(10142,2018,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10143,2018,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">On-site Alternative Water Reuse</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is On-site Alternative Water Reuse?<br />\nOn-site alternative water reuse intentionally captures, treats, and utilizes stormwater, graywater, and wastewater for reuse at the building site. Stormwater includes precipitation such as rainfall and snowmelt. Graywater (also spelled gray water, greywater and grey water) refers to untreated water from bathroom sinks, laundry, and bathing and does not include water contaminated with toilet waste, food and grease content from kitchen sinks, or dishwasher soap residue.[1] Graywater is of lesser quality than potable (drinking) water but of higher quality than blackwater, which in New Jersey refers to wastewater from water closets, toilets, and urinals.[2] Potential sources of onsite alternative water include rainwater, treated graywater and blackwater, condensate from air conditioners, reject water from water treatment systems, and cooling equipment blowdown.[3] Figure 1 shows examples of end-uses for onsite alternative water reuse such as irrigation, cooling tower make-up water, and toilet and urinal flushing.</p>\n<p>How to Implement On-site Alternative Water Reuse<br />\nImplementing on-site alternative water reuse starts with water conservation and includes identifying and evaluating opportunities to substitute or supplement potable water use with on-site alternative water sources based on the water quality and treatment requirements of the intended end-uses, and the feasibility of capturing and delivering alternative water sources to those end-uses (see Indoor Water Conservation).<br />\nHarvest and filter rainwater from rooftops to supplement or replace landscape irrigation and toilet and urinal flushing (see Emergency Water Supply and Storage and Site and Stormwater Management).[4] Rainwater that flows over parking lots and impervious hardscapes and filtered by rain gardens or captured by retention ponds also provides an alternative water source for landscape irrigation.<br />\nCapture graywater from fixtures and appliances by designating separate drain lines, storage units, and pumps to deliver graywater to desired locations. Graywater used for subsurface irrigation of trees, shrubs, and flower gardens requires filtering to remove suspended solids. Indoor uses for graywater such as toilet and urinal flushing, or above-ground irrigation for turf grass or edible gardens often require additional treatment through natural, mechanical or chemical applications.[5] Treatment systems include engineered systems, tailored to specific projects, and packaged systems designed to fit a wide range of project applications.[6]<br />\nReuse wastewater from building applications and processes for use in another onsite applications. For example, use condensate from air conditioners for cooling tower make-up water or subsurface irrigation. Use water rejected from water treatment systems for a range of end-uses that do not require potable water such as toilet and urinal flushing, cooling tower make-up water, above-ground irrigation, and decorative water features.[7]<br />\nBlackwater treatment systems require a higher level of treatment to bring recycled water to acceptable standards for reuse. Constructed wetlands use a combination of plants, snails, clams, algae, and fish to filter and break down compounds in blackwater. Commercial treatment systems may include sedimentation, membrane filtration or UV sterilization. Composting toilets provide another way to reduce potable water use and reduce the need for wastewater treatment.<br />\nHire certified professionals familiar with the design, construction, and maintenance of onsite alternative water reuse systems. Review local ordinances, permitting requirements, and plumbing codes.<br />\nThe International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials Green Plumbing &amp; Mechanical Code Supplement provides guidance on implementing onsite alternative water reuse for non-potable end-uses.<br />\nThe NSF International/American National Standards Institute (NSF/ANSI) 350, Onsite Residential and Commercial Reuse Treatment Systems establishes design, construction and performance requirements for onsite alternative reuse systems.<br />\nExample<br />\nThe Solaire, New York City<br />\nThe Solaire, a LEED Gold certified residential high-rise building in Battery Park completed in 2003 offers examples of onsite alternative water reuse and wastewater treatment technologies applicable to new commercial buildings. Indoor water conservation measures include low-flow fixtures, toilets, and appliances that reduce potable water use by 43%. The building’s onsite wastewater treatment plant utilizes digestion, membrane filtration, and ultraviolet disinfection to processes 30,000 gallons of blackwater each day and reuses it as cooling water for two on-site cooling towers and to flush toilets in both the Solaire and an adjacent building, the Verdesian. The Solaire’s vegetated roof helps manage stormwater and diverts excess stormwater runoff to a 10,000-gallon basement water storage tank that stores the water for later use by the vegetated roofs drip irrigation system.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nOn-0site alternative water reuse reduces potable water use and the reliance on surface water, groundwater, and reclaimed water purchased from a third-party.[8] Harvesting rainwater can reduce stormwater runoff, flooding, and pollution. Graywater and blackwater reuse reduces the strain on municipal water and wastewater treatment plants. Compared to potable water, recycled water used for irrigation often contains higher levels of nutrients, such as nitrogen, that lessens the need for synthetic fertilizers. Onsite alternative water reuse reduces the energy required to transport water or pump water from deep underground sources. Using recycled water for applications that do not require water treated to potable or drinkable water quality standards saves energy and money by reducing treatment requirements.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and onsite alternative water use technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.[9] Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods. As on-site alternative water technologies evolve, and costs decline, and water shortages and water quality issues become more common, the resiliency benefits of a local and reliable water resource on reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, can offset the incremental costs. [10]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nUsing on-site alternative water resources enhances resiliency by utilizing safe, reliable, redundant and locally controlled water supplies, by reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity, and by protecting sensitive, natural water bodies. Reducing potable water use reduces the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure (see Emergency Water Supply and Storage).[11] Many water pumps run on electricity, and without a source of backup power, fail to operate during power outages highlighting the importance of on-site alternative water sources and treatment options that cover all or part of onsite water use and wastewater treatment needs (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation). Compostable toilets also increase resiliency by continuing to operate during water shortages and by preventing sewage backups.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Alliance for Water Efficiency. 2018. Graywater Introduction. http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx (accessed Nov 15, 2018).<br />\n[2] NJ DEP. Division of Water Quality. Standards for Individual Subsurface Sewage Disposal Systems. www.state.nj.us/dep/dwq/pdf/njac79a.pdf (accessed October 22, 2018).<br />\n[3] US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf (accessed Nov 14, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf (accessed Nov 14, 2018).<br />\n[5] US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf (accessed Nov 14, 2018).<br />\n[6] Alliance for Water Efficiency. 2018. Graywater Introduction. http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/graywater-introduction.aspx (accessed Nov 15, 2018).<br />\n[7] US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf (accessed Nov 14, 2018).<br />\n[8] US EPA. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf (accessed Nov 14, 2018).<br />\n[9] Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[10] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[11] Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation (accessed Oct 26, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nEmergency Water Supply and Storage<br />\nIndoor Water Conservation<br />\nSite and Stormwater Management</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Alliance for Water Efficiency<br />\nThe Center for Resilience<br />\nNew Jersey Department of Environmental Protection – Division of Water Quality<br />\nResilient Design Institute<br />\nRutgers University NJ Agricultural Experiment Station – Water Resources Program<br />\nWaterReuse<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Water Conservation</p>\n<p>US EPA</p>\n<p>WaterSense for Commercial Buildings<br />\nWater Conservation at EPA<br />\nWater Recycling</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10144,2018,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-09 14:52:10'),(10145,2018,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10147,2018,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10150,2018,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10151,2018,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10152,2018,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2018\" /]'),(10153,2018,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10154,2018,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10155,2018,'_thumbnail_id','291'),(10156,2018,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10157,2018,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10158,2018,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10161,2098,'_edit_last','2'),(10162,2098,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10163,2098,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10164,2098,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10165,2098,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10166,2098,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10167,2098,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10168,2098,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10169,2098,'_et_pb_first_image','');
INSERT INTO `wp_postmeta` VALUES (10170,2098,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">High-Efficiency Water Heaters</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are High-Efficiency Water Heaters?<br />\nHigh-efficiency water heaters provide an energy-efficient method of supplying domestic hot water in commercial buildings. Figure 1 shows several different types of water heaters, including storage, tankless, heat pump, solar, and tankless coil, and indirect water heaters.<br />\nConventional, storage water heaters hold hot water in a tank, while tankless water heaters only heat the water upon demand. Heat pump water heaters use electricity to transport heat from one source to another (e.g., air-source heat pumps, geothermal heat pumps) instead of providing heat for hot water directly (see Geothermal Heat Pumps).[1] Solar water heaters utilize the sun’s heat and tankless coil, and indirect water heaters use a building’s heating system to provide domestic hot water (see Solar Thermal Systems).<br />\nRecirculation pump systems are another energy-efficient water heating technology often used in commercial buildings. These systems use small pumps combined with a looped system of hot water piping to constantly recirculate hot water from a conventional tank to points of common usage such as faucets and save energy by heating water only on when needed.<br />\nTypical energy sources for high-efficiency water heaters include natural gas, propane, electricity, and solar. The availability and cost of any of these sources or combinations of these sources can dictate equipment and system selection along with other selection criteria including the building’s hot water requirements such as usage times, amount of water use, temperature range, and flow rates.<br />\nHow to Incorporate a High-Efficiency Water Heater<br />\nSelecting a high-efficiency water heater is part of a whole building water conservation strategy to reduce indoor water consumption by specifying water-efficient fixtures, equipment, systems, and processes (see Indoor Water Conservation). Work with experienced and knowledgeable commercial water heater professionals to navigate the marketplace of available high-efficiency water heaters to find the best water heater model or system to supply hot water reliably, while saving energy and costs.<br />\nFor example, natural gas tankless water heaters can be installed at a central location in the building or at a specific point of use, such as a bathroom or laundry room to supply hot water needs for that specific location. A large gas-fired unit installed at a central location supplies all the hot water needs for a small commercial facility. In contrast, installing several small, redundant water heaters offers flexibility in meeting varying levels of hot water demand (see Part-Load Efficiency).<br />\nCheck the New Jersey Office of Clean Energy for available incentives and consult the list of Energy Star qualifying products, available at the Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) or Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) online databases.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nHigh-efficiency water heaters use less energy than a standard water heater, primarily by taking less time to heat water, which in turn translates to fewer carbon emissions and lower utility bills.<br />\nCosts<br />\nHigh-efficiency water heaters have higher upfront costs than standard water heaters but provide long-term cost savings through reduced energy costs. The Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) purchasing guidelines for high-efficiency water heaters recommends purchasing an ENERGY STAR Certified commercial gas water heater if it is priced no more than $284 above the less efficient model.[2] Figure 2 compares three types of water heaters at varying levels of efficiency and calculates the lifetime cost savings associated with each model type.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nHigh-efficiency water heaters contribute to resiliency by decreasing energy consumption, including peak loads, which decreases reliance and stress on fuel sources and energy infrastructure.<br />\nAir-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Online Database<br />\nConsortium for Energy Efficiency Directory of Efficient Equipment<br />\nNJ’s Clean Energy Program<br />\n[1] US DOE. 2018. Heat Pump Water Heaters. https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v41#bdc (accessed January 24, 2019).<br />\n[2] US DOE Federal Energy Management Program. 2018. Purchasing Energy-Efficient Commercial Gas Water Heaters. https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/purchasing-energy-efficient-commercial-gas-water-heaters (accessed January 25, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Indoor Water Conservation<br />\nOn-Site Renewable Energy Systems<br />\nPart-Load Efficiency</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Online Database<br />\nConsortium for Energy Efficiency Directory of Efficient Equipment<br />\nNJ’s Clean Energy Program</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10171,2098,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-26 00:21:21'),(10172,2098,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10173,2098,'_edit_lock','1650646830:2'),(10175,2098,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10178,2098,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10179,2098,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10180,2098,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2098\" /]'),(10181,2098,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10182,2098,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10183,2098,'_thumbnail_id','42'),(10184,2098,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10185,2098,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10186,2098,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10189,2105,'_edit_lock','1650648656:2'),(10190,2105,'_edit_last','2'),(10191,2105,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10192,2105,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10193,2105,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10194,2105,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10195,2105,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10196,2105,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10197,2105,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10198,2105,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10199,2105,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Indoor Water Conservation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Indoor Water Conservation?<br />\nIndoor water conservation refers to building operations, occupant behaviors and water-efficient fixtures and appliances that help to reduce overall water consumption in a building. The commercial and industrial building sector uses large quantities of water, with office buildings representing 9% of water use.[1] Figure 1 shows that the three most significant areas for potential water savings in office buildings are restrooms, cooling and heating, and landscape irrigation.[2]<br />\nNew Jersey receives ample average rainfall of 45 inches per year, and the state’s geology supports the storage of large quantities of groundwater and surface water reservoirs. However, ongoing conservation efforts and water-efficient equipment upgrades can reduce the risk of water shortages and reduce costs associated with increasing population growth, aging water infrastructure, and climate change impacts such as droughts.[3]<br />\nIndoor water conservation generally addresses water use reductions in four areas:[4]</p>\n<p>Reducing water losses associated with leaks.<br />\nIncreasing the water efficiency of fixtures, equipment, systems, and processes.<br />\nEducating staff and occupants about water conservation to encourage water-saving behaviors.<br />\nReusing onsite wastewater for irrigation and non-potable uses.</p>\n<p>How to Implement Indoor Water Conservation<br />\nImplementing indoor water conservation depends on the functions of the building but typically includes:[5]</p>\n<p>Installing water meters and sub-meters and leak detection sensors to track water usage, find and fix leaks and equipment failures, and identify opportunities for water savings (see Smart Meters, and Smart Sensors and Controls).<br />\nSpecifying low-flow, WaterSense certified fixtures such as toilets, showers, faucets, and aerators, and energy-efficient, EnergyStar certified appliances, such as dishwashers and clothes washers, that also conserve water (see Energy Star Equipment and Plug Load).<br />\nProperly maintaining HVAC systems to minimize water used for cooling equipment, eliminating single-pass cooling, and optimizing boiler and steam systems by reusing excess steam.[6]<br />\nMinimizing irrigation or recovering wastewater for irrigation and uses that do not require potable water such as toilet and urinal flushing, and cooling tower make-up water (see Water Efficient Landscaping, Rain Barrels and Cisterns, On-Site Alternative Water Reuse).<br />\nEducating staff and occupants on water conservation efforts and procedures to ensure the proper use of water-saving equipment (e.g., instructions for dual flush toilets) and to help identify water saving opportunities (e.g., hotlines for leak reporting).[7]</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nUS EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings – Case Studies<br />\nThe US EPA WaterSense program provides case studies from across the country and within the commercial and industrial sector that document water efficiency efforts and best practices outlined in WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities including detailed descriptions of the project and associated water, energy and cost savings.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nIndoor water conservation reduces the strain on natural water resources and ensures future water supplies.[8] Water saving fixtures and appliances save money on water and energy bills without sacrificing performance, the latter savings due to the significant amount of energy often used to heat water.[9] For example, WaterSense certified fixtures and appliances save 20% more water than standard products.[10] EnergyStar certified commercial dishwashers use 40% less water and energy than standard models.[11] Indoor water conservation can also reduce the costs and the amount of energy required to treat, pump, and transport water and wastewater.[12]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe rising cost over the last decade of water and wastewater services can make minor investments in water conservation strategies and technologies cost-effective based on the savings alone from reduced water bills.[13] Factoring in savings from reduced energy bills further reduces payback periods.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIndoor water conservation enhances resiliency by reducing impacts from droughts and other instances of water scarcity. Water use reductions also decrease the reliance and stress on the entire municipal water infrastructure including groundwater pumping, and water and wastewater treatment and distribution, reducing the likelihood of system overload and failure.[14]<br />\n[1] US EPA WaterSense. 2018. Types of Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities (accessed Oct 25, 2018).<br />\n[2] US EPA WaterSense. 2012. Saving Water in Office Buildings. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-offices.pdf (accessed Oct 25, 2018).<br />\n[3] New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2017, New Jersey Water Supply Plan 2017-2022: 484p, http://www.nj.gov/dep/watersupply/wsp.html (accessed Oct 25, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA WaterSense. 2012. WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/watersense-at-work_final_508c3.pdf   (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[5] US EPA WaterSense. 2018. Types of Facilities. https://www.epa.gov/watersense/types-facilities (accessed Oct 25, 2018).<br />\n[6] US EPA. 2017. Water Management and Best Practices at EPA. https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/water-management-plans-and-best-practices-epa (accessed Oct 25, 2018).<br />\n[7] Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[8] NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience. 2018. The Case for Water Conservation in New Jersey. https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[9] US EPA WaterSense. 2012. Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities.<br />\nhttps://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/ws-commercial-factsheet-general-ci.pdf  (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[10] US EPA WaterSense. 2017. Statistics and Facts: WaterSense and Water Savings. https://www.epa.gov/watersense/statistics-and-facts (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[11] US DOE EnergyStar. 2018. Dishwashers. https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/dishwashers (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[12] NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience. 2018. The Case for Water Conservation in New Jersey. https://www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/conserve.htm (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[13] Joseph Bourg. 2016. Water Conservation. Whole Building Design Guide – A Program of the National Institute of Building Science. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/water-conservation (accessed Oct 26, 2018).<br />\n[14] Ibid.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>EnergyStar Equipment and Plugload<br />\nOn-Site Alternative Water Reuse<br />\nSite and Stormwater Management<br />\nSmart Meters<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>NJ DEP Division of Water Supply and Geoscience<br />\nNJ DEP Creating Sustainable Communities – Indoor Water Conservation<br />\nNJ WaterSavers<br />\nUS EPA WaterSense for Commercial Buildings<br />\nUS EPA – Water Conservation at EPA<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide (WBDG) – Water Conservation</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10200,2105,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-26 00:21:21'),(10201,2105,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10203,2105,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10206,2105,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10207,2105,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10208,2105,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2105\" /]'),(10209,2105,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10210,2105,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10212,2105,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10213,2105,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10214,2105,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10218,2112,'_edit_last','2'),(10219,2112,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10220,2112,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10221,2112,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10222,2112,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10223,2112,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10224,2112,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10225,2112,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10226,2112,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10227,2112,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Construction and Demolition (C&amp;D) Waste?<br />\nConstruction and demolition (C&amp;D) waste consists of the debris generated during the construction, renovation, and demolition of buildings. C&amp;D waste often contains bulky, heavy materials, such as concrete, wood, metals, glass, and salvaged building components.[1] Demolition accounts for more than 90% of C&amp;D waste and construction represent less than 10%[2]; therefore, the concept of deconstruction is also essential to consider. Deconstruction is the practice of disassembling a building to salvage materials (joists, flooring, siding, fixtures) reused for new construction.[3] Carefully dismantling a structure with the intent of reusing materials extends the useful life of the material and requires less energy and raw materials and produces less pollution than discarding or even recycling materials.<br />\nThe disposal of C&amp;D waste contributes to environmental concerns including wasted materials and embodied energy, greenhouse gas generation, and other environmental impacts associated with producing new materials instead of using existing materials. Also, the number of C&amp;D landfills is declining, which means fewer disposal options, greater hauling distances, and increased fuel consumption and vehicle emissions.[4] Many C&amp;D waste materials can be reused on-site or elsewhere, or recycled (see Sustainable Materials, Source Reduction &amp; Recycling).[5] Some materials may be toxic or classified as hazardous waste and require special handling and disposal.</p>\n<p>How to Implement C&amp;D Waste Reduction<br />\nDesigning to prevent waste is an important first step in C&amp;D waste management, accomplished by using standard sizes, advanced framing techniques, prefabrication, on-site protection of materials, and by returning unused materials to suppliers, among other strategies.[6] Make a plan and communicated clearly to the construction team specifying which items to reuse and which to recycle.<br />\nImportant considerations for construction and demolition waste reduction include:[7]</p>\n<p>Design to prevent waste<br />\nKnow the waste stream (e.g., project waste materials, including hazardous materials)<br />\nBecome familiar with local ordinances and regulations<br />\nUse specifications to set recycling goals and delineate responsibilities<br />\nRequire a construction waste management plan<br />\nEducate project team about construction &amp; demolition waste recycling goals<br />\nMonitor waste management performance</p>\n<p>Materials can be recycled onsite or offsite at a construction and demolition processor. Typical materials recycled from building sites include metal, lumber, asphalt, pavement, concrete, roofing material, corrugated cardboard, and wallboard.[8] There are many recycling centers in New Jersey for the scrap metal and corrugated cardboard generated by construction and demolition activities. Concrete, concrete block, asphalt, and brick are typically crushed and used as a substitute for quarry stone in road construction projects or used as a fill material in various applications. Decorative landscaping material use crushed brick and non-chemically treated and non-painted wood scrap, as well as tree stumps and tree trunks, are shredded and sold as landscaping mulch.<br />\nPlanning is also essential for a successful deconstruction project. There are many steps to consider with deconstruction such as creating safety and materials management plans, surveying and taking inventory of the building materials, environmental health, and compliance, and coordinating with historic preservation designations.<br />\nExample<br />\nThe Willow School – Gladstone, N.J.<br />\nAccording to the founder of The Willow School, the first LEED Gold Certified Building in NJ (2002), the project recycled over 85% of its construction waste. White pine trees removed during construction were sent to an NJ company to be milled and made into a wide variety of furniture. Built-in closets, bookshelves, chairs, and desks for students utilized salvaged white pine from the property.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nBenefits of reducing and recycling C&amp;D waste:[9],[10]</p>\n<p>Conserves landfill space<br />\nReduces the release of methane (a potent greenhouse gas) from landfills<br />\nReduces the environmental impact of producing new materials<br />\nConserves natural resources<br />\nReduces overall project expenses through avoided purchase or disposal costs<br />\nCreates jobs<br />\nDeconstruction preserves architectural heritage by salvaging unique materials</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nEPA’s Recycling Economic Information (REI) report indicates that recycling and reuse of materials create jobs and generates local and state tax revenues. Out of the recycling categories, C&amp;D materials recycling contributed the most in the areas considered: jobs, wage, and tax revenue.[11] Cost savings associated with C&amp;D waste reduction reduces costs by avoiding the cost of disposal, potential revenue from the sale of recycled materials, and reductions in the need for waste disposal services.[12] Disposal fees are an expensive part of the demolition.<br />\nDepending on the building, deconstruction can salvage a large amount of material from a building and lead to savings on avoided disposal fees. Deconstruction typically requires more time and labor than traditional demolition but also provides more jobs and is an excellent opportunity for job training in the construction trades. The feasibility and cost-effectiveness of deconstruction are different for every building depending on a building’s construction and the material composition. Most wood-frame and some metal-frame buildings can apply deconstruction methods. The building components, their condition, and the method of attachment to the structure can affect the cost-effectiveness of salvaging materials. Deconstruction requires more labor for disassembly, removal, and sorting than conventional demolition. These costs can be balanced out with careful planning and accounting for the value of the salvaged building materials and the avoided cost of disposal.[13]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nMany of the benefits listed above also contribute to resiliency. Reducing waste and reusing or recycling materials can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems. Established networks and markets for salvaged materials also help divert and reuse debris generated by natural disasters and severe storm events that can contaminate the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds.[14] Salvaging materials from storms turn recovery efforts into a profit-generating resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] US EPA. Construction and Demolition Materials. http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/rrr/imr/cdm/index.htm (accessed March 20, 2019).<br />\n[2] US EPA. Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Materials https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials#America (accessed March 20, 2019).<br />\n[3] BMRA. https://bmra.org/  (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[4] Whole Building Design Guide. Construction Waste Management. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[5] Whole Building Design Guide. Construction Waste Management. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/cwmgmt.php (accessed March 20, 2019).<br />\n[6] Northeast Recycling Council. https://nerc.org/documents/moving_toward_zero_waste_cost_savings_a_roadmap_contractors_builders.pdf (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[7] CalRecycle. C&amp;D Recycling Toolkit for Contractors. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/Toolkit/ (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[8] US EPA. Recover your Resources. https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfields-recover-your-resources-reduce-reuse-and-recycle-construction-and-demolition  (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[9] Ibid.<br />\n[10] NYC DDC. http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/downloads/pdf/waste.pdf (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[11] US EPA. Recycling Economic Information report. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/final_2016_rei_report.pdf (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[12] NJ DEP. The Economic Benefits of Recycling and Waste Reduction – Wastewise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors. https://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/wastewise/njwwcasestudy.pdf (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[13] Seattle.gov. Salvage and Deconstruction. http://www.seattle.gov/util/forbusinesses/construction/cdwastemanagement/salvageanddeconstruction/ (accessed March 23, 2019).<br />\n[14] NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf (accessed July 20, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Source Reduction and Recycling<br />\nSustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Build it Green! NYC<br />\nBuilding Materials Reuse Association<br />\nCity of New York Department of Design and Construction – Construction and Demolition Manual<br />\nConstruction and Demolition Recycling Association<br />\nHabitat for Humanity Restore Directory – New Jersey<br />\nMorris Habitat for Humanity – Deconstruction<br />\nNJ DEP – The Economic Benefits of Recycling and Waste Reduction – Wastewise Case Studies from the Private and Public Sectors<br />\nNJ DEP Solid &amp; Hazardous Waste Program<br />\nNortheast Recycling Council<br />\nNortheast Recycling Council – Moving Toward Zero Waste &amp; Cost Savings – A Roadmap for Builders and Contractors for Construction &amp; Demolition Projects<br />\nUS EPA: Deconstruction and Reuse<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Construction Waste Management Database<br />\nZero Waste Design Guidelines</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10228,2112,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-21 18:10:57'),(10229,2112,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10230,2112,'_edit_lock','1650649017:2'),(10232,2112,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10235,2112,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10236,2112,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10237,2112,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2112\" /]'),(10238,2112,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10239,2112,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10240,2112,'_thumbnail_id','86'),(10241,2112,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10242,2112,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10243,2112,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10246,2117,'_edit_lock','1650650789:2'),(10247,2117,'_edit_last','2'),(10248,2117,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10249,2117,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10250,2117,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10251,2117,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10252,2117,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10253,2117,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10254,2117,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10255,2117,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10256,2117,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Non-toxic Materials</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Non-toxic Materials?<br />\nNon-toxic or low-emitting materials release relatively low levels of odorous, irritating, toxic, or hazardous substances unhealthy to building occupants.[1] Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (including formaldehyde), particulates, and fibers include substances often emitted from building materials that can adversely impact human health.<br />\nVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) contain carbon molecules and can vaporize from material surfaces into indoor air at average room temperatures (a process known as off-gassing).[2] A non-toxic material must meet different thresholds of VOC emissions compliance depending on the material.[3] Found in many everyday products and building materials, VOCs can escape into the air and cause illness and allergic reactions. Studies have linked elevated levels of VOCs and interior pollutants to health concerns that cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination, nausea, and other health problems. [4] People with respiratory problems, children, seniors and people with compromised immune systems are at higher risk to reactions from exposure than general population.<br />\nAccording to the EPA, concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors (up to ten times) than outdoors. Paints, sealants, manufactured wood products, and adhesives as well as some furnishings and carpet systems often release VOCs. Inherently non-emitting sources of VOCs such as stone, ceramic, powder-coated metals, plated or anodized metal, glass, concrete, clay, brick, and unfinished or untreated solid wood do not require VOC emissions testing if they do not include VOC emitting surface coatings, binders, or sealants.[5]<br />\nFormaldehyde (CH2O), a known carcinogen, is a colorless gas with a strong odor that can cause eye, nose, skin, and lung irritations. It forms an essential component of several polymers used in many building materials including urea formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde, and melamine resin. When selecting safe, non-toxic materials, avoid building materials and products containing formaldehyde resins. Pressed-wood products, such as particleboard, oriented strand board (OSB), plywood, medium density fiberboard, glues and adhesives, permanent-press fabrics, paper product coatings, and specific insulation materials often use formaldehyde resins.[6] More information about formaldehyde can be found through resources such as the US EPA website. If a formaldehyde-containing product is purchased, it should be aired out before it is used.</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Non-toxic Materials<br />\nIncreased awareness about possible health risks and indoor air quality concerns have helped to expand the market for safe, non-toxic materials. Low-emitting material credit requirements by LEED and other green building certifications have led to a demand for products lower in VOCs and toxic chemicals.[7] Several certification programs, standards, and criteria for selecting and evaluating sustainable materials include GREENGUARD (indoor air quality certification), Green Label Plus (carpets/rugs), Green Seal, and Scientific Certification Systems.<br />\nThe definition of a “low” concentration of VOC emissions varies according to the product type. For example, for interior paints and coatings, low-VOC emitting products have concentrations below 50 g/L; a zero-VOC paint has fewer than 5 grams per liter.[8] Paints and finishes come in either oil-based formulas or latex (water) based, which are generally less toxic and less VOC-emitting than oil-based paints.[9] Not all latex-based formulas are low in VOC’s, however, and a few oil-based products now qualify as low-VOC. For independent certifications and standards, see greenseal.org and greenguard.org (which measures VOC emissions).<br />\nThere are many hard, low-formaldehyde flooring materials on the market. Formaldehyde occurs naturally in wood and making wood-containing flooring products are never 100% formaldehyde free. By using materials such as concrete and recycled tile, a homeowner can significantly reduce the amount of formaldehyde concentration in a home, while also preserving natural resources such as wood commonly used for flooring.<br />\nIf choosing to install new wood, consider salvaged wood or look for products that earn the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certification label. The FSC specializes in providing certification for wood products produced from sustainable harvesting practices that contain low levels of formaldehyde. FSC-certified wood floors do not include added urea-formaldehyde.<br />\nExample<br />\nRutgers University Visitor Center<br />\nThe Rutgers University Visitor Center was constructed using low-emitting materials including paints, finishes and recycled content carpet.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nThe selection of building material and furnishings have a significant impact on indoor environmental quality. Benefits of choosing low-emitting materials include: [10]</p>\n<p>Improved indoor air quality.<br />\nImproved worker safety and health.<br />\nReduced incidents of an eye and respiratory irritation, headaches, fatigue.<br />\nHealthier environment for building occupants who are sensitive to specific products.<br />\nReduced pollution of groundwater and water supplies.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nMany low-emitting materials are cost-competitive with conventional materials. Low/no-VOC paints typically cost about the same as conventional paints.[11] Many wood product manufacturers are replacing formaldehyde-based bonding resins with non-toxic substitutes. Cost impacts for such non-formaldehyde wood products can vary.[12]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nThe use of non-toxic materials in building assemblies and furnishings can help to reduce the release of toxic chemicals when debris from buildings finds its way into the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds caused by natural disasters and severe storm events. For example, Superstorm Sandy generated over 8 million cubic yards of debris across the nine hardest-hit counties in New Jersey in only one day.[13] Damaged and contaminated materials may include waterlogged drywall, plaster, insulation, flooring, carpets, mattresses, and upholstered furniture, that when put it into unlined landfills, can contaminate groundwater.<br />\n[1] Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[3] LEED BD+C: New Construction | v4 – LEED v4. Low-emitting materials<br />\nhttps://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0  (accessed April 25, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA. An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality. https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality  (accessed April 23, 2018).<br />\n[5] LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[6] Healthy Building Network. Formaldehyde Found in Building Materials.  https://healthybuilding.net/uploads/files/formaldehyde-found-in-building-materials.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[7] LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[8] GreenGuard. Your Guide to Low-And Zero-VOC Paints. http://greenguard.org/files/LivingGreenPaintGuide.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[9] Ibid.<br />\n[10] WBDG. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[11] Cost Helper. How Much Does Painting an Interior Cost? http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[12] Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[13] NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities.<br />\nhttp://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Sustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>	NJ Department of Health and Senior Services – Indoor Environments<br />\n	US EPA Indoor Air Quality – Green Indoor Environments<br />\n	Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG): Evaluating and Selecting Green Products</p>\n<p>Green Product Certifications and Standards:</p>\n<p>	Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) Green Label Program<br />\n	Cradle to Cradle<br />\n	The GREENGUARD Environmental Institute is an industry-independent, not-for-profit organization that oversees the GREENGUARD Certification programs.<br />\n	Green Seal<br />\n	International Living Future Institute<br />\n	LEED: Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels<br />\n	Scientific Certification Systems Indoor Advantage<br />\n	SMaRt Consensus Sustainable Product Standards</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10257,2117,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-21 18:10:57'),(10258,2117,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10260,2117,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10263,2117,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10264,2117,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10265,2117,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2117\" /]'),(10266,2117,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10267,2117,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10268,2117,'_thumbnail_id','428'),(10269,2117,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10270,2117,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10271,2117,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10274,2121,'_edit_last','2'),(10275,2121,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10276,2121,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10277,2121,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10278,2121,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10279,2121,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10280,2121,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10281,2121,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10282,2121,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10283,2121,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Source Reduction and Recycling</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Source Reduction and Recycling?<br />\nSource reduction refers to reducing the amount (by weight or volume) or toxicity of waste that enters the solid waste stream. Recycling turns materials that would otherwise become waste into new resources.[1] Additionally, source reduction is the first tier in the waste management process. Source reduction decreases the amount of waste that enters the solid waste stream as well as decreases the disposal of toxic materials by sourcing fewer products out of toxic materials. Making products more durable and longer lasting are also activities synonymous with source reduction.[2]<br />\nAccording to the US EPA, “Commercial wastes from business and industry make up between 35 and 45 percent of the U.S. municipal solid waste stream.”[3] Source reduction activities not only conserve natural resources but also conserve the fuel used to make the products. From a business perspective, source reduction can save money in disposal and replacement costs. Source reduction aims to reuse materials (i.e., packaging materials, office furnishings) and not produce or minimize waste whenever possible. Everything put into the trash represents money spent on materials as well as money spent on removing those materials.<br />\nHow to Implement Source Reduction and Recycling<br />\nBefore starting a source reduction and recycling program, it is helpful to conduct a waste audit of the building. A waste audit determines what type, how much, and the toxicity content of waste produced by the building. The waste audit also details the sources of waste and the reasons for waste production. This information can inform better purchasing practices and environmental protection. A waste audit outlines a series of steps one should take to achieve waste and cost reduction goals.[4]<br />\nTo start a source reduction and recycling program in a commercial building, a written plan that details the proposed program should be created by the building owner or business owner. This plan should be made readily available and accessible to all current and future tenants or occupants of the building. A plan should include the types of materials to be collected and recycled, as well as the types of source reduction strategies to be implemented. Implement source separation of three recyclable materials (i.e., paper, glass, plastic) should be implemented and the collection method and target recycling goals should be displayed. The program should be periodically reviewed and updated.  Along with the detailed plan, develop an educational program to inform all occupants of the new strategies. This educational program should explain how building occupants can contribute to the recycling and source reduction program and why it is essential to take part in those activities. Deliver the educational program via email, social media, permanent signs (marking locations of recycling bins) or meetings. Make notifications to occupants in a timely fashion of any changes to the program. Lastly, have facility managers conduct regular checks to guarantee that the source reduction and recycling program follows protocol.[5]<br />\nSource reduction intersects with all aspects of operations from purchasing practices to office practices to shipping and receiving procedures to the lunchroom.[6] While there are many areas to focus on source reduction and recycling programs, computer paper is one of the most significant contributors to the solid waste stream from the workplace. Computer paper costs money to buy, store, and print, while wasting paper leads to profit losses and negative environmental impacts. Though it is essential to recycle computer paper when possible, it is more environmentally and fiscally responsible for reducing the amount of paper purchased. Print two-sided documents if printing is necessary but aims to post notices electronically and send documents for review via email. Communicate with occupants about the importance of conserving paper and that simple actions such as reusing materials can contribute to saving money on office supplies. Locate paper-recycling bins next to printers and trash cans and to encourage paper recycling.  (See Recycling Centers strategy).