systems are at higher risk to reactions from exposure than general population.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">According to the EPA, concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors (up to ten times) than outdoors. Paints, sealants, manufactured wood products, and adhesives as well as some furnishings and carpet systems often release VOCs. Inherently non-emitting sources of VOCs such as stone, ceramic, powder-coated metals, plated or anodized metal, glass, concrete, clay, brick, and unfinished or untreated solid wood do not require VOC emissions testing if they do not include VOC emitting surface coatings, binders, or sealants.[5]<br />\nFormaldehyde (CH2O), a known carcinogen, is a colorless gas with a strong odor that can cause eye, nose, skin, and lung irritations. It forms an essential component of several polymers used in many building materials including urea formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde, and melamine resin. When selecting safe, non-toxic materials, avoid building materials and products containing formaldehyde resins. Pressed-wood products, such as particleboard, oriented strand board (OSB), plywood, medium density fiberboard, glues and adhesives, permanent-press fabrics, paper product coatings, and specific insulation materials often use formaldehyde resins.[6] More information about formaldehyde can be found through resources such as the US EPA website. If a formaldehyde-containing product is purchased, it should be aired out before it is used.<br />\nHow to Incorporate Non-toxic Materials<br />\nIncreased awareness about possible health risks and indoor air quality concerns have helped to expand the market for safe, non-toxic materials. Low-emitting material credit requirements by LEED and other green building certifications have led to a demand for products lower in VOCs and toxic chemicals.[7] Several certification programs, standards, and criteria for selecting and evaluating sustainable materials include GREENGUARD (indoor air quality certification), Green Label Plus (carpets/rugs), Green Seal, and Scientific Certification Systems.<br />\nThe definition of a “low” concentration of VOC emissions varies according to the product type. For example, for interior paints and coatings, low-VOC emitting products have concentrations below 50 g/L; a zero-VOC paint has fewer than 5 grams per liter.[8] Paints and finishes come in either oil-based formulas or latex (water) based, which are generally less toxic and less VOC-emitting than oil-based paints.[9] Not all latex-based formulas are low in VOC’s, however, and a few oil-based products now qualify as low-VOC. For independent certifications and standards, see greenseal.org and greenguard.org (which measures VOC emissions).<br />\nThere are many hard, low-formaldehyde flooring materials on the market. Formaldehyde occurs naturally in wood and making wood-containing flooring products are never 100% formaldehyde free. By using materials such as concrete and recycled tile, a homeowner can significantly reduce the amount of formaldehyde concentration in a home, while also preserving natural resources such as wood commonly used for flooring.<br />\nIf choosing to install new wood, consider salvaged wood or look for products that earn the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certification label (see Sustainable Materials). The FSC specializes in providing certification for wood products produced from sustainable harvesting practices that contain low levels of formaldehyde. FSC-certified wood floors do not include added urea-formaldehyde.<br />\nExample<br />\nEwing Independent Living<br />\nThis project in Ewing, NJ is a 72-unit affordable community designed for those over 55 and adults with disabilities. Ewing Independent Living features many green elements including low VOC paints and adhesives.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nThe selection of building material and furnishings have a significant impact on indoor environmental quality. Benefits of choosing low-emitting materials include: [10]</p>\n<p>Improved indoor air quality.<br />\nImproved worker safety and health.<br />\nReduced incidents of an eye and respiratory irritation, headaches, fatigue.<br />\nHealthier environment for building occupants who are sensitive to specific products.<br />\nReduced pollution of groundwater and water supplies.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nMany low-emitting materials are cost-competitive with conventional materials. Low/no-VOC paints typically cost about the same as conventional paints.[11] Many wood product manufacturers are replacing formaldehyde-based bonding resins with non-toxic substitutes. Cost impacts for such non-formaldehyde wood products can vary.[12]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nThe use of non-toxic materials in building assemblies and furnishings can help to reduce the release of toxic chemicals when debris from buildings finds its way into the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds caused by natural disasters and severe storm events. For example, Superstorm Sandy generated over 8 million cubic yards of debris across the nine hardest-hit counties in New Jersey in only one day.[13] Damaged and contaminated materials may include waterlogged drywall, plaster, insulation, flooring, carpets, mattresses, and upholstered furniture, that when put it into unlined landfills, can contaminate groundwater.<br />\n[1] Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[3] LEED BD+C: New Construction | v4 – LEED v4. Low-emitting materials<br />\nhttps://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0  (accessed April 25, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA. An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality. https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality  (accessed April 23, 2018).<br />\n[5] LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[6] Healthy Building Network. Formaldehyde Found in Building Materials.  https://healthybuilding.net/uploads/files/formaldehyde-found-in-building-materials.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[7] USGBC. LEED Facts. https://www.usgbc.org/articles/leed-facts  (accessed May 13, 2019).<br />\n[8] GreenGuard. Your Guide to Low-And Zero-VOC Paints. http://greenguard.org/files/LivingGreenPaintGuide.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[9] Ibid.<br />\n[10] WBDG. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[11] Cost Helper. How Much Does Painting an Interior Cost? http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[12] Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[13] NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities.<br />\nhttp://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Insulation<br />\nSustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>NJ Department of Health and Senior Services – Indoor Environments<br />\nUS EPA Indoor Air Quality – Green Indoor Environments<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Evaluating and Selecting Green Products<br />\nGreen Product Certifications and Standards:</p>\n<p>Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label Program<br />\nCradle to Cradle<br />\nGREENGUARD<br />\nGreen Seal<br />\nInternational Living Future Institute<br />\nScientific Certification Systems Indoor Advantage<br />\nSMaRt Consensus Sustainable Product Standards</p></div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(5242,1388,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:30:11'),(5243,1388,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(5244,1388,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(5245,1388,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(5246,1388,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(5247,1388,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(5248,1388,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(5249,1388,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(5250,1388,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(5251,1388,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(5252,1388,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(5253,1388,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(5254,1388,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(5255,1388,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(5256,1388,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(5257,1388,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(5261,428,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Paint cans (Source: Maury McCown)'),(5273,1394,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(5274,1394,'_edit_last','2'),(5275,1394,'_edit_lock','1649100708:3'),(5276,1394,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(5277,1394,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(5278,1394,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(5279,1394,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1394\" /]'),(5280,1394,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(5281,1394,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(5282,1394,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(5283,1394,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(5284,1394,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Sustainable Materials</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Sustainable Materials?<br />\nSustainable materials provide environmental and human health benefits and reduce negative impacts over the life of the material and generally incorporate characteristics that contribute to:[1]</p>\n<p>Resource efficiency &amp; conservation<br />\nIndoor air quality<br />\nEnergy efficiency<br />\nAffordability<br />\nSafe and healthy indoor environments<br />\nDurability and adaptability</p>\n<p>There are environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of a material (extracting resources, processing, producing, shipping, installation and use, and discarding). Evaluating and understanding the health and environmental impacts of materials is complex and can be confusing, but good resources and increased availability of product information can help.[2]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Integrate Sustainable Materials<br />\nSustainable material management (SMM) refers to the process of researching the system-wide impacts of the life cycle of materials.[3] A comprehensive approach that incorporates social, environmental, and economic factors relies on the use of research, innovation, and technology to support decisions about appropriate material selection and use.[4] Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) provide information about the environmental impact of a material throughout its life cycle. LEEDv4 rewards project teams for incorporating materials and products that have life cycle information available and verified positive environmental life cycle impacts.[5]<br />\nWhen choosing materials, consider the following aspects of sustainability:</p>\n<p>Recycled content and recyclability<br />\nCertified wood (such as Forest Stewardship Council-certified products)<br />\nLocally produced and sourced products<br />\nRapidly renewable materials<br />\nSalvaged materials<br />\nNon-toxic, no/low-emitting materials<br />\nDurability and adaptability</p>\n<p>When developing material specifications and standards for a project, it is important to consider environmental factors such as waste prevention and disposal (see Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction, Demolition, and Source Reduction and Recycling).[6]<br />\nThe US EPA website has several useful tools for finding and evaluating green products and services.[7] There are a number of certification programs, standards and criteria available to help provide guidance in selecting and evaluating sustainable materials such as GREENGUARD (indoor air quality certification), Green Label Plus (carpets/rugs), Green Seal, Scientific Certification Systems, Rainforest Alliance Certification, and Forest Stewardship Council Certification. Also, life cycle assessment tools such as those offered by the Athena Sustainable Materials Institute are useful in helping to assess the cost and impact of a material. Cradle to Cradle is a third-party certification for products that promote safety for humans, the environment, and are designed for future life cycles rather than being disposed.[8]<br />\nRecycled Content &amp; Recyclability<br />\nUsing recycled materials reduces the amount of waste that ends up in landfills or incinerators and reduces the extraction of resources used to produce new products and materials. Many common building materials and furnishings contain recycled materials such as asphalt, steel, carpet, ceiling tiles, and concrete. Post-consumer recycled content is material that has been used by consumers, collected and re-manufactured into new products and materials. Plastic lumber is a product that often has high post-consumer recycled content. Some plastic lumber is composed of 100% post-consumer plastic such as milk jugs and laundry detergent bottles.<br />\nLabeling related to recycled content can be confusing. The recycling symbol is in the public domain, so its use can have a variety of meanings. Some products have labeling that identifies the percentage of pre-consumer and/or post-consumer recycled content in the product. If a product is not labeled, contact the manufacturer and ask about recycled content.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Typical materials that often contain post-consumer recycled content include:[9]</p>\n<p>Drywall<br />\nInsulation<br />\nPlastic lumber<br />\nKitchen countertops<br />\nGlass tiles<br />\nLandscaping materials<br />\nCarpet and carpet padding<br />\nSteel</p>\n<p>The recyclability of materials is also an essential consideration in materials selection. Some materials are recyclable at the end of their useful life into new high-quality carpeting with very little waste such as carpet products that are Cradle to Cradle (C2CÒ) certified.[10]<br />\nExample<br />\nHabitat for Humanity of Bergen County – Bergenfield Energy Star-certified Home<br />\nThis Habitat for Humanity project earned Energy Star certification and included sustainable design elements such as insulation made from recycled denim and energy efficient systems.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Certified Wood<br />\nCertified wood refers to wood harvested from forests that practice environmentally and economically responsible forestry. A third-party entity documents the sustainable forestry practices and the chain of custody, which tracks wood from the forest through milling and manufacturing to the point of sale. Certifiers also grant chain-of-custody certifications to companies that manufacture and sell products made from certified wood. Forest certification intends to let consumers know that wood or paper product comes from forests managed under strict environmental and social standards. The Forest Resource Certification Center provides information about several well-known certification programs.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is one example of a popular certification program. FSC has established a program that monitors third-party certifiers of forests and forest products. During FSC forest-management assessments, teams of foresters, ecologists and social scientists visit forestry operations and inspect their practices for compliance with FSC’s standards, such as:</p>\n<p>Ensuring harvesting rates and clearing sizes do not exceed a forest’s natural capacity to regenerate<br />\nMaintaining natural forest conditions needed for wildlife and healthy ecosystem function<br />\nProtecting rare, threatened and endangered species and forest types<br />\nEstablishing new plantations on agricultural and pasture lands and avoiding the replacement of natural forests with barren tree plantations<br />\nCreating adequate conservation zones<br />\nMinimizing or eliminating chemical use<br />\nProtecting streams and rivers from soil erosion that degrades water quality and fish habitat<br />\nProtecting the rights and interests of workers, communities, and indigenous people who benefit from the forestry operation</p>\n<p>Forestry operations that meet the standards are granted an FSC forest management certification and audited annually. Forestry operations are required to make improvements as a condition of getting certified and staying certified over time.