[7]<br />\nExample<br />\nUSGBC Waste Audits and Waste Diversion Efforts<br />\nEach quarter, the USGBC facilities team and janitorial crew works with a waste consultant to implement waste audits at the USGBC headquarters, allows the team to analyze the facility’s waste stream and work towards improvements in the facility’s waste diversion rate. As an organization, USGBC also works to minimize waste off-site and meetings and conferences.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nSource reduction and recycling can save money and reduce the amount of material entering the solid waste stream. Recycling reduces the amount of strain put on landfills and incinerators, which decreases air and water contamination as well as preserving open space. Additionally, recycling conserves resources and reduces the need for new resources to be extracted from forests, oil wells, and mines, among others.[8] Recycling also has many indirect benefits. Recycling can lead to the creation of jobs and tax revenues that can make communities stronger and more prone to start environmentally responsible initiatives. Also, recycling can reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG’s) because the production, transport, and disposing of solid waste produces GHG’s.[9]<br />\nCosts<br />\nEPA’s WasteWise partners have documented that source reduction can lead to cost savings, particularly in shipping and receiving, office operations, and manufacturing.[10] Recycling can help reduce disposal costs.[11] While the individual cost of purchasing reusable items may be more than disposable products, realizing the long-term benefits of reusable items and life-cycle cost comparisons can balance the initial costs. The life cycle costs include not only the purchase price but also its use by employees, distribution, sterilization of reusable products, and the cost for waste disposal. Consider factors such as its effects on the health of employees and the impacts on the environment. Some source reduction and recycling practices require a change in habits rather than a change in cost.[12]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSource reduction can decrease the quantity of waste generated when a natural or human-caused disaster occurs. Proactive strategies for waste-related issues associated with disasters is an integral part of resilience planning.[13] Reducing waste and reusing or recycling materials can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Recycling. http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[2] The State of New Jersey. “Recycling in NJ: Source Reduction (Waste Reduction).” http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/source_red.htm (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[3] US EPA. “Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States.” http://www.epa.gov/wastes/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/snapshot.pdf (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[4] USGBC. The How and Why of Waste Audits at USGBC. https://www.usgbc.org/articles/how-and-why-waste-audits-usgbc  (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[5] NYC DEC. Practical Source Reduction Tips for Business. http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8822.html (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[6] Ibid.<br />\n[7] CalRecycle. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/reducewaste/business  (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[8] NERC. “New Jersey Environmental Benefits Fact Sheet on Recycling.” http://www.nerc.org/documents/fsheets/nj-factsht.html (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[9] Stopwaste.org. Recycling and Climate Protection. http://www.stopwaste.org/recycling/business/recycling-and-climate-protection  (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[10] US EPA. Wastes – WasteWise Program.  https://archive.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/smm/wastewise/web/html/cost.html (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[11] US EPA. Managing and Reducing Wastes: A Guide for Commercial Buildings. https://www.epa.gov/smm/managing-and-reducing-wastes-guide-commercial-buildings (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[12] GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Life Cycle Approach. https://sftool.gov/plan/399/life-cycle-approach (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[13] US EPA. Waste Management Planning to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change. https://www.epa.gov/homeland-security-waste/waste-management-planning-mitigate-impact-climate-change (accessed March 24, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Composting<br />\nRecycling Centers<br />\nSustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>GSA – Sustainable Facilities Tool – Life Cycle Approach<br />\nNJ DEP – Bureau of Recycling and Planning<br />\nNJ DEP – Source Reduction (Waste Reduction)<br />\nReducing Hazardous Wastes in Your Business<br />\nSource Reduction Tips for Businesses</p>\n<p>US EPA</p>\n<p> Managing and Reducing Wastes: A Guide for Commercial Buildings<br />\nReducing and Reusing Basics<br />\nReduce, Reuse, Recycle</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10284,2121,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-21 18:10:57'),(10285,2121,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10286,2121,'_edit_lock','1650650316:2'),(10288,2121,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10291,2121,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10292,2121,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10293,2121,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2121\" /]'),(10294,2121,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10295,2121,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10296,2121,'_thumbnail_id','225'),(10297,2121,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10298,2121,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10299,2121,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10302,2125,'_edit_last','2'),(10303,2125,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10304,2125,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10305,2125,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10306,2125,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10307,2125,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10308,2125,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10309,2125,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10310,2125,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10311,2125,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Sustainable Materials</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Sustainable Materials?<br />\nSustainable materials provide environmental and human health benefits and reduce negative impacts over the life of the material and generally incorporate characteristics that contribute to:[1]</p>\n<p>Resource efficiency &amp; conservation<br />\nIndoor air quality<br />\nEnergy efficiency<br />\nAffordability<br />\nSafe and healthy indoor environments<br />\nDurability and adaptability</p>\n<p>There are environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of a material (extracting resources, processing, producing, shipping, installation and use, and discarding). Evaluating and understanding the health and environmental impacts of materials is complex and can be confusing, but good resources and increased availability of product information can help.[2]</p>\n<p>How to Integrate Sustainable Materials<br />\nSustainable material management (SMM) refers to the process of researching the system-wide impacts of the life cycle of materials.[3] A comprehensive approach that incorporates social, environmental, and economic factors relies on the use of research, innovation, and technology to support decisions about appropriate material selection and use.[4] Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) provide information about the environmental impact of a material throughout its life cycle. LEEDv4 rewards project teams for incorporating materials and products that have life cycle information available and verified positive environmental life cycle impacts.[5]<br />\nWhen choosing materials, consider the following aspects of sustainability:</p>\n<p>Recycled content and recyclability<br />\nCertified wood (such as Forest Stewardship Council-certified products)<br />\nLocally produced and sourced products<br />\nRapidly renewable materials<br />\nSalvaged materials<br />\nNon-toxic, no/low-emitting materials<br />\nDurability and adaptability</p>\n<p>When developing material specifications and standards for a project, it is important to consider environmental factors such as waste prevention and disposal (see Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction, Demolition, and Source Reduction and Recycling).[6] It is also essential to develop an environmentally preferable purchasing policy to guide purchasing. According to documents guiding federal sustainability (Executive Order 13693), environmentally preferable purchasing refers to “products or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose” as it applies to raw materials, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, use, reuse, operation, maintenance, and disposal.[7]<br />\nThe US EPA website has several useful tools for finding and evaluating green products and services.[8] There are a number of certification programs, standards and criteria available to help provide guidance in selecting and evaluating sustainable materials such as GREENGUARD (indoor air quality certification), Green Label Plus (carpets/rugs), Green Seal, Scientific Certification Systems, Rainforest Alliance Certification, and Forest Stewardship Council Certification. Also, life cycle assessment tools such as those offered by the Athena Sustainable Materials Institute are useful in helping to assess the cost and impact of a material. Cradle to Cradle is a third-party certification for products that promote safety for humans, the environment, and are designed for future life cycles rather than being disposed.[9]<br />\nRecycled Content &amp; Recyclability<br />\nUsing recycled materials reduces the amount of waste that ends up in landfills or incinerators and reduces the extraction of resources used to produce new products and materials. Many common building materials and furnishings contain recycled materials such as asphalt, steel, carpet, ceiling tiles, and concrete. Post-consumer recycled content is material that has been used by consumers, collected and re-manufactured into new products and materials. Plastic lumber is a product that often has high post-consumer recycled content. Some plastic lumber is composed of 100% post-consumer plastic such as milk jugs and laundry detergent bottles.<br />\nLabeling related to recycled content can be confusing. The recycling symbol is in the public domain, so its use can have a variety of meanings. Some products have labeling that identifies the percentage of pre-consumer and/or post-consumer recycled content in the product. If a product is not labeled, contact the manufacturer and ask about recycled content.</p>\n<p>Typical materials that often contain post-consumer recycled content include:[10]</p>\n<p>Drywall<br />\nInsulation<br />\nPlastic lumber<br />\nKitchen countertops<br />\nGlass tiles<br />\nLandscaping materials<br />\nCarpet and carpet padding<br />\nSteel</p>\n<p>The recyclability of materials is also an essential consideration in materials selection. Some materials are recyclable at the end of their useful life into new high-quality carpeting with very little waste such as carpet products that are Cradle to Cradle (C2C) certified.[11]<br />\nCertified Wood<br />\nCertified wood refers to wood harvested from forests that practice environmentally and economically responsible forestry. A third-party entity documents the sustainable forestry practices and the chain of custody, which tracks wood from the forest through milling and manufacturing to the point of sale. Certifiers also grant chain-of-custody certifications to companies that manufacture and sell products made from certified wood. Forest certification intends to let consumers know that wood or paper product comes from forests managed under strict environmental and social standards. The Forest Resource Certification Center provides information about several well-known certification programs.</p>\n<p>The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is one example of a popular certification program. FSC has established a program that monitors third-party certifiers of forests and forest products. During FSC forest-management assessments, teams of foresters, ecologists and social scientists visit forestry operations and inspect their practices for compliance with FSC’s standards, such as:</p>\n<p>Ensuring harvesting rates and clearing sizes do not exceed a forest’s natural capacity to regenerate<br />\nMaintaining natural forest conditions needed for wildlife and healthy ecosystem function<br />\nProtecting rare, threatened and endangered species and forest types<br />\nEstablishing new plantations on agricultural and pasture lands and avoiding the replacement of natural forests with barren tree plantations<br />\nCreating adequate conservation zones<br />\nMinimizing or eliminating chemical use<br />\nProtecting streams and rivers from soil erosion that degrades water quality and fish habitat<br />\nProtecting the rights and interests of workers, communities, and indigenous people who benefit from the forestry operation</p>\n<p>Forestry operations that meet the standards are granted an FSC forest management certification and audited annually. Forestry operations are required to make improvements as a condition of getting certified and staying certified over time.[12]<br />\nDuring the design stages of a building, specify certified wood as an alternative to conventional wood including certified plywood and veneers. There are several resources available to assist with finding certified wood such as the FSC Certificate Database. This database includes primarily manufacturers and distributors, not retailers. To find products carried by a local retailer, contact them directly.[13] Look for the FSC logo (Figure 3) stamped on the product. In addition to choosing certified wood, selecting salvaged or reclaimed wood also helps protect resources and reduce waste. Purchase wood from local producers when possible to reduce CO2 emissions from transporting the materials.</p>\n<p>Locally Produced and Sourced Products<br />\nThe LEED system includes a location valuation factor that promotes the use of products extracted, manufactured and purchased within 100 miles of a project. Purchasing locally produced products helps support local businesses and reduce transportation-related environmental impacts.[14]<br />\nSalvaged Materials<br />\nSalvaged materials include materials saved during the deconstruction process and sold, donated, stored for later use, or reused on future projects (see Deconstruction). Construction and Demolition (C&amp;D) debris accounts for 534 million tons of waste, 90% the result of demolition work with the remaining 10% generated by construction activities.[15] Carefully dismantling a structure with the intent of reusing materials extends the useful life materials, requires less energy and raw materials, and produces less pollution than discarding or recycling materials.<br />\nIdentify materials to reuse, sell, donate, or recycle early in the planning process and develop a plan for salvaged materials in project documents such as the construction and demolition waste management plan (see Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction).[16] Salvageable materials may include plumbing, light fixtures, doors, cabinets, working appliances, windows, millwork, carpet, brick, ceiling and floor tiles, wood, HVAC equipment, and decorative items such as fireplaces and stonework.[17] When reusing salvaged materials, keep in mind that materials may contain chemicals not safe for the environment and human health. The EPA’s Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials site has information on potentially contaminated materials and substances.[18],[19]<br />\nContact organizations and programs that facilitate the exchange or purchase of salvaged or surplus building materials. Other options include auctions and classified websites designed to sell, donate or buy materials. Check with a consulting a site such as The Better Business Bureau Wise Giving Alliance to identify organizations eligible to receive donations.<br />\nRapidly Renewable Resources<br />\nRapidly renewable materials are natural, non-petroleum-based building materials and include agricultural by-products such as bamboo, straw, cork, natural linoleum products, cotton, sunflowers, hemp, wool, wheatboard, and strawboard. Using materials produced with rapidly growing plant-based products reduces the harvesting of forests and other resources that take decades to regenerate. Consider green building materials comprised of a composite of rapidly renewable materials and recycled content (e.g., newsprint, cotton, soy-based materials, seed husks).[20] Compare the environmental trade-offs of using a product such as global warming, resource depletion, indoor air quality.[21] Although some materials might be from rapidly renewable sources, they may require shipping from long distances or may not be as durable as other conventional materials.<br />\nExample<br />\nBarn at Fallingwater<br />\nAn adaptive reuse project at the Barn at Fallingwater in Mill Run, Pennsylvania used the original characteristics of the barn and provided new space for administrative offices, exhibitions, lectures, classes, and programs. Along with furthering the connection between nature and architecture, the project earned a Silver LEED rating. This adaptive reuse project also incorporated several renewable resources such as straw panels for sound absorptive wall finishes and products from sunflower seed composite.</p>\n<p>Non-toxic, No/low-emitting Materials<br />\nSafe, non-toxic or low-emitting materials release relatively low levels of odorous, irritating, toxic, or hazardous substances unhealthy to building occupants.[22] Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (including formaldehyde), particulates, and fibers include substances often emitted from building materials that can adversely impact human health.<br />\nVOCs contain carbon molecules and can vaporize from material surfaces into indoor air at average room temperatures (a process known as off-gassing).[23] A non-toxic material must meet different thresholds of VOC emissions compliance depending on the material.[24] Found in many everyday products and building materials, VOCs can escape into the air and cause illness and allergic reactions. Studies have linked elevated levels of VOCs and interior pollutants to health concerns that cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination, nausea, and other health problems. [25] People with respiratory problems, children, seniors and people with compromised immune systems are at higher risk of reactions from exposure than the general population.<br />\nIncreased awareness about possible health risks and indoor air quality concerns have helped to expand the market for safe, non-toxic materials. Low-emitting material credit requirements by LEED and other green building certifications have led to a demand for products lower in VOCs and toxic chemicals.[26] Several certification programs, standards, and criteria for selecting and evaluating sustainable materials include GREENGUARD (indoor air quality certification), Green Label Plus (carpets/rugs), Green Seal, and Scientific Certification Systems (see Safe, Non-Toxic Materials).<br />\nDurable Materials and Designing for Adaptability<br />\nSelecting durable and adaptable materials reduces waste, extends the useful life of a building and contributes to the resiliency of the structure.[27] Durable materials require less repair and less frequent replacement so the environmental impacts of the resources that have been invested in those materials can be spread out over a longer time.[28] A durability plan can help inform decision making throughout every phase of a building’s development and addresses factors such as sunlight, moisture, heat, insects, and natural disasters.[29] Designing for adaptability allows materials to be easily disassembled and reused, thus providing economic benefits and reducing environmental impacts.[30]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nCareful selection and use of sustainable materials provide environmental benefits in many ways such as:</p>\n<p>Conserving resources<br />\nReducing greenhouse gas emissions (in extraction, production, and shipping)<br />\nSupporting local businesses and economy<br />\nEnsuring safer air quality indoor (also overall regional air quality)</p>\n<p>Consumer demand for sustainable materials and product certification is a powerful incentive for manufacturers and suppliers. By purchasing certified wood, for example, forest managers are more likely to adopt ecologically sound practices that maintain natural forest characteristics. Also, demand can help to move the wood industry away from destructive techniques like large-scale clearcutting, logging in endangered and old growth forests, and destruction of natural forests for replacement by barren tree plantations.[31]<br />\nChoosing certified and/or salvaged wood and wood products can help:</p>\n<p>Protect natural forests and other habitats<br />\nReduce the use of highly hazardous pesticides<br />\nMinimize the cultivation of genetically modified trees (GMOs)<br />\nProtect the rights of indigenous peoples</p>\n<p>Using post-consumer recycled content:[32]</p>\n<p>Reduces waste going into landfills and incinerators<br />\nPreserves natural resources by reducing the use of virgin materials used to produce new products and materials<br />\nSaves energy and prevents pollution caused by the extraction and processing of virgin materials and the manufacture of products using virgin materials<br />\nContributes to the recycling economy</p>\n<p>Using rapidly renewable materials can:</p>\n<p>Reduce the use and depletion of finite raw materials<br />\nReduce the number and quantity of products made from fossil-fuel derivatives<br />\nReduce demand for materials that require longer to regenerate</p>\n<p>Salvaging materials during the demolition process shift the construction industry away from the conventional practice of consumption and disposal towards an ethic of resource efficiency and reuse. The benefits of using salvaged materials include:[33]</p>\n<p>Minimizing landfill waste and pollution and the need for more landfills<br />\nDecreasing consumption and demand for new materials, reducing waste and pollution associated with the production of virgin materials<br />\nCreating value-added markets from waste materials<br />\nExpanding job opportunities and workforce development skills<br />\nReducing project costs through avoided disposal costs and purchases of new materials, revenue earned from material sales, and tax breaks gained for donations<br />\nPreserving architectural and cultural heritage by salvaging unique materials</p>\n<p>The selection of building material and furnishings have a significant impact on indoor environmental quality. Benefits of choosing low-emitting materials include: [34]</p>\n<p>Improved indoor air quality.<br />\nImproved worker safety and health.<br />\nReduced incidents of an eye and respiratory irritation, headaches, fatigue.<br />\nHealthier environment for building occupants who are sensitive to specific products.<br />\nReduced pollution of groundwater and water supplies.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThere is a perception that sustainable products always cost more than conventional products. Some materials do have a higher first cost; however, the first cost is often made up within the overall life cycle cost of the material. Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) (see Life Cycle Cost Analysis) takes into account the lifecycle costs of building designs and systems while a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (see Life Cycle Assessment) evaluates the environmental impacts of products, services, and systems.[35] Together, LCCA’s and LCA’s provide the essential components of a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. There are also many sustainable materials available that are comparable in price to conventional materials.[36] Low- and no-VOC paints typically cost about the same as a manufacturer’s premium line of paints.[37] Furthermore, non-sustainable materials often do not reflect the costs (often referred to as “externalities”), such as expenses associated with cleaning up contamination and losses due to human health and illness.<br />\nAs a result of increased demand and changes in technology, post-consumer recycled products are readily available on the market today and are often comparable in cost and quality to products made with virgin materials. The price for recycled content padding and carpeting, for example, is often comparable to a conventional, virgin-fiber carpet.[38] Whether virgin or recycled, many factors impact the cost of products such as availability, cost of material feedstocks, energy costs, distributor mark-up, transportation charges, size and type of order, and geographic location. The cost-effectiveness of reusing, donating or selling salvaged building materials varies with each project, depending on the value of the salvaged materials, the market for these materials, and the costs of labor and disposal. Post-consumer recycled products may last longer or require less maintenance than their counterparts made with virgin material which can offset any additional up-front costs. Therefore, items with high wear and tear, maintenance or replacement frequency may be ideal candidates for post-consumer recycled products with higher upfront costs, but longer useful life expectancy.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nMany of the benefits listed above also contribute to resiliency. Selecting sustainable materials can help protect human health by minimizing exposure to toxic components during an emergency and contributing to the durability of the facility and its contents. Protecting indoor air quality contributes to building occupants’ health and well-being and the ability of the occupants to function during and recover from disruption. Using sustainable materials, such as certified or salvaged wood can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems. Established networks and markets for salvaged materials also help divert and reuse debris generated by natural disasters and severe storm events that can contaminate the environment following storm surges, flooding, and high winds.[39] Salvaging materials from storms turn recovery efforts into a profit-generating resource rather than a post-disaster clean-up expense.<br />\nThe use of safe, non-toxic materials in building assemblies and furnishings can help reduce the release of toxic chemicals into debris following storm surges, flooding, and high winds caused by natural disasters and severe storm events. For example, Superstorm Sandy generated over 8 million cubic yards of debris across the nine hardest-hit counties in New Jersey in only one day.[40] Damaged and contaminated materials may include waterlogged drywall, plaster, insulation, flooring, carpets, mattresses, and upholstered furniture, that when put it into unlined landfills, can contaminate groundwater.<br />\nUsing moisture protective and inherent moisture-wicking materials, as well as materials resistant to excessive humidity such as glazed brick, concrete, stone, and decay-resistant lumber can also contribute to more resilient structures.<br />\n[1] CalRecycle. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Greenbuilding/Materials/ (accessed February 1, 2019)).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed February 1, 2019).<br />\n[3] US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. The Road Ahead. https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-materials-management-road-ahead (accessed November 28, 2018).<br />\n[4] BIAC. The Voice of OECD Business. Key Business Messages. Sustainable Materials Management. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/18/46235661.pdf (accessed November 28, 2018).<br />\n[5] USGBC. Building Product Disclosure and Optimization – environmental product declarations. https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-retail-new-construction-healthca-22 (accessed February 1, 2019).<br />\n[6] Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[7] US EPA. About the Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Program. https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/about-environmentally-preferable-purchasing-program (accessed February 3, 2019).<br />\n[8] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[9] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[10] Cal Recycle. Matrix: Overview of Recycled Content and Availability. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/greenbuilding/materials/matrix (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[11] The Cradle to CradleÒ program certifies products that meet multi-attribute criteria for: human and environmental health; Recyclability/compostability; renewable energy use; water stewardship social responsibility.<br />\n[12] Natural Resources Defense Council. http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[13] Forest Stewardship Council. https://us.fsc.org/en-us (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[14] USGBC. LEEDv4. https://www.usgbc.org/guide/bdc (accessed February 1, 2019).<br />\n[15] US EPA. Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2014 Fact Sheet. November 2016<br />\nhttps://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/2014_smmfactsheet_508.pdf (accessed  June 23, 2018)  (As cited in US EPA. Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Materials. February 2018. (https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials)<br />\n[16] US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials. Aug 23, 2017. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials (accessed July 2, 2018)<br />\n[17] Habitat for Humanity. Habitat ReStore. “8 things to donate when renovating.”<br />\nhttps://www.habitat.org/stories/8-things-to-donate-when-renovating (accessed July 13, 2018).<br />\n[18] US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials. Aug 23, 2017. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials (accessed July 2, 2018).<br />\n[19]  US EPA Sustainable Materials Management. Comprehensive Procurement Guideline (CPG) Program. June 2018. https://www.epa.gov/smm/comprehensive-procurement-guideline-cpg-program#content (accessed July 13, 2018).<br />\n[20] Green-buildings.com. What are Rapidly Renewal Materials?  http://www.green-buildings.com/content/78325-rapidly-renewable-materials-leed-mr-credit-6-what-are-they (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[21] Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use  (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[22] Los Alamos National Laboratory Sustainable Design Guide, Chapter 6: Materials. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/sustainable_guide_ch6.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[23] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[24] LEED BD+C: New Construction | v4 – LEED v4. Low-emitting materials<br />\nhttps://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-core-and-shell-retail-new-construction-data-centers-new-construction-hosp-0  (accessed April 25, 2018).<br />\n[25] US EPA. An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality. https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality  (accessed April 23, 2018).<br />\n[26] LEED v4. EQ Credit Low-Emitting Materials Third Party Certifications and Labels. https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Low%20Emitting%20Third%20Party%20Certifications%20and%20Labels%20June%202017.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[27] US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials (accessed February 18, 2019).<br />\n[28] GreenBiz. Durability: A Key Component of Green Building. https://www.greenbiz.com/news/2005/12/18/durability-key-component-green-building (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[29] Whole Building Design Guide. Optimize Building Space and Material Use. http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-building-space-material-use (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[30] US EPA. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials.  https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[31] Natural Resources Defense Council. How to Buy Good Wood. http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/qcert.asp (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[32] New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Economic Benefits of Recycling. http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/recycling/economic.htm (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[33] CalRecycle. Construction and Demolition Debris Recycling. February 2018. http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/ConDemo/ (accessed July 9, 2018).<br />\n[34] Whole Building Design Guide. Evaluating and Selecting Green Products. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[35] National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Life Cycle Assessments – U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database. https://www.nrel.gov/lci/assessments.html (accessed January 30, 2019).<br />\n[36] CalRecycle. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/Greenbuilding/Training/StateManual/Materials.doc  (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[37] Cost Helper. How Much Does Painting an Interior Cost? http://home.costhelper.com/painting-interior.html (accessed April 27, 2018).<br />\n[38] New World Climate. Best Low Voc Carpets for your Home. http://www.nwclimate.org/green-home/low-voc-carpets-and-rugs/  (accessed February 19, 2019).<br />\n[39] NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf (accessed July 20, 2018).<br />\n[40] NJ DEP. (2015). Disaster Debris Management Planning Tool Kit for New Jersey Municipalities. http://www.nj.gov/dep/dshw/toolkit.pdf (accessed April 27, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Construction &amp; Demolition Waste Reduction<br />\nFlexible Workspaces<br />\nSafe, Non-toxic Materials<br />\nLife Cycle Assessment<br />\nLife Cycle Cost Analysis<br />\nMoisture Control<br />\nSource Reduction and Recycling</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Athena Sustainable Materials Institute<br />\nBBB Wise Giving Alliance<br />\nBig Reuse (Brooklyn)<br />\nBuilding Materials Reuse Association<br />\nCalRecycle<br />\nConstruction &amp; Demolition Recycling Association (CDRA)<br />\nCradle-to-Cradle Certification<br />\nForest Certification Resource Center<br />\nForest Stewardship Council<br />\nGREENGUARD<br />\nGreen Seal<br />\nGSA Buy Green Products<br />\nGSA Sustainable Facilities Tool – Materials and Resources<br />\nHabitat for Humanity Restores<br />\nMinnesota Building Materials Database<br />\nNIST Engineering Laboratory- Sustainable Engineered Materials<br />\nNJ DEP Office of Planning and Sustainable Communities<br />\nNJ DEP – Recycled Product Resources<br />\nNortheast Recycling Council<br />\nPlanet Reuse (2018)<br />\nRainforest Alliance Certification – Find Certified Products<br />\nRELi<br />\nThe Carpet and Rug Institute<br />\nUS EPA – Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials<br />\nUS EPA – Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Program<br />\nUS EPA – Sustainable Marketplace: Greener Products and Services<br />\nUS EPA Sustainable Materials Management Basics<br />\nUSGBC. LEED BD+C- New Construction. LEEDv4. Building Product Disclosure and Optimization – environmental product declarations<br />\nUS EPA Sustainable Materials Management. Comprehensive Procurement Guideline (CPG) Program. June 2018.<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Evaluating and Selecting Green Products</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide</p>\n<p>Materials<br />\nOptimize Building Space and Material Use</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10312,2125,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-21 18:10:57'),(10313,2125,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10314,2125,'_edit_lock','1650650621:2'),(10316,2125,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10319,2125,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10320,2125,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10321,2125,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2125\" /]'),(10322,2125,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10323,2125,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10324,2125,'_thumbnail_id','304'),(10325,2125,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10326,2125,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10327,2125,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10332,2117,'_wp_old_slug','ec-non-toxic-materials'),(10334,2133,'_edit_lock','1650651022:2'),(10335,2133,'_edit_last','2'),(10336,2133,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10337,2133,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10338,2133,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10339,2133,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10340,2133,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10341,2133,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10342,2133,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10343,2133,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10344,2133,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Entryway Systems</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Entryway Systems?<br />\nEntryway or “walk-off” systems are grills, grates, or mats that reduce the amount of dirt, dust, pollen, and other biological and non-biological agents entering the building.[1] Once brought indoors, these substances can enter into air circulation, and the HVAC system and the building occupants can become exposed to them. The goal is to minimize and control pollutant entry into buildings and cross-contamination of regularly occupied areas. Entryway systems can prevent 80 to 90 percent of dust, dirt, and other particles commonly tracked into a building from reaching the interior.[2] Designing exterior entrances with permanent entryway systems to catch and hold particles helps enhance indoor environmental quality by contributing to source control of dust, pollen, and other particles.[3]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Entryway Systems<br />\nInstall permanent entryway systems at outside entrances to prevent dirt from entering the building. Entryway systems include permanently installed grates, grilles, or slotted systems that allow for cleaning underneath. Roll-out mats can also serve as entryway systems that protect the indoor environmental quality, but they need to be maintained weekly and be designed to guide traffic along the entire length of the mat. Incorporate specifics about entryway maintenance in the facility’s green cleaning program (see Green Cleaning).<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Reduces contaminants/pollutants in the facility<br />\nReduces cleaning/maintenance costs<br />\nProtects indoor air quality<br />\nImproves indoor environmental quality<br />\nProtects occupant health<br />\nProtects indoor flooring surfaces<br />\nContributes to the durability of the facility</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of entryway systems varies depending on the type of system installed. An entrance mat may cost as little as $4-6/sf, and a metal grate system cost approximately $20/sf (material only).[4] On average, people track over a pound of dirt a week into a building through just one entryway so reducing the amount of dirt and other particles that enter the building can reduce the cost of cleaning.[5]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nEntryway systems help protect indoor air quality and the integrity of indoor flooring materials during events that cause wet conditions such as storms and flooding, contributing to the protection of occupants during and following storm events as well as the long-term durability of the facility.<br />\n[1] Yale University, Green Cleaning Standards.  Published by the Yale Facilities Management Department and The Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education (AASHE), February 2012. https://stars.aashe.org/media/secure/241/7/652/5915/GreenCleaning.pdf (accessed July 28th, 2018)<br />\n[2] Lynne Knoblock Fedders, Cleanlink.  Published by the National Floor Safety Institute, October 2013.  https://nfsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/design.pdf (accessed July 28, 2018)<br />\n[3] Whole Building Design Guide. http://www.wbdg.org/design/ieq.php (accessed July 28, 2018).<br />\n[4] Costs based on average data from several manufacturers.<br />\n[5] Corrine Zudonyi, CleanLink. Floor Care, Rolling out the Welcome Mat.   http://www.cleanlink.com/hs/article/Floor-Care-Rolling-Out-The-Welcome-Mat–8939 (accessed July 28, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Green Cleaning</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>General Services Administration – Sustainable Facilities Tool – Entryway Systems/Walk-off Mats<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10345,2133,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-21 18:10:57'),(10346,2133,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10348,2133,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10351,2133,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10352,2133,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10353,2133,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2133\" /]'),(10354,2133,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10355,2133,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10356,2133,'_thumbnail_id','369'),(10357,2133,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10358,2133,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10359,2133,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10362,2139,'_edit_last','2'),(10363,2139,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10364,2139,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10365,2139,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10366,2139,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10367,2139,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10368,2139,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10369,2139,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10370,2139,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10371,2139,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Green Cleaning</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Green Cleaning?<br />\nGreen cleaning refers to using cleaning products and procedures that minimize potential adverse impacts on human health and the environment.[1] Cleaning with green or natural products can lower airborne particulate matter concentration and improve indoor air quality. Comprehensive green cleaning programs prioritize environmental and health issues as well as the appearance of the facility.<br />\nThe commercial cleaning industry uses an estimated 8 billion pounds of chemicals and nearly 4.5 billion pounds of paper products annually, and a shift to greener cleaning has the potential for a significant impact on the environment.[2] Some cleaning products can have human health impacts such as burns or respiratory or skin, eye, nose, throat problems on skin contact or through inhalation exposure, while others may contribute to long-term health problems such as cancer or disruption to the endocrine system. Chlorine bleach or ammonia, which are found in many toilet and drain cleaners, can be corrosive. These chemicals can cause immediate health problems upon skin and inhalation exposure as well as damage to the environment when they go down the drain.[3],[4] When harsh chemical use is necessary, use appropriate gloves to avoid or minimize skin exposure. It is also essential to have good air circulation in the room while cleaning and never mix two different types of cleaners, particularly if the products contain chlorine (bleach) and ammonia.[5]<br />\nGreen cleaning programs prioritize non-toxic cleaning products and low-impact cleaning equipment and reduce the risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals.[6] Green cleaning is not just about products but also about cleaning procedures such as using the appropriate quantity of the right product for a specific job or reducing the frequency of labor-intensive tasks by using less intensive cleaning and maintenance activities more often. Simple changes such as limiting food consumption to specific areas can reduce cleaning needs and can also be part of an integrated pest management plan, reducing the need for toxic pest management chemicals in the building (see Integrated Pest Management). Green cleaning requires a holistic approach that includes the careful selection and use of products and equipment, a reevaluation of cleaning procedures, comprehensive custodial training, and orientation to green cleaning policies and procedures for all building occupants.<br />\nHow to Implement Green Cleaning<br />\nAs part of a building’s Operations &amp; Maintenance plan, develop a green cleaning program that prioritizes green or natural products, green cleaning services, and training staff in green cleaning practices (see Operator and Occupant Training).<br />\nThe Healthy Children and Family Study, conducted by Rutgers University, found that the use of a mop with a microfiber cloth and the use of vinegar and baking soda as cleaners lowered airborne particulate matter concentration. Vacuuming with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters help remove particulate matter and volatile organic compounds from the air.[7] Environmentally preferable purchasing (EPP) refers to products or services that have less impact on human health and the environment than competing products or services that serve the same purpose.[8] Choose environmentally preferable products that are rated green by independent, third-party organizations such as Greenguard, Green Seal, or US EPA’s Safer Choice program. It is also important to check product labels and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).  Custodial equipment, such as vacuums, and green cleaning services can also earn third-party certification through programs like the Carpet and Rug Institute Seal of Approval Program and Green Seal.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nImplementing a green cleaning program offers the following benefits:</p>\n<p>Protect the health and safety of building occupants and cleaning professionals.<br />\nReduce toxic chemicals in the indoor and outdoor environment and reduce the amount of hazardous waste requiring disposal.<br />\nImprove indoor air quality.<br />\nPromote better inventory management of chemicals and equipment.<br />\nReduce liability through safety training.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nOver the long-term, green cleaning can reduce the total cost of cleaning through reducing or eliminating hazardous cleaning chemicals. Because there are fewer toxic chemicals that employees must work with, liability exposure also is reduced. Similarly, with fewer toxic chemicals to store, track, maintain and dispose of, the cost of complying with regulatory requirements is reduced.[9] The University of Georgia’s facilities cleaning program, implemented by the Physical Plant’s building services’ department, earned recognition for a focus on cost-saving and workplace safety. The program covers 9.7 million square feet and includes a Building Services Academy that trains all department employees in green cleaning policies and procedures.[10] The University of Georgia’s program documented benefits such as a decrease in employee respiratory complaints associated with cleaning chemicals, a decrease in the number of severe employee injuries from slips/falls, and significant cost savings from transitioning from traditional cleaners to green cleaners.[11] Many green cleaning products are cost-competitive with traditional products, and green cleaning programs offer the added benefit of protecting human health and the environment. Also, when combined with daily cleaning, green cleaning can reduce a building’s energy usage by not requiring additional energy usage during off hours.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nGreen cleaning reduces the use of toxic and hazardous chemicals and products that can pose health hazards to the public and damage to natural resources. Reducing the need to store toxic chemicals and products helps reduce the risk, and danger of toxic substances spills or releases into the environment during an extreme event such as flooding or other disasters.[12] Minimizing the risk of toxic material spills and leaks help protect the public as well as those engaged in clean up and remediation activities, making it easier to recover after an unexpected event.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Sustainable Marketplace: Greener Products and Services. https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/greening-your-purchase-cleaning-products-guide-federal-purchasers (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[2] Facilities.net. Launching a Green Cleaning Program. http://www.facilitiesnet.com/iaq/article/Launching-a-Green-Cleaning-Program–8382 (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[3] American Lung Association. Cleaning Supplies and Household Chemicals. https://www.lung.org/our-initiatives/healthy-air/indoor/indoor-air-pollutants/cleaning-supplies-household-chem.html (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA. Sustainable Marketplace: Greener Products and Services. https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/greening-your-purchase-cleaning-products-guide-federal-purchasers (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[5] Cleveland Clinic. Household Chemical Products and Their Health Risks. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11397-household-chemical-products-and-their-health-risk (accessed March 3, 2019).<br />\n[6] GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. https://sftool.gov/search?Query=green+cleaning (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[7] Andrews, C.J., Mainelis, G., Wener, R., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Senick, J., Feygina, I., Autote, O., Ramkumar, S., Pryce, T., Marathe, R. and Ding, J. “Expanding the Definition of Green: Impacts of Green and Active Living Design on Health in Low Income Housing: Added Value of Behavioral Interventions as part of an Integrated Service Delivery Model”. Prepared by Rutgers Center for Green Building &amp; Associates for U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development. 2013. At http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/HUD-Expanding-the-Definition-of-Green-Healthy-Families-Study-2013_FINAL_revised.pdf (accessed March 21, 2019).<br />\n[8] US EPA. Sustainable Marketplace: Greener Products and Services. https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/about-environmentally-preferable-purchasing-program (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[9] Facilities.net. Launching a Green Cleaning Program.  https://www.facilitiesnet.com/iaq/article.aspx?id=8382 (accessed December 19, 2018).<br />\n[10] UGA Today. Building excellence: green cleaning program earns two national honors. https://news.uga.edu/building-excellence-green-cleaning-program-wins-two-national-honors/ (accessed March 4, 2019).<br />\n[11] American School &amp; University Magazine. University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. https://www.asumag.com/green-cleaning-award-schools-amp-universities/university-georgia-athens-georgia (accessed March 4, 2019).