[11]<br />\nDuring the design phase, specify certified wood instead of conventional wood whenever possible, including certified plywood and veneers. There are several resources available to assist with finding certified wood such as the FSC Certificate Database. This database includes primarily manufacturers and distributors, not retailers. To find products carried by a local retailer, contact them directly.[12] Look for the FSC logo (Figure 5) stamped on the product. In addition to choosing certified wood, selecting salvaged or reclaimed wood also helps protect resources and reduce waste. Purchase wood from local producers when possible to reduce CO2 emissions from transporting the materials.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Locally Produced and Sourced Products<br />\nThe LEED system includes a location valuation factor that promotes the use of products extracted, manufactured and purchased within 100 miles of a project. Purchasing locally produced products helps support local businesses and reduce transportation-related environmental impacts.[13]<br />\nSalvaged Materials<br />\nSalvaged materials include materials saved during the deconstruction process and sold, donated, stored for later use, or reused on future projects (see Deconstruction). Construction and Demolition (C&amp;D) debris accounts for 534 million tons of waste, 90% the result of demolition work with the remaining 10% generated by construction activities.[14] Carefully dismantling a structure with the intent of reusing materials extends the useful life materials, requires less energy and raw materials, and produces less pollution than discarding or recycling materials.<br />\nIdentify materials to reuse, sell, donate, or recycle early in the planning process and develop a plan for salvaged materials in project documents such as the construction and demolition waste management plan (see Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction).[15] Salvageable materials may include plumbing, light fixtures, doors, cabinets, working appliances, windows, millwork, carpet, brick, ceiling and floor tiles, wood, HVAC equipment, and decorative items such as fireplaces and stonework.[16] When reusing salvaged materials, keep in mind that materials may contain chemicals not safe for the environment and human health. The EPA’s Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials site has information on potentially contaminated materials and substances.[17],[18]<br />\nContact organizations and programs that facilitate the exchange or purchase of salvaged or surplus building materials. Other options include auctions and classified websites designed to sell, donate or buy materials. Check with a consulting a site such as The Better Business Bureau Wise Giving Alliance to identify organizations eligible to receive donations.<br />\nRapidly Renewable Resources<br />\nRapidly renewable materials are natural, non-petroleum-based building materials and include agricultural by-products such as bamboo, straw, cork, natural linoleum products, cotton, sunflowers, hemp, wool, wheatboard, and strawboard. Using materials produced with rapidly growing plant-based products reduces the harvesting of forests and other resources that take decades to regenerate. Consider green building materials comprised of a composite of rapidly renewable materials and recycled content (e.g., newsprint, cotton, soy-based materials, seed husks).[19] Compare the environmental trade-offs of using a product such as global warming, resource depletion, indoor air quality.[20] Although some materials might be from rapidly renewable sources, they may require shipping from long distances or may not be as durable as other conventional materials.<br />\nNon-toxic, No/low-emitting Materials<br />\nSafe, non-toxic or low-emitting materials release relatively low levels of odorous, irritating, toxic, or hazardous substances unhealthy to building occupants.[21] Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (including formaldehyde), particulates, and fibers include substances often emitted from building materials that can adversely impact human health.<br />\nVOCs contain carbon molecules and can vaporize from material surfaces into indoor air at average room temperatures (a process known as off-gassing).[22] A non-toxic material must meet different thresholds of VOC emissions compliance depending on the material.[23] Found in many everyday products and building materials, VOCs can escape into the air and cause illness and allergic reactions. Studies have linked elevated levels of VOCs and interior pollutants to health concerns that cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination, nausea, and other health problems. [24] People with respiratory problems, children, seniors and people with compromised immune systems are at higher risk of reactions from exposure than the general population.<br />\nIncreased awareness about possible health risks and indoor air quality concerns have helped to expand the market for safe, non-toxic materials. Low-emitting material credit requirements by LEED and other green building certifications have led to a demand for products lower in VOCs and toxic chemicals.[25] Several certification programs, standards, and criteria for selecting and evaluating sustainable materials include GREENGUARD (indoor air quality certification), Green Label Plus (carpets/rugs), Green Seal, and Scientific Certification Systems (see Safe, Non-Toxic Materials).<br />\nDurable Materials and Designing for Adaptability<br />\nSelecting durable and adaptable materials reduces waste, extends the useful life of a building and contributes to the resiliency of the structure.[26] Durable materials require less repair and less frequent replacement so the environmental impacts of the resources that have been invested in those materials can be spread out over a longer time.[27] A durability plan can help inform decision making throughout every phase of a building’s development and addresses factors such as sunlight, moisture, heat, insects, and natural disasters.[28] Designing for adaptability allows materials to be easily disassembled and reused, thus providing economic benefits and reducing environmental impacts.[29]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nCareful selection and use of sustainable materials provide environmental benefits in many ways such as:</p>\n<p>Conserving resources<br />\nReducing greenhouse gas emissions (in extraction, production, and shipping)<br />\nSupporting local businesses and economy<br />\nEnsuring safer air quality indoor (also overall regional air quality)</p>\n<p>Consumer demand for sustainable materials and product certification is a powerful incentive for manufacturers and suppliers. By purchasing certified wood, for example, forest managers are more likely to adopt ecologically sound practices that maintain natural forest characteristics. Also, demand can help to move the wood industry away from destructive techniques like large-scale clearcutting, logging in endangered and old growth forests, and destruction of natural forests for replacement by barren tree plantations.[30]<br />\nChoosing certified and/or salvaged wood and wood products can help:</p>\n<p>Protect natural forests and other habitats<br />\nReduce the use of highly hazardous pesticides<br />\nMinimize the cultivation of genetically modified trees (GMOs)<br />\nProtect the rights of indigenous peoples</p>\n<p>Using post-consumer recycled content:[31]</p>\n<p>Reduces waste going into landfills and incinerators<br />\nPreserves natural resources by reducing the use of virgin materials used to produce new products and materials<br />\nSaves energy and prevents pollution caused by the extraction and processing of virgin materials and the manufacture of products using virgin materials<br />\nContributes to the recycling economy</p>\n<p>Using rapidly renewable materials can:</p>\n<p>Reduce the use and depletion of finite raw materials<br />\nReduce the number and quantity of products made from fossil-fuel derivatives<br />\nReduce demand for materials that require longer to regenerate</p>\n<p>Salvaging materials during the demolition process shift the construction industry away from the conventional practice of consumption and disposal towards an ethic of resource efficiency and reuse. The benefits of using salvaged materials include:[32]</p>\n<p>Minimizing landfill waste and pollution and the need for more landfills<br />\nDecreasing consumption and demand for new materials, reducing waste and pollution associated with the production of virgin materials<br />\nCreating value-added markets from waste materials<br />\nExpanding job opportunities and workforce development skills<br />\nReducing project costs through avoided disposal costs and purchases of new materials, revenue earned from material sales, and tax breaks gained for donations<br />\nPreserving architectural and cultural heritage by salvaging unique materials</p>\n<p>The selection of building material and furnishings have a significant impact on indoor environmental quality. Benefits of choosing low-emitting materials include: [33]</p>\n<p>Improved indoor air quality.<br />\nImproved worker safety and health.<br />\nReduced incidents of an eye and respiratory irritation, headaches, fatigue.<br />\nHealthier environment for residents who are sensitive to specific products.<br />\nReduced pollution of groundwater and water supplies.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThere is a perception that sustainable products always cost more than conventional products. Some materials do have a higher first cost; however, the first cost is often made up within the overall life cycle cost of the material. Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) (see Life Cycle Cost Analysis) takes into account the lifecycle costs of building designs and systems while a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (see Life Cycle Assessment) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems.[34] Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. There are also many sustainable materials available that are comparable in price to conventional materials.[35] Low- and no-VOC paints typically cost about the same as a manufacturer’s premium line of paints.[36] Furthermore, non-sustainable materials often do not reflect the costs (often referred to as “externalities”), such as expenses associated with cleaning up contamination and losses due to human health and illness.<br />\nAs a result of increased demand and changes in technology, post-consumer recycled products are readily available on the market today and are often comparable in cost and quality to products made with virgin materials. The price for recycled content padding and carpeting, for example, is often comparable to a conventional, virgin-fiber carpet.[37] Whether virgin or recycled, many factors impact the cost of products such as availability, cost of material feedstocks, energy costs, distributor mark-up, transportation charges, size and type of order, and geographic location. The cost-effectiveness of reusing, donating or selling salvaged building materials varies with each project, depending on the value of the salvaged materials, the market for these materials, and the costs of labor and disposal. Post-consumer recycled products may last longer or require less maintenance than their counterparts made with virgin material which can offset any additional up-front costs. Therefore, items with high wear and tear, maintenance or replacement frequency may be ideal candidates for post-consumer recycled products with higher upfront costs, but longer useful life expectancy.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nMany of the benefits listed above also contribute to resiliency. Selecting sustainable materials can help protect human health by minimizing exposure to toxic components during an emergency and contributing to the durability of the facility and its contents. Protecting indoor air quality contributes to building occupants’ health and well-being and the ability of the occupants to function during and recover from disruption. Using sustainable materials, such as certified or salvaged wood can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems. Established networks and markets for salvaged materials also help divert and reuse debris generated by natural disasters and severe storm events that can contaminate the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds.[38] Salvaging materials from storms turn recovery efforts into a profit-generating resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<br />\nThe use of safe, non-toxic materials in building assemblies and furnishings can help reduce the release of toxic chemicals into debris following storm surges, flooding, and high winds caused by natural disasters and severe storm events. For example, Superstorm Sandy generated over 8 million cubic yards of debris across the nine hardest-hit counties in New Jersey in only one day.[39] Damaged and contaminated materials may include waterlogged drywall, plaster, insulation, flooring, carpets, mattresses, and upholstered furniture, that when put it into unlined landfills, can contaminate groundwater.<br />\nUsing moisture protective and inherent moisture-wicking materials, as well as materials resistant to excessive humidity such as glazed brick, concrete, stone, and decay-resistant lumber can also contribute to more resilient structures.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] CalRecycle. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Greenbuilding/Materials/ (accessed February 1, 2019)).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed February 1, 2019).<br />\n[3] US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. The Road Ahead. https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-materials-management-road-ahead (accessed November 28, 2018).<br />\n[4] BIAC. The Voice of OECD Business. Key Business Messages. Sustainable Materials Management. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/18/46235661.pdf (accessed November 28, 2018).<br />\n[5] USGBC. Building Product Disclosure and Optimization – environmental product declarations. https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-retail-new-construction-healthca-22 (accessed February 1, 2019).<br />\n[6] Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[7] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[8] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[9] Cal Recycle. Matrix: Overview of Recycled Content and Availability. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/greenbuilding/materials/matrix (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[10] The Cradle to CradleÒ program certifies products that meet multi-attribute criteria for: human and environmental health; Recyclability/compostability; renewable energy use; water stewardship social responsibility.<br />\n[11] Natural Resources Defense Council. http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[12] Forest Stewardship Council. https://us.fsc.org/en-us (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[13] USGBC. LEEDv4. https://www.usgbc.org/guide/bdc (accessed February 1, 2019).<br />\n[14] US EPA. Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2014 Fact Sheet. November 2016<br />\nhttps://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/2014_smmfactsheet_508.pdf (accessed  June 23, 2018)  (As cited in US EPA. Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Materials. February 2018. (https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials)<br />\n[15] US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials. Aug 23, 2017. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials (accessed July 2, 2018)<br />\n[16] Habitat for Humanity. Habitat ReStore. “8 things to donate when renovating.”<br />\nhttps://www.habitat.org/stories/8-things-to-donate-when-renovating (accessed July 13, 2018).<br />\n[17] US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials. Aug 23, 2017. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials (accessed July 2, 2018).<br />\n[18]  US EPA Sustainable Materials Management. Comprehensive Procurement Guideline (CPG) Program. June 2018. https://www.epa.gov/smm/comprehensive-procurement-guideline-cpg-program#content (accessed July 13, 2018).