<br />\n[12] Sciencecorps. Chemical Hazards in Flood and Disasters. http://www.sciencecorps.org/floods-fuels/ (accessed December 19, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Integrated Pest Management<br />\nOperator and Occupant Training</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>EWG’s Guide to Healthy Cleaning<br />\nGSA Sustainable Facilities Tool<br />\nUS EPA Greening Your Purchase of Cleaning Products: A Guide for Federal Purchasers<br />\nUS EPA Safer Choice<br />\nUS EPA Sustainable Marketplace: Greener Products and Services</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10372,2139,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-18 18:41:14'),(10373,2139,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10374,2139,'_edit_lock','1650651149:2'),(10376,2139,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10379,2139,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10380,2139,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10381,2139,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2139\" /]'),(10382,2139,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10383,2139,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10384,2139,'_thumbnail_id','355'),(10385,2139,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10386,2139,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10387,2139,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10390,2144,'_edit_lock','1650651508:2'),(10391,2144,'_edit_last','2'),(10392,2144,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10393,2144,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10394,2144,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10395,2144,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10396,2144,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10397,2144,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10398,2144,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10399,2144,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10400,2144,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Integrated Pest Management</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Integrated Pest Management?<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management (IPM) is a practical and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that applies to both interiors and exteriors of buildings. It is a decision-making process with a goal of solving pest problems with the least toxic method.  IPM programs use comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment. This information, in combination with available pest control methods, is used to manage pest damage by the most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment.[1]<br />\nPesticides can contribute to indoor air quality problems, and other hazards include acute, immediate toxicity to humans and other non-target organisms; chronic or long-term toxicity such as cancer; and potential to contaminate air, or ground and surface water.  Some pests develop a resistance to specific pesticides, and in turn, require stronger chemicals for pest control.  Pesticide labels, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and resources such as Pesticide Action Network Pesticide Database provide information on many of these potential hazards for specific pesticides.[2] MSDS are documents prepared by a product’s manufacturer to provide information on the safe use and potential hazards of a product.<br />\nIn structural pest control (pest control in and around buildings), IPM focuses mainly on eliminating or reducing sources of food, water, and hiding spots that are available to pests, and limiting pest access into and throughout buildings. Control measures such as sanitation and building maintenance are essential aspects of a structural IPM program. Success requires the collaborative efforts of everyone involved in the management and maintenance of a building including service contractors, tenants, custodians, and other employees. Education and cooperation are necessary parts of any IPM program.[3]</p>\n<p>How to Implement Integrated Pest Management<br />\nEach IPM program is designed around individual pest prevention goals and eradication needs, considered in the context of the environment or setting. Although tailored for each setting, most successful IPM programs use the same four-tiered approach that includes 1) Setting action thresholds or defining the level for controlling a pest. 2) Monitoring and identifying pests. This step helps identify if and what pest problems exist and helps reduce the unnecessary use of pesticides. 3) Prevention, which includes proactive methods to prevent pests from becoming a threat such as repairing structural damage in a building and good garbage management. 4) Control. If necessary, implement strategic control methods such as mechanical control (trapping), or highly targeted chemicals. [4]<br />\nIPM recommendations developed Rutgers University identifies regular monitoring, repairing structural damage, proper sanitation and a combination of non-chemical/low-impact pesticides as critical components of a typical structural IPM program (see Figure 2).<br />\nHiring a vendor who uses IPM practices help ensure the safe and effective management of pests in and around the building. It is likely that vendors recommend cleaning up areas and making repairs. Simple changes may include cleaning up break rooms and not overwatering plants. More complex and expensive changes may involve patching holes and crevices, repairing leaks, sealing floor drains and vents, sealing cracks and other access areas for pests, and installing door sweeps. Some vendors may provide training sessions for office and maintenance staff. Designate a knowledgeable, trained staff member to work with the pest control operator and building-maintenance personnel to implement  IPM recommendations are followed. [5]</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nNJ School District Overcomes Pest Control Challenges<br />\nPaterson Public School District, NJ’s third-largest district, began the implementation of a comprehensive IPM program in 2009.  In the years since the district has experienced reduced pests, improved health of staff and students and a better understanding of the role of IPM and indoor air quality plays creating a healthy and safe environment for education.[6]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management:</p>\n<p>Promotes sound structures and healthy plants<br />\nImproves pest control<br />\nPromotes sustainable bio-based pest management alternatives<br />\nReduces the environmental risk associated with pest management by encouraging the adoption of more ecologically benign control tactics<br />\nReduces or eliminates issues related to pesticide residue<br />\nDecreases workers, tenants and public exposure to pesticides<br />\nReduces concern of the public about pests &amp; pesticide-related practices<br />\nMaintains or increases the cost-effectiveness of pest management programs[7]<br />\nPrevents the contamination of indoor air, buildings, soil, and water and keeps hazardous chemicals out of the food chain<br />\nProtects people (especially children and other vulnerable populations), animals and beneficial plants and insects from toxic exposures<br />\nDemonstrates responsible stewardship of environmental and community resources[8]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nIPM can reduce long-term pest management costs. Often IPM programs cost the same or less than traditional pest management programs. Costs may rise during the transition period as new equipment is acquired or after building upgrades. IPM can reduce costs by eliminating regular pesticide spraying, but those savings may be redirected toward preventive practices, such as training employees, inspecting for pests, and investing in building and landscaping improvements. Over time these budget shifts balance out, and improved maintenance, better sanitation and making repairs help make the building more attractive to everyone except pests.[9]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nMinimizing the use of hazardous pesticides reduces the risk of spills and contamination during an emergency event.  Less risk of pesticide exposure or dangerous chemical combinations makes clean up and recovery less dangerous and more efficient. Managing pests through an effective and environmentally sensitive program helps create a healthier indoor environment that can help protect occupant health.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Principles. https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/integrated-pest-management-ipm-principles (accessed December 28, 2018).<br />\n[2] The IPM Institute of North America. http://www.ipminstitute.org/faq.htm#Whatarepesticiderisks? (accessed December 28, 2018).<br />\n[3] Mass.gov. IPM Kit for Building Managers. https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/08/wk/ipm-kit-for-bldg-mgrs.pdf (accessed December 28, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Principles. https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/integrated-pest-management-ipm-principles (accessed December 28, 2018).<br />\n[5] Nyc.gov Integrated Pest Management Toolkit. https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/pesticide/ipm-toolkit.pdf (accessed December 28, 2018)<br />\n[6] Anderson, Marcia. US EPA. PESPWire Fall 2017. NJ School District Overcomes Pest Control Challenges (4-5). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-10/documents/pespwire_fall_2017_final_optimized.pdf (accessed December 28, 2018)<br />\n[7] Mass.gov. IPM Kit for Building Managers. https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/08/wk/ipm-kit-for-bldg-mgrs.pdf (accessed March 26, 2019).<br />\n[8] City of Newton. IPM Policy. https://www.greenpolicy360.net/w/Newton,_MA_Integrated_Pest_Management_Policy (accessed December 28, 2018).<br />\n[9] Mass.gov. IPM Kit for Building Managers. https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/08/wk/ipm-kit-for-bldg-mgrs.pdf (accessed March 26, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Green Cleaning<br />\nMoisture Control</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Integrated Pest Management Kit for Building Managers<br />\nIPM Institute of North America<br />\nNJ School Integrated Pest Management Program<br />\nNortheastern IPM Center<br />\nRutgers Cooperative Extension Pest Management – IPM Programs<br />\nSustainable Jersey – Integrated Pest Management<br />\nUS EPA Integrated Pest Management Principles<br />\nUS EPA Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program (PESP)</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10401,2144,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-18 18:41:14'),(10402,2144,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10404,2144,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10407,2144,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10408,2144,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10409,2144,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2144\" /]'),(10410,2144,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10411,2144,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10412,2144,'_thumbnail_id','472'),(10413,2144,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10414,2144,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10415,2144,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10418,2149,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10419,2149,'_edit_last','2'),(10420,2149,'_edit_lock','1650651596:2'),(10422,2149,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10425,2149,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10426,2149,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10427,2149,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2149\" /]'),(10428,2149,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10429,2149,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10431,2149,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10432,2149,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10433,2149,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Moisture Control</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Moisture Control?<br />\nMoisture control is a strategy to minimize excessive moisture in the indoor environment. Excess moisture is at the center of many problems related to building durability and indoor air quality in all types of buildings in a wide range of climates. Excessive moisture in buildings can result from many causes: [1]</p>\n<p>Rainwater leaks through roofs and walls<br />\nLeakage of moist air<br />\nDiffusion of moisture through walls, roofs, and floors<br />\nGroundwater intrusion into basements and crawl spaces through walls and floors<br />\nLeaking or burst water pipes<br />\nIndoor moisture sources<br />\nConstruction moisture</p>\n<p>Moisture problems can lead to the growth of mold and mildew; individuals with allergies and other respiratory issues can be sensitive to mold and mildew spores in the air. Mold and mildew are part of the natural environment and are present in the air. However, they become an issue when their concentrations become high. It is challenging to prevent any mold or mildew growth, or to eliminate it; however, it is possible to control their presence within acceptable limits. In addition to mold, other microorganisms (e.g., bacteria), as well as pests (e.g., mites, cockroaches, and insects) that are known to infest buildings also depend on moisture to survive. Excessively high moisture content in thermal insulation can also reduce the effectiveness of insulation by as much as 50%.[2] Implementing moisture control can both protect structures from rot and deterioration and protect occupants from exposure to mold and bacteria.[3]<br />\nAccording to the US Environmental Protection Agency, the following are primary causes of indoor moisture problems in new buildings:[4]</p>\n<p>Use of building materials that are repeatedly or deeply wetted before the building is fully enclosed.<br />\nPoor control of rain and snow resulting in roof and flashing leaks.<br />\nWet or damp construction cavities.<br />\nMoisture-laden outdoor air entering the building.<br />\nCondensation on cool surfaces.</p>\n<p>How to Implement Moisture Control<br />\nProper construction of the building envelope to reduce the migration of warm and humid air from entering wall and other cavities is critical for controlling moisture. The building envelope is the physical barrier between indoors and outdoors that encloses the structure, including the foundation, roof, floor, ceiling, and walls.[5] Specific recommendations include proper use of vapor retarders on the warm, humid side of the insulation, using vapor barriers to isolate concrete slabs from moist soil, adequate ventilation of areas where moisture can accumulate, and ensuring proper flashing around windows, rooflines, and capillary breaks on footings.<br />\nCritical strategies for reducing moisture in new construction include[6]</p>\n<p>Keeping construction material dry before installation (and drying any materials that get wet within 24-48 hours).<br />\nDesigning roof systems that prevent accumulation of moisture from rain and snow from penetrating roof surfaces.<br />\nEnsuring fresh air intakes for ventilation system have outwardly sloped louvers to reduce the introduction of water during rainfall.<br />\nGrading soil around buildings to move water away from the building, reducing moisture seepage into foundation walls, and avoiding the addition of large areas of impervious surfaces (which can increase the cost and size of stormwater management systems).<br />\nIncorporating covered entryways to reduce moisture introduction during wet weather.<br />\nRight-sizing HVAC systems so that they operate long enough to reduce airborne humidity.<br />\nUsing dehumidifiers.<br />\nInsulating ductwork, refrigeration and water lines to minimize condensation problems.</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nThe Atlantic Club – Red Bank, NJ.<br />\nThe Atlantic Club’s new dehumidifier significantly improved the indoor air quality of the 33,000 sf club. The new system reduced maintenance costs, generated annual energy savings and increased indoor comfort.<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Increases the longevity of the building, materials, and systems<br />\nReduces the costs of replacing or repairing materials and systems<br />\nProtects the health of building occupants<br />\nReduces life-cycle costs</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nIn addition to contributing to poor indoor air quality, excessive moisture in a building can lead to structural damage, deterioration of the performance of building systems and components, and cosmetic damage, all of which can result in increased maintenance and repair costs. Designing for effective moisture management protects occupant health and can lower facility maintenance costs over the lifetime of the building.[7]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nStrategies such as comprehensive waterproofing up to the design flood elevation, using moisture protective and inherent moisture-wicking materials, as well as materials resistant to excessive humidity such as glazed brick, concrete, stone, and decay-resistant lumber can all contribute to more resilient structures. Incorporating moisture control measures such as these into new construction can help develop a built environment that endures and recovers from hazardous events such as storms and flooding.[8]<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide. Mold and Moisture Dynamics. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health (accessed December 1, 2018).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide. Mold and Moisture Dynamics http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health (accessed May 21, 2018).<br />\n[3] Whole Building Design Guide. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisturedynamics.php?r=promote_health (accessed May 21, 2018).<br />\n[4] US EPA – Moisture Control, Part of Indoor Air Quality Design Tools for Schools https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/moisture-control-part-indoor-air-quality-design-tools-schools (accessed May 21, 2018)<br />\n[5] USDOE. Better Buildings Initiative. Building Envelope. https://betterbuildingsinitiative.energy.gov/alliance/technology-solution/building-envelope (accessed November 21, 2018).<br />\n[6] US EPA. Moisture Control for Building Design, Construction, and Maintenance. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/moisture-control.pdf (accessed December 1, 2018).<br />\n[7] The National Academies Press. Building Envelope, Moisture Management, and Health. http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11574&amp;page=25 (accessed May 21, 2018).<br />\n[8] Whole Building Design Guide. Hazard-Specific Building-Resilience Considerations. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/hazard-specific-building-resilience-considerations (accessed December 1, 2018)</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Green Cleaning<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management (IPM)<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nSustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>General Services Administration – Sustainable Facilities Tool – Moisture Control<br />\nIAQ Building Education and Assessment Model (I-BEAM)<br />\nMoisture Control in Buildings: Putting Building Science in Green Building<br />\nNJ Department of Health – Environmental and Indoor Health<br />\nUS EPA Indoor Air Quality in Offices and Other Large Buildings (see ASHRAE Indoor Air Quality Design Guide available for free download)</p>\n<p>US Environmental Protection Agency</p>\n<p>Moisture Control for Building Design, Construction and Maintenance<br />\nTopics Related to Mold and Moisture</p>\n<p>Whole Building Design Guide</p>\n<p>Hazard-Specific Building-Resilience Considerations<br />\nPromote Health and Well-Being</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10434,2149,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-18 11:55:33'),(10435,2149,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10436,2149,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10438,2149,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10439,2149,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10440,2149,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10441,2149,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10442,2149,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10443,2149,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10444,2149,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10446,2156,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10447,2156,'_edit_last','2'),(10448,2156,'_edit_lock','1650653267:2'),(10450,2156,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10453,2156,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10454,2156,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10455,2156,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2156\" /]'),(10456,2156,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10457,2156,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10458,2156,'_thumbnail_id','460'),(10459,2156,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10460,2156,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10461,2156,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Natural Ventilation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Natural Ventilation?<br />\nNatural ventilation uses passive strategies to supply outdoor air to a building’s interior for ventilation and cooling.[1] Natural ventilation systems rely on natural forces, such as wind and temperature differences between a building and its environment, to drive the flow of fresh air through a building. Cross ventilation uses air-pressure differentials caused by wind, and stack ventilation uses the increased buoyancy of air as it warms up.[2] Both work on the principle of air moving from a high-pressure to a low-pressure zone.<br />\nMany modern commercial buildings utilize tightly sealed building envelopes and mechanical HVAC systems to achieve energy efficiency (see Air Infiltration). Natural ventilation strategies can introduce fresh air to airtight buildings, replacing all or part of a mechanical system, and reduce energy and operating costs and improve indoor air quality.[3] Mixed-mode systems use a combination of natural ventilation from operable windows (either manually or sensor controlled) and mechanical systems that include air distribution equipment and refrigeration equipment for cooling (see Demand Control Ventilation).[4]<br />\nHow to Implement Natural Ventilation<br />\nImplementing a successful natural ventilation design or mixed-mode system requires an understanding of the local climate, intended building use, building geometry, and occupant behavior (see Building Orientation, Tree Protection and Placement, and Building Evaluation). For example, in coastal locations, desirable cool sea breezes can reduce cooling loads. It is important to be aware that outdoor air in these areas may also have high moisture content that needs to be managed (see Moisture Control). Other locations may not be ideal for natural ventilation due to local sources of air pollution, allergens, or outdoor noises. The design of internal spaces and the size and placement of openings in the building impacts ventilation as well.[5] Operable windows, fans, and corridors help direct airflow using natural ventilation principles (see Individual Comfort Controls and Views and Operable Windows).<br />\nFor naturally ventilated spaces, the Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance requirement for LEEDv4 Operations + Maintenance Existing Buildings refers to the natural ventilation procedure from ASHRAE Standard 62.1–2010 (or a local equivalent, whichever is more stringent).[6]<br />\nCoolVent is a natural ventilation simulation tool developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to evaluate the effects of different natural ventilation strategies on a building’s energy use and occupant comfort. The CoolVent website also provides resources and case studies about natural ventilation (see Energy Modeling).<br />\nThe Passive House Institute US (PHIUS+ 2018) building certification sets standards for airtight construction, and natural and controlled mechanical ventilation for all types of high-performance, energy-efficient buildings. The International Passive House Association (iPHA) provides a program and resources that address refurbishment with passive house components.[7] The Passive House Institute developed the iPHA to promote the Passive House Standard wordwide.<br />\nExample<br />\nZion Canyon Visitor Center, Springdale, UT.<br />\nHigh, operable, clerestory windows, controlled by the building’s energy management system, cool the Zion Canyon Visitor Center by allowing hot air to escape while low windows introduce cool air at ground level (see Figure 1).[8]</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nNatural ventilation strategies can reduce energy use, and lower energy bills and installation and maintenance costs by allowing for smaller mechanical systems and extending the life of HVAC equipment. When part of a mixed-mode system, natural ventilation can increase occupant satisfaction and indoor air quality by offering occupants greater personal control over thermal comfort, ventilation levels, and connection to the outdoors (see Biophilia).<br />\nCosts<br />\nA study by Carnegie Mellon found that natural ventilation and mixed-mode conditioning can achieve 0.8-1.3% savings on health costs, 3-18% productivity gains and 47-79% in HVAC energy savings, for an average ROI of at least 120%.[7]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn the event of power outages and the loss of air conditioning, natural ventilation can maintain thermal comfort for building occupants, particularly at night, when colder outside air can mix with warmer air inside the building (see Building Flush). Mixed-mode systems add redundancy and flexibility to the building’s ventilation and HVAC systems, providing back-up during power-outages, mechanical failures, security threats, or the release of air-borne contaminants.<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). Natural Ventilation. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural-ventilation (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[2] CoolVent. 2018. Basics of Natural Ventilation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. http://coolvent.mit.edu/intro-to-natural-ventilation/basics-of-natural-ventilation/ (accessed February 16,2019).<br />\n[3] WindowMaster. Cost and Performance – A design-led approach to effective natural ventilation. https://www.windowmaster.com/white-papers (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[4] Center for the Built Environment (CBE) Berkeley University. What is Mixed Mode? https://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/mixedmode/aboutmm.html (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[5] WBDG. Natural Ventilation.  http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php (accessed March 12, 2018).<br />\n[6] USGBC. Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance.  https://www.usgbc.org/credits/existing-buildings/v4/eq103 (accessed February 16, 2019).<br />\n[7] Passipedia. Refurbishment with Passive House Components. https://passipedia.org/planning/refurbishment_with_passive_house_components (accessed February 16, 2019).<br />\n[8] NREL. Zion Visitor Center Brochure https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/29315.pdf (accessed March 14, 2018).<br />\n[9] Carnegie Mellon (2004), Guidelines for High-Performance Buildings. Ventilation and Productivity.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration<br />\nBiophilic Design<br />\nBuilding Evaluation<br />\nDemand Control Ventilation<br />\nIndividual Comfort Controls<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nMoisture Control<br />\nProperly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls<br />\nViews and Operable Windows</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers<br />\nCBE Berkeley Mixed-Mode Ventilation<br />\nCoolVent – The Natural Ventilation Simulation Tool by MIT<br />\nPassive House Institute US (PHIUS +2018)<br />\nPassipedia – Refurbishment with Passive House Components<br />\nTorcellini et al. S. Lessons Learned from Case Studies of Six High-Performance Buildings. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Natural Ventilation P 52-63.<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Natural Ventilation</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10462,2156,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-18 11:55:33'),(10463,2156,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10464,2156,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10466,2156,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10467,2156,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10468,2156,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10469,2156,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10470,2156,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10471,2156,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10472,2156,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10477,2156,'_wp_old_slug','auto-draft'),(10479,2164,'_edit_last','2'),(10480,2164,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10481,2164,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10482,2164,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10483,2164,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10484,2164,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10485,2164,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10486,2164,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10487,2164,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10488,2164,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Acoustic Comfort</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Acoustic Comfort?<br />\nAcoustic comfort refers to a building occupant’s experience related to sound in a building or a specific space within a building. A space with good acoustics has a minimal echo, allows for confidential conversations that don’t interrupt others working in the space, and controls excess noise from outside sources as well as sources within the building.[1] Three common noise issues include excess noise from outside, noise from adjacent spaces and noise control issues within a space.[2] Controlling these aspects of sound can help improve indoor environmental quality (IEQ).[3]<br />\nThe Center for the Built Environment (CBE) at U.C. Berkeley maintains a post-occupancy evaluation (POE) database related to indoor environmental quality that includes input about acoustic satisfaction in office buildings. The main categorization of complaints related to acoustics includes excessive noise, lack of speech privacy, and lack of speech clarity.[4]<br />\nExcessive noise issues come from poor sound isolation, which occurs when background noises are too high from outside noises penetrating inside or from noise generated by office equipment or other people.<br />\nSpeech Privacy issues occur when a speaker is not able to communicate with a listener because the speech becomes indiscernible. Courtrooms, hospitals, clinics, and doctor and legal offices are some of the places most affected, especially considering the private discussions that occur in these spaces. Adjusting the ratio between speech and noise levels can control speech privacy. For example, increasing background noise and reducing the noise energy from speech can improve speech privacy concerns. See sound masking section below for details on how to incorporate this technique.<br />\nSpeech Clarity issues make communication difficult and stem from excessive background noise and too much reverberation (sound reflecting off various surfaces).<br />\nHow to Improve Acoustic Comfort<br />\nAn integrated design process is key to achieving a high level of acoustic comfort. Project goals related to security and sustainability, for example, are sometimes perceived to conflict with acoustic goals but involving professionals from those areas of expertise from the start of the project, helps achieve synergistic goals.[5] The following concepts and terms are important to understand when considering acoustic comfort.<br />\nSound Absorbing Technologies</p>\n<p>Sound Transmission Class (STC): STC is a numerical rating system that measures the ability of a wall, floor, or ceiling to minimize sound transmission. The table below details how the rating system works. Hire an acoustical engineer to address conditions in rooms such as conference rooms and mechanical equipment rooms.[6]</p>\n<p>Sound Masking: Sound masking produces unobtrusive sound through speakers installed above ceiling tiles. The background sound reduces interference from distracting office sounds in a manner that also helps make conversations between workers more coherent. Whether installed in an enclosed area or more open office space, adjustments can be made to sound masking. Sound masking can subsequently increase worker productivity as well as improve morale and speech privacy.<br />\nSound Isolation separates sources of noise from the building’s occupants. For example, mechanical equipment such as a building’s HVAC system can become too noisy and make conversations difficult. Implementing sound-absorbing elements along with the proper STC walls, floor, and ceilings can help mitigate the sounds that a noisy HVAC system may create. Consider the following recommendations to increase sound isolation for HVAC systems:<br />\nAvoid through-the-wall air return louvers that draw air from one room through another in private offices, conference rooms, and other rooms where confidential discussions are expected to occur. All air returns should be ducted.<br />\nDo not locate air supply or return registers close to each other on opposite sides of a partition wall. Doing so causes the sound to pass directly from one room to another, negating the acoustical value of the partition.<br />\nSpecify quiet HVAC equipment. Though the price may be somewhat higher, the alternative to using standard equipment may lead to costly and disruptive remediation.</p>\n<p>Consider the following recommendations to develop an indoor environment that provides acoustic comfort:</p>\n<p>Specify sound absorbing materials (e.g., walls, carpets, ceilings) and configure spaces to dampen rather than magnify sound reverberation.<br />\nProvide sound masking if necessary.<br />\nLimit transmission of noise from outside by designing high sound transmission class (STC) walls between work areas and high noise areas inside and outside the building.<br />\nMinimize background noise from the building’s HVAC system and other equipment.<br />\nProvide opportunities for privacy and concentration when needed in open plan offices.<br />\nEnclose or separate group activity spaces from work areas when the concentration is essential.[7]</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nAcoustic comfort can reduce stress, protect health, and increase occupant satisfaction and productivity by contributing to a more comfortable environment psychologically and acoustically.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe cost of implementing strategies to achieve acoustic comfort varies depending on specific project goals and the approach taken. The GSA Sound Matters report in the Resources section below provides costs related to typical partition, wall and ceiling materials. Through increased worker productivity as well as improved indoor environmental quality and the health benefits associated with it, good acoustics can contribute to overall cost savings.[8]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nAcoustic comfort is a critical element of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) that affects the health and well-being of building occupants. In the event of a disaster or emergency event, a high-quality indoor environment helps protect building occupants and contribute to a built environment that can provide protection and recovery from hazardous events.<br />\n[1] GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Indoor Environmental Quality.  https://sftool.gov/learn/about/1/indoor-environmental-quality-ieq (accessed December 26, 2018).<br />\n[2] WBDG. Acoustic Comfort. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic-comfort (accessed December 27, 2018).<br />\n[3] National Institute of Building Sciences – WBDG. Acoustic Comfort. September 2018. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic.php?r=ieq (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[4] UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. Acoustical Analysis in Office Environments Using POE Surveys. http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/acoustic_poe.htm (accessed December 27, 2018).<br />\n[5] WBDG. Acoustic Comfort. https://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic-comfort (accessed December 27, 2018).<br />\n[6] NAIMA. Noise Control http://insulationinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/BI476.pdf (accessed September 10, 2018)<br />\n[7] National Institute of Building Sciences – WBDG. Provide Comfortable Environments. September, 2018. http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[8] U.S General Services Administration. Interior Finishes. August 2017. http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/101251 (accessed September 10, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Individual Comfort Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Acoustical Society of America<br />\nGeneral Services Administration – Sound Matters<br />\nInsulation Institute<br />\nThe Well Building Standard – Comfort Features<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Acoustic Comfort</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10489,2164,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-18 11:55:33'),(10490,2164,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10491,2164,'_edit_lock','1650653612:2'),(10493,2164,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10496,2164,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10497,2164,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10498,2164,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2164\" /]'),(10499,2164,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10500,2164,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10502,2164,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10503,2164,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10504,2164,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10507,2169,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10508,2169,'_edit_last','2'),(10509,2169,'_edit_lock','1650654720:2'),(10511,2169,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10514,2169,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10515,2169,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10516,2169,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2169\" /]'),(10517,2169,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10518,2169,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10519,2169,'_thumbnail_id','490'),(10520,2169,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10521,2169,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10522,2169,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Active Living</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Active Living?<br />\nActive living incorporates physical activity on a daily basis to promote physical and mental well-being.[1] Many adults do not meet the Surgeon General’s recommendations for regular physical activity, mainly because driving replaces walking and biking as the primary mode of transportation.[2] Some of this change is due to individual decisions. Another explanation is the built environment; many communities lack sidewalks and bike lanes and other amenities that would otherwise promote active living.[3] The settings where people spend their time – work, home, and school, for example – influence daily behaviors.[4]<br />\nActive living incorporates physical activity into daily routines, such as:[5]</p>\n<p>Playing in the park<br />\nTaking the stairs<br />\nUsing recreation facilities<br />\nWalking or bicycling for exercise, pleasure, or transportation<br />\nWorking in the yard</p>\n<p>Active design contributes to public health initiatives and also has positive environmental effects. Strategies that increase the physical activity – such as promoting walking over driving, stairs over elevator usage and recreation over stationary activities such as video games – all also tend to lower energy consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[6] Active living design provides access by people of all ages and varying mobility.</p>\n<p>How to Implement Active Living<br />\nDesign strategies that contribute to active living should be considered early in project development and an integrated design process will optimize opportunities and help minimize costs.  Equitable planning is key as “healthy” communities are often limited to those who can afford them. Communities of color and immigrant populations are increasingly occupying suburbs that often have limited safe and accessible walking and biking options.[7] Racial and ethnic minorities in the United States face health disparities including higher rates of chronic disease.[8]  The NJ Department of Health’s State Health Assessment Data (NJSHAD) provides searchable data about the health of the population in NJ that can help inform decision-making. Key recommended measures for implementing active living in developing a site include:[9]</p>\n<p>Develop mixed land use in neighborhoods and maintain existing mixed conditions.<br />\nIncorporate pedestrian-friendly design including traffic calming features, landscaping, lighting, benches, and water fountains.<br />\nCreate continuous bike networks and incorporate bicycle infrastructure including indoor and outdoor bike parking accommodations.<br />\nEnsure a pleasant, safe and secure outdoor environment for pedestrians and cyclists by including, pedestrian-scale lighting, entrances that are easy to see and access from cross streets, ADA accessible sidewalks and ramps, and ground floor windows that provide “eyes on the street.”<br />\nProvide easy access to open spaces, parks, plazas, public buildings, recreational facilities, schools, and trails.<br />\nDesign public spaces to accommodate a wide range of public uses.<br />\nImprove access to public transit and multi-modal transit hubs.<br />\nImprove the access and availability of healthy food by providing easy access to local grocery stores and farmer’s markets.<br />\nDe-emphasize motor vehicle parking, avoid expansive parking lots, and locate necessary parking in areas away from primary pedestrian traffic.</p>\n<p>There are also steps that can be taken to incorporate active living into building design. Steps that architects can take to promote physical activity within their structures incorporate some of the following:[10]</p>\n<p>Encouraging stair use by placing the main stairway in a convenient location for everyday use as well as signage encouraging the use of stairs over elevators. Stairs should also be designed to be visually pleasing and inviting with ample daylight or electrical lighting.<br />\nIncorporating exercise facilities in easily visible locations as well as providing locker rooms, showers, drinking fountains, and bicycle storage.<br />\nDesigning the building exterior and envelope to contribute to a pedestrian-friendly atmosphere and including a variety of entries and canopies.<br />\nImproving the access and availability of healthy food by providing on-site gardens on rooftops, in courtyards or on patio spaces.</p>\n<p>Example<br />\nGet Healthy Camden<br />\nGet Healthy Camden is working to building a culture of health in the City of Camden. The organization implements programs related to healthy eating, healthy living, and active living. These programs grew from the blueprint developed by Get Healthy Camden to address community health with an action plan that includes adopting a “comprehensive citywide wellness policy that consists of policies and systems that create walking and biking paths, parks and open space, healthy and affordable food outlets, and that makes Camden an environment that supports daily physical activity and nutrition.”[11]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nActive living can provide both short and long-term benefits to people of all ages and abilities. Short-term benefits include:[12]</p>\n<p>increased ease performing daily activities such as climbing stairs<br />\nincreased energy and the ability to cope with stress<br />\nimproved sleep<br />\ndecreased risk of depression<br />\nimprovements in student performance, including grades and standardized test scores[13]</p>\n<p>Potential long-term benefits include reduced risk for specific health problems such as:[14]</p>\n<p>back pain<br />\nhigh blood pressure<br />\nobesity and obesity-related diseases<br />\nanxiety and depression<br />\ncancer [15]</p>\n<p>Active living can also reduce reliance on automobiles and promote increased positive/personal interaction in the community.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe cost to implement active living strategies depends on a variety of factors. As with any community design process, some costs include collecting data from the neighborhood as well as the implementation costs of various programs such as walking clubs or bicycle recycle initiatives.[16] These costs are dependent on the existing design of a community as well as the population within it and their willingness to volunteer their time and resources to active living.<br />\nAn integrated design process and considering active living design strategies from the start can minimize costs regardless of project scale. A study released in 2018 identified the total cost of chronic diseases related to individuals identified as obese or overweight was $1.72 trillion or 9.3% of the United States gross domestic product (GDP).[17] Active living can have long-term positive impacts on public health that reduce costs on a community scale.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nHealth is a key factor in community resilience, defined as the sustained ability of communities to withstand, adapt to, and recover from adversity.[18] Active living helps promote a healthier community of people who are better able to endure and recover from a disaster or emergency event. Accessible public spaces help develop community connections that are important sources of support during emergencies.<br />\n[1] Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128 (accessed September 18, 2018).<br />\n[2] Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128 (accessed September 18, 2018).<br />\n[3] Ibid.<br />\n[4] CDC. Adult Obesity – Causes &amp; Consequences.  https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html (accessed January 6, 2019).<br />\n[5] Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. “Active Living Resource Center.” https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/program_results_reports/2011/rwjf69128 (accessed September 18, 2018).<br />\n[6] New York City Department of Design and Construction. “Active Design Guidelines.” https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[7]Aces Connection. Resilient Communities are Healthy Communities. https://www.acesconnection.com/blog/resilient-communities-are-healthy-communities (accessed January 6, 2019).<br />\n[8] National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425844/ (accessed January 6, 2019).<br />\n[9] New York City Department of Design and Construction. “Active Design Guidelines.” https://centerforactivedesign.org/dl/guidelines.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[10] Ibid.<br />\n[11] New Jersey Health Initiatives. 2016. Get Healthy Camden – A Partnership for Healthy Kids Program https://www.njhi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Get-Healthy-Camden_NJHI-Blueprint_v2_FULL.pdf (accessed January 7, 2019).<br />\n[12] US Dept. of Health and Human Services. Importance of Physical Activity https://www.hhs.gov/fitness/be-active/importance-of-physical-activity/index.html (accessed January 6. 2019).<br />\n[13] Leadership for Healthy Communities. http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/leadership-for-healthy-communities.aspx (accessed January 5, 2019).<br />\n[14] Warburton, D.E., Whitney Nicol, C., Bredin, S.S. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence Can. Med. Assoc. J., Mar 2006; 174: 801 – 809<br />\n[15]  US Dept. of Health and Human Services. Active Living. https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/priorities/prevention/strategy/active-living.html (accessed January 5, 2019)<br />\n[16] Active Living By Design. “5P Strategies and Tactics.” http://www.activelivingbydesign.org/our-approach/5p-strategies-tactics (accessed March 18, 2011).<br />\n[17] Waters, Hugh and Marlon Graf. America’s Obesity Crisis: The Health and Economic Costs of Excess Weight. https://www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/view/944 (accessed January 6, 2019).<br />\n[18] Public Health Emergency. Build and Sustain Healthy, Resilient Communities. https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/planning/authority/nhss/Pages/communities.aspx (accessed January 6, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nBiophilic Design<br />\nFlexible Work Spaces<br />\nViews and Operable Windows</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Active Living Research<br />\nAmerican Society of Landscape Architects – Designing for Active Living<br />\nCenter for Active Design<br />\nCoalition for a Healthy New Jersey – Active Living &amp; Healthy Living<br />\nFitCity10 – Promoting Physical Activity through Design<br />\nHealthy Places by Design<br />\nIncreasing Physical Activity Through Community Design: A Guide for Public Health Practitioners and Livable Community Advocates<br />\nLivable Communities Resource Guide<br />\nNJ Bicycle and Pedestrian Resource Center<br />\nNJ Healthy Community Network<br />\nNew York City Department of Design and Construction – Active Design<br />\nState of NJ Department of Health – Healthy New Jersey 2020<br />\nSustainable Jersey – Building Healthier Communities<br />\nUS Department of Health and Human Services – Active Living</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10523,2169,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-14 01:37:27'),(10524,2169,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10525,2169,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10527,2169,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10528,2169,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10529,2169,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10530,2169,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10531,2169,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10532,2169,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10533,2169,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10537,2176,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10538,2176,'_edit_last','2'),(10539,2176,'_edit_lock','1650653931:2'),(10541,2176,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10544,2176,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10545,2176,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10546,2176,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2176\" /]'),(10547,2176,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10548,2176,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10549,2176,'_thumbnail_id','596'),(10550,2176,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10551,2176,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10552,2176,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Biophilic Design</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Biophilic Design?<br />\nBiophilic design is related to the concept of biophilia, a term popularized by biologist E.O. Wilson, that suggests connections with the natural world enhance human physical and mental well-being. [1] The biophilia hypothesis indicates that people have a biological affinity for nature, based on such an affinity’s evolutionary advantage. An affinity for the natural world can be broken down into nine categories representing different values and expressions of biophilia, including the natural world as a source of material utilization and exploitation, physical beauty and appeal, empirical<br />\nknowledge and understanding, communication and thought, exploration and discovery, bonding and companionship, mastery and control, moral and spiritual connection, and fear and repression.[2] Biophilic design, which incorporates connections to natural systems and materials into the built environment, creates an opportunity for exercising and strengthening biophilic values, which in turn, opens the door to physical, intellectual, and emotional benefits.<br />\nKey Elements of Biophilic Design[3]</p>\n<p>Environmental features<br />\nNatural shapes and forms<br />\nNatural patterns and processes<br />\nDaylight and open space<br />\nPlace-based relationships<br />\nEvolved human-nature relationships</p>\n<p>These biophilic design attributes are defined further in the book, “Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life” by Stephen R. Kellert, Judith Heerwagen, and Martin Mador.<br />\nHow to Incorporate Biophilic Design<br />\nSpecify biophilic design goals early in the design process and engage the entire project team. Biophilic design involves the use of local, natural materials, potted plants, courtyard gardens, views to nature, natural light and ventilation, water features, animals and aquariums, and blurring the boundaries between the building and the surrounding landscape (see Views and Operable Windows, Native and Adapted Plants, Daylighting, Natural Ventilation).<br />\nStudies show that fractal patterns found in nature and natural patterns such as “waves, leaves in a breeze, fish swimming in an aquarium, or a flickering fire,” captivate people’s attention and induce states of relaxation far better than spaces and views without “visual richness” such as blank, white walls or tree-less streets.[4] Look to incorporate patterns found in nature through representational artwork, ornamentation, biomorphic forms and use of natural materials such as wood and stone.<br />\nExample<br />\nSunlight and Water, Queens Botanical Garden (QBG) Visitor Center, Flushing, NY<br />\nThe QBG Visitor Center illustrates biophilic design with the windows in the first-floor corridor, which capture the sun reflecting off the rainwater harvest feature that runs along the exterior of the building. Depending on the time of day and amount of sunlight, an occupant of the building can see patterns of sunlight reflected on the interior walls and ceiling. The interplay between sun and water connects people inside to the changes in the outdoor environment throughout the day.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nMany studies document the benefits of a connection to nature in the built environment. For example, studies point to positive gains in workplace productivity through increased mental focus and attention, enhanced cognitive functioning, reduced stress levels, greater worker satisfaction, elevated moods, and less sick days; views to nature result in shorter recovery rates in hospitals, and daylighting increases sales in retail buildings and improves test scores and accelerates learning rates in schools.[5] For example, pain medication was requested 23 percent less with patients in hospital rooms with morning sunshine compared to rooms lacking natural light.[6] Another study showed that students with access to natural light from operable skylights improved 19-20% faster than students in classrooms without a skylight.[7]<br />\nCosts<br />\nRecent studies that quantify the benefits of biophilic design elements in the built environment help advance biophilic design from an add-on to an integrated design strategy and profitable pursuit.[8] One peer-reviewed study by Terrapin Bright Green, LLC (see Resources) measures and quantifies the cost-benefits of biophilic design on the following indicators of productivity:[9]</p>\n<p>Illness and absenteeism<br />\nStaff retention<br />\nJob performance (mental stress/fatigue)<br />\nHealing rates<br />\nClassroom learning rates<br />\nRetail sales<br />\nViolence statistics</p>\n<p>Resiliency<br />\nBiophilic design can lead to a deeper connection to nature, which in turn, can foster an environmental ethic that supports ecological resilience by protecting the biological diversity of native plants and animals in a given area and enhancing the ability of the natural system to rebound after a disturbance. Common biophilic design features such as daylighting provide resiliency benefits by maintaining lighting levels for critical functions when the grid goes down due to environmental or other issues. The use of local materials supports local knowledge and resources for maintaining and rebuilding after storms. Natural materials such as stone provide strength and durability and also help in maintaining thermal comfort during power outages (see Thermal Mass). Biophilic design connects buildings to nature and links building systems to complex, natural systems that can adapt to changing conditions – a cornerstone of resiliency. Some of our most historic and beloved buildings incorporate biophilic design elements, supporting the notion that people and communities look to maintain and protect beautiful, timeless and inspiring buildings.<br />\n[1] International Living Building Institute. Biophilic Design Initiative. https://living-future.org/biophilic design-overview/ (accessed January 4, 2019).<br />\n[2] Kellert, Stephen. “Kinship to Mastery: Biophilia in Human Evolution and Development.” Island Press, Shearwater Books. Washington, D.C. 1997. Page 3.<br />\n[3] International Living Future Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative. https://living-future.org/biophilic-design-overview/ (accessed January 6, 2019).<br />\n[4] Terrapin Bright Green, LLC. The Economics of Biophilia – Why designing with nature in mind makes financial sense. Peer Review by Judith Heerwagen and Vivian Loftness https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter (accessed Sept 28, 2018).<br />\n[5] Terrapin Bright Green, LLC. Biophilia – Why designing with nature in mind makes financial sense. Peer Review by Judith Heerwagen and Vivian Loftness https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter (accessed September 28, 2018).<br />\n[6] Sole-Smith, Virginia. “Nature on the Threshold.” New York Times, September 7, 2006, Home and Garden section. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/07/garden/07bio.html (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[7] Heschong, Lisa. Daylighting in Schools. California Board for Energy Efficiency. 1999. http://www.coe.uga.edu/sdpl/research/daylightingstudy.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[8] Wilson, Alex. Biophilia in Practice: Buildings that Connect People with Nature. Building Green, July 2006. https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/biophilia-practice-buildings-connect-people-nature<br />\n(accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[9] Terrapin Bright Green, LLC. Biophilia – Why designing with nature in mind makes financial sense. Peer Review by Judith Heerwagen and Vivian Loftness. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/#front-matter (accessed January 4 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Daylighting<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nViews and Operable Windows</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Biophilic Design – The Architecture of Life</p>\n<p>Heerwagen, Judith, Kellert, Stephen, Mador, Martin. Biophilic Design: Theory, Research, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life. John Wiley.<br />\nKellert, Steven. 2005. Buildings for Life – Designing and Understanding the Human-Nature Connection. Island Press.</p>\n<p>GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool – Biophilic Design<br />\nInternational Living Future Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative<br />\nTerrapin Bright Green LLC – The Economics of Biophilia – Why designing with nature makes economic sense<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Psychosocial Value of Space</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10553,2176,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-14 01:37:27'),(10554,2176,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10555,2176,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10556,2176,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10557,2176,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10558,2176,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10559,2176,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10560,2176,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10561,2176,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10562,2176,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10563,2176,'_wp_old_slug','auto-draft'),(10565,2181,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10566,2181,'_edit_last','2'),(10567,2181,'_edit_lock','1650654060:2'),(10569,2181,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10572,2181,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10573,2181,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10574,2181,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2181\" /]'),(10575,2181,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10576,2181,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10578,2181,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10579,2181,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10580,2181,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Flexible Workspaces</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Flexible Workspaces?<br />\nFlexible workspaces are settings that support a variety of business arrangements tailored to the needs of the user.[1] Changes in technology, management approaches, and business models drive a need for spaces that can adapt quickly to change. [2] Disassembly, deconstruction, and demolition are essential considerations for managing resources and the waste stream when creating new building environments (see Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction). New construction should emphasize reusable parts and easy access to infrastructure, plumbing, and wiring as well as planning for recycling or reuse of leftover materials.[3] In addition to a focus on flexible workspaces in a traditional office environment, there is also an increasing number of people using flexible work locations such as co-working spaces or fully equipped shared spaces (see Alternative Transportation and Transit Oriented Design).<br />\nHow to Implement Flexible Workspaces<br />\nFlexible workspaces should provide flexible infrastructure, adjustable workstations and support mobility within the office and outside of the office. Re-configurable furniture in meeting spaces as well as providing options for subdividing larger spaces help contribute to a more flexible work environment.[4]<br />\nTo implement flexible workspaces, it is essential to:</p>\n<p>Engage in an integrated design process (see Integrated Design Process).<br />\nProvide flexibility for delivering power, voice, data, and internet.<br />\nProvide distributed, vertical cores, satellite closets, and generous horizontal plenum spaces with mobile, user-based services to accommodate changing technology.<br />\nProvide systems that are controllable and adjustable by the users without depending on outside contractors (see Individual Comfort Controls).<br />\nIncorporate sustainable design principles, which can help achieve flexible spaces.[5]<br />\nUse durable materials that are worth recovering for reuse or recycling (see Durable and Adaptable Materials).<br />\nPlan for the movement and safety of occupants to allow for building adaptation.[6]</p>\n<p>Table 1. Drivers, Solutions, and Issues for the Changing Workplace (Adapted from Whole Building Design Guide – The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work, and Workplace) [7]</p>\n<p>Benefits</p>\n<p>Reduces the need to alter infrastructure<br />\nEnables low-cost and less complicated reconfiguration<br />\nPromotes productivity and efficiency and occupant satisfaction<br />\nReduces real estate costs (by de-linking physical space consumption from occupant headcount)<br />\nImproves organizational flexibility and agility to respond to current and future workforce demands<br />\nIncreases options for disassembly and deconstruction[8]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nCompanies need to plan for flexibility and change to keep up with changing business models and technology. The GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool includes a case study for the renovation of the PBS Chicago Regional Office. Through incorporating flexible design strategies, the renovation reduced costs of reconfiguration of workstations from $900 per workstation and $1650 per office to $0. Plug and play data and telecom enabled GSA staff to make changes without the help of outside technicians, saving approximately $125 per change. Designing flexible workspaces can minimize costs associated with reconfigurations as technology and office environments evolve. [9]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nFlexibility and adaptability are elements that contribute to a resilient workplace. As described by Judith Heerwagen and Michael Bloom in the Resilient Workplace, workplaces need to promote the capacity of humans to be creative and adapt in the face of disruption and change.[10]<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design. http://www.wbdg.org/design/design_change.php (accessed January 6, 2019).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide. Office Building. https://www.wbdg.org/building-types/office-building  (accessed January 6, 2019).<br />\n[3] US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design (accessed January 20, 2019).<br />\n[4] GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool. Flexible Workplace Design.  (accessed January 20, 2019).<br />\n[5] Whole Building Design Guide. Design for the Changing Workplace. (accessed January 20, 2019 ).<br />\n[6] US EPA. Sustainable Materials Management. https://www.epa.gov/smm/best-practices-reducing-reusing-and-recycling-construction-and-demolition-materials#design (accessed January 20, 2019).<br />\n[7] Adapted from Whole Building Design Guide. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/chngorgwork.php (accessed January 20, 2019).<br />\n[8] GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool. Flexible Workplace Design. https://sftool.gov/learn/about/243/flexible-workplace-design (accessed January 20, 2019).<br />\n[9] GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool. (accessed January 20, 2019).<br />\n[10] Heerwagen, Judith and Michael F. Bloom. The Resilient Workplace. http://workandplace.com/the-resilient-workplace/ (accessed January 20, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nConstruction and Demolition(C&amp;D) Waste<br />\nIndividual Comfort Controls<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nSustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool – Flexible Workplace Design<br />\nUC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment<br />\nUS EPA – Sustainable Materials Management. Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demotion Materials. Designing for Adaptability, Disassembly, and Reuse<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Design for the Changing Workplace<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work and Workplace</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10581,2181,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-14 01:37:27'),(10582,2181,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10583,2181,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10585,2181,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10586,2181,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10587,2181,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10588,2181,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10589,2181,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10590,2181,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10591,2181,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10592,2181,'_wp_old_slug','auto-draft'),(10594,2186,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10595,2186,'_edit_last','2'),(10596,2186,'_edit_lock','1650654478:2'),(10598,2186,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10601,2186,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10602,2186,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10603,2186,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2186\" /]'),(10604,2186,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10605,2186,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10606,2186,'_thumbnail_id','95'),(10607,2186,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10608,2186,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10609,2186,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Individual Comfort Controls</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Individual Comfort Controls?<br />\nIndividual comfort controls promote occupant comfort and well-being by enabling building occupants to control airflow and temperature in individual workspaces. Individual comfort controls support flexibility within the interior environment by supporting individual adjustment for localized conditions and user preference.<br />\nIndividual comfort levels vary due to differences in clothing, activity level (metabolic rate), and individual preferences.[1] ASHRAE Standard 55, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, a widely used thermal comfort measure, aim to satisfy most of the people, most of the time and combines four of the traditional comfort factors (air temperature, air humidity, radiant temperature, and airspeed) to define comfort ranges for occupants. Satisfying the people who fall outside ASHRAE’s standardized comfort bands requires individualized comfort controls at each workstation.[2]<br />\nHow to Implement Individual Comfort Controls<br />\nDesign the building and systems with comfort controls to allow adjustments to suit individual needs or those of groups in shared spaces. ASHRAE Standard 55 identifies the factors of thermal comfort and a process for developing comfort criteria for building spaces that suit the needs of the occupants involved in their daily activities. Control strategies can expand beyond basic comfort criteria and allow adjustments to suit individual needs and preferences. For example, individual comfort controls can involve system designs incorporating operable windows, hybrid systems integrating operable windows and mechanical systems, or mechanical systems alone (see Natural Ventilation, Energy-Efficient Windows, and Views and Operable Windows).[3] Individual adjustments may involve individual thermostat controls, local diffusers at the floor, desk or overhead levels, or control of individual radiant panels, or other means integrated into the overall building, thermal comfort systems, and energy systems design (see Smart Sensors and Controls, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, and Daylighting). Also, designers should evaluate the closely tied interactions between thermal comfort (as required by ASHRAE Standard 55) and acceptable indoor air quality (as required by ASHRAE Standard 62.1, whether natural or mechanical ventilation).[4] Individual comfort controls can also refer to lighting controls and automatic daylighting systems and provide occupants with the ability to adjust lighting levels and reduce glare in their workspaces through task lighting or operable shading devices (see Daylighting, and High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls). Green building certification programs such as LEEDv4[5] and the Well Building Standard[6] give credit for including individual comfort controls.<br />\nExample<br />\nBuilding Users are the Key to Successful Energy Efficient Strategies<br />\nStudies of individual control of ventilation and temperature suggest energy savings, improvements in satisfaction, and a decrease in discomfort complaints. Results of a research study by Dr. Clinton Andrews and the Consortium for Building Energy Innovation showed that personal environmental control improved environmental satisfaction. The objective of the study was to evaluate the benefits of personal controls over lighting and ventilation and temperature in offices regarding occupant satisfaction, mood and visual comfort, as well as energy efficiency.[7]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nIndividual comfort controls: [8]</p>\n<p>Improve thermal comfort for individual occupants.<br />\nImprove air movement and ventilation effectiveness; a cleaner environment.<br />\nImprove task lighting and reduce glare and heat gain at individual workspaces.<br />\nReduce building energy use.<br />\nLower building operating costs.<br />\nImprove occupant satisfaction and the potential to increase worker productivity.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of implementing a system that allows for individual comfort controls vary by project but is usually most cost effective when incorporated through an integrated design process (see Integrated Design Process). Higher first costs such as raised access flooring can be reduced or offset by reduced costs for ductwork, electrical services, and mechanical equipment.[9] In addition to the increased potential for improved well-being and increased productivity, enhancing thermal comfort through individual comfort controls can reduce occupant complaints and associated time spent by facilities maintenance staff. [10]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIf the power does not go out during emergency situations and severe weather events, occupants can maintain control of the temperature and ventilation of specific areas within a building with individual controls, thus improving comfort. Individual comfort controls can decrease overall energy use and improve occupant comfort, health, and well-being, all of which can contribute to resiliency through helping occupants and communities withstand and recover from disruptions.[11]<br />\n[1] UC Berkeley. Thermal Comfort in UFAD Systems. http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/thermalcomfort.htm (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[2] ASHRAE Standard. Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-55-thermal-environmental-conditions-for-human-occupancy (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[3] Stanford University. EQ Credit 6.2: Controllability of Systems: Thermal Comfort. https://web.stanford.edu/class/cee115/wiki/uploads/Main/StudentGroup2NewBuildingAnalyisBillingsMilleaVictorsson/BillingsEQcredit6_2.pdf (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[4] Chris Mueller, ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer. ASHRAE Standard 62.1 The IAQ Procedure and LEED.  https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/ciaq-webinar-muller.pdf (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[5] USGBC. LEED v4. Thermal Controls – Controllability. https://www.usgbc.org/credits/eq62 (accessed January 19, 2019).<br />\n[6] Well Building Standard – Individual Thermal Control.  https://standard.wellcertified.com/comfort/individual-thermal-control?_ga=2.191711722.134009741.1547941804-560727732.1547313140 (accessed January 19, 2019).<br />\n[7] Andrews, C.J., Senick, J.A., Wener, R.W., and M. Sorensen Allacci. (2012) “Investigating Building Performance Through Simulation of Occupant Behavior,” GreenBuild 2012 Proceedings, San Francisco, CA.<br />\n[8] UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems. http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[9] UC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment. Task/Ambient Conditioning Systems. http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/tacguidelines.htm  (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[10]  Well Building Standard. Thermal Comfort. https://v2.wellcertified.com/v2.1/en/thermal%20comfort (accessed January 19, 2019).<br />\n[11] GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Occupant Comfort. https://sftool.gov/learn/about/242/occupant-comfort (accessed January 19, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Daylighting<br />\nWindows and Skylights<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nViews and Operable Windows</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Consortium for Building Energy Innovation – Empowering Energy Efficient Occupants<br />\nGSA Sustainable Tools – Occupant Comfort<br />\nNew Jersey Office of Clean Energy<br />\nUC Berkeley Center for the Built Environment – Research on Indoor Environmental Quality<br />\nUSGBC – LEEDv4 Thermal Comfort – controllability<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Provide Comfortable Environments</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10610,2186,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-14 01:37:27'),(10611,2186,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10612,2186,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10614,2186,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10615,2186,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10616,2186,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10617,2186,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10618,2186,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10619,2186,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10620,2186,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10624,2186,'_wp_old_slug','auto-draft'),(10626,2192,'_edit_lock','1650654690:2'),(10627,2192,'_edit_last','2'),(10628,2192,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10629,2192,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10630,2192,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10631,2192,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10632,2192,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10633,2192,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10634,2192,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10635,2192,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10636,2192,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Views and Operable Windows</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Why Incorporate Views and Operable Windows?<br />\nIndoor environments impact occupant well-being and productivity. Aspects of the indoor environment such as access to views and natural light, connection to nature, and personal control over environmental conditions all play a role in occupant comfort (see Individual Comfort Controls).[1] Access to views of the outside contributes to occupant well-being.[2] Many studies have found that people value daylight and prefer to be near windows, and there is an increasing understanding that being near a window can be psychologically and physiologically beneficial, mainly if views contain natural features. Visual contact with nature through window views enhances mood, reduces stress, and promotes a higher quality of life (see Biophilic Design).[3] A study by Roger Ulrich compared postoperative recovery rates of patients experiencing similar surgical procedures but having different window views of trees and a lake, no window views, or a view of a brick wall. The study found that the window view patients recovered significantly faster, required less pharmaceutical assistance, and had fewer post-operative complications, supporting the idea that enhanced opportunities for emotionally bonding with nature promote feelings of calm, confidence, and personal well-being.[4]<br />\nOperable windows can increase occupant comfort and provide psychological benefits through natural ventilation, connection to natural elements and individual control over the indoor environment (see Natural Ventilation). Operable windows can also contribute to improved indoor air quality, depending on the quality of the outdoor air. Monitor outdoor air quality through resources such as the US EPA “Air Now” online tool (airnow.gov) that lists air quality conditions by zip code.[5]<br />\nOne study compared naturally ventilated buildings (i.e., occupant-controlled operable windows) with centrally controlled HVAC systems (in which occupants had no control over their environment) found that occupants in the naturally ventilated buildings accepted a full range of temperatures compared to occupants who did not have operable windows. One hypothesis for this finding is that occupants with greater control over the indoor environment have a higher tolerance of temperature range.[6]</p>\n<p>How to Incorporate Views and Operable Windows<br />\nThe factors that define indoor environmental quality connect directly to each other. For example, the decision about the placement or type of window can impact access to natural light, connection to the outdoors, acoustics, thermal comfort, occupant control, and air quality (see Windows and Skylights).[7] It is essential to consider all of these components in the design phase of a project. There are many resources available regarding design steps to consider for the placement of operable windows and to optimize views (see Resources section). Incorporating views and operable windows in existing buildings involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process. Renovations provide an opportunity to assess current views and window performance and to identify opportunities for improvement.<br />\nAlthough there are many benefits associated with operable windows, they can also increase the threat of water and air leakage without careful window selection, design, and installation (see Air Infiltration Reduction). Operable windows can also increase noise and airborne pollutants in the interior space and make it harder to control thermal comfort with various types of HVAC systems (see Acoustic Comfort). Facilities staff and building occupants should be aware of the limitations and issues that can arise from operable window use and methods to mitigate these issues (see Resources).[8]<br />\nExamples<br />\nAtlantiCare – The Cancer Institute, Egg Harbor Township, NJ.<br />\nAtlantiCare designed and constructed its new Cancer Care Institute according to US Green Building Council LEED standards, achieving LEED Gold certification. The Cancer Institute was the first AtlantiCare building to achieve LEED certification.<br />\nHighlights include:</p>\n<p>Natural lighting including an automatic light-monitoring system to reduce electricity usage.<br />\nThe facility features a natural theme, incorporating a healing arts program.<br />\nNature has been brought inside and trees are planted in several areas inside the facility.<br />\nThree-quarters of the interior space provides natural daylight through the glass façade, skylights and large windows throughout the building.</p>\n<p>The Herman Miller Building, Holland, Michigan.<br />\nAlthough people prefer being in windowed rather than windowless spaces, the view itself has consequences for well-being. Studies have found that views of nature are especially beneficial and reduce stress, provide mental relief, improve the perceived quality of life, and improve emotional functioning. A case study of the Herman Miller building in Holland, Michigan, shows improvements in social functioning and sense of belonging associated with including break areas; a centrally located cafeteria; an interior, daylit and tree-lined “street”; and high levels of internal glazing that offered views into the street and interior spaces.[9]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nIncorporating views and operable windows:</p>\n<p>Enhances occupant comfort and health<br />\nIncreases occupant satisfaction<br />\nIncreases productivity[10]<br />\nOffers natural ventilation[11]<br />\nIncreases access to daylight and window views which can improve psychological functioning and well-being of occupants<br />\nReduces stress and promotes positive emotional states and may also influence cognitive functioning[12]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of incorporating operable windows and maximizing views from interior spaces vary by project, and these aspects should be considered early in the window upgrade phase to optimize cost efficiencies. Operable windows are generally more expensive than static windows. Expect to pay approximately 20-percent more for fully operable windows vs. fixed windows. Price also changes by type of operable window – sliders are cheaper than casements, for example. Many factors affect cost and designers need to think holistically about the project. Operable windows can be used to offset mechanical ventilation costs and can allow for downsizing fans (see Properly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls). Installing a traditional mechanical HVAC unit on the roof and installing operable windows can lead to inefficiencies in running the system if occupants are not adequately aware of how the building systems function.[13]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nIn the event of a fire or other emergency in the building, operable windows (depending on their size) can act as a point of egress for occupants and can also serve as an access point for firefighters and their lifesaving equipment, especially if any other exits are blocked off and inaccessible to the building’s occupants. Operable windows can also help provide natural ventilation and thermal comfort during a power outage.[14]<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide. Promote Health and Well Being http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being  (accessed January 12, 2019).<br />\n[2] GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Occupant Comfort. http://www.wbdg.org/design-objectives/productive/promote-health-well-being (accessed January 12, 2019).<br />\n[3] Judith H. Heerwagen, Ph.D. Green Buildings, Organizational Success, and Occupant Productivity. Whole Building Design Guide. https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[4] Ulrich, Roger S. View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery. The Center for Health Design. https://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/article-pdfs/Ulrich-1984-CHD-KPS.pdf  (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[5] US EPA. AirNow. https://www.airnow.gov (accessed December 12, 2018).<br />\n[6] ASHRAE. http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/pdf_files/Brager2004_OpWindows_Trans.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018)<br />\n[7] California Sustainable Design Training. IEQ. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf  (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[8] Buildings.com “A Breath of Fresh Air.” http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx (accessed January 12, 2019).<br />\n[9] The American Institute of Architects (AIA). www.aiatopten.org/node/169 (accessed September 20, 2018)<br />\n[10] California Sustainable Design Training. IEQ. https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/docs/cr/GreenBuilding/Training/StateManual/StateManual.pdf  (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[11] Buildings.com   “A Breath of Fresh Air.” http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[12] Judith H. Heerwagen, Ph.D. Green Buildings, Organizational Success, and Occupant Productivity. Whole Building Design Guide. https://www.wbdg.org/files/pdfs/grn_bldgs_org_success.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018).<br />\n[13] Buildings. “A Breath of Fresh Air.” http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/2749/Default.aspx (accessed January 12, 2019)<br />\n[14] Building Green. Resilient Design: Natural Cooling. https://www.buildinggreen.com/blog/resilient-design-natural-cooling (accessed January 12, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Acoustic Comfort<br />\nAir Infiltration<br />\nBiophilic Design<br />\nWindows and Skylights<br />\nIndividual Comfort Controls<br />\nNatural Ventilation<br />\nProperly-Sized, High-Performance HVAC Equipment and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>ASHRAE. Operable Windows, Personal Control, and Occupant Comfort<br />\nGSA – Sustainable Toolkit – Occupant Comfort<br />\nInternational Living Building Institute – Biophilic Design Initiative<br />\nUSGBC LEED for New Construction Version 4<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10637,2192,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-14 01:37:26'),(10638,2192,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10640,2192,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10643,2192,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10644,2192,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10645,2192,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2192\" /]'),(10646,2192,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10647,2192,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10648,2192,'_thumbnail_id','525'),(10649,2192,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10650,2192,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10651,2192,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10657,2201,'_edit_last','2'),(10658,2201,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10659,2201,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10660,2201,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10661,2201,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10662,2201,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10663,2201,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10664,2201,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10665,2201,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10666,2201,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Loads</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Loads?<br />\nENERGY STAR, a joint program of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the United States Department of Energy (US DOE), labels energy-efficient products and practices using third-party certified testing to guarantee quality and performance.[1]<br />\nOn average, computers and electronics account for 7% of energy use in commercial buildings, and other uses or miscellaneous electronic loads (MELs) or plug load accounting for 38%.[2] Plug load refers to any device plugged into the building’s electrical system including computers and monitors, task lighting, televisions, vending machines, kitchen equipment, and cell phone chargers.[3] Replacing conventional appliances and office equipment and other electronic devices at the end of their useful life with ENERGY STAR labeled products and managing plug loads can save money through reduced energy consumption and associated cost savings. ENERGY STAR products are 10-25% more efficient than required by the federal standard.[4] Labeled products include commercial electronics such as computers as well as several types of appliances, lighting fixtures, HVAC equipment, and water heaters.<br />\nMost appliance and electronic stores carry ENERGY STAR certified equipment. For a complete list, see ENERGY STAR certified products.<br />\nHow to Incorporate ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Loads<br />\nRequire ENERGY STAR appliances and equipment as part of your procurement and purchasing policy and educate staff on the benefits of labeled equipment and energy-saving behaviors.</p>\n<p>Step 1 – Create an inventory list of necessary equipment.<br />\nStep 2 – Purchase the most energy-efficient devices for the job. Estimate potential energy and cost savings using ENERGY STAR calculators.<br />\nStep 3 – Check for available incentives and rebates:Energy Star Rebate FinderDatabase of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)NJ Clean Energy Program Commercial Building Incentives<br />\nStep 4  – Follow the manufacturer’s instructions or hire a professional installer as poor installation can affect the performance of equipment.<br />\nStep 5 – Manage plug loads. Eliminate or unplug unnecessary devices. Turn off or power down devices when not in use and use power management settings, timers, and advanced power plugs. Engage staff and make sure they understand why, when, and how to power down.</p>\n<p>Examples<br />\nENERGY STAR Purchasing and Procurement Case Studies<br />\nGSA Green Proving Ground (GPG): Advanced Power Strips for Plug Load Control<br />\nA study conducted by the GSA Green Proving Ground Program found that advanced power strips (APS) that use pre-programmed timers to turn off equipment can reduce energy consumption by an average of 26% at workstations and by 50% in printer rooms and kitchens.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nBy avoiding the need to generate electricity in the first place, energy-efficiency reduces emissions and air pollution related to producing energy including greenhouse gases, acidifying substances, ozone precursors, and particulate matter or precursors.[5] The installation of ENERGY STAR qualified equipment and properly managing plug loads can reduce energy usage and lower energy and utility bills.[6]</p>\n<p>Extends product life and decreases maintenance<br />\nIncrease leasing and resale value of an energy-efficient building<br />\nLower operating costs</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nENERGY STAR cost savings calculators provided the following data which shows expected energy savings by switching from a conventional product to an ENERGY STAR product. The example includes common appliances and office equipment found in existing municipal buildings. Assumptions based on ENERGY STAR value assumptions for the various products listed.<br />\nTable 1 – Scenario based on a 20,000 sq. ft. building[7]</p>\n<p>Resiliency<br />\nUse of ENERGY STAR certified products and managing plug loads reduces energy usage, increasing grid reliability and reducing utility costs.<br />\n[1] ENERGY STAR. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=about.ab_index (accessed April 17, 2018).<br />\n[2] Lisa Schwartz et al. “Electricity end uses, energy-efficiency, and distributed energy resources baseline.” Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. January 2017. Page 24. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/Electricity%20End%20Uses,%20Energy%20Efficiency,%20and%20Distributed%20Energy%20Resources.pdf (accessed April 18, 2018).<br />\n[3] New Buildings Institute. 2012. “Plug Load Best Practices Guide: Managing Your Office Equipment Plug Load.” https://newbuildings.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/PlugLoadBestPracticesGuide1.pdf (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[4] ENERGY STAR. “Lighting, Appliances, Office Equipment.” http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=pt_reps_res_retail.pt_reps_res_retail (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[5] Lisa Schwartz et al. “Electricity end uses, energy-efficiency, and distributed energy resources baseline.” Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. January 2017. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/Electricity%20End%20Uses,%20Energy%20Efficiency,%20and%20Distributed%20Energy%20Resources.pdf (accessed April 18, 2018).<br />\n[6] ENERGY STAR. ENERGY STAR Qualified Appliances. https://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/learn-benefits/value-energy-star-certification (accessed April 17, 2018).<br />\n[7] Table 1 – Expected energy savings by switching from a conventional product to an ENERGY STAR product. Annual Electric Savings (MWh) calculated per unit. All estimates based on the following per unit costs also used in New Jersey state energy plans and studies:14 $0.1316/kWh, $0.85/therm. Average Paybacks calculated with the following equation for each appliance:<br />\n[average incremental cost] – [annual cost savings]*[years] = 0  Or: [average payback in years] = [average incremental cost] / [annual cost savings]</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>	Smart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE)<br />\nENERGY STAR Products<br />\nGreen Electronics Council<br />\nNJ’s Clean Energy Program Commercial Equipment Incentives</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10667,2201,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-12 13:15:33'),(10668,2201,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10669,2201,'_edit_lock','1650654854:2'),(10671,2201,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10674,2201,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10675,2201,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10676,2201,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2201\" /]'),(10677,2201,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10678,2201,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10679,2201,'_thumbnail_id','527'),(10680,2201,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10681,2201,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10682,2201,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10685,2205,'_edit_lock','1650654992:2'),(10686,2205,'_edit_last','2'),(10687,2205,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10688,2205,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10689,2205,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10690,2205,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10691,2205,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10692,2205,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10693,2205,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10694,2205,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10695,2205,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Demand Response and Peak Load Management</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Demand Response and Peak Load Management?<br />\nDemand response refers to strategies employed by utilities that use time-based financial incentives to modify consumer electricity consumption during periods of peak demand, power scarcity, grid congestion or an anticipated grid outage.[1] The cost of electricity from the consumer’s perspective usually reflects the average cost to generate electricity throughout the day or year. Reducing peak demand reduces the cost of electricity by reducing the need for additional generation capacity and avoiding the construction and maintenance costs associated with “peakers” or standby energy plants. Utility companies often charge flat rates for energy consumption. These flat rates do not factor in the different costs of supplying energy during different times or usage levels. Energy usage peaks from air conditioner use on hot days and when people come home from work between the hours of 2 pm and 7 pm. Figure 1 illustrates the results of shifting energy use away from peak hours.[2]<br />\nIncreased peak demand strains the electric system, increases emissions, and adds to energy costs. In a demand response program, building operators manage the amount and timing of energy consumption to maximize energy efficiency and reduce energy costs by shedding loads or shifting activities to off-peak hours, which often coincide with lower energy prices or incentive payments. Demand response may include interrupting demand for a short period or adjusting demand levels by shedding or shifting loads or storing energy. For example, building operators can manually adjust or automatically set HVAC systems to cycle off during periods of peak demand and to cycle back on during off-peak hours, potentially lowering energy use and electricity bills. Advances in smart grid infrastructure including smart metering technologies has expanded the range of available demand response programs and dynamic price offerings.[3] Demand response programs often utilize dynamic pricing models such as time-of-use pricing, real-time pricing, variable peak pricing, critical peak pricing, critical time rebates or peak time rebates.[4] Smart metering and energy management systems provide detailed consumption and cost information, allowing building managers to make informed decisions concerning overall energy usage and energy use patterns at various time intervals. Demand response enabled devices such as smart thermostats and smart water heaters can signal consumers to adjust electricity consumption manually or allow utilities or aggregators to automatically turn off air-conditioning units or water heaters to avoid peak load issues (see Smart Sensors and Controls, and Smart Meters). Demand response programs can also signal buildings with on-site distributed energy generation, such as Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems and islandable photovoltaics, and energy storage capabilities to use, store, or sell renewable energy back to the grid and encourage electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours or charging back to the grid during periods of peak demand (see Alternative Transportation, Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation, Combined Heat and Power (CHP), Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready Solar PV, and Thermal Energy Storage). Additionally, utilities can notify demand response participants of a potential grid failure, and incentivize participants to reduce energy use, switch to on-site generation, backup power or a combination of these load management strategies.<br />\nHow to Incorporate a Demand Response Program or Peak Load Management?<br />\nCheck with your local utility or regional transmission organization such as PJM, to find out about available demand response programs, eligibility requirements, and offerings in your building’s service area. For example, PJM offers a list of Curtailment Service Providers (CSPs) that can assess available demand response offerings and customer eligibility. Smart energy management systems and smart metering technologies provide the data and two-way communication necessary for participation in many demand response programs (see Smart Metering). Other demand response enable devices may include lighting controls, thermostats, motors, pumps, and HVAC systems (see Smart Sensors and Controls).<br />\nPeak load management strategies may include:</p>\n<p>Activating, or turning on equipment sequentially, rather than all at once.[5]<br />\n“Coasting” the last hours of operation – turning down or off systems (such as temperature control, ventilation) while maintaining adequate levels of comfort.[6]<br />\nLoad shedding or switching non-critical loads such as HVAC systems, non-sensitive machines, and some lighting off during periods of maximum peak demands.[7]<br />\nLoad shifting or moving consumption to off-peak periods, such as pre-cooling refrigerators or temperature set-points to a lower temperature and then allowing the temperature to rise naturally during a load reduction.<br />\nLoad-displacement or offsetting peak demand with on-site generation such as renewable sources and energy storage (see Battery Storage and Backup Power, and Thermal Energy Storage).<br />\nDemand flexibility or communication and control technologies that allow significant loads to continuously respond to changing renewable supply levels, particularly wind and solar, and other market signals.[8]</p>\n<p>Examples<br />\nLiberty Property Trust – Demand Response<br />\nLiberty Property Trust implemented smart grid technology including smart metering into their existing building portfolio to optimize energy efficiency and enable participation in demand response programs. A study conducted by the Rutgers Center for Green Building found that tenants do not notice or are not negatively affected by load shedding associated with participation in a demand response event.