<br />\n[19] Green-buildings.com. What are Rapidly Renewal Materials?  http://www.green-buildings.com/content/78325-rapidly-renewable-materials-leed-mr-credit-6-what-are-they (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[20] Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use  (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[21] Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[22] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[23] LEED BD+C: New Construction | v4 – LEED v4. Low-emitting materials<br />\nhttps://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0  (accessed April 25, 2018).<br />\n[24] US EPA. An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality. https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality  (accessed April 23, 2018).<br />\n[25] LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[26] US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials (accessed February 18, 2019).<br />\n[27] GreenBiz. Durability: A Key Component of Green Building. https://www.greenbiz.com/news/2005/12/18/durability-key-component-green-building (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[28] Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[29] US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials.  https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[30] Natural Resources Defense Council. How to Buy Good Wood. http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[31] New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Economic Benefits of Recycling. http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/economic.htm (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[32] CalRecycle. Construction and Demolition Debris Recycling. February 2018. http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/ (accessed July 9, 2018).<br />\n[33] Whole Building Design Guide. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[34] National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[35] CalRecycle. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/Greenbuilding/Training/StateManual/Materials.doc  (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[36] Cost Helper. How Much Does Painting an Interior Cost? http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[37] New World Climate. Best Low Voc Carpets for your Home. http://www.nwclimate.org/green-home/low-voc-carpets-and-rugs/  (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[38] NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities.<br />\nhttp://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf (accessed July 20, 2018).<br />\n[39] NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities.<br />\nhttp://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Flexible Spaces<br />\nNon-toxic Materials<br />\nLife Cycle Assessment (LCA)<br />\nLife Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)<br />\nMoisture Control<br />\nSource Reduction and Recycling</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Athena Sustainable Materials Institute<br />\nBBB Wise Giving Alliance<br />\nBig Reuse (Brooklyn)<br />\nBuilding Materials Reuse Association<br />\nCalRecycle<br />\nConstruction &amp; Demolition Recycling Association (CDRA)<br />\nCradle-to-Cradle Certification<br />\nForest Certification Resource Center<br />\nForest Stewardship Council<br />\nGREENGUARD<br />\nGreen Seal<br />\nGSA Buy Green Products<br />\nGSA Sustainable Facilities Tool – Materials and Resources<br />\nHabitat for Humanity Restores<br />\nNIST Engineering Laboratory- Sustainable Engineered Materials<br />\nNJ DEP Office of Planning and Sustainable Communities<br />\nNJ DEP – Recycled Product Resources<br />\nNortheast Recycling Council<br />\nPlanet Reuse (2018)<br />\nRainforest Alliance Certification – Find Certified Products<br />\nRELi<br />\nThe Carpet and Rug Institute<br />\nUS EPA – Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials<br />\nUS EPA – Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Program<br />\nUS EPA – Sustainable Marketplace: Greener Products and Services<br />\nUS EPA Sustainable Materials Management Basics<br />\nUSGBC. LEED BD+C- New Construction. LEEDv4. Building Product Disclosure and Optimization – environmental product declarations<br />\nUS EPA Sustainable Materials Management. Comprehensive Procurement Guideline (CPG) Program. June 2018.<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Evaluating and Selecting Green Products<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Materials<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Optimize Building Space and Material Use</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(5285,1394,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:30:11'),(5286,1394,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(5287,1394,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(5288,1394,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(5289,1394,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(5290,1394,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(5291,1394,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(5292,1394,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(5293,1394,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(5294,1394,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(5295,1394,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(5296,1394,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(5297,1394,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(5298,1394,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(5299,1394,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(5300,1394,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(5336,422,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Recycled carpet (Source: Rutgers University)'),(5337,398,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Carpet made from recycled fibers (Source: Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/erindowney/278614807/)'),(5338,579,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 3 – Kitchen of Habitat for Humanity Bergenfield Home (Source: Habitat for Humanity of Bergen County)'),(5339,248,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 4 – The siding (right side of image) of the Queens Botanical Garden’s Visitor Center is FSC certified Western Red Cedar (Source: Queens Botanical Garden/Nicole De Feo)'),(5340,256,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','FSC Certified Logo (Source: http://www.fsc.org/)'),(5348,1400,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(5349,1400,'_edit_last','2'),(5350,1400,'_edit_lock','1649100685:3'),(5351,1400,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(5352,1400,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(5353,1400,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(5354,1400,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1400\" /]'),(5355,1400,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(5356,1400,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(5357,1400,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(5358,1400,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(5359,1400,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Reduction</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_25  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Construction and Demolition Waste?<br />\nConstruction and demolition (C&amp;D) waste consists of the debris generated during the construction, renovation, and demolition of buildings. C&amp;D waste often contains bulky, heavy materials, such as concrete, wood, metals, glass, and salvaged building components.[1] Demolition accounts for more than 90% of C&amp;D waste and construction represents less than 10%[2]; therefore, the concept of deconstruction is also important to consider. Deconstruction is the practice of disassembling a building in order to salvage materials (joists, flooring, siding, fixtures, etc.) that can be reused for new construction.[3] Carefully dismantling a structure with the intent of reusing materials extends the useful life of the material and requires less energy and raw materials and produces less pollution than discarding or even recycling materials.<br />\nThe disposal of construction and demolition waste contributes to environmental concerns including wasted materials and embodied energy, greenhouse gas generation, and other environmental impacts associated with producing new materials instead of using existing materials. In addition, the number of C&amp;D landfills is declining, which means fewer disposal options, greater hauling distances, and increased fuel consumption and vehicle emissions.[4] Many construction and demolition waste materials can be reused on-site or elsewhere, or recycled (see Sustainable Materials, Source Reduction &amp; Recycling).[5] Some materials may be toxic or classified as hazardous waste and require special handling and disposal.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_26  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_27  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction<br />\nDesigning to prevent waste is an important first step in C&amp;D waste management. This can be accomplished by using standard sizes, advanced framing techniques, prefabrication, on-site protection of materials, and by return unused materials to suppliers, among other strategies.[6] A plan should be made and communicated clearly to the construction team specifying which items can be reused and which will be recycled.<br />\nImportant considerations for construction and demolition waste reduction include:[7]</p>\n<p>Design to prevent waste<br />\nKnow the waste stream (what materials will be generated during the project, including hazardous materials)<br />\nBecome familiar with local ordinances and regulations<br />\nUse specifications to set recycling goals, delineate responsibilities, etc.<br />\nRequire a construction waste management plan<br />\nEducate project team about construction &amp; demolition waste recycling goals<br />\nMonitor waste management performance</p>\n<p>Materials can be recycled onsite or offsite at a construction and demolition processor. Typical materials recycled from building sites include metal, lumber, asphalt, pavement, concrete, roofing material, corrugated cardboard and wallboard.[8] There are many recycling centers in New Jersey for the scrap metal and corrugated cardboard generated by construction and demolition activities. Concrete, concrete block, asphalt, and brick are typically crushed and used as a substitute for quarry stone in road construction projects or used as a fill material in various applications. Crushed brick is often used as a decorative landscaping material and non-chemically treated and non-painted wood scrap, as well as tree stumps and tree trunks, are shredded and sold as landscaping mulch.<br />\nPlanning is also essential for a successful deconstruction project. There are many steps to consider with deconstruction such as creating safety and materials management plans, surveying and taking inventory of the building materials, environmental health and compliance, and coordinating with historic preservation designations.<br />\nExample<br />\nThe Deconstruction and Relocation of a Frank Lloyd Wright Designed Home, Millstone, NJ.<br />\nOver 60 years ago, Frank Lloyd Wright designed a home built in Millstone, New Jersey. The careful deconstruction of the house began in 2014 followed by its reconstruction on the campus of Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville, Arkansas.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nBenefits of reducing and recycling construction and demolition waste:[9],[10]</p>\n<p>Conserves landfill space<br />\nReduces the release of methane (a potent greenhouse gas) from landfills<br />\nReduces the environmental impact of producing new materials<br />\nConserves natural resources<br />\nReduces overall project expenses through avoided purchase/disposal costs<br />\nCreates jobs<br />\nDeconstruction preserves architectural heritage by salvaging unique materials</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nEPA’s Recycling Economic Information (REI) report indicates that recycling and reuse of materials creates jobs and generates local and state tax revenues. Out of the recycling categories, construction and demolition materials recycling contributed the most in the areas considered: jobs, wage and tax revenue.[11] Cost savings associated with construction and demolition waste reduction can be realized through avoided cost of disposal, potential revenue from the sale of recycled materials, and reductions in the need for waste disposal services.[12] Disposal fees are an expensive part of demolition.<br />\nDepending on the building, deconstruction can salvage a large amount of material from a building that will lead to savings on avoided disposal fees. Deconstruction typically requires more time and labor than traditional demolition but also provides more jobs and is a good opportunity for job training in the construction trades. The feasibility and cost-effectiveness of deconstruction is different for every building depending on how the building was constructed and what building materials were used. Deconstruction can be used in most wood-frame and some metal-frame buildings. The building components, their condition, and the way they are secured to the structure can affect the cost effectiveness of salvaging materials. Deconstruction requires more labor for disassembly, removal, and sorting than conventional demolition. These costs can be balanced out with careful planning and accounting for the value of the salvaged building materials and avoided cost of disposal.[13]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nMany of the benefits listed above also contribute to resiliency. Reducing waste and reusing or recycling materials can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems. Established networks and markets for salvaged materials also help divert and reuse debris generated by natural disasters and severe storm events that can contaminate the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds.[14] Salvaging materials from storms turn recovery efforts into a profit-generating resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US EPA. Construction and Demolition Materials. http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/rrr/imr/cdm/index.htm (accessed March 20, 2019).<br />\n[2] US EPA. Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Materials https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials#America (accessed March 20, 2019).<br />\n[3] BMRA. https://bmra.org/  (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[4] Whole Building Design Guide. Construction Waste Management. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[5] Whole Building Design Guide. Construction Waste Management. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php (accessed March 20, 2019)).<br />\n[6] Northeast Recycling Council. https://nerc.org/documents/moving_toward_zero_waste_cost_savings_a_roadmap_contractors_builders.pdf (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[7] CalRecycle. C&amp;D Recycling Toolkit for Contractors. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/Toolkit/ (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[8] US EPA. Recover your Resources. https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-recover-your-resources-reduce-reuse-and-recycle-construction-and-demolition  (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[9] Ibid.<br />\n[10] NYC DDC. http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/waste.pdf (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[11] US EPA. Recycling Economic Information report. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/final_2016_rei_report.pdf (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[12] NJ DEP. The Economic Benefits of Recycling and Waste Reduction – Wastewise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors. https://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[13] Seattle.gov. Salvage and Deconstruction. http://www.seattle.gov/util/forbusinesses/construction/cdwastemanagement/salvageanddeconstruction/ (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[14] NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities.<br />\nhttp://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf (accessed July 20, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_28  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Sustainable Materials<br />\nSource Reduction &amp; Recycling</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_29  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Build it Green! NYC<br />\nBuilding Materials Reuse Association<br />\nCity of New York Department of Design and Construction – Construction and Demolition Manual<br />\nConstruction and Demolition Recycling Association<br />\nHabitat for Humanity Restore Directory – New Jersey<br />\nMorris Habitat for Humanity – Deconstruction<br />\nNJ DEP – The Economic Benefits of Recycling and Waste Reduction – Wastewise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors<br />\nNJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste Program<br />\nNortheast Recycling Council<br />\nNortheast Recycling Council – Moving Toward Zero Waste &amp; Cost Savings – A Roadmap for Builders and Contractors for Construction &amp; Demolition Projects<br />\nUS EPA: Deconstruction and Reuse<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Construction Waste Management Database<br />\nZero Waste Design Guidelines</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(5360,1400,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:29:41'),(5361,1400,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(5362,1400,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(5363,1400,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(5364,1400,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(5365,1400,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(5366,1400,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(5367,1400,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(5368,1400,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(5369,1400,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(5370,1400,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(5371,1400,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(5372,1400,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(5373,1400,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(5374,1400,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(5375,1400,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(5379,86,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Dumpster with construction debris (source: Flickr – David d’O http://www.flickr.com/photos/david_o/534454633/sizes/l/in/photostream/)'),(5396,1407,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(5397,1407,'_edit_last','2'),(5398,1407,'_edit_lock','1649100745:3'),(5399,1407,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(5400,1407,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(5401,1407,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(5402,1407,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1407\" /]'),(5403,1407,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(5404,1407,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(5405,1407,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(5406,1407,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(5407,1407,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Erosion Control</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_20  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Erosion Control?<br />\nErosion control refers to specific techniques employed during construction to help protect natural resources on a project site and adjacent areas, prevent soil and sediment from leaving the site, and achieve compliance with local laws and codes.[1] Consider how the construction site affects the land surrounding the home, both during and after construction. When clearing land and grading in preparation for construction of a new home, disturbing natural vegetation, hydrology, and topsoil leave the site vulnerable to erosion and flooding.[2] Controlling soil erosion by minimizing site disturbance protects the natural environment and reduces the impact on existing stormwater drainage areas.<br />\nHow to Implement Erosion Control<br />\nThe New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection’s Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control provide comprehensive compliance guidance on erosion control practices for any new development or construction.[3] The Standards manual includes design guidance for structural practices as well as full-color maps with locations of known geological formations.[4] There are many soil erosion control products available such as silt fencing and soil erosion blankets to help in the protection of the site. The Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual also provides information on how to mitigate soil erosion due to stormwater runoff.<br />\nCheck with the local New Jersey Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation District or the Natural Resource Conservation Service for more information about strategies for soil erosion prevention as well as any applicable laws. After reviewing these various guidelines and strategies, develop a comprehensive plan for site protection with the contractor.<br />\nProtect existing trees and vegetation when possible. To preserve vegetation, leave adequate room for root systems and minimize soil compaction due to heavy construction equipment (see Tree Protection and Placement).  Try to replant disturbed vegetation elsewhere on the site. Look to reuse and to redeposit soil on the site. Consider mulching untreated and unpainted wood waste created during the construction process to prevent topsoil erosion. Consider using pervious paving materials for parking lots, sidewalks, walkways and outdoor spaces such as patios to reduce erosion and flooding, and to help filter stormwater runoff (see Pervious Paving Material).</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_21  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_22  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Benefits<br />\nPreventing soil erosion, during and after construction:</p>\n<p>Protects natural resources and ecological<br />\nSaves money by reusing existing<br />\nMitigates the potentially damaging effects of</p>\n<p>Cost<br />\nPlanning to minimize site disturbance reduces costs during and after construction. Protecting existing vegetation and reusing soil and wood waste avoids the cost of additional future landscaping.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nTaking steps to reduce the effects of erosion can also help to reduce the risk of severe damage and destruction to a home’s foundation.  Houses located adjacent to tidal estuaries or on hillsides can mitigate the rate of erosion by following the previous steps in this strategy.<br />\n[1] The County of Santa Cruz. Erosion and Storm Water Pollution Control.  http://www.sccoplanning.com/PlanningHome/Environmental/ErosionStormwaterPollutionControl.aspx  (accessed May 14, 2018).<br />\n[2] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. “Urban Runoff: Model Ordinances for Erosion and Sediment Control.” https://www.epa.gov/nps/urban-runoff-model-ordinances-erosion-and-sediment-control (accessed May 14, 2018).<br />\n[3] New Jersey Department of Agriculture. “NJ Erosion Control Standards http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/anr/nrc/njerosion.html (accessed May 14, 2018).<br />\n[4] Ibid.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_23  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Tree Protection and Placement<br />\nPervious Hardscape Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_24  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Jersey-Friendly Yards<br />\nNJ DEP</p>\n<p>Conservation Districts in New Jersey<br />\nErosion Control Standards<br />\nNew Jersey Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual<br />\nNew Jersey Stormwater Regulation Program</p>\n<p>US EPA Erosion and Sediment Control Model Ordinance<br />\nLandscape for Life</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(5408,1407,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:29:40'),(5409,1407,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(5410,1407,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(5411,1407,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(5412,1407,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(5413,1407,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(5414,1407,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(5415,1407,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(5416,1407,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(5417,1407,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(5418,1407,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(5419,1407,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(5420,1407,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(5421,1407,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(5422,1407,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(5423,1407,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(5427,213,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1. Silt fencing is retaining sediment. Source: US EPA.'),(5449,1416,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(5450,1416,'_edit_last','2'),(5451,1416,'_edit_lock','1649700738:3'),(5452,1416,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(5453,1416,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(5454,1416,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(5455,1416,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1416\" /]'),(5456,1416,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(5457,1416,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(5458,1416,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(5459,1416,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(5460,1416,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Edible Landscaping</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Edible Landscaping?<br />\nEdible landscaping refers to the practice of incorporating food-producing plants in the landscape. Combine fruit and nut trees, vegetables, herbs, edible flowers and shrubs with berries to create an attractive design that produces fruits and vegetables for home consumption.[1] Consider including food plants throughout the landscape or residents may wish to dedicate a section of the yard to a vegetable garden. Growing even small amounts of fruits or vegetables encourages healthy eating and sustainable lifestyles protect the environment and give gardeners a sense of personal satisfaction (see Active Living).<br />\nHow to Implement Edible Landscaping<br />\nThere are a wide variety of vegetables, fruits, and herbs that grow well in New Jersey’s climate. The following items guide developing a landscape with edible plants.</p>\n<p>Conduct a soil test in various locations, especially if growing food-producing plants directly in the soil (see Soil Test).<br />\nConsider organic gardening methods especially for edible gardens (see Native and Adapted Plants). Pesticides and fertilizers used in conventional gardening may leave a harmful residue.<br />\nCreate a landscaping scrapbook filled with inspirational images. Include edible plants that are aesthetically pleasing as well as images of walkways, walls, fences or other landscape features of interest.<br />\nConsider consulting a landscape professional with expertise in edible crops.<br />\nKnow the local climate – for instance, the northwestern and shoreline areas of New Jersey have slightly cooler and warmer year-round climates, respectively, than the rest of the state. Get to know the landscape – note the conditions at various times during the day. Where is it sunny and for how long (see Energy-Efficient Landscaping)?<br />\nSketch out a preliminary design.<br />\nCreate a mock-up design by using props in the yard. This makes it easier to envision various landscaping elements before installing them.<br />\nCommit the plan to paper – draw a map, use accurate measurements, establish locations, and create a list of elements to install.<br />\nCreate a cost estimate based on the plan.</p>\n<p>Other tips:</p>\n<p>Consider one-to-one substitutions such as replacing an existing shrub with a fruit-bearing shrub.<br />\nConsider using indoor sunspaces or insulated porches for winter growing.<br />\nProtect fruits and vegetables from being eaten by animals (i.e., deer, gophers, voles) with a fence.<br />\nChoose natural organic repellents that use various smells and tastes to keep pests out of the garden (see Integrated Pest Management).<br />\nCall your County Extension Office for free advice from the county Master Gardener Program. njaes.rutgers.edu/county</p>\n<p>Challenges to consider:</p>\n<p>Careful planning – like all plants, food-producing plants have specific growing requirements. Most fruit trees and vegetable plants need at least 6 hours of sunlight per day and like well-drained soil. Creating an aesthetically pleasing landscape that incorporates food-producing plants requires planning and design. Plant vegetables or herbs harvested frequently in a garden dedicated solely to production.<br />\nToxic plants – research plants carefully as some plants contain natural toxins.<br />\nInputs and maintenance – some food-producing plants may need as much water, fertilizer, pruning, and pest management as a lawn or ornamental plants. For example, vegetables like sweet corn, tomatoes, and melons and fruits such as peaches and apples can be high maintenance crops (see Water-Efficient Landscaping).<br />\nSeasonality – many vegetables are annuals, requiring replanting every year. Plant annuals in an area dedicated solely to production. Incorporate perennials, including herbs, berries or fruit trees into a year-round landscape.<br />\nHarvesting – at the height of a plants production, fruits and vegetables may need to be harvested on a daily basis. Harvest ripe fruit promptly to avoid rot and attracting vermin.<br />\nCooking and preparation – some highly perishable fruits and vegetables may require quick processing.[2]</p>\n<p>For more specific information see the Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station’s – Planting a Vegetable Garden guide.<br />\nExample<br />\nEdible Estates – Regional Prototype Garden – Maplewood, NJ<br />\nEdible Estates illustrates the conversion of an entire front lawn in Maplewood, NJ to an edible garden. A steep slope surrounding the yard was planted with strawberries, while 15 raised beds include various types of vegetables.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEconomic</p>\n<p>Saves money on purchasing food and the seeds and small plants needed to get started are inexpensive and widely available.</p>\n<p>Environment</p>\n<p>Reduces energy use and overall pollution associated with the transportation and production of food products.<br />\nContributes to a diverse and healthy habitat (see Wildlife Habitat).</p>\n<p>Health</p>\n<p>Improves nutrition – plants have the highest nutrient content and flavor immediately after being harvested.[3] Conventional produce bought from the grocery store may have been harvested up to two weeks prior.<br />\nIncreases fruit and vegetable intake – gardeners consume more of the recommended servings of fruits and vegetables than non-gardeners.[4]<br />\nImproves food security for the household.[5]<br />\nReduces dependence on sources of food grown with pesticides or herbicides.</p>\n<p>Personal Wellness</p>\n<p>Increases convenience – growing food at home takes some maintenance but encourages the consumption of fresh, healthy foods and can facilitate easy meal preparation.<br />\nIncreases exercise and reduce stress – even moderate amounts of gardening can increase muscle strength and endurance as well as contribute to a sense of general well-being. Many gardeners report increased levels of personal satisfaction (see Active Living).[6]<br />\nProvides an opportunity for fun and education – gardening provides learning opportunities for families with children. Growing, caring for, harvesting and cooking foods grown in the home landscape are great ways to teach kids a variety of skills.<br />\nProvides access to unusual varieties of fruits and vegetables that may not be available in your local grocery store.<br />\nReduces time spent on mowing traditional turf grass in a lawn (see Turfgrass Reduction).</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nIn a study conducted by the National Gardening Association in 2008, 54% of respondents cited saving money on food bills as the reason for growing edible plants.  On average, households growing food (including vegetables, fruit trees, berries, and herbs) spent only $70 annually on edible plants. The majority (57%) of households growing food did so in gardens 100 square feet or smaller. A production garden, 20′ x 30′, geared towards growing food for consumption can yield an average of 350 pounds of vegetables, valued at over $600 at an initial cost of $70.[7]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nEdible landscapes offer the opportunity for homeowners and neighborhoods to grow some of their food, reducing dependency on food supply chains and transportation networks disrupted or compromised due to storms or other events.<br />\n[1] Oregon State University – Edible Landscaping http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/metro/sites/default/files/edible_landscaping.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018)<br />\n[2] University of Florida: IFAS Extension. Edible Landscaping. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[3] Ibid.<br />\n[4] Aime Sommerfeld et al. (2011) “Gardening linked to increased vegetable consumption in older adults.” American Society for Horticultural Science. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110317141428.htm (accessed May 22, 2018).<br />\n[5] University of Maryland Extension. Edible Landscaping. https://extension.umd.edu/st-marys-county/home-gardening/edible-landscaping (accessed November 26, 2018).<br />\n[6] Bellows, Anne C., Katherine Brown and Jac Smit. 2003. Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture. https://www.csu.edu/cerc/researchreports/documents/HealthBenefitsOfUrbanAgriculture2003.pdf  (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[7] National Gardening Association. Edible Landscaping with Charlie Nardozzi. http://www.garden.org/ediblelandscaping/?page=201003-garden-saves  (accessed April 16, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_18  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Active Living<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Landscaping<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management<br />\nNative and Adapted Plants<br />\nSoil Test<br />\nTurf Grass Reduction<br />\nWater-Efficient Landscaping<br />\nWildlife Habitat</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_19  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>ASLA – Applying Ecological Design: Gardens and Permaculture<br />\nNational Gardening Association: Edible Landscaping<br />\nNew Jersey</p>\n<p>Planning a Vegetable Garden<br />\nVarieties for New Jersey Vegetable Gardens<br />\nSelecting Blueberry Varieties for the Home Garden<br />\nLead Contaminated Soil: Minimizing Health Risks<br />\nSoil Testing Laboratory</p>\n<p>Virginia Cooperative Extension, Intensive Gardening Methods</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(5461,1416,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:29:40'),(5462,1416,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(5463,1416,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(5464,1416,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(5465,1416,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(5466,1416,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(5467,1416,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(5468,1416,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(5469,1416,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(5470,1416,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(5471,1416,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(5472,1416,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(5473,1416,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(5474,1416,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(5475,1416,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(5476,1416,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(5492,1423,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(5493,1423,'_edit_last','2'),(5494,1423,'_edit_lock','1649701057:3'),(5495,1423,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(5496,1423,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(5497,1423,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(5498,1423,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1423\" /]'),(5499,1423,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(5500,1423,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(5501,1423,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(5502,1423,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(5503,1423,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Wildlife Habitat</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is a Wildlife Habitat?<br />\nProviding wildlife habitat refers to the process of creating a healthy environment with food, water, and shelter for wildlife. In New Jersey, less than half of the state remains undeveloped, and many species have declined because of loss of habitat. Providing wildlife habitat, even in small spaces, can have a positive environmental impact and attract birds, butterflies, beneficial insects, small mammals, reptiles and amphibians.[1] Providing wildlife habitat around a new home can be as easy as minimizing disturbance of the existing site, or as involved as planting a wildlife-friendly garden (see Tree Protection and Placement).</p></div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Provide a Wildlife Habitat<br />\nWhen creating wildlife habitat select a wide variety of plants that are suited to the site’s soil, sun exposure, drainage, and space conditions. Whenever possible, incorporate native plants that are beneficial to native wildlife (see Native and Adapted Plants). Resources such as Jersey-Friendly Yards offer an easily searchable plant database and plant information.  Just like humans, wildlife needs food, water, and shelter. A diverse palette of berry and seed-bearing plants provide food for local wildlife. Ponds, fountains, or other water features add valuable sources of water for birds and other wildlife. Provide shelter with low-lying shrubs or structures such as bird and bat houses and brush piles offer protection and breeding sites for ground-nesting birds and small mammals. Connect open space on-site to similar open-space habitats off-site to maximize connectivity and safe passage for wildlife and to maintain the connection to the broader ecosystem.[2] Protect wildlife by minimizing artificial fertilizer and pesticide use. Incorporating native plants and creating a diverse landscape reduces the need for artificial fertilizers and synthetic pesticides needed to maintain a healthy garden.<br />\nSee the Conserve Wildlife Foundation of New Jersey for additional suggestions about creating wildlife habitat.<br />\nSee below for more specific examples of wildlife habitat creation techniques.<br />\nButterfly Gardens<br />\nA butterfly garden attracts butterflies and other pollinators that benefit flowering plants in the area. Place the garden in a sunny area of the yard and include nectar-producing plants to provide a consistent supply of nectar throughout the year. Examples of plants that provide nectar for butterflies include milkweed (Aesclepias sp.), sunflower (Helianthus sp.), and beebalm (Monarda sp.). Plant taller plants or shrubs on one or more sides to provide shelter from the wind.[3] Slightly fermented fruit slices also attract butterflies to the garden area.[4]<br />\nDeter Problem Animals<br />\nSecuring access to trash cans and compost decrease the number of non-native and aggressive animals that are attracted to the site.[5] Native animals are often natural predators of non-native animals and introducing habitat for native animals may help to reduce the number of non-native and aggressive animals present.<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management<br />\nIntegrated pest management uses a combination of environmental and social pest controls coupled with the reduced use of chemical pesticides (see Integrated Pest Management strategy).[6] Additionally, decreased use of broad-spectrum pesticides often increases natural predatory insects which eat the problem insects.[7]<br />\nNatural Fertilizers<br />\nThe production of many commercial chemical fertilizers releases large amounts of carbon dioxide.[8] Create natural fertilizer by setting up a compost site (see Composting). Combine food scraps such as vegetable peels, coffee grounds, and eggshells with yard debris to create a natural and nutrient-rich fertilizer over time.<br />\nControl Light Pollution<br />\nSources of constant artificial light can negatively affect wildlife in addition to attracting unwanted nocturnal insects and animals (see Downlighting).[9] Minimize sources of light pollution by reducing the number of extra light sources or installing motion-sensitive lights to protect wildlife.<br />\nProvide Habitat for Migratory Bird Flyways<br />\nNew Jersey lies along the Atlantic Flyway, a designation along the east coast that includes diverse habitats managed to help support migratory birds.[10] Providing shelter, water and food sources for birds year-round supports the survival of migratory birds along the Atlantic seaboard.<br />\nExample<br />\nThe U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Natural Resource Conservation Service Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP)<br />\nThe EQIP program offers financial and technical assistance to landowners interested in creating or restoring habitat for endangered or threatened wildlife such as bog turtles and larger habitat types including grasslands, woodlands, and wetlands. The program also supports the planting of pollinator habitats on lots of at least .25 acres. The program reimburses landowners at a rate of 45-90% of the average cost of implementing the specified habitat improvements.[11]<br />\nA recent residential subdivision near Easton, Maryland included provisions for wildlife habitat in its design by creating wetlands and protecting forested areas, serving as a model for an alternative subdivision design that preserves open space and enhances wildlife habitats.<br />\nLocated on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, the Cookes Hope at Llandaff development includes 26 residential lots on 284 acres. Developers conducted an initial survey of existing wildlife as well as soil and hydrology studies of the site to determine the best locations for wetland restoration and ponds, preserving forested land and roads and housing.[12]<br />\nThe nature-based lot design provides water quality benefits for the adjacent creek and new natural habitat to serve as resting sites for migratory birds along the Atlantic Migratory Flyway (Figure 2).[13]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Benefits<br />\nBenefits of creating a wildlife habitat within a residential development include:</p>\n<p>Increased enjoyment through viewing native animals and insects.<br />\nEnvironmental education opportunities.<br />\nIncreased biodiversity.<br />\nMonetary benefits such as the USDA/NJDFW Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program.<br />\nDecreased reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides.<br />\nIncreased number of natural pollinators attracted to the region.<br />\nThe potential for increased property values due to an increased desire for land with open space that provides habitat for wildlife.<br />\nIncreased CO2 absorption.<br />\nReduction of heat island effect.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of creating a backyard wildlife habitat varies based on the scope of the project and whether or not homeowners use professional labor for the design or planting. Most local home and garden stores or nurseries sell many of the components necessary to build a backyard wildlife habitat.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nProviding wildlife habitat fosters ecological resilience by increasing the biological diversity of native plants and animals in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Conserve Wildlife Foundation of NJ. http://www.conservewildlifenj.org/protecting/backyard/ (accessed May 14, 2018).<br />\n[2] Hopper, Leonard J. 2007. Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ. Google Books Link: http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s (accessed May 14, 2018).<br />\n[3] Vera Krischik, University of Minnesota Extension. Creating a Butterfly Garden. https://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/landscaping/butterfly-gardening/creating-a-butterfly-garden/ (accessed May 14, 2018).<br />\n[4] Walter Reeves. Com. Butterfly Puddle – Building. http://www.walterreeves.com/insects-and-animals/butterfly-puddle-building/  (accessed May 14, 2018).<br />\n[5] Hopper, Leonard J. 2007. Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.<br />\n[6] USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Integrated Pest Management (IPM). https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1044470.pdf  (accessed May 14th, 2018).<br />\n[7]  Vera Krischik, University of Minnesota Extension. Creating a Butterfly Garden. https://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/landscaping/butterfly-gardening/creating-a-butterfly-garden/ (accessed May 14, 2018).<br />\n[8] Beth Mole, Society for Science and the Public, 2014. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/fertilizer-produces-far-more-greenhouse-gas-expected (accessed May 14, 2018).<br />\n[9] Hopper, Leonard J. 2007. Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ. Google Books Link: http://books.google.com/books?id=4Toh06XEqMoC&amp;dq=minimize+building+footprint+to+reduce+site+disturbance&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s (accessed May 14, 2018).<br />\n[10] Audubon. Flyways of the Americas.- Atlantic Flyway. https://www.audubon.org/atlantic-flyway (accessed November 20, 2018).<br />\n[11] USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service. Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) in New Jersey. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/nj/programs/financial/eqip/  (accessed May 14, 2018).<br />\n[12] The Conservation Fund. A Sustainable Chesapeake: Better Models for Conservation. https://www.conservationfund.org/our-work/strategic-conservation-planning/resources/a-sustainable-chesapeake (accessed May 14, 2018).<br />\n[13] Ibid.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Light Pollution Reduction<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management<br />\nTree Protection and Placement<br />\nNative and Adapted Plants</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>The Audubon Society – How to Create a Bird-Friendly Backyard<br />\nBringing Nature Home<br />\nConserve Wildlife Foundation of New Jersey – Backyard Wildlife Habitats in NJ<br />\nJersey-Friendly Yards<br />\nThe Humane Society of the United States Urban Wildlife Sanctuary Program<br />\nThe National Wildlife Federation (NWF) – Create a Wildlife Habitat<br />\nNew Jersey Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) on the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service<br />\nSustainable SITES Initiative<br />\nUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service – Programs &amp; Financial Assistance</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(5504,1423,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:29:40'),(5505,1423,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(5506,1423,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(5507,1423,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(5508,1423,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(5509,1423,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(5510,1423,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(5511,1423,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(5512,1423,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(5513,1423,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(5514,1423,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(5515,1423,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(5516,1423,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(5517,1423,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(5518,1423,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(5519,1423,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(5524,123,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1: Butterfly gardens can be colorful additions to the site’s landscaping. (Source: Wilson’s Garden Center)'),(5525,143,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2: New Jersey lies along the Atlantic Flyway for migratory birds. (Source: Treehugger)'),(5532,1428,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(5533,1428,'_edit_last','2'),(5534,1428,'_edit_lock','1649701258:3'),(5535,1428,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(5536,1428,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(5537,1428,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(5538,1428,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1428\" /]'),(5539,1428,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(5540,1428,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(5541,1428,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(5542,1428,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(5543,1428,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">High Reflectance Hardscape Materials</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are High Reflectance Hardscape Materials?