[9]<br />\nThe PJM Interconnection (PJM)<br />\nThe PJM Interconnection (PJM), a regional transmission organization (RTO), offers two programs to New Jersey customers, the Economic Load Response Program and Emergency Capacity Program. In both programs, participants provide load reductions either through curtailing electricity use or operating on-site generation in exchange for wholesale electricity prices.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nDemand Response programs supported by smart grid and smart metering infrastructure provide multiple benefits to utilities, energy consumers, and the grid. By accounting for the real-time cost, availability, and source of electricity, and reducing peak consumption, demand response programs:</p>\n<p>Encourage energy conservation and reduce overall energy consumption eliminating the need for building new or maintaining older, less-efficient standby energy plants, passing savings onto ratepayers in the form of reduced electrical bills or incentive payments.[10]<br />\nReduce strain on the grid and increases grid reliability by reducing grid congestion, better balancing of supply and demand, and decreasing supply interruptions and losses.[11]<br />\nFacilitate the use and integration of cleaner energy sources by adjusting demand to match intermittent wind and solar supplies.<br />\nPromote energy storage technologies, such as Vehicle-to-Grid (see Battery Storage and Backup Power Generation and Thermal Energy Storage) that can shift load consumption to optimal times or provide backup power to the grid like a generator and support distributed renewables generation.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nEstablishing a demand response program and offering dynamic pricing to reduce peak demand may be cheaper and faster for a utility than building a peaker plant to meet increased demand. Demand response programs can encourage customers to modify their consumption behavior and reduce electric bills. Smart building and demand response enabling technologies, including smart energy management systems and smart metering are becoming more user-friendly, cost-competitive and widespread in the marketplace. As distributed energy resource capacity, including battery storage, grows so does the ability to shift loads and take advantage of potential cost savings and incentives offered by demand response and dynamic pricing programs.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nDemand response reduces stress on the electricity grid during times of prolonged disaster or shifts in weather. Demand response programs enable utility programs to reduce electricity demand, especially at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by avoiding system outages. Demand response programs also increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage.<br />\n[1] Connected Devices Alliance. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. https://cda.iea-4e.org (accessed September 10, 2018).<br />\n[2] Applied Energy Journal  “Demand Side Management in a Day-Ahead Wholesale Market: A Comparison of Industrial &amp; Social Welfare Approaches” (MIT) https://amfarid.scripts.mit.edu/wpblog/tag/graph-theory/Flex (accessed  April 19, 2018).<br />\n[3] Smart grids are electricity supply networks that use digital communications technology to detect and react to changes in energy supply and demand and manage the transport of electricity from generation sources to end users.<br />\n[4] Smart Electric Power Alliance. 2017. “2017 Utility Demand Response Market Snapshot.”<br />\nhttps://sepapower.org/resource/2017-utility-demand-response-market-snapshot/thank-you/ (accessed September 12, 2018).<br />\n[5] BOMA International. “30 Ways to Save Energy – for little or no cost.” http://www.boma.org/research/Documents/Find%20a%20Resource/BEEPChecklist_final.pdf (accessed April 19, 2018).<br />\n[6] Ibid.<br />\n[7] Energy Exchange. Peak Shaving. https://www.eex.gov.au/opportunity/peak-shaving (accessed May 22, 2018).<br />\n[8] Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI). “Demand Flexibility: The Key to Enabling a Low-Cost, Low-Carbon Grid.” Insight Brief. Feb 2018. https://www.rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Insight_Brief_Demand_Flexibility_2018.pdf (accessed May 22, 2018).<br />\n[9] Handi Chandra Putra, Clinton J. Andrews, Jennifer A. Senick (2017). An agent-based model of building occupant behavior during load shedding. Building Simulation. An International Journal. DOI 10.1007/s12273-017-0384-x<br />\n[10] ACEEE. “Demand response programs can reduce utilities’ peak demand an average of 10%, complementing savings from energy efficiency programs” http://aceee.org/blog/2017/02/demand-response-programs-can-reduce  (accessed April 19, 2018).<br />\n[11] US DOE. “Benefits of Demand Response in Electricity Markets and Recommendations for Achieving Them.” https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/report-lbnl-1252d.pdf  (accessed April 19, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nSmart Metering<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nSolar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV<br />\nThermal Energy Storage</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>The IEA Demand-Side Management Programme &#8211; An international collaboration of 20 countries working together to develop and promote opportunities for demand-side management (DSM)<br />\nLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory – Demand Response Quick Assessment Tool<br />\nState of NJ Board of Public Utilities – Commercial Demand Response Filings<br />\nRocky Mountain Institute (RMI) – Economics of Demand Flexibility<br />\nSmart Electric Power Alliance (SEPA) &#8211; The trade association for companies that provide products and services in the areas of demand response, smart meters and smart grid technologies<br />\nUS DOE Demand Response</p>\n<p>PJM</p>\n<p>Demand Response – Data and Reports<br />\nDemand Response FAQs</p>\n<p>NJ Utility Demand Response Information</p>\n<p>PSEG<br />\nJCPL<br />\nACE<br />\nRECO</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10696,2205,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-12 13:15:33'),(10697,2205,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10699,2205,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10702,2205,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10703,2205,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10704,2205,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2205\" /]'),(10705,2205,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10706,2205,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10707,2205,'_thumbnail_id','531'),(10708,2205,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10709,2205,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10710,2205,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10713,2210,'_edit_last','2'),(10714,2210,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10715,2210,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10716,2210,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10717,2210,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10718,2210,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10719,2210,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10720,2210,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10721,2210,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10722,2210,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Preventative Maintenance</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Preventative Maintenance?<br />\nPreventative maintenance, as opposed to reactive maintenance, refers to actions taken to prevent building systems, equipment or components from failing and extend their useful life by performing regularly scheduled repairs and improvements before apparent problems occur. More specifically, preventative maintenance serves as an essential element of a Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) program that encompasses several types of maintenance applications including reactive, preventative, and predictive (see Table 1).<br />\nReactive maintenance (i.e., breakdown or run-to-failure maintenance) occurs after a building component fails. Preventative maintenance (i.e., time-based) performs repairs on a time-based or predetermined schedule. Predictive maintenance initiates repairs and upgrades only when necessary and as determined by periodically monitoring building components for damage or degradation. RCM programs integrate a mix of maintenance strategies and take advantage of their respective strengths to maximize reliability and safety while minimizing life-cycle costs.[1]<br />\nHow to Implement Preventative Maintenance<br />\nThe following list provides basic steps for implementing RCM that incorporates preventative maintenance principles.</p>\n<p>Develop a list of equipment in your building.<br />\nPrioritize the list based on importance to building operation (i.e., cost of system downtime, safety concerns).<br />\nGroup similar components together.<br />\nDetermine schedule and required maintenance tasks for each component using manufacturers technical manuals, historical maintenance records, failure analysis, and engineering expertise.<br />\nAssess maintenance staff and identify appropriate tasks based on skill sets.<br />\nAnalyze equipment failure modes and impacts on components and systems.<br />\nDevelop maintenance guidelines with input from all stakeholders (e.g., government-legislated requirements, requirements of accreditation bodies, health and safety regulations; fire and building codes, recommendations of equipment manufacturers, quality standards and experiences of facilities personnel).</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nScheduling of preventative service and maintenance extends the life of the equipment and building materials, reduces costs, and provides other potential benefits such as:[2]</p>\n<p>Conserving energy and water by optimizing the performance of building systems<br />\nImproving equipment reliability and reduces costly equipment failure and system downtime<br />\nProviding a high-quality indoor environment that improves occupant comfort and reduces occupant complaints</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nA preventative maintenance program reorganizes and reallocates existing resources and does not significantly impact operating costs. Implementing a best-practice O&amp;M program can reduce facility energy use by 5–20% without significant capital investment.[3] Preventative maintenance helps reduce costs through extending the life of equipment and materials, optimizing the performance of systems, and maximizing the use of local resources.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nPreventative maintenance strengthens building performance and bolsters resiliency by regularly identifying and fixing vulnerable building systems and features, such as a leaking roof or windows, and helping to prevent additional damage and loss during extreme weather events.<br />\n[1] The Federal Energy Management Program’s Operations and Maintenance (O&amp;M) Best Practices Guide: Chapter 5 – Types of Maintenance Programs https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/downloads/operations-and-maintenance-best-practices-guide (accessed April 17, 2019).<br />\n[2] Whole Building Design Guide. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php (accessed April 1, 2019).<br />\n[3] PECI. “The 15 Best Operation and Maintenance Practices for Energy-Efficient Buildings.”<br />\nPrepared with funding from the U.S. EPA and U.S. DOE, updated September 2016. https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/buildings/tools/Fifteen%20O%26M%20Best%20Practices.pdf  (accessed April 17, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Building Evaluation<br />\nCommissioning<br />\nGreen Cleaning<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management<br />\nOperator and Occupant Training<br />\nSmart Meters<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nStorm Preparation and Emergency Planning</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA)<br />\nEnergy Star O&amp;M Reports<br />\nThe Federal Energy Management Program’s Operations and Maintenance (O&amp;M) Best Practices Guide<br />\nGSA – Sustainable Facilities Toolkit – Maintenance and Operations<br />\nInsurance Institute for Business &amp; Home Safety Commercial Maintenance<br />\nUSGBC LEED v4.1 O&amp;M Guide<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Sustainable O &amp; M practices</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10723,2210,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-12 13:15:33'),(10724,2210,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10725,2210,'_edit_lock','1650655097:2'),(10727,2210,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10730,2210,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10731,2210,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10732,2210,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2210\" /]'),(10733,2210,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10734,2210,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10735,2210,'_thumbnail_id','412'),(10736,2210,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10737,2210,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10738,2210,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10741,2214,'_edit_last','2'),(10742,2214,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10743,2214,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10744,2214,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10745,2214,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10746,2214,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10747,2214,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10748,2214,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10749,2214,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10750,2214,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Operator and Occupant Training</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Operator and Occupant Training?<br />\nOperator and occupant training provides those who occupy and maintain a building with the tools and strategies to optimize the efficiency of the building’s systems and protect the health and comfort for the building’s occupants. Green buildings require an ongoing commitment by the building owner, facilities operators and building occupants to implement the intended sustainable performance goals. Effective, sustainable operations and maintenance (O&amp;M) strategies are the key to achieving long-term goals of economy, energy efficiency, resource conservation, and pollution prevention while meeting the comfort, health, and safety requirements of a facility.<br />\nHow to Implement Operator and Occupant Training<br />\nEffective O&amp;M strategies for high-performance buildings: [1]</p>\n<p>Integrate indoor environmental quality, energy efficiency, waste management, and water conservation into standard policies, procedures, and practices of the building’s property management and its contracts with maintenance companies and vendors<br />\nProvide regular professional development and training for O&amp;M staff as often as necessary to account for personnel turnover<br />\nEstablish a facility-wide “green team” to evaluate and improve on O&amp;M practices and get feedback from O&amp;M staff and building occupants on their experiences with using green products and adjust products or practices as necessary<br />\nInclude the preparation and upkeep of procedures, manuals, charts, and checklists<br />\nEnsure that occupants understand policy and procedures, including trash and recycling guidelines, and provide opportunities for communication about maintenance needs, repairs, and indoor air quality issues</p>\n<p>It is also important to have personnel trained in understanding product labels and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for information on product safety and toxicity.[2][3]<br />\nExample<br />\nPrinceton Office of Sustainability – Staff Ambassadors, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.<br />\nThe Princeton Sustainability Ambassadors program works with staff from a variety of campus departments, who participate in a one-year training program and as serve as sustainability ambassadors engaging their co-workers, offices, and groups in informational campaigns and activities that support campus sustainability goals as well as sustainability practices at work and at home.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nTraining for building operators and occupants and implementing sound O&amp;M practices helps to meet sustainable performance targets over the life of the building such as:[4]</p>\n<p>Scheduling of preventative service and maintenance that extend the life of equipment and building materials and reduce costs<br />\nConserving energy and water by optimizing the performance of building systems<br />\nReducing the use of toxics and minimizing solid and hazardous waste generation<br />\nProviding a high-quality indoor environment<br />\nReducing absenteeism and worker’s compensation claims<br />\nReducing occupant complaints<br />\nMaintaining landscaping and grounds with minimum use of water and chemicals (see Native and Adapted Plants and Integrated Pest Management)</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nProviding training for building operators and occupants helps reduce costs through extending the life of equipment and materials, optimizing the performance of systems, and maximizing the use of local resources. The costs associated with training for building operators and occupants vary according to the type of training and type of facility. Coursework for Building Operator Certification, for example, costs between $500 and $1,500 for multi-day programs.[5] Check training resources, such as the visit National Sustainable Structures Center (NSSC) at Pennsylvania College of Technology or the New Jersey Clean Energy Learning Center to learn more about training in your area.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nOperator and occupant training contributes to a building’s resiliency by ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Conducting emergency drills and training building staff and occupants for common emergencies and disasters helps to avoid or mitigate potential impacts and to support recovery efforts (see Storm Preparation and Emergency Planning). Prepared individuals and businesses can react quickly and safely to situations, reduce stress on local emergency responders and resources, and support local community outreach.<br />\n[1]Whole Building Design Guide. Sustainable Operations and Maintenance. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php (accessed April 1, 2019).<br />\n[2] MSDS Solutions Center.  http://www.msds.com/ (accessed April 1, 2019).<br />\n[3] National Safety Compliance.  ANSI Material Safety Data Sheets.  http://www.osha-safety-training.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;catid=11:osha-training-videos&amp;id=96:ansi-material-safety-data-sheet-training-video (accessed April 1, 2019).<br />\n[4] Whole Building Design Guide. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainableom.php (accessed April 1, 2019).<br />\n[5] Building Operator Certification, National Sustainable Structures Center (NSSC) at the Pennsylvania College of Technology. Current Course Offerings and Pricing. https://www.pct.edu/business/national-sustainable-structures-center/building-operator-certification (accessed April 1, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Green Cleaning<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management<br />\nSite and Stormwater Management<br />\nPreventative Maintenance<br />\nSmart Meters<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nSource Reduction and Recycling<br />\nStorm Preparation and Emergency Planning</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Building Operator Certification<br />\nBuilding Owners and Managers Association (BOMA)<br />\nBuilding Performance Institute<br />\nENERGY STAR – Owners and Managers<br />\nHarvard Sustainability – Green Office Resources<br />\nIsles – Center for Energy and Environmental Training (CEET)<br />\nNational Safety Compliance.  ANSI Material Safety Data Sheets<br />\nNJ Clean Energy Learning Center<br />\nPrinceton Office of Sustainability<br />\nSustainable Jersey<br />\nSustainable Jersey for Schools<br />\nUSGBC LEED v4.1 O&amp;M Guide<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Sustainable O &amp; M practices</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10751,2214,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-12 13:15:33'),(10752,2214,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10753,2214,'_edit_lock','1650655196:2'),(10755,2214,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10758,2214,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10759,2214,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10760,2214,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2214\" /]'),(10761,2214,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10762,2214,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10764,2214,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10765,2214,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10766,2214,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10768,2219,'_edit_last','2'),(10769,2219,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10770,2219,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10771,2219,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10772,2219,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10773,2219,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10774,2219,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10775,2219,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10776,2219,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10777,2219,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Recycling Centers</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Recycling Centers?<br />\nRecycling Centers are designated areas in a building designed to facilitate recycling. Recycling converts materials that would otherwise become waste into valuable resources and generates financial, environmental, and social returns both locally and globally.[1] Recycling not only saves resources and but also reduces the need for landfills and resource recovery facilities.[2] Having a dedicated and organized recycling center in a building makes recycling easy and increases the likelihood that occupants adequately sort recyclables and trash.<br />\nRecycling certain materials in New Jersey is mandatory. For more information about solid waste and recycling in NJ, visit the NJ DEP Solid Hazardous Waste Management program website.<br />\nHow to Implement Recycling Centers<br />\nDesign recycling programs to comply with local laws and regulations and to make recycling convenient for building occupants and facilities staff. Give careful consideration to the type of recycling containers, space allocations for containers and storage, and the movement of recyclables throughout the facility from inside to outside. At a minimum, recycling programs should provide for the collection of paper, corrugated cardboard, glass, plastics, and metals. Designing and allocating space for the storage and collection of recyclables is required in LEED v4.[3]<br />\nWhen designing a recycling program, important considerations include:</p>\n<p>Allocate sufficient interior and exterior space.<br />\nPlan for how to transport the materials to the outside collection area.<br />\nConsider where materials are generated within the building and locate convenient central collection containers.<br />\nGive special consideration to spaces such as copy centers, kitchens, break rooms, receiving and shipping areas and loading docks.<br />\nPlace desktop or desk-side bins by employees’ desk for collection of office paper.<br />\nPlace collection containers for other recyclables such as newspapers and magazines in central locations.<br />\nLabel collection containers clearly to ensure proper sorting.<br />\nConsider space needs and access and collection by vehicles for outdoor storage areas.<br />\nImplement recycling policies and procedures.<br />\nConduct periodic training for building occupants and facilities staff.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nPlanning for a well-designed and well-run recycling program can lead to more efficient waste management and benefits for the facility occupants and the environment. There are many benefits related to recycling over disposal but taking steps towards source reduction and material reuse first, and then implementing recycling efforts provides the environmental benefit.[4]<br />\nSome benefits noted by the Natural Resources Defense Council include:[5]</p>\n<p>Conserves natural resources, such as timber, water, and mineral ores, from domestic and imported sources.<br />\nPrevents pollution caused by manufacturing from virgin resources.<br />\nSaves energy in the production of products from virgin materials that need to be harvested and manufactured.<br />\nReduces the need for landfills and incineration while also helping to reduce the pollution produced by these processes.<br />\nHelps protect and expand manufacturing jobs in America.<br />\nEngenders a sense of community involvement and responsibility in protecting the environment.</p>\n<p>For a list of economic and environmental benefits of recycling in New Jersey, go to http://www.state.nj.us/dep//dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm<br />\nCosts<br />\nRecycling costs vary, but a well-designed recycling program can improve a facility’s waste management practices and cost less than garbage disposal for an equivalent amount of material. Recycling can reduce the waste stream and may be able to reduce the frequency of trash pick-ups or the size of disposal containers.[6] Recycling bins for recycling center and spaces throughout the facility can vary in price depending on style and material but are widely available from a variety of manufacturers.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nProactive strategies for waste-related issues associated with disasters is an integral part of resilience planning.[7] Reducing waste and reusing or recycling materials can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm (accessed May 9, 2019).<br />\n[2] NJ DEP. Recycling in New Jersey. http://www.state.nj.us/dep//dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm (accessed May 9, 2019).<br />\n[3] USGBC. LEED BD+C New Construction v4. https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-commercial-interiors-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-healthcare-h-0?view=language  (accessed May 9, 2019).<br />\n[4] NJ DEP. Recycling in New Jersey. http://www.state.nj.us/dep//dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm (accessed May 9, 2019).<br />\n[5] Natural Resources Defense Council. Too Good to Throw Away. http://www.nrdc.org/cities/recycling/recyc/recyint.asp (accessed May 9, 2010).<br />\n[6] US EPA. Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm (accessed May 9, 2019).<br />\n[7] US EPA. Waste Management Planning to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change. https://www.epa.gov/homeland-security-waste/waste-management-planning-mitigate-impact-climate-change (accessed March 24, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>	Source Reduction and Recycling</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>NJ DEP – Recycling<br />\nNatural Resources Defense Council – Recycling: Beyond the Bin<br />\nUS EPA – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10778,2219,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-11 05:43:04'),(10779,2219,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10780,2219,'_edit_lock','1650655303:2'),(10782,2219,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10785,2219,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10786,2219,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10787,2219,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2219\" /]'),(10788,2219,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10789,2219,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10790,2219,'_thumbnail_id','557'),(10791,2219,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10792,2219,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10793,2219,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10796,2223,'_edit_last','2'),(10797,2223,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10798,2223,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10799,2223,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10800,2223,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10801,2223,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10802,2223,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10803,2223,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10804,2223,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10805,2223,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Building Evaluation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Building Evaluation?<br />\nBuilding evaluation is the ongoing process of assessing the actual performance of a building as compared to design or facility goals or a peer group of buildings or building types. Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) refers to a type of building evaluation that measures aspects of building performance such as resource consumption (i.e., energy, water). Other measures of a BPE may include accessibility, aesthetics, cost-effectiveness, productivity, safety and security, and sustainability.[1] Building evaluation may also include a systematic evaluation of the opinions of building users (i.e., occupants, visitors).  This additional aspect of building evaluation commonly falls under the rubric of Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE).[2]  Both BPE and POE can improve the functionality and efficiency of the target building as well as inform future green building design strategies. These evaluation methods are valuable yet often overlooked aspects of commercial green building.<br />\nIn a green building, the most significant areas for evaluation often include satisfaction of occupants, indoor environmental quality including air quality, lighting, acoustics, thermal comfort, and other areas such as occupant health, energy efficiency, and water conservation.  Other factors that may be important to evaluate, depending on the location, include the use of alternative transportation and site-specific choices like landscaping or other outdoor amenities.<br />\nThe Rutgers Center for Green Building has conducted several green building evaluations of various building types available on the Center’s website and as case studies on the NJ Green Building Manual site. Common key findings across these building evaluations include:</p>\n<p>Building occupants rarely behave as designers expect<br />\nGlare problems continue to plague successful implementation of daylighting strategies<br />\nBuilding design and interior space design and management require further coordination<br />\nHighly sophisticated equipment calls for a highly trained / knowledgeable   full-time facilities manager<br />\nGreen buildings generally outperform conventional buildings in energy consumption but underperform their design intent<br />\nEnergy models may be flawed</p>\n<p>How to Perform a Building Evaluation<br />\nThere are several ways to implement BPEs or POEs. An essential first step in the process is determining the criteria for evaluation as well as the methods. A green building evaluation may involve a combination of the following: interviews with occupants, space utilization surveys or floor plan analysis, analysis of utility data, deployment of monitoring or metering equipment and analysis of its results, indoor air quality tests, and other indicative, investigative or diagnostic tools (see Smart Sensors and Controls, and Smart Metering).<br />\nFor example, low-cost detection methods in combination with cost-effective thermal imaging can give property owners a complete assessment of building-related health and safety hazards. While property owners can pursue lower costs methods using consumer-grade technologies (e.g. ‘Foobot’ and ‘Air Visual’ products), they might want to work with a research center like the Center for Green Building (at Rutgers University) to utilize thermal imaging technologies (see Figure 2).[3] The cost of such technologies is decreasing, but data processing requires computing power and specialized software that is typically beyond the access and affordability of building managers. Such technologies enable owners to quickly identify and rectify problem spots in the building envelope and avoid the costs of more common but invasive and destructive trial-and-error processes.<br />\nBuilding Performance Evaluation (BPE) Analysis Tools developed by the US DOE Commercial Buildings Program are available for free download on their website.</p>\n<p>Examples<br />\nCost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards, Bronx Borough, NYC.<br />\nThis HUD-funded study led by a multidisciplinary team of researchers from Rutgers University explored the integration of infrared thermography and laser scanning for building hazard detection. The integration allowed a quick and objective measurement of common building defects that are relevant to a healthy building. The team developed a systematic method that consisted of infrared and laser scan data collection, data fusion, and data analysis. The study included an evaluation of two large multi-family multi-story buildings in the Bronx Borough of NYC. A total of 30 apartments were surveyed and analyzed according to several quantitative metrics including missing insulation, moisture issues, air infiltration, and thermal bridging.<br />\nPoor or missing insulation can impair the thermal performance of the building components significantly (see Figure 3). Moisture is the most common form of deterioration for a building potentially causing reduced insulation value, mold growth, brick sprawling, and roof membrane fastener corrosion. Air leakage and air infiltration can lead to higher energy consumption and condensation in construction which in its turn can cause a poor indoor climate. Thermal bridges are the elements or areas that are characterized by higher thermal conductance and can lead to an increase of energy heating requirements during the winter season.<br />\nThe results of the study showed varied conditions in the apartments, some of them having alarming concerns about thermal performance and hazardous conditions. The main finding deals with the relationship between missing insulation and particle penetration from outdoors to indoors. Investigators found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of airborne particles and the indoor/outdoor ratio of those particles, meaning that apartments with higher percentages of missing insulation also had higher (I/O) ratios. Additionally, in apartments where residents reported mold, higher amounts of insulation were missing – a finding that also matched residents’ asthma reports, leading investigators to conclude that building defects such as missing insulation have a direct effect on the residents’ well-being. This field study showed that low-cost detection of building hazards can generate precise measures to gauge the performance of the building and that integrating indoor air quality data and questionnaires with data from infrared thermography and laser scans can help create a complete picture of building performance and residents’ health.[4]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nBuilding evaluation identifies both successes and failures in building performance, with an emphasis on human interaction with building systems. BPE and POE can contribute to more efficient system operations, greater occupant comfort, and cost savings. Understanding trends in performance also inform new developments in predictive software for building designers and highlight the need for new technologies and more accurate modeling of realistic occupants. Finally, building evaluation helps build a body of knowledge about the performance of buildings that can inform future projects, policies and programs.<br />\nCosts<br />\nCosts for a building evaluation vary based on the level of evaluation and time constraints.  Depending on the resources of the organization, in-house staff can perform some aspects of a building evaluation. In the experience of the Rutgers Center for Green Building, building evaluations range from $15,000 for a very basic one through upwards of $150,000 for a robust building evaluation including multiple data points over time (longitudinal study).<br />\nCheck the NJ Clean Energy Program for available incentives, programs, and funding opportunities.<br />\nThe US EPA Building Performance with EnergyStar program also offers a free energy assessment and tracking tool called Portfolio Manager for commercial buildings.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nBuilding evaluation contributes to a building’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of critical building systems and notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, ensuring that a building performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Ongoing building evaluation can also evaluate how successfully a building is performing in response to increasing heat, more intense precipitation and storms, rising sea levels, and flooding, and increased frequency of power outages – all indicators of resiliency. Additionally, building evaluation can help prepare a building for these circumstances by evaluating whether a building has or has not implemented green building strategies with resiliency benefits. Examples include cooling and shading the building, improving the efficiency of the building envelope, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide. Facility Performance Evaluation. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php (accessed Jan 8, 2019).<br />\n[2] Post Occupancy Evaluation. https://postoccupancyevaluation.com/ (accessed Jan 9, 2019).<br />\n[3] Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.<br />\n[4] Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017). Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards. http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf (accessed Jan 10, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Air Infiltration<br />\nMoisture Control<br />\nSmart Metering<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017). Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards.<br />\nThe Rutgers Center for Green Building – Building Evaluation Projects<br />\nUniversity of California, Berkeley – Center for the Built Environment<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Facility Performance Evaluation</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10806,2223,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-08 21:12:58'),(10807,2223,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10808,2223,'_edit_lock','1650655441:2'),(10810,2223,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10813,2223,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10814,2223,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10815,2223,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2223\" /]'),(10816,2223,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10817,2223,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10818,2223,'_thumbnail_id','407'),(10819,2223,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10820,2223,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10821,2223,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10824,2227,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10825,2227,'_edit_last','2'),(10826,2227,'_edit_lock','1651069041:2'),(10828,2227,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10831,2227,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10832,2227,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10833,2227,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2227\" /]'),(10834,2227,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10835,2227,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10836,2227,'_thumbnail_id','51'),(10837,2227,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10838,2227,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10839,2227,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB)</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings?<br />\nA Grid-interactive Efficient Building (GEB) refers to an energy efficient building with smart technologies (e.g., smart meters, appliances, sensors and controls) designed to utilize multiple distributed energy resources (DERs) including solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, combined heat and power (CHP), energy storage, demand response (DR), electric vehicles (EVs), microgrids, and energy efficiency in an integrated way to optimize energy use for grid services (i.e., generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity from utility to consumer) and building occupants.[1]<br />\nFigure 1 shows several key features of GEBs. They are energy-efficient with high-performance features designed to reduce both net energy consumption and peak demand. Second, they are connected, with two-way communication capabilities that allow for response to grid conditions. Next, they are also smart with sensors and controls to optimize energy use for occupant patterns and preferences, utility price signals, weather forecasts, and available on-site generation and storage. Finally, they are flexible with the ability to reduce, shed, shift, modulate or generate electricity.<br />\nTraditional buildings do not interact with the grid or exchange energy data information. Smart buildings with advanced sensors and controls, and connected devices can utilize a variety of distribute energy resources (DERs) but often manage them separately. For example, smart metered buildings employ advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advanced monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply (see Smart Meters).[2] Smart metered buildings with on-site renewable energy generation (see Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems) and energy storage (see Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation) can signal consumers to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated on-site or from the grid when electricity demand is low (see Alternative Transportation).[3] Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.[4]<br />\nGrid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB) move beyond the siloed smart building approach to integrate across DERs, managing interactions and benefiting from synergies. Table 1 illustrates the integrated approach of GEBs. In this example, GEB is the sum (i.e., integrated DER approach) of the energy-efficiency and demand response columns (i.e., single DER approaches) and the additional capabilities of the GEB column.<br />\nTable 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach</p>\n<p>Implementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Building (GEB)<br />\nImplementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Building starts with optimizing energy efficiency, assessing DER opportunities and utilizing smart building technologies, which typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.<br />\nThe decision to install smart sensors and controls and the type of technologies selected depends on the size of the building and the building’s intended use. Smart system set-up and installation requires expert assistance. Look for devices with interoperability between smart building technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.<br />\nWhile sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.<br />\nContact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart building technologies that increase energy-efficiency.<br />\nExample<br />\nConnected Neighborhoods Project<br />\nThe Connected Neighborhoods Project recognizes the opportunities for maximizing building-to-grid interaction across a set of buildings. The first Smart Neighborhood, located in Birmingham, Alabama, is a joint project between Alabama Power, Signature Homes, and researchers at Southern Company, U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge Laboratory and the Electric Power Research Institute. This project integrates 62 high-performance homes with energy efficient systems and smart technologies, and a community-scale microgrid with PV panels, battery storage, and a backup natural gas generator to optimize grid services, cost savings, and resiliency.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nGEBs provide benefits to the grid by shifting energy loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from renewable sources thus reducing the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and preventing supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.[5] GEBs also help to balance new loads such as electric vehicles (EVs) and to support the electrification of transportation by hosting two-way EV charging locations. Also, GEBs can provide utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.[6]<br />\nGEBs add value to building owners by transforming traditional but flexible building energy demands like lighting and HVAC, along with DERs into energy assets.[7] GEBs equipped with smart technologies can respond to electric grid conditions, which helps avert system stress, enhancing the reliability of the entire grid. For building owners and operators, the benefits include cost-savings and efficiency gains from a better understanding of energy consumption patterns, advanced load and asset control mechanisms, and increased demand response and DER opportunities.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe initial cost, energy savings, and payback of GEB varies depending on the building’s technological features, size, layout, and existing building capabilities. In general, whole building applications benefit from economies of scale and cost less to install per square foot in larger buildings than in smaller ones. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation and commissioning costs compared to wired devices. Savings from the reduced utility demand charges often help cover the costs of building automatic systems and smart sensors and controls.[8]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nGEBs increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, GEBs help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently dispatching work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times, limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. [9]<br />\n[1] U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf  (accessed April 29, 2019).<br />\n[2] Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes (accessed August 17, 2018).<br />\n[3] Ibid.<br />\n[4] Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/  (accessed May 3, 2018)<br />\n[5] Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.<br />\n[6] 2006 FERC Report, 18 http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[7] U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf  (accessed April 29, 2019).<br />\n[8] EPRI. “Estimating the Cost and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf (accessed May 5, 2018).<br />\n[9] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nEnergy Star Equipment and Plug Load<br />\nEnergy Storage and Backup Power Generation<br />\nDemand Response and Peak-Load Management<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nSmart Metering<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>GRIDWISE ALLIANCE<br />\nNew Buildings Institute (NBI) GridOptimal Buildings Initiative<br />\nNJ Office of Clean Energy<br />\nNREL Electric Vehicle Grid Integration<br />\nSmart Energy Consumer Collaborative<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nSmart Grid – Where Power is Going?<br />\nUS DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10840,2227,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-08 21:12:58'),(10841,2227,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10842,2227,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10844,2227,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10845,2227,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10846,2227,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10847,2227,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10848,2227,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10849,2227,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10850,2227,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10852,2234,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10853,2234,'_edit_last','2'),(10854,2234,'_edit_lock','1651069068:2'),(10856,2234,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10859,2234,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10860,2234,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10861,2234,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2234\" /]'),(10862,2234,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10863,2234,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10864,2234,'_thumbnail_id','405'),(10865,2234,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10866,2234,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10867,2234,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Smart Meters</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Smart Meters?<br />\nSmart meters or advanced meters, a component of the broader smart grid[1], use digital meters to record and transmit energy consumption and generation data, namely electricity, but also natural gas or water usage in intervals of an hour or less through a secure wireless network back to the utility and consumer at least daily.[2] As opposed to traditional analog or automated meter readers, smart meter technology includes remote reading, two-way communication, support of dynamic pricing[3], and remote disablement and enablement of supply.[4] Energy companies can use data from smart meters to better monitor and manage energy supply and demand, power outages and the integration of clean energy sources into the electric grid. Smart meters provide documentation for participation in utility-sponsored demand response programs, which incentivize consumers to interrupt or adjust energy use by reducing or shifting loads or storing energy during peak demand and periods of higher energy costs or enable utilities to remotely switch electricity services on or off based on the cost or availability of energy.[5] For example, consumption data from smart meters can signal a utility or consumer to remotely turn off air-conditioning units to avoid peak load issues or to run appliances during lower demand, lower-cost times of the day (see Smart Sensors and Controls).<br />\nData collected from smart meters connected to a smart grid supports the advancement and adoption of distributed energy generation and energy storage technologies, such as wind and solar, and plug-in electric vehicles (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).[6] By measuring both electricity generated as well as delivered, smart meters can help utilities better manage and control the storage and transmission of renewable power from distributed energy sources and micro-grids to end-users. Smart meter data can also provide consumers with information on when to use, store, or sell on-site renewable energy generation back to the grid and encourage smart electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours (see Alternative Transportation).<br />\nHow to Implement a Smart Metering System<br />\nImplementing a smart metering system begins with identifying the intended use and goals of the system as this determines the system’s requirements and features. Smart meter systems typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.