<br />\nHigh reflectance hardscape materials or “cool” pavements are paving materials with high solar reflectance (albedo), such as concrete, that absorb minimal heat, reducing the heat island effect.[1] Albedo, or solar reflectance, is the ratio of the amount of light reflected from a surface to the amount of light shining on that surface. Pavements with a lower albedo absorb more sunlight and increase in temperature, while pavements with higher albedo absorb less sunlight, remaining cooler.[2] The heat island effect refers to the increase in temperature in developed areas that results from heat-absorbing paved areas, the loss of naturally cooling vegetation, and waste heat produced by buildings, motor vehicles, and machinery. This increase in temperature leads to increased energy demands, air conditioning costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and pollution while increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses.[3]  Urban areas exacerbate the heat island effect where 1/3 of surfaces are covered by pavement, particularly dark colored surfaces, which absorb more sunlight than light-colored surfaces and remit heat back in the environment (see Cool Roofs).[4]</p></div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Incorporate High Reflectance Materials<br />\nHigh reflective “cool” pavements stay cooler in the sun than traditional pavements. Use reflective aggregate, a reflective or clear binder, or a reflective surface coating to enhance the reflective properties of pavement.[5] When selecting hardscape materials, consider the albedo (solar reflectance) and solar reflectance index (SRI) of the material. The SRI, which ranges from zero to 100, indicates the effect of a surface’s reflectance and emittance on its surface temperature. Materials with the highest SRI are the coolest. New asphalt pavement has an SRI of 0, while new white Portland cement concrete can have an SRI of between 86 and 100. Emittance, or emissivity, is a range between 0 and 1 that indicates how much heat is emitted by a surface. Since most opaque materials used for paving have an emittance of around .9, the albedo of a material determines its SRI.[6]<br />\nConsider using pavers (concrete masonry units) as an alternative to asphalt and other dark materials for driveways, parking lots, plazas, and streets. Most pavers use high reflectance materials and some pavers also help reduce stormwater runoff by allowing water infiltration (see Pervious Hardscape Materials).[7]  Check with the manufacturer to find out each product’s specifications. Pavers are available in a wide array of shapes, colors, and sizes.<br />\nThe natural landscape can help cool a home and the site (including driveways, pathways, and entranceways). For example, using trees and other vegetation to shade paved areas can protect the area from unwanted solar heat gain. Incorporating trees and plants for shade also decreases surface and air temperature, increases comfort, and connects people to the natural environment (see Biophilic Design and Energy-Efficient Landscaping).[8]<br />\nExamples<br />\nNew York State Energy and Research Development Authority: Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces<br />\nThis study used a regional climate model in combination with observed meteorological, satellite, and GIS data to determine the impact of urban forestry, living (green) roofs, and light-colored surfaces on near-surface air temperature and the urban heat island effect in New York City. Findings showed that among the single-strategy scenarios, light surfaces, light roofs, and living roofs can potentially reduce the summer peak electric load more than the other strategies.<br />\nUrban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region<br />\nThis research project focused on the analysis of the urban heat island effect in the greater Camden region and on mitigation strategies for the urban heat island in the city of Camden and adjoining communities. Mitigation strategies for the urban heat island effect included increased urban vegetation and lighter-colored surfacing.<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Reduces energy demand and lowers utility costs.<br />\nImproves water quality by reducing the surface temperature of stormwater runoff and protecting aquatic life.[9]<br />\nImproves air quality, as decreased energy demand results in decreased air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.<br />\nImproves aesthetics with an increase of trees and vegetation along with a reduction of large paved spaces.<br />\nImproves health and comfort by reducing the heat island effect.[10]<br />\nIncreases the solar reflectance of roads, enhancing road visibility and reducing the electricity required for street lighting at night.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of any pavement application varies by region, the contractor, the time of year, materials, accessibility of the site, local availability of materials, underlying soils, size of the project, expected traffic, and the desired life of the pavement. Although the cost of these materials varies based on the factors listed above, an estimated cost range for a standard concrete installation is $4.00–$5.00/square foot, while a standard asphalt installation costs $3.00–$3.25/square foot.[11] However, concrete has an estimated service of 15-35 years, while conventional asphalt’s service life is about 7-20 years.[12]  High reflectance concrete pavers are comparable in price to darker colored concrete pavers. For cost information for shading (see Tree Protection and Placement).<br />\nThere are also cost savings associated with mitigating the urban heat island effect. For every 1°F increase in air temperature, electricity demand for cooling grows by 1.5-2%.[13] Densely populated urban areas are often 2 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit higher than surrounding suburban and undeveloped areas; this translates to an increase in cooling demand ranging between 3.5-15.75%.[14] Project teams that want to use high reflectance pavements as part of a heat island mitigation program may find it hard to estimate the net costs or benefits based on temperature reduction alone. The highest overall value may result when multiple benefits, such as improved stormwater management and water quality, are also factored into the evaluation of a paving project. For more in-depth cost-benefit analysis of various urban heat island mitigation scenarios using high reflectance hardscape materials and shading see Section 6 of the New York State Energy and Research Development Authority’s Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nHigh reflectance hardscape materials contribute to resiliency through their reduction of the heat island effect, especially during severe heat waves or power outages, when vulnerable populations are at risk from heat-related illnesses, and air-conditioning demands put additional stress on an outdated and overtaxed electricity grid.<br />\n[1] Portland Cement Association. “Heat Island Reduction.” http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[2] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Heat Island Group. “Cool Pavements.” https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements  (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[3] NJ DEP. “Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region.” http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/urbanheat.pdf (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[4] Berkeley Labs. Cool Pavements. https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements (accessed May 14, 2018).<br />\n[5] Berkeley Labs. Cool Pavements. https://heatisland.lbl.gov/coolscience/cool-pavements (accessed May 14, 2018).<br />\n[6] Portland Cement Association. “Heat Island Reduction.” http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Heat-Island-Reduction.aspx (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[7] Portland Cement Association. “Hardscape &amp; Pavers – Permeable Pavement and Surfaces.” http://www.concretethinker.com/applications/Hardscape-Pavers.aspx  (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[8] US EPA. “Heat Island Effect: Using Trees and Vegetation to Reduce Heat Islands.” https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/using-trees-and-vegetation-reduce-heat-islands  (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[9] US EPA. “Heat Island Impacts.” https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts  (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[10] US EPA.  “Climate Change Indicators in the United States: Heat-Related Deaths.” Updated August 2016 https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/print_heat-deaths-2016.pdf  pg. 1 (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[11] Costs provided by two of the significant asphalt and concrete suppliers in NJ (May 14, 2018).<br />\n[12] US EPA. “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies: Cool Pavements,” https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-05/documents/reducing_urban_heat_islands_ch_5.pdf. (accessed March 22, 2018)<br />\n[13] US EPA. “Heat Island Impacts.” https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts (accessed March 22, 2018).<br />\n[14] Rutgers Center for Green Building. “CAP Project.” http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/ (accessed March 22, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Biophilic Design<br />\nCool Roofs<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Landscaping<br />\nTree Protection and Placement<br />\nPervious Hardscape Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Berkeley Lab Heat Island Group<br />\nUS EPA</p>\n<p>Cool Pavements<br />\nHeat Island Effect</p>\n<p>NJ DEP Urban Heat Island and Climate Change: An Assessment of Interacting and Possible Adaptations in the Camden, New Jersey Region<br />\nNew York State Energy and Research Development Authority’s Mitigating New York City’s Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(5544,1428,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:29:40'),(5545,1428,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(5546,1428,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(5547,1428,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(5548,1428,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(5549,1428,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(5550,1428,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(5551,1428,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(5552,1428,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(5553,1428,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(5554,1428,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(5555,1428,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(5556,1428,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(5557,1428,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(5558,1428,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(5559,1428,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(5595,281,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Concrete pavers (Source: Queens Botanical Garden)'),(5599,1428,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(5603,1433,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(5604,1433,'_edit_last','2'),(5605,1433,'_edit_lock','1649701416:3'),(5606,1433,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(5607,1433,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(5608,1433,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(5609,1433,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1433\" /]'),(5610,1433,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(5611,1433,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(5612,1433,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(5613,1433,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(5614,1433,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Light Pollution Reduction</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Light Pollution?<br />\nLight pollution refers to noticeable artificial light at night (ALAN), an unwelcome by-product of excessive outdoor lighting, especially vertical illuminance that includes such effects as skyglow, the brightening of the night sky, light trespass, the spilling of light beyond a property or intended lighting boundary, and glare, the obtrusive brightness of light viewed against an unlit background.[1] The residential building sector contributes to light pollution through a variety of sources, including architectural and landscape lighting, interior nighttime lighting, and security lighting.<br />\nThe following includes a list of several negative impacts of light pollution.</p>\n<p>Interferes with wildlife migratory and breeding patterns, impacting nighttime ecosystems and biodiversity.[2]<br />\nWastes energy and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.<br />\nLeads to glare issues and unsafe driving conditions, particularly for older motorists.<br />\nImpacts human metabolism and disrupts sleep through constant exposure to artificial light, particularly light from the blue end of the spectrum.[3]<br />\nReduces ability to view stars and interferes with astronomical observatories. [4]<br />\nCauses a nuisance to neighboring properties by casting unwanted nighttime glare into windows.</p></div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to reduce light pollution?<br />\nThe first steps to reducing light pollution are to evaluate the outdoor lighting requirements of your residence (i.e., aesthetics, security, or utility), to eliminate unnecessary lighting, and to strategically place energy-efficient lighting and controls to meet the remaining lighting requirements (see High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls).<br />\nDownlighting refers to a lighting strategy that directs light down and only lights the predetermined area; therefore reducing light pollution. Technologies to reduce light pollution also include full cutoff luminaires, low-reflectance surfaces, and low-angle spotlights.3 Cutoff luminaires have no direct uplight, help eliminate glare, and efficiently direct lighting down to the predetermined area.<br />\nGeneral guidelines for efficient outdoor lighting include:</p>\n<p>Consider location and surrounding areas during the lighting design, and select luminaires, locations, and orientations that minimize light trespass onto adjacent properties.<br />\nReplace traditional HIDs (high-intensity discharge) luminaires and lamps, including high-pressure sodium and metal halide lamps, with EnergyStar certified outdoor LEDs.<br />\nConsider installing solar powered outdoor LED lights for outdoor pathways.<br />\nAim floodlight angles low so that the entire beam falls within the intended lighted area and direct light downward whenever possible.<br />\nUse well-shielded luminaires and lamps, and other control devices when up-lighting is required to maximize the efficiency of the light source (e.g., reflectors, deflectors, and covers).<br />\nCouple outdoor lightings systems, with lighting controls such as motion detectors, photosensors, and schedule controls, to enhance an energy efficiency and security.<br />\nAdjust timers to the minimum period necessary and dim or switch lights off when not needed to save energy and cut electric bills.<br />\nPlan for backup power for critical lighting needs during a power outage, such as emergency and night-time lighting (see Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation).<br />\nCommission and regularly re-commission all lighting systems and controls to optimize performance and energy savings.</p>\n<p>For project specific advice, consult the Illuminating Engineering Society’s lighting design guides, which provide lighting professionals with standards and recommended best practices for a variety of lighting applications.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nEfficient outdoor lighting design helps to reduce light pollution, and its associated adverse effects including wasted energy reduced nighttime visibility for astronomers and scientists, disruption of nocturnal wildlife and ecology, and impacts on human health and well-being.[5]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe costs of implementing lighting designs and technologies that reduce light pollution vary depending on the selection of lighting sources, fixtures, and controls. Effective and efficient outdoor lighting solutions are not always the least expensive option, but as with any comprehensive cost evaluation, operating costs, including energy savings, lifetime performance, and maintenance, are essential factors to consider.[6] Check the New Jersey Office of Clean Energy for available incentives.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nReducing light pollution provides energy savings and reduces reliance and stress on the electricity grid. Outdoor lighting designs that supplement solar-powered LED lighting technologies for a portion of regular lighting requirements (e.g., pedestrian pathways) and plan for backup power for critical lighting needs further reduce stress on the grid, especially in the event of a power outage.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] The Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/transportation/pdf/lightPollution/Seminarpresentation.pdf (accessed October 22, 2018).<br />\n[2] Gaston KJ, Visser ME, Ho ̈lker F. 2015 The biological impacts of artificial light at night: the research challenge. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 370: 20140133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0133 (accessed Dec 19, 2018).<br />\n[3] Illuminating Engineering Society, International Dark Sky Association.  Model Lighting Ordinance. http://darksky.org/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/16_MLO_FINAL_JUNE2011.PDF (accessed October 22, 2018)<br />\n[4] Cornell University, Astronomy Department. 2018. “Ask an Astronomer: How does light pollution affect astronomers?” http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/116-observational-astronomy/stargazing/professional-observers/712-how-does-light-pollution-affect-astronomers-intermediate (accessed Dec 20, 2018).<br />\n3 LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/LEED%20v4%20BDC_07.2.18_current.pdf  (accessed Oct. 22, 2018).<br />\n[5] International Dark-Sky Association. Light Pollution. http://darksky.org/light-pollution/  (accessed October 22, 2018).<br />\n[6] Illuminating Engineering Society. IES Lighting Handbook, 10th Edition. https://www.ies.org/handbook/DiLaura/Introduction%20to%20the%20IES%20Handbook%20PDF.pdf  (accessed October 22, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Illuminating Engineering Society<br />\nInternational Dark-Sky Association<br />\nLighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute<br />\nLoss of the Night Network<br />\nNJ Astronomical Association</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(5615,1433,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:29:40'),(5616,1433,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(5617,1433,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(5618,1433,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(5619,1433,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(5620,1433,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(5621,1433,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(5622,1433,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(5623,1433,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(5624,1433,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(5625,1433,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(5626,1433,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(5627,1433,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(5628,1433,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(5629,1433,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(5630,1433,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(5631,1433,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(5666,326,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1: Effects of light pollution (Source: Florida Atlantic University)'),(5671,1433,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(5675,1437,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(5676,1437,'_edit_last','2'),(5677,1437,'_edit_lock','1649703060:3'),(5678,1437,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(5679,1437,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(5680,1437,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(5681,1437,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1437\" /]'),(5682,1437,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(5683,1437,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(5684,1437,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(5685,1437,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(5686,1437,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_12 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Native and Adapted Plants</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_13 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_8\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_12  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_24  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Native and Adapted Plants?<br />\nNative plant species thrive naturally in a particular region, ecosystem or habitat without direct or indirect human actions.[1] Adapted plants have evolved to the physical conditions such as soil, climate, and geology of a site but were not formally part of the natural ecosystem.[2] Invasive plants grow quickly and aggressively, often displacing native plants and adversely impacting native wildlife, local food sources, and pollination.[3]<br />\nLandscaping with plants that are native and adapted to the Mid-Atlantic geographic region nurtures a diverse and healthy ecosystem and saves time and maintenance costs. Diverse native habitats resist disease, reduce the need for synthetic pesticides,  increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife, reduce stormwater runoff and mitigate flooding,  and provide an alternative to the time-consuming, energy-intensive, and water-inefficient practices of lawn and turf care (see Turf Grass Reduction).</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_25  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_26  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Incorporate Native and Adapted Plants</p>\n<p>Assess existing site conditions: Is the site sunny or shaded? Flat or sloped? Is soil tight (clay) or loose (sand)? Drainage (quick or slow)? What is the existing vegetation on the site?<br />\nResearch local nurseries that specialize in native plants and contact nurseries in advance to obtain availability lists.<br />\nChoose plants appropriate for the site conditions. The Native Plant Society of New Jersey provides a list of NJ native plants by County.<br />\nsee sample list below and Resources for a list of NJ native plants by County and native plant database).<br />\nSite preparation: minimize disturbance to the natural landscape, test the soil, and amend the soil with compost when necessary.<br />\nInstall plants and water regularly until established.<br />\nCreate and implement a long-term land management plan for maintenance, including integrated pest management (see Integrated Pest Management).</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nIncorporating native and adapted plants:</p>\n<p>Reduces the amount of water used in landscaping (see Water-Efficient Landscaping).<br />\nReduces use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which contaminate water from runoff and pose a threat to humans, pets and the environment.<br />\nIncreases wildlife habitat and biodiversity.<br />\nReduces stormwater runoff and improves stormwater quality (replacing lawns and turf with natural vegetation maximizes stormwater absorption).<br />\nReduces the amount of landscape waste often generated from routine maintenance of a manicured landscape.<br />\nIncreases appreciation for regional, natural resources and sense of place.<br />\nSaves maintenance cost (once established, native plants can be less costly to maintain than some non-native landscapes).</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nAll landscapes require regular maintenance and a long-term maintenance plan. The cost of maintaining any landscape depends on the type of plants and the expectations for that landscape. Once established, native landscape maintenance costs may be lower than some non-native landscapes.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, native and adapted plants act as an essential buffer to encroaching water during flood periods while acting as a routine defense against beach erosion.  For example, American Beachgrass considered one of the best lines of shoreline defense against storms, may also help prevent increasing levels of brackish water from infiltrating water tables close to a salt-water body.[4] In general, the root systems of native plants can reduce runoff and mitigate flooding.[5] In the event of droughts, water-efficient landscapes designed with native and adapted plants add layers of protection against water scarcity. Native plants also increase biodiversity and provide habitat for native wildlife necessary for a healthy and resilient ecosystem that can better rebound after a disturbance.[6]<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Audubon. Plant Natives. http://web4.audubon.org/bird/at_home/PlantNativeSpecies.html (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[2] Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2010. National Park Service and U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service. “Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas.”  Washington, D.C. http://www.nyis.info/user_uploads/files/Plant%20Invaders%20of%20Mid-Atlantic.pdf (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[3] PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.  “Invasive Plants” http://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/Pages/default.aspx  (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[4] Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. StormSmart Properties Fact Sheet 1: Artificial Dunes and Dune Nourishment.  http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-1-dunes.html (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[5] USDA Forest Service. Native Gardening. https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/Native_Plant_Materials/Native_Gardening/index.shtml (accessed November 9, 2018).<br />\n[6] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Why Native Plants. https://www.wildflower.org/about/why-native-plants (accessed November 4, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_13  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_27  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Integrated Pest Management<br />\nTurf Grass Reduction<br />\nWater-Efficient Landscaping</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_28  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Center for Urban Restoration Ecology – A Collaboration between Rutgers University and Brooklyn Botanic Garden<br />\nGreen Values Stormwater Toolbox<br />\nLandscape for Life<br />\nNative Plant Database<br />\nThe Native Plant Society of New Jersey<br />\nRutgers – New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station – Incorporating Native Plants<br />\nPlant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas<br />\nSustainable Sites Initiative<br />\nUSDA and NRCS Aberdeen Plant Materials Center – Plants for Riparian Buffers<br />\nUSDA Natural Resource Conservation Service<br />\nUS EPA Greenscapes</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_14 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_9\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_14  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_4\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1438\" /></span>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(5687,1437,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:29:10'),(5688,1437,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(5689,1437,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(5690,1437,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(5691,1437,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(5692,1437,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(5693,1437,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(5694,1437,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(5695,1437,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(5696,1437,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(5697,1437,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(5698,1437,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(5699,1437,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(5700,1437,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(5701,1437,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(5702,1437,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(5703,1437,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(5705,1437,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(5738,1438,'_wp_attached_file','2022/04/download-1.png'),(5739,1438,'_wp_attachment_metadata','a:5:{s:5:\"width\";i:16;s:6:\"height\";i:16;s:4:\"file\";s:22:\"2022/04/download-1.png\";s:5:\"sizes\";a:0:{}s:10:\"image_meta\";a:12:{s:8:\"aperture\";s:1:\"0\";s:6:\"credit\";s:0:\"\";s:6:\"camera\";s:0:\"\";s:7:\"caption\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"created_timestamp\";s:1:\"0\";s:9:\"copyright\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"focal_length\";s:1:\"0\";s:3:\"iso\";s:1:\"0\";s:13:\"shutter_speed\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"title\";s:0:\"\";s:11:\"orientation\";s:1:\"0\";s:8:\"keywords\";a:0:{}}}'),(5740,24,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Example of a plant native to New Jersey – New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus (Source: US EPA)'),(5747,1443,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(5748,1443,'_edit_last','2'),(5749,1443,'_edit_lock','1649706368:3'),(5750,1443,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(5751,1443,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(5752,1443,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(5753,1443,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1443\" /]'),(5754,1443,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(5755,1443,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(5756,1443,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(5757,1443,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(5758,1443,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Pervious Hardscape Materials</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Pervious Hardscape Materials?<br />\nPervious paving systems absorb water, thus reducing or eliminating runoff. Pervious materials can be used in driveways, patios, walkways, parking spaces, and recreational surfaces such as tennis and basketball courts.[1] The primary purpose for utilizing pervious materials is to avoid the environmental damages associated with impervious surfaces. For example, impervious surfaces cause stormwater runoff, which can result in pollution and contamination of nearby water bodies and surrounding habitats.