<br />\nNon-sub-metered systems bill tenants based on a percentage of the total usage for the entire building. A smart sub-metered system makes billing tenants for their actual usage possible.[7] In commercial buildings with multiple tenants or businesses, smart meters provide individual tenants and the utility company information on electricity, natural gas, and water usage, providing the opportunity to track progress on conservation strategies and participation in demand response programs and to identify opportunities to increase energy efficiency and cost savings.<br />\nContact local electricity, natural gas, and water service providers for information on smart metering opportunities and demand response programs. In the absence of a utility run program, smart meters can be implemented by business owners to provide building operators with instant energy and water data for making informed energy choices or to help identify potential equipment issues and leaks, saving energy and money.<br />\nExample<br />\nOrange &amp; Rockland Smart Meter Program<br />\nThe Orange &amp; Rockland Electric Utility plans to install 400,000 smart meters to residential and commercial customers by 2020. The smart metering program aims to utilize the data from smart meters to boost grid reliability and cut the length of power outages by automatically notifying the utility when outages occur leading to faster restoration. Potential benefits to customers include data on energy use habits to promote behavior change or to signal customers to run building equipment and devices at off-peak hours or when cleaner, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are available.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSmart meters provide benefits to both utility companies and consumers. Data gathered from smart meters provides utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.[8] Via demand response, smart meters support the shift of loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from cleaner or renewable sources, reduce the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and prevent supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.[9] Benefits to consumers include enhanced customer service, reduced theft due to the remote and real-time meter reading, and the establishment of time-based rates. Smart meters also inform consumers of their real-time energy usage, providing them with data to make informed energy use decisions and potentially change behavior. Smart metering water lines allow commercial facility managers to see consumption trends within the building and to target areas for improvement.<br />\nCosts<br />\nOne study estimated that the average commercial customer would pay $7,000 to $10,000 for smart meter technology, which includes transmission and distribution upgrades and various customer costs (primarily the costs of the in-building technologies).[10] As an example, Rockland Electric predicts deployment costs of $16.5 million and estimates operational and management expenses over 20 years at $12 million. The utility projects to save $82 million over two decades in reduced labor and outage costs.[11]<br />\nFor smart water meters, project costs range widely based on the number of customers, the specific metering, and communications technologies selected, the level of software integration, and the state of the metering system before smart metering system implementation.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSmart meters increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, smart meters help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently sending work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times and limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. [12]<br />\n[1] Smart grids are electricity supply networks that use digital communications technology to detect and react to changes in energy supply and demand and manage the transport of electricity from generation sources to end users.<br />\n[2] U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2017. Frequently Asked Questions: Smart Meters. Updated December 7, 2017. https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1 (accessed Sept 5, 2018).<br />\n[3] Dynamic pricing includes time-of-use pricing, real-time pricing, variable peak pricing, critical peak pricing, and critical or peak time rebates.<br />\n[4] Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.<br />\n[5] Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.<br />\n[6] Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative. “Do smart meters help the environment?” http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment (accessed Sept 6, 2018).<br />\n[7] National Conference of State Legislatures “Utility Submetering” http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[8] 2006 FERC Report, 18 http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[9] Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.<br />\n[10] EPRI, “Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[11] Tom Johnson. 2017. NJ Spotlight. “Is New Jersey Finally Getting Smarter about Smart Meters?” http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/ (accessed Sept 7, 2018).<br />\n[12] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018)</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nSolar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV Systems</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>GRIDWISE ALLIANCE<br />\nNJ Office of Clean Energy<br />\nSmart Energy Consumer Collaborative<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nSmart Grid – Where Power is Going?<br />\nState of NJ Board of Public Utilities</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10868,2234,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-08 21:12:58'),(10869,2234,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10870,2234,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10872,2234,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10873,2234,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10874,2234,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10875,2234,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10876,2234,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10877,2234,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10878,2234,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10880,2240,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10881,2240,'_edit_last','2'),(10882,2240,'_edit_lock','1650655832:2'),(10884,2240,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10887,2240,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10888,2240,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10889,2240,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2240\" /]'),(10890,2240,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10891,2240,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10892,2240,'_thumbnail_id','239'),(10893,2240,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10894,2240,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10895,2240,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Smart Sensors and Controls</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Smart Sensors and Controls?<br />\nSmart sensors are devices that monitor conditions of the physical environment and building equipment such as temperature, air flow, moisture, humidity, lighting and daylighting levels, offer smoke and CO detection, and collect data about real-time building occupancy, and energy and water use (see Daylighting). Electronic actuators process these measurements, and smart controls utilize the data to adjust building conditions and optimize building performance in areas such as lighting and shading, HVAC systems, security, fire suppression, equipment plug loads, and landscape irrigation.[1] Controls utilize software with standardized communication protocols on networked computing devices such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, PCs or through dedicated hardware interfaces such as wall-mounted controls. Smart buildings consist of an integrated network of advanced sensors and controls and use Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to connect building systems and enable automated building operations and control.[2]<br />\nFor example, smart thermostats coupled with smart HVAC systems use multiple sensors and controls to monitor and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings, control energy consumption in unoccupied areas, and detect and diagnose issues. Smart appliances such as refrigerators and freezers use sensors and controls to remotely track and manage variables such as temperature, humidity, and energy use. Demand response enabled devices, including smart thermostats and certain appliances, can be controlled remotely by an energy provider to reduce peak power demand (see Demand Response and Peak Load Management).[3] Smart lighting consists of networked LED and linear fluorescent luminaires with advanced sensors that can detect lighting failure and advanced controls that utilize dual-technology infrared plus ultrasonic occupancy and vacancy sensing, daylight harvesting, dimming controls and task tuning (see High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls).[4] Smart solar window films adjust window tints based on incoming daylight, and window shading systems use auto-controlled devices that open and close at specific times of the day to manage light levels and solar heat gain (see Energy-Efficient Windows).[5] Smart plug load controls, including smart outlets and advanced power strips, use scheduling, motion sensing, or load detection to turn off equipment when not in use (see ENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load). Smoke detectors enable automated sprinkler systems to function correctly, and CO sensors trigger alarms to protect building occupants before exposure to dangerous CO levels. Smart security systems automatically unlock doors for building employees using different types of sensors such as facial recognition or mobile phone GPS. Smart water metering and irrigation systems use sensors to monitor water use, detect leaks, and prevent irrigation systems from running when it is raining or when unnecessary.<br />\nSmart building technologies can connect users to a smart grid (see Smart Metering). Smart metered buildings utilize advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advanced monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply.[6] Smart metered buildings with on-site renewable energy generation (see Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems) and energy storage (see Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation) can signal consumers to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated on-site or from the grid when electricity demand is low (see Alternative Transportation).[7] Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.[8]<br />\nHow to Incorporate Smart Sensors and Controls<br />\nThe decision to install smart sensors and controls and the type of technologies selected depends on the size of the building and the building’s intended use. Smart system set-up and installation requires expert assistance. A building can incorporate multiple smart technologies or a single service such as a smart lighting system or a smart security system depending on the needs and desires of the building users. Look for devices with interoperability between smart building technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.<br />\nWhile sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.<br />\nContact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart building technologies that increase energy-efficiency.<br />\nExamples<br />\nGSA Green Proving Ground (GPG): Wireless Pneumatic Thermostats<br />\nA study conducted by the GSA Green Proving Ground Program found that wireless pneumatic thermostats, which detect space temperature and can wirelessly control HVAC systems, can cost-effectively reduce energy use by implementing unoccupied/occupied energy-saving control strategies.<br />\nPanasonic Corporation of North America, Newark, NJ.<br />\nThrough New Jersey’s Clean Energy Pay for Performance Program, Panasonic received guidance and financial incentives to implement lighting control strategies including daylight harvesting.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSmart building technologies provide tools to detect and manage building operations and maintenance, comfort, and energy performance issues, resulting in better equipment maintenance, higher occupant satisfaction, and reduced energy consumption and costs. Smart metered buildings can also track real-time energy consumption, allowing business owners to monitor and certify peak energy use reductions, and take advantage of lower electricity charges and peak demand incentive programs offered by utilities.[9]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe initial cost, energy savings, and payback of smart technologies vary depending on the technology’s features and capabilities. In general, smart technologies that cover the whole building in one application benefit from economies of scale and cost less to install per square foot in larger buildings than in smaller ones. Individual technologies, such as smart thermostats typically cost less for smaller buildings. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation and commissioning costs compared to wired devices. Savings from the reduced utility demand charges often cover the costs of smart control projects.[10]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSmart controls contribute to a building’s resiliency by providing real-time feedback on the status of critical building systems, notifying building operators when and where a problem exists, and providing remote access for turning systems on or off during potential power outages or other disruptive events. Smart sensors that do not rely on external power or wired networks can continue to provide feedback during power outages. Smart metering and smart devices and appliances with demand response ready equipment also benefit the energy system and promote resiliency by supporting grid stability, reducing peak energy demand, and increasing the use of renewable energy.<br />\n[1] Marina Sofos. 2018. “Sensor and Control Technologies: R&amp;D Overview.” Building Technologies Office (BTO). U.S. Department of Energy: Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. BTO Peer Review. April 30, 2018. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/05/f52/Sofos-Peer-Review-S%26C-043018.pdf (accessed Aug 13, 2018).<br />\n[2] Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[3] Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes (accessed August 17, 2018).<br />\n[4] Jennifer King and Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: Using Smart Technology to Save Energy in Existing Buildings.” February 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.   http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1701.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[5] Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: A Deeper Dive into Market Segments.” December 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[6] Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes (accessed August 17, 2018).<br />\n[7] Ibid.<br />\n[8] Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/  (accessed May 3, 2018)<br />\n[9] Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/  (accessed May 3, 2018)<br />\n[10] EPRI. “Estimating the Cost and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf (accessed May 5, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nDaylighting<br />\nDemand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nENERGY STAR Equipment and Plug Load<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nOn-Site Wind Energy Generation<br />\nPhotovoltaic (PV) Systems<br />\nSmart Metering</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)<br />\nThe Connected Devices Alliance (CDA) Centre of Excellence<br />\nENERGY STAR – Smart Thermostats<br />\nSmart Buildings Center<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Smart Controls</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10896,2240,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-08 21:12:58'),(10897,2240,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10898,2240,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10900,2240,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10901,2240,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10902,2240,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10903,2240,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10904,2240,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10905,2240,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10906,2240,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10908,2247,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10909,2247,'_edit_last','2'),(10910,2247,'_edit_lock','1650656027:2'),(10912,2247,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10915,2247,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10916,2247,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10917,2247,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2247\" /]'),(10918,2247,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10919,2247,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10920,2247,'_thumbnail_id','400'),(10921,2247,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10922,2247,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10923,2247,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">Existing Commercial</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV?<br />\nPhotovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity (see Photovoltaic (PV) systems).[1] Most grid-tied PV systems connect to the traditional centralized grid or macrogrid and loose power whenever the large-scale electric power system goes down.[2] Islanding refers to when a distributed energy resource (DER), such as a PV system, continues to power a location with available solar even after a grid outage. Laws typically require grid-tied PV systems to have a grid-tie inverter with an anti-islanding capability, which can sense when a power outage occurs, automatically disconnect from the grid, and shut itself off, protecting utility workers from live wires and preventing power surges.[3]<br />\nUnlike the traditional macrogrid, microgrids function as locally controlled systems (see Figure 1) and can allow for intentional solar islanding or operating independently of the grid.[4] The United States Department of Energy Microgrid Exchange Group defines a microgrid as:[5]<br />\n“A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (DER)     within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode.”</p>\n<p>Microgrids can operate at different scales or classifications based on the size and organization of the Distributed Energy Resources (DER) connected to the grid. For example, Level 1 or single customer microgrids may include PV systems that serve one customer or building through a single meter.<br />\nPV systems with solar islanding capability and battery storage can provide emergency power for critical building functions during grid outages and emergency situations (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation). They can also function independently of the traditional grid during the year to manage peak demand and energy prices through participation in Demand Response (DR) programs (see Demand Response and Peak Load Management). Likewise, PV systems designed to connect to local or future microgrid connections helps support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage power outages, peak demand, and the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid (see Smart Metering, and Demand Response and Peak Load Management).<br />\nHow to Implement Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV<br />\nReconfiguring PV systems to operate independently of the grid and serve as self-sufficient microgrids requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, battery storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful solar islanding to take place (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).[6]<br />\nFirst, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from solar islanding. Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, lighting, and phone or laptop charging versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.[7] See the Highland Park Solar Islanding example below for advice on calculating critical loads and determining capacity requirements for an islandable PV and battery storage system.<br />\nHire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.[8] Contact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Funding and incentive programs may require islandable PV and battery storage systems to blackstart or startup without a direct connection to the electric utility grid and operate at critical load for a set minimum period.[9]<br />\nExamples<br />\nSolar Islanding Project, Highland Park, NJ.<br />\nThis report analyzes the power demands and associated functions potentially sustained by three existing solar installations in Highland Park, NJ if converted into solar power islands. The report includes recommendations in language consistent with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) standard for adoption by other municipalities who may already have solar islands.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSolar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems with battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, while also providing a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs. By providing localized power generation, islandable PV systems increase energy efficiency by reducing transmission and distribution losses typical of centralized grid systems.[10] Unlike diesel and fossil-fueled generators, typically used only during emergencies, islandable PV systems with battery storage provide value throughout the year, do not require regular maintenance or refueling, and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.[11]<br />\nCosts<br />\nCompared to traditional grid-tied PV systems, islandable PV and battery storage systems require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs (see Photovoltaic (PV) Systems).[12] As the cost of solar and battery storage declines and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions, may offset these incremental costs. [13]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSolar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.[14] Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.<br />\n[1] E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[2] Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf (accessed Oct 1, 2018).<br />\n[3] NREL (2017) Microgrid-Ready Solar PV – Planning for Resiliency. Updated September 2017. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf (accessed Oct 1, 2018).<br />\n[4] Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. 2018. Microgrids at Berkeley Labs. https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0  (accessed Oct 2, 2018).<br />\n[5] NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html (accessed Oct 1, 2018).<br />\n[6] NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html (accessed Oct 1, 2018).<br />\n[7] Ibid. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf (accessed Oct 1, 2018).<br />\n[8] US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.” http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf (accessed April 5, 2018).<br />\n[9] NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2018. Energy Resilience Bank. https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html (accessed Oct 2, 2018).<br />\n[10] E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[11] NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[12] NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[13] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[14] E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation<br />\nDemand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nOn-Site Renewable Energy Systems<br />\nSmart Metering</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)<br />\nDSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables<br />\nGRIDWISE ALLIANCE<br />\nHighland Park Solar Islanding Project<br />\nLawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids<br />\nNJ Office of Clean Energy &#8211; Town Center Distributed Energy Resource Microgrid Feasibility Study Incentive Program<br />\nUS DOE – How Microgrids Work<br />\nSmart Energy Consumer Collaborative<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nSmart Grid – Where Power is Going?<br />\nState of NJ Board of Public Utilities</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10924,2247,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-08 21:12:58'),(10925,2247,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10926,2247,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10927,2247,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10928,2247,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10929,2247,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10930,2247,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10931,2247,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10932,2247,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10933,2247,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10934,2247,'_wp_old_slug','auto-draft'),(10937,2247,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(10950,2254,'_wp_attached_file','2022/04/download-3.png'),(10951,2254,'_wp_attachment_metadata','a:5:{s:5:\"width\";i:16;s:6:\"height\";i:16;s:4:\"file\";s:22:\"2022/04/download-3.png\";s:5:\"sizes\";a:0:{}s:10:\"image_meta\";a:12:{s:8:\"aperture\";s:1:\"0\";s:6:\"credit\";s:0:\"\";s:6:\"camera\";s:0:\"\";s:7:\"caption\";s:0:\"\";s:17:\"created_timestamp\";s:1:\"0\";s:9:\"copyright\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"focal_length\";s:1:\"0\";s:3:\"iso\";s:1:\"0\";s:13:\"shutter_speed\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"title\";s:0:\"\";s:11:\"orientation\";s:1:\"0\";s:8:\"keywords\";a:0:{}}}'),(10952,85,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Regular Housekeeping (Source: rawpixle.com)'),(10958,2259,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(10959,2259,'_edit_last','3'),(10960,2259,'_edit_lock','1650657403:3'),(10961,2259,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(10962,2259,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(10963,2259,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(10964,2259,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2259\" /]'),(10965,2259,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(10966,2259,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(10967,2259,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(10968,2259,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(10969,2259,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_15 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Recycling Centers</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_16 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_6\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_23  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Recycling Centers?<br />\nRecycling Centers are designated areas in a home designed to facilitate recycling. Recycling converts materials that would otherwise become waste into valuable resources and generates financial, environmental, and social returns, both locally and globally.[1] Recycling not only saves resources and but also reduces the need for landfills and resource recovery facilities.[2] Having a dedicated and organized recycling space makes recycling easy and increases the likelihood that occupants properly sort recyclables and trash.<br />\nRecycling certain materials in New Jersey is mandatory. For more information about solid waste and recycling in NJ, visit the NJ DEP Solid Hazardous Waste Management program website.<br />\nHow to Implement Recycling Centers<br />\nRecycling programs should comply with local laws and regulations and be designed with convenience for residents in mind. Carefully consider the type of recycling containers, space allocations for containers and storage, and the movement of recyclables throughout the home from inside to outside. At a minimum, provide recycling collection areas for paper, corrugated cardboard, glass, plastic, and metals.<br />\nWhen designing a recycling area, important considerations include: [3]</p>\n<p>Allocating sufficient interior and exterior space.<br />\nPlanning for how to transport the materials to the outside collection area.<br />\nConsidering where materials are generated within the home and locate convenient central collection containers.<br />\nLabeling collection containers clearly to ensure proper sorting.<br />\nConsidering space needs, access, and collection by vehicles for outdoor storage area.</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nPlanning a well-designed recycling station can lead to more efficient waste management and benefits for the homeowners and the environment. There are many benefits related to recycling over disposal but taking steps towards source reduction and material reuse first, and then implementing recycling efforts provides the most environmental benefit.[4]<br />\nSome benefits noted by the Natural Resources Defense Council include:[5]</p>\n<p>Conserves natural resources, such as timber, water, and mineral ores, from domestic and imported sources.<br />\nPrevents pollution caused by manufacturing from virgin resources.<br />\nSaves energy in the production of products from virgin materials that need to be harvested and manufactured.<br />\nReduces the need for landfills and incineration while also helping to reduce the pollution produced by these processes.<br />\nHelps protect and expand manufacturing jobs in America.<br />\nEngenders a sense of community involvement and responsibility in protecting the environment.</p>\n<p>For a list of economic and environmental benefits of recycling in New Jersey, go to http://www.state.nj.us/dep//dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm<br />\nCosts<br />\nRecycling costs vary, but recycling can reduce the waste stream and may be able to reduce the frequency of trash pick-ups or the size of disposal containers.[6] Recycling bins for the can vary in price depending on style and material but are widely available from a variety of manufacturers.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nProactive strategies for waste-related issues associated with disasters is an integral part of resilience planning.[7] Reducing waste and reusing or recycling materials can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm (accessed May 9, 2019).<br />\n[2] NJ DEP. Recycling in New Jersey. http://www.state.nj.us/dep//dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm (accessed May 9, 2019).<br />\n[3] USGBC. LEED BD+C New Construction v4. https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-commercial-interiors-core-and-shell-schools-new-construction-healthcare-h-0?view=language  (accessed May 9, 2019).<br />\n[4] NJ DEP. Recycling in New Jersey. http://www.state.nj.us/dep//dshw/recycling/env_benefits.htm (accessed May 9, 2019).<br />\n[5] Natural Resources Defense Council. Too Good to Throw Away. http://www.nrdc.org/cities/recycling/recyc/recyint.asp (accessed May 9, 2010).<br />\n[6] US EPA. Resource Conservation – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm (accessed May 9, 2019).<br />\n[7] US EPA. Waste Management Planning to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change. https://www.epa.gov/homeland-security-waste/waste-management-planning-mitigate-impact-climate-change (accessed March 24, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_12  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_24  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Source Reduction and Recycling</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_25  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>NJ DEP – Recycling – Residential<br />\nNatural Resources Defense Council – Recycling: Beyond the Bin<br />\nUS EPA – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_17 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_7\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_13  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_1\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img width=\"16\" height=\"16\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-3.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2254\" /></span>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(10970,2259,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-11 11:18:54'),(10971,2259,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(10972,2259,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(10973,2259,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(10974,2259,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(10975,2259,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(10976,2259,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(10977,2259,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(10978,2259,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(10979,2259,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(10980,2259,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(10981,2259,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(10982,2259,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(10983,2259,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(10984,2259,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(10985,2259,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(10986,2259,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(10987,2259,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(10988,2259,'_wp_old_slug','nr-views-and-operable-windows-2'),(10989,2259,'_wp_old_slug','nr-green-cleaning'),(11021,14,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Recycling at home (Source: Carrollcountymd.gov)'),(11027,2259,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11029,2265,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(11030,2265,'_edit_last','3'),(11031,2265,'_edit_lock','1650657678:3'),(11032,2265,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(11033,2265,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(11034,2265,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(11035,2265,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2265\" /]'),(11036,2265,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(11037,2265,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(11038,2265,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(11039,2265,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(11040,2265,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_12 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Source Reduction and Recycling</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_13 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_20  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Source Reduction and Recycling?<br />\nSource reduction or waste reduction refers to reducing the amount (by weight or volume) or toxicity of waste that enters the solid waste stream. Recycling turns materials that would otherwise become waste into new resources.[1] Additionally, source reduction is the first tier in the waste management process. Source reduction decreases the amount of waste that enters the solid waste stream as well as decreases the disposal of toxic materials by sourcing fewer products out of toxic materials. Many steps can be taken to minimize household waste through reducing, reusing, and then recycling.<br />\nHow to Implement Source Reduction and Recycling<br />\nSource reduction includes taking steps such as:[2]</p>\n<p>Buying durable, reusable and repairable products<br />\nAvoiding single-use items (plastic straws, plastic bags, etc.)<br />\nSelecting products with less package and/or buy in bulk<br />\nBuying used items<br />\nMaintaining and repairing household items<br />\nSharing, borrowing or renting items<br />\nAvoiding the use of toxic and hazardous products and materials</p>\n<p>Check with local laws and regulations about recycling and give careful consideration to the type of recycling containers, space allocations for containers and storage, and the movement of recyclables from inside to outside. It is mandatory to recycle certain materials in New Jersey and important to be aware of the local recycling rules. For more information about solid waste and recycling in NJ, visit the NJ DEP Solid Hazardous Waste Management program website.<br />\nExample<br />\nJersey City Make It Green<br />\nEducation is an important aspect of waste prevention, and many municipalities provide guidance materials related to source reduction and recycling. Jersey City Make It Green provides educational information about the how and why of waste prevention and offers resources such as Recycle Coach, a searchable website that provides information about what to recycle, where to drop off materials, and a customized waste pick up calendar.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSource reduction and recycling can save money and reduce the amount of material entering the solid waste stream. Recycling reduces the amount of strain put on landfills and incinerators, which decreases air and water contamination as well as preserving open space. Additionally, recycling conserves resources and reduces the need for new resources to be extracted from forests, oil wells, and mines, among others.[3] Recycling also has many indirect benefits. Recycling can lead to the creation of jobs and tax revenues that can make communities stronger and more prone to start environmentally responsible initiatives. Also, recycling can reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG’s) because the production, transport, and disposing of solid waste produces GHG’s.[4]<br />\nCosts<br />\nEPA’s WasteWise partners have documented that source reduction can lead to cost savings, particularly in shipping and receiving, office operations, and manufacturing.[5] Recycling can help reduce disposal costs.[6] While the individual cost of purchasing reusable items may be more than disposable products, realizing the long-term benefits of reusable items and life-cycle cost comparisons can balance the initial costs. The life cycle costs include not only the purchase price but also its use, distribution, sterilization of reusable products, and the cost for waste disposal. Consider factors such as its effects on health and impacts on the environment. Some source reduction and recycling practices require a change in habits rather than a change in cost.[7]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSource reduction can decrease the quantity of waste generated when a natural or human-caused disaster occurs. Proactive strategies for waste-related issues associated with disasters is an integral part of resilience planning.[8] Reducing waste and reusing or recycling materials can help protect natural habitats that contribute to more resilient ecosystems.<br />\n[1] US EPA. Recycling. http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/recycle.htm (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[2] US EPA. Reducing and Reusing Basics. https://www.epa.gov/recycle/reducing-and-reusing-basics#ideas (accessed May 10, 2019).<br />\n[3] NERC. “New Jersey Environmental Benefits Fact Sheet on Recycling.” http://www.nerc.org/documents/fsheets/nj-factsht.html (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[4] Stopwaste.org. Recycling and Climate Protection. http://www.stopwaste.org/recycling/business/recycling-and-climate-protection  (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[5] US EPA. Wastes – WasteWise Program.  https://archive.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/smm/wastewise/web/html/cost.html (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[6] US EPA. Managing and Reducing Wastes: A Guide for Commercial Buildings. https://www.epa.gov/smm/managing-and-reducing-wastes-guide-commercial-buildings (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[7] GSA. Sustainable Facilities Tool. Life Cycle Approach. https://sftool.gov/plan/399/life-cycle-approach (accessed March 24, 2019).<br />\n[8] US EPA. Waste Management Planning to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change. https://www.epa.gov/homeland-security-waste/waste-management-planning-mitigate-impact-climate-change (accessed March 24, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_21  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Composting<br />\nRecycling Centers<br />\nSustainable Materials</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_22  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>GSA – Sustainable Facilities Tool – Life Cycle Approach<br />\nNJ DEP – Recycling Information – Residential<br />\nUS EPA – Reducing and Reusing Basics<br />\nUS EPA – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_14 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_0\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img width=\"16\" height=\"16\" src=\"https://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/download-3.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2254\" /></span>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(11041,2265,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-11 11:18:54'),(11042,2265,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(11043,2265,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(11044,2265,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(11045,2265,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(11046,2265,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(11047,2265,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(11048,2265,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(11049,2265,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(11050,2265,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(11051,2265,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(11052,2265,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(11053,2265,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(11054,2265,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(11055,2265,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(11056,2265,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(11057,2265,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(11058,2265,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(11059,2265,'_wp_old_slug','nr-views-and-operable-windows-2'),(11060,2265,'_wp_old_slug','nr-green-cleaning'),(11063,2265,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11092,486,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Jersey City Make it Green'),(11100,2092,'_wp_old_slug','preventative-maintenance'),(11104,2274,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(11105,2274,'_edit_last','3'),(11106,2274,'_edit_lock','1650657895:3'),(11107,2274,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(11108,2274,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(11109,2274,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(11110,2274,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2274\" /]'),(11111,2274,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(11112,2274,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(11113,2274,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(11114,2274,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(11115,2274,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Grid-interactive Efficient Homes</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Grid-interactive Efficient Homes?<br />\nA Grid-interactive Efficient Home refers to an energy efficient home with smart technologies (e.g., smart meters, appliances, sensors and controls) designed to utilize multiple distributed energy resources (DERs) including solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, energy storage, demand response (DR), electric vehicles (EVs), microgrids, and energy efficiency in an integrated way to optimize energy use for grid services (i.e., generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity from utility to consumer) and occupants.[1]<br />\nFigure 1 shows several key features of GEBs. They are energy-efficient with high-performance features designed to reduce both net energy consumption and peak demand. Second, they are connected, with two-way communication capabilities that allow for response to grid conditions. Next, they are also smart with sensors and controls to optimize energy use for occupant patterns and preferences, utility price signals, weather forecasts, and available on-site generation and storage. Finally, they are flexible with the ability to reduce, shed, shift, modulate or generate electricity.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Traditional homes do not interact with the grid or exchange energy data information. Smart homes with advanced sensors and controls, and connected devices can utilize a variety of distribute energy resources (DERs) but often manage them separately. For example, smart metered homes employ advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advanced monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply (see Smart Meters).[2] Smart metered homes with on-site renewable energy generation (see Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems) and energy storage (see Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation) can signal consumers to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated on-site or from the grid when electricity demand is low (see Alternative Transportation).[3] Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.[4]<br />\nGrid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB) move beyond the siloed smart home approach to integrate across DERs, managing interactions and benefiting from synergies. Table 1 illustrates the integrated approach of GEB. In this example, grid-interactive efficient homes is the sum (i.e., integrated DER approach) of the energy-efficiency and demand response columns (i.e., single DER approaches) and the additional capabilities of the GEB column.<br />\nTable 1 – Single vs. Integrated Distribute Energy Resources (DER) Approach</p>\n<p>Implementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Home<br />\nImplementing a Grid-interactive Efficient Home starts with optimizing energy efficiency, assessing DER opportunities and utilizing smart building technologies, which typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.<br />\nThe decision to install smart sensors and controls and the type of technologies selected depends on the size of the home and the occupants user profile. Smart system set-up and installation requires expert assistance. Look for devices with interoperability between smart home technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.<br />\nWhile sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.<br />\nContact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart building technologies that increase energy-efficiency.<br />\nExample<br />\nConnected Neighborhoods Project<br />\nThe Connected Neighborhoods Project recognizes the opportunities for maximizing building-to-grid interaction across a set of buildings. The first Smart Neighborhood, located in Birmingham, Alabama, is a joint project between Alabama Power, Signature Homes, and researchers at Southern Company, U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge Laboratory and the Electric Power Research Institute. This project integrates 62 high-performance homes with energy efficient systems and smart technologies, and a community-scale microgrid with PV panels, battery storage, and a backup natural gas generator to optimize grid services, cost savings, and resiliency.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nGEBs provide benefits to the grid by shifting energy loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from renewable sources thus reducing the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and preventing supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.[5] GEBs also help to balance new loads such as electric vehicles (EVs) and to support the electrification of transportation by hosting two-way EV charging locations. Also, GEBs can provide utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.[6]<br />\nGEBs add value to homeowners by transforming traditional but flexible building energy demands like lighting and HVAC, along with DERs into energy assets.[7] GEBs equipped with smart technologies can respond to electric grid conditions, which helps avert system stress, enhancing the reliability of the entire grid. For homeowners, the benefits include cost-savings and efficiency gains from a better understanding of energy consumption patterns, advanced load and asset control mechanisms, and increased demand response and DER opportunities.<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe initial cost, energy savings, and payback of GEB varies depending on the home’s technological features, size, layout, and existing capabilities. In general, whole building applications benefit from economies of scale and cost less to install per square foot in larger buildings than in smaller ones. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation and commissioning costs compared to wired devices. Savings from the reduced utility demand charges often help cover the costs of building automatic systems and smart sensors and controls.[8]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nGEBs increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, GEBs help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently dispatching work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times, limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. [9]<br />\n[1] U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf  (accessed April 29, 2019).<br />\n[2] Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes (accessed August 17, 2018).<br />\n[3] Ibid.<br />\n[4] Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/  (accessed May 3, 2018)<br />\n[5] Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.<br />\n[6] 2006 FERC Report, 18 http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[7] U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. April 2019. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings: Overview https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf  (accessed April 29, 2019).<br />\n[8] EPRI. “Estimating the Cost and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf (accessed May 5, 2018).<br />\n[9] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_18  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nEnergy Star Equipment and Plug Load<br />\nEnergy Storage and Backup Power Generation<br />\nDemand Response and Peak-Load Management<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nSmart Metering<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nSolar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV Systems</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_19  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>GRIDWISE ALLIANCE<br />\nNew Buildings Institute (NBI) GridOptimal Buildings Initiative<br />\nNJ Office of Clean Energy<br />\nNREL Electric Vehicle Grid Integration<br />\nSmart Energy Consumer Collaborative<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nSmart Grid – Where Power is Going?