[2]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Green Infrastructure refers to stormwater management practices, such as pervious hardscape materials, that capture, filter, absorb, and reuse stormwater, restoring the natural water cycle, reducing stormwater runoff, promoting infiltration, and enhancing evapotranspiration (see Rain Barrels and Vegetated Roofs).[3] Pervious surfaces include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, interlocking concrete pavers, and grid pavers for use in low traffic areas, parking areas, and walking paths.<br />\nThere are several types of pervious hardscapes (see Table 1). The basic components of pervious surfaces are:[4]</p>\n<p>Uncompacted subgrade (original, undistrubed soil)<br />\nBase layer/filter fabric/geotextile<br />\nUniform crushed stone base<br />\nPorous layer (pavement/paver/brick/stone)</p>\n<p>Table 1- Types of Pervious Materials[5][6]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Pervious Hardscape Materials<br />\nReview municipal regulations to determine whether the use of pervious hardscape materials is permissible at a development site. It may also be appropriate to discuss the use of pervious paving materials with local officials and Soil Conservation Districts.<br />\nPervious pavers have to be properly installed to maximize the system’s ability to absorb water. In addition to water collection, the base must also have adequate storage capacity. For most applications, open-graded crushed stone is utilized as a base material.[7]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Example<br />\nThe BASF Near-Zero Energy Home, Paterson, NJ<br />\nThis high-performance home, which serves as a model for the City of Paterson’s ongoing effort to build 3,000 units of affordable housing, has a driveway constructed with interlocking concrete pavers.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nUsing pervious hardscape materials:</p>\n<p>Reduces storm water runoff and prevents storm water from polluting local waterways (see Rain Gardens).<br />\nHelps eliminate soil erosion and contamination caused by runoff.<br />\nMitigates heat island effect.<br />\nReduces material replacement costs and resource use through generally lasting longer than traditional impervious surfaces such as asphalt, and generally requiring less maintenance.<br />\nReduces need to allocate land for detention ponds and drainage detention basins.<br />\nHelps recharge natural aquifers and groundwater systems.<br />\nMinimizes strain on water treatment plants during heavy storms and rainfall, thus reducing the possibility of overflowing and pumping of raw sewage into natural water bodies.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nCosts for pervious hardscape materials will vary substantially by project. Final costs are influenced largely by the size of the project, labor expenses, and the type of material being used.  Cost comparisons for paving materials can be misleading. For example, on average, asphalt costs between $3.00 – $4.00 per square foot (depending on quality) but needs additional stormwater management systems installed, whereas pervious paving systems incorporate stormwater management. A more accurate cost comparison takes stormwater management costs into consideration. When stormwater management costs are added to asphalt, for example, the cost is between $7 and $15 per square foot.[8] Grass/gravel pavers typically cost between $3.00 and $10.00 per square foot. Interlocking concrete pavers cost between $6.00 and $15.00 per square foot and porous concrete cost ranges from $4.00 to $6.00 per square foot.[9] [10] While these types of materials may initially cost more than conventional asphalt, their lifespan is significantly longer, due to the higher durability inherent in concrete.  This in turn makes long term maintenance costs lower, due to the infrequency of major repairs and replacement.[11]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nGreen infrastructure, such as pervious hardscape materials, integrates resilient and green design to complement and reduce reliance on traditional “grey” infrastructure. For example, pervious hardscape materials help to increase stormwater infiltration, reducing stress on municipal sewer systems during heavy rain events, and help to recharge groundwater, during periods of drought.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] NJ DEP. Standard for Pervious Paving Systems http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf  (accessed April 15, 2018).<br />\n[2] LEED. “Ready Mixed Concrete Reference Guide” P. 16.<br />\nhttp://www.nrmca.org/greenconcrete/LEED_reference_guide_2009_3rd-edition.pdf (Accessed April 15, 2018).<br />\n[3] Rutgers NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual for New Jersey http://water.rutgers.edu/GreenInfrastructureGuidanceManual.html (accessed April 2, 2018).<br />\n[4] NJ DEP. Standard for Pervious Paving Systems<br />\nhttp://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf<br />\n[5] UC Davis, National Center for Sustainable Transportation. “The Application of Permeable Pavement with Emphasis on Successful Design, Water Quality Benefits, and Identification of Knowledge and Data Gaps.” https://ncst.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/09-30-2015-NCST-SR-Permeable-Pavement-FINALv5.pdf  (accessed April 15, 2018).<br />\n[6] Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute https://www.icpi.org/paving-systems/concrete-pavers/installation (accessed April 15, 2018).<br />\n[7] NJ DEP. Standard for Pervious Paving Systems http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.7.pdf  (accessed April 15, 2018).<br />\n[8] Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.” https://cbtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Permeable-Pavement_Fact-Sheet-and-Guidelines.pdf (accessed March 24, 2018).<br />\n[9] Homeadvisor.com. https://www.homeadvisor.com/cost/outdoor-living/install-asphalt-paving/   (accessed March 24, 2018).<br />\n[10] Improvenet.com.  https://www.improvenet.com/r/costs-and-prices/driveway-pavers (accessed March 24, 2018).<br />\n[11] Prince George’s County Department of the Environment. “Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.”</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Rain Barrels and Cisterns<br />\nRain Gardens<br />\nVegetated Roofs</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Permeable Pavements<br />\nNJ DEP</p>\n<p>Green Infrastructure<br />\nStormwater Management</p>\n<p>NJ Developers’ Green Infrastructure Guide<br />\nUS EPA</p>\n<p>Community Solutions for Storm Water Management<br />\nGreen Infrastructure<br />\nGreen Infrastructure Wizard</p>\n<p>Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute<br />\nLandscape Architecture Foundation<br />\nNAHB Research Center – Low Impact Development (LID) for Storm Water Management<br />\nRutgers Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program – Green Infrastructure<br />\nLandscape for Life<br />\nThe Sustainable Sites Initiative</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_0\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img width=\"16\" height=\"16\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1438\" /></span>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(5759,1443,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-11 13:30:46'),(5760,1443,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(5761,1443,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(5762,1443,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(5763,1443,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(5764,1443,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(5765,1443,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(5766,1443,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(5767,1443,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(5768,1443,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(5769,1443,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(5770,1443,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(5771,1443,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(5772,1443,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(5773,1443,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(5774,1443,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(5775,1443,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(5776,1443,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(5810,352,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1- Schematic layer design of pervious hardscape, concrete pavers. (Source: Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2010)'),(5811,431,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','NR-Pervious-Hardscape-Materials-Table-1'),(5812,72,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2- Typical construction of pervious surfaces (Source: NJ DEP – Standard for Pervious Paving Systems)'),(5820,1449,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(5821,1449,'_edit_last','2'),(5822,1449,'_edit_lock','1649706705:3'),(5823,1449,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(5824,1449,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(5825,1449,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(5826,1449,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"1449\" /]'),(5827,1449,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(5828,1449,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(5829,1449,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(5830,1449,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(5831,1449,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Soil Test</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_6\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_19  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is a Soil Test?<br />\nA soil test refers to the technical analysis of a soil sample that provides information about nutrient content, soil pH, soil composition, and levels of contaminants such as lead.<br />\nDifferent plants and landscapes have different soil requirements. The results of a soil test help to guide decisions about soil amendments, plant selection, landscape design, and water management (see Native and Adapted Plants, Water-Efficient Landscape Design, Edible Landscaping, and Wildlife Habitat).<br />\nContaminants, including lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and copper, are often found in soils in urban areas, on former industrial or commercial sites, and sometimes on lands previously used for orchards (see Brownfield and Infill Sites). Toxins may be absorbed directly through ingestion (a particular hazard for children) or indirectly through consumption of foods grown in the contaminated soil. Employ safe gardening practices and techniques for soil remediation to reduce risk.[1] For more information on soil remediation techniques see Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_20  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_21  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement a Soil Test<br />\nSoil sample kits are available for purchase from the local Rutgers Cooperative Extension county office, garden centers, or online. Alternately, mail collected samples to the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station’s (NJAES) Soil Testing Laboratory. Follow the correct procedures for collecting soil to achieve accurate results.[2]<br />\nConduct soil tests every 2 to 3 years in the spring or fall before fertilization and avoiding wet conditions. For lawn care, conduct sampling in the summer to prepare for fertilization in the fall.<br />\nUse a sampling probe, trowel, or spade to collect ten to fifteen cores or slices of soil six inches in length from the surface in the test area. Mix all of the soil samples in a bucket and put two cups into a plastic bag. Send a sample to a soil sample laboratory for testing.<br />\nInterpreting the Soil Test<br />\nA basic soil fertility test comes with recommendations for nutrient applications from the local extension office. Consider organic alternatives to synthetic or chemical fertilizers. For example, ashes from a fireplace or wood stove can raise the pH of soil instead of lime. Compost can increase the organic matter in the soil, decreasing the need to add fertilizer.[3]<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Optimize plant health and beauty – Too much or too little of any nutrient can harm plant growth. Conducting a soil test identifies appropriate nutrient applications.<br />\nSave money – Soil tests save money in the long run by the preventing purchase of unnecessary chemicals.<br />\nProtect natural resources and habitat health – Eliminating unnecessary applications of harmful pesticides or fertilizers protects environmental and human health.<br />\nProtect human health – Soil tests can help identify harmful toxins or contaminants in the soil and inform decisions about locating plants (particularly edible plants) and/or the need for soil remediation.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThere are multiple kinds of soil tests. A fertility test from NJAES that measures nutrient and pH levels includes recommendations and costs $20. Lead screening tests cost an additional $20. Many other tests are available measuring everything from organic matter content to soil textural class to soluble salt levels. These tests range from $17 to $138. Contact the local Rutgers Cooperative Extension office to determine what tests are appropriate for a particular project.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nHealthy soil supports ecological resilience by increasing the biological diversity of plants and animals in a given area, which in turn, enhances the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance. Soil testing, especially for homes located in coastal areas, tidal estuaries and along rivers, helps to determine which plants are best suited to act as a buffer to encroaching water during flood periods and to provide defense against erosion.  Soil tests also help inform decision making about the location of edible plants, which can be a resource during emergencies.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Bellows, Anne C., Katherine Brown and Jac Smit. 2003. Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture. https://community-wealth.org/content/health-benefits-urban-agriculture  (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[2] Heckman, Joseph R., Susan Lance-Scibilia and Stephanie Murphy. 2004. Soil Testing for Home Lawns and Garden. Rutgers Cooperative Research and Extension. https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs797/  (accessed April 10, 2018).<br />\n[3] University of Massachusetts Extension, Agricultural Engineering – Vegetable Program. Compost Analysis and Interpretation. https://ag.umass.edu/sites/ag.umass.edu/files/fact-sheets/pdf/compost_analysis_and_interpretation_with_test.pdf (accessed April 10, 2018)</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_22  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Brownfield and Infill Sites<br />\nEdible Landscaping<br />\nNative and Adapted Plants<br />\nWater-Efficient Landscaping<br />\nWildlife Habitat</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_23  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Landscape for Life<br />\nRutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station</p>\n<p>Cooperative Extension County Offices <br />\nSoil Testing Laboratory<br />\nSoil Fertility Test Interpretation – Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, and Calcium</p>\n<p>Rutgers: If Plants Could Talk<br />\nSoil Science Society of America</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_7\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_3\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-1.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1438\" /></span>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(5832,1449,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-06-15 21:29:10'),(5833,1449,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(5834,1449,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(5835,1449,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(5836,1449,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(5837,1449,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(5838,1449,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(5839,1449,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),