<br />\nUS DOE Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(11116,2274,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-11 11:18:53'),(11117,2274,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(11118,2274,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(11119,2274,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(11120,2274,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(11121,2274,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(11122,2274,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(11123,2274,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(11124,2274,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(11125,2274,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(11126,2274,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(11127,2274,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(11128,2274,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(11129,2274,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(11130,2274,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(11131,2274,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(11132,2274,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(11133,2274,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(11134,2274,'_wp_old_slug','nr-views-and-operable-windows-2'),(11135,2274,'_wp_old_slug','nr-green-cleaning'),(11136,2274,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11181,2281,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(11182,2281,'_edit_last','3'),(11183,2281,'_edit_lock','1650658064:3'),(11184,2281,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(11185,2281,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(11186,2281,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(11187,2281,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2281\" /]'),(11188,2281,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(11189,2281,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(11190,2281,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(11191,2281,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(11192,2281,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls (NLCs)</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and NLCs?<br />\nA high-efficiency lighting system integrates daylighting and energy efficient electrical lighting with networked lighting controls (NLCs), to provide a comfortable environment for occupants while reducing energy consumption and costs (see Daylighting, and Smart Sensors and Controls).[1] Lighting accounts for about 5% of the annual energy costs in a typical household and contributes to a household’s cooling load by emitting waste heat.[2] More stringent building codes, a phasing out of traditional lighting technologies (e.g., incandescents), utility incentives and rebates, and more energy efficient federal standards for lighting applications (e.g., screw-in light bulbs) have helped to drive the market for energy-efficient lighting in the residential sector.[3]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Fig 1 shows the evolution in energy use, cost savings, and lifespan of light bulbs  from standard incandescent to more energy efficient options. The least efficient replacement option is halogen incandescent which are 30% more efficient, followed by compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) which are 75% more efficient, topped by light emitting diodes (LEDs) which are 90% more efficient than traditional incandescent light bulbs.[4]<br />\nCurrently available smart bulbs equipped with smart sensors and paired with networked lighting controls that allow for lighting customization and control such as scheduling, daylight harvesting, vacancy sensing, and control of light color and brightness, promise to offer additional performance and efficiency gains and an enhanced occupant experience (see Smart Sensors and Controls).[5] By providing a foundation for future applications of the IoT (Internet of Things), high-efficiency lighting and networked lighting controls hold the potential to create new benefits and functions beyond supplying basic illumination, such as enhanced security, indoor environmental quality monitoring, and remote maintenance and service through.[6]<br />\nHow to Implement a High-Efficiency Lighting System and NLCs<br />\nHigh-efficiency lighting design involves complex interactions among multiple building systems and disciplines, requiring an integrated design process (see Integrated Design Process). For example, window selection and placement influences daylighting and electrical lighting design, sizing of mechanical systems, and interior design layouts (see Energy-Efficient Windows, Glare and Heat Gain Reduction, and Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).<br />\nLighting guidelines provide general principles and examples, but project specific solutions often require hiring a lighting expert familiar with advanced computer simulation software and tools that can simulate a range of scenarios and outcomes.[7]<br />\nThe following provides general best practice guidance on how to optimize daylighting and electrical lighting in new residential buildings.[8]Set a Maximum Lighting Power Density (LPD) goal to avoid overlit spaces and to achieve an appropriate level of lighting per area lit or watts per square foot.</p>\n<p>Set a Daylight Sufficiency Goal that establishes the amount of daylighting, measured in lumens or foot-candles, required to perform a typical task in each space without electrical lighting.<br />\nDevelop a layered lighting strategy that first utilizes daylight to provide primary or ambient lighting levels, and then adds electrical lighting options and controls to vary lighting levels for a variety of tasks and occupant preferences.<br />\nSpecify ENERGY STAR qualified lighting products that are at least 75% more efficient and last 25% longer than incandescent lighting.[9]<br />\nUse the Federal Trade Commission’s “Lighting Facts Label” to determine a light’s brightness, measured in lumens, annual energy cost, lifespan, and light appearance, measured from warm to cool.[10]  <br />\nUse vacancy sensors (manual on, automatic off) as opposed to occupancy sensors (automatic on, automatic off) to save energy by requiring occupants to flip a switch if they require additional light.<br />\nProvide adjustable task lighting such as under cabinet lighting to save energy by reducing ambient lighting needs and directing appropriate lighting to specific tasks.<br />\nIncorporate exterior motion sensors to save energy and enhance security and safety.<br />\nConsider installing solar powered outdoor LED lights for lighting outdoor pathways.<br />\nPlan for backup power for critical lighting needs during a power outage, such as emergency and night-time lighting (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).</p>\n<p>Examples<br />\nResidential lighting upgrade, Southbury, CT.<br />\nThere were 124 individual lights changed in the home, delivering a savings of over $200 per month amounting to $2,533 per year.  The total investment was  $6,024 and the payback period is 2.4 years. The savings are based on the total delivered power cost of $0.16/kw‐hr.<br />\nOutdoor entry lighting on a residential home, Albany, NY.</p>\n<p>The ceiling-mounted incandescent luminaire in front door entry replaced with motion sensor and Energy Star-rated CFL luminaires<br />\nReduced glare<br />\nLit the entry at dusk, improving safety without leaving lights on all day<br />\nReduced energy use<br />\nEstimated annual energy savings of 208 kW l and an energy bill savings of $30</p>\n<p>Benefits<br />\nSupplementing natural daylight with high-efficiency lighting systems and NLCs provides multiple benefits:</p>\n<p>Reduced utility bills through energy efficiency gains and reduced maintenance and replacement cost through longer-lasting bulbs and fixtures.[11]<br />\nReduced cooling loads and downsized HVAC systems through less heat gain from electrical lighting (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment).[12]<br />\nReduced number of toxic chemicals released into the waste stream and reduced light pollution.<br />\nImproved occupant satisfaction based on a shared preference for naturally daylit spaces, reinforcement of circadian rhythms, and connection to nature.[13]<br />\nIncreased resale value of the home (1%-3%).[14]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nEnergyStar certified LED light bulbs in common replacement sizes for traditional lighting (40 and 60W) cost around $2 per bulb and pay for themselves in energy saved in a few months.[15] Utility incentive programs and product manufacturer rebate programs can also help offset upfront costs. See the NJ Clean Energy Office for available incentives.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nImplementing high-efficiency lighting and NCLs provides energy savings and reduces reliance and stress on the electricity grid. Daylit-optimized homes paired with high-efficiency lighting systems and built-in backup power for critical lighting needs further reduce stress on the grid, especially in the event of a power outage.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide. (WBDG). Energy Efficient Lighting. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/efficientlighting.php (accessed May 16, 2018).<br />\n[2] US DOE. 2018. LEDs. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/led-lighting (accessed Dec 19, 2018).<br />\n[3] The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) requires general service lighting products sold as of January 1, 2020, to have an efficacy of at least 45 lumens per watt.<br />\n[4] EnergyStar. 2017. “The Light Bulb Revolution: EPA Predicts Widespread Adoption of LED Lighting by 2020 if Utility Programs Persist.” https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/asset/document/LBR_2017-LED-Takeover.pdf (accessed Dec 19, 2018).<br />\n[5] US DOE. 2017. “Guiding SSL Technology Advances.” Department of Solid-State Lighting. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/09/f33/guiding-ssl-technology-advances_sep2016.pdf (accessed Dec 13, 2018).<br />\n[6] Iain Campbell et al. 2017. “A New Way to Think About Office Lighting.” Harvard Business Review. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Buildings Program. https://hbr.org/2017/06/a-new-way-to-think-about-office-lighting (accessed Dec 13, 2018).<br />\n[7] WBDG. Daylighting. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php (accessed April 4, 2018).<br />\n[8] General Service Administration (GSA) Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings. 2018. “Saving Energy Through Lighting and Daylighting Strategies.” https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/Lighting_and_Daylighting_Two_Pager_508_compliant_2-9-15.pdf  (accessed Dec 11, 2018).<br />\n[9] US DOE. 2018. LEDs. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/led-lighting (accessed Dec 19, 2018).<br />\n[10] Federal Trade Commission. 2017. “The FTC “Lighting Facts” Label: Questions and Answers for Manufacturers.” https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/ftc-lighting-facts-label-questions-answers-manufacturers  (accessed Dec 19, 2018).<br />\n[11] Ibid WBDG.<br />\n[12] Efficient Windows Collaborative. 2018. Daylight Controls. Windows for High-Performance Buildings. http://www.commercialwindows.org/daycontrols.php (accessed July 5, 2018).<br />\n[13] California Energy Commission and Heschong Mahone Group. 2013 “Office Daylighting Potential” http://www.sunlightindoors.com/resources/SunlightBenefits/OfficeDaylightPotential.pdf (accessed April 5, 2018).<br />\n[14] Consumer Reports. “8 Ways to Boost Your Home Value” https://www.consumerreports.org/home-improvement/8-ways-to-boost-your-home-value/ (accessed May 17, 2018).<br />\n[15] EnergyStar. 2017. “The Light Bulb Revolution: EPA Predicts Widespread Adoption of LED Lighting by 2020 if Utility Programs Persist.” https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/asset/document/LBR_2017-LED-Takeover.pdf (accessed Dec 19, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Daylighting<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nIntegrated Design Process<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Energy Star Advanced Lighting Package<br />\nIlluminating Energy-Efficient Options<br />\nNJ Clean Energy Program Energy Efficient Lighting<br />\nNational Institute of Building Sciences: Introduction to Energy Efficient Lighting<br />\nNJ DEP Fluorescent Bulb Recycling Resources<br />\nRecycleabulb.com</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(11193,2281,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-11 11:18:53'),(11194,2281,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(11195,2281,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(11196,2281,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(11197,2281,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(11198,2281,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(11199,2281,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(11200,2281,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(11201,2281,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(11202,2281,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(11203,2281,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(11204,2281,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(11205,2281,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(11206,2281,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(11207,2281,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(11208,2281,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(11209,2281,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(11210,2281,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(11211,2281,'_wp_old_slug','nr-views-and-operable-windows-2'),(11212,2281,'_wp_old_slug','nr-green-cleaning'),(11213,2281,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11244,559,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Fig 1. Common Bulb Technologies with Annual Electric Cost (Source: EnergyStar.gov).'),(11251,2287,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(11252,2287,'_edit_last','3'),(11253,2287,'_edit_lock','1650658180:3'),(11254,2287,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(11255,2287,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(11256,2287,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(11257,2287,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2287\" /]'),(11258,2287,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(11259,2287,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(11260,2287,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(11261,2287,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(11262,2287,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Smart Metering</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_1\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Smart Meters?<br />\nSmart meters or advanced meters, a component of the broader smart grid[1], use digital meters to record and transmit energy consumption and generation data, namely electricity, but also natural gas or water usage in intervals of an hour or less through a secure wireless network back to the utility and consumer at least daily.[2] As opposed to traditional analog or automated meter readers, smart meter technology includes remote reading, two-way communication, support of dynamic pricing,[3] and remote disablement and enablement of supply.[4] Energy companies can use data from smart meters to better monitor and manage energy supply and demand, power outages and the integration of clean energy sources into the electric grid. Smart meters provide documentation for participation in utility-sponsored demand response programs, which incentivize consumers to interrupt or adjust energy use by reducing or shifting loads or storing energy during peak demand and periods of higher energy costs or enable utilities to remotely switch electricity services on or off based on the cost or availability of energy.[5] For example, consumption data from smart meters can signal a utility or consumer to remotely turn off air-conditioning units to avoid peak load issues or to run appliances during lower demand, lower-cost times of the day (see Smart Sensors and Controls).</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Data collected from smart meters connected to a smart grid supports the advancement and adoption of distributed energy generation and energy storage technologies, such as wind and solar, and plug-in electric vehicles (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).[6] By measuring both electricity generated as well as delivered, smart meters can help utilities better manage and control the storage and transmission of renewable power from distributed energy sources and micro-grids to end-users. Smart meter data can also provide consumers with information on when to use, store, or sell on-site renewable energy generation back to the grid and encourage smart electric vehicle charging during off-peak, low-cost hours (see Alternative Transportation).<br />\nImplementing a Smart Meter System<br />\nImplementing a smart metering system begins with identifying the intended use and goals of the system as this determines the system’s requirements and features. Smart meter systems typically include installation of metering devices, communication networks, and data gathering and processing systems, as well as associated management and installation requirements.<br />\nNon-sub-metered systems bill tenants based on a percentage of the total usage for the entire building. A smart sub-metered system makes billing tenants for their actual usage possible.[7] In residential buildings with multiple tenants, smart meters provide individual tenants and the utility company information on electricity, natural gas, and water usage, providing the opportunity to track progress on conservation strategies and participation in demand response programs and to identify opportunities to increase energy efficiency and cost savings.<br />\nContact local electricity, natural gas, and water service providers for information on smart metering opportunities and demand response programs. In the absence of a utility run program, smart meters can be implemented by homeowners to supply real-time energy and water data for making informed energy choices or to help identify potential equipment issues and leaks, providing energy, water, and cost savings.<br />\nExample<br />\nOrange &amp; Rockland Smart Meter Program<br />\nThe Orange &amp; Rockland Electric Utility plans to install 400,000 smart meters to residential and commercial customers by 2020. The smart metering program aims to utilize the data from smart meters to boost grid reliability and cut the length of power outages by automatically notifying the utility when outages occur leading to faster restoration. Potential benefits to customers include data on energy use habits to promote behavior change or to signal customers to run building equipment and devices at off-peak hours or when cleaner, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are available.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSmart meters provide benefits to both utility companies and consumers. Data gathered from smart meters provides utilities with information for conducting load forecasting, tracking renewable energy generation and storage, providing better monitoring of service quality, improving management of service outages, and initiating demand response programs.[8] Via demand response, smart meters support the shift of loads to off-peak times with more efficient generation from cleaner or renewable sources, reduce the need for additional generation from expensive standby power plants, and resulting air pollution, and prevent supply interruptions, grid congestion, and line losses.[9] Benefits to consumers include enhanced customer service, reduced theft due to the remote and real-time meter reading, and the establishment of time-based rates. Smart meters also inform consumers of their real-time energy usage, providing them with data to make informed energy use decisions and potentially change behavior. Smart metering water lines allow homeowners to see consumption trends within the residence and to target areas for improvement.<br />\nCosts<br />\nOne study estimated that the average commercial customer would pay $7,000 to $10,000 for smart meter technology, which includes transmission and distribution upgrades and various customer costs (primarily the costs of the in-building technologies).[10] As an example, Rockland Electric predicts deployment costs of $16.5 million and estimates operational and management expenses over 20 years at $12 million. The utility projects to save $82 million over two decades in reduced labor and outage costs.[11]<br />\nFor smart water meters, project costs range widely based on the number of customers, the specific metering, and communications technologies selected, the level of software integration, and the state of the metering system before smart metering system implementation.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSmart meters increase resiliency by supporting the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging into the electric grid. During storms or power outages, smart meters help accelerate service restoration by identifying problem areas and efficiently sending work crews, thereby reducing repair costs and total outage times and limiting business closures, health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions. [12]<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Smart grids are electricity supply networks that use digital communications technology to detect and react to changes in energy supply and demand and manage the transport of electricity from generation sources to end users.<br />\n[2] U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2017. Frequently Asked Questions: Smart Meters. Updated December 7, 2017. https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=108&amp;t=1 (accessed Sept 5, 2018).<br />\n[3] Dynamic pricing includes time-of-use pricing, real-time pricing, variable peak pricing, critical peak pricing, and critical or peak time rebates.<br />\n[4] Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.<br />\n[5] Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.<br />\n[6] Smart Energy Consumer Collaborative. “Do smart meters help the environment?” http://www.whatissmartgrid.org/faqs/do-smart-meters-help-the-environment (accessed Sept 6, 2018).<br />\n[7] National Conference of State Legislatures “Utility Submetering” http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/utility-submetering.aspx (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[8] 2006 FERC Report, 18 http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/demand-response.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[9] Connected Devices Alliance. 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018.<br />\n[10] EPRI, “Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[11] Tom Johnson. 2017. NJ Spotlight. “Is New Jersey Finally Getting Smarter about Smart Meters?” http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/09/06/is-new-jersey-finally-getting-smarter-about-smart-meters/ (accessed Sept 7, 2018).<br />\n[12] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nEnergy Storage and Backup Power Generation<br />\nGrid-interactive Efficient Homes<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nSolar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready PV Systems</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>GRIDWISE ALLIANCE<br />\nNJ Office of Clean Energy<br />\nSmart Energy Consumer Collaborative<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nSmart Grid – Where Power is Going?<br />\nState of NJ Board of Public Utilities<br />\nUS FERC, “Assessment of Demand Response and Advanced Metering: December 2017”</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(11263,2287,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-11 11:18:53'),(11264,2287,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(11265,2287,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(11266,2287,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(11267,2287,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(11268,2287,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(11269,2287,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(11270,2287,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(11271,2287,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(11272,2287,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(11273,2287,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(11274,2287,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(11275,2287,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(11276,2287,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(11277,2287,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(11278,2287,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(11279,2287,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(11280,2287,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(11281,2287,'_wp_old_slug','nr-views-and-operable-windows-2'),(11282,2287,'_wp_old_slug','nr-green-cleaning'),(11283,2287,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11314,18,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Smart water and gas meters (Source: Pacific Gas and Electric Company).'),(11320,2293,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(11321,2293,'_edit_last','3'),(11322,2293,'_edit_lock','1650658299:3'),(11323,2293,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(11324,2293,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(11325,2293,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(11326,2293,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2293\" /]'),(11327,2293,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(11328,2293,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(11329,2293,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(11330,2293,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(11331,2293,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Smart Sensors and Controls</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Smart Sensors and Controls?<br />\nSmart sensors are devices that monitor conditions of the physical environment such as temperature, air flow, moisture, humidity, and lighting and daylighting levels, offer smoke and CO detection, and collect data about real-time occupancy, and energy and water use. Electronic actuators process these measurements, and smart controls utilize the data to adjust home conditions and optimize home performance in such areas as home entertainment, energy-efficiency, safety and security, and water and landscape irrigation.[1] A smart home system consists of an integrated network of sensors and controls that use a communications network through a hub or central interface to provide monitoring, programming, and scheduling capabilities remotely or through an automated system based on user preferences and sensor inputs.[2]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Controllable appliances and devices include heating and hot water systems, lighting, windows and shading devices, garage doors and locks, refrigerators and freezers, dishwashers and ovens, TVs and audio equipment, washing machines and clothes dryers, and sprinkler systems.[3] For example, smart thermostats contain sensors to measure and ensure proper humidity levels and temperature settings and can be controlled remotely by household members or automated to adjust the temperature according to occupancy patterns. Smart appliances such as refrigerators and freezers use sensors and controls to remotely track and manage variables such as temperature, humidity, and energy use. Demand response enabled devices, including smart thermostats and certain appliances, can be controlled remotely by an energy provider to reduce peak power demand.[4] Smart lights connected to smart home hubs allow users to dim lights and to schedule lights to turn on and off based on pre-programmed times, occupancy patterns or motion sensors (see High-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls). Smart solar window films adjust window tints based on incoming daylight; window shading systems use auto-controlled devices that open and close at specific times of the day to manage light levels and solar heat gain (see Energy-Efficient Windows and Glare and Solar Heat Gain Reduction).[5] Smart plug load controls, including smart outlets and advanced power strips, use scheduling, motion sensing, or load detection to turn off electronics and equipment when not in use. Smoke detectors enable automated sprinkler systems to function correctly, and CO sensors trigger alarms to protect occupants before exposure to dangerous CO levels. Smart security systems automatically unlock doors for residents using different types of sensors such as facial recognition or mobile phone GPS and use motion sensors to detect movement in empty spaces. Smart water metering and irrigation systems use sensors to monitor water use, detect leaks, and prevent irrigation systems from running when it is raining or when unnecessary.<br />\nSmart home technologies can connect users to a smart grid (see Smart Metering). Smart metered homes utilize advanced meters that record and communicate electricity consumption in short-time intervals back to the utility, providing two-way communication, support for advance monitoring and payment systems, and remote disablement and enablement of supply.[6] Smart metered homes with in-home renewable energy generation (see Photovoltaic Systems and On-Site Wind Energy Generation Systems) and energy storage (see Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation) can signal homeowners to use renewable electricity when available, store excess when not needed or sell excess electricity to the grid. Electric vehicles can provide energy storage for energy generated in-house or from the grid when other demand is low (see Alternative Transportation).[7] Demand response ready devices and appliances can be automatically controlled by energy providers or incentivized through demand response programs to motivate consumers to reduce or shift energy use to off-peak hours.[8]<br />\nHow to Incorporate Smart Controls<br />\nA home can incorporate multiple smart home technologies or a single service such as a smart lighting system or smart security system depending on the needs and desires of the household. Look for devices with interoperability between smart home technologies and with demand response functionality to allow for changes and updates over time as new products, services and incentive programs become available.<br />\nWhile sensors and controls may require cabling and cable pathways, an increasing number of applications now offer wireless capabilities. While sensors that do not depend on external power are available and recommended, sensors and controls that do rely on the grid and network connections require backup options for electric power and network connection in case of a power or network failure.<br />\nContact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current incentives and programs that support smart home technologies that increase energy-efficiency.<br />\nExample<br />\nIntelligent Efficiency – A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions to Smart Homes<br />\nThis case study conducted by the Connected Devices Alliance provides a glossary of definitions on smart home technologies as well as an overview of the current barriers and potential market drivers and policymaker solutions to widespread adoption of integrated and interoperable smart home technologies.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSmart home technologies provide tools to detect and manage home operations, home entertainment, safety and security, comfort, and energy and water performance, resulting in better equipment maintenance, higher occupant satisfaction, and reduced energy and water consumption and costs. For example, giving homeowners remote access to manually adjust schedules and settings or automatic controls based on prescribed settings potentially can save energy and costs by reducing resource consumption when spaces are unoccupied.[9]<br />\nCosts<br />\nSmart home devices cost more than traditional devices, and there are often installation costs and service costs. The initial cost, energy savings, and payback of smart technologies vary depending on the technology’s features and capabilities. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation costs compared to wired devices.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSmart sensors and controls contribute to a home’s resiliency by providing real-time feedback on the status of a home’s heating, cooling, and safety and security systems, notifying homeowners when and where a problem exists, and providing remote access for turning systems on or off during potential power outages or other disruptive events. Smart sensors that do not rely on external power or wired networks can continue to provide feedback during power outages. Smart metering and smart devices and appliances with demand response ready equipment also benefit the energy system and promote resiliency by supporting grid stability, reducing peak energy demand, and increasing the use of renewable energy.<br />\n[1] Marina Sofos. 2018. “Sensor and Control Technologies: R&amp;D Overview.” Building Technologies Office (BTO). U.S. Department of Energy: Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy. BTO Peer Review. April 30, 2018. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/05/f52/Sofos-Peer-Review-S%26C-043018.pdf (accessed Aug 13, 2018).<br />\n[2] Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes (accessed August 17, 2018).<br />\n[3] Charlie Wilson et al. 2017. “Benefits and Risks of Smart Home Technologies.” Energy Policy. Volume 103, April 2017, pages 72-83. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030142151630711X?via%3Dihub (accessed August 16, 2018).<br />\n[4] Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes (accessed August 17, 2018).<br />\n[5] Christopher Perry. 2017. “Smart Buildings: A Deeper Dive into Market Segments.” December 2017. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/a1703.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).<br />\n[6] Connected Devices Alliance (CDA). 2018. “Intelligent Efficiency –  A Case Study of Barriers and Solutions – Smart Homes.” March 2018. https://edna.iea-4e.org/news/case-study-smart-homes (accessed August 17, 2018).<br />\n[7] Ibid.<br />\n[8] Smart Home. Home Automation Buying Guide. https://www.cnet.com/news/smart-home-buying-guide-home-automation/  (accessed May 3, 2018)</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Alternative Transportation<br />\nEnergy-Efficient Windows<br />\nGlare and Heat Gain Reduction<br />\nHigh-Efficiency Lighting Systems and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nSmart Metering<br />\nPhotovoltaic (PV) Systems<br />\nOn-Site Wind Energy Systems<br />\nEnergy Storage and Back-up Power Generation</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)<br />\nThe Connected Devices Alliance (CDA) Centre of Excellence<br />\nNew Jersey Office of Clean Energy<br />\nENERGY STAR</p>\n<p>Smart Thermostats<br />\nProgrammable Thermostat Calculator</p>\n<p>Smart Buildings Center<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov – Smart Home<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Smart Controls</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(11332,2293,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-11 11:18:53'),(11333,2293,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(11334,2293,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(11335,2293,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(11336,2293,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(11337,2293,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(11338,2293,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(11339,2293,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(11340,2293,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(11341,2293,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(11342,2293,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(11343,2293,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(11344,2293,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(11345,2293,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(11346,2293,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(11347,2293,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(11348,2293,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(11349,2293,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(11350,2293,'_wp_old_slug','nr-views-and-operable-windows-2'),(11351,2293,'_wp_old_slug','nr-green-cleaning'),(11352,2293,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11383,52,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1. Illustration of a Smart Home Source: Connected Devices Alliance 2018.'),(11391,2299,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(11392,2299,'_edit_last','3'),(11393,2299,'_edit_lock','1650658465:3'),(11394,2299,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(11395,2299,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(11396,2299,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(11397,2299,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2299\" /]'),(11398,2299,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(11399,2299,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(11400,2299,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(11401,2299,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(11402,2299,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_13 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_5 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_14 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_6\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_24  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Solar Islanding and Microgrid-Ready Solar PV?<br />\nPhotovoltaic (PV) systems are semiconductor devices that use renewable solar energy to create electricity.[1] Most grid-tied PV systems connect to the traditional centralized grid or macrogrid and loose power whenever the large-scale electric power system goes down.[2] Islanding refers to when a distributed energy resource (DER), such as a PV system, continues to power a location with available solar even after a grid outage. Laws typically require grid-tied PV systems to have a grid-tie inverter with an anti-islanding capability, which can sense when a power outage occurs, automatically disconnect from the grid, and shut itself off, protecting utility workers from live wires and preventing power surges.[3]<br />\nUnlike the traditional macrogrid, microgrids function as locally controlled systems (see Figure 1) and can allow for intentional solar islanding or operating independently of the grid.[4] The United States Department of Energy Microgrid Exchange Group defines a microgrid as:[5]<br />\nA microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (DER) within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single  controllable entity to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island-mode.<br />\nMicrogrids can operate at different scales or classifications based on the size and organization of the Distributed Energy Resources (DER) connected to the grid. For example, Level 1 or single customer microgrids may include PV systems that serve one customer through a single meter.<br />\nPV systems with solar islanding capability and battery storage can provide emergency power for critical building functions during grid outages and emergency situations (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation). They can also function independently of the traditional grid during the year to manage peak demand and energy prices through participation in Demand Response (DR) programs (see Demand Response and Peak Load Management). Likewise, PV systems designed to connect to local or future microgrid connections helps support the development of the broader smart grid by providing a local, distributed energy resource and helping to manage power outages, peak demand, and the integration of clean and renewable energy to the grid (see Smart Metering, and Demand Response and Peak Load Management).</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_25  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_26  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Solar Islanding and Microgrid Ready PV<br />\nConfiguring PV systems to operate independently of the grid and serve as self-sufficient microgrids requires investments in additional hardware and software components, including transfer switches, inverters, critical load panels, battery storage, and appropriate controls to allow successful solar islanding to take place (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation).[6]<br />\nFirst, analyze power demands and associated functions that would benefit from solar islanding. Distinguish between critical loads, such as providing basic heating and ventilation, cooking and food storage, lighting, and phone or laptop charging versus non-critical loads such as full-capacity heating and ventilation, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, and television or other electronic entertainment and devices.[7] See the Highland Park Solar Islanding example below for advice on calculating critical loads and determining capacity requirements for an islandable PV and battery storage system.<br />\nHire a professional, licensed contractor to design and install the photovoltaic system, and help with paperwork for any tax credits and rebates or other incentives.[8] Contact the NJ Office of Clean Energy to learn about current programs, tools, and available funding. Funding and incentive programs may require islandable PV and battery storage systems to blackstart or startup without a direct connection to the electric utility grid and operate at critical load for a set minimum period.[9]</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_27  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Examples<br />\nSolar Islanding Project, Highland Park, NJ.<br />\nThis report analyzes the power demands and associated functions potentially sustained by three existing solar installations in Highland Park, NJ if converted into solar power islands. The report includes recommendations in language consistent with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) standard for adoption by other municipalities who may already have solar islands.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nSolar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems with battery storage combine the benefit of traditional PV systems, which avoid the use of fossil fuels, while also providing a resilient, local, and independent source of electric power during power emergencies and help to manage peak demand and lower utility costs throughout the year via demand response programs. By providing localized power generation, islandable PV systems increase energy efficiency by reducing transmission and distribution losses typical of centralized grid systems.[10] Unlike diesel and fossil-fueled generators, typically used only during emergencies, islandable PV systems with battery storage provide value throughout the year, do not require regular maintenance or refueling, and can provide emergency power for extended periods of time given available solar resources and adequate battery storage.[11]<br />\nCosts<br />\nCompared to traditional grid-tied PV systems, islandable PV and battery storage systems require additional hardware and software components, electrical design and permitting requirements, and safety considerations, which translate into higher costs (see Photovoltaic (PV) Systems).[12] As the cost of solar and battery storage declines and power outages become more common, the cost savings from participation in demand response programs, and the resiliency benefits of avoided power outages, such as reduced health and safety hazards, food spoilage, and inconvenience from schedule disruptions and the ability to shelter in place, may offset these incremental costs. [13]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nSolar PV systems support energy resiliency in many ways. PV systems with islanding capability and battery storage can operate independently from the grid during outages or at times of system peak and increase grid reliability by managing system outages and peak demand (see Energy Storage and Backup Power Generation). Solar islanding and microgrid ready PV systems support the smart grid, which aims to diversify and strengthen the electric grid through better energy management and the integration of cleaner energy sources such as wind and solar as well as electric vehicle charging and energy storage. PV systems installed high up on buildings or poles are protected from flood waters. PV systems that meet local codes and wind loading requirements are designed to withstand damage and provide a reliable source of power in hurricane zones.[14] Separation from the electricity grid also offers protection from security threats.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[2] Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) Prepared for the Borough of Highland Park, NJ by Jennifer Senick, Executive Director, Rutgers Center for Green Building; Dunbar Birnie, Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Aman Trehan, Research Graduate Assistant; Nan Chen, Research Graduate Assistant; Deborah Plotnik, Program Coordinator, Rutgers Center for Green Building, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey. At: http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf (accessed Oct 1, 2018).<br />\n[3] NREL (2017) Microgrid-Ready Solar PV – Planning for Resiliency. Updated September 2017. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70122.pdf (accessed Oct 1, 2018).<br />\n[4] Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. 2018. Microgrids at Berkeley Labs. https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/about-microgrids-0  (accessed Oct 2, 2018).<br />\n[5] NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html (accessed Oct 1, 2018).<br />\n[6] NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2017. Microgrid.  https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/microgrid.html (accessed Oct 1, 2018).<br />\n[7] Ibid. Highland Park Solar Islanding Project (2015) http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/SolarIslanding_Final-Submitted_7.10.2015-with-Appendices.pdf (accessed Oct 1, 2018).<br />\n[8] US Department of Energy. “A Consumer’s Guide: Get Your Power from the Sun.” http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35297.pdf (accessed April 5, 2018).<br />\n[9] NJ Board of Public Utilities. 2018. Energy Resilience Bank. https://www.state.nj.us/bpu/about/divisions/opp/erb.html (accessed Oct 2, 2018).<br />\n[10] E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[11] NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[12] NREL. 2018. “Valuing the Resilience Provided by Solar and Battery Energy Storage Systems.” https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70679.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).<br />\n[13] DOE. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/B2-Master-File-with-edits_120114.pdf (accessed May 1, 2018).<br />\n[14] E. Hotchkiss, I. Metzger, J. Salasovich, and P. Schwabe. 2013 Alternative Energy Generation Opportunities in Critical Infrastructure New Jersey. Produced under the direction of the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60631.pdf (accessed Oct 3, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_12  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_28  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Energy Storage and Back-up Power Generation<br />\nDemand Response and Peak Load Management<br />\nPhotovoltaic (PV) Systems<br />\nSmart Metering</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_29  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>Distributed Energy Resources – Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)<br />\nDSRIRE: New Jersey Incentives for Renewables<br />\nGRIDWISE ALLIANCE<br />\nHighland Park Solar Islanding Project<br />\nLawrence Berkeley Laboratory – Microgrids<br />\nNJ Office of Clean Energy</p>\n<p>Town Center Distributed Energy Resource Microgrid Feasibility Study Incentive Program</p>\n<p>US DOE – How Microgrids Work<br />\nSmart Energy Consumer Collaborative<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov<br />\nSmart Grid – Where Power is Going?<br />\nState of NJ Board of Public Utilities</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_15 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(11403,2299,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-07 18:45:33'),(11404,2299,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(11405,2299,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(11406,2299,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(11407,2299,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(11408,2299,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(11409,2299,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(11410,2299,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(11411,2299,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(11412,2299,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(11413,2299,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(11414,2299,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(11415,2299,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(11416,2299,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(11417,2299,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(11418,2299,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(11419,2299,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(11420,2299,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(11421,2299,'_wp_old_slug','nr-views-and-operable-windows-2'),(11422,2299,'_wp_old_slug','nr-green-cleaning'),(11423,2299,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11461,2305,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(11462,2305,'_edit_last','3'),(11463,2305,'_edit_lock','1650658713:3'),(11464,2305,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(11465,2305,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(11466,2305,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(11467,2305,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2305\" /]'),(11468,2305,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(11469,2305,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(11470,2305,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(11471,2305,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(11472,2305,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_10 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_4 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Building Evaluation</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_11 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_5\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Building Evaluation?<br />\nBuilding evaluation is the ongoing process of assessing the actual performance of a home as compared to design goals or a peer group. Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) refers to a type of building evaluation that measures aspects of residential building performance such as resource consumption (i.e., energy, water). Other measures of a BPE may include accessibility, aesthetics, cost-effectiveness, safety and security, and sustainability.[1] Building evaluation may also include a systematic evaluation of the opinions of building occupants. This additional aspect of building evaluation commonly falls under the rubric of Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE).[2] Both BPE and POE can improve the functionality and efficiency of the target residence as well as inform future green residential building design strategies. These evaluation methods are valuable yet often overlooked aspects of residential green building.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_18  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">In a home or residential green building, the most significant areas for evaluation often include satisfaction of occupants, indoor environmental quality including air quality, lighting, acoustics, thermal comfort, and other areas, occupant health, energy efficiency, and water conservation.  Other factors that may be important to evaluate, depending on the location, include the use of alternative transportation and site-specific choices like landscaping or other outdoor amenities.<br />\nThe Rutgers Center for Green Building has conducted several green building evaluations of various building type, including multifamily green building and single-family green homes available on the Center’s website and as case studies on the NJ Green Building Manual site. Common key findings across these building evaluations include:</p>\n<p>Building occupants rarely behave as designers expect<br />\nGlare problems continue to plague successful implementation of daylighting strategies<br />\nBuilding design and interior space design and management require further coordination<br />\nGreen buildings generally outperform conventional buildings in energy consumption but underperform their design intent<br />\nEnergy models may be flawed</p>\n<p>How to Perform a Building Evaluation<br />\nThere are several ways to implement BPEs or POEs. An essential first step in the process is determining the criteria for evaluation as well as the methods. A green building evaluation may involve a combination of the following: interviews with occupants, space utilization surveys or floor plan analysis, analysis of utility data (see Figure 1), deployment of monitoring or metering equipment and analysis of its results, indoor air quality tests, and other indicative, investigative or diagnostic tools (see Smart Sensors and Controls, and Smart Metering). In the case of multifamily residential development, make a scope decision as to how many units to evaluate.<br />\nFor example, while homeowners and property owners can pursue lower costs methods using consumer-grade technologies (e.g. ‘Foobot’ and ‘Air Visual’ products), they might want to work with a research center like the Center for Green Building (at Rutgers University) to utilize thermal imaging technologies (see Figure. 2).[3] The cost of such technologies is decreasing, but data processing requires computing power and specialized software that is typically beyond the access and affordability of individual homeowners and building managers. Such technologies enable owners to quickly identify and rectify problem spots in the building envelope and avoid the costs of more common but invasive and destructive trial-and-error processes.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_19  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">There are a variety of software packages on the market available to create and analyze residential energy models (see Energy Modeling). The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) offers free energy modeling software called BEopt (Building Energy Optimization) that uses EnergyPlus.<br />\nUSGBC’s LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise references the Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Home Energy Rating System (HERS)  Index[4] for single-family homes, and for multifamily, the ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1–2010, Appendix G (with errata).[5]<br />\nExamples<br />\nCost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards, Bronx Borough, NYC.<br />\nThis HUD-funded study led by a multidisciplinary team of researchers from Rutgers University explored the integration of infrared thermography and laser scanning for building hazard detection. The integration allowed a quick and objective measurement of common building defects that are relevant to a healthy building. The team developed a systematic method that consisted of infrared and laser scan data collection, data fusion, and data analysis. The study included an evaluation of two large multi-family multi-story buildings in the Bronx Borough of NYC. A total of 30 apartments were surveyed and analyzed according to several quantitative metrics including missing insulation, moisture issues, air infiltration, and thermal bridging.<br />\nPoor or missing insulation can impair the thermal performance of the building components significantly (see Figure 3). Moisture is the most common form of deterioration for a building potentially causing reduced insulation value, mold growth, brick sprawling, and roof membrane fastener corrosion. Air leakage and air infiltration can lead to higher energy consumption and condensation in construction which in its turn can cause a poor indoor climate. Thermal bridges are the elements or areas that are characterized by higher thermal conductance and can lead to an increase of energy heating requirements during the winter season.</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_20  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_21  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">The results of the study showed varied conditions in the apartments, some of them having alarming concerns about thermal performance and hazardous conditions. The main finding deals with the relationship between missing insulation and particle penetration from outdoors to indoors. Investigators found a clear and significant correlation between the concentration of airborne particles and the indoor/outdoor ratio of those particles, meaning that apartments with higher percentages of missing insulation also had higher (I/O) ratios. Additionally, in apartments where residents reported mold, higher amounts of insulation were missing – a finding that also matched residents’ asthma reports, leading investigators to conclude that building defects such as missing insulation have a direct effect on the residents’ well-being. This field study showed that low-cost detection of building hazards can generate precise measures to gauge the performance of the building and that integrating indoor air quality data and questionnaires with data from infrared thermography and laser scans can help create a complete picture of building performance and residents’ health.[6]<br />\nGreen Residential Home Study: A Shore Community in New Jersey<br />\nThis case study by the Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB) compared the performance of three single-family homes built by Fluid Construction in Monmouth County, New Jersey – a home built to the LEED for Homes Silver standard,  a “Code Plus”[7] home, and an ENERGY STAR-rated home.[8] MaGrann Associates completed an energy analysis on the ENERGY STAR and LEED-H homes using REM/Rate Home Energy Analysis Software.[9] The baseline model of each home allows for the comparison between predicted and actual performance, as well as for the comparison between homes built to different levels of energy performance. The results of the energy analysis showed that the LEED-H outperformed a typical code home, that its design/predicted performance closely matched its actual performance, but that it underperformed compared to the home built to Energy Star certification.[10]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nBuilding evaluation identifies both successes and failures in building performance, with an emphasis on human interaction with building systems. BPE and POE can contribute to more efficient system operations, greater occupant comfort, and cost savings. Understanding trends in performance also inform new developments in predictive software for building designers and highlight the need for new technologies and more accurate modeling of realistic occupants. Finally, building evaluation helps build a body of knowledge about the performance of residential buildings and homes that can inform future projects, policies and programs.<br />\nCosts<br />\nCosts for a building evaluation vary based on the level of evaluation and time constraints. If a homeowner was deeply involved in planning and designing the home, they might have the ability to conduct a first-level evaluation at no cost. Smart home devices that track home performance cost more than traditional devices, and there are often installation costs and service costs. The initial cost, energy savings, and payback of smart technologies vary depending on the technology’s features and capabilities. Advances in wireless technologies have also lowered installation costs compared to wired devices. Investigative and diagnostic evaluations generally require professional evaluation, and the cost varies depending on the size of the home, the scope of the evaluation, the experience of the consultant and length of study.<br />\nCheck the NJ Clean Energy Program for available incentives, programs, and funding opportunities.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nBuilding evaluation contributes to a building’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of the home’s performance and notifying homeowners of when and where problems or potential problems exist, ensuring that a home performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Ongoing building evaluation can also evaluate how successfully a home is performing in response to increasing heat, more intense precipitation and storms, rising sea levels, and flooding, and increased the frequency of power outages – all indicators of resiliency. Additionally, building evaluation can help homeowners prepare for these circumstances by evaluating whether their home has or has not implemented green building strategies with resiliency benefits. Examples include cooling and shading the home, improving the efficiency of the building envelope, utilizing green roofs and landscape elements, planning for increased failure or reduced efficiency of electrical or mechanical systems, and providing passive solar cooling and ventilation features.<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide. Facility Performance Evaluation. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/fpe.php (accessed Jan 8, 2019).<br />\n[2] Post Occupancy Evaluation. http://www.postoccupancyevaluation.com/(accessed Jan 9, 2019).<br />\n[3] Andrews, Clint, et al. 2018. Managing Heatwaves in Affordable Housing. 2018 APA National Planning Conference.<br />\n[4] The Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) Home Energy Rating System (HERS) Index rates homes on a scale of 0 to 100 where 0 corresponds to net-zero energy and 100 corresponds to code-level energy efficiency.<br />\n[5] USGBC LEED v4 Homes and Multifamily Midrise (Updated Oct 2, 2017). Page 7-8. https://new.usgbc.org (accessed June 12, 2018).<br />\n[6] Andrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017). Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards. http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/HUD-Cost-Effective-Detection-of-MF-Housing-2017_01_27.pdf (accessed Jan 10, 2019).<br />\n[7] Home built according to 2006 NJ State Building Code.<br />\n[8] Rutgers Center for Green Building (RCGB) and Associates. 2011. “Green Residential Home Study: A Shore Community in New Jersey.” http://rcgb.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Monmouth-County-Green-Homes-POE-Final.pdf (accessed June 12, 2018).<br />\n[9] REM/Rate™ http://www.remrate.com (accessed June 12, 2018).<br />\n[10] Ibid, “Green Residential Home Study,” page 8.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_22  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Commissioning<br />\nEnergy Modeling<br />\nSmart Metering<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_23  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources<br />\nAndrews, C. J. (PI), Jie Gong (co-PI), Mainelis, G. (co-PI), Senick, J., Sorensen Allacci, M., Plotnik, D., Calderon, L.,  Mengyang Guo, Thomas, N.,  Yi Yu, Pavilonis, B., Raja, P., Bingsheng Liu, B., (2017). Cost-Effective Detection of Multi-Family Housing-Related Health and Safety Standards.<br />\nASHRAE Building Energy Modeling (BEM) Professional Certification<br />\nNational Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) BEopt<br />\nResidential Energy Services Network (RESNET)</p>\n<p>HERS Index</p>\n<p>The Rutgers Center for Green Building – Building Evaluation Projects<br />\nSmart Buildings Center<br />\nSmartGrid.Gov – Smart Home<br />\nUC Berkeley – Center for the Built Environment<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide</p>\n<p>Smart Controls<br />\nFacility Performance Evaluation</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_12 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(11473,2305,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-07 18:45:33'),(11474,2305,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(11475,2305,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(11476,2305,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(11477,2305,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(11478,2305,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(11479,2305,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(11480,2305,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(11481,2305,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(11482,2305,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(11483,2305,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(11484,2305,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(11485,2305,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(11486,2305,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(11487,2305,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(11488,2305,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(11489,2305,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(11490,2305,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(11491,2305,'_wp_old_slug','nr-views-and-operable-windows-2'),(11492,2305,'_wp_old_slug','nr-green-cleaning'),(11493,2305,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11524,270,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 1 – Hers Index Scale (Source: http://www.hersindex.com)'),(11532,2311,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(11533,2311,'_edit_last','3'),(11534,2311,'_edit_lock','1650658815:3'),(11535,2311,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(11536,2311,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(11537,2311,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(11538,2311,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2311\" /]'),(11539,2311,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(11540,2311,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(11541,2311,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(11542,2311,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(11543,2311,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_3 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Commissioning</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_8 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_4\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Commissioning?<br />\nCommissioning, typically done for large commercial projects, refers to a quality assurance process for new building projects to optimize performance and improve building operation that includes verifying and documenting that the building and its systems and assemblies are planned, designed, installed, tested, operated and maintained to meet the owner’s requirements.[1] For new green residential home projects, commissioning provides an added layer of quality assurance for building systems, such as renewable energy systems and smart building technologies, that require more experienced installers and operators than conventional new home technologies (see Smart Meters, Smart Sensors and Controls, High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls). Green home building programs may require whole house or system commissioning as party of the certification process. Commissioning begins during pre-design and continues through design, construction, occupancy, and operations. Changes in design or improper installation can lead to systems working inefficiently (see Properly-Sized HVAC Equipment, Part Load Efficiency). Building systems also degrade and lose efficiency over time making ongoing and seasonal home maintenance a critical component of home performance (see Preventative Maintenance).<br />\nHow to Implement Commissioning<br />\nThe first step in the commissioning process is to designate the commissioning team, which often includes the Commissioning Agent (CxA), Building Owner, Architect/Engineer A/E, Construction Manager/General Contractor, Sub-Contractors, and occupants. The commissioning team assures the completion on all of the steps in the commissioning process and the realization of building objectives and develops the building commissioning plan, which outlines and organizes the commissioning process schedule and allocation of resources and includes details of systems tests and procedures, system and equipment checklists, and testing and documentation responsibilities (see Building Evaluation).<br />\nBuilding commissioning plans may include the following building systems and green building elements (as applicable):[2]</p>\n<p>HVAC systems (control settings and sequencing)<br />\nBuilding assembly (envelope, interior, paths of egress)<br />\nProtective systems (fire suppression, lightning protection)<br />\nPlumbing (water distribution, sanitary or stormwater)<br />\nElectrical (power distribution, lighting)<br />\nCommunication systems (telecom, wireless networks, sound, video)<br />\nAlarm Systems (fault detection, security, leak detection)<br />\nIndoor air quality (moisture, airborne particles)<br />\nIndoor environmental quality (acoustics, thermal comfort)<br />\nRenewable energy (photovoltaics, wind energy)<br />\nSmart building technology (advanced metering, building automation systems)<br />\nEnergy storage and back-up power generation systems (batteries)<br />\nAlternative water reuse systems (greywater recycling, composting toilets)</p>\n<p>The commissioning process provides testing and documentation that establishes valuable performance benchmarks and a baseline for the future operation and maintenance of the home. The final commissioning report provides building upgrade recommendations and operations and maintenance improvement opportunities and describes the potential improvement, estimated implementation costs, and savings for each opportunity.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nCommissioning a new home makes the transition from construction to operations more reliable and efficient. A commissioning plan aides communication between the owner and contractor, reducing error and confusion by establishing the roles and responsibilities of each project participant. Additional benefits include:</p>\n<p>Optimized building systems and quality assurance.[3]<br />\nLower utility bills through reduced energy savings.<br />\nImproved indoor environmental quality and occupant comfort.<br />\nFewer building system issues at building turnover.<br />\nEnhanced operation and maintenance.</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nCommissioning costs depend on the complexity of the home’s building systems, and the type and number of systems included in the process. The cost of not commissioning equals the costs of correcting mistakes plus the costs of inefficient operations.[4] Minimize costs by budgeting for commissioning agent services at the beginning of the project as opposed to adding on these services later.[5],[6] Reduce the costs of on-going commissioning by installing systems that make that process more manageable such as smart metering (see Smart Metering).<br />\nSee the New Jersey Office of Clean Energy for available programs and incentives related to commissioning.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nCommissioning contributes to a single-family home’s resiliency by providing feedback on the status of critical building systems and notifying homeowners when and where a problem exists, ensuring that a home performs optimally during both normal operations and emergencies. Commissioning identifies opportunities for energy savings and if implemented, helps to reduce stress on the grid and the likelihood of grid failures.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Building Commissioning Association (BCxA). 2018. New Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices including BCxA Essential Attributes Updated May 2018.  https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BCA-New-Const-Best-Practices-2018-05-14-V2.0.pdf (accessed January 15, 2019).<br />\n[2] Building Commissioning Association. 2016. Existing Construction Building Commissioning Best Practices and Tools https://www.bcxa.org/wp-content/pdf/BCA-Best-Practices-Commissioning-Existing-Construction.pdf (accessed January 11, 2019).<br />\n[3] GSA Sustainable Facilities Toolkit. 2018. Building Commissioning. https://sftool.gov/search?query=Building+Commissioning (accessed January 14, 2019).<br />\n[4] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Building Commissioning. http://www.wbdg.org/project/buildingcomm.php (accessed January 14, 2019).<br />\n[5] LBNL. Building Commissioning. http://cx.lbl.gov/definition.html (accessed January 14, 2019).<br />\n[6] Whole Building Design Guide. 2016. Owner’s Role and Responsibilities in the Commissioning Process.  http://www.wbdg.org/project/plan_comm_process.php (accessed January 14, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>High-Efficiency Lighting and Networked Lighting Controls<br />\nPart-Load Efficiency<br />\nProperly-Sized HVAC Equipment<br />\nSmart Meters<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources<br />\n&nbsp;</p>\n<p>ASHRAE Standard 202-2018 – Commissioning Process for Buildings and Systems <br />\nBuilding Commissioning Association<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Building Commissioning</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_9 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(11544,2311,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-07 18:45:33'),(11545,2311,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(11546,2311,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(11547,2311,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(11548,2311,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(11549,2311,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(11550,2311,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(11551,2311,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(11552,2311,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(11553,2311,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(11554,2311,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(11555,2311,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(11556,2311,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(11557,2311,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(11558,2311,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(11559,2311,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(11560,2311,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(11561,2311,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(11562,2311,'_wp_old_slug','nr-views-and-operable-windows-2'),(11563,2311,'_wp_old_slug','nr-green-cleaning'),(11564,2311,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11622,1045,'_thumbnail_id','0'),(11741,1814,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','3'),(11743,1793,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11745,1726,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11747,1646,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','4'),(11753,1685,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11758,1744,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11762,1651,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11767,1750,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','3'),(11769,1664,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11775,1571,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11781,1115,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11785,1150,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11794,1628,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','3'),(11799,1738,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11806,1633,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','3'),(11861,1481,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','4'),(11940,1757,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11966,2201,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11968,2176,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11970,2144,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11977,2112,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11979,2223,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','3'),(11982,2117,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','4'),(11984,2139,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(11988,1829,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(12004,1866,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(12008,1873,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','4'),(12018,1903,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(12022,1910,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(12029,1945,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(12036,1961,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(12046,1982,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(12050,1987,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','2'),(12074,2125,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','5'),(12119,2340,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(12120,2340,'_edit_last','3'),(12121,2340,'_edit_lock','1650988321:3'),(12122,2340,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(12123,2340,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(12124,2340,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(12125,2340,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2340\" /]'),(12126,2340,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(12127,2340,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(12128,2340,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(12129,2340,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(12130,2340,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_2 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Building Information Modeling (BIM)</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_3\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Building Information Modeling (BIM)?<br />\nBuilding Information Modeling (BIM) forms a digital representation of a residential building’s physical and functional characteristics and calculates information about the building that can be used by all building stakeholders to make decisions about the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of a building throughout its life-cycle.[1] Combining graphical information, such as plans and elevations, and nongraphical information, such as costs, specifications, schedules and maintenance requirements, into a BIM model results in a single source of information.[2] Large-scale builders, managing large amounts of data, often use BIM as are an increasing number of mid-size and small residential builders.[3]</p>\n<p>How to Implement Building Information Modeling<br />\nDesignate a ‘Project BIM Manager’ or a lead design and a lead construction ‘Project BIM Manager’ with knowledge and experience working with BIM and selected software. Provide ongoing BIM training to all building stakeholders responsible for inputting, extracting, modifying, and analyzing the data (see Integrated Design Process and Energy Modeling).<br />\nThe National Institute of Building Science’s, The National Building Information Modeling Guide for Owners (NBGO), guides building owners on how to incorporate BIM into internal policies and contract documents.[4]<br />\nBenefits<br />\nBIM coordinates information sharing among building stakeholders across multiple project phases that result in more informed decision making and eliminates the re-gathering and re-formatting of building information.[5] BIM also serves as a “clash detection tool,” by identifying potential design, construction, and operational inconsistencies, and cuts costs and reduces waste by avoiding rework.[6]<br />\nCosts<br />\nThe cost of implementing BIM varies widely, depending on the project team’s expertise using BIM, the complexity of the project, and other building process considerations. Costs include training, software, and organizational changes required to implement BIM technology.[7] Lower building costs and efficient construction timelines often associated with BIM projects can help offset upfront costs.[8]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nBIM enhances the resiliency of the built environment and construction industry in the “pre-disaster phase and post-disaster phases.”[9] In the design phase, BIM can conduct scenario forecasting to predict the performance of a facility during emergencies, such as fire, flood, evacuation, and others.[10] BIM can also enhance the post-disaster phase, for example, by providing building information to first responders and allowing them to direct building occupants to the nearest exit.[11]<br />\n[1] Computer Integrated Construction Research Program. 2011. “BIM Project Execution Planning Guide – Version 2.1. Pennsylvania State University.” http://bim.psu.edu (accessed April 17, 2018).<br />\n[2] National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. National BIM Guide for Owners http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf (accessed March 7, 2018)<br />\n[3] Jeff Marcus. “NAHB: More builders, architects are betting on BIM.” Construction Dive.  Dec 15, 2016 https://www.constructiondive.com/news/nahb-more-builders-architects-are-betting-on-bim/432440/ (accessed March 20, 2018).<br />\n[4] National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 2012. “National BIM Guide for Owners.” http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners.pdf (accessed March 7, 2018)<br />\n[5] National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide – Building Information Modeling (BIM) https://www.wbdg.org/building-information-modeling-bim (accessed June 21, 2018).<br />\n[6] Jonathan Boone. 2017. “Building Information Modeling becomes everyday business.” US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center, Information Technology Laboratory. https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1172517/building-information-modeling-becomes-everyday-business/ (accessed June 21, 2018).<br />\n[7] Dippold, Cory. “Effective Implementation of BIM.” November 26, 2008. Engineering News-Record. http://enr.construction.com/opinions/viewPoint/2008/1126-BIMImplementation.asp (accessed March 6, 2018).<br />\n[8] National Institute of Building Sciences. Journal of Building Information Modeling. https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/jnibs/jbim_fall10.pdf?hhSearchTerms=%22journal+and+building+and+information+and+modeling%22 (accessed March 7, 2018).<br />\n[9] Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017. Building Information Modeling as a Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry.  Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series. 12(1): 9-18.<br />\nhttps://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/tvsbses.2017.12.issue-1/tvsbses-2017-0002/tvsbses-2017-0002.pdf (accessed March 7, 2018)<br />\n[10] Kreider, Ralph G., and Messner, John I. 2013. “The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting BIM Uses.” Version 0.9, September, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. http://bim.psu.edu (accessed April 16, 2018).<br />\n[11] Sertyesilisik, Begum. 2017.</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Energy Modeling<br />\nIntegrated Design Process</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>BIM for Homebuilders<br />\nNational Association of Home Builders (NAHB) – Building Information Modeling (BIM)<br />\nNational BIM Guide for Owners (2012) The National Institute of Building Sciences<br />\nNational Institute of Building Sciences buildingSMART alliance®, National BIM Standard-United States® Version 3 (2015).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(12131,2340,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-07 18:45:33'),(12132,2340,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(12133,2340,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(12134,2340,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(12135,2340,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(12136,2340,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(12137,2340,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(12138,2340,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(12139,2340,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(12140,2340,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(12281,2349,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(12282,2349,'_edit_last','3'),(12283,2349,'_edit_lock','1650989508:3'),(12284,2349,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(12285,2349,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(12286,2349,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(12287,2349,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2349\" /]'),(12288,2349,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(12289,2349,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(12290,2349,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(12291,2349,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(12292,2349,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Entryway Systems</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_2\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What are Entryway Systems?<br />\nEntryway or “walk-off” systems are grills, grates, or mats that reduce the amount of dirt, dust, pollen, and other biological and non-biological agents entering a residence.[1] As much as 80 percent of the soil, dust and other contaminants found inside a home are tracked in on the shoes of occupants. These substances degrade indoor air quality by exposing building occupants to various irritants. Entryway systems, such as mats, improve IAQ by catching and holding dirt particles and thereby reduce the amount of dirt that enters a dwelling.</p></div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Incorporate Entryway Systems<br />\nPlacing doormats at outside entrances help prevents dirt from entering the residence. Shoe racks placed by entry doors can also help minimize soil, dust and other contaminants.[2] Regular entryway maintenance helps reduce contaminants (see Green Cleaning).<br />\nBenefits</p>\n<p>Reduces contaminants/pollutants in the home<br />\nReduces cleaning/maintenance costs<br />\nProtects indoor air quality<br />\nImproves indoor environmental quality<br />\nProtects occupant health<br />\nProtects indoor flooring surfaces<br />\nContributes to the durability of the home</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nThe cost of entryway systems varies depending on the type of system installed. An entrance mat may cost as little as $4-6/sf. Reducing the amount of dirt and other particles that enter the home can also reduce the time and cost of cleaning.[3]<br />\nResiliency<br />\nEntryway systems help protect indoor air quality and the integrity of indoor flooring materials during events that cause wet conditions such as storms and flooding, contributing to the protection of occupants during and following storm events as well as the long-term durability of the home.<br />\n[1] Yale University, Green Cleaning Standards.  Published by the Yale Facilities Management Department and The Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education (AASHE), February 2012. https://stars.aashe.org/media/secure/241/7/652/5915/GreenCleaning.pdf (accessed July 28th, 2018)<br />\n[2] Rutgers Center for Green Building improving Air Quality: A Guide for Property Owners. December 2018.<br />\n[3] Corrine Zudonyi, CleanLink. Floor Care, Rolling out the Welcome Mat.   http://www.cleanlink.com/hs/article/Floor-Care-Rolling-Out-The-Welcome-Mat–8939 (accessed July 28, 2018).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Green Cleaning</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>General Services Administration – Sustainable Facilities Tool – Entryway Systems/Walk-off Mats<br />\nWhole Building Design Guide – Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality</div>\n			</div>\n			</div>\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div>\n				\n				\n			</div></p>\n'),(12293,2349,'_et_pb_truncate_post_date','2022-05-07 18:45:33'),(12294,2349,'_et_builder_version','VB|Divi|4.14.9'),(12295,2349,'_et_pb_show_page_creation','off'),(12296,2349,'_et_post_bg_color','#ffffff'),(12297,2349,'_et_post_bg_layout','light'),(12298,2349,'_et_pb_show_title','off'),(12299,2349,'_et_pb_post_hide_nav','default'),(12300,2349,'_et_pb_page_layout','et_full_width_page'),(12301,2349,'_et_pb_side_nav','off'),(12302,2349,'_et_pb_old_content',''),(12303,2349,'_wp_old_slug','nr-building-orientationbuilding-orientation'),(12304,2349,'_wp_old_slug','nr-natural-ventilation-2'),(12305,2349,'_wp_old_slug','nr-thermal-mass-2'),(12306,2349,'_wp_old_slug','nr-on-site-wind-energy-systems'),(12307,2349,'_wp_old_slug','nr-emergency-water-supply-and-storage'),(12308,2349,'_wp_old_slug','nr-biophilic-design-2'),(12309,2349,'_wp_old_slug','nr-wildlife-habitat-2'),(12310,2349,'_wp_old_slug','nr-high-reflectance-hardscape-materials-2'),(12367,311,'_wp_attachment_image_alt','Figure 2 – Training should establish connections between efficiency and savings (Source: USGBC).'),(12375,2092,'_et_builder_dynamic_assets_loading_attr_threshold','3'),(12378,2358,'_et_pb_use_builder','on'),(12379,2358,'_edit_last','3'),(12380,2358,'_edit_lock','1650991853:3'),(12381,2358,'_et_pb_built_for_post_type','page'),(12382,2358,'_et_pb_ab_subjects',''),(12383,2358,'_et_pb_enable_shortcode_tracking',''),(12384,2358,'_et_pb_ab_current_shortcode','[et_pb_split_track id=\"2358\" /]'),(12385,2358,'_et_pb_custom_css',''),(12386,2358,'_et_pb_gutter_width','3'),(12387,2358,'_global_colors_info','{}'),(12388,2358,'_et_pb_first_image',''),(12389,2358,'_et_pb_truncate_post','<p><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_pb_fullwidth_section et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<section class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_fullwidth_header et_pb_fullwidth_header_0 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content-container center\">\n					<div class=\"header-content\">\n						\n						<h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Preventative Maintenance</h1>\n						<span class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_subhead\">New Residential</span>\n						<div class=\"et_pb_header_content_wrapper\"></div>\n						\n					</div>\n				</div>\n					\n				</div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_overlay\"></div>\n				<div class=\"et_pb_fullwidth_header_scroll\"></div>\n			</section>\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular\" >\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0\">\n				<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">What is Preventative Maintenance?<br />\nPreventive Maintenance refers to scheduled maintenance that supports operating reliability. Since mechanical parts wear out, the reliability of any equipment directly relates to operating age and service. Therefore, equipment that is serviced or overhauled as needed helps to better protected it is against the likelihood of failure.[1] A green home is not only built with green materials and systems but is also operated and maintained with green practices and procedures. The home’s energy and water efficiency, indoor air quality, durability, and resource efficiency are determined as much by its operation and maintenance as its design. The cost of operating and maintaining (O&amp;M) a home over its lifetime far exceeds the initial construction costs, so reducing O&amp;M costs can lead to substantial savings for the homeowner and preservation of resources in the environment.</p></div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">How to Implement Regular and Preventative Maintenance<br />\nPreventative maintenance can extend the life of a home’s systems, equipment, and materials. Some examples of systems that benefit from preventative maintenance include ventilation systems, water fixtures, and automatic sensors. Keep a list of all equipment and track equipment conditions and maintenance year round.[2] Include information on the component condition and functional performance, as well as information on equipment age, usage, location, model number, and warranty. Also keep a checklist of standard housekeeping for each season including grounds check, exteriors, roof, windows/doors, plumbing, attic, and cooling/heating systems.<br />\nRegular equipment maintenance is the consistent upkeep of equipment and appliances in the home. Regular maintenance keeps equipment and appliances running efficiently, which in turn reduces energy demands as well as costs. Equipment benefitting from regular maintenance includes:<br />\nAppliances<br />\nBasic maintenance of appliances generally results in more efficient operations, energy savings, and cost savings. Some examples of typical appliance maintenance are keeping refrigeration coils clean, keeping the food scrap bin empty in the dishwasher, and keeping lint traps and vents clear on the clothes dryer. Another important appliance to regularly maintain is the exhaust fan found in kitchens and bathrooms.[3] Detailed instructions on regular appliance maintenance can be found with the new product or on the manufacturer’s website.<br />\nHeating and Cooling Systems<br />\nThere are a wide variety of heating and cooling system elements that need regular maintenance. First and foremost, all heating systems should be annually inspected and maintained by a certified contractor; the best time to do this is at the beginning of the heating season. Filters on heating and cooling systems should be changed or cleaned at least every 3 months to ensure positive indoor air quality and free air flow.[4] Furnaces, flues, and chimneys should be inspected and maintained each year to check for any damage since this could result in the release of particles or harmful gases. Finally, even regular maintenance on new furnaces is essential. It is possible for corrosion to occur and combustion gases to leak.[5]<br />\nAir ducts have not been considered a vital source of indoor air contaminants or mainly instrumental in preventing health problems.[6] Consider having ducts cleaned, however, in cases where there is mold visible on the inside of the ducts or other components of the heating and cooling systems; where there have been vermin present; or where there are excessive amounts of dirt or debris in the supply registers. The National Air Duct Cleaning Association can help guide the decision to hire a service.[7]<br />\nPreventative maintenance tasks include:</p>\n<p>Changing furnace filters as needed<br />\nCaulking around tubs and showers<br />\nHaving weatherized and properly fitting operable windows<br />\nRepairing leaking faucets and valves<br />\nClearing away vegetation growing on the building exterior<br />\nKeeping grading high around the home’s foundation and sloping away from the foundation to keep water from ponding around the structure and migrating below<br />\nReducing interior moisture by using exhaust fans<br />\nMaintaining caulking on exterior walls<br />\nEnsuring adequate ventilation for exterior air conditioning condensers</p>\n<p>Review product material safety data sheets (MSDS), available from manufacturers, for all chemicals used in the home and look for the most resource efficient and non-toxic alternatives when servicing or making repairs.<br />\nMoisture Reduction<br />\nMoisture can cause many problems in the home, so it is vital to ensure that it is minimized as much as possible (see Moisture Control). Dehumidifiers can be used to reduce moisture in the home, and it is crucial to clean dehumidifiers regularly according to the manufacturer’s instructions.[8] Ventilation fans are also an excellent way to keep moist areas, such as basements, dry. Any areas that get wet in the home need to be dried out thoroughly within 48 hours to prevent the growth of any mold.[9] Regularly inspect pipes for any leaks or drips and repair promptly.<br />\nGeneral Housecleaning<br />\nSimple housecleaning can go a long way in terms of regular preventative maintenance. When using a vacuum around the house, choose one with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter to reduce allergens. Vacuuming and cleaning around vents, baseboard heaters and radiators, and cold air returns reduce dust buildup, which is an indoor air pollutant.[10] Other valuable housecleaning maintenance items include professional carpet cleaning (look for services that provide chemical-free cleaning and use low-water processes) and sealing garbage and food waste and removing it often.<br />\nPreventative maintenance can help avoid more costly repairs. For example, keeping the roof free of debris and mold growth extends the life of the roof. Another example of preventative maintenance is trimming the trees and shrubs away from the foundation of the home and ensuring there is no wood-soil contact around the perimeter of the house. These conditions attract termites and carpenter ants, which can cause potential structural damage. Taking preventative measures can save the expense and environmental impact of using chemicals to contend with wood-destroying insects.<br />\nBenefits<br />\nNot only does preventative maintenance have significant implications for the health, safety, and comfort of the occupants of the home, it affects the home’s environmental impacts and its financial performance. Effective maintenance goes a long way in preventing the need for costly repairs and optimizes equipment operations. Also, a well-maintained home can increase resale value.</p>\n<p>Energy savings. Conducting regular maintenance like cleaning air filters and getting annual servicing for HVAC systems can improve the efficiency of those systems, and therefore save energy and money.[11] Keeping these systems maintained and in working order also saves money since replacements are needed less frequently.<br />\nAir quality improvement. Regular maintenance of equipment improves indoor air quality. Changing and cleaning air filters often allows them to work better and capture more dust, allergens, and other particulates in the air. Many different kinds of equipment and appliances run on combustion. Some examples are furnaces, water heaters, ovens, and stoves. If not maintained adequately, these pieces of equipment can release excessive amounts of combustion pollutants, like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and other particulates.[12] Regular maintenance on pipes and other damp areas can reduce excessive moisture, preventing mold growth and airborne mold spores. Reducing gases, particulates, and other airborne pollutants protect the health of the occupants of the home. Air pollutants can cause a range of health issues, including but not limited to irritated eyes, nose, and throat, headache, dizziness, fatigue, asthma attacks, respiratory disease, and even cancer.[13]</p>\n<p>Costs<br />\nHomeowners should expect to spend between 1 to 3% of the value of the home on annual home maintenance and repairs.[14] Preventative maintenance reduces energy use, improves indoor environmental quality, extends the life of the equipment, and saves money over time. Regularly maintaining equipment and appliances saves money over time by reducing the frequency of repairs and replacement and saving energy costs. By keeping equipment and appliances running efficiently, they use less energy and therefore result in reduced energy bills. Finally, it is essential to check to manufacturer warranty on equipment and appliances; often, manufacturers include annual maintenance for a few years, allowing equipment servicing at no extra cost to the homeowner. Simple maintenance tasks like cleaning air filters, vacuuming refrigerator coils, and cleaning out exhaust fans require only time from the homeowner, not money. For more involved maintenance such as annual furnace servicing, paying a professional may be a better option. Annual contracts are often available, and service costs vary with the system. The money spent on the professional pays for itself in the energy savings and replacement and repair costs.<br />\nResiliency<br />\nPreventative maintenance strengthens home performance and bolsters resiliency by regularly identifying and fixing vulnerable building systems and features, such as a leaking roof or windows, and helping to prevent additional damage and loss during extreme weather events.<br />\n&nbsp;<br />\n[1] Whole Building Design Guide. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/rcm.php?r=optimize_om (accessed April 24, 2019).<br />\n[2] Kyasen, Ronda. The Annual Home Maintenance Checklist. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/guides/realestate/home-maintenance-checklist (accessed April 24, 2019).<br />\n[3] US EPA. An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). http://www.epa.gov/iaq/biologic.html (accessed April 24, 2019).<br />\n[4] ENERGY STAR. Save Energy at Home, http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=products.pr_save_energy_at_home (accessed April 24, 2019).<br />\n[5] US EPA. Green Building, Indoor Air Quality, The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality, http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/insidest.html#iaqhome1 (accessed April 24, 2019).<br />\n[6] US EPA. Indoor Air. Should You Have the Air Ducts in Your Home Cleaned? http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/airduct.html (accessed April 24, 2019).<br />\n[7] National Air Duct Cleaning Association. http://www.nadca.com/ (accessed April 24, 2019).<br />\n[8] US EPA. Green Building, Indoor Air Quality, The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality, http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/insidest.html#iaqhome1 (accessed April 24, 2019).<br />\n[9] US EPA. A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture, and Your Home. http://www.epa.gov/mold/moldguide.html (accessed April 24, 2019).<br />\n[10] National Association of Home Builders, Don’t Ignore Outdoor Home Maintenance Chores This Fall, https://www.nahb.org/consumers/homeownership/homeownership-articles/do-not-ignore-outdoor-home-maintenance-chores-this-fall.aspx (accessed April 24, 2019).<br />\n[11] ENERGY STAR. Save Energy at Home, http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=products.pr_save_energy_at_home (accessed April 24, 2019).<br />\n[12] US EPA. An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). http://www.epa.gov/iaq/combust.html (accessed April 24, 2019).<br />\n[13] US EPA. Green Building, Indoor Air Quality, The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality, http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/insidest.html#iaqhome1 (accessed April 24, 2019).<br />\n[14] HouseMaster. Inspection Services. http://www.housemaster.com/index.asp?p=inspection&amp;s=whatweinspect&amp;t=checklist(accessed April 24, 2019).</div>\n			</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Related Strategies</p>\n<p>Building Evaluation<br />\nCommissioning<br />\nGreen Cleaning<br />\nIntegrated Pest Management<br />\nHomeowner Training<br />\nSmart Meters<br />\nSmart Sensors and Controls<br />\nSource Reduction and Recycling<br />\nStorm Preparation and Emergency Planning</div>\n			</div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n				\n				\n				\n				\n				<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Resources</p>\n<p>ENERGY STAR – Maintenance Checklist<br />\nHome Advisor </p>\n<p>Winter Maintenance Checklist<br />\nSpring Maintenance Checklist<br />\nSummer Maintenance Checklist<br />\nFall Maintenance Checklist</p>\n<p>The NY Times – The Annual Home Maintenance Checklist<br />\